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833	dbpedia	2	18	https://www.wbur.org/news/2023/10/02/south-coast-rail-opening-timeline-newsletter	en	Here's the new timeline for South Coast Rail	https://wordpress.wbur.o…ing-1000x667.jpg	https://wordpress.wbur.o…ing-1000x667.jpg	[ "https://wordpress.wbur.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/2019-07-02-South-Coast-Rail-GroundBreaking-1000x667.jpg", "https://wordpress.wbur.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/0215_nik-decosta-klipa01-1000sq-600x600.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Nik DeCosta-Klipa" ]	2023-10-02T00:00:00	Massachusetts' South Coast will have to wait at least until summer 2024 for new MBTA commuter rail service to the region, including Fall River and New Bedford. Here's what's behind the latest delay.	en	https://static.wbur.org/images/icons/favicon.ico		https://www.wbur.org/news/2023/10/02/south-coast-rail-opening-timeline-newsletter	Editor's Note: This is an excerpt from WBUR's daily morning newsletter, WBUR Today. If you like what you read and want it in your inbox, sign up here. It’s Monday, and the federal government is still running after all. However, in the wake of the stopgap funding bill, a new fight has emerged for the Massachusetts delegation in Washington, D.C. More on that below, but first let’s run through some local news: Another big MBTA project delayed: South Coast residents will have to wait until at least next summer for the T to come to town. The MBTA had originally planned to begin service on its new commuter rail branches to Fall River and New Bedford by the end of this year (that remained the goal as recently as this past August, per officials). However, the MBTA now says service will begin in summer 2024. That could mean late June — or it could mean nearly a year from now. What’s the hold up? It’s a similar story as the delays that held up the opening of the Green Line Extension: supply chain issues. South Coast Rail construction began during the pandemic. And while T officials say the work itself has gone well, they indicated it’s been bogged down by problems getting materials. What’s left? During a board meeting last week, T officials said construction on the Fall River Line is almost all done. But there’s still a good chunk of work left on the longer leg to New Bedford — particularly the new East Taunton station. They also need to run lots of conductor training and safety testing. What’s the big deal? Fall River, New Bedford and Taunton are the only major cities within 60 miles of Boston without commuter rail service — at least not since the late 1950s. South Coast Rail changes that. It’s also the first MBTA commuter rail expansion since the opening of the South Shore’s Greenbush Line in 2007. Don’t get too excited: The full, one-way trip from New Bedford to South Station is expected to take 90 minutes, due to the somewhat circuitous route taken in Phase 1 of the project. Eventually, the T plans to build a faster route through Stoughton and Raynham, but that “full build” won’t happen until the 2030s at the earliest. All aboard the night train: In related news, the T’s new fall commuter rail schedule takes effect today. As WBUR’s Andrea Perdomo-Hernandez reports, it includes more late-night trains out of Boston on both weekdays and weekends. For most lines, the last train of the night will leave around 11:45 p.m. or so — about 45-55 minutes later than it previously did. MBTA General Manager Phil Eng says the change is something many riders have been asking for. The new schedules also add two more rush-hour trains on the Fitchburg, Franklin, Lowell and Worcester lines. You can view all of the new schedules here. RIP: Two-time World Series-winning Red Sox pitcher Tim Wakefield died Sunday at the age of 57, just days after former teammate Curt Schilling revealed (without permission) that the knuckleballer had brain cancer. The news broke while the Red Sox were playing their final game of the season yesterday, and tributes have been pouring in ever since from old Red Sox teammates to national late-night hosts to both the current and former governors. While Wakefield may be most remembered for his mesmerizing knuckleball, the eight-time Roberto Clemente Award nominee also leaves a legacy of long-time charitable work off the field. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Chief Philanthropy Officer Melany Duval said Sunday that Wakefield “always went the extra mile” as a leader of the Jimmy Fund. “He often visited our adult and pediatric floors, met our teen patients during their annual spring training trip, and was dedicated to helping us raise funds for cancer research and care. He will be missed.”
833	dbpedia	1	36	https://millmuseum.org/railroads-and-mills/	en	Railroads and Mills	https://millmuseum.org/w…-EARLY-1900s.jpg	https://millmuseum.org/w…-EARLY-1900s.jpg	[ "https://i0.wp.com/millmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/cropped-museumlogo-TRANSPARENTcorners.png?fit=964%2C960&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/millmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/TRAIN-AT-WILLIMANTIC-c.-EARLY-1900s.jpg?resize=286%2C215&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/millmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Railroad-Map-2.jpg?resize=800%2C759&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/millmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/McDonald-12.jpg?resize=1080%2C776&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/millmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/US-CT1891_p137_WILLIMANTIC_WILLIMANTIC_LINEN_COMPANY.jpg?resize=754%2C517&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/millmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Smithville-Mill.png?resize=684%2C432&ssl=1", "https://millmuseum.org/wp-content/plugins/woolementor/assets/img/loader.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2019-03-14T17:43:12+00:00	Railroads and the MillsJamie H. EvesThe Industrial Revolution relied on cheap transportation of goods in bulk. The textile factories that dominated eastern Connecticut during its Industrial Age (c. 1800-1985) needed to haul in the raw cotton, wool, and silk from which they made their products, and carry away the finished thread and cloth, and after…	en	https://i0.wp.com/millmu…it=32%2C32&ssl=1	Windham Textile and History Museum - The Mill Museum	https://millmuseum.org/railroads-and-mills/	One important artifact of the Age of Rail in Connecticut is a large-scale, cloth-backed, elegantly engraved 1902 wall map titled “The National Publishing Company’s Railroad, Post Office, Township and County Map of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, with Distances in Figures Compiled from the Latest Government Surveys and Original Sources.” It provides a snapshot of rail transportation at the turn of the century, when the railroads were at their height. According to the map, a century ago a dense web of rail lines crisscrossed Connecticut. The “trunk line” (“main line”) was owned by the busy, prosperous New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad Company (N. Y. N. H. & H.), which snaked eastward along Long Island Sound from New York City to New Haven in a series of lazy, undulating loops. In New Haven, it split into two smaller trunks, one continuing east along the Sound to Providence, Rhode Island, the other heading north, first to Hartford and then across the state line to Springfield, Massachusetts. Numerous “branch lines” (“short lines”) – some owned by the N. Y. N. H. & H. and others by smaller companies – split off from the two trunks, linking all eight of Connecticut’s counties into one efficient, integrated system. All told, only 27 of the state’s 168 towns (16%) were without rail service – and every one of these was a small, rural, hill community like Goshen, Bethlehem, Voluntown, or Union. Well over 95% of the state’s residents lived within ten miles of a train station. Hartford, New Haven, Waterbury, and Willimantic were the state’s rail “hubs,” with eight, six, six and six “spokes,” respectively. Hartford was the state capital, an important river port, and a center for the manufacture of precision machines. New Haven was a seaport. Waterbury was a center for metal manufacturing. And Willimantic produced cloth and thread. Bridgeport (machines and textiles), Manchester (textiles), and Norwich (textiles) also had important rail connections. For about a century, from the mid-1800s to the mid-1900s, railroads and trolleys functioned as the chief means of moving large quantities of people and freight in Connecticut and the rest of the United States. The earliest American railroads were horse-drawn short lines, such as John Montressor’s “gravity road” around Niagara Falls and John Thompson’s “tramroad” in Pennsylvania. But the invention of the coal-powered steam engine by the Scottish engineer James Watt in the 1760s, together with its successful application to riverboats by the New York inventor Robert Fulton in 1807, launched an eventual switch from horses to steam and made railroads practical. The first steam railroad in North America was the Baltimore and Ohio (B. & O.); construction on the B. & O. had begun in 1828, but the company switched from horses to steam in 1831. Other railroads quickly followed: the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad in 1832, the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company in 1833, the Columbia Railroad of Pennsylvania in 1834, and the Boston and Providence Railroad in 1835. In Connecticut, the Age of Rail commenced in the 1840s with the construction of the New York and New Haven Railroad (N. Y. & N. H.), the forerunner of the N. Y. N. H. & H. The company received its state charter in 1844, was organized in 1846, and opened in 1849. Like most American railroads, the N. Y. & N. H. was a privately owned business – a corporation – but it nevertheless relied on government subsidies for survival. Indeed, without government support, long-distance railroads rarely made a profit. The N. Y. & N. H.’s 450-mile looping route along Long Island Sound from New Haven to New York – with stops in West Haven, Milford, Stratford, Bridgeport, Fairfield, Southport, Westport, Norwalk, Darien, Stamford, and Greenwich – can be viewed on an elegant, detailed 1845 “Map Exhibiting the Experimental and Located Lines for the New-York and New-Haven Rail-Road,” at the Library of Congress’s superb “American Memory” website at http://memory.loc.gov. In 1872 the New York and New Haven merged with the New Haven and Hartford Railroad to form the giant N. Y. N. H. & H. It continued to grow, and by the early 1900s had absorbed more than twenty-five other railroad companies, owned 2,047 miles of track in Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts, and was an important cog in the corporate empire of the Connecticut-born tycoon J. P. Morgan. A good map of the mature, turn-of-the-century Connecticut railroad network – “Map of the Railroads of Connecticut to Accompany the Report of the Railroad Commissioners, 1893” – can be viewed at the “American Memory” website. To find out more about trains and Willimantic, I visited the Thomas R. Dodd Research Center at the University of Connecticut, where I looked through old train schedules of the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad (N.Y.N.H.&H.) that are preserved as part of the Dodd Center’s Connecticut Electric Railway Association Collection. Although these schedules applied only to passenger trains and not to freight trains, they nevertheless provided insight into the history of railroads in Willimantic. According to the schedules, in the 1920s and 1930s, as many as twelve N.Y.N.H.&H. passenger trains left Willimantic each day. One route – which in January, 1927, departed twice a day, at 6:45 and 11:00 AM – was a local, heading southwest to Middletown, with stops along the way at Chestnut Hill, Leonard’s Bridge, Amston, Westchester, Lyman Viaduct, East Hampton, Cobalt-Middle Haddam, and Portland. A second route in 1927, departing Willimantic only once a day, at 9:25 AM, traveled east to Pomfret and Putnam before crossing the state line into Rhode Island. It arrived at Providence at 11:47 and Boston at 12:09, covering 140 miles in about two hours and forty-five minutes, an average speed of about 50 miles an hour. A third route in 1927, to Hartford, was the busiest, with seven trains departing daily, at 7:10, 10:08, and 11:29 AM, and at 2:23, 3:45, 6:11, and 8:09 PM. The morning trains were locals, with regular stops at Andover, Bolton, and Manchester, and whistle stops (the train stopped only if someone requested it) at Hop River, Rockville Junction, Talcottville, Buckland, and Burnside. The afternoon trains had fewer stops. After a brief layover in Hartford (between 20 and 30 minutes), the train continued on to Meriden, New Haven, and New York. The trip from Willimantic to Hartford took about an hour; the journey to New York lasted about four hours and 30 minutes. Unlike the other two routes, this one also operated on Sundays, although with fewer runs. The passenger trains that stopped in Willimantic featured a combination of parlor cars and coaches, but no sleepers. Sleepers did run on the other Boston-to-Hartford-to-New York route – the one that went through Springfield, Massachusetts, instead of Willimantic – but passengers were told that their berths would not be available until 9:00 at night, and that they had to be out of them by 6:40 in the morning. Nevertheless, railroad’s relicts remain on the land, inviting historical inspection. Several passenger and freight lines still run, including the Amtrack commuter line along Long Island Sound, which uses the old N. Y. N. H. & H. tracks. Most of the bed of the old branch line from Hartford to Providence still exists, too, converted by the state into a horse, bicycle, and walking trail. It is a venerable route. According to Hans DePold, the town historian of Bolton, one of the towns along the trail, a group of Connecticut businessmen first drew up plans for a Hartford-to-Providence railroad in 1833, at the very dawn of the Age of Rail. Fifteen years later in 1847, they chartered the Hartford & Providence Railroad, renamed the Hartford, Providence & Fishkill when they decided to extend the line west to Fishkill, New York, on the Hudson River. Construction began almost immediately, and by 1849 – the same year that the New York and New Haven opened for business – the railroad connected Hartford to Willimantic. However, like most of the early railroads, it struggled financially. Eventually, the larger, wealthier New Haven and Hartford Railroad Company absorbed it. Now part of a larger system, the line remained in operation until 1956. Today, hikers routinely walk along portions of the old H. P. & F. bed between Bolton and Willimantic, a distance of about 14 miles. Relict evidence shows that, like other railroads, the H. P. & F. significantly altered the environment through which it passed. Although all of the steel rails and most of the heavy wooden ties have been removed, the bed and other artifacts remain, providing ample evidence of the railroad’s impact. The top of the bed was approximately ten feet wide, and amazingly level. To save fuel, the steep, craggy Connecticut hills were graded into gentle slopes, and the route was laid out with straight lines and wide, easy turns. Rather than detour around the hills, the construction crews dynamited deep “cuts” through hilltops and rocky outcrops, creating artificial gorges that remain cool, moist, and shady even on hot summer days. To cross the “lows,” the crews built high, sloping, raised beds, often several hundred feet wide at the base, which tower above the land. Even when the terrain was relatively level, beds were still elevated several feet above the surface, to make sure the tracks remained dry. In the cuts, deep ditches running along each side of the track drained excess water. Elsewhere, the beds sloped slightly to one side, where a single ditch disposed of the runoff. Mosses grow on the craggy, gray shale walls of the cuts. In the spring rivulets of cold, clear meltwater trickle noisily over the exposed rocks. Immense amounts of fill were needed to construct these beds – far more than would have been supplied from the limited amounts of rock and gravel the crews removed from the cuts. Where had it all come from? Hikers see little evidence of trackside borrow pits. Indeed, numerous stone fences indicate that farmers’ fields and pastures occupied most of the land beyond the railroad’s right-of-way, and these seem unlikely sources of fill. Scooping out parts of the bed with your hands, a hiker can unearth numerous gravel-sized particles of red sandstone, common enough in the Connecticut Valley around Hartford, but rare in the eastern hills around Bolton and Willimantic. Perhaps the company had commenced constructing the railroad at Hartford and, inching eastward, used their trains and newly laid tracks to haul the fill from the Valley. If so, they had reversed the pattern of nature, moving earth from lower to higher elevations. Other relicts are also visible. Chunks of coal lay in the ditches. A few gaunt, silver-gray telegraph poles pitch at eccentric angles, most with five crosstrees, indicating that, in addition to the telegraph wires, they possibly carried telephone and even electric wires as well. Although the surrounding countryside is thickly wooded, ample evidence exists that such was not the case a hundred years ago. The stone fences that snake through the woods indicate that the entire area was once open farmland. This means that the railroad would have had to make accommodations for those farmers whose fields lay on both sides of the tracks. Indeed, at several locations old farm roads, now abandoned, cross the railroad, their locations marked by rusty steel gates. The historian Leo Marx characterizes railroads, trains, and other nineteenth-century technologies as “machines in the garden.” Hikers walking along the old railroad bed, climbing into the high, flinty hills surrounding Bolton Notch, may reflect that he is right. One imagines the countryside as it must have looked a century ago – an open, undulating land of farms and fields, with only a few trees, and the great sweeping vistas of the Hop River Valley below. The green, pastoral landscape would have offered a compelling contrast to the sooty black trains, the billowing clouds of coal smoke, the piercing whistle of the steam engines, the loud chuffing of gears, and the rhythmic clacking of the steel wheels on the rails.
833	dbpedia	0	95	https://www.icomos.org/en/get-involved/inform-us/heritage-alert/current-alerts/116-english-categories/resources/publications%3Fstart%3D110	en	International Council on Monuments and Sites	https://www.icomos.org/t…avicon-16x16.png	https://www.icomos.org/t…avicon-16x16.png	[ "https://www.icomos.org/templates/warp/images/icomos-logo-en.svg", "https://www.icomos.org/images/20170331112314.jpg", "https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/IMAGES_Website/téléchargement.png", "https://www.icomos.org/images/Doc_centre/Images/Adaptative-strategies-for-water-heritage.JPG", "https://www.icomos.org/images/Doc_centre/Images/couv_modernacons.jpg", "https://www.icomos.org/images/20170331112314.jpg", "https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/IMAGES_Website/téléchargement.png", "https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/IMAGES_Website/gps.png", "https://www.icomos.org/en/component/acymailing/?ctrl=captcha&acyformname=formAcymailing28821&val=1270" ]	[]	[]	[ "ICOMOS", "International Council on Monuments and Sites", "publications", "charters", "monuments and sites", "stone glossary", "heritage at risk", "monumentum", "scientific journal", "catalogue", "Conservation of Cultural Heritage", "Protection of cultural heritage", "Preservation of cultural heritage", "Historic Monuments", "Monuments and Sites", "Historic Sites", "Heritage professionals", "theory of conservation", "conservation of cutlural heritage", "protection of cutlural heritage", "conservation of cultural heriage", "protection of cultural heriage" ]	null	[]	null		en	/templates/warp/favicon.ico		null	ICOMOS Cookies Policy ICOMOS informs you that, when browsing the ICOMOS website and all the pages of this domain, cookies are placed on the user's computer, mobile or tablet. No cookies are used to track users for commercial or advertising purposes. A cookie is a piece of information stored by a website on the user's computer and that the user's browser provides to the website during each user’s visit. These cookies essentially allow ICOMOS to: facilitate the user’s browsing on the site and activate interactive modules present on the site (required cookies: it is not possible to refuse these cookies if you want to browse the site) to establish statistical analysis of the site’s usage (optional cookies). You will find below the list of cookies used by our website and their characteristics: “Cookieaccept”: indicates that you have accepted the cookie policy via the notification which appears the first time you visit the website (1 year duration) “OctoShowModalPhotobank”: indicates that you checked the box "Do not show this information next time" when you visited our Photobank and viewed the message "Welcome to the ICOMOS Collaborative Image Bank!" (1 year duration) “joomla_remember_me_a12e1f90ec76162d7747594b6c19ffed“: indicates that you have ticked the "Remember me" box when you log in with your user account to log in automatically during your next visit (1 year duration) “joomla_user_state“: indicates that you have successfully identified yourself after login into your user account (lasts as long as your session, the cookie is deleted once your browsing is finished on the ICOMOS website) Session cookie: its name is composed of a chain of 32 characters, it is essential to the functioning of any website and identifies your session on the site which opens the first time you consult a page on the site (lasts as long as your session). Cookies created by the use of a third-part service on the website: ”_utma, _utmb, _utmc, _utmz”: Google Analytics Service, used to collect anonymous data about visits on our website, such as the number of visitors per month, and to improve the quality of the site; it cannot be used for individual identification purposes (duration: see details on: https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/analyticsjs/cookie-usage) “_atuvc youtube”: allows us to embed videos on our website from Youtube. YouTube will not store any personal data while playing the embedded video in extended privacy mode (duration varies, see Google site for more details: https://policies.google.com/technologies/types?hl=en) For information: the data collected is not cross-checked with other treatments; the cookie is only used for the production of anonymous statistics; the cookie does not make it possible to follow the user’s browsing on other sites. You can set up your browser to alert you of the presence cookies and offer you to accept them or not. You can accept or refuse cookies on a case-by-case basis or refuse them once and for all. However, some features of the ICOM website cannot function properly without cookies activated. The setting of cookies is different for each browser and generally described in the help menus. You will find more explanations on how to proceed via the links below. Firefox • Chrome • Safari • Internet Explorer
833	dbpedia	3	97	https://www.massriversalliance.org/transportation	en	Transportation	https://static.wixstatic…f76b44%7Emv2.jpg	https://static.wixstatic…f76b44%7Emv2.jpg	[ "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/bff668_f55fd7801706403badfe6a13eed6492f~mv2.png/v1/fill/w_240,h_56,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/bff668_f55fd7801706403badfe6a13eed6492f~mv2.png", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/bff668_712f4b3cbac9487886901faa5abbed6b~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_92,h_61,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/bff668_712f4b3cbac9487886901faa5abbed6b~mv2.jpg", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/914645_c4a6c99b151a4d6bb64680624743faf3~mv2.png/v1/fill/w_29,h_28,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Screen%20Shot%202021-08-18%20at%208_56_15%20AM.png", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/914645_65371563cd574b389df507b253c9f777~mv2.png/v1/fill/w_29,h_26,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Screen%20Shot%202021-08-18%20at%209_03_58%20AM.png", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/914645_7e91ccc71303451599b8441d58b9d8f1~mv2.png/v1/fill/w_28,h_27,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Screen%20Shot%202021-08-18%20at%209_14_26%20AM.png", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/bff668_627063ae95444699929f65b35a4a31ef~mv2.jpg/v1/crop/x_3,y_0,w_2106,h_406/fill/w_108,h_21,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/mra-logo-wtextright-Jan2018.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Learn about public transit options that will allow you to access your local waterways.	en	https://static.wixstatic…bdf83a%7Emv2.png	Massrivers	https://www.massriversalliance.org/transportation	Zoom in on the map to find transit stops, boat launches, and trails! *Navigating the map: Zoom in to a desired location to see more map elements displayed. Use the icon to view the map legend and the icon to toggle map layers on and off. Click on the different map elements and use the icon to learn more (i.e. trail name, watershed name, transit stop, etc.). Map created by Mass Rivers' Intern, Caley Earls The Assabet River Assabet How to Get There: By Train Commuter Rail from Boston: Fitchburg Line. From the West Concord Station, walk 10 minutes to Warner’s Pond to paddle, walk 2 minutes to the Bruce Freeman Rail Trail to bike or stroll into Sudbury. Fitchburg Line. Get off at the South Acton stop to get on the Assabet River Rail Trail down to the Assabet River National Wildlife Refuge. The Bass River Bass River How to Get There: By Car (from Boston) MA-3 S I-95 S and I-495 S By Bus Peter Pan bus to H2O Hyannic-Orleans bus By Train The summer-only Cape Flyer operates once a day from Boston to Hyannis, where the Bass River is an easy bus or bike ride away. The Blackstone River Blackstone How to Get There: Broad Meadow Brook Conservation Center and Wildlife Sanctuary From Worcester: take the WRTA #5 bus to Broad Meadow Plaza. The Center and Sanctuary is located right there. Notes on Public Transportation: The WRTA bus lines only run from 9:30AM—7:00PM on Sunday. WRTA bicycle racks hold two bikes at a time on the outside of the bus. Rhode Island: RIPTA operates the 59x between Providence and Woonsocket, and the 54 bus around downtown Woonsocket. There are several river access points in Woonsocket, including the Blackstone River bike trail. HANDICAP ACCESSIBILITY: Douglas State Forest has accessible beaches and restrooms. The canal side of the Blackstone River and Canal Heritage State Park has flat and wide trails Broad Meadow Brook Conservation Center and Wildlife Sanctuary has 1 mile of accessible trails The Charles River Charles River Transpo How to Get There: By Train MBTA – Red Line: Charles/MGH Kendall/MIT Science Park Harvard MBTA – Green Line: Hynes Convention Center Kenmore Blandford Street BU East BU Central BU West By Bus 1: Massachusetts Ave @ Beacon St; 77 Massachusetts Ave; Massachusetts Ave @ Bow St; Massachusetts Ave @ Holyoke St 59: Watertown Sq Terminal; Watertown St @ Galen St; Needham St @ Oak St; 156 Oak St; Chestnut St @ Elliot St; Central Ave @ Reservoir St 66: N Harvard St; JFK St @ Eliot St 70: many stops along the 70 route will get you close to the Charles River 86: Market St @ Lothrop St; Western Ave @ Mackin St; N Harvard St; 16 Eliot St; Commuter Rail: North Station is a 0.5 mile walk from the Charles River Esplanade. The Haverhill, Fitchburg, Lowell, Newburyport/Rockport lines all end at North Station. North Station also has connections with the Orange and Green Lines. South Station has a Red Line connection, from which there are many stops near the river. The Fairmount, Franklin, Kingston/Plymouth, Lakeville, Needham, and Providence lines end at South Station. Framingham/Worcester Line - Auburndale stop is a 0.4 mile walk from Auburndale Park, and a 0.4 walk from Paddle Boston Historic Newton Boathouse. Needham Line - West Roxbury stop is a 1.3 mile walk from Millenium Park, and the Hersey stop is a 1.1 mile walk to the Cutler Park trail entrance. The Natick Center stop is a 2.5 mile walk/bike ride from MassAudubon's Broadmoor Wildlife Sanctuary. HANDICAP ACCESSIBILITY: The first mile or so of the Charles River Link Trail is relatively flat and wide, as is the Esplanade and Paul Dudley White bike path. Some DCR facilities (parks and play areas) are accessible. The Chicopee River Chicopee Rive How to Get There: By Car (from Boston) MA-2 W and I-90 W By Bus (PVTA) From Springfield, the G1 and P21 buses run to Chicopee Center along the river. The X90 runs from Longmeadow to Holyoke with stops in Chicopee Falls (Main/Canterbury, Montgomery/Memorial) The Concord River Concord River How to Get There: By Car (from Boston) MA-2 W & US-3N I-93 N By Bus LRTA: from Lowell, line 3 to Lawrence St & Roger St, Lawrence St & Moore St, Lawrence St & Billerica St. MVRTA - Route 41 bus from Lawrence to Lowell, stop at Church Street/Central Plaza and the Mass Lowell Inn & Conference Center By Train Commuter RailLowell Line - Lowell (connection to LRTA or MVRTA) or North Billerica (connection to LRTA line 3) The Connecticut River Connecticut River How to Get There: By Bus The Pioneer Valley RTA provides many bus routes that access the river between Springfield, Holyoke, Chicopee, Westfield, Norhampton, Easthampton, Amherst, and beyond. Franklin RTA - the Route 24 Crosstown Connector and Route 32 bus take riders from downtown Greenfield to Tuners Falls where there are many riverside walks. By Train Amtrak's Valley Flyer and Vermonter stop in Springfield, Holyoke, Northampton, and Greenfield, all of which are short walks to the river. Both trains run south to New Haven CT Rail's Hartford Line also stops in Springfield from Hartford and New Haven. Amtrak's Lake Shore Limited provides service from Boston, Framingham, and Worcester to Springfield and Pittsfield. The Deerfield River Deerfield River How to Get There: By Car (from Boston) MA-2 W, I-90 W, & MA-116 N By Bus Franklin RTA - Stops: Academy at Charlemont, Charlemont Center, Buckland Park and Ride, Salmon Falls - Buckland, and Shelbourne Falls The Farmington River Farmington River How to Get There: By Car (from Boston) 1-90 W and I-84 The Fort River Fort River How to Get There: By Car (from Boston) MA-2 W and I-90 W By Bus Pioneer Valley RTA - Both the B43 and 39E stops: Columbia Drive, Mill Lane, Crocker Farm School, Russell, Pine Hill, and Spruce Hill. The French River French River How to Get There: By Bus Take the WRTA 42 bus from Aub Mall/Webster to Davis Street and Webster Center, or the Webster-Dudley-Southbridge shuttle to Webster Center. WRTA - Stops: Main Street, Holbrook Road, Sunset Ave, & Oxford Center The Hoosic River Hoosic River How to Get There: By Car I-90 W and Farmnas Rd I-91 N and MA 9 W Columbus Rd -> Damon Rd -> Main St -> North St -> Farmnas Rd By Bus From Pittsfield, take the BRTA 1 bus from Berkshire Mall to the North Adams Walmart, with connection available to the 34 bus. The 34 bus serves downtown North Adams. The 3 bus provides service between Williamstown and North Adams, following the Hoosic River. The Housatonic River Housatonic How to Get There: Old Mill Trail Take the BRTA Route 4 bus to the Hinsdale Post Office stop, then walk 0.8 miles via Main St. Housatonic River Walk Take the BRTA Route 21 bus to the Rite Aid stop (or the Great Barrington Post Office stop, depending on which way you are coming from), then walk 0.2 miles via Pleasant St or Dresser Ave. Laura's Tower Take the Route 21 bus to the Stockbridge Center (Main St.) stop, then walk 1.2 miles via Ice Glen Rd to reach the Ice Glen Trail, which connects with the Laura’s Tower Trail. Alternatively, take the Peter Pan bus to the Downtown Information Booth, Stockbridge stop and follow the same route to Ice Glen Trail and Laura’s Tower Trail. Mary Flynn Trail This trail is connected to the Ice Glen Trail and Laura’s Tower Trail, so follow the same directions as above. Amtrak: the Lake Shore Limited stops in Pittsfield center, less than a mile from the river. The train runs from Chicago to Boston with nearby stops in Albany, Springfield, Worcester, and Framingham. HANDICAP ACCESSIBILITY Old Mill Trail in Hinsdale/Dalton (owned by Berkshire Natural Resources Council) and the Housatonic River Walk in Great Barrington. The Ipswich River Ipswich How to Get There: By Train Commuter Rail: Ipswich station on the Newburyport/Rockport Line is in downtown Ipswich, along the river, and a 0.2 mile walk from Peatfield Landing. Wilmington Station on the Lowell Line will bring you close to Mill Brook. By Bus The Ipswich Essex Explorer Bus operates service from the Ipswich Commuter Rail Station to many stops in both towns. HANDICAP ACCESSIBILITY: Rail trails An all-access trail at Bradley Palmer State Park Accessible landings, such as at the Riverbend headquarters dock The Jones River Jones River How to Get There: By Car (from Boston) MA - 128 N, US-1 N, & Lynn Fells Parkway By Bus GATRA (RTA) - stop: Main Street and Hillcrest Road By Train Commuter Rail - the Kingston stop on the Kingston Line brings you 2 miles from the Jones River Landing. The Merrimack River Merrimack How to Get There: The best resource for all activity locations with parking and accessibility information can be found on the Merrimack River Watershed Council's website. By Train Commuter Rail from Boston: The Newburyport line brings you to Newburyport, where the river meets the sea. Walk along the Clipper City Rail Trail 1.3 miles from the station to the harborwalk. The Haverhill line stops in downtown Lawrence and Haverhill. Enjoy a meal and a stroll by the river in both cities! The Lowell line ends in downtown Lowell. The station is a 1.1 mile walk from the river. By Bus Lowell Regional Transportation Authority operates many buses throughout the city that go close to the water. The 8 bus stops at Bridge St & 2nd St, and Bridge St & Massmills Dr, both have easy access to the river walk. The 9 bus connects the MBTA commuter rail station to UMass Lowell, which has the Northern Canal Walkway. Take the 9 to the Fox Hall stop. Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority has many buses throughout Lawrence, Haverhill, Methuen, Andover, and surrounding cities. The Millers River Millers River How to Get There: Please check back soon for updates on transportation details. Mystic The Mystic River How to Get There: By Bus Medford - Codon Shell: Take the 95, 96, or 101 to “Main St @ High St”. It is a 7 minute walk from there to the Codon Shell. Take the 94, 95, 96, 101, 134, or 710 to “37 Riverside Ave @Medford Sq”. 9 minute walk to codon shell Somerville - Blessing of the Bay Take the 95 to “Mystic Ave @Shore Drive." 2 minute walk to Blessing of the Bay boathouse. By Train Orange Line: Assembly Station is 3 minute walk to Baxter Riverfront Park, 18 minute walk to Blessing of the Bay boathouse. Wellington is a 3 minute walk from the waterfront Wellington Greenway, which connects to the Mystic River State Reservation. Commuter Rail Lowell Line: The West Medford stop is a 0.4 walk from the Mystic River path, which connects to the Mystic River State Reservation. The Wedgemere station is the top of Mystic Lakes, a 0.5 walk to Shannon Beach. Excellent bike route! The Winchester Center stop is right next to the Aberjona River, featuring a great multi-use trail. HANDICAP ACCESSIBILITY: Mary O'Malley Park & Torbert Macdonald State Park The Nashua River Nashua Transportation How to Get There: By Train Commuter Rail: The Fitchburg Line stops in Ayer, which is adjacent to the end of the Nashua River Rail Trail which travels 12.5 miles North to the outskirts of Nashua, NH. Bicycles are allowed on the commuter rail. It’s a beautiful bike ride that meets up with the Nashua River in Groton and Pepperell, and the Harry Rich State Forest in Groton. Harry Rich State Forest has miles of trails alongside the river that are hiker and bicyclist friendly. Nesting bald eagles and numerous water fowl are found on the river in this location. The Fitchburg Line also stops in Shirley, bringing you to within a 1-mile walk over the Nashua River to the Bill Ashe Visitor Center at the Oxbow National Wildlife Center. HANDICAP ACCESSIBILITY: The John Tinker Trail in Groton offers a wheelchair-accessible trail through the woods to the Nashua River. Click here to learn more about the trail on the Groton Trail Network website. The Neponset River Neponset River Transportation How to Get There: By Train MBTA – Red Line (Mattapan Line/Trolley): Butler, Milton, Central Ave, Valley Road, and Mattapan stops all are on the multi-use Neponset Trail. Commuter Rail: Fairmount Line - the Readville stop is a 0.6 mile walk from the Neponset River Reservation II, and a 0.8 mile from the Mill Pond Reservation. The Fairmount stop is a 0.4 mile walk to West Street Park, which abuts the Neponset River Reservation. Franklin Line - the Hyde Park stop is a 0.5 mile walk from Reservation Park Road. By Bus The 201 and 202 buses will get you close to Pope John Paul II Park The 15, 27, 217, and 240 buses can get you close to the Neponset Trail Take the 32 bus to Hyde Park Ave @ Railroad Station, then walk 0.7 miles The North Coastal Rivers North Coasta Rivers How to Get There: Please check back soon for updates on transportation details. The North & South Rivers N&S Rivers How to Get There: The best resource for all activity locations with parking and accessibility information can be found on the North and South River Watershed Association’s website. By Train Commuter Rail: There are a number of hiking trails and conservation areas within walking distance from the Greenbush stop on the Greenbush line. Connection to the Scituate loop (SLOOP) bus line The Parker River Parker River How to Get There: By Car Take Route 95 until exit 57. Then travel east on Route 113 onto Route 1A South By Train MBTA - Blue Line: Stop off at Broomfield Street & High Street Commuter Rail: Use the Newburyport/Rockport Line. The closest stop is Rowley. After that, the best option is to Uber/taxi 12.4 miles to the river. The Quinebaug River Quinebaug River How to Get There: By Car Accessible from Interstate 84, Interstate 295, and US Route 20 By Bus WRTA - Stops: Mechanic Street, Crystal Street, Big Y Plaza, North Street & Optical Drive The Shawsheen River Shawsheen River How to Get There: By Car By Bus WRTA - Stops: Mechanic Street, Crystal Street, Big Y Plaza, North Street & Optical Drive The Sudbury River Sudbury River How to Get There: By Car MA-2 W The Taunton River Taunton River How to Get There: By Car I-95 S & MA-24 S By Bus The Ten Mile River Ten Mile River How to Get There: By Car (from Boston) I-93 S, I-95 S, & 1-495 S By Bus GATRA (RTA) - stops: Knight Avenue and South Main, S Main Street, Attleboro Crossing, & Park Street By Train The Ware River Ware River How to Get There: By Car (to Palmer) (to Ware) I-90 E and MA-32 N MA-9 E I-90 W and Main Street US-20 E (to Barre) MA-32 and MA-67 I-90 W and I-290 W MA-9 E and MA-32 N By Bus The Weir River Weir River How to Get There: By Car I-90 E and I-495 S I-93 and MA-3A S By Train/Bus HANDICAP ACCESSIBILITY: PATI Bus Stop at Main Street (Firehouse) in Hingham The Westfield River westfield How to Get There: The best resource for all activity locations with parking and accessibility information can be found on the Westfield River Watershed Council's website. By Bus Pioneer Valley Regional Transit Authority: Robinson State Park - From Springfield, take the R14 to the Annable stop, the park is a 0.6 mile walk. Westfield River Walk - From Springfield, take the R10 to the Oliver Transit Pavilion, the park is a 0.5 mile walk. The Westport River westport How to Get There: The Southeastern Regional Transit Authority runs two Intercity Express buses between Fall River and New Bedford that cross over the Westport River and its tributaries. See route maps here.
833	dbpedia	3	78	https://www.teachushistory.org/detocqueville-visit-united-states/articles/roads-travel-new-england-1790-1840	en	Roads and Travel in New England 1790-1840			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	“There is more travelling [in the United States] than in any part of the world,” an article in the Boston American Traveler claimed in 1828. “Here, the whole population is in motion, whereas, in old countries, there are millions who have never been beyond the sound of the parish bell.” The editor of the same paper remarked two years later that whereas in 1786 it had taken as				https://www.teachushistory.org/detocqueville-visit-united-states/articles/roads-travel-new-england-1790-1840	“There is more travelling [in the United States] than in any part of the world,” an article in the Boston American Traveler claimed in 1828. “Here, the whole population is in motion, whereas, in old countries, there are millions who have never been beyond the sound of the parish bell.” The editor of the same paper remarked two years later that whereas in 1786 it had taken as long as six days to travel by stage from Boston to New York, now the trip was made easily in only a day and a half. “Who will undertake to predict the wonderful results of the next half century?” he wondered. Aside from the fact that his paper was dedicated to the interests of the coaching business, the editor had good reason for looking forward to another fifty years of improvement and growth in highway travel. Except for its navigable rivers and a handful of canals, the interior of New England in 1830 still was traversed only by a network of dirt and gravel roads. As in other parts of the country, there had been a flurry of excitement over canals during the 1820s following the initial success of New York’s Erie Canal. Only a few canals were built in New England, however, and despite the fact that the canal companies promised to reduce transportation costs, teamsters had been able to compete with them by selectively cutting their own charges and by offering services the canal companies were unable to duplicate. Agitation for railroads also had begun during the 1820s; Massachusetts chartered the Boston and Lowell in 1830. But claims that railroads would revolutionize transportation, although frequently made, remained to be proved. By 1840, however, there were already more than 3,000 miles of track in the United States, including more than 400 miles in New England. Railroads came to dominate overland transportation so completely that a half century after 1830 it had been largely forgotten that the roads, which then carried mostly local traffic, once had been important arteries of commerce. Thus the historian of Ashburnham., Massachusetts, was describing experiences familiar only to his older readers when he wrote in 1887: “For many years long lines of teams and a great amount of pleasure travel passed through the central village ... heavy wagons, drawn by four, six and eight horses, laden with produce for the market and returning with merchandise for the country stores, [and] four and six horse stages ... daily passed each way.” With even further passage of time, improvements in overland transportation in the decades prior to the railroad era have become almost completely obscured by a mist of writings that either nostalgically relate the more romantic aspects of stagecoach and tavern days or that simply conclude that poor roads continued to keep inland communities isolated from effective links with the outside world until railroads brought about a revolution in transportation. In the hill country of northern New England, according to one twentieth?century account, “men and women were born, lived, and died without traveling twenty miles from the place of their birth.” Although there were undoubtedly people who fit that description, New Englanders even before the railroad era were increasingly a people on the move. This was true of the hundreds of thousands of Yankee migrants who made overland treks to new settlements far removed from their places of birth and it was also true of those who remained behind. It was made possible in part by improvements in the roads. New England’s first great road?building era occurred during the period 1790 to 1840. Its first phase, commonly referred to as the turnpike era, began during the 1790s and had practically ended in all the New England states except Connecticut before the War of 1812. Some 240 corporations built more than 3,700 miles of toll roads. Every part of New England except Maine acquired an extensive turnpike network, although Connecticut was far in the lead with about 1,600 miles. A second phase occurred between 1820 and 1840 and was marked by an upsurge of construction at public (local) expense. In few ways had the United States been more backward prior to the turnpike era than in the roads that linked the coastal towns with the growing inland settlements. Even near the largest towns main highways were at times so hard and rutted that they threatened to shake a vehicle to pieces and at other times so muddy as to be virtually impassable. An English traveler during the fall of 1795 had his vehicle sink to the hubs near the same place in the vicinity of Baltimore where the President of the United States recently had suffered a similar indignity. When the same traveler reached Baltimore he was detained for a week until the roads had frozen sufficiently for the Philadelphia stages to begin running again. Another foreign visitor who traveled by stage from New York to Philadelphia wrote that the passengers were ill for an hour or more after being slammed about on a particularly rough stretch of road. Other travelers described clouds of choking dust and vain efforts to defend themselves against the hordes of mosquitoes. Newly settled areas, including parts of northern New England, were even less a place for the traveler faint?of?heart. A Connecticut minister who made a preaching tour of Vermont during the spring of 1789 at one point found himself in “mud belly deep to my horse and I thought I should have perished.” Even so inveterate a traveler as President Timothy Dwight of Yale could only marvel at the way settlers on the northern New England frontier adjusted to hardships of travel “over the worst roads, where both horses and men, accustomed to smoother ways, merely tremble, and creep. “Over roads, encumbered with rocks, mire, and the stumps and roots of trees, they ride upon a full trot; and are apprehensive of no danger. Even the women of these settlements, and those of every age share largely in this spirit. The longest journies, in very difficult roads, they undertake with cheerfulness, and perform without anxiety. I have often met them on horseback; and been surprised to see them pass fearlessly over those dangers of the way, which my companions and myself watched with caution and solicitude.” Southern New England had some of the best roads in the United States. The broad, smooth highway between Boston and Portsmouth was by far the best section of the great postal route from Portsmouth to Savannah, Georgia, and portions of the upper post road from Boston to New York, which led through Worcester, Springfield, and Hartford, also were considered good. But between Spencer and Wilbraham, Massachusetts, the same road was so poor in 1788 that a Frenchman, after being “bumped over rocks for thirty miles” in a springless carriage, concluded that “a coach with springs would have very soon upset and been smashed to pieces.” An Englishman who traveled by stage from Boston to Newport in 1797 wrote “Very often we surprised a family of pigs taking a bath in a gully of sufficient compass to admit the coach. As often such chasms were filled by piles of stones that, at a distance, looked like Indian tumuli. I found there were two evils to be dreaded in New England travelling—a clayey soil in wet weather, which, unqualified with gravel, made the road a canal; and a sandy one in summer, which might emphatically be called an enormous insect preserve.” New England roads, he concluded, were “far better than those in any other quarter of the Union,” but “brought ... sad comparison with the bowling?greens of England.” Each New England town was responsible for building and maintaining all roads within its limits. Colonial laws originally had required all adult males with few exceptions to work a certain number of days each year in the roads. These laws were revised during the eighteenth century so that by 1800 most towns annually voted a highway tax assessed in proportion to the value of property holdings. But these taxes continued to be paid in labor, and in halfhearted labor at that. Although conditions varied somewhat from town to town, indifference in most cases prevented significant improvement. A Connecticut man complained in 1797 that the people of many towns in that state “have gone fifty or an hundred years through sloughs, as often as they have gone to the house of God, and probably they would be content to do the same fifty years more unless the public relieves them.” Even the main street of “a flourishing and beautiful country town,” according to an account written in 1803, was likely to be littered with pieces of old fences and firewood, “old sleds bottom upwards, carts, casks, weeds and loose stones, lying along in wild confusion.” The roadway itself would be “scandalously bad; foot ways, or cross paths, ruts and gutters, with stones at every step, disturb the traveler in his carriage, and the teamsters with their loads. In a road of 80 miles, the worst part is that which passes through this charming street!” And voters indifferent to their own convenience, were even less inclined to exert themselves for the benefit of outsiders who passed through town on the main highways. Labor on the roads was supervised by surveyors of highways, twenty to thirty of whom were elected annually by some small towns. When John Adams reached the age of twenty?one, he was surprised to find himself nominated for this job and objected that he knew nothing about road making. He was told that “they make it a rule to compell every Man to serve either as Constable or Surveyor, or to pay a fine.” Adams performed his duties in a conscientious way, even though a bridge built under his direction soon was washed away. It was charged, however, that most highway surveyors lacked interest as well as skill and that many of them were concerned only to have the roads past their own houses repaired. Gangs of men working out their own or someone else’s highway taxes remained a common sight in many New England towns until well after the Civil War. Some work was done during the fall and a way had to be cleared after particularly heavy snowstorms, but most repair work was done on several days in June during the period between planting and haying. The roads then were deeply rutted but were no longer muddy from spring thaws and rains. Gutters were ploughed out and ruts filled with the dirt and decayed vegetation thus obtained. In many instances the dirt simply was piled high and left to be worn down by the wheels of passing vehicles, although ox?drawn scrapers sometimes were used to level and smooth. Much time was spent in leaning on shovels or hoes or resting in the shade, for a day on the roads was widely regarded as a holiday from farm work. Rum flowed freely, stories were told, and impromptu footraces and contests of strength occasionally were held. At the end of the day the workers were given credit for a day’s labor and left the roads in little better condition than they had found them. In spite of these road conditions, traffic increased considerably during the latter half of the eighteenth century. One reason was that inland areas had become more fully settled. Families struggling to overcome the wilderness at first were able to procure little more than a bare subsistence and had little to trade with the outside world. But by the early 1790s, according to a contemporary account, even in towns settled no earlier than the time of the Revolution “the present inhabitants have overcome the first difficulties of clearing their farms, and begin to furnish considerable supplies of produce for market.” Butter, cheese, beef, pork, and other articles able to bear the cost of transportation over poor roads to the markets along the coast and navigable rivers were traded at inland stores for sugar, spirits, hardware, and occasional “gewgaws” such as “new fashioned blue and white ware,” “Very Elegant Fruit Baskets and Stands,” “wood painted fans,” and “silver tea and table spoons, sleeve buttons, knee buckles, broaches and clasps.” During the slack winter months many farmers brought sleds loaded with their produce to sell in Boston, Portsmouth, and other markets from as far away as northern Vermont and New Hampshire. One winter Saturday in 1803 more than 700 sleds and sleighs entered the river town of Hudson, New York, by way of a toll road leading from Berkshire County, Massachusetts. The Revolutionary War was another factor in the growth of transportation. It created a temporary need for the movement of men and supplies over long distances, but more importantly, perhaps, many a New Englander returned from service with a greater realization that the world was not bounded by the limits of his own town and that distances could be overcome. Levi Pease, for example, had been a blacksmith in Blandford, Massachusetts, before serving as a courier and procurer of supplies during the Revolution. In 1783 he decided to start a stage line between Boston and Hartford despite the warning of at least one skeptic that there would not be sufficient patronage for such a line “in your day or mine.” There were then only about a dozen stage lines in New England, the longest of which ran between Boston and Portsmouth. Pease and his partner, starting business with two coaches and twelve horses, persisted even though at first they sometimes carried no passengers at all. They gradually attracted patronage and by 1786 had thrice?weekly stages running between Boston and New York. By 1795 there were “upwards of an hundred horses, and twenty carriages employed” between Boston and New Haven alone and competitors were trying to emulate Pease’s success. Finally, business opportunities resulting from war in Europe during most of the period between 1793 and 1815 led to further growth in transportation. It was largely because of these opportunities that Timothy Pitkin could write in 1816, “No nation, it is believed, has ever increased so rapidly in wealth as the United States.” Shipping interests enjoyed the greatest profits, but farmers, who still relied primarily on overseas markets in a pre?industrial United States, also benefited from a growth in foreign demand. The quantity of barreled pork exported from the United States in 1795, for example, was more than three times what it had been four years earlier. Even so remote a community as Peacham, in northern Vermont, shared in the prosperity and a storekeeper there in 1801 warned “those few individuals who have dispensed with punctuality in their payments” that “it is much better for them to make remittances now, when articles of the country command a good price, than after they have fallen at least 50 per cent, which will probably take place, at the termination of the European war.” By the end of the eighteenth century a growing number of New Englanders thus were directly affected by the condition of the roads. Among the number were stagecoach operators, storekeepers who made semiannual purchasing trips to New York or Boston in addition to using the roads for the transportation of goods, and those farmers who received lower prices for their produce at inland stores because transportation costs were high as well as those who made marketing trips themselves. The attitude of many of them was summed up in the complaint of a Connecticut farmer that “our winters are often open ? our spring and fall are rainy ? yet these are the seasons for going to market, and the poor farmer who lives 30 or 40 miles from water, must risk his cattle and his carriage, or lose the benefit of market.” Why, he wondered, must “the interior towns [continue] to drag their produce to market thro’ deep mud to the axle?trees of their carts and Waggons?” As Americans during the 1790’s sought to form “a more perfect union,” the improvement of transportation facilities for purposes of both defense and development came to be regarded as a patriotic duty. This, together with the already growing importance of roads in New England and in other parts of the United States where forces similar to those described were at work, led to demands for improvement of the highways and for reform of the system of local responsibility for the roads. As long as the towns remained seemingly free to do almost as they pleased, according to one observer, “three centuries, perhaps ten, will pass away before the roads are made good and more money will be spent in vain than would dig the canals of China.” Although the towns in theory were answerable to the states, laws relating to road standards had proved difficult to enforce. It was recognized that many towns, particularly the newer and more sparsely settled ones, lacked resources as well as the inclination to maintain through roads, which at any rate seemed to be primarily for the benefit of the travelers who used them. During the years following the Revolution, however, the states generally were in no position to assume the responsibility themselves or to increase already unpopular tax burdens. The day when they could look to the federal government for assistance in such matters still was far in the future. English eighteenth?century experience with toll roads financed by bonding had shown, moreover, that it was possible to secure better roads by requiring those who actually used them to pay the cost. Given proper incentives, individuals with money to invest stood ready to undertake road building projects. With proper regulation, voluntary associations of such individuals might well prove more amenable as agents of the state than the towns had been. Toll bridge corporations had enjoyed some success during the 1780s and during the 90s a number of states similarly began chartering semi?public turnpike corporations, the name turnpike having been derived from an early device used to stop travelers on English toll roads. Although turnpike companies were owned by private shareholders who were to be permitted profits on their investments of as much as twelve per cent a year from the collection of tolls, it was well understood that they were in business to perform a public service as well as to earn profits. They were required to build and maintain their roads to standards approved by public commissioners, to charge no more than legally established rates of toll, and to locate their tollgates at specified intervals (usually ten miles) to prevent overcharging. In most cases the states also sought to protect the public by retaining the right to condemn and award compensation for land taken for turnpike use, thus erecting a barrier against abuses such as later occurred when railroads were given considerable freedom in determining their routes. As a further safeguard, most turnpike charters were to expire after the companies had earned back their investment plus profits averaging twelve per cent a year. Complaints that turnpikes were “injurious to the Rights of free men” usually were based on objections to paying toll. On the whole, public interests were fairly well protected during the turnpike era. The Lancaster Turnpike, chartered by Pennsylvania in 1792, was the first toll?road corporation in the United States, although previously there had been a few experiments with toll roads based on the English model of a turnpike trust with a bonded debt to pay in Virginia, Maryland, and Connecticut. Rhode Island established the second such corporation in 1794 and within two years each of the New England states had chartered at least one turnpike. With its relatively heavy concentration of population and wealth, the region during the next decade took the lead in this form of enterprise. In 1800 two?thirds of the seventy?two toll roads in the United States were in New England, twenty?three in Connecticut. “Turnpike roads seem to be the great rage of the day,” a traveler in Berkshire County observed in 1801. Two years later the Rev. William Bentley predicted that Essex County, Massachusetts, soon would “be intersected with the best [turnpike] roads, & the whole will probably be lucrative to adventurers.” By 1808, when Jefferson’s Embargo interrupted foreign trade and helped to bring an end to turnpike fever in New England, most of the important routes of travel and many unimportant ones had been taken over and improved by corporations. Most New England toll roads, according to Fisher Ames, the former Federalist Congressman who was himself president of a turnpike company, were built “to facilitate country produce on its way to market.” Many closely followed previously established routes between the back country and the principal market towns. Boston, New England’s principal commercial center, became the hub of its turnpike system, with toll roads radiating outwards towards Providence, Hartford, the Connecticut Valley of Massachusetts, and the New Hampshire line. A number of the latter roads connected with turnpikes leading across New Hampshire to the Connecticut River, where they in turn were linked with Vermont toll roads. Other New Hampshire turnpikes led towards Portsmouth and Portland. In western New England turnpikes led towards the Hudson River and Lake Champlain. In Rhode Island they were used to carry farm produce to Providence from rural towns in that state and parts of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Throughout the region, many of these roads, varying in length from a few miles to fifty or more, were combined into longer chains for through travel. Thus it was possible to journey most of the way from Boston to Burlington, Albany, or New York on toll roads. From Albany other turnpikes led most of the way across New York State. Connecticut developed by far the most complex network of toll roads in New England. A visitor to that state in 1807 found “in almost every ... direction a turnpike?road; for, these roads being here made objects of private gain, and not as in England, of merely public care, they are established with avidity, on the smallest prospect of advantage.” Unlike Massachusetts or Rhode Island, Connecticut had no great center of wealth and commerce comparable with Boston or Providence and there was considerable competition among its market towns for the trade of the back country. Merchants and other interested individuals in Bridgeport, Hartford, Middletown, New Haven, New London, Norwalk, and Norwich were active in making their towns turnpike centers as a means of furthering that competition. Many of these towns had direct trade with the West Indies and all traded by water with New York or Boston, the principal centers for foreign trade. A number of inland towns, including Litchfield, Tolland, Torrington, and Windham, also became toll road centers upon which vehicles loaded with farm produce or imported goods converged from all directions. Competition for trade may have been one reason why Connecticut corporations continued to build toll roads until the mid?1830’s, while relatively few turnpike projects were undertaken in other New England states after 1808. More than eighty?six per cent of the 113 turnpike corporations chartered by the Connecticut legislature succeeded in raising the capital needed for their projects, while only slightly more than half the companies elsewhere in New England were similarly successful. Although it was hoped at first that toll roads would return substantial earnings, Fisher Ames as early as 1802 wrote, “Turnpikes with the fairest prospect of success have seldom proved profitable.” Turnpike stock within a few years usually sold at far below its original cost. Although the financial records that have been preserved are far from complete, it is probable that a majority of New England toll roads failed even to earn back the cost of capital expenditures. Maintenance costs were one important factor in holding down earnings; the success of the public in evading toll payments was another. Since tollgates frequently were as far as ten miles apart, much of the local traffic using these free?access roads did so without paying any toll. In addition, toll roads, which usually followed a fairly straight course, often crossed older, winding roads in a number of places; travelers frequently were able to bypass tollgates by detouring temporarily onto one of these “shunpikes.” The Norfolk and Bristol Turnpike, main route between Boston and Providence, crossed one such road thirteen times in the space of a few miles; Ames, its president, once estimated that the company’s earnings would be almost sixty per cent greater if it were not for shunpikes. The owners of the Powder Mill Turnpike complained to the Rhode Island legislature that its road “hath ... so many places for turning Off, that unreasonable designing travellers, constantly take advantage of such old ... roads, avoiding the gate.” Connecticut turnpike companies, which often made only minor improvements (the average expenditure per mile for toll roads in that state was about $550 as against $1300 in New Hampshire), had by far the best earnings. The Talcott Mountain Turnpike, part of the main route between Hartford and Albany, had average profits of 10.9 per cent a year for four decades and at least twenty other companies earned average profits of from three to 9.5 per cent a year for ten years or longer. Elsewhere in New England, only five roads are known to have had earnings within the same range. While turnpikes seldom returned direct profits to investors, they did benefit many merchants and tavern keepers in the form of new trade. Real estate values in the vicinity of toll roads tended to rise. Those who used the new roads also benefited. Timothy Dwight, in describing the turnpike between Norwich and New London, wrote that before it was built “few persons attempted to go from one of the places to the other, and return, on the same day. The new road is smooth and good; and the journey is now easily performed in little more than two hours. These towns, therefore, may be regarded as having been brought nearer to each other more than half a day’s journey.” Robert Rantoul wrote of the Salem Turnpike in 1872 “How much the new route, only twelve miles and a fraction long, did to bring us and the metropolis together, will be recalled with pleasure by some yet living who enjoyed for the first time, in the fall of 1803, an evening ride to Boston with a ball, a concert, or a play in prospect to give zest to the excursion.” Most importantly, perhaps, turnpike companies introduced and popularized improved methods of road building. Roads that once had been little more than cleared paths, narrow and winding, were widened and straightened. Crowned surfaces and ditches were used to provide drainage. Gravel also was used on the better toll roads. Turnpike builders, to be sure, often were so preoccupied with the shortening of distances that they chose to follow a straight line over steep hills that should have been avoided. Many such mistakes eventually had to be corrected, but in general grades on turnpikes probably were less steep than those on many earlier roads, which had been built from farm to farm with little regard for either distance or grade. Efforts were made, moreover, to reduce some of the worst grades by means of cutting and filling. These methods soon were put to use by some towns to improve roads still under local control. A resident of Goshen, Connecticut, wrote in 1812 “The common roads in this town have for the last ten years been in a state of rapid improvement. This has been owing partly, to the running of two turnpike roads through the town, crossing each other at the meeting house, which not only throws more [of the townspeople’s] labour on the common roads but gives us ... a precedent [for their improvement].” Daniel Webster recalled in later years that before the turnpike era there had been no road usable by carriages between New Hampshire’s three major rivers. “Perhaps,” he said, “the most valuable result of making these turnpike roads was the diffusion of knowledge upon road making among the people; for in a few years afterward, great numbers of the people went to church, to electoral and other meetings, in chaises and wagons, over very tolerable roads.” Following its decline after 1808, road building activity became intensified again between 1820 and 1840. A number of new highways were built as New England began to turn toward manufacturing and as older communities situated near suitable sources of water power began to grow and new ones came into existence. Private investors by then seldom were willing to undertake risky toll?road projects. As a result, despite continued opposition, the burden of building roads “of general use and importance to the public” once again was thrust upon the towns. In Massachusetts and New Hampshire the counties occasionally shared part of the cost. New laws gave the counties firm authority over the towns in matters relating to roads, particularly in Massachusetts and Maine, where elected county commissioners were empowered to order and supervise the building of any road they considered necessary and to have the work done at the expense of any town that refused to carry out their orders. These laws were unpopular and similar ones soon were repealed in Vermont and New Hampshire. Before 1840, however, public roads once again had become the dominant element in New England’s highway system. These newer roads in many instances took traffic from the turnpikes, a number of which went out of business between 1820 and 1840. By the latter date some toll roads also were affected by competition from railroads. Those that remained in business came to be regarded as obnoxious vestiges of a period when governments had granted special privileges to favored groups. Petitioners to the New Hampshire legislature, in 1834 complained that “In the early days of this country, such corporations tended greatly to facilitate the public travel; yet, when towns became sufficiently wealthy to support Free Roads, Turnpikes became a grievance to the inhabitants, and a burden to the traveler.” New Hampshire in 1838 enacted a law under which town selectmen were permitted to condemn a turnpike company’s property and take it over as a public road. But even in New Hampshire it appears that the towns usually permitted companies to continue maintaining their roads until declining revenues forced them out of business. By this time their property was virtually worthless and the towns were compelled to award them very little in the way of damages. Probably half the toll roads in New England had ceased to operate by 1850; nearly all were gone by the end of the century. The last company abandoned its road about the time of World War I. New England’s highway system in 1840 was still the best in the United States, although far below the standards of such advanced countries as England and France. The best roads were in eastern Massachusetts and in the vicinity of Hartford, Providence, and other large towns. These were in good condition nearly all year except for short periods during the early spring and fall. The worst roads may have been in Maine, where it was reported in 1832, “the communication is uniformly good only for a few months in summer, and a few weeks in the winter.” According to the same account, however, New England roads were considered “generally fine,” [and] are thronged with stage coaches, most of which are good.” Fifty years after Levi Pease went into the coaching business, nearly 300 stage lines served almost every corner of the region. In 1790 most travel had been on horseback and private pleasure vehicles had been a rare sight out side the largest towns. In 1840 there were more than 6,000 such vehicles in Connecticut alone and a traveler on horseback had become a rare sight. The two?wheeled oxcart commonly had been used for hauling heavy loads in 1790. Before 1840 four?wheeled wagons drawn by horses were “used in almost every family in the country” and were to be found on the roads hauling wool and other supplies purchased throughout New England and parts of New York from agents in Boston and Providence to mills in Oxford, Southbridge, and Webster, Massachusetts. They returned with finished cloth. They carried great loads of mackerel barrels from coopers’ shops in southern New Hampshire to the wharves of Boston, Newburyport, Portsmouth, and Salem, iron, marble, and lime from western Connecticut and Massachusetts to shipping points along the Hudson River. Farmers throughout the period continued to make winter journeys to market and drovers brought large numbers of cattle and hogs to the great Brighton market near Boston from all over northern New England and parts of New York. Country storekeepers also continued to take farm produce in trade, sending it to market in return for store goods. Brimfield, Massachusetts, had three stores and according to the recollection of one resident: “Every Saturday afternoon the sheds and hitching post were surrounded by the horses and, wagons of the farmers who had come into town with their wives and daughters to trade off their poultry, butter and eggs for store goods, and in the fall of the year, when the hogs had been killed and the turkeys fattened and dressed for market, the store keepers would purchase them, and some Monday morning when they had made up a load would start a man and team for Boston with them, who would return Saturday night with a wagon load of new goods, the arrival of which was an occasion of great interest.” Transportation needs grew sufficiently before 1840 for teaming to become a regular form of employment. Regularly scheduled baggage wagons operated between the larger towns; independent teamsters also worked for store keepers, factory owners, and other businessmen. A survey in 1828 of the transportation needs of thirty?five towns near the route of a proposed railroad from Boston to Albany showed that an estimated average of 740 tons a year was transported by land between each town and its markets. It was reported at the same time that an average of forty loaded wagons a day carrying 14,000 tons a year passed through Bolton, Massachusetts, on their way between Boston and towns in the vicinity of Greenfield, Massachusetts, and Brattleboro, Vermont. One teamster, Moses Peck, made more than 100 trips between Montpelier, Vermont, and Boston between 1820 and 1828, drawing loads of up to four tons with his six?horse team. Vehicles such as Peck’s were part of what Ralph Waldo Emerson in 1837 described as “the endless procession of wagons loaded with the wealth of all regions of England and China, of Turkey, of the Indies, which from Boston creep by my gate to all the towns of New Hampshire and Vermont. With creaking wheels at midsummer, and, crunching the snows, on huge sledges in January, the train goes forward at all hours, bearing this cargo of inexhaustible comfort and luxury to every cabin in the hills.” By present standards the roads and vehicles of the time were still primitive and Emerson’s “endless procession” was but a trickle. Although they declined somewhat during the period, transportation costs (often as high as $20 per ton for 100 miles) continued to affect prices and to exclude bulky, low?value products from distant markets. Dairy products and meat, along with wool, were still among the relatively few items of farm produce that could be transported profitably long distances. The price of wool, which in December 1830 sold in Boston for from thirty to sixty?seven cents per pound, was little affected by transportation costs. Hay, on the other hand, sold for only sixty to seventy cents per hundred pounds, and it cost about as much as that commodity was worth to transport it by land sixty or seventy miles. The distance i it could be transported profitably was much less than that. The farmers of New Braintree, in central Massachusetts, sent 200 tons of cheese, butter, and pork to market in Boston in 1822, but it was complained that transportation costs prevented them from growing oats or potatoes commercially and from purchasing plaster of Paris for use as a fertilizer. Vermont, because of its distance from most markets, was particularly hard hit by freighting costs. Governor Samuel Crafts complained in 1830 that “the more bulky products of our agriculture, of our forests, and our mountains, excepting so much as are necessary for the use of our inhabitants, are valueless.” Worcester, Massachusetts, was only about forty miles from Boston, but the charge for overland freight during the 20’s and early 30’s was about $10 per ton; “it costs less to transport a ton of heavy goods from Liverpool ... to Boston, than from Boston to Worcester.” After the opening of the Boston and Worcester Railroad in 1835 the cost of freighting was reduced to about $3.50 per ton. Such reductions led many New Englanders to hope that railroads would permit farmers and manufacturers to do a much greater volume of business and to market a greater variety of products than was possible as long as they had to rely on highway transportation. But some changes that the railroads were to bring were not anticipated. Cheaper transportation enabled western farmers to compete successfully with their New England counterparts in supplying some types of food to the region’s growing cities. And the residents of more than one village that had been outstripped by towns closer to the railroad probably came to echo the complaint that “railroads are sometimes feeders and sometimes drains.” Developments in transportation during the decades after 1840 far surpassed the “wonderful results” of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Yet even before the railroad era, the physical isolation of New England’s inland communities had been broken down to a considerable extent. “Of late years,” the editor of a Concord, New Hampshire, paper wrote in 1839, “such has been the passion for improving roads, for evading bad hills, shortening distances and turning travelers by particular locations” that transportation had been facilitated “to an extent beyond what . . . settlers fifty and sixty years ago would have anticipated.” Even during muddy periods of spring and fall, “so much has travel increased, so great is the transit of heavy goods, as well as of many travellers to and from the interior and seaboard, that at the worst period of the roads there seems, if possible, to be most travel.” The road, Horace Bushnell wrote shortly after 1840, “is that physical sign or symbol by which you will best understand any age or people ... for if there is any motion in society, the road, which is the symbol of motion, will indicate the fact.” Better roads and increased traffic during the period 1790 to 1840 resulted from and contributed to a quickening pulse in the economic and social life. Source Roger N. Parks, Roads and Travel in New England 1790-1840, (Sturbridge, Mass.: Old Sturbridge Village, 1967). Copyright: Old Sturbridge Inc.
833	dbpedia	3	81	https://twitter.com/mbta_cr	en	x.com			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			https://abs.twimg.com/re…ios.77d25eba.png	X (formerly Twitter)	null
833	dbpedia	1	77	https://www.boston.com/news/wickedpedia/2024/03/19/will-boston-ever-build-the-north-south-rail-link/	en	Will Boston ever build the North-South Rail Link?	https://bdc2020.o0bc.com…6545-768x432.png	https://bdc2020.o0bc.com…6545-768x432.png	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=989222871864976&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://www.boston.com/wp-content/themes/bdc-2020/dist/images/boston-com-logo.png", "https://bdc2020.o0bc.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Commuter-Rail-South-Station-65f5913b06545-768x432.png", "https://bdc2020.o0bc.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Commuter-Rail-map-65f593d0aebdf.png", "https://boston.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Screenshot-2024-08-23-at-11.51.42 AM-66c8be4146344.jpg?width=190", "https://bdc2020.o0bc.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/IMG_3045-66c89cc22fa79-768x432.jpg?width=190", "https://boston.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Screenshot-2024-08-23-at-1.37.48 PM-66c8d71059447.jpg?width=190", "https://bdc2020.o0bc.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Pachinko-Season-2-Streaming-Apple-TV-66c90dbe89899-768x432.jpg?width=190", "https://bdc2020.o0bc.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Matthew-Judon-66c9e2e775532-768x432.jpg?width=190", "https://bdc2020.o0bc.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/F7OUC2NS4J2NJKGFOWTHFFD35E-66895f8c51792-768x432.jpg", "https://bdc2020.o0bc.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/062422_BG_PhotoLogoTemplate-66be4f2924b0f-150x150.jpg", "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=813236348753005&ev=PageView&noscript=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Chloe Courtney Bohl" ]	2024-03-19T00:00:00	The rail link could unify public transit up and down the New England corridor. But are Mass. lawmakers ready for another tunnel project?	en	https://bdc2020.o0bc.com…7eee-150x150.png	Boston.com	https://www.boston.com/news/wickedpedia/2024/03/19/will-boston-ever-build-the-north-south-rail-link/	Practically speaking, Boston’s commuter rail system is actually two separate systems. One extends from South Station down the Worcester, Needham, Fairmount, Franklin, Providence/Stoughton, Middleborough/Lakeville, Kingston, and Greenbush lines. The other stretches from North Station along the Fitchburg, Lowell, Haverhill, and Newburyport/Rockport lines. The North-South Rail Link — a 2.8-mile tunnel connecting North and South stations — would bridge the north/south divide, allowing trains to run interrupted across the region. Advocates say the benefits are clear: Building the link would facilitate faster commutes into the city from farther away, easing pressure on Boston’s choked housing market and taking cars off congested highways. Better regional transit is good for economic growth, they say, and for the climate. So why has this seemingly simple fix never quite gained traction? Depending who you ask, it’s a testament to the eye-popping price tag, Boston’s Big Dig hangover, or a deeper aversion to big, ambitious projects. A decades-long debate Massachusetts lawmakers have been talking about building the NSRL since at least the administration of Gov. Michael Dukakis in the 1970s. Congress even voted to fund the Rail Link’s construction in 1987, as part of an $87.5 billion highway and mass transit bill — which also included money for the Big Dig and over 100 other projects around the country. But President Ronald Reagan vetoed the bill, spurring a tooth-and-nail fight in the Senate to override the veto and save the legislation. In the course of that battle, the Rail Link project was sacrificed to appease the 13 Republican senators who broke ranks with Reagan and voted to override. Since the ’80s, successive generations of national, state, and local elected officials have thrown their support behind the NSRL. Congressman Seth Moulton is a particularly staunch advocate; former governors Dukakis and Bill Weld, Sen. Ed Markey, and Mayor Michelle Wu are also supporters, along with a laundry list of state senators and representatives. But building another tunnel beneath downtown Boston would be complicated and expensive. In 2017 a Harvard Kennedy School cost analysis estimated the Rail Link would cost between $3.8 and $5.9 billion in 2025 dollars. The price range reflected different build options: two versus four tracks, different routes beneath the city. The year after the Harvard study came out, Gov. Charlie Baker’s administration released it own “feasibility study.” This time, the Rail Link was estimated to cost a hair-raising $12.3 to $21.4 billion. (For reference, the infamous Big Dig ended up costing about $24 billion.) Which estimate is most accurate? And how would the benefits of this major transit project measure up to its costs? Ever since Maura Healey replaced Baker in 2023, proponents of the North-South Rail Link have been asking these questions with renewed urgency. In response to questions from Boston.com, a spokesperson for the state Department of Transportation said that “currently there is no new study planned regarding creating passenger rail service between South Station and North Station in Boston.” But supporters of the project are lobbying the Healey administration to reexamine the 2018 feasibility study and recognize their vision for the Rail Link. Why build the North-South Rail Link? Moulton, who represents Massachusetts’ 6th District, has been pushing for the North-South Rail Link for years. In a statement to Boston.com, he stressed the need for bold changes to Massachusetts’ transit landscape. “We say people should use transit, but we only invest in our highways and airports,” Moulton wrote to Boston.com. “I don’t buy the argument that fixing our rail network is too hard or too expensive. If we make smart, transformative investments like North-South Rail, they will pay for themselves in economic benefits many times over.” Today, the disconnected transit system limits where people can live and work within Greater Boston. According to Moulton, the Rail Link would enable you to “travel straight from Salem to Providence, or Worcester to Maine, and the jobs and housing opportunities that open up will be extraordinary.” One of the key promises of the Rail Link is that it would create stronger links between Boston and smaller satellite economies like Chelsea, Everett, Lynn, and Salem. The Rail Link could also open up prime real estate in downtown Boston that’s currently occupied by Amtrak and commuter rail train yards. If North and South Station’s “stub ends” were linked, those yards could be moved outside the city. Jarred Johnson is the executive director of TransitMatters, a nonprofit that advocates for better public transportation in Greater Boston. The way he sees it, the question of whether to invest in improved public transit is an existential one for Boston. “Other places will eat our lunch,” he said, pointing to cities like Toronto, Montreal, and New York, where major transit expansions are either planned or already underway. “A city where the trains are slow, and where they’re not expanding to meet demand — that’s a city that falls behind.” Johnson pointed out that the 2018 feasibility study only looked at costs — not benefits or value created. “Let’s be honest, the last governor had no intention to ever do the project,” he said. “We need a study that actually presupposes that we think this is a good idea.” How much would it cost, really? Remember that Harvard Kennedy School study that estimated the North-South Rail Link would cost at most $5.9 billion, not $21 billion? It was directed by Linda Bilmes, a leading expert on public finance who serves on the United Nations Committee of Experts on Public Administration. Bilmes and her graduate students used Federal Transit Administration data to estimate the cost of each component of the Rail Link. They double-checked the result against cost estimates for comparable tunnel projects in other countries, then triple-checked it using a Monte Carlo analysis, a mathematical model that accounts for uncertainty. “We have pretty good confidence that we have got the right order of magnitude amount because of the way that we did the study,” Bilmes told Boston.com. Since 2017, high inflation has raised the expected costs of the tunnel. The study also didn’t account for the cost of electrification. Together, Bilmes estimates those factors could add about $2 billion onto her original estimate, raising the price tag to about $8 billion. That’s still significantly lower than the 2018 Baker-commissioned study’s low-end estimate of $12.3 billion. Plus, Bilmes said, “We weren’t asked to look at the benefits. … If I were going to do a cost-benefit study, I’d be delighted, because the benefits are enormous.” Over 20 years, the economic benefits of opening up North/South travel through Greater Boston for business, recreation, and touristic purposes would “more than pay for the cost of the tunnel, many times,” Bilmes said. The South Station expansion In the short term, though, the MBTA has no budget for capital projects. So state lawmakers have set their sights on a less ambitious plan to relieve congestion on the commuter rail: an expansion of South Station. The South Station Expansion would add 10 new train tracks (alongside the current 13) and a new bus terminal to the downtown transit hub at an estimated cost of $4.7 billion. The plan involves purchasing and redeveloping the adjoining U.S. Post Office site to make space for the new tracks. “MassDOT considers this a priority project as South Station is currently at capacity,” a DOT spokesperson told Boston.com. But the South Station Expansion wouldn’t address the fundamental problem of the north/south divide across Boston’s rail network. Moulton and Johnson both see it as a band-aid solution. “The best way to expand capacity at South Station is to build the North-South Rail Link,” Moulton said. Johnson added: “When I think about South Station Expansion and how expensive that is … and contemplate building tracks all the way up to the [Fort Point] channel, that to me is a wasted opportunity and a waste of money,” considering that land is “some of the most valuable real estate on Earth.” What’s next for the Rail Link? Congressman Moulton expressed optimism that the Healey administration is taking a forward-looking view of the state’s public transportation. “My team and I are in a continuous dialogue with the Healey Administration, from the Governor and Secretary of Transportation on down, and we are pleased to see an administration finally taking the future of transportation seriously,” he wrote to Boston.com. Johnson called for a new feasibility study and an updated cost estimate for the North-South Rail Link. He also urged the Department of Transportation to consider the Rail Link as an alternative to the South Station Expansion. Bilmes and her team at Harvard are working on a cost-benefit analysis comparing the two projects. Results will come out later this year.
833	dbpedia	2	22	https://www.mbta.com/guides/commuter-rail-guide	en	Beginner's Guide to the Commuter Rail	https://cdn.mbta.com/ima…3577f6.png?vsn=d	https://cdn.mbta.com/ima…3577f6.png?vsn=d	[ "https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/styles/max_2600x2600/public/media/2018-11/CommuterBanner-Narrow.png?itok=1q-MLLny", "https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/styles/max_2600x2600/public/2018-09/commuter-rail-train-banner.JPG?itok=ERXG9BJ2", "https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/styles/max_650x650/public/media/2024-05/2023-01-23-commuter-rail-map.jpg?itok=7ICCztSn", "https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/styles/max_650x650/public/media/2024-05/2023-01-23-commuter-rail-map.jpg?itok=7ICCztSn", "https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/styles/max_2600x2600/public/media/2018-09/mticket-zone1a.jpg?itok=zVyMHMUU", "https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/styles/max_650x650/public/maps/2018-commuter-rail-zones-diagram.png?itok=Xju467ou", "https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/styles/max_650x650/public/maps/2018-commuter-rail-zones-diagram.png?itok=Xju467ou", "https://live-mbta.pantheonsite.io/sites/default/files/styles/teaser/public/media/2018-09/P519%20Ashland_retouch.jpg?itok=_cLQR8iW", "https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/styles/max_2600x2600/public/media/2018-09/south-station-terminal.jpg?itok=CN_zgfdj", "https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/styles/max_2600x2600/public/media/2018-09/commuter-rail-wareham_0.jpg?itok=dJCEzyXU", "https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/styles/max_2600x2600/public/media/2018-09/commuter-rail-ashland_0.jpg?itok=pAXSR9PG", "https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/styles/max_2600x2600/public/media/2018-09/commuter-rail-accessible-trip-planning.jpg?itok=DDH2YscF", "https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/styles/max_2600x2600/public/media/2019-01/meta-guide-MORE-WORDS.png?itok=akfxoExc", "https://live-mbta.pantheonsite.io/sites/default/files/styles/teaser/public/media/2018-09/P519%20Ashland_retouch.jpg?itok=_cLQR8iW", "https://cdn.mbta.com/sites/default/files/styles/max_2600x2600/public/media/2019-01/meta-guide-MORE-WORDS.png?itok=akfxoExc" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority" ]	null	Official website of the MBTA -- schedules, maps, and fare information for Greater Boston's public transportation system, including subway, commuter rail, bus routes, and boat lines.	en	https://cdn.mbta.com/app…4c0e51.png?vsn=d		null	Whether you’re trying to plan your commute to work or you just want to get out of the city for a bit, the Commuter Rail offers easy connections to and from Boston and the surrounding communities. During your trip, don’t hesitate to ask Commuter Rail conductors or MBTA staff for assistance.
833	dbpedia	1	20	http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/abnere1.Html	en	History of the Railways of Massachusetts			[ "http://www.catskillarchive.com/gfx/top_left.jpg", "http://www.catskillarchive.com/gfx/logo.jpg", "http://www.catskillarchive.com/gfx/mn_3_btn.gif", "http://www.catskillarchive.com/gfx/mn_4_btn.gif", "http://www.catskillarchive.com/gfx/mn_5_btn.gif", "http://www.catskillarchive.com/gfx/mn_6_btn.gif", "http://www.catskillarchive.com/gfx/var_photo1.jpg", "http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/abnerem1.jpg", "http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/abnerem2.jpg", "http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/abnerem3.jpg", "http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/abnerem4.jpg", "http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/abnerem5.jpg", "http://www.catskillarchive.com/gfx/home.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "catskill mountains history", "postcards", "historic photos", "railroad", "Otis", "Catskill", "catskills", "Kaaterskill", "new", "york", "tourism", "history", "travel", "nature", "Burroughs", "Cole", "Borscht", "Belt", "Greene", "Ulster", "Sullivan", "Delaware" ]	null	[]	null	History of the Railways of Massachusetts				null	History of the Railways of Massachusetts By Hon. Edward Appleton, Railway Commissioner1871 Bulletin No. 1--The Railroad Enthusiasts, Inc. F O R E W O R D The following history was written by the grandfather of NEDiv member E. A. Brown. Mr. Appleton was a member of the Massachusetts Railway Commission during the pioneer years of railroading and this account was written by him for publication in Walling's Atlas of Massachusetts for 1871. The maps as shown in this booklet were added by the editor and are not true to scale, but were drawn only to show where the various roads mentioned can be located on a true map. Your editor hopes the information contained in this booklet will be of interest and value to you, as a railfan. There are many books on railroad history available to you, but none can give firsthand information such as will be found in Mr. Appleton's account, Comments on this booklet are solicited, and if enough favorable comment is received, the Director's plans are to bring you another along similar lines, Your comments may be directed to any of the officers or directors of The Railroad Enthusiasts, Inc., or to the officers of your division. Lewis Walter, Editor, January 1952 The first railway charter granted in Massachusetts, was that of the Granite Railway Company, March 4th, 1826. This company was chartered for the purposes of transporting granite from the quarries in Quincy to tidewater in Neponset River. The road was built and put in operation the next year, and its first business was transporting the stone for Bunker Hill Monument. This company has combined the ownership and management of the quarries with that of the railroad, and has been in successful operation since its establishment. In 1827 and 1828, sundry surveys for canals and railroads were authorized by the Legislature, and reports concerning them were made in 1828 and 1829. The Commissioners having charge of these surveys proposed to have the tracks supported by stone walls, capped with granite stringers, with iron bars belted to them, and to have the roads operated by horse power. On the road to Providence they estimated that a single horse could draw a load of eight tons, including weight of carriage, at the rate of three miles per hour, working seven hours per day, or working three hours per day, could draw a carriage with twenty-five passengers nine miles per hour. They estimated the cost of this road at $8,000 per mile, besides the land, and that the freight would be about 27,000 tons per years and the passengers about 24,000, and the net income $60,000. For the road between Boston and Albany, they reported a grade of eighty feet per mile each way for four or five miles over the Washington summit, and that on this grade it would require two horses to draw a load of eight tons, while a single horse could draw the same load over any other part of the road. They estimated the freight at 38,500 tons through; 95,000 tons way; and passengers equal to 47,000 through. Passenger fare from Boston to Albany they estimated at $3.05. Other reports were of similar tenor, but the experiments in England in 1829 and 1830 effectually did away with the idea of operating railroads by horse power in this country. These Commissioners also advised the construction of the railroads by the States but this idea was not received with favor by the Legislature or the people. Subsequently, however, the State liberally assisted several of the corporations chartered to build the roads, by loans of credits, and in the case of the Western road, by a subscription to stock also. So far as the roads thus aided have been completed, the State has suffered no loss, while the completion of the enterprises and the consequent generally benefit to the public was materially hastened by the aid so generously afforded. Several railroad charters were granted in 1829 and 1830, but the only one of these under which an organization was formed was that of the Boston and Lowell, passed June 5th, 1830. The charter of the Boston and Providence was granted June 22nd, 1831, and that of the Boston and Worcester, June 23rd, 1831, with several others about the same time, which were never used. These three, the Lowell, the Providence, and the Worcester, were the pioneer railroads of the State. The construction of all of them was commenced about the same time in 1832, and they were all completed in 1835. The Worcester road was opened to Newton, April 18th, 1834, starting from a temporary station at Washington Streets in Boston, and was opened to Worcester in July, 1835. The Lowell road was opened to Lowell, June 25th, 1835. The Providence road was opened to Readville, June 4th, 1834, and to Providence in August, 1835, the stone viaduct in Canton being the last piece of work to be finished. The Andover & Wilmington, (then a branch of the Lowell, afterwards a part of the Boston & Maine,) was chartered in 1833, and opened to Andover, August 8th, 1836, to Bradford in 1837, and to Exeter, N. H., in 1840. The Taunton Branch was chartered in 1835, and opened in August 1836; the extension of this line to New Bedford was chartered in 1838, and opened to New Bedford, July 2nd, 1840. The Norwich and Worcester was chartered in 1833, and opened April 1st, 1840. The Nashua & Lowell was chartered in 1836, and opened to Nashua, October 8th, 1838. The Western Railroad was chartered March 15th, 1833, not organized until June 4th, 1836; it was opened to Springfield, October 1st, 1839, and to Albany, December 21st, 1841, The Eastern was chartered in 1836; opened to Salem, August 28th, 1838; to Ipswich in 1839 and to Portsmouth, N. H., November 9th, 1840. At the end of 1840, there were two hundred and eighty-five miles of railroad built and in operation in the State of Massachusetts and the same corporations owned and operated eighty miles mores being extensions of their lines into New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut. The early charters for railroads were framed on the supposition that they would be used like turnpikes; and provided that any one might enter upon them with his own engines and cars, by paying tolls. Availing themselves of this provision, certain parties, in 1837, organized themselves under a charter for the Seekonk branch proposing to build about a quarter of a mile of road at the Providence end, and a separate station in Boston., and to use the whole intermediate part of the Boston & Providence road with their own engines and cars. For about three years, the operations of these parties were a serious annoyance to The Boston and Providence Railroad Company; but the matter was then settled by the purchase of the property of the intruding corporation, and the passage of a law by the Legislature forbidding one railroad corporation to enter with its engines upon the road of another company, unless by their consent. Of course, at this early date, both the construction and management of railroads were experiments, and everything was to be learned from actual practice. The first locomotives weighed only eight or ten tons each, and the earliest cars resembled two or three stagebodies set together on a platform. At the present day, such engines and cars would not be supposed to be intended for use on a railroad. It was also supposed that nothing would answer for fuel but pitch and pine, and some of our railroad companies purchased extensive tracts of woodland in Virginia and other Southern States, to keep themselves supplied with fuel. It did not take many years, however, to explode this idea, and to show that the wood along our own railroads would make steam just as well as that brought from a distance. Some of the early reports, in the light of later days, afford amusing reading. Thus, the directors of the Worcester road, in their report for 1838, state very complacently that their trains have run regularly during the whole year, and only eight trips have occupied more than four hours. On many of the roads the rails first laid were too light, and heavier ones were soon substituted. Still, the business as it was developed upon the roads considerably exceeded the original estimates, and though the expenses of doing the business overran the original estimates in still greater ratio, yet the net result of the first few years was so encouraging that the construction of railroads was rapidly extended. During the next ten years, from 1840 to 1850, the Boston & Maine Railroad was extended from Exeter, N. H., to a connection with the Portsmouth, Saco & Portland Railroad in Maine, in 1842; and was also at the other end diverted from its parent stem, the Lowell Railroad, and extended into Boston by a line of its own, opened July 1st, 1845. The Hartford & Springfield Railroad, chartered in 1839, was organized in 1841, and united with the Hartford & New Haven Railroad, of Connecticut, then in operation, and the road was opened through to Springfield in December, 1844. The Fitchburg Railroad, chartered in 1843, was opened to Fitchburg, March 5th, 1845, taking the Charlestown branch as its Boston terminus. The Old Colony, chartered in 1844, was opened to Plymouth, November 10th, 1845. The Vermont and Massachusetts, chartered in 1844, was opened to Athol, January lst, 1848; to Brattleboro, February 20th, 1849, and to Greenfield in 1850. The Connecticut River Railroad, formed by the union of the Northampton & Springfield, and the Greenfield & Northampton Railroad companies, in 1845, was opened December 13th, 1845; to Northampton, November 22nd, 1846 to Greenfield; and in 1849, to a connection with the Vermont & Massachusetts Railroads at the State line. The Fall River, chartered first as a branch to the New Bedford and Taunton, in 1844, was opened to that connection in 1845; extended to Bridgewater, and then to Braintree, in 1847, to a connection with the Old Colony Railroad. The Providence & Worcester, organized November 25th, 1845, was opened October 20th, 1847, The Worcester & Nashua, organized June 25th, 1845, was opened December 18th, 1848. The Cheshire, chartered in 1845, was opened to Bellows Falls in 1849. The Cape Cod, chartered in 1846 was opened to Sandwich, May 29th, 1848. The Norfolk County, chartered in 1847, was opened from Dedham to Blackstone in May, 1849. Besides the above, which were the most important lines built during this period, several branch roads were constructed, viz., the Dorchester & Milton, and South Shore, branches to the Old Colony; the Stoughton, branch to the Providence; the Harvard, Lexington & West Cambridge, and Peterboro & Shirley, branches to the Fitchburg; the Essex, branch to the Eastern; the South Reading, branch to the Maine Railroad; the Fitchburg and Worcester, branch to the Worcester & Nashua; The Stony Brook, branch to the Lowell & Nashua; the Pittsfield & North Adams, branch to the Western; each built by separate corporations, while some other branches were built and owned by the main lines. The Lowell & Lawrence, and Salem & Lowell Railroads were also built during this period. The New London, Willimantic & Palmer Railroads, lying mostly in Connecticut, was completed to Palmer in September 1850. The Berkshire and the Stockbridge & Pittsfield Railroads were also built as extensions of the Housatonic Railroad of Connecticut. The Providence road also built a new line at its southern terminus, to a union station for all railroads coming to Providence, in the central part of the city. At the close of the year 1850, the total length of all railroads in operation in Massachusetts was 1,037 miles; and 421 miles more in adjoining States were owned and operated by the same corporations. During this decade, the railway interest was subject to great vicissitudes. At the beginning of it, the railroads were regarded as public benefits, but quite uncertain as paying investments. However, the Lowell road soon reached 8 per cent, and continued steadily at that rate, while the Nashua & Lowell went still higher. The Providence road rose from 6 to 8 per cent; the Worcester reached 10 per cent in 1847; while the Western, which had been looked upon as the most doubtful in regard to returns, began to pay 6 per cent in 1845, and increased to 8 per cent; while the Old Colony and Fitchburg began to pay well, very soon after their completion. At this time, also, it was supposed that the rails, if of good pattern and sufficient weight originally, would last for an indefinite period. In their report of February, 1845, the Directors of the Providence Railroad say: "The renewal of rails will never be a serious item of expense, only 2¼ per cent of the whole number having been renewed in ten years." It was no wonder, then, that men of sanguine temperament rushed to the construction of railroads everywhere, and that some went so far as to say it was no matter how much the road cost, it would be sure to pay. At one time, nothing so readily commanded money as railroad obligations; and in some cases more stock was subscribed for new enterprises than was asked for. Before 1850 had expired, however, this condition of things had entirely changed. The accumulated capital of the community could not supply the frequent calls for payment on railroad shares, and railroad obligations were sold at continually increasing rates of discount. In May, 1849, the Norfolk County road, the day after it was opened, made an assignment of all of its property for the benefit of its creditors; the first instance in New England of the failure of a railroad. During this period, also, the railroads terminating in Boston learned the value of short travel, and began to provide specially for its accomodation. The Eastern Railroad, from its commencement, ran more trains to Salem than for any further distance. The Worcester road, in 1843, began to run special trains to Newton. The Providence road ran extra trains to Dedham, and the Fitchburg and Old Colony had their short trains as soon as they were opened. The Maine road commenced its special trains as soon as its extension into the city was completed; and at last the Lowell road, which at first had avoided intentionally all intermediate villages upon its line, found it expedient to build a branch to Woburn, and operate it with frequent trains. When the first railroads were built, however, it was not unusual for the inhabitants of the intermediate country to object to the roads passing through the villages; a safe and respectful distance was deemed preferable. A few years experience, however, sufficed to change this feeling entirely, and the villagers then became more anxious to have the railroads come to them than they formerly had been to keep them away. During the next decade, from 1850 to 1860, the additional length of railroads constructed in Massachusetts was not one quarter of the amount built in the previous ten years. Indeed, it was no easy matter to procure the means for building a new railroad, especially as the legislature had jealously provided that no stock should be sold for less than par. During this period an important change was made in the Eastern Railroad. When that road was first located, in 1836, its Boston terminus was fixed at East Boston, connecting with the ferry; a selection judicious at that time, as it gave the least length of road to build, and no one considered a ferry particularly objectionable. But after the Maine Railroad had opened for public use its much more convenient station in Haymarket Square, the People on the line of the Eastern Railroad became dissatisfied with its terminus, and the result was that, after serious and repeated contests, one charter was obtained from Salem, and another from Lynn, to the Maine Railroad. The first, the South Reading Branch, was built by an independent corporations and opened September 1st, 1850. It was soon found to be a serious competitor for the business with the Eastern Railroad, and after it had been running about a year, the majority of the stock was bought by that company. The other stockholders and people on the line of the road were much excited, and, on complaint to the Legislature, the Eastern Railroad Company, having made the purchase without previous authority, were required to buy the rest of the stock and to run a certain number of trains daily, which they have since continued to do, at a loss. The purchase of this branch from Lynn also carried with it the other branch from Lynn, called the Saugus Branch, with an obligation to build it also, which was honorably fulfilled by the Eastern Railroad. To put a stop to the complaints of the people about the ferry at their Boston terminus, the Eastern Railroad also obtained leave to build a new line from North Chelsea into Boston, which was completed (by making use of part of the Grand Junction Road) in 1854, and in 1855 the Saugus Branch western end was changed from the Maine to the Eastern, near the Mystic River, making it a loop line of the Eastern Road. In 1851, a road was opened for use from Newburyport through Georgetown to Bradford. Soon after, a charter was obtained from Georgetown to Danvers, and another from Danvers to South Reading, connecting with the Maine Railroad. It was thus in the power of the projectors of these lines to draw business from Newburyport on the Eastern Road, and from Haverhill on the Maine Railroad, and deliver it either to the Eastern, at Danvers, or to the Maine, at South Reading. After a good deal of strategy on the part of the projectors of these lines, the Maine Railroad was finally induced to aid in the construction of the Danvers road, and to take a lease of it. This, and the road to Georgetown were opened in 1854; in 1855, the Danvers and Georgetown was united with the Newburyport, and after struggling along with insufficient business for several years, this whole line was leased to the Maine Railroad for 100 years. In the years 1846 and 1847 there were active contests before the Legislature for a charter from Boston to the Blackstone Valley. These contests resulted in the charter of the Norfolk County road in 1847, which, as has already been mentioned, was opened in 1849, and failed immediately afterwards. In 1852, this road was taken by new parties, and extended in 1853, under the Southbridge and Blackstone charter, to a connection with the Norwich and Worcester Railroad at Mechanicsville, and in 1854, under the Midland Charter, to Boston, at the foot of Summer Street. The three roads were united, under the name of the Boston and New York Central, and the road was opened through from Boston to Mechanicsville, 59 miles, (notwithstanding many severe trials,) June 1st, 1855. After running a few months, part of it was stopped by injunction; the rest was run a few years longer, but at last only the original Norfolk County, from Dedham to Blackstone, was kept in operation by the trustees of the bond holders. The parties in interest were trying various plans to resuscitate the enterprise, but up to 1860 has not acted with sufficient unanimity to be successful. It remained at that date a broken, disjointed enterprise, with the discredit of two failures hanging about it. In the meantime, the parties opposed to this line obtained charters, by degrees, from the Brookline branch of the Worcester road, to Woonsocket, in Rhode Island, under the name of Charles River Railroad, and in 1855 united with corporations in Rhode Island and Connecticut, under the general name of New York and Boston Railroads to build one line of road from Boston to New Haven. This company, however, appeared to be weaker than its antagonist, and, up to 1860, had built only 8½ miles beyond Brookline. In 1854, the Old Colony and Fall River Railroads were united, as one corporation. The same year the Cape Cod road was extended to Hyannis, connecting with steamboat to Nantucket, and the Fairhaven Branch was built, connecting New Bedford with the Cape. In 1855 the Providence, Warren & Bristol, branch of the Providence, was opened; also the Canton branch of the same road was extended to Easton. The same year the Agricultural branch of the Worcester, was opened to Marlboro and Northboro, and a branch also extended from the Fitchburg road to Marlboro. In 1856, the Middleboro & Taunton was opened, also the Hampshire and Hampden, an extension of the Canal road, in Connecticut, to Northampton in this state. In 1857, the Boston & Lowell and the Nashua & Lowell roads made a contract for the joint operation of the two roads, the latter having already leases of the Stony Brook road in Massachusetts, and the Wilton road in New Hampshire, and the next year the united companies took leases of the Lowell & Lawrence and Salem & Lowell roads for twenty years. Under this consolidation, the roads have been operated since with greater convenience to the public, and much more profit to the Stockholders. But had the original projector of the Lowell & Lawrence, and the Salem & Lowell roads been alive, it is not probable that these roads could have been leased by the Lowell road. They were commenced by Mr. Livingston under a feeling of opposition to the Lowell road, and he intended, by using them in connection with the Maine railroad, to make another line from Boston to Lowell. They were actually operated in this way for a time, but this was stopped by the Supreme Court, according to the provision in the Lowell charter, that no competing route should be built between Boston and Lowell for thirty years. Mr. Livingston died before the thirty years were out, and his associates, somewhat disheartened by the small amount of business on their lines as they were then operated, were glad to make a lease to the Lowell road. It has already been mentioned that the New London, Willimantic & Palmer road was opened in 1850, and in 1853, an extension of it, under the name of Amherst & Belchertown, was opened. This did not prove profitable, and was reorganized by its bondholders, in 1860. The main line from New London was also not very successful, and was reorganized by its bondholders, under the name of New London Northern, in 1860. Sundry other branch roads succumbed to want of sufficient business. The Harvard branch was discontinued and taken up, its place being suppled by a horse railroad. The Peterborough & Shirley was sold at a discount to the Fitchburg, in 1860, and the Marlboro branch reorganized. The Grand Junction road, intended to connect all the northern roads with deep water in East Boston, was built in 1850, and extended to a connection with the Worcester road in 1855. This project was got up a generation in advance of the time it was needed; of itself it could command no business, and passed into the hands of its bondholders in 1859, doing scarce any business except on that part occupied by the Eastern Railroad. During this decade, also, the Hoosac Tunnel was commenced. The Troy & Greenfield charter was granted in 1848, and the company organized in 1849. In 1851, the western and of the road from the Tunnel to the State line, was put under contract, and an application made for State aid in excavating the Tunnel, but this was not successful. In 1853, the application for State aid was renewed, but was again unsuccessful; the following year, however, a loan of two millions of dollars was promised to this company by the State on certain conditions. The company found it difficult to meet these conditions, and the loan act was modified in 1859 and again in 1860. Still some progress had been made in the meantime, and the part of the road from North Adams to the State Line, about six miles in length, was opened in 1859, making, with the Southern Vermont and Troy & Boston road in New York, a connection with the railroads of New York, and the west. At the close of the year 1860, the miles of road in operation in Massachusetts amounted to 1,221; and the extensions into adjoining States, with their branches, operated by the same companies, were 527 miles in addition. In only two instances were the companies operating without charters from Massachusetts. RAILROADS BUILT 1850 - 1860 Also showing roads built prior to 1850 in Western and Central Massachusetts, not shown on previous maps. KEY -- W Norwich and Worcester A Western B Boston and Maine, (in New Hampshire) H Hartford and New Haven (Conn) V Vermont and Massachusetts C Connecticut River K Cheshire P Peterboro and Shirley D Pittsfield and North Adams N New London, Willimantic and Palmer (Conn) N Amherst and Belchertown H Housatonic (Conn) Berkshire (Mass) P Pittsfield and Stockbridge S Saugus Branch G Newburyport, Georgetown and Bradford R Gergetown, Danvers and So. Reading M Midland B Southbridge and Blackstone CR Charles River F Fall River L Providence, Warren and Bristol (Rhode Island) T Taunton to Middleboro D Agricultural Branch Y Troy and Greenfield Since 1860, a greater length of additional railroad has been built in this State than in the previous ten years, the total length of railroads in operation In this State on the 1st of August, 18709 being 1,439 miles, and the extensions into adjoining States with their branches operated by the same companies, being 688 miles. The changes and additions during this period may be noted as follows: The old Norfolk County Line was revived in 1862, under the name of Midland Land Damage Company. In 1863, this name was changed to Southern Midland, and in September of the same year the road was transferred to the Boston, Hartford & Erie Railroad Company, a corporation chartered by the State of Connecticut, for the purpose of making a consolidated line from Boston and Providence to Fishkill, in New York, there to connect with the Erie Railroad branch to Newburgh. In 1865, the Hartford & Erie contested the application of the opposition line, the New York & Boston, in Connecticut for a renewal of their charter. The latter company were successful in their applications but soon afterwards the two corporations were united in one, The Hartford & Erie completed their branch to Southbridge early in 1867, and opened their main line again to a connection with the Norwich & Worcester, the same year. They also obtained a loan from the State in that year of $3,000,000, which was increased in 1869 to $5,000,000. Further aid was asked the present year, but refused on account of improvidence and wastefulness on the part of the managers, and at present the enterprise appears to be passing through another period of bankruptcy. It is a line of too much value to be left long lying dormant, and when completed will unquestionably be of great value to the people of this and adjoining States. The Old Colony has absorbed its Dorchester and Milton and South Shore branches. In 1864 its main line extended from Fall River to Newport, and in 1865 and 1866, it built a new line from Randolph through Taunton to Fall River, absorbing on the way, the Easton branch, formerly running in connection with the Providence Railroad. The Old Colony now holds charters from Taunton to Providence, from Middleborough to New Bedford, and from the end of the South Shore to Duxbury, all of which, it is understood, are to be built. A branch to Hanover has also been built by an independent company. The Cape Cod road was extended to Orleans in 1865, and is now making progress further down the Cape, with the prospect of reaching Provincetown before many years. The Fairhaven branch of the Cape Cod was sold to the New Bedford road in 1861, but still runs in its old connection. The Eastern road absorbed the Essex branch in 1865, (now called its Lawrence branch,) and the Rockport extension of the Gloucester branch in 1868; it is also operating the Great Falls & Conway road, in New Hampshire, while its rival, the Maine, is operating the Dover & Winnipiseogee branch, in the same state. The interest of the stockholders would be much advanced, and the public quite as well served, by a consolidation of these two lines, with the right of regulation reserved to the State. The Agricultural branch of the Worcester was extended to a connection with the Fitchburg & Worcester, in 1866; changed its name to Boston, Clinton & Fitchburg, in 1867, and absorbed the Fitchburg & Worcester in 1869. The same parties in interest also built the Mansfield & Framingham, in 1869, and have formed a connected line, under an able management, from Fitchburg to New Bedford and Providence, The same parties obtained a charter and propose at once to build a road from Framingham to Lowell. The Arlington branch of the Fitchburg road has been bought by the Lowell road, and is to be connected therewith. The Taunton road is building a branch to Attleboro, to connect with the Providence, and the Providence road is building one to North Attleboro. A branch has also been built from Milford, connecting, over a part of the Hartford & Erie, with the Providence & Worcester, at Woonsocket. By a change in the State boundaries, the Providence, Warren & Bristol road, lying partly in this State, became entirely a Rhode Island road; a branch to this road, extending to Fall River, was built in 1864. The New London Northern bought the Amherst & Palmer road in 1864, and extended its line to a connection with the Vermont & Massachusetts, at Grout's corner in 1866. The Hampshire & Hampden was united with the New Haven & Northampton in 1862, and the line extended to Williamsburg in 1868. In 1861, Governor Andrew became dissatisfied (whether with good reason or not it is not now necessary to discuss,) with the management of the Troy & Greenfield road, and in accordance with his wishes, the corporation surrendered the road in 1862 to the State, which then undertook to complete it. The work was carried on under State Commissioners until the last of 1868, when a contract was made for the completion of the tunnel. The contractors are making good progress with their works and in all probability will have it completed within the time specified. The road from Greenfield to the tunnel was opened on the 17th of August, 1868. The extraordinary freshet of October, 1869, injured the road very materially, so as to stop its running, which was not resumed until the 4th of July of the present year. The Vermont & Massachusetts road built a branch to Turner's Falls the past year, and roads are now under construction from Worcester to Gardner, from Palmer to Winchendon, and from Palmer to Athol. Last but not least worthy of mention among the occurrences of the past decade, is the union of the Worcester, and Western Railroads, which took effect December 1st, 1867, the name of the consolidated company being the Boston & Albany Railroad. Ever since the completion of the Western roads there had been a continual jarring between the two companies as to the division of income from the joint business, temporarily settled by arbitration at various times. As early as 1845, the Western road proposed to consolidate, but the Worcester refused. Meantime the complaints of the community in regard to the unsatisfactory transaction of their business by the disagreeing corporations increased, and public opinion insisted upon the unions which was at last consented to by the Worcester, when they found they must do that or fare worse. The consolidation has certainly been an advantage to the community. The new company has repaired and put in operation the Grand Junction; has built wharves and an elevator at East Boston, to satisfy the calls of the merchants; is improving its stations all along the line; is diminishing rates of freight; removing causes of delay whenever discovered; and evidently appears desirous of doing all it can to accomodate the community. Consolidation has worked so well in this instance, that it would seem best to try it in other cases. Massachusetts is certainly well supplied with railroads, having one mile of railroad to every five and a half square miles of territory, and to every 954 inhabitants. But railroads have now become necessities to an active and industrious population. There are still many villages in the State, at an inconvenient distance from any railroad, and, for many years to come, branches will be called for and built probably in great measure by town subscriptions. At the last session of the Legislature, about 100 miles of new roads were chartered, and many old charters which have been lying dormant for years, will probably soon be brought into use. Street railroads were introduced in this State in 1855, the Cambridge road being the one first built, followed in the next year by the Metropolitan, and Middlesex. As with the steam railroads, they were regarded at first with doubt and distrust, but they soon proved to be profitable investments, and then there was a general rush for them, with exorbitant nominal capitals, followed of course by revulsion and failure, and then by a more prudent extension of the system. At present, there are street railroads in Salem, Lawrence, Worcester, Springfield and Northampton, as well as in Boston; and several other places are preparing to avail themselves of the same convenience. On several of these roads, what are called dummy engines (small steam engines in the car as means of motion,) have been tried, but none thus far have given satisfactory results. A wide field for the inventive genius of the country still remains open, in the supply of some motor better than horse power for street cars, and, what is still more desirable and necessary, the improvement of combustion in the locomotives on the steam roads, so that they shall not annoy the passengers in the cars and the neighborhoods they pass through with clouds of stifling smoke and storms of cinders, as at present. New England RR \| Antebellum RR \| Contents Page
833	dbpedia	3	39	https://www.bedfordma.gov/283/Transportation	en	Transportation	https://www.bedfordma.gov/images/favicon.ico	https://www.bedfordma.gov/images/favicon.ico	[ "https://www.bedfordma.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=66", "https://www.bedfordma.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=2022", "https://www.bedfordma.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=2023", "https://www.bedfordma.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=69", "https://www.bedfordma.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentId=500", "https://www.bedfordma.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentId=504", "https://www.bedfordma.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentId=502", "https://www.bedfordma.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentId=498", "https://www.bedfordma.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentId=503", "https://www.bedfordma.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentId=496", "https://www.bedfordma.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentId=499", "https://www.bedfordma.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentId=505", "https://www.bedfordma.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentId=501", "https://www.bedfordma.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentId=497" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Discover Transportation services provided at the Town of Bedford.	en	/images/favicon.ico		null	Bedford is located just off Route 95 (Massachusetts state route 128), about 15 miles west of Boston. State routes 4, 62, and 225 go through town, as does U.S. Route 3. Access the detailed street map (PDF). Three multi-use trails / paths are actively used for transportation and recreation in Bedford. The MBTA provides public transportation options including buses (routes Number 62, Number 62 / 76, and Number 351) from the Alewife stop on the Red Line in Cambridge that serves Bedford. The 62 bus makes numerous stops in Arlington and Lexington on its way to and from Bedford. The MBTA's commuter rail is available in nearby Concord Center and West Concord. For schedules, please call 617-222-3200. For information on senior citizen/special needs passes, please call 617-222-5976. Bedford BLT - Bedford's Local Transit Bus is available to take residents to area grocery stores (including Market Basket in Billerica), malls, and just about anywhere in Bedford. Service operates Monday through Friday between 8:30 am to 3 pm. The call-in period for same-day rides is Monday through Friday from 7:30 am to 8:30 am. Please call 781-275-2255 for details. The Bedford Council on Aging maintains aninformative webpage with a host of information on transportation options geared toward seniors: View the Minuteman Senior Services Transportation Guide (PDF). The Middlesex 3 Coalition operates a van shuttle weekdays from Alewife Station on the MBTA Red Line to the Crosby Drive area of Bedford and then on up Route 3 to various businesses along that corridor. Shuttle service is open to employees working in this area and is fee-based or free depending on the business. The 128 Business Council operates the REV shuttle weekdays from Alewife Station on the MBTA Red Line to the Hartwell Avenues area in Bedford. Shuttle service is open to employees working in this area and is fee-based or free depending on the business. The Lowell Regional Transit Authority (LRTA) provides fixed route bus services and paratransit services to Lowell and 14 surrounding communities, including several that border or are nearby Bedford. Park and Pedal - Designated parking spots in Bedford and other locations allow commuters to park a car in a designated spot and pedal a bike to their destination, avoiding "last-mile" congestion, curbing air pollution, and supporting physical activity. Park and Pedal is encouraging people to leave their cars - and frustration - behind, and bike the last few miles to work or other destinations. Park and Pedal is a free network of parking lot hubs conveniently located within a typical cycling distance of one to three miles from a community's employment centers. Bedford has identified Depot Park, Concord Road at the Rail Trail, and the boat launch off Route 225 as locations for initial Park and Pedal designated parking spaces. Although there is no sign YET, Park and Pedal-ers can also use the Middlesex Community College Overflow lot on Springs Road adjacent to the VA Hospital. These spots will allow commuters to park a car in a designated spot and pedal a bike to their destination, avoiding "last-mile" congestion and supporting efforts to address the growing problems related to driving along with traffic congestion like air quality and lack of opportunity for physical activity. On the southern part of town, straddling Lexington and Lincoln lies Hanscom Field, where Massachusetts Port Authority operates an active civil air terminal for small private and industrial craft, proximate to Hanscom Air Force Base, an Air Force research base with a limited military craft activity. The nearest international airport is Logan Airport in Boston. The closest Logan Express location to Bedford is in Woburn.
2410	dbpedia	1	58	https://ellenandjim.wordpress.com/2015/06/	en	June 2015 – Ellen And Jim Have A Blog, Two	https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/33c4cef6071e8d3a1e6189710edf2a666de1e151f53249d7b60cacbc464b0921?s=200&ts=1723442010	https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/33c4cef6071e8d3a1e6189710edf2a666de1e151f53249d7b60cacbc464b0921?s=200&ts=1723442010	[ "https://ellenandjim.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-mndpuck.jpg", "https://ellenandjim.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/johnatkinsongrimshawautumnleeds.jpg?w=840", "https://ellenandjim.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fram11.jpg?w=204&h=300", "https://ellenandjim.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/vasilyev_illumination.jpg?w=300&h=289", "https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1d77a4809e37832946e9f5ce719adcffa0dfca915b3effe8cb4d40858b4d33a2?s=49&d=identicon&r=G", "https://ellenandjim.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/finalstill.png?w=840&h=472", 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"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1d77a4809e37832946e9f5ce719adcffa0dfca915b3effe8cb4d40858b4d33a2?s=49&d=identicon&r=G", "https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1d77a4809e37832946e9f5ce719adcffa0dfca915b3effe8cb4d40858b4d33a2?s=128&d=identicon&r=G", "https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/33c4cef6071e8d3a1e6189710edf2a666de1e151f53249d7b60cacbc464b0921?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png", "https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/33c4cef6071e8d3a1e6189710edf2a666de1e151f53249d7b60cacbc464b0921?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Author ellenandjim" ]	2015-06-28T19:31:29-05:00	6 posts published by ellenandjim during June 2015	en	https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/33c4cef6071e8d3a1e6189710edf2a666de1e151f53249d7b60cacbc464b0921?s=32	Ellen And Jim Have A Blog, Two	null	I have a right to chose my own life — Verity (2015) Final still, a far shot (2015 Poldark, written & created by Debbie Horsfield A few stills before: Demelza (Eleanor Tomlinson) come with Jud, food & other supplies, watching Ross (Aiden Turner) who sits absorbed in thoughts about his mine Dear friends and readers, While Episode 1 of Horsfield’s 2015 mini-series (it’s important to remember how central the writer has now become to BBC film adaptations) seemed closely similar to Episode 1 in 1975 (Jack Pullman, writer, and Christopher Barry, director of the first four; with 3 others writers & different directors for the next 12, and a kind of organizing central conception and linchpin hold from the single producer for them all, Morris Barry), as I wrote and Anibundel noticed, Demelza’s entry into Ross’s household begun in the 2nd quarter of the 1975 second episode and clinched in the end of the 3rd (her father’s greedy intervention) was brought all into one into the 2015 first episode. What that meant is much in the original episode 1 (at least 4 scenes of mining and banking), had to give way and everything presented made briefer, shallower. Reading over the blogs in reaction to the 2015 Episode 1 this week, I see that one unfortunate result has been most watchers have misunderstood the novel (Ross Poldark), which is not a triangular love story of a brooding angry man. Graham’s Ross Poldark is the story of a revenant, a man believed dead, who comes home to realize that no one minded him dying (except Verity and his now dead father, Joshua, and in some moods Elizabeth Chynoweth), that he has been replaced, his house gone to wreck, and who gradually gains the strength and determination to build a new life for himself as a land- and mine-owner; the last part of the book is a love story (a beautiful idyll), but Demelza’s story is primarily one of a lower class girl growing up, and painfully learning to integrate herself into the upper class Cornish world, which is not a lush rich one, but people on the margins, many genteel impoverished (Nampara is a farmhouse, the Chynoweths are broke, the Charles Poldark Trenwith home on the edge of bankruptcy). As I wrote the Elizabeth Chynoweth matter in both the 1975 and 2015 first episode was heavily taken from Warleggan (the fourth Poldark books). Thus the slow-moving Episode 1 and 2 of the 1975 mini-series kept much more of the original emphasis; it also kept Graham’s political perspective, a pro-American revolution outlook, for a social contract among people (reflecting the Post World War Two atmosphere of the book), not just or even sheer anti-capitalist; and if my impressionistic survey of what’s being written on the Net and what I’ve read about the sales of the books from the 1970s to 1990s is accurate, while in 1975 and a decade afterward many readers turned to the books, and read them, the new mini-series may be increasing sales of the Poldark books, but few appear to be reading or re-engaging with them, understanding loving Graham’s Ross Poldark, just as much or more than the films. A second reason for this disconnect is the new way of making films. Forty years have passed; in the 1970s through early 1990s, TV films were conceived as stage plays, whether filmed on an indoor set or outdoors; actors learned longish interactive talk and dominated much longer scenes (it could be as long as 8-11 minutes) on a screen; individual complex character conception out of virtuoso acting was prized. It’s not true that the 1975 Poldarks resembled most others by having characters standing around repressed. What made it so popular was it had characters who openly expressed their emotions, acted them out physically; and that (unusual until the mid-1980s), much was filmed on location in Cornwall, with different locations central to the action (as in a later episode when Dwight Enys sets a fire on the top of a mountain to warn the smugglers below the prevention men are coming to capture them). The music was highly original, haunting. In fact much less of this sort of thing is being done in the new Poldark: the new Poldark is more set-oriented (included the set for the mine), the music very average (not Cornish), the same landscape used stills over and over as sheer backdrop. What is generically new and apparently compelling to an audience brought up on post-2000 movie-house films is the continual use of embedded montage and a very different mood. The technique of the 2015 film is ceaseless, sometimes abrupt montage, quick brief shots of epitomizing scenes, a continual wipe out as the camera moves from one group of people to another. Inside a series of these quick pictures with few words, reliance on gesture and sheer picture is heavy, are embedded references to different on-going stories. The mood of the new series is brooding melodrama, high and intense romance (in picturesque settings for Trenwith and Heidi Reed as Elizabeth), grating, edgy, a sense of emotions of those on the screen at any second about to explode (with Eleanor Tomlinson providing the languid resentful moments as an excluded and overtly oppressed target for others to hurt or order about). There is no comedy — there was much in the 1975 film. The embedded montage in this film at any rate keeps many of the less central characters at a distance from us; it’s a tribute to the effective intelligent acting of Kyle Coller as Francis Poldark, Crystal Leaity as Margaret (presented as a prostitute), and Pip Torrens as Cary Warleggan (George Warleggan’s father, a man of at least minimal integrity as a capitalist has been cut) that we really get a sense of their characters — at the same time as Horsfield has reconceived these three (as well as Elizabeth). Horsfield is determined to add George Warleggan in early (as they did in 1975, with the commanding feel of Ralph Bates’s presence simply there now and again), but while Jack Farthing gets some individual moments (as bully, as treacherous, a kind of Iago to Francis’s Othello, but also favorably as this man trying to negotiate with Ross Poldark to bring him to compromise with the corrupt world), often he appears for a split second, says a line and then we move on. This is a choice it must be remembered; it is seen most unqualified in the modern genres of western, action-adventure, crime-thriller and semi-fantasy films. In a historical film (which Horsfield’s mini-series aspires to be) you are allowed to slow down, offer scenic moments of the past (and Horsfield does this in the sets of the village and fair), and yes return to coherent precise talk. The choice here seems to have be taken as an effort to secure a larger audience. I have seen films where embedded montage is overcome enough that we have rounded complex characterizations in the minor characters (e.g., the recent Bleak House and Little Dorrit, Andrew Davies products). The film-makers may also have felt the staged playlets are seen as elitist and might therefore drive away audiences. They have ignored the reality that Downton Abbey uses this older technique and no one has complained; the more than 16 complex characters have been bonded with. ************************ Verity subaltern, Elizabeth mismatched (by mother it seems in this series) with nothing to do What interests me personally though and what this blog will be about is how in Episode 2 of the 2015 Poldark series, Debbie Horsfield has reconceived the Graham story’s and the story of the 1975 film. (I know she denies knowing the 1975 but it’s transparently obvious she watched it carefully, as who would not, if only because it is well thought of, and sometimes develops and changes things from the 1975 not in the book at all.) Episode 2 turns the Poldark matter (let’s call it) into a mining story: the second episode begins and ends with the mines; its high moments are Ross’s hard work and gradual success at securing a combination of men to find and work copper in Wheal Leisure after the Warleggans have closed Wheal Reith, and it’s seen that Charles and Francis’s Wheal Gambler is failing, even though paying lower and lower wages. The secondary story of Episode 2 is feminist as Horsfield understands feminism: the mistreatment of Verity (everyone is much harsher to her than the book or in 1975): Ruby Bentall is used as a servant, this Charles (Warren Clark) does not want her to marry (Graham’s Charles and Frank Middlemass as Charles did), she is presented as supposed to be subservient to Elizabeth (who protests and does not want to be idle and looks frustrated and bored). All of Verity’s initial story is told in Episode 2: meeting with Blamey, falling in love, courting, and the ugly thwarting by Francis and Charles (in the 1975 film it was, like Demelza’s, done leisurely over 3 episodes). This Cinderella kind of perspective is repeated in how we see Demelza literally kept in the dirt, at the hearth cleaning ashes, protected and looked after more by Ross than anyone else has: in the small time he’s got he noticed Jud and Prudie harass her, insult and make her life harder, and encourages her to negotiate for cheap prices for fish, and buys her a clock. Elizabeth is presented as bullied by her mother into the marriage with Francis, and afterward having nothing to do. This is Horsfield’s career-oriented idea of feminism; I’m surprised it hasn’t been noticed. What has been noticed and constitutes (for me) the worst or flawed moments of this episode are the imitations of and reactions against other popular films: in order to get over a charged insulting moment, Ross is seen going swimming, naked from shoulder to waist, with Demelza in the grass, voyeur-like watching him in sensual enjoyment. This is taken from the famous “wet-shirt” scene of Colin Firth in the 1995 Pride and Prejudice (scripted by Andrew Davies). Jud (Phil Davis) and Prudie (Beatie Edney) are made into nasty people, avoiding hard work wherever possible, having sex in the corners; this belies the pro-the people thrust of Ross’s actions, and seems to be a reaction against all the happy free servants we are continually confronted with in two-level humanity shows like Downton Abbey. The 1975 mini-series also showed the characters as existing on two separate levels (with Elizabeth and Francis’s wedding an elegant cold affair and Jinny and Jim Carter’s a warm free-for-all country dance and drinking), but we did get a sense of the lower class male and busineessmen characters’ individual personalities. In Episode 2 Zacky Martin (Tristain Sturrock) and Mark Daniel (Matthew Wilson) and Henshawe (John Hollingworth) appear and at least Jim Carter and Henshawe and the “bad guy” Dr Choake (a weakness there, played ably though by Robert Dawes) but there is no sense of them or the other male miners or the businessmen as real individuals. What follows is a description of Episode 2 in 1975 and 2015. This time I won’t try to compare as the matter of the two is so different. My interest is to show how differently the movies are made in this one episode (I won’t do it again, this will be the one study) to suggest why they have such a different effect. ********************** Demelza climbs up, Ross watching her (Angharad Rees and Ellis) Francis (Clive Francis) as aristocratic young man, center of friends & cronies, women, enjoying himself Verity’s (Norma Streader) successful appeal to Ross (2975, scripted Jack Pullman, directed Christopher Barry) Episode 2, 1975: This Poldark story is treated archetypally, from the standpoint of sympathy with the lower classes of Cornwall and the fringe people gentry who are being exploited and starved by monopolizers and outsiders (the Warleggans stand for these), with a strongly active story-line of social scenes (gambling, dancing). The point is to build a whole varied world. The use of landscape is entrancing. The story thread now is how Ross (Robin Ellis) is (against his own will in part and certainly not done with open arms or glee but rather stern reactions) gradually brought into social interaction with people, gradually decides to start up his life as a man in the community, of some standing as well as family. I have never been able find a release transcript dialogue on line or a shooting script (these come as xeroxed copies held together with clips) for any of the 50 minute parts, so I can’t quote some of the speeches as it’s long and tedious work to take them down in stenography. To anyone coming here who knows where I could buy one, please let me know. The arching pattern has the story open with Ross with a prostitute (with a heart of gold, alas), drunk, gambling: he’s cheered by the woman and his activities but also desperate. When he sees Francis (Clive Francis as our good-natured well-meaning libertine, his own worst enemy but charmingly witty) comes in with a bunch of cronies, Ross leaves upon seeing Francis; Francis regrets that Ross has seen him, lest his activities get back to Elizabeth (Jill Townsend). To the watcher in the 1970s there was something congenial and manly in Francis’s artistocratic bearing; he is enjoying himself even if not virtuously, not despicably. Ross is doing the same, Francis by gambling, Ross by his relationship with Margaret and gambling. Establishment shot of Nampara, and we are inside and there is Verity (Norma Streader) coming over finding Ross in a stupor and scolding him into at least getting up and doing something. She wants him to take her to a part, a ball, she has no partner. She too lives a desolate life she says — lonely, with no love of her own, no world, no activities outside caring for Trenwith and Francis’s family. Ross’s determination to begin to make something of himself begin with his knowing he needs food and money, so the first thing is to farm his land. His visits to the Carters and Martins show him that Jim Carter, a young man he likes, is ill, needs work, and he hires him (three scenes). This thread will lead to Ross’s rage over how the poaching laws (a property war) are used with Jim as scapegoat to repress and kowtow and simply maliciously hurt lower class people. Carter is weak but well-meaning, an ailing person who cannot work in the mines (very bad for anyone) and comes for a job and proves his worth as a human being. We met Jinny in a juxtaposed scene, the Martins too. The wife is not individualized but everyone else is and made appealing. The sets are based on 19th century paintings from Cornwall: this is an impoverished world which maintains an important veneer of civility for themselves. Then hopeful Ross is off to the fair to buy livestock and start farming. It’s a wonderfully recreated fair which in the book is also fully achieved, including in the film a St George and the Dragon play. The high point of the part and certainly I felt all the frisson was his meeting with Demelza (Angharad Rees) as a thieving young urchin and being led to bring her home. This is not quite as in the book for in the book he takes her out of two fighting fierce dogs (she’s protecting hers) and a resulting mob scene (people who object to her saving her dog). Here he saves her from a fierce beating. But the effect is the same. He is relentless with her too: scolds, berates, threatens. We do see she is falling in love with him because he is being kind and decent. Jim and Jinny Carter at their wedding Verity and Blamey dancing, falling in love The film does fall into somehing the book does not: upstairs downstairs. We have the Carter wedding with Ross as viewer and this is (quietly) juxtaposed to Ross at the ball dancing so elegantly. We see the two subgroups interact in parallel ways but apart. There is an acceptance of this by showing it this way. The book does have these levels of people but does not make this kind of parallel contrast which by its presentation justifies the hierarchical okay point of view. it is here we see Verity and Blamey begin to fall in love in stills of them quietly dancing; Charles is agreeable to the idea if Blamey has money and status and asks Ross to help him find out. He will see what he can discover. Then the coming of the Carnes; it’s treated half-comically. The father is corrupt and wants to be paid, at the same time to appear this male bully. Ross refuses to play this game, and a fight ensues over male pride. Jim comes in and genuinely participates in fending off the Carnes with Jud in the comedy of the piece: they help Ross throw out Demelza’s corrupt father and brothers. The young Demelza runs in to protest against her two guineas a year being given to her father: women have no rights, she declares Ross is called to Trenwith by Elizabeth and rushes over: this is a rare moment in this hour where we see Ross’s love for Elizabeth come out. She tells the story of Blamey as a wife-murderer and alcoholic and says Verity refuses to give him up. She does not identify with anyone outside herself once again. Ross at first sees the wisdom of separating this couple, and the scene between them shows his concern for Elizabeth (he says her name ever so softly), but in a closing touching scene just outside Trenwith he is brought to agree to help her at least get to know the man by allowing meetings in his house. here it is made clear the man killed his wife, had a violent abusive alcoholic past. Graham and the film-makers of the 1975 film do not treat this as necessarily unacceptable — there is arguably some implicit and overt misogyny and disregard of women’s primal needs and problems in the 1945 books and 1970s film, but the 2015 film’s solution is to blame the woman: Bentall as Verity claims the wife was violent first, Blamey killed her wholly by accident. This is not much better. To conclude in 1975 the central event is the coming of Demelza but she is seen against a backdrop of creating the world of Cornwall and the lives of other characters; nothing presented overtly didactically at all but subtly — more subtly than I’ve time or space to show. The use of the house (Poldark’s Cornwall names) it in which Francis, Elizabeth, the father, Verity live is very good. It fells such a natural place and yet has this lovely taste and landscape. So too is the farmhouse believable, feels real. Photographed naturally. ********************** Verity standing watching the duel between Francis and Captain Blamey, whose results will dictate, probably ruin her future At the assembly ball, a rare moment of laughter for Elizabeth while dancing & talking with Ross Ross’s crucial moment: the businessmen gather as he spreads out his papers to persuade them to re-open a mine to search for copper Episode 2, 2015: this is how embedded montage works in this film, and how the themes of mining, business, and the oppression of women emerge. Phase 1: The opening set of stills, rocks, crashing waters, the silhouette; then the mine set: bell, wood, lantern, leaves, Ross glimpsed working hard in the mine. Cut to Ross at desk, thinking, working at papers, looking at crystal he has drawn from the morning work. Overvoice of Phil Davis as Jud chanting: mines, in the book, a copper vein the bread of life; what you eat, sleep breathe; cut to shot of closing notice of Wheal Reith; Jud’s voice continues: “she’s your salvation and your downfall” and soloiloquy turns ominous, dark. Cut to establishment shot of great house, and then inside an aristocratic man tying his bow, the other side, a footman knocking “my lord?” Phil’s voice continues, “making reckless, making blod.” Cut to redcoats and officers stopping men at a mine from working. Jim Carter to the fore: “’tisn’t right ’tis all we have,” men in back. Full medium shot of Jud drinking, Ross working at table, bitter look in both faces. We hear footman again: “My lord Basset, there are bailiffs” at Wheal Reith, as cut to inside and aristocractic man puts wig on head in front of mirror. Jud: “A fool’s game will end in tears” at table. Cut to Jim standing forward to fight, knocked down. Jud’s voice: “your father died before his time, now Ross answers “I admire your optimism.” Jud to Ross: “Your father died in his bed. And it won’t be the last man that mining did in, and if he were here today … he’d tell you not to make the same mistake. Shot heard from aristocratic house we saw during montage. Ross speaks to Jud’s soliloquy: “I wonder ..” Cut to sea, and we hear and see surging waters. Establishment shot of farmhouse, Nampara. Demelza’s voice heard, angry: “Judas it’s cold, brr it’s freezing,” she is dousing her head with cold water from pump. Ross seen at window. She calls herself “a buttock of beef,” he is amused, she fierce. Jim comes up as Ross looks out window. Cock crows; Jim says “mine closed .. Basset dead.” Cut to Warleggans, very handsome inner study with the young George worried, fretting, “We called in his loans,” and now we see his uncle at his desk, “no,” says Carey, “we declined to extend it.” George: “Does it not reflect poorly that it falls on deaf ears?” Carey snarls: “Are we in the business of sentiment or profit?” Before we can feel for George, Margaret at door comes in to say “I be going now Mr George?” George cold, “Have you been dismissed? He is all arrogance, tells her she is to address him as sir,” and turns to say to Carey: “These ancient families they lack backbone.” Cut to yard: Jim and Ross sitting together on a log : Jim: “Why would they call it? Ross”Believe me; it’s the banks.” Jim: “Grambler is the only mine.” Ross: “My uncle won’t take you in?” Jim: “there’s my breathing.” Ross: ” You’d welcome a few months above grass,” hands Jm the cup. Jim: “I need to work or my mothers and sisters starve.” Cut to Prudie scolding inside to Demelza, nasty, “So now we be home to all the waifs and wastrels of the county,” Ross coming in, hears, turns away, Prudie continues her taunts about begging bowls, with Demelza at threshold Prudie bangs into her, thus connecting her to Jim. Demelza looks awry, skeptical, hard. Cut to books on library shelf, beautiful piano, beautiful things in room, Ross sits down and picks up 300 pounds from Charles to be gotten from Warleggan’s bank. Flashback: he remembers Elizabeth on the cilff in the sun before he left for America, and then fingers the ring she gave him. Cut to him determinedly charging across landscape; arrives at Trenwith, Elizabeth at window, seemingly satisfied. Downstairs Charles, Verity ever serving, Agatha, he walks in. Verity: “Ross!”; Agatha says “You still here?” Ross to uncle “I’m minded to give back money, puts down on table. Now Charles sneers, “Just like your father,” snaps fingers at Verity (she is treated like Margaret by George). Ross: “Heard about Wheal Reith, to which Charles “and Bassett” –-. Ross first of interventions for Verity: turns to her: “you must visit me soon Verity,” selfish greedy Charles retorts, “And neglect her duties here? She’s too busy to be gadding about,” with a further sneering reference to “Cousin Francis as not much good.” Ross walks out, and Elizabeth watching from window. She looks as a woman in love, she sits down to mirror, Francis comes in (minor key music), he wants to go to bed with her clearly, camera on her her hand on table as he says “Shall I join you in bed, m’dear”, he puts his hand around her reluctant one. Cut to Demelza in Nampara farm yard washing in tub, Jim passing by with farming equipment; cock crows and nasty mischievous Jud and Prudie stick more sheets and shirts on her to clean. Now the working men seen chasing after Ross on horseback on way to mine, teasing him that he’ll be arrested for inciting a riot soon, Martin thanks him for hiring Jim, and another man says “Happen you could do the same thing for we?” He’s told that Charles Poldark has hired men for starvation wages, Ross’s bitter voice, now soft voice, “I can promise nothing.” Ominous music and mine seen in silhouette. Inside of mine photographed with ross Letting himself down. Phase 2: Cut to outside mine, Francis with high hat rides up to mine, Ross coming out, Francis; “Are you staying. Ross: “do you resent this.” Now Francis appeals to him again (as he did in Episode 1) “We used to be friends … you aren’t thinking of reopening?” Ross: “I’ll think of anything hat might help those devils left off of Wheal Reith. Francis says he can’t take “responsibility” because “father doesn’t trust me.” Back shot of two against mine and Ross’s voice heard: “Perhaps we should share burden, Open wheal leisure together …” Cut to Elizabeth gathering eggs on Trenwith grounds, Verity to her, “what are you doing? A lady should not be doing this,” but Elizabeth wants to, Verity that “the lady of the house, goes to assemblies,” so Elizabeth shows her Elizabeth’s invitation to a ball and asks Verity, “May you not go?” Verity tells her that her days “activities are as a kind of superior servant, her life is not Elizabeth’s life” Note: Heidi Reed’s hair-do left over from Gainsborough’s films, high curls and one on shoulder, Verity’s a group of knotted buns, not 18th century, perhaps 1950s. Cock crows and Ross in town – very much a rural scene in the streets. Effective set. Montage cut to Ross in banker’s office, talking to Pascoe who is saying “Have you taken leave of your senses. Ross: “What do I need?” Answer includes “capital, knowhow, allies, men of means, money men.” Ross’s reply includes “marginal, smattering, cousin will lend his name.” Pascoe: “You need investment and have reputation somewhat tarnished. I am speaking as banker and friend.” Cut to tavern, POV Ross, Margaret seen from side – she is clearly a prostitute ever out for a lay. Western like minor musical tune, soft pedals from piano. Margaret approaches him, and he says he “has neither money nor inclination,” advising her to seek “another profession;” cut to her telling his fortune (he agreed to that at least) and brings out qualities about him, prophecies: “you have made the mistake of falling in love … came back … and you still care for her; she is kind, perhaps she loves you still.” He looks at her with a kindly smile on his face. Cut to vision of Elizabeth on chair in luscious garden looking melancholy – with appropriate uneasy music. Ross riding back across landscape (a repeated motif) and Verity catches up on her horse; he is glad to see her. “You escaped then?” They come to farmhouse and Verity says: “I see you’ve not been idle” Jim and Jud pass them as they work. Ross calls out “Demelza” as she is at hanging out clothes near pump, introduces “Tthis is my cousin, Verity: she courtesies very awkwardly. As two ride off, Verity: “Has she settled?” Ross: “still somewhat feral.” Verity asks if if his wound still pains him, she comes down from horse, a more intimate tone than we’ve heard “I wonder if I might ask you the greatest of favors.” Cut to invitation, we are to gather she wants him to take her. Cut to him staring out from desk, glimpses in nearby room Demelza sweeping. Lone unconsidered figure she is feeling this. Cut to brief shot of Elizabeth in fancy outfit in Trenwith, with Francis coming in front of her and asking, “My dear, will you not reconsider, you know how I love to show off my wife to the world.” She looks irritated. Cut to Demelza sweeping, looking up warily; Prudie comes over as Ross walks by. “Where’s he going?” Demelza: “To a dance, he don’t look too glad about it.” Puzzled. Prudie: “gentlefolks is strange.” Phase 3: the assembly romance juxtaposed to Demelza at Nampara: shot from above looking down at high artifice in room, elegant classical music, camera from above, looking down at ball room candles people dancing, elegance, luxury. Verity walking down stairs on Ross’s, thanking him for getting permission from father. Ross: “I’m entirely at your service,” Verity: “Don’t be … ” Downstairs, close-ups: luxury tables, piles of food, men gambling, Choake and the businessmen at a table: Choake: “Those ruffians settled themselves? Cary sneers about lack of jobs, Choake: “They have no business to have an opinion at all.” Francis: “Some would say that is outdated.” George: “In America for instance all men created equal. Choake “Preposterous. George (ironic for us to see him say this): “Distinctions of rank must be preserved,” Francis (conscious irony of his own) “Especially when they are so dearly bought. Cut to Demelza scrubbing floor; Prudie and Jud gloating over her (Cinderella scene) and enjoying fire and liquor. Cut to dance floor: Georgeby steps: “Not dancing, Ross, will none of the ladies have you? mocking gently that he has a whiff of the workers. Ross asks if he needs perfume. George self-deprecating: “Yes how else will a family of blacksmiths … “, trying to be genial, with rapid line of “One of these days you may need to come knocking. Ross: “I would be desperate.” George walks off “I look forward to the prospect.” Turning round POV Ross sees Elizabeth apparently resigned (but has sad look on face however transient) on Francis’s arm, holding her face up, holding her own as best she can … Ross sees Blamey there, saying “you know that lady” to someone, Ross watches Verity and Blamey meet, Verity knows him, addresses him, but his attention diverted by Miss Teague trying to make conversation (his words rebarbative), then without him camera switches to an awkward Verity, trying to make conversation, “Ah, a sea captain,” she is trying so hard. Juxtaposed to hypocrisies of Miss Teague to whom Ross says: “I fear I possess few of the refinements of polite society”. Verity lacks them too; implication, they are socially dysfunctional (if real relationships is what you are after). Cut to Demelza to underline point: We see non-polite society; she is filthy sweaty, with candle lured into library, sits by harpsichord (minor chord), camera catches Purdie and Jud drunkenly singing, going up to their bed. She gazes at desk, maps, papers, crystal … Ross coming down hall, Mr Treneglos accosts him; friendly men with Henshawe who worked as mine captain for his father, all talking of mines now. Henshawe eager: “Are you thinking of opening, working it.” Pascoe heard saying he’ll see what can be done … requires discretion. POV moves to George near by, spying. Ross: “I fully comprehend you sir.” Verity and Blamey falling in love over his drawing his ship on a pad, He: “When can I see you again? She: “Oh captain Blamey that I couldn’t say. Cut to cruel scene of Jud coming upon Demelza in library, threatening her, rough, telling her “go home you are getting ideas about your station,” she is angry, wretched. Cut to Blamey: “Forgive me, I do not wish to appear forward, but I would dearly like us to be better acquainted,” Verity quietly: “Me too.” Miss Teague back to trying again, Ross she and her mother by heading for Elizabeth who is talking with Francis, who genially retreats for the one dance. High symbolic romance: Magic music hands touch – the director imitating Wright in 2005 Pride and Prejudice and recent Anna Karenina with single couple mesmerized, glimpsed and glanced by others again and again. (Nothing in book justifies this, in 1975 Ross upon seeing Elizabeth in a pattern dance, cannot bear assembly anymore, bids adieu to Verity and leaves.) George, Iago-like planting seed in Francis’s mind; “Your cousin most attentive … to your wife …” At first Francis doesn’t take this in: “I don’t think he cares for dancing, he only came to please Verity.” George alert: “Who is that man” pointing to Blamey. Francis: “A captain but father couldn’t spare her and Elizabeth would miss her, George insinuatingly replies: “doubtless our wife would find ways of distracting herself.” So Francis begins to watch intensities between Ross and Elizabeth – we see trouble in his eyes. Mrs Teague now seeing Elizabeth and Ross, Verity notices, Francis upset, and Verity hearing high nervous laughter from Elizabeth, ignored Blamey’s stuttering asking if he can ask her father, comes to rescue by hurrying to Ross and stopping dance moment: “Ross may I introduce Captain Blamey.” Verity tells Ross, “There is nothing there for you,” and she and she look back at Elizabeth with Francis, and Verity asks: “You’ll take supper, thank you I’ve no appetite.” George seen nastily shadowing Francis,making ugly gossip about “Ross in love, see the spectacle – Ruth Teague is unlikely to remind one of previous attachment.” Ross goes out into night, turns up in tavern and then Margaret next to him: “May I be of service m’lod,” Ross: “One service is all I required,” he ushers her upstairs. Cut to Demelza with dog in bed, Elizabeth upstairs watching unhappy drinking Francis below. Bright day over roofs – bell of morning – Margaret and Ross wake, he is kindly disposed, she tells him again “you’ve a rare hand it knows what it wants but not always how to get it.” The male upper class arrogance Horsfield concerned to show in Ross’s speech: “I was not in a talkative mood last night.” Demelza seen walking by beach – now he is seen stripping self and washing – presumably doing water therapy but the voyeurism and reference to Davies’s P&P (Colin Firth) unfortunate, and absurd: Tomlinson even breathes heavily …. and glinting sun – Phase 4: The success of both Ross and Demelza in town. Arriving he calls out to Demelza She is glad to be respected, given a trusted serious task – buy food for household Ross seen at work at his desk again, Demelza brings in food, the angry Charles comes in, opening a mine, the cursed of the Poldarks” but he wants Francis to be part of it — “he must learn to stand on his feet, but as is clear by Charles’s choosing this for Francis, he is not learning; Ross says teach him discretion “from his good friend George.” Jim ready with horse, Demelza with basket, Ross wants to take her to shop – it is a kindness to get her away from Jud and Prudie seen in distance sitting – have they been making you a beast of burden, you look weary – she bursts out I know my place, He “your place is where I say it is, fetch your cloak. She: “Sir? Never had no cloak ..” The two on horse, her hands held in this abject way – lively scene of town by the sea – everyone doing different economic things, visual expansive realism as they on horse move by – important day for us both let’s see who can strike the better bargain .. as she gets off. He spots Verity speeding along and she ducks. Demelza coming down stairs to fish monger. Elizagbeth out of shop with cloth – he is so eager to help her ,allow me (she didn’t need it and Demelza did) George glimpses them walking together .. she asks if he enjoyed –- she pretends to say Miss Teague was pleasing him and perhaps he should look here, he asks would that please you, so she says she has to go, Verity looking for her. Shots of Demelza bargaining; glimpses of Verity and Blamey. Ross goes into tavern, meaning to bring Francis along, but it’s too late, as George coming away from Francis saying: “I’ll leave you.” Francis (tears in his voice) refuses: “I need something I can depend on.” As Ross walks away, we see George standing there, is swaggering. This to me is an unfortunate degradation of Francis: in Graham’s novel and Pullman’s 1975 script Francis refuses because he doesn’t like risk, is in too much debt, especially to Warleggan; here he is emphatically just an insecure jealous male (lacks all dignity). Key scene of episode: the business men gather, Henshaw sitting down, Ross spreading out papers, maps – he has worked so hard for this. Henshaw are we expecting your cousin, Francis has changed his mind a pit yit would lend a certain gravity – Choake deeply hostile at idea of spending gold for copper. Cut to George seducing Francis in tavern: “some see arrogance, others observe a sense of entitlement; Francis: “To o what?” Whatever takes his fancy – then tries to pump Francis for info on “latest venture”. Cut to Ross talking it up; back and forth between two scenes; Francis does refuse to talk; Trenegloss question is, “What will it cost us? Choake irritated bankers not to be Warleggans. Back to George: “Warleggans will lend but persaps Rossdoes’t value friendship or family. Ross to Choake: “Warleggan will lend only in prosperity once it starts to struggle they take money out,” and Renfew and Henshaw add: “This costs miners dear (interrupton of George poring down seduction) – costs mine owners dearer. Cut to Francis, an idiot listening to George – he’ll advance anything. Juxtaposed: Ross rewards considerable for these risks … he’d sooner gamble at mine than cards 50 guineas a piece for the first three months, Henshawe adds his and then the others fall in, Ross looks happy as others give in different ways, toast to Wheel leisure. Ross looks out window and sees George with arms around Francis. Cut to Ross outside and Demelza coming up with fish in basket; men see her, what am I a circus attraction, poorly dressed. He buys her a clock — in 1975 it was a new dress. The last phase: tragedy of Verity and Blamey cut off from one another and ending with Ross finding solace and meaning in starting up mining, Demelza at his side. Establishment shot of Trenwith then Elizabeth overhearing angry Charles and Francis discussing Verithy’s shamelessness with blamey; Charles angry you should have dnoe something before our family name dragged through mud. Demelza and Ross home on horse. Cut to Demelza at kitchen chopping; calls Jud and Prudie, goes to door it’s Elizabeth, she is squashed and Elizabeth all elegance. Ross comes out so pleased and soft toned; Jud comes in as they are nearly talking of love despite Francis, she wants him to speak with francis and father, saddle his horse; rides there and Elizabeth there – hears with startle about Verity – now we now father selfishly against it anyway – -contrast to Charles 1975 – Clarissa solution she does not leave house until she swears never to see him again He is all agreement inside but looks loath. He is now outside – verity cones up to him, produces softened version in which she attacks him first – ross agrees t ohelp her. Blamey in house: she’s my angel of redemption – later he says Demelza his redemption Comic heavy handed interlude with Ross escorting Mrs and Ruth Teague around his property; Mrs Teague: “One has only to taste her syllabubs to know their succulence,” “Is Miss Verity still meeting that blaggard?” Ruth or her mother asks. As Blamey and Verity talk of their families, Ross asks Demelza if she hears word of her family. She has not. Ross’s ride across stormy countryside on his way to Wheal Leisure: Francis and uncle infuriated and scene over Blamey ensues. Ross now moving down swiftly: He had come home so happy about investment meeting, thinking about Francis may yet join him – they are all stiff and hostile – George must not be told he will betray, Francis accuses him of betraying them over Verity, who is given the utterance: “I have a right to chose my own life.” Francis’s response to this: “Perhaps a thrashing” to Blamey. Not in my house, says Ross – Blamey rightly calls Francis a puppy and he is incensed now father wants him to stop – Francis “anyone may abuse our trust – incensed over jealousy of Ross, he strikes Verity down more than once, wants Jud to act as referee – pathetic scene of Verity and Blamey outside. Shots. Francis falls. Prudie feared of blood and Demelza helps Ross stop the blood. Back and forth, Elizabeth comes in and is hysterical blaming Ross. Dmelza “Your cousin do owe you his life, then to Ross: “Where’d you learn to do such things,” Ross: “on the battle fields of Virginia. Stupidity of Charles, says to Ross: “You are a disgrace to name ofpoldark and offers no thanks. Elizabeth leaving “I do not blame you. I wouldn’t for the world wish him hurt. I now more than ever I need him by my side because I am with child.” This is the signal of the end of his hopes we are to take it; in 1975 it was Ross telling Elizabeth Demelza pregnant and he would marry her; no such scene in Ross Poldark. Cut to Nampara: Demelza comes in to front roomand he puts hand on forehead, reaches for her hand, “Do I have half wit branded across my forehead. She: “No.” He: “Yet I fell for it again (he is talking unfairly of Eliziabeth) and should be grateful. Fetch Jud and Prudie, we have work to do. Episode returns to mine imagery and setting we started with. A sign, Wheal Leisure is put up. Demelza is making a fire. Cut to inside Trenwith, dinner table, Charles and 3 women but Francis’s place empty. Cut back to Ross turning to Demelza come to give him his meal. Ross tells her she “did well today, but “if you miss your family” she can go home (illogical, why would he say that?) She is hurt: “You’ll be wanting rid of me … ” He: “I was merely offering you the chance to return to your home if that’s where you feel you belong.” She: “belong here I belong here,” and he smiles. ********************* One of those shots from 2015 where a world is created and felt To conclude from what these analyses show: Admirably Horsfield has reseen the books; she is more pointed. Her way of using embedded montage makes for less subtlety, more abruptness; the characters are given gnomic statements too quickly, with out grounding: they hate, they love. It’s a woman’s film insofar as she constantly recurs to the women’s stories. They are presented as much more oppressed, from Verity who is openly caged in, subaltern, subordinate, used, to Margaret who is ordered about. She wants us to see Ross as loving Elizabeth and see her as learning after she marries Francis that she loves Ross after all. She has a cyclical structure for both episodes, the ending returns us to the opening. I find I prefer the naturalism of the 1975 film, its longer scenes with precise thoughtful dialogue that is believable. The characters (except for the Warleggans) are kinder to one another; we live in a harder world in 2015. There was less anxiety about masculinity in 1975: the strong good-natured protective male, the weak well-meaning sensitive one; there is much less enjoyment for the characters in 2015 thus far. By having to cover less, there are more scenes of characters doing things that have little to do with plot, but capture character, milieu, time. More of Graham’s language makes its way into the 1975 mini-series but Horsfield is careful to keep or make up new epitomizing lines. The St George and the Dragon play played out in the 1975 fair, the kind of scenes the new style of movie and its mood has no room for Ellen Olivia de Haviland as Catherine driven wild by the implacable Ralph Richardson as Dr Sloper (Wm Wyler’s The Heiress, 1949) As Dr Sloper, Albert Finney grim, determined to put a stop to Townsend’s courtship of his daughter, with Jennifer Leigh as a seeming sullen puzzled Catherine (Agnieska Holland’s Washington Square, 1997) Dear friends and readers, Over the past 10 weeks or so, a few of us on Trollope19thCStudies read and discussed Henry James’s Washington Square (1881) and then Anthony Trollope’s Sir Harry Hotspur of Humblewaite (1871) as remarkably parallel texts. While what proof there exists for a source for James’s chilling novella suggests he drew upon an anecdote he heard over dinner, people who have read both texts (and know how James faithfully followed Trollope’s career, reading novel after novel as they came out) have repeatedly drawn such useful insights from the comparison, it’s hard to give up the intuition that James remembered and rewrote Trollope. At least three of us also watched one or both of the admired film adaptations of James’s novella, and suggested readings of one or both of the novels out of these films. I can in the space available for a readable blog only suggest some of what we wrote. ************** As Catherine Morland, Olivia de Havilland climbs the stairs to her room (a hard equivalent of Catherine “picking up her morsel of fancy-work, had seated herself with it again — for life, as it were” — ending of book & film) We began with Washington Square. James’s story may be read as a parody and exposure of the way heterosexual romance and marriage are conducted in upper class society of his era, but the power of the paradigm emerges from his breaking all taboos by giving us a father who hates his daughter for not being wittily clever when she’d replaced her mother (we are not sure she was these things) because her mother died in giving birth to her. She makes him cringe that she’s his. In the way of families at the time Sloper has taken his penniless widowed sister, Mrs Pennimman in, but sees her simply as an idiot, not someone who can do Catherine harm because of her own selfish exploitation of everyone around her. Both women are naive but Catherine’s comes from her goodness of character and innocence. Morris Townsend is capable of appreciating Catherine’s sensitivity and intelligence, but he also wants her money. Among the many disquieting elements in the book is how James mocks Catherine too; she is an intensely poignant figure, cowed by her father’s long derision of her, unable to actively fight him. The metaphor of drowning kittens is what the doctor is doing to Catherine at the same time as we are given enough ironies and flat statements in the rough scene between Dr Sloper and Morris Townsend to get the point that Townsend does want to marry Catherine for her money. For the reader who persists in believing in companionate marriage and that Townsend who appears to recognize how vulnerable and soft Catherine is will be kind to her, Mrs Almond’s comment, which embedded in these ironies, is to be taken straight (it takes a great deal of tact to read James even at this early stage) that she feels sorry for Catherine pings back to Townsend’s, don’t you care that she will be miserable for life. At the close of Chapter 11 he says he likes to inspire “a salutary terror” in her. We have the problem of separating the narrator from Dr Sloper: the free indirect discourse does not make clear all the time whether it’s Dr Sloper’s thoughts that show such contempt of women or the narrator’s. When I go over it, I find again and again the nasty reflections are Dr Sloper’s. The narrator will say “poor Catherine” at least. The narrator says that Mrs Penniman is “perfectly unprepared to play” the part of explaining what’s happening. We might say Dr Slope is doing the right thing to check out Townsend by interviewing his sister, Mrs Montgomery, but the whole feel of the chapter is insinuating: he wants bad news; he does not want to hear anything good, and anything he hears he turns it to the worst. Why is Mrs Montgomery so reluctant to speak. She could have defended her brother at the assaulting words and does not. Why not? The words “salutary terror” the Dr uses of his relationship with his daughter lingered in my mind. He sees Catherine from the worst side. Whatever she does, he turns it to her discredit. She is patient and seems obedient, so he reflects “his daughter was not a woman of great spirit.” “Paternity is not an exciting vocation.” One feels he wanted scenes, wanted her to flee – -and thus be hurt. He’s an expert at rejection. He makes her feel terrible. Ironically in Morris’s dialogue with Mrs Penniman he resembles the doctor – curt, skeptical, and (for the reader caring for Catherine) singularly unsentimental. He is as grated upon by her as Dr Slope. Maggie Smith as Mrs Penniman interfering destructively in Catherine’s thoughts, and relationship with Townsend (Holland’s film) While in Europe, the Doctor lets his rage come out. Catherine is justly frightened of him. She cannot quite believe he would kill her, but he could and lie about it. He does admit just a little that he is prepared to hurt her badly; “I am not a good man.” He is warning her. When they get home, we see her reaction was to move another step. When he derided her desire to be honest and not stay under his roof while seeing Townsend, she grew angry and knew he was abusing her and that gave her strength to distance herself from him. She tells her aunt this year has changed her “feelings about her father.” She feels she owes him nothing now because of how he has treated her. Dr Sloper’s sister, Mrs Almond, sees Sloper’s continued enjoyment of Catherine’s misery. He’s a very intelligent subtle Mrs Norris (from Austen’s MP), subtly abusive. He gets a kick out of saying things like; “We must try and polish up Catherine.” He thinks her a dense dullard not capable of polishing — he’s sneering. The savage irony of the book is Townsend resembles Sloper in his scorn of people. Catherine is a tragic heroine. There is no one around worth her, no one around who could reciprocate on his level of love or strength — for we shall see she is strong. Not to act, but to hold out. Holding out counts. Anger becomes a healthy emotion here, and it carries Catherine through. Then the doctor pulls it out to the nth degree: he accuses her of waiting for his death. She is going to wait and ask Townsend to wait in the hope her father will change his views. This makes him accuse her of wanting his death. She goes sick and faint with this. There is nothing in Catherine or Townsend’s behavior for that matter to substantiate this accusation. It’s not done to stop her marrying Townsend; it’s done to hurt her – to accuse her of the foul feelings he has. And he keeps this accusation up. What is a girl like her who we’ve seen is so moral to say in reply? she finally sees he despises her. When she finally leaves the room – after he mocks her for saying that she ought not to have a farthing of his money by echoing that with “you won’t,” we are told “he was sorry for her … but he was so sure he was right.” He does not admit to himself he hates her. Of course not: he is amused; “By jove. .. I believe she will stick … I believe she will stick.” Is this a way to talk about her intense and complete abject anguish? He is looking at her as if she was some horse he was betting on and enjoying its suffering. After Catherine spends a “dreadful night” (and it is dreadful even if she can get up and control herself in front of her father), Mrs Penniman meets with the doctor and he tells her not to do as she had been doing, which is not to practically help but and not to give any emotional support. If she does either, he reminds her of “the penalty” for “high treason.” I don’t think she is the quite the fool the doctor thinks: she says that her brother is “killing” Catherine. Sloper though is into control and possession. How will Catherine fare if she does marry Townsend. We worry for her — he does not inspire enough confidence. Both her aunts say she is strong, but what if he is a total liar, and once married would betray and hurt her Ben Chaplin as Townsend irritated by Mrs Penniman’s hypocritical sentimental pretenses — to him she is a jackass (Holland film) We begin to see Townsend is not worthy Catherine. The chapters at this point leave me shaking. When Catherine tells her father she should not live under his roof (very pious and James as narrator finds her absurd (I see this in my edition in Chapter 22, p 118, the paragraph beginning “These reflexions,” especially the line: “this was close reasoning — James finds her hilarious …); when Catherine tells her father this, he accuses her of bad taste. He disbelieves she really thinks that. Catherine does not end in an invisible prison; she ends seeing what’s in front of her for real. And then (my view) she does like Millie at the close of the Wings of the Dove — for those who’ve read it. I don’t mean she dies — she does not die (her father has told her she won’t die of this …. ). ? It’s like watching a specimen in a fish bowl writhing. It’s as dark as Daisy Miller (written around the same time, also a novella) whose actual death is caused by the careless sinister minds of those around her. I see the ending as Catherine ending up in a unlived life, turning her face to the wall because she cannot bear what she has been made to see. This is Milly in The Wings of the Dove, the hero in The Ambassadors, in The American, in “The Beast in the Jungle.” She will do a little good with the money she has. Death has at least freed of the corrosive father and she may live without someone near her who despises her. I had hoped for that for her and she got it without having to leave her home and cope with Townsend for the rest of her life instead. The two film adaptations The Heiress Rare moment of pleasure in one another (Montgomery Cliff as Townsend) There are great actors here in this film. Wyler directed both Ralph Richardson and Olivia de Havilland to act or become as half-mad people. Richardson’s eyes are half-wild once he is told that Catherine has engaged herself to Townsend. The only way Wyler could understand such a flash of anger and years of hatred and punishment is that the man was not right — and like the other movie, much is made of the death of the wife in childbed and his bitter disappointment at the difference. Miriam Hopkins is Mrs Penniman (and as with Holland with Maggie Smith playing the part), Mrs Penniman has intelligence (James’s character doesn’t). Maybe it’s unreal to make her so gratingly fatuous — except that Bogdanovich pulled that for for similar character in Daisy Miller and Chloris Leachman did that black comedy to a “T.” Catherine begins in such innocence and vulnerabilty I felt intense pain as I waited for her father to come down hard. Haviland plays the part as an adoring sweet girl. It’s was heart-breaking. And then she seems to crack, also goes mad, more obviously. Wyler couldn’t face that Catherine just caves in — the audience might think her weak (I suggest above I don’t and I hope explained why). Wyler knew we should not have a semi-happy ending, so he has Catherine become deeply angry after Townsend does not show up to take her away to marry him. She goes into a cold rage of hatred for her father herself. And the ending is her refusing to show the father any affection after the scene where she says he despises and dislikes me.” She stays outside the house when he dies — the scene of his demanding her promise again is there, and fuels this hatred. When Townsend returns she plays a trick on him: says she will be ready at midnight; he comes and she won’t let him in. She goes upstairs in grim triumph of cold hatred and anger. The mood is grim for the last ten minutes, dreadfully grim. Haviland pulls it off — she was in Snake Pit around that time where she played a woman put in asylum and gone mad because of this. Wyler does not get the humor or mockery of the text (neither does Holland)– Bogdanovich did make Daisy Miller as a pathetic heroine also ditzy and we laugh at her at least in the first half of the movie. This is a remarkable and bold movie for the time — the black-and-white is used to make a nightmare of the house in the second half, not gothic, realistic. One of these Victorian mansions that is a prison — rather like Cukor managed in Gaslight. The angles are remarkable. At the first half of the movie we see Catherine full face, soft focus; in the second half Haviland hard nose is caught again and again; she looks bigger and stronger in the cased-in dresses she wears. She is on guard the way I saw it — but to say she is angry and getting back is to lose the tragedy. A beautiful soul is still there is the poignancy of the piece. Holland’s Washington Square An interlude of quiet understanding between Townsend and Catherine A disappointment. It’s more than that both the father and Townsend were softened, and Mrs Penniman made smarter and more decent (so the portrait softened too), and that the essential attacks and mockery of the original were lost. It might be asserted, How can movies do this? It’s very much against the grain to present characters from an ironic point of view in the film media: it somehow invites intense identifications, strong emotionalism, and is realistic, but it can be done. I’ve seen in the 1972 Emma and in a 1972 Golden Bowl where it was achieved through the use of a brilliantly ironic narrator (Cyril Cusak as also the husband of Fanny Assingham). Bogdanovich’s Daisy Miller shows how the characters contrive to destroy Daisy — but then the ending is tragic and as long as you keep to it the point is made; Jane Campion’s Portrait of a Lady is not ironic, but she exposes James’s fallacies (like it’s good to have all these suitors persecuting you), and is truer to the instincts of James’s story — with Isabel ending with a sadist she is subject to, and Touchett a closet gay or someone unwilling to risk sex but wanting to himself control Isabel, vicariously live thorugh her which is a form of preying. I’ve seen two Turn of the Screws, one by Nick Dear which seemed to me absolutely true to James’s text, and he other by Sandy Welch showed up James’s text as lending itself to misogyny at least. Dr Sloper (Albert Finney) is still a bully and cruel egoist, but he does not hate Catherine nor is he scornful or derisive; rather he’s possessive; his idea is for her years from now to mary an older man (like himself you see), and sit by him and knit or read — because she is too ugly and stupid to attract an attractive one. What’s wrong is Holland could not get herself to realize the ugly emotions involved. In both movies (as in the book) Townsend is sexually attracted enough and at first finds Catharine’s goodness sweet. We do see Townsend’s frustration at being caught between the father-daughter struggle in this movie, but the emphasis in the movie is on her obstinacy which is not made central to her strength. Holland is no sympathetic to Catharine and in an opening scene makes fun of Leigh as awkward. Holland does make the scene between father and daughter on the mountain scary and you really do feel and she does too Dr Sloper tempted to throw Catharine off. Townsend simply both wants Catherine and her money. He says, Is that so bad? He does have a business; he is not preying on his sister (in James it’s not clear he’s doing that), and like the James story, basically he grows tired of waiting, feels he can’t take this relationship between the father and daughter and wants out. Maggie Smith is Mrs Penniman and while she does spoil the relationship of Townsend and Catherine while the two are away for a year, she has a lot of Mrs Almond in her. Catherine (Jennifer Leigh) does have the devastating moment where she realizes her father despises her. When he suggests she will do best to marry years from now an older man, she pushes back and describes how she sees the years of his coming home to her all eager and love — that he was destroying her bit by bit by the way he’d greet her and live with her sarcastically. They do have the dialogue where she says she should not stay with him as she is disobedient and he lashes out with strong sarcasm that this is the final bad taste. She as a creature seems to him altogether in bad taste at that moment — here the movie does edge towards the text. Courtship and marriage are validated. Catherine has a cousin who marries and is ever so happy, endlessly pregnant and towards the end of the movie Catherine is gaining satisfactin from caring for them too. Courtship and marriage as such are fine – as Townsend shouts, what is so wrong with wanting sex and money? is not that what all want? The framing of the movie is Sloper’s loss of his wife at the birth of Catherine so obviously he has been made so mean (this is implied) because he didn’t have this happy marriage. In the text we really are not told what the marriage was like, only that it grated on Sloper to have his abilities as a doctor shown up. Apparently the studio was still unhappy about the ending which shows Catharine making do with having a school and bringing love to other children’s lives and finding fulfillment in her cousin’s children. They wanted Catherine and Townsend to marry and be seen as happy. Holland does not do that; it would be to make no sense of the story at all. Not that the ending of James’s story does not imply that social life is what a person must have and enter into to be happy, but James’s story shows it to be hell because of typical human nature’s selfishness, stupidity, predatory aspects — and Catherine needed something better to cope and survive for real. She’s not a saint but she far finer than all around her. ********************** The wealthy father and daughter walking in a park (Holland film) We then went on to read Sir Harry Hotspur of Humblethwaite and discovered it has the same paradigm and some of the same themes and outcomes. Sir Harry himself is imagined as a chivalric ideal male: there is irony as Trollope as narrator tells us Sir Harry spent his life as a grand seigneur in his great house spending money in order to be a central linchpin for the good of his community and by extension England. A respectable moral man, and married an obedient (conventional) wife 20 years younger than him. As the novel begins, a great tragedy: his only son, the heir dies, and the next heir is this — right away we are told — ne’er do well, Sir George Hotspur. Sir Harry has a daughter now 20. Sir Harry then discovers “too late” what a bad prospect for heir, for the community, for his daughter, Sir George is: gambler, wastrel, idler, but even worse things …. When I read it first I did imagine a mistress, maybe illegitimate children (which is what Gwendolen discovers Grandcourt has). Why too late? he invited him to stay and he is immensely likeable as company, witty, handsome, plausible and it seems perhaps Emily has fallen for this. Not clear — she denies this to her mother and a new candidate, 10 years older than her is to come for Christmas. It’s made clear Sir Harry loves Emily: “he respected his daughter …” He is really concerned over the property as he has made her complete heiress of the property but Sir George will be legitimate head of the family. Her mother is in the position of Aunt Penniman, but very well meaning, not vain jackass Chapter 3 ended Part 2 in the original instalment publication and it’s a deeply picturesque description of Humblethwaite. It reminds me of Ullathorne only much more so and not at all mocked. It’s Trollope’s adherence to this dream of an ancient seigneurial contented hierarchical world, rooted in Tudor times. Lord Alfred comes to court Emily and there’s nothing wrong with him — he fits in perfectly; he would have made a good husband. The point is made he wants her money and estate, but he would have taken her to London, given her a good life. We are told he did not somehow set her on fire — no erotic enthrallment (Cont’d in comments). Chapters 7-11; Chapters 16-20; Chapters 22-finis. Ellen
2410	dbpedia	0	14	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/James_Robert_Dickson	en	James Robert Dickson	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/James_Robert_Dickson.jpg/180px-James_Robert_Dickson.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Robert_james_dickson_grave.JPG/220px-Robert_james_dickson_grave.JPG", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/military/images/b/bb/Commons-Logo.svg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/30?cb=20131022191840", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Military Wiki" ]	2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00	Sir James Robert Dickson, KCMG (30 November 1832 – 10 January 1901) was an Australian politician and businessman, the 13th Premier of Queensland and a member of the first federal ministry. Dickson was born in Plymouth, Devon, and migrated initially to Victoria in 1854. He settled in Queensland...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Military Wiki	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/James_Robert_Dickson	Sir James Robert Dickson, KCMG (30 November 1832 – 10 January 1901) was an Australian politician and businessman, the 13th Premier of Queensland and a member of the first federal ministry. Biography[] Dickson was born in Plymouth, Devon, and migrated initially to Victoria in 1854. He settled in Queensland in 1862, becoming an auctioneer. A wealthy and influential businessman, he was elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Enoggera in 1873. He was made Secretary for Public Works and Mines in 1876 under Arthur Macalister, and was Treasurer 1876–79. In the absence of Sir Samuel Griffith he was briefly Opposition Leader, and was Treasurer again 1883–87 after Griffith became Premier. He lost his seat in 1888 but was again elected for Bulimba in 1892, supporting the importation of labourers from the South Pacific to work on the Queensland canefields.[1][2] In the so-called Continuous Ministry of the late 1890s, Dickson attained the positions of Secretary for Railways in 1897, Postmaster-General and Home Secretary 1898–99. In September 1898, after the death of Thomas Byrnes he was made Premier. The Continuous Ministry by this stage was falling apart, and Dickson had only a brief period in office before Anderson Dawson gained the support of the Legislative Assembly to become the leader of the world's first Labour Party government. The Ministerialists regrouped a week later to vote Dawson out of office. Dickson lacked support to become Premier again, and that position instead went to Robert Philp, in whose government Dickson was Chief Secretary.[1] Dickson was a leading supporter of federation in Queensland and was mainly responsible for winning a "yes" vote in the Queensland referendum on the proposed Constitution of Australia in 1900. As a result, Dickson was appointed Minister for Defence in the first federal ministry under Edmund Barton on 1 January 1901. He was intending to stand for election to the first Federal Parliament, but on 10 January he died after being taken ill at the Commonwealth's inaugural ceremonies in Sydney on 1 January. He was the first federal Minister to die in office.[1][2] He was accorded a state funeral; it proceeded from Toorak, his residence at , to the All Saints Anglican Church. After a short service it moved on to the Nundah Cemetery.[3] Honours[] Only nine days before he died, Dickson was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in the New Years Honours List 1 January 1901, in recognition of services in connection with the Federation of Australian Colonies and the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia.[4] The federal electoral division of Dickson in Queensland, and the Canberra suburb of Dickson are named after him. References[] []
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From: State Lib Qld 1 106972 Member for the Legislative Assembly, J. F. Barnes, 1941, to State Lib Qld 1 185063 Duke and Duchess of York at a Beaudesert campdraft, 1927. Find images dated from 1800 to 1989.	en	/favicon.ico	PICRYL - Public Domain Media Search Engine	https://garystockbridge617.getarchive.net/topics/mens%2Bclothing%2Bof%2Baustralia	State Lib Qld 1 106972 Member for the Legislative Assembly, J. F. Barn... Member for the Legislative Assembly, J. F. Barnes, 1941. Public domain photograph of politician, government and politics, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description State Lib Qld 1 211368 Politician Frank William Bulcock, pictured work... Politician Frank William Bulcock, pictured working at his desk, November 1942. Retiring Minister for Agriculture and Stock, Mr Bulcock, who accepted an appointment as Federal Director of Agriculture. (Descripti ... More State Lib Qld 1 193055 Thomas Bridson Cribb, 1901 Thomas Bridson Cribb, 1901. Second son of Benjamin and Elizabeth Cribb, born 1 December 1845 in London. Accompanied his parents to Moreton Bay aboard the 'Chaseley' in 1849. Educated at Ipswich Boys' Grammar Sc ... More State Lib Qld 1 143235 David H. Dalrymple, MLA David H. Dalrymple, MLA for Queensland state electorate of Mackay. Public domain photograph of politician, government and politics, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description State Lib Qld 1 131455 Henry Douglas Henry Douglas. Mr Henry Douglas is one of the four sons of Thursday Island's 'Grand Old Man', the Hon. John Douglas, C. M. G. Government Resident & Police Magistrate. Born in Brisbane in 1878, Henry Douglas rec ... More State Lib Qld 1 54104 Sir James Francis Garrick, 1875 Sir James Francis Garrick, 1875. Born 10 January 1836 in London and christened James Francis Gowin. Parents James Francis Gowin and Catherine Branson came to Australia and changed their surname to Garrick. Poli ... More State Lib Qld 1 102463 Godfrey Morgan M.L.A Godfrey Morgan M.L.A.. Grazier. b. 29 July 1875 Landsborough, Vic.;no s. Godfrey, journalist and newspaper proprietor, and May Elizabeth, nee Williamson; m. 7 Dec. 1896. Annie Jane Pace; (d. 1966) 4s. 2d. d. 29 ... More State Lib Qld 1 100672, Queensland, Australia Sawyer Family. Members of the family of Jessie David Sawyer who was Alderman for the East Ward of Brisbane in 1899. The family from left to right: Cyril Henry (Bill) Sawyer born 13 August 1888 (seated) and then ... More State Lib Qld 1 101220, Queensland, Australia Sommer family in front of their home in Yandina, 1885. Portrait of the Sommer family pictured in front of their home. From left to right; R.J.G. Sommer, Mrs J.G. Sommer, their daughter Ms Sommer with her daught ... More State Lib Qld 1 103956 Nicholades Family Nicholades Family. Nicholades photographed with his wife at rght and his sister-in-law. Both women are fashionably dressed in the twenties 'flapper' style. State Lib Qld 1 105304 Preparing for an exhibition of photographs depi... Preparing for an exhibition of photographs depicting war damage in Europe, Brisbane, November 1941 Preparations for an exhibition of the seventy photographs showing war damage, sent to the Courier Mail by the L ... More State Lib Qld 1 111248 Eight Mile Plains Hotel Brisbane, ca. 1905 Eight Mile Plains Hotel Brisbane, ca. 1905 First listing in the Queensland Post Office Directory in 1887. A hotel by this name remained in operation until, ca. 1927, after which the local hotel was named the Gl ... More State Lib Qld 1 112428 Leckhampton at 59 Shafston Avenue, Kangaroo Poi... Leckhampton at 59 Shafston Avenue, Kangaroo Point, Brisbane, ca. 1895 Considered to be the work of noted architect Alexander B Wilson, Leckhampton was built for Charles Snow shortly after he purchased the land ... More State Lib Qld 1 112544 Herbert River Jockey Club Committee, Ingham, Qu... Herbert River Jockey Club Committee, Ingham, Queensland, 1933 Top: T. Bonning (Assoc. Sec.), E. Mullins (Treas), J. Allingham (Starter), F. T. O'Malley. Bottom: W. S. C. Warren (V.P.), R. J. Walsh, T. C. Christ ... More State Lib Qld 1 112772 Todd Family Todd Family The Todd family from the back : Florence (later Mackay), John Mackay, Eric Todd. In the front row : Emah, Alexander, Edna and Emily. (Description supplied with photograph). State Lib Qld 1 113360 Joseph Henry Lewis Turley, December 1899 Joseph Henry Lewis Turley, December 1899. The Honourable Henry Turley, 1st December 1900 is inscribed on a plaque below the photograph. State Lib Qld 1 115748 Trying out the horses after their long treck to... Trying out the horses after their long treck to Queensland by train, Dalby, 1919 Horses and wagons were sent by rail to Queensland from Victoria with a contingent of settlers who were going to Tara, in Western ... More State Lib Qld 1 116096 On the beach in 1935 On the beach in 1935. Three ladies and two gentlemen found shade under a big umbrella on Southport beach. One woman is wearing a pretty striped top with a sailor collar. State Lib Qld 1 116104 Crowds in the street after the march of the Sev... Crowds in the street after the march of the Seventh Division troops through Brisbane, 1944 State Lib Qld 1 116888 Dunwich Benevolent Asylum, North Stradbroke Isl... Dunwich Benevolent Asylum, North Stradbroke Island, ca. 1935 This Institution was built in the late 1800s on North Stradbroke Island. Most of the inmates of the Benevolent Institution were housed in wards of va ... More State Lib Qld 1 118776 Members of the Returned Soldiers Football Club,... Members of the Returned Soldiers Football Club, Brisbane, 1920 Front row: E. S. Hamshere; H. McGilvery; E. M. Stevenson (Captain and Queensland Representative); T. Tarrant (Brisbane Representative); W. E. Ricke ... More State Lib Qld 1 119840 John Arthur Macartney John Arthur Macartney. J. Arthur Macartney of Waverley near Rockhampton. Subscript with photograph reads: As he arrived, having ridden from Waverley to Rockhamton in the same day, in 1890. State Lib Qld 1 120512 Julius Wellauer and Annie Lederhose Julius Wellauer and Annie Lederhose. Annie Lederhose later remarried Mr Veiritz. Her gown had a bustle and the veil is arranged around a floral hairpiece. State Lib Qld 1 121220 Visitors' day at the South Brisbane Bowls Club,... Visitors' day at the South Brisbane Bowls Club, 1936 116 players attended the event organised by C. Martin. J. B. Nock was the President. Governor, Sir Leslie Wilson was in attendance. (Description supplied wi ... More State Lib Qld 1 122274 South Sea Islanders standing in front of a hous... South Sea Islanders standing in front of a house in Mackay in 1907 South Sea Islander labourers dressed in work wear sitting and standing in front of their dwelling at a sugar plantation in Mackay, Queensland, ... More State Lib Qld 1 122298 Williams-Mills wedding party, Mackay, 1908 Williams-Mills wedding party, Mackay, 1908 Portrait of the Williams - Mills wedding on the 17 June, 1908 in Mackay. Back row, left to right: Nell Culverhouse, baby, Mr. Hudson, Granny Mills, Cyril Mills, J.H. W ... More State Lib Qld 1 122582 Eidsvold councillors posing for an official pho... Eidsvold councillors posing for an official photograph, Eidsvold, ca. 1915 Public domain photograph of an official meeting, group portrait of people, managers, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Pi ... More State Lib Qld 1 124915 Mr. D. W. H. Kenyon, Joan Charters and June She... Mr. D. W. H. Kenyon, Joan Charters and June Shepherd at the Doomben Races, Brisbane, 1940 Caption: 'Trio who chatted together on the lawn yesterday afternoon at Doomben (left to right): Mr. D. W. H. Kenyon of t ... More State Lib Qld 1 125395 Tennis party at Mount Perry Tennis party at Mount Perry Group photograph of a number of players in varying modes of dress standing either side of the tennis net. Standing second from left is Florence Broadhurst and beside her is Alexander ... More State Lib Qld 1 125899 Two smartly attired gentlemen stepping out in B... Two smartly attired gentlemen stepping out in Brisbane, 1938 On the left of the picture is Neal Macrossan, who became Chief Justice of Queensland in April, 1946. Born April 27th, 1889 in Brisbane and educated a ... More State Lib Qld 1 126743 Mooney family Mooney family. Back row: James Mooney; Joseph Mooney; Francis Mooney and William Mooney. Front row: Rosa, Mrs Mooney? Mary seated on the settle with her mother. William Mooney became a bailliff in the Supreme C ... More State Lib Qld 1 127871 Sir William Webb, 1940 Sir William Webb, 1940 The new Senior Puisne Judge, Mr Justice Webb. Sir William Flood Webb was born in South Brisbane on the 21st January 1887. He attended St. Mary's Convent School in Warwick and won a State ... More State Lib Qld 1 128779 Golden wedding anniversary of Angus and Catheri... Golden wedding anniversary of Angus and Catherine Gibson, at Bingera, 1916 Insets top: Keith Wiles, Mary Wiles, Arthur Wiles and Angus Wiles. Standing: Doris Wilde, Angus Gibson (Jnr), May Gibson (wife of Angus ... More State Lib Qld 1 130819 Dressed in their best at Coochin Coochin Statio... Dressed in their best at Coochin Coochin Station, ca. 1928 Two couples dressed up ready for an outing. The women have wonderful cloche hats and flapper outfits and the men are wearing sports jackets and slacks. ... More State Lib Qld 1 132255 Official group for presentation of gold medals ... Official group for presentation of gold medals by the governor, Government House, Bardon, 1913 Government House, January 1913, for presentation of gold medals by the Hon. Sir Arthur Morgan, Lieutenant-Governor. ... More State Lib Qld 1 140295 Portrait of a wedding party, 1930-1940 Portrait of a wedding party, 1930-1940. The bride is seated and holds a bouquet. She is wearing a full length wedding grown with a long trailing veil. The bridesmaids are wearing long dresses, carrying bouquets ... More State Lib Qld 1 144939 Stephens family, ca. 1927 Stephens family, ca. 1927 The Stephens family are pictured on the verandah of their home, ca. 1927. The name of their house was Darlington. (Description supplied with photograph). State Lib Qld 1 147695 G. P. Campbell with his daughter, Morag with a ... G. P. Campbell with his daughter, Morag with a Graham Paige, 1937. A 1937 Graham Crusader with a 6 cylinder, 21.6 h.p. engine. Body designed and built by Holden. Graham USA product by Graham-Paige Corporation. State Lib Qld 1 161401 William Young, his wife Elizabeth Hastings (nee... William Young, his wife Elizabeth Hastings (nee McLean) and their family, ca. 1912 William Young, a gasfitter with the South Brisbane Gas Company, lived with his family at The Palms, 28 Wilden Street Paddington ... More State Lib Qld 1 162315 Irene and Cecil Harveyson posing in their backy... Irene and Cecil Harveyson posing in their backyard in Ashgrove, Brisbane, ca. 1929 The house is located at 39 Dorrington Avenue in Ashgrove. (Description supplied with photograph.). State Lib Qld 1 162523 Parishioners of the Belmont Congregational Chur... Parishioners of the Belmont Congregational Church, ca. 1910 Members posed in their best clothes with the minister and elders. Belmont Congregational Church on Old Cleveland Road, Belmont around 1910. (Descripti ... More State Lib Qld 1 164303 Mr and Mrs Osbaldeston Mr and Mrs Osbaldeston Left to right: Mrs Liz Allen, the late R. B. Osbaldeston, and Mr W. G. Sol Osbaldeston. The Osbaldeston family were pioneers in the Stanthorpe district. (Description supplied with photograph.). State Lib Qld 1 165159 Couple with a motor vehicle outside a house in ... Couple with a motor vehicle outside a house in Christian Street, Clayfield, ca. 1934 Christian Street, Clayfield, outside Thorpes. (Description supplied with photograph). State Lib Qld 1 167999 Wilson family members on the lawn at Claremont,... Wilson family members on the lawn at Claremont, Milford Street, Ipswich, 1912 From left: Mary Wilson, her future husband Bernard Smithers, Harriet Wilson (wife of the owner of Claremont John Wilson), Ivor Wilso ... More State Lib Qld 1 168015 Wedding party on the steps of St. Mary's Cathol... Wedding party on the steps of St. Mary's Catholic Church, Beaudesert, ca. 1931 State Lib Qld 1 169195 Noe family Noe family. Mr Noe and his wife. Public domain photograph related to Queensland, Australia, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description State Lib Qld 1 170947 Family of William Houghton and his wife Margare... Family of William Houghton and his wife Margaret (nee Cavanagh), ca. 1906 Family of William Houghton and his wife Margaret (nee Cavanagh). Family on left, daughter Sarah Ann and her husband William Bowden and c ... More State Lib Qld 1 177823 Family group eating Christmas lunch, Queensland... Family group eating Christmas lunch, Queensland, 1918. The family group consists of two adults and five children. The lunch is taking place outside, with the side of a truck being used as a seat for three of th ... More State Lib Qld 1 178811 Man and woman having tea inside the homestead a... Man and woman having tea inside the homestead at Balnagowan Station, ca. 1885 State Lib Qld 1 179107 Thomas and Mary McGarth Thomas and Mary McGarth. Public domain photograph related to Queensland, Australia, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description State Lib Qld 1 180135 Heuschele Family Heuschele Family. Carl Ludwig Heuschele and his wife Anna Catherina (nee Berghofer) with family at Middle Ridge near Toowoomba. State Lib Qld 1 184043 Wedding of Pat and Ray Ball, 1944 Wedding of Pat and Ray Ball, 1944. Public domain photograph related to Queensland, Australia, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
2410	dbpedia	3	57	https://www.academia.edu/89498303/Benjamin_Backhouse_in_Brisbane_1861_1868_An_Architectural_Pioneer_in_Colonial_Queensland%3Fuc-sb-sw%3D33136294	en	Benjamin Backhouse in Brisbane, 1861-1868: An Architectural Pioneer in Colonial Queensland	http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif	http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif	[ "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe.icon.svg", "https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/93294552/mini_magick20221030-1-1l1mjga.png?1667102508", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "John East", "uq.academia.edu" ]	2022-10-29T00:00:00	Benjamin Backhouse (1829-1904) was a prominent nineteenth-century Australian architect who practised in Geelong and Ballarat (1853-1860), Brisbane (1861-1868), and Sydney (1868-1884). He was also an active social reformer and politician. This study				https://www.academia.edu/89498303/Benjamin_Backhouse_in_Brisbane_1861_1868_An_Architectural_Pioneer_in_Colonial_Queensland	The dynamism and mobility of architects in their approach to architectural design practice provides a context that emphasises that architecture, like culture, is not static or rooted in place, but is intricately configured through the dual processes of locality and mobility – both physical and theoretical. The production of architecture in Australia, as in other immigrant-rich societies, provides a case for reinforcing the theory that architectural mobility and travel are integral to the architecture of place. This issues paper sets out to re-examine the contribution of geo-cultural influences upon Australia’s architectural lineage and considers a diverse range of themes across an equally broad timeframe; British colonial transpositions; the dissemination of Modernism in Australia; the latent contribution of mid-twentieth century European émigré architects; and the secreted history of Australia’s Asian architecture. Common to all, however, is the notion of architectural translation as a process of influences transmitted, transposed or adapted to other contexts. It uses Australia as the focus from which to consider how global criticism, ideas and theories have travelled and continue to travel transversely across time and place, from the late-eighteenth century well into the twenty-first. This paper investigates translations through narratives, processes, networks and traces of architectural manifestations and begins to draw lines of influence. Since the nineteenth century a physically distant Metropolis has been invoked to determine the validity of Australian architectural projects and their ideas, and the assumption is this Metropolis sends out resolved principles to a provincial culture. This view assumes that actual immigration to Australia equals cultural erasure. It assumes Australia’s architectural culture is infantile or child-like and must accept a continual and necessarily painful education- the pedagogical focus-to animate local architecture. It is frequently asserted that architects whose capacities do not seem adequately recognised in Australia would always fare better in this Metropolis. The Metropolis proves, on closer inspection, to be nebulous and varied in location. Its constituent countries and cultures, usually associated with “age” and cultural power, have warred with each other constantly, and have consistently driven architects from its perceived membership. Its principles are frequently changing and... In his Modern Architecture since 1900 (1982 ff.) William J.R. Curtis attempts to present a "balanced, readable overall view of the development of modern architecture from its beginning until the recent past" and to include the architecture of the non-western world, a subject overlooked by previous histories of modern architecture. Curtis places authenticityat the core of his research and uses it as the criterion to assess the historicity of modern architecture. While the second edition (1987) of Curtis's book appeared with just an addendum, for the third edition (1996) he undertook a full revision, expansion and reorganisation of the content. The new edition, it will be posited, does present a more 'authentic' account of the development of modern architecture in other parts of the world, presenting a comprehensive view of Australian architecture. Compared to the additions and modifications of other post-colonial examples, there is scant difference in Curtis' account of Australian modern architecture between the first (1982) and the third (1996) editions. Even in the third edition (1996) the main reference to Australian modern architecture is confined to the Sydney Opera House as well as a brief commentary of the work of Harry Seidler, Peter Muller, Peter Johnson, Rick Leplastrier and Glenn Murcutt. In the years separating the two editions, regionalism in architecture was debated and framed in different ways by Paul Rudolph, Kenneth Frampton and Curtis, among others. In analysing the absence of Australian architecture as a 'golden' example of regionalism, this paper presents a critical overview of Curtis' understanding of the notion of an ‘authentic’ regionalism. The distinctive timber and iron house of Queensland, has evolved over time reflecting the culture of the local people and the climate of the region. These houses are currently facing major pressures due to gentrification and development in the older inner city suburbs of Brisbane. The key objective of the paper is to examine the major planning issues and opportunities for the continuation of vernacular traditions. This paper first discusses the historical development of 'Queenslander' house focussing on some of its key architectural features and their suitability for the local climate. It then reviews policy documents of the Brisbane City Council (BCC) to identify the key planning issues relating to vernacular architecture. Lastly, it identifies the key opportunities to enhance the vernacular architecture in Brisbane. While there is generally a good community and council support for protection of vernacular architecture, there are issues relating to perceiving them as a hind...
2410	dbpedia	0	5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_East_Moreton_(Queensland)	en	Electoral district of East Moreton (Queensland)	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2008-05-29T21:03:20+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_East_Moreton_(Queensland)	Australian electorate East Moreton was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland from 1860 to 1878, also known as Moreton from 1874 to 1878.[1] The district took in the south-east corner of the state, south of Brisbane and Ipswich. It was a dual member electorate from 1860 to 1873 and a single member electorate from 1873 to 1878. Members [edit] Dual member electorate (1860–1873) Member 1 Party Term Member 2 Party Term George Edmondstone Unaligned 1860–1867 Henry Buckley Unaligned 1860–1860 Thomas Warry Unaligned 1860–1863 William Brookes Unaligned 1863–1863 Robert Cribb Unaligned 1863–1867 Arthur Francis Unaligned 1867–1870 James Garrick Unaligned 1867–1868 John Douglas Unaligned 1868–1868 Henry Jordan Unaligned 1868–1871 Robert Travers Atkin Unaligned 1870–1872 William Hemmant Unaligned 1871–1873 Samuel Griffith Unaligned 1872–1873 William Fryar Unaligned 1873–1877 Single member electorate James Garrick Unaligned 1877–1878 (1873–1878) By-election in February 1870 [edit] On 17 February 1870, Arthur Francis, member for East Moreton, resigned due to insolvency, and a by-election was called. On the nomination day, 19 February 1870, there were two candidates Robert Travers Atkin and Robert Cribb (who had previously represented the electorate from 1863 to 1867). In his nomination speech, Atkin made accusations against Cribb, who replied vigorously defending himself. The somewhat unexpected outcome of this verbal exchange was that Cribb announced he would withdraw his nomination. Cribb said that if Atkin believed he could represent them so well, the best thing they could do would be to let him try, predicting that Atkin would either resign or be asked to resign within six months. Being the only remaining candidate, Atkin was declared elected.[2][3] Cribb's six-month prediction did not come true. However, Atkin did not complete his term, as he resigned on 7 March 1872 due to serious ill health (pulmonary tuberculosis) from which he died a few months later on."The Queenslander. SATURDAY, MARCH 9, 1872". The Queenslander. Queensland, Australia. 9 March 1872. p. 4 – via Trove. See also [edit] Electoral districts of Queensland Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by year Category:Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by name
2410	dbpedia	1	62	https://www.police.qld.gov.au/museum/policing-queensland-timeline-1864-2014	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
2410	dbpedia	2	37	http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks22/2200601h.html	en	Dictionary of Australasian Biography			[ "http://gutenberg.net.au/pga-australia.jpg", "http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks22/2200601h-images/title-page.jpg", "http://gutenberg.net.au/pga-australia.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "book", "etext", "free ebooks", "ebook", "etext" ]	null	[ "Phillip Mennell", "F.R.G.S" ]	null					null	Project Gutenberg Australia a treasure-trove of literature treasure found hidden with no evidence of ownership BROWSE the site for other works by this author (and our other authors) or get HELP Reading, Downloading and Converting files) or SEARCH the entire site with Google Site Search Project Gutenberg Australia Title: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography Author: Philip Mennell eBook No.: 2200601h.html Language: English Date first posted: November 2022 Most recent update: November 2022 This eBook was produced by: Colin Choat View our licence and header The Dictionary of Australasian Biography Comprising notices of eminent colonists from the inauguration of responsible government down to the present time. [1855-1892] by Phillip Mennell, F.R.G.S. London: Hutchinson & Co., 25 Paternoster Square. 1892. Printed by Hazell, Watson, & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury. Production Note: A supplementary list of biographies appeared in the book, beginning at page 529, following the main list. Entries in the supplementary section which refer to a person who already appears in the main list, have been incorporated into the main entry, together with a note that the extra information appeared in the book in the supplementary list. Entries in the supplementary list which relate to as person not already in the main list have been placed in alphabetical order in the main list, with a note that the entry appeared in the book in the supplementary list Go to index of biographical entries. Go to beginning of biographical entries. Preface It is unnecessary to enter into any lengthened exposition of the objects and utility of a work such as the present, either from an English or an Australasian point of view. The public appetite for such publications is evidenced by the issue of innumerable "Biographical Dictionaries" and the success of such a work as the "National Dictionary of Biography," and there seems no valid reason why what Sir Thomas McIlwraith calls "the future Australasian empire" should not have the careers of its publicists in various walks of distinction recorded in permanent and concise form. Owing to the increase of federal feeling in the various colonies, the present moment seems an opportune one for the presentation of a work which "federalises," so to speak, the mass of what previous writers have produced in a similar direction in regard to the separate colonies. I have often had occasion to remark on the limited knowledge which the public men of one colony possess of the public men of another, and in a period which has produced the "Commonwealth of Australasia Bill" I may perhaps be excused for endeavouring to contribute my mite towards the extension of that intercommunity of knowledge which is to a large extent the necessary condition precedent to intercommunity of sympathy and action. Not only has the federal feeling in Australasia witnessed a wonderful growth of recent years, but the interest in and desire for knowledge about the Australasian colonies has been quickened to at least an equal extent at the centre of the empire. It is hoped therefore that the "Dictionary of Australasian Biography" may at the present juncture equally meet the acceptance of large classes both in England and at the Antipodes. It has been one of the most difficult parts of an arduous task to combine that particularity which local biography for local circulation demands with that more comprehensive, if at the same time more condensed, treatment which is likely to suit the taste of readers twelve thousand miles away from the stage on which the actors whose achievements are set forth have played their parts. In the attempt to furnish a book which will be equally satisfactory to English and colonial readers, I cannot hope to have entirely succeeded; but I have at least kept this object in view, and am sanguine enough to believe that I have fulfilled my aim in so far as the contrarieties of the case will permit. As to the scope of the work, it records the careers of the majority of the eminent Australasian colonists who survived to see the inauguration of responsible government in 1855, and who have died in the interval of thirty-seven years which has elapsed since that epoch-making era. It also includes the biographies of living persons, and thus contains the class of information which is to be found in the usual run of biographical dictionaries regarding deceased worthies, in addition to the more recent data respecting living persons which are afforded by such publications as the English "Men of the Time." The extent of the information presented will be best gathered when I state that the "Dictionary" comprises nearly two thousand biographies, including those of the governors of the several colonies, the prelates of the Anglican and Roman Catholic communions, the heads of the principal religious denominations and of the several universities, as well as notices of all politicians, with a few unavoidable exceptions, who have held Ministerial office in the Australian colonies, New Zealand, and Tasmania since the year 1855. The principal members of the Civil Service and the explorers, authors, scientists, musicians, and actors who have won distinction in the colonial arena have been dealt with as adequately as circumstances permitted; and the work also includes lives of a number of the pastoral, mercantile, and industrial pioneers of the various colonies, as well as of those who have distinguished themselves in the domain of sport and athleticism. There are one or two special points to which I should like to draw attention. In the first place, the titles of honour and office given to the several subjects of biography are those which they are entitled to bear in their respective colonies, though, by a strange anomaly in the constitutional formularies of a country which will mainly go down to history in connection with the glories of its colonial empire, the most commonly borne title in the last-mentioned portion of her Majesty's dominions—that of "Honourable" — is not conceded recognition outside of the colony in which the public services of which it is the reward have been rendered. If therefore the present work should do anything to "imperialise"—if I may use the word—a title to which there is really no valid democratic objection, and to promote its recognition and that of the good service which it typifies in every part of the empire, I shall take pride in having contributed even in this humble way to the disappearance of the last vestige of that hateful doctrine of colonial inferiority which comes to us from the dark, but unfortunately not yet very distant, ages of Colonial Office ineptitude and insular presumption. With regard to the incidence of this title of "Honourable," some confusion may arise in the minds of English, and even Australasian readers. Broadly speaking, the Australasian public man is entitled to bear the title of "Honourable" within his own colony during his actual tenure of office as a member of the Upper House or as a member of the Ministry of the day in such colony. In all the Australasian colonies members of the Ministry are members for the time being of the Executive Council, which corresponds somewhat to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, and it is to their membership of this body that they owe the title of "Honourable," which they cannot assume until they have been sworn into its privileged precincts. In all these colonies, except Victoria and Tasmania, the members of a retiring Ministry cease to be members of the Executive Council, and would thus lose the title of "Honourable" were it not that, under the Duke of Newcastle's despatch dealing with the case, any member of the Executive Council who has served as a member of the Government either consecutively or cumulatively for three years may by royal warrant be permitted to retain the title of "Honourable" within his particular colony for the term of his life. In Victoria and, it would also seem, in Tasmania, when once a public man has been sworn a member of the Executive Council, he remains one for life, and thus retains the degree of "Honourable" for life also. The Speaker of the Lower House in each colony assumes the title whilst he occupies the chair, and it is a moot point whether the judges of the Supreme Court are not entitled to the distinction, though the preponderance of local custom gives them (including even the Chief Justice) the designation of "His Honour" in common with the District and County Court judiciary. There may be some confusion, too, in the English mind as to the designation of members of Parliament in the various Australasian colonies. Membership of the Upper House in each of the colonies is signified by the addition of the letters "M.L.C."; but with regard to the Lower House a good deal of contrariety prevails. In New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and Western Australia the Lower House is called the Legislative Assembly, and except in the case of South Australia the members are styled "M.L.A." In the case of the latter colony, however, the more pretentious affix of "M.P." is employed. In this regard there is a general tendency in all the colonies to give the title of "M.P." to members of the Lower House, especially where it is desired to be particularly complimentary; but in South Australia alone does the designation "M.P." appear to have crystallised into normal official and social use. In Tasmania the Lower House is called the House of Assembly, and members are styled "M.H.A." In New Zealand what is known as the Legislative Assembly in most of the other colonies is styled the House of Representatives, and the letters "M.H.R." are appended to the names of members. It now remains for me to return my grateful thanks to the various gentlemen but for whose aid, even after eighteen months of almost continuous labour, it would have been impossible for me to give my work to the public at so early a date. Here it may be premised that all occurrences in the present volume have as far as possible been brought down to July 1892. Mr. J. Henniker Heaton, M.P., so well known in connection with the universally interesting question of postal reform, must have the credit of having been the first to explore in any comprehensive manner the mine of Australasian biography, in his "Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time," published in 1879. "Much," however, "has happened" during the thirteen years which have elapsed since this book saw the light, and as regards the biographical portion it is now completely out of date, except in the case of those "worthies" whose careers had been closed by death prior to 1879. Even as regards these, however, their lives are given in the present volume in almost every instance in an expanded and revised form, the result of much laborious personal research. In addition to the valuable aid derived from his "Men of the Time," I am indebted to Mr. Heaton for a considerable amount of information deduced from his valuable stores of Australasian data in print and manuscript. I have to return my sincere thanks for much assistance afforded me by the present Agents-General, as well as by their immediate predecessors, and by the able and courteous Secretaries to their several offices. In this connection I may especially mention the late Sir Arthur Blyth, the predecessor of Sir John Bray in the London representation of South Australia. That gentleman kindly revised my list of "worthies" of that colony, and covered it with copious annotations drawn from his long experience of South Australia and his special aptitude for biographical investigation and local chronology. As regards Tasmania, Sir E. N. C. Braddon performed for me much the same services, and in the case of South Australia and Queensland I am specially indebted to Mr. S. Deering, the Assistant Agent-General of the former colony, and to Mr. C. S. Dicken, C.M.G., Secretary to the Agent-General for the latter, both of whom bring to bear on all matters connected with their several colonies a very accurate personal knowledge of their history and circumstances. I am also under considerable obligations to Mr. S. Yardley, of the New South Wales, Mr. W. Kennaway, C.M.G., of the New Zealand, and to Mr. S. B. H. Rodgerson, of the Victoria office. The most substantial contribution in the way of literary assistance I have received from Mr. James Backhouse Walker, of Hobart, whose equally accurate memory and memoranda have enabled him, as his kindness prompted him, to supply me with a number of admirably compiled biographies, which add an element of real historical value to the department of the work which he generously undertook, and which, in addition to much original matter, comprised the laborious revision of the biographies of eminent Tasmanians which I already had in print, when I had the good fortune to be introduced to him by a member of the eminent firm of Tasmanian publishers, Messrs. Walch and Co., of Hobart. Next in order I must acknowledge my obligations to my friends Mr. A. Patchett Martin and Mr. H. B. Marriott Watson, both of whom have not only contributed a number of complete lives, but have greatly aided me in the selection of names and the revision of proofs. In this connection, as very valuable and substantial helpers, I must also mention Mr. G. W. Rusden, the distinguished historian of Australia and New Zealand, who has supplemented the stores of information which I have derived from his works with much valuable data personally conveyed; my old friend Mr. A. M. Topp, of the Melbourne Argus; Mr. Alexander Sutherland, the well-known Australian littérateur; and Mr. J. F. Hogan, whose "Irish in Australia" is a mine of biographical detail, and to whose personal assistance I am also greatly beholden. My South Australian biographies would have been sadly incomplete but for the aid I derived from my friend Mr. J. L. Bonython, of the Adelaide Advertiser, and from Mr. F. Johns, of the South Australian Register, who, through the medium of the proprietor of that paper, Mr. R. Kyffin Thomas, kindly cleared up for me a number of troublesome queries and essential dates. The New Zealand portion of my work owes a heavy debt to Mr. Leys, of the Auckland Star, who kindly forwarded a number of biographies and carefully checked others. Mr. George Fenwick, of the Otago Daily Times, has also helped me materially; and I have to thank Sir Walter Buller for a valuable element in the insertion of a number of Maori biographies. Through Mr. Fenwick I was fortunate enough to enlist the aid of Dr. Hocken, of Dunedin, an expert and enthusiast in all that concerns New Zealand history and antiquities, and who kindly placed his fine library at my disposal. To my wife I owe thanks for invaluable aid in the work of transcription, and to Mr. David and Mr. Joseph Cowen Syme, of Melbourne, for much kindly assistance in promoting the success of the work. Taking the colonies separately, I have to acknowledge valuable help as regards New South Wales from Mr. F. W. Ward, the late editor of the Sydney Daily Telegraph, from Mrs. Ward, and from Mr. C. A. W. Lett and Mr. Gilbert Parker; Victoria: Hon. J. F. Vesey Fitzgerald, Hon. Alfred Deakin, Mr. George Syme, Mr. T. S. Townend, and Mr. Charles Short, of the Melbourne Argus, Mr. Julian Thomas, and Mr. H. Britton; Queensland: Mr. Buzacott, Mr. Brentnall, and Mr. Gresley Lukin; Western Australia: Sir John and Lady Forrest, Sir James G. Lee Steere, Hon. G. W. Leake, M.L.C., Hon. J. W. Hackett, M.L.C.,and Mr. F. Hart; New Zealand: Mr. H. Brett, Mr. W. L. Rees, M.H.R., Rev. H. C. M. Watson, Christchurch; Mr. T. E. Richardson, Wellington; Mr. Hart, The Press, Christchurch; and Mr. Ahearne, Lyttelton Times, Christchurch. In regard to matter drawn from books, my first acknowledgments are due to Mr. David Blair's "Encyclopædia of Australasia," of which a second edition is much called for. I must also mention, as having supplied me with much excellent material, Mr. George Rusden's "History of Australia" and "History of New Zealand," "Victorian Men of the Time," "Victoria and its Metropolis," McCombie's "History of the Colony of Victoria," Mr. James Bonwick's "Port Phillip Settlement," Mr. George E. Loyau's "Representative Men of South Australia," Stow's "South Australia," "The Statistical Register of South Australia," Mr. H. Brett's "Heroes of New Zealand" and "The Early History of New Zealand," Mr. Gisborne's "New Zealand Balers and Statesmen," Mr. Alfred Cox's "Men of Mark of New Zealand" and "Recollections"; the admirable annual "Blue-books" of the several colonies, which are in every case a credit to those responsible for their production; Messrs. Gordon and Gotch's "Australian Handbook" and Mr. Greville's "Year-book of Australia." Amongst works of a more general character, I must confess my great indebtedness to "The National Dictionary of Biography," Mr. F. Boase's "Modern English Biography," to "The Colonial Office List," Burke's "Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage" and "Colonial Gentry," Debrett's "Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage" and "House of Commons and the Judicial Bench, Mr. Joseph Foster's "Men-at-the-Bar," Messrs. Routledge's "Men and Women of the Time" and "Men of the Reign," Crockford's "Clerical Directory" and "The Annual Register." PHILIP MENNELL. St Stephen's Club, S.W., August 1st, 1892. Index of Biographical Entries Abbott, Hon. Sir Joseph Palmer Abbott, Robert Palmer a'Beckett, His Honour Thomas a'Beckett, Hon. Thomas Turner a'Beckett, Sir William a'Beckett, Hon. William Arthur Callendar Abigail, Francis Abraham, Right Reverend Charles John Adams, Francis William Leith Adams, Philip Francis Adams, Robert Dudley Adams, Hon. Robert Patten Adamson, Travers Addis, William E. Agg, Alfred John Agnew, Hon. James Wilson Ahearne, Surgeon-Major Joseph Airy, Major Henry Park Akhurst, William Alexander, Samuel Allen, Hon. George Allen, Hon. Sir George Wigram Allen, Harry Brookes Allen, James Allen, Captain William Allen, Rev. William Allport, Morton Allwood, Rev. Canon Robert Anderson, George Anderson, John Gerard Anderson, Lieut.-Colonel Joseph Anderson, Hon. Robert Stirling Hore Anderson, Hon. William Anderson, Colonel William Acland Douglas Andrew, Professor Henry Martyn Andrew, Rev. John Chapman Andrews, Henry James Andrews, Hon. Richard Bullock Andrews, Walter Boyd Tate Angas, George Fife Angas, George French Angas, Hon. John Howard Angelo, Lieut.-Col. Edward Fox Annett, Thomas Henderson Anstey, Hon. Henry Frampton Aplin, Hon. William Archer, Alexander Archer, Archibald Archer, Rev. Canon George Frederick Archer, Thomas Armytage, George Arney, Sir George Alfred Arnold, Thomas Arnold, Hon. William Munnings Aspinall, Hon. Butler Cole Atkins, Robert Travers Atkinson, Major Hon. Sir Harry Albert Austin, Thomas Ayers, Hon. Sir Henry B Backhouse, James Badgery, Henry Septimus Badham, Rev. Charles Bagot, Captain Charles Hervey Bagot, John Tuthill Bailey, Frederick Manson Baillie, Sir George Baker, Hon. Ezekiel Alexander Baker, Hon. John Baker, Hon. Richard Chaffey Baker, Rev. Shirley W. Balfe, John Donellan Balfour, Hon. James Ballance, Hon. John Bancroft, Joseph Barker, Right Rev. Frederic Barker, John Barkly, Sir Henry Barlee, Sir Frederick Palgrave Barling, Joseph Barlow, Right Rev. Christopher George Barrow, John Henry Barry, Right Rev. Alfred Barry, Hon. Sir Redmond Barton, Hon. Edmund Barton, George Burnett Basedow, Martin Peter Friedrich Bates, Hon. William Bath, James Bathgate, Alexander Bathgate, Hon. John Bayles, Hon. William Bayley, Hon. Lyttleton Holyoake Beach, William Bealey, Samuel Beaney, Hon. James George Begg, Ferdinand Faithfull Belcher, Rev. Robert Henry Bell, Hon. Sir Francis Dillon Bell, Hon. James Bell, Hon. Sir Joshua Peter Belmore, Right Hon. Somerset Richard Lowry Corry, 4th Earl of Belstead, Charles Torrens Belstead, Francis Benjamin, Hon. Sir Benjamin Bennett, David Bennett, George Bennett, Samuel Bennett, William Christopher Bent, Hon. Thomas Beor, Hon. Henry Rogers Berkeley, Hon. Henry Spencer Hardtman Bernays, Lewis Adolphus Berncastle, Julius Berry, David Berry, Hon. Sir Graham Berry, Hon. John Best, Robert Wallace Beveridge, Peter Bews, Hon. David Bickerton, Alexander William Bindon, Hon. Samuel Henry Bird, Hon. Bolton Stafford Birnie, Richard Black, Alexander Black, Maurice Hume Black, Hon. Neil Blackall, Col. Samuel Wensley Blackett, Cuthbert Robert Blackett, John Blackmore, Edwin Gordon Blackmore, James Newnham Blair, David Blair, William Newsham Blakeney, William Theophilus Bland, Rivett Henry Bland, William Blyth, Hon. Sir Arthur Blyth, Neville Bolton, Hon. Henry Bonney, Charles Bonwick, James Bonython, John Langdon Boothby, His Honour Benjamin Boothby, Josiah Boothby, William Robinson Bosisto, Joseph Boucaut, Hon. James Penn Bourke, General Sir Richard Bourne, Joseph Orton Bowen, Hon. Charles Christopher Bowen, Right Hon. Sir George Ferguson Bower, David Boyce, Rev. William Binnington Boyes, Edward Taylor Bracken, Thomas Braddon, Sir Edward Nicholas Coventry Bramston, John Bray, Hon. Sir John Cox Brennan, Louis Brentnall, Hon. Frederick Thomas Brett, Henry Bride, Thomas Francis Brierly, Sir Oswald Walters Bright, Charles Edward Bright, Hon. Henry Edward Brisbane, General Sir Thos. Makdougall Britton, Alexander Britton, Henry Bromby, Charles Hamilton Bromby, Right Rev. Charles Henry Bromby, Rev. Henry Bodley Bromby, Rev. John Edward Brooke, Gustavus Vaughan Brooke, Hon. John Henry Broome, Sir Frederick Napier Broome, Mary Anne, Lady Broughton, Vernon Delves Brown, Gilbert Wilson Brown, Henry Yorke Lyell Brown, Professor John McMillan Brown, Hon. Nicholas John Brown, Sir William Browne, Thomas Alexander Browne, Sir Thomas Gore Brownless, Anthony Colling Brownrigg, Major Henry Studholme Bruce, Lieut.-Col. John Brunker, Hon. James Nixon Brunton, William Bryce, Hon. John Buchanan, Hon. David Buckley, William Buckland, Rev. John Richard Buckley, Hon. Sir Patrick Alphonsus Budge, Alexander Campbell Bull, John Wrattall Buller, Sir Walter Lawry Bundey, Hon. William Henry Bunny, Brice Frederick Burgess, William Henry Burgoyne, Thomas Burke, Robert O'Hara Burnett, Commodore William Farquharson Burns, Hon. John Fitzgerald Burns, Rev. Thomas Burrowes, Hon. Robert Burt, Sir Archibald Paull Burt, Octavius Burt, Hon. Septimus Burton, Sir William Westbrooke Butler, Hon. Edward Butler, Hon. Henry Butler, Very Rev. Joseph Buvelot, Abraham Louis Buzacott, Charles Hardie Byrne, Right Rev. Joseph Patrick Byrne, Hon. Robert Byrnes, Hon. James Byrnes, Hon. Thomas Joseph C Cadell, Francis Cadman, Hon. Alfred Jerome Caffyn, Stephen Mannington Cairns, Rev. Adam Cairns, Sir William Wellington Calder, James Erskine Calvert, Caroline Louisa Waring Calvert, Rev. James Calvert, John Jackson Cameron, General Sir Duncan Alexander Camidge, Right Rev. Charles Edward Campbell, John Logan Campbell, Hon. Robert Campbell, Hon. Sir Thomas Cockburn Campbell, Rev. Thomas Hewitt Cani, Right Rev. John Canterbury, Right Hon. John Henry Thomas Manners Sutton, 3rd Viscount Cape, William Timothy Carey, Major-General George Jackson Cargill, Captain William Carleton, Hugh Francis Carr, Hon. John Carr, His Grace the Most Rev. Thomas J. Carrington, Right Hon. Charles Robert, Baron Carrington, Francis Thomas Dean Carrington, Frederic Alonzo Carrow, Richard Carruthers, Joseph Hector McNeil Casey, Hon. James Joseph Castella, Hubert de Castella, Paul de Catt, Hon. Alfred Cavenagh-Mainwaring, Hon. Wentworth Chaffey, George and William Benjamin Challis, John Henry Chalmers, Rev. James Chalmers, Right Rev. William Chambers, Charles Haddon Champ, Colonel Hon. William Thomas Napier Chandler, Alfred Thomas Chanter, John Moore Chapman, Hon. Henry Samuel Chapman, Hon. Thomas Daniel Cheeke, Hon. Alfred Chester, Henry Majoribanks Chetham-Strode, Alfred Rowland Childers, Right Hon. Hugh Culling Eardley Chisholm, Caroline Christie, Major William Harvey Chubb, Hon. Charles Edward Chute, General Sir Trevor Clark, Hon. Andrew Inglis Clark, Rev. Charles Clark, John Howard Clarke, Lieut.-General Hon. Sir Andrew Clarke, Hon. Fielding Clarke, Rev. George Clarke, James Langton Clarke, Joseph Clarke, Marcus Clarke, William Clarke, Rev. William Branwhite Clarke, Hon. Sir William John Clarke, Hon. William John Turner Clayden, Arthur Clifford, Sir Charles Clifton, Leonard Worsley Cockburn, Hon. John Alexander Cockle, Sir James Coghlan, T. A. Cohen, Hon. Edward Cohen, Hon. Henry Emanuel Cole, Edward William Cole, Hon. George Ward Colenso, Rev. William Coles, Hon. Jenkin Colton, Hon. Sir John Combes, Hon. Edward Conigrave, John Fairfax Conolly, His Honour Edward Tennyson Cooke, Ebenezer Cooper, Sir Charles Cooper, Sir Daniel Cooper, George Sisson Cooper, Hon. Pope Alexander Cope, His Honour Thomas Spencer Copeland, Hon. Henry Copley, Hon. William Coppin, Hon. George Selth Corbett, Right Rev. Dr. James Francis Corney, Hon. Bolton Glanvill Costley, Edward Cottar, Thomas Young Couchman, Lieut.-Col. Thomas Counsel, Edward Albert Courthope, Edward L. Couvreur, Jessie Catherine ("Tasma") Cowie, Right Rev. William Garden Cowley, Hon. Alfred Sandlings Cowlishaw, Hon. James Cowper, Hon. Sir Charles Cowper, Charles Cowper, Ven. Archdeacon William Cowper, Very Rev. and Ven. William Macquarie Cox, Alfred Cracknell, Edward Charles Crane, Right Rev. Martin Crawford, James Coutts Croke, The Most Rev. Thomas William Cross, Ada Crossman, Major-General Sir William Crowther, Hon. William Lodewyk Cullen, Edward Boyd Cuninghame, Archibald Curnow, Francis Curnow, William Curr, Edward Micklethwaite Curtis, Oswald Cuthbert, Hon. Henry D Daintree, Richard Daldy, Captain William Crush Dalley, Right Hon. William Bede Dalrymple, George Augustus Frederick Elphinstone Daly, Sir Dominic Daly, Dominick Daniel Dampier, Alfred Dangar, Hon. Henry Cary Darley, Hon. Sir Frederick Matthew Darling, Sir Charles Henry Darling, Hon. John Darling, Lieut.-General Sir Ralph Darrel, George Darvall, Hon. Sir John Bayley Davenport, Sir Samuel Davidson, Rev. John Davidson, William Montgomery Davenport Davies, Hon. David Mortimer Davies, Hon. John Davies, Hon. John Mark Davies, Hon. Sir Matthew Henry Davies, Rowland Lyttleton Archer Davis, Hon. George Davis, James Davidson Davy, Edward Dawes, Right Rev. Nathaniel Dawson, James Day, William Henry Deakin, Hon. Alfred De Boos, Charles Deering, Samuel Deffell, George Hibbert Deighton, Edward de Labilliere, Francis Peter Deniehy, Daniel Henry Denison, Major-General Sir William Thomas Denniston, His Honour John Edward De Quincey, Lieut.-Col. Paul Frederick Derham, Hon. Frederick Thomas Derrington, Edwin Henry Deshon, Edward Des Voeux, Major Charles Hamilton Des Voeux, Sir George William de Winton, Major George Jean Dibbs, Sir George Richard Dick, Hon. Thomas Dicken, Charles Shortt Dickinson, Sir John Nodes Dickson, Hon. James Robert Disney, Colonel Thomas Robert Dobson, Hon. Alfred Dobson, Edward Dobson, Hon. Frank Stanley Dobson, Hon. Henry Dobson, Hon. Sir William Lambert Docker, Hon. Joseph Dodds, Hon. John Stokell Dodery, Hon. William Domett, Alfred Don, Charles Jardine Donaldson, Hon. John Donaldson, Sir Stuart Alexander Douglas, Hon. Adye Douglas, Hon. John Dow, Hon. John Lamont Dowling, Henry Dowling, His Honour James Sheen Downer, Henry Edward Downer, Hon. Sir John William Downes, Major-General Major Francis Doyle, Right Rev. Jeremiah Joseph Drake, Sir William Henry Draper, Rev. Daniel James Drew, William Leworthy Goode Driver, Richard Drury, Albert Victor Drury, Lieut.-Colonel Edward Robert Dry, Hon. Sir Richard Du Cane, Sir Charles Duffield, Walter Duffy, Hon. Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, Hon. John Gavan Duncan, William Augustine Dunne, Right Rev. John Dunne, the Most Rev. Robert Dutton, Hon. Charles Boydell Dutton, Francis Stacker E Eager, Hon. Geoffrey Eaton, Henry Francis Ebden, Hon. Charles Hotson Edwards, Major-General Sir James Bevan Edwards, Worley Basset Egan, Hon. Daniel Eggers, William Elder, Alexander Lang Elder, David Elder, Sir Thomas Elder, William Eliott, Gilbert Ellery, Robert Lewis John Emberson, Hon. Horace G. C. Embling, Thomas English, Hon. Thomas Erskine, Vice-Admiral James Elphinstone Evans, Hon. George Samuel Evans, Gowen Edward Everard, William Eyre, Edward John F Fairfax, Rear-Admiral Henry Fairfax, Hon. John Farjeon, Benjamin Leopold Farnell, Hon. James Squire Farr, Ven. Archdeacon George Henry Farrell, Very Rev. James Farrell, John Faucett, Hon. Peter Favenc, Ernest Fawkner, Hon. John Pascoe Featherston, Isaac Earl Fehon, William Meeke Fellows, Hon. Thomas Howard Fenton, Francis Dart Fenton, James Fenton, Hon. Michael Fenwick, George Fergus, Hon. Thomas Fergusson, Right Hon. Sir James Fergusson, Major John Adam Finch-Hatton, Hon. Harold Fincham, James Finlayson, John Harvey Finn, Edmund Finniss, Lieut.-Colonel Hon. Boyle Travers Firth, Josiah Clifton Fisher, George Fisher, Sir James Hurtle Fitzgerald, Captain Charles Fitzgerald, Hon. George Parker Fitzgerald, James Edward Fitzgerald, Hon. John Foster Vesey Fitzgerald, Hon. Nicholas Fitzgerald, Thomas Henry FitzGibbon, Edmond Gerald Fitzherbert, Hon. Sir William Fitzpatrick, Michael Fitzroy, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Charles Augustus Fitzroy, Vice-Admiral Robert Flanagan, Roderick Fleming, Sir Valentine Fletcher, James Fletcher, Rev. William Roby Flood, Hon. Edward Folingsby, George Frederick Forbes, Frederic Augustus Forbes, Henry Ogg Forbes, Sir William Stuart Forrest, Alexander Forrest, Hon. Edward Barrow Forrest, Hon. Sir John Forrest, Hon. William Forsaith, Rev. Thomas Spencer Forster, Anthony Forster, Hon. William Fosbery, Edmund Walcott Foster, Hon. William John Fowler, David Fowler, George Swan Fox, Sir William Francis, George W. Francis, Hon. James Goodall Frankland, Frederick William Franklin, Lady Franklyn, Henry Mortimer Fraser, Hon. Alexander Fraser, Sir Malcolm Fraser, Hon. Simon Freeling, Major-General Sir Arthur Henry French, Colonel George Arthur Frome, General Edward Charles Furner, Luke Lydiard Fysh, Hon. Philip Oakley G Gahan, Charles Frederick Galloway, Frederic William Galloway, John James Garner, Arthur Garran, Hon. Andrew Garrard, Jacob Garrett, Thomas Garrick, Hon. Sir James Francis Garvan, Hon. James Patrick Gaunson, David Gawler, Colonel George Gawler, Henry Gellibrand, Hon. Walter Angus Bethune Geoghegan, Right Rev. Patrick Bonaventure Gibbes, Sir Edward Osborne Giblin, Hon. William Robert Gibney, Right Rev. Matthew Gifford, Right Hon. Edric Frederick Giles, Ernest Giles, William Gill, Rev. William Wyatt Gillen, Hon. Peter Paul Gilles, Lewis W. Gilles, Osmond Gillies, Hon. Duncan Gillies, Hon. Thomas Bannatyne Gillon, Edward Thomas Gilmore, George Gisborne, Hon. William Glasgow, His Excellency the Right Hon. David (Boyle), Earl of Glass, Hugh Glyde, Hon. Lavington Godley, John Robert Goe, Right Rev. Field Flowers Goldsbrough, Richard Goldsworthy, Sir Roger Tuckfield Goodchap, Hon. Charles Augustus Goodenough, Commodore James Graham Goold, Most Rev. James Alipius Gordon, Adam Lindsay Gordon, Hon. Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon, Hon. John Hannah Gordon, Major James Miller Gordon, William Montgomerie Gore, Sir Ralph St. George Claude Gore, Sir St. George Ralph Gore, Hon. St. George Richard Gorrie, Sir John Gorst, Right Hon. Sir John Eldon Gosman, Rev. Alexander Gosse, William Christie Gould, Albert John Gould, John Goyder, George Woodroffe Grace, Hon. Morgan Stanislaus Graham, Hon. George Grant, Hon. Charles Henry Grant, Hon. James Macpherson Graves, Hon. James Howlin Graves, John Woodcock Gray, His Honour Moses Wilson Gray, Robert John Greeves, Hon. Augustus Frederick Adolphus Gregory, Hon. Augustus Charles Gregory, Hon. Francis Thomas Gregson, Hon. John Compton Gregson, Hon. Thomas George Gresson, Henry Barnes Greville, Hon. Edward Greville, John Roger Grey, Sir George Griffith, Charles James Griffith, Hon. Sir Samuel Walker Griffiths, George Samuel Grimes, Right Rev. John Joseph Groom, William Henry Gudgeon, Lieutenant Thomas Wayth Guenett, Thomas Harbottle Guérard, Jean Eugene von Guilfoyle, William Robert Gullett, Henry Gunn, Robert Campbell Günst, Johannes Werner Gurner, Henry Field Gwynne, Edward Castres H Haast, Sir John Francis Julius von Habens, Rev. William James Hack, John Barton Hackett, Hon. John Winthrop Haddon, Frederick William Hadfield, Right Rev. Octavius Haines, Hon. William Clarke Hale, Right Rev. Matthew Blagden Hall, Edward Swarbreck Hall, Hon. Sir John Halloran, Henry Ham, Hon. Cornelius Job Hamilton, Edward Angus Hamilton, Edward William Terrick Hamilton, George Hamilton, Sir Robert George Crookshank Hamilton, Rev. R. Hamley, Major-General Francis Gilbert Hampton, John Stephen Handyside, Hon. Andrew Dodds Hannaford, Samuel Hannam, Willoughby Hannay, W. M. Hanson, Hon. Sir Richard Davies Harcus, William Harding, Hon. George Rogers Hardman, Edward Townley Hare, Charles Simeon Hargrave, His Honour the Hon. John Fletcher Hargraves, Edward Hammond Harker, Hon. George Harper, Andrew Harper, Right Rev. Henry John Chitty Harpur, Charles Harris, Rev. Richard Deodatus Poulett Hart, Hon. Frederic Hamilton Hart, Hon. John Hartley, John Anderson Hartnoll, Hon. William Harvest, Major-General Edward Douglas Haselden, Charles John Allen Hastings, Rev. Frederick Haultain, Hon. Colonel Theodore Minet Hawker, Hon. George Charles Hay, Hon. Alexander Hay, Ebenezer Stony Hay, Hon. Sir John Hayter, Henry Heylyn Heales, Hon. Richard Heaphy, Major Charles Hearn, Hon. William Edward Heath, Alfred Heath, Commander George Poynter Heaton, John Henniker Hector, Sir James Heke, Hoani Helmich, A. Hemmant, William Henderson, Rev. Anketell Matthew Henry, Hon. John Hensman, His Honour Alfred Peach Henty, Edward Henty, Francis Henty, Hon. James Henty, Hon. William Herbert, Hon. Sir Robert George Wyndham Heron, Mrs. Henry Hervey, Hon. Matthew Heussler, Hon. Johann Christian Heydon, Hon. Louis Francis Heyne, E. B. Hickson, Robert Rowan Purdon Higgins, Right Rev. Joseph Higinbotham, His Honour the Hon. George Hill, Henry John Hindmarsh, Rear-Admiral Sir John Hingston, James Hislop, John Hislop, Hon. Thomas William Hitchin, Edward William Hixson, Capt. Francis Hobbs, William Hobhouse, Right Rev. Edmund Hocken, Thomas Morland Hocking, Henry Hicks Hoddle, Robert Hodges, His Honour Henry Edward Agincourt Hodgkinson, Hon. William Oswald Hodgson, Sir Arthur Hogan, James Francis Holder, Hon. Frederick William Holdsworth, Philip Joseph Holroyd, His Honour Arthur Todd Holroyd, Hon. Edward Dundas Holt, James Richard Holt, Hon. Thomas Homburg, Robert Hopetoun, His Excellency the Right Hon. John Adrian Louis (Hope), Earl of Horne, Richard Henry Horne, Hon. Thomas Hoskins, Hon. James Hoskins, William Hotham, Captain Sir Charles Hovell, Captain William Hilton Howard, Rev. Charles B. Howe, Hon. James Henderson Howitt, Alfred William Howitt, Richard Howitt, William Hughes, Henry Kent Hughes, Sir Walter Watson Hull, Hugh Munro Hume, Lieut.-Col. Arthur Hume, (Alexander) Hamilton Hume, Fergus Hume, Walter Cunningham Humffray, Hon. John Basson Hunt, Robert Hutchinson, Right Rev. Monsignor John Hutton, Captain Frederick Wollaston Hyde-Harris, John I Inglis, James Innes, Hon. Frederick Maitland Innes, Hon. Sir Joseph George Long Ireland, Hon. Richard Davies Irving, Martin Howy Ives, Joshua J Jack, Robert Logan Jackson, John Alexander Jackson, Hon. John Alexander Jacob, Hon. Archibald Hamilton Jacobs, Very Rev. Henry James, John Charles Horsey Jardine, Alexander William Jarvis, Arthur Harwood Jefferis, Rev. James Jenkins, John Greeley Jenks, Professor Edward Jenner, Hon. Caleb Joshua Jennings, Hon. Sir Patrick Alfred Jenyns, Essie Jersey, His Excellency the Right Hon. Victor Albert George Child Villiers Jervois, Lieut.-General Sir William Francis Drummond Jessop, John Shillito Johnson, Edwin Johnson, Joseph Colin Francis Johnston, Andrew Johnston, Alexander James Johnston, Hon. James Stewart Johnston, Hon. John Johnston, Robert Mackenzie Johnston, Hon. Walter Woods Jollie, Francis Jones, Charles Edwin Jones, John Jones, Richard Jordan, Henry Josephson, His Honour Joshua Frey Julius, Right Rev. Churchill K Katene, Wiremu Kavel, Rev. August Kawepo, Renata Keene, William Keepa, Major Keilly, Henry Kemble, Myra Kendall, Henry Clarence Kennaway, Walter Kennedy, Sir Arthur Edward Kennerley, Hon. Alfred Kennion, Right Rev. George Wyndham Kerferd, Hon. George Biscoe Kermode, Hon. Robert Quayle Kernot, William Charles King, Hon. George King, Henry Edward King, John King, Hon. John Charles King, Hon. Philip Gidley King, Rear-Admiral Phillip Parker King, Thomas King, Thomas Mulhall Kingsley, Henry Kingston, Hon. Charles Cameron Kingston, Hon. Sir George Strickland Kintore, Right Hon. Algernon Hawkins Thomond Keith-Falconer Knight, Godfrey Knight, John George Knight, Maggie Knight, Thomas John Knox, William Krichauff, Hon. Friedrich Edouard Heinrich Wulf Kyte, Ambrose L Lackey, Hon. John Lalor, Hon. Peter Lamb, Edward William Landsborough, William Lang, Rev. John Dunmore Langridge, Hon. George David Langton, Hon. Edward Langtree, Charles William Lanigan, Right Rev. William Larnach, Donald Larnach, Hon. William James Mudie Latrobe, Charles Joseph Laurie, Henry Lavater, George Theodore Adams Layard, Edgar Leopold Leake, George Leake, Hon. George Walpole Leake, Hon. Sir Luke Samuel Learmonth, Somerville Livingstone Learmonth, Thomas Livingstone Leary, Joseph Le Cren, Charles Lee Steere, Hon. Sir James George Leeper, Alexander Le Fleming, Sir Andrew Fleming Hudleston Lefroy, Anthony O'Grady Lefroy, Lieut.-General Sir John Henry Legge, Colonel William Vincent Lette, Hon. Henry Elms Levey, George Collins Levien, Hon. Jonas Felix Lewis, Hon. Neil Elliott Leys, Thomson Wilson Ligar, Charles Whybrow Lilley, Hon. Sir Charles Lindauer, Gottfried Linton, Right Rev. Sydney Lipson, Captain Thomas Lisgar (1st Lord) Lissner, Isodor Liversidge, Professor Archibald Lloyd, Hon. George Alfred Loch, His Excellency Sir Henry Brougham Loftus, Augustus Pelham Brooke Loftus, The Right Hon. Lord Augustus William Frederick Spencer Long, Hon. William Alexander Longmore, Hon. Francis Lonsdale, Captain William Lord, Hon. George William Lorimer, Hon. Sir James Loton, William Thorley Lovett, Major Henry Wilton Lovett, William Lowe, Right Hon. Robert Lowrie, William Loyau, George E. Lucas, Arthur Henry Shakespeare Lucas, Hon. John Lucas, Richard James Lukin, Gresley Lutwyche, His Honour Alfred James Peter Lyne, Hon. William John Lyster, William Saurin Lyttelton, Right Hon. George William, Lord M Macalister, Hon. Arthur Macandrew, James McArthur, Alexander Macarthur, David Charteris Macarthur, Lieut.-General Sir Edward Macarthur, Hannibal Hawkins Macarthur, James Macarthur, Hon. Sir William McArthur, William Alexander McCombie, Hon. Thomas Macartney, Very Rev. Hussey Burgh Macartney, Sir John, Bart. MacBain, Hon. Sir James McCoy, Prof. Sir Frederick McCrae, George Gordon McCulloch, Hon. Sir James McCulloch, Hon. William MacDermott, Marshall MacDermott, Hon. Townsend Macdonald, James William Macdonald-Paterson, Hon. Thomas McDonnell, Lieut-Colonel John McDonnell, Hon. Morgan Augustus MacDonnell, Sir Richard Graves McDonnell, Lieut-Col. Thomas McDougall, Hon. John Frederick McEncroe, Ven. Archdeacon John McFarland, His Honour Alfred MacFarland, John Henry McGowan, Samuel Walker MacGregor, Duncan Macgregor, Hon. John MacGregor, Sir William McIlwraith, Hon. Sir Thomas Mackay, Hon. Angus McKean, Hon. James MacKellar, Hon. Charles Kinnaird Mackelvie, James Tannock Mackenzie, Lieut-Col. Henry Douglas McKenzie, Hon. John Mackenzie, Sir Robert Ramsay McKerrow, James McKinlay, John Mackinnon, Lauchlan MacLaurin, Hon. Henry Norman McLean, Hon. Allan McLean, Sir Donald McLean, Hon. George Maclean, Hon. John Donald McLean, Peter Macleay, Sir George Macleay, Hon. Sir William John Macleay, William Sharp McLellan, Hon. William MacMahon, Captain Hon. Sir Charles MacMahon, Philip McMillan, Angus McMillan, William Macnab, Henry Black McNeill, Major-General Sir John Carstairs Macpherson, Hon. John Alexander Macrossan, Hon. John Murtagh Madden, Hon. John Madden, Richard Robert Madden, Hon. Walter Mair, Major William Gilbert Mais, Henry Coathupe Maniapoto, Rewi Maning, Frederick Edward Mann, Charles Mann, Hon. Charles Mann, John Manning, Hon. Charles James Manning, Frederic Norton Manning, Hon. Sir William Montagu Mansfield, Rev. Ralph Mantell, Hon. Walter Baldock Durant Marmion, Hon. William Edward Marsden, Right Rev. Samuel Edward Martin, Arthur Patchett Martin, His Honour the Hon. Sir James Martin, Sir William Mason, Clayton Turner Matheson, John Mathieson, John Matveieff, Alexey Froloff Maunsell, Ven. Robert Maxwell, J. P. Meaden, John William Meares, George Mein, Hon. Charles Stuart Melba, Madame (Helen Porter Armstrong) Melville, Ninian Menpes, Mortimer Mercer, Rev. Peter Meredith, Hon. Charles Meredith, Louisa Anne Merewether, Francis Lewis Shaw Mewburn, William Richmond Meyer, Oscar Michael, James Lionel Michie, Hon. Sir Archibald Middleton, Lieut.-General Sir Frederick Dobson Midwinter, William Miles, Hon. William Milford, Samuel Frederick Miller, Granville George Miller, Hon. Henry Miller, Hon. Henry John Miller, Hon. Maxwell Miller, Hon. Robert Byron Mills, James Milne, Hon. Sir William Mitchell, Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell, Hon. Sir William Henry Fancourt Mitchelson, Hon. Edwin Mitford, Eustace Reveley Moffatt, Hon. Thomas de Lacy Molesworth, His Honour Hickman Molesworth, Hon. Sir Robert Moncrieff, Alexander Bain Monro, Sir David Montgomery, The Right Rev. Henry Hutchinson Montgomery, William Montrose, Charles Moore, Hon. David Moore, Right Rev. James Moore, Maggie Moore, Hon. William Moorhouse, Right Rev. James Moorhouse, William Sefton Moran, Right Rev. Patrick Moran, His Eminence Patrick Francis, Cardinal Morehead, Hon. Boyd Dunlop Moreton, Hon. Berkeley Basil Morgan, Frederick Augustus Morgan, Hon. Sir William Morgan, William Pritchard Morphett, Sir John Morrah, Arthur Morris, Edward Ellis Morris, Henry Thomas Mort, Thomas Sutcliffe Moss, Frederick Joseph Moulden, Beaumont Arnold Mueller, Baron Sir Ferdinand von Mundy, Alfred Miller Munro, Hon. James Murdoch, William Lloyd Murphy, The Most Rev. Daniel Murphy, Sir Francis Murphy, Right Rev. Francis Murphy, William Emmet Murray, Hon. David Murray, George Gilbert Aimé Murray, Right Rev. James Murray, Reginald Augustus Frederick Murray, Hon. Sir Terence Aubrey Murray-Prior, Hon. Thomas Lodge Musgrave, Sir Anthony Musgrove, Alexander William Mylne, Thomas N Nairn, Hon. William Edward Neales, Hon. John Bentham Neild, James Edward Neill, Andrew Sinclair Nelson, Hon. Hugh Muir Nevill, Right Rev. Samuel Tarratt Newbery, James Cosmo Newland, Simpson Newton, Hon. Hibbert Nichols, George Robert Nicholson, Sir Charles Nicholson, Hon. William Nickle, Major-General Sir Robert Nimmo, Hon. John Nisbet, Hume Nisbet, William David Nixon, Right Rev. Francis Russell Noel, Arthur Baptist Noel, Wriothesley Baptist Norman, General Sir Henry Wylie Normanby, The Most Noble George Augustus Constantine Phipps Norton, Hon. Albert Norton, Hon. James Nowell, Edwin Cradock O O'Connell, Hon. Sir Maurice Charles O'Connor, C. Y. O'Connor, Hon. Daniel O'Connor, Right Rev. Michael O'Connor, Hon. Richard Edward O'Doherty, Kevin Izod O'Donovan, Dennis Officer, Charles Myles Officer, Sir Robert O'Grady, Hon. Michael O'Halloran, Joseph Sylvester O'Halloran, Major Thomas Shuldham O'Halloran, Captain William Littlejohn Okeden, William Edward Parry Oliver, Charles N. J. Oliver, Hon. Richard O'Loghlen, Hon. Sir Bryan O'Malley, Michael Onslow, Alexander Campbell Onslow, Captain Arthur Alexander Walton Onslow, Right Hon. William Hillier, Earl of Ord, Major-General Sir Harry St. George O'Reilly, Hon. Christopher Ormond, Hon. Francis Ormond, Hon. John Davies O'Rorke, Sir George Maurice O'Shanassy, Hon. Sir John Osman, John James Outtrim, Hon. Alfred Richard Owen, Major-General John Fletcher Owen, Hon. Robert Owen, His Honour William P Packer, Frederick Augustus Packer, John Edward Palmer, Colonel the Hon. Sir Arthur Hunter Palmer, Hon. Sir James Frederick Parata, Wiremu Parker, Gilbert Parker, Sir Henry Watson (N.S.W. Premier) Parker, Stephen Henry Parkes, Edmund Samuel Parkes, Hon. Sir Henry Parnell, Samuel Duncan Parry, Right Rev. Edward (Bishop Suffragan of Dover) Parry, Right Rev. Henry Hutton (Bishop of Perth) Parsons, Hon. John Langdon Pasley, Major-General Hon. Charles Pater, Thomas Kennedy Paterson, Alexander Stewart Paterson, Hon. William (correct spelling is Pattison) Paton, Rev. John Gibson Patterson, Hon. James Brown Patteson, Right Rev. John Coleridge Paul, George William Peacock, Hon. Alexander James Pearson, Hon. Charles Henry (Minister of Public Instruction in the Gillies-Deakin Ministry) Pearson, Right Rev. Josiah Brown (Bishop of Newcastle) Pearson, Hon. William (M.L.A. North Gippsland and M.L.C. for Eastern Province; racehorse owner) Pedder, Sir John Lewis Pell, Professor Morris Birkbeck Pennefather, Frederick William Penn, Lieutenant-Colonel Fitzroy Somerset Lanyon Perceval, Westby Brook Perkins, Hon. Patrick Perrin, George Samuel Perry, Right Rev. Charles Peterswald, William John Petherick, Edward Augustus Phillimore, Major William George Phillips, Major George B. Philp, Robert Piddington, Hon. William Richman Pilkington, Captain Henry Lionel Pillinger, Hon. Alfred Thomas Pirani, Frederick Joy Pitt, Lieutenant-Colonel Douglas Charles Dean Playford, Hon. Thomas Plunkett, Hon. John Hubert Pohlman, His Honour Robert Williams Polding, Most Rev. John Bede Pollen, Hon. Daniel Pompallier, Right Rev. John Baptist Francis Potatau Powers, Hon. Charles Praed, Mrs. Campbell Pratt, Lieut.-General Sir Thomas Simson Prendergast, Hon. Sir James Price, Rev. Charles Price, Edward William Price, John Pring, His Honour the Hon. Ratcliffe Prout, John Skinner Pugh, Theophilus Parsons Pullen, Admiral William John Pulsford, Edward Purves, James Liddell Pyke, Hon. Vincent Q Quick, John Quinn, Right Rev. James Quinn, Right Rev. Matthew R Radford, Henry Wyat Rae, John Raff, George Ramsay, Hon. John James Garden Ramsay, Hon. Robert Randell, William Richard Rawson, Charles Collinson Real, His Honour Patrick Redwood, Most Rev. Francis Rees, William Lee Reeves, Hon. William Reeves, Hon. William Pember Reibey, Hon. Thomas Reid, Donald Reid, George Houston Reid, Hon. Robert Dyce Rennie, Edward Alexander Rentoul, Rev. J. Laurence Renwick, Hon. Arthur Revans, Samuel Reville, Right Rev. Stephen Reynolds, Most Rev. Christopher Augustine Reynolds, Hon. Thomas Reynolds, Hon. William Hunter Richardson, Hon. Edward (N.Z. politician, Minister for Public Works) Richardson, Hon. Sir John Larkins Cheese (N.Z. politician, Postmaster-General) Richardson, Major-General John Soame (Commander of the Forces, N.S.W.) Richardson, Hon. Richard (Vic. politician, Minister of Lands and Agriculture) Richmond, Hon. Christopher William (N.Z. M.P., Minister of Native Affairs and Colonial Treasurer) Richmond, Hon. James Crowe (N.Z. M.P. for Omata and 'Grey and Bell', M.L.C.) Richmond, Major Hon. Matthew (N.Z. M.P. and Chairman of Committees) Ridley, Rev. William Rignold, George Rintel, Rev. Moses Robe, Major-General Frederick Holt Roberts, Col. Charles Fyshe (N.S.W. Under-Secretary Defence) Roberts, Charles James (N.S.W. politician and Postmaster-General) Roberts, Hon. Daniel Foley (Chairman of the Legislative Council, Queensland) Roberts, John ( Mayor of Dunedin, N.Z.) Robertson, Hon. Sir John (N.S.W. Premier) Robinson, Right Hon. Sir Hercules George Robert (Governor of New Zealand) Robinson, His Excellency Sir William Cleaver Francis (Governor of Western Australia) Robertson, William Roe, Captain John Septimus Rogers, John Warrington (Solicitor-General Tas.; judge in Vic.) Rogers, John William Foster (Author and Inspector of Schools at Sydney, N.S.W.) Rogers, G. H. (comedian) Rolfe, Hon. George Rolleston, Christopher Rolleston, Hon. William Romilly, Hugh Hastings Rooke, Hon. Henry Isidore Joachim Raphael Rose, W. Kinnaird Rosewarne, David Davey Ross, Hon. Sir Robert Dalrymple Rounsevell, Hon. William Benjamin Rous, Admiral Hon. Henry John Rowan, Marian Ellis Rusden, George William Russell, Very Rev. Alexander Russell, Lieut.-Col. Andrew Hamilton Russell, Henry Chamberlain Russell, James George Russell, Thomas Russell, Captain William Russell Rutledge, Hon. Arthur Ryan, Charles Snodgrass S St. Hill, Lieut.-Colonel Windle Hill St. Julian, Charles James Herbert Salomons, Hon. Sir Julian Emanuel Salvado, Right Rev. Rosendo Samuel, Hon. Sir Saul Sanderson, Frederic James Sandford, Rt. Rev. Daniel Fox Santo, Philip Sargood, Lieut.-Col. Hon. Sir Frederick Thomas Saunders, Alfred Sawyer, Right Rev. William Collinson Schomburgk, Richard Von Scott, Rear-Admiral Lord Charles Thomas Douglas Montagu Scott, Hon. James Reid Scratchley, Major-General Sir Peter Henry Seafield, Earl of Searle, Henry Ernest Seddon, Hon. Richard John See, Hon. John Selby, Prideaux Selfe, Henry Selfe Selwyn, Alfred Richard Cecil Selwyn, Right Rev. George Augustus Selwyn, Right Rev. John Richardson Senior, William Service, Hon. James Sewell, Hon. Henry Seymour, David Thompson Shaw, Bernard Sheehan, Hon. John Sheil, Right Rev. Lawrence Bonaventure Shelton, Edward M. Shenton, Hon. George Sheppard, Hon. Edmund Sheppard, Herbert Norman Sheppard, William Fleetwood Sherbrooke, Viscount Sheridan, Lieut.-Col. Richard Bingham Sherwin, Amy Shiels, Hon. William Shillinglaw, John Joseph Sholl, Lionel Henry Sholl, Captain Richard Adolphus Short, Right Rev. Augustus Shortland, Lieutenant Willoughby Sillitoe, Right Rev. Acton Windeyer Simpson, Hon. George Bowen Sinclair, Andrew Singleton, Francis Corbet Sinnett, Frederick Sitwell, Hon. Robt. Sacheverell Wilmot Skene, Alexander John Sladen, Hon. Sir Charles Sladen, Douglas Brooke Wheelton Slattery, Hon. Thomas Michael Smart, Hon. Thomas Christie Smith, Hon. (Arthur) Bruce Smith, Sir Edwin Thomas Smith, Hon. Sir Francis Villeneuve Smith, Hon. George Paton Smith, James (Tas) Smith, James (Vic) Smith, Hon. James Thornloe Smith, Professor the Hon. John Smith, Hon. John Thomas Smith, Joseph Henry Smith, Hon. Louis Lawrence Smith, Captain M. S. Smith, Hon. Robert Burdett Smith, Robert Murray Smith, Hon. Sydney Smith, Lieut.-Colonel Hon. William Collard Smith, William Jardine Smith, Right Rev. William Saumarez Smyth, Robert Brough Smythe, Robert Sparrow Solly, Benjamin Travers Spain, William Spalding, Colonel Warner Wright Speight, Richard Spence, Charlotte H. Spence, John Brodie Spencer, Professor Walter Baldwin Spensley, Hon. Howard Spofforth, Frederick Robert Sprent, Charles Percy Sprent, James Spring, Gerald Stafford, Hon. Sir Edward William Stanbury, James Standish, Captain Charles Frederick Stanley, Major Henry Charles Stanton, Right Rev. George Henry Stawell, Hon. Sir William Foster Steel, Rev. Robert Stenhouse, Nicol Drysdale Stephen, Hon. Sir Alfred Stephen, Sir George Stephen, George Milner Stephen, Hon. James Wilberforce Stephen, His Honour Matthew Henry Stephens, James Brunton Stephens, Samuel Stephens, Thomas Stephens, Thomas Blackett Stephens, William John Stevens, Hon. Edward Cephas John Stevenson, George Steward, Major Hon. William Jukes Stewart, Miss Nellie Stewart, Robert Muter Stirling, Admiral Sir James Stock, Hon. William Frederick Stone, His Honour Edward Albert Stops, Frederick Stout, Hon. Sir Robert Stow, Augustine Stow, Jefferson Pickman Stow, His Honour Randolph Isham Stow, Rev. Thomas Quentin Strachan, Hon. James Ford Strahan, Major Sir George Cumine Strangways, Hon. Henry Bull Templer Strangways, Thomas Bewes Strickland, Sir Edward Strong, Rev. Charles Strong, Herbert Augustus Strzelecki, Sir Paul Edmund de Stuart, Hon. Sir Alexander Stuart, Rev. Donald McNaughton Stuart, Right Hon. Edward Craig Stuart, Hon. Frank Stuart, James Martin Stuart, John McDouall Sturt, Capt. Charles Sullivan, Barry Summers, Charles (sculptor) Summers, Joseph (Musical Examiner) Supple, Gerald Henry Suter, Right Rev. Andrew Burn Sutherland, Alexander (author) Sutherland, George Sutherland, Hon. John (N.S.W. politician, Minister of Public Works) Suttor, Hon. Francis Bathurst (N.S.W. politician, Postmaster-General) Suttor, Hon. William Henry (N.S.W. politician, Vice-President of the Executive Council) Swainson, Hon. William (N.Z. Attorney-General) Swainson, William (botanist) Swan, Nathaniel Walter Sword, Thomas Stevenson Syme, David Syme, Ebenezer Syme, George Alexander Symon, Josiah Henry Symonds, Edward C. (Vic. public servant, Comptroller) Symonds, Edward Stace (Under-Treasurer of Victoria) T Tancred, Clement William Tancred, Hon. Henry John (N.Z. M.L.C.) Tawhiao Taylor, Francis Pringle Tebbutt, John Teece, Richard Thakombau Te Kooti, Rikirangi Te Whiti Therry, Very Rev. John Joseph Therry, Sir Roger Thierry, Charles, Baron de Thomas, Hon. James Henry Thomas, Julian Thomas, Margaret Thomas, Right Rev. Mesac Thomas, Robert Thomas, Robert Kyffin Thomas, William Kyffin Thompson, Hon. John Malbon Thomson, Hon. Sir Edward Deas Thomson, James Thomson, James William Thorn, Hon. George Thornton, Hon. George Thornton, Right Rev. Samuel Thurston, His Excellency Sir John Bates Thynne, Hon. Andrew Joseph Todd, Charles Tolmer, Alexander Topp, Arthur Manning Topp, Charles Alfred Topp, Samuel St. John Torrance, Rev. George Williams Torreggiani, Right Rev. Elzear Torrens, Hon. Sir Robert Richard Townley, Captain William Towns, Hon. Robert Townsend, William Tozer, Hon. Horace Travers, William Thomas Locke Trench, Hon. Robert Le Poer Trenwith, William Arthur Trevor, Lieut.-General Wm. Cosmo Trickett, Hon. William Joseph Tryon, Vice-Admiral Sir George Tucker, Hon. Albert Lee Tucker, Thomas George Tufnell, Right Rev. Edward Wyndham Tulloch, Major-General Alexander Bruce Tully, William Alcock Turner, Hon. George Turner, Lieut.-Colonel George Napier Turner, Henry Gyles Turner, Right Rev. James Francis Twopenny, Richard Ernest Nowell Tyas, John Walter Tyrrell, Right Rev. William Tyson, James U Ullathorne, The Most Rev. William Bernard Umphelby, Captain Charles Edward Umphelby, Capt. Charles Washington Unmack, Hon. Theodore V Vaughan, Most Reverend Roger William Bede Vaughn, Robert Matheson Venables, Henry Pares Venn, Hon. Harry Whittall Verdon, Edward Theophilus de Verdon, Hon. Sir George Frederick Viard, Right Rev. Dr. Vincent, J. E. Matthew Vogan, Arthur James Vogel, Hon. Sir Julius Von Tempsky, Major Gustavus F. W Wahanui, Tamati Ngapora Waharoa, Wiremu Tamihana Te Wahawaha, Major Hon. Ropata Waka, Nene Tamati Wakefield, Edward Wakefield, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, Felix Walch, Garnet Walcot, Captain John Cotterel Phillips Walker, George Washington Walker, James Backhouse Walker, Hon. John Walker, Richard Cornelius Critchett Walker, Hon. William Froggatt Wallace, William Vincent Wallen, Robert Elias Walsh, Hon. Robert Walsh, Hon. William Henry Walstab, George Arthur Want, John Henry Warburton, Major Peter Egerton Ward, Crosbie Ward, Hon. Ebenezer Ward, Edward Grant Ward, Major-General Sir Edward Wolstenholme Ward, Frederick William Ward, Mrs. Humphry Ward, Hon. Joseph George Ward, His Honour Robert Warton, Charles Nicholas Waterhouse, George Marsden Waterhouse, George Wilson Watson, Henry Brereton Marriott Watson, Rev. Henry Crocker Marriott Watson, Hon. James Watt, John Brown Watterston, David Way, Arthur S. Way, His Honour the Hon. Samuel James Waylen, Alfred Robert Wearing, Hon. William Webb, His Honour George Henry Frederick Webb, Thomas Prout Webber, Right Rev. William Thomas Thornhill Wedge, Hon. John Helder Weekes, Hon. Elias Carpenter Weld, Sir Frederick Aloysius Wentworth, William Charles Were, Jonathan Binns West, Rev. John West-Erskine, William Alexander Erskine Westgarth, William Weston, Hon. William Pritchard Wheeler, Hon. James Henry Whitaker, Hon. Sir Frederick White, Hon. James White, John Whitehead, Charles Whitington, Rev. Canon Frederick Taylor Whitmore, Major-General the Hon. Sir George Stoddart Whittell, Horatio Thomas Whitton, John Whitworth, Robert Percy Whyte, Hon. James Wigley, Henry Rudolph Wilkinson, Charles Smith Wilkinson, William Hattam Williams, Sir Edward Eyre Williams, His Honour Hartley Williams, Ven. Henry Williams, Major Horatio Lloyd Williams, John Williams, His Honour Joshua Strange Williams, Right Rev. William Williamson, James Cassius Williamson, John Willis, John Walpole Willoughby, Howard Wills, William John Willson, Right Rev. Robert William Wilson, Rev. Ambrose John Wilson, Hon. Andrew Heron Wilson, Edward Wilson, Hon. Sir James Milne Wilson, Hon. John Bowie Wilson, Sir John Cracroft Wilson, Hon. John Nathaniel Wilson, Sir Samuel Wilson, Hon. Walter Horatio Wilson, Hon. William Wilson, William Chisholm Windeyer, His Honour Sir William Charles Windsor, Arthur Lloyd Winter-Irving, Hon. William Irving Wisdom, Hon. Sir Robert Wise, Bernhard Ringrose Wise, His Honour Edward Withers, William Bramwell Wood, Harrie Wood, Hon. John Dennistoun Wood, Hon. Reader Gilson Woods, Hon. John Woods, Rev. Julian E. Tenison Woolley, Rev. John Woolls, Rev. William Wragge, Clement Lindley Wrensfordsley, Sir Henry Thomas Wright, Francis Augustus (N.S.W. M.L.A.) Wright, George Speller (S.A. Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands ) Wright, Hon. John Arthur (W.A. M.L.C.) Wrixon, Hon. Sir Henry John Wynyard, General Edward Buckley Wynyard, Lieut.-General Robert Henry (acting Governor of New Zealand) Wyselaskie, John Dickson Y Youl, Sir James Arndell Young, Adolphus William Young, Sir Henry Edward Fox Young, James Henry Younghusband, William Yuille, William Cross Z Zeal, Hon. William Austin The Dictionary of Australasian Biography A Abbott, Hon. Sir Joseph Palmer, M.L.A., Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, New South Wales, was born at Muswellbrook, N.S.W., on Sep. 29th, 1842. From his youth Mr. Abbott has been engaged in pastoral pursuits; but he is also a solicitor by profession. He was M.L.A. for the district of Gunnedah from 1880 to 1885, and has since represented Wentworth. Mr. Abbott was Secretary for Mines in the Stuart Government from Jan. 7th, 1883, to Oct. 7th, 1885; and held the post of Secretary for Lands in the Dibbs Ministry from Nov. 7th to Dec. 22nd, 1885. Subsequently Mr. Abbott sat with Mr. Dibbs in Opposition. He, however, found occasion to take an independent stand, and separated himself from the main body of protectionists, and was looked upon as leader of the Third Party in the Assembly—a section also known as the Independent and the "Law and Order" party. He was a member of the New South Wales Commission for the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition of 1888; and in Oct. 1890 he was elected Speaker of the Legislative Assembly on the retirement of Mr. Young. He was one of the delegates of New South Wales to the Federation Convention held in Sydney in 1891. During the shearers' strike in 1891 he offered his intervention. He was re-elected Speaker later in the year, and was gazetted to a knighthood on May 25th, 1892. Abbott, Robert Palmer, J.P., was born in Ireland, and came to Sydney when a boy with his parents. He was admitted a solicitor in 1854. Mr. Abbott entered the Legislative Assembly in 1872 as member for Tenterfield, and was returned for Hartley in 1880. He was nominated to the Legislative Council in 1885, and sat till March 1st, 1888, when he resigned, owing to his objection to certain appointments. He was Secretary for Mines in the first Parkes Administration from July 27th, 1874, to Feb. 8th, 1875, and a member of the New South Wales Commission in London for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886. a'Beckett, His Honour Thomas, puisne judge, Victoria, is the eldest son of Mr. Thomas Turner a'Beckett (q.v.) and was born in 1836. He went to Victoria with his father, and returned to London in 1856, entering as a student of Lincoln's Inn on May 18th, 1857. He won a studentship in Nov. 1859, and was called to the bar on Nov. 17th of the same year. Judge a'Beckett returned to Victoria, and was admitted to the bar there on Aug. 16th, 1860, and practised before the Supreme Court in Melbourne. He married, in 1875, Isabella, daughter of Sir Archibald Michie, K.C.M.G., Q.C. (q.v.) and was appointed a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria on Sept. 30th, 1886. Mr. Justice a'Beckett was formerly a law lecturer in Melbourne University, but resigned in 1880. He is still a member of the Faculty of Law in the University, and was elected a member of the Council on Jan. 10th, 1887. a'Beckett, Hon. Thomas Turner, J.P., comes of a well-known Wiltshire family, long settled at West Lavington, in that county. He is the son of the late William a'Beckett, a solicitor in London, and a brother of the late Sir William a'Beckett (q.v.), and of the late Gilbert Abbott a'Beckett, the well-known London police magistrate, comic author, and contributor to Punch. Another brother, Arthur Martin a'Beckett, F.R.C.S., was a prominent resident in Sydney, and died there on May 23rd, 1871. Mr. a'Beckett was born on Sept. 18th, 1808, and educated at Westminster School. After leaving he was articled to his father, and admitted a solicitor and attorney in 1829, when he joined his father in practice. Mr. a'Beckett wrote a number of able pamphlets advocating legal reforms, and was a member of the Council of the Law Amendment Society down to 1850, when he emigrated to Victoria, being admitted to practise as a solicitor in Melbourne in 1851, and was registrar of the diocese from 1854 to 1887. During the gold fever he published a pamphlet entitled "Gold and the Government," and was nominated to the Legislative Council on July 14th, 1852. On the inauguration of responsible government in 1855 he unsuccessfully attempted to enter the Lower House for Collingwood, but was elected to the Legislative Council for the central province, and sat from 1858 to 1878, when he retired from political life, in the course of which he opposed the ballot, the abolition of state aid to religion and the export duty on gold, and gave his adhesion to payment of members. Mr. a'Beckett was a member of the Heales Ministry without portfolio from Nov. 26th, 1860, to Nov. 11th, 1861, and was sworn of the Executive Council on Jan. 7th, 1861. In April 1868, on the resignation of Sir James McCulloch during the Darling Grant crisis, Mr. a'Beckett was applied to by Lord Canterbury to form a conciliation ministry; but this, after considerable negotiation, he found himself unable to do, and in the result the Sladen Ministry was formed. Mr. a'Beckett was Commissioner of Trade and Customs in the third McCulloch Administration, from April 9th, 1870, to June 19th, 1871. He was a member of the Royal Commission on the Civil Service in 1862, and Chairman of that of 1870. Mr. a'Beckett was also for many years a member of the Council of Melbourne University, and a trustee of the Public Library. He was Chairman of the Hobson's Bay Railway Company down to the time when the line became absorbed in the Government railway system. Before leaving London, Mr. a'Beckett published "Remarks on the Present State of the Law of Debtor and Creditor," 1844; "Railway Litigation, and How to Check It," 1846; "Law-reforming Difficulties: a Letter to Lord Brougham," 1849. After his arrival in Victoria he published "A Comparative View of Court Fees and Attorneys' Charges," 1854; "A Defence of State Aid to Religion," 1856; "State Aid Question—Strictures on Pamphlets of Dr. Cairns," 1856. Mr. a'Beckett from time to time delivered lectures at the Industrial and Technological Museum, Melbourne. Several of these, including "Painting and Painters," have been published. [Hon. Thomas Turner à Becket died in Melbourne on July 1st, 1892. Appended in Supplement, p. 529] a'Beckett, Sir William, first Chief Justice of Victoria, was the eldest son of William a'Beckett, and the brother of T. T. a'Beckett (q.v.). He was born in London on July 28th, 1806, and educated at Westminster School, where, in conjunction with his brother Gilbert Abbott a'Beckett, he started two periodicals of very promising ability, entitled the Censor and Literary Beacon. He was called to the English bar in 1827, went to New South Wales in 1837, and was in 1841 appointed Solicitor-General, and subsequently Puisne Judge. He became judge of the Supreme Court for the district of Port Phillip on Feb. 3rd, 1846, and on Jan. 19th, 1851 was made first Chief Justice of the newly constituted colony of Victoria. In the same year the reckless abandonment of the population to the excitement of the gold fever called forth a cautionary pamphlet from Sir William. It was published under the pseudonym "Colonus," and was entitled, "Does the Discovery of Gold in Victoria, viewed in relation to its Moral and Social Effects as hitherto developed, deserve to be considered a National Blessing or a National Curse?" The judge evidently leant to the latter view. The experiences of a holiday trip to Europe are contained in a volume by Sir William, published in London in 1854 entitled "Out of Harness," containing notes on a tour through Switzerland and Italy. Sir William's health failed, but he postponed his retirement to suit the convenience of the Haines Ministry. In 1857, however, he left the bench and returned to reside in England in 1863, where he published in London "The Earl's Choice, and other Poems." Sir William died at Upper Norwood, in Surrey, on June 27th, 1869. In 1832 he married Emily, daughter of Edward Hayley, who died in 1841. In addition to the works already mentioned, Sir William published "The Siege of Dumbarton Castle and other Poems," 1824, a large number of biographies in "The Georgian Era" (4 vols., 1834-4): "A Universal Biography; including Scriptural, Classical, and Mythological Memoirs, together with Accounts of many Eminent Living Characters" (3 vols., London, 1835); and "The Magistrates' Manual for the Colony of Victoria" (Melbourne, 1852). a'Beckett, Hon. William Arthur Callendar, J.P., eldest son of the late Sir William a'Beckett (q.v.), was in the Legislative Council of Victoria from 1868 to 1876, and held office without portfolio in the Administration of Sir Charles Gavan Duffy from June 1871 to June 10th, 1872. He was sworn in as a member of the Executive Council on July 31st, 1871. He represented the first Berry Government in the Legislative Council, being a member of the Ministry without office from Aug. 7th to Oct. 20th, 1875. He was admitted to the Victorian bar on Sept. 15th, 1875. Mr. a'Beckett, who was born at Kensington on July 7th, 1833, and educated at King's College, London, and at Downing College, Cambridge, where he was a Fellow Commoner, has also been called to the English (Inner Temple) and New South Wales bars. He married, in Sept. 1855, Emma, only child and heiress of John Mills, of Melbourne. He has been a magistrate of the colony of Victoria since 1862, but now resides at Penleigh House, Westbury, Wilts. Abigail, Francis, J.P., son of the late William Abigail, was born in London in 1840. He emigrated to Sydney in 1860, and married there, in 1861. Mr. Abigail was M.L.A. for West Sydney from 1880 to June 1891, when he was defeated. He was Minister of Mines in Sir Henry Parkes' Administration from Jan. 20th, 1887, to Jan. 10th, 1889, and is a J.P. of the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria. He was a member of the New South Wales Commission for the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition of 1888, and for the Exhibition of Mining and Metallurgy, held at the Crystal Palace in 1890, in which year he visited England, and received a cordial welcome from the various Orange bodies in England and the north of Ireland. Whilst in London he gave valuable evidence before the Royal Commission on Mines. Abraham, Right Reverend Charles John, M.A., D.D., the son of the late Captain Abraham, R.N., of Farnborough, Hants, was born in 1815, and educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, of which he was successively Scholar and Fellow. He was admitted to the degree of B.A. in 1837, M.A. in 1840, B.D. in 1849, and received the degree of D.D. in 1859. He was ordained deacon in 1838, and priest in the following year. He was Assistant Master at Eton until 1850, when he went out to New Zealand to become Master of the English department of St. John's College, Auckland. In 1853 he was appointed Archdeacon of Waitemata by the Bishop (Selwyn) of New Zealand. The Bishop had for two or three years been offering to members of the Church of England a Church Constitution, whereby they were to govern themselves; and during the two years which followed, while absent in England, he left Archdeacon Abraham to propagate and expound the principles of the Church Constitution. In 1857 a convention of representative churchmen from all parts of the colony was held in Auckland, which resulted in the framing of the Constitution now in force. In the following year Archdeacon Abraham, who had also been acting as chaplain to the Bishop, was consecrated first Bishop of Wellington by the Archbishop (Sumner) of Canterbury and Bishops (Wilberforce) of Oxford and (Lonsdale) of Lichfield. When the Maori war broke out by reason of the purchase by the Government of the Waitara block, Bishop Abraham presented a protest to the Governor, claiming for the Maoris as British subjects the right to be heard in the Supreme Court. In 1870 he resigned his see, and, returning to England, was made coadjutor to Dr. Selwyn, then Bishop of Lichfield. This office he held until the death of Bishop Selwyn, in 1878. From 1872 to 1876 he was Prebendary of Bobenhall in Lichfield Cathedral, and in 1875-6 was rector of Tattenhill, Staffordshire. Since 1876 he has been Canon and Precentor of Lichfield Cathedral. He married in 1850 Caroline Harriet, daughter of Sir Charles Thomas Palmer, Bart., of Wanlip Hall, Leicestershire, and cousin of the wife of Bishop Selwyn. She died in 1877. Bishop Abraham is the author of "Festival and Lenten Lectures in St. George's Chapel, Windsor," 1848-9 (Parker), and other works. Adams, Francis William Leith, is the son of the late Professor Andrew Leith Adams, F.R.S., F.G.S., and grandson of Francis Adams, M.D., LL.D., a distinguished Scotch physician and classical scholar. His mother is the well-known authoress, Mrs. Bertha Leith Adams (now Mrs. B. S. de Courcy Laffan), of Stratford-on-Avon. Mr. Adams resided in Queensland and various other parts of Australia, and published his "poetical works" in Brisbane. He has also written "Leicester, an Autobiography" (London, 1885); "Australian Essays" (Melbourne, 1886); "Songs of the Army of Night" (London, 1890). The next year he contributed a series of remarkable articles on Australia to the Fortnightly Review, and early in 1892 published in London a collection of Australian tales. Adams, Philip Francis, ex-Surveyor General, New South Wales, was born in Suffolk in 1828. Ten years later his family removed to the north of Ireland, and he was educated at the Belfast Institution. In 1851 he emigrated to Canada, and subsequently had an unlucky experience at the Californian diggings. He came to Sydney in 1854, and was Government Land Surveyor for the Maitland district till 1857. He was afterwards connected with the Trigonometrical Survey of New South Wales. In 1864 he was appointed Deputy Surveyor General, and Surveyor General on March 17th, 1868. Mr. Adams retired on a pension, and was a member of the New South Wales Commission in Sydney for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886. Adams, Robert Dudley, was born on July 9th, 1829, on board the Rotterdam packet, in which his mother was travelling to England. He was for a time private secretary to the Hon. Sidney Herbert (afterwards Lord Herbert of Lea), the popular War Minister. He arrived in New South Wales on Sept. 21st, 1851, and engaged in commercial and pastoral pursuits, in the intervals of which, between 1860 and 1880, he wrote a series of articles on "Australian Finance and Resource" for the English press and magazines, also for the colonial press, numerous political sketches, reviews, and essays, also two poems, the "Psalm of Time" and "Song of the Stars" (the latter subject suggested to him by the late Prince Albert). He has been a member of all the New South Wales Exhibition Commissions (except one), including that for Chicago. Adams, Hon. Robert Patten, puisne judge, Tasmania, third son of James White Adams, of Martook, Somerset, and Mary Anne Elizabeth his wife, was born on March 4th, 1831, and educated at Martock grammar school and at King's College School, London. He entered at the Middle Temple in April 1851, and was called to the bar on May 1st, 1854. Mr. Justice Adams emigrated to Tasmania, and was called to the bar there on Sept. 25th, 1856. He subsequently became Chairman of Quarter Sessions and a Commissioner of the Court of Requests for the northern division of Tasmania. Having embraced political life, he entered the House of Assembly, and was returned for Hobart in 1859, 1861, and from 1862-6. He became Solicitor-General in 1867, and held the appointment till 1887, when on March 14th he was appointed a puisne judge. He is Chancellor of the Diocese of Tasmania, and has been twice married; his first wife, who died in 1867, being Harriett Matilda, daughter of the late Captain George King, R.N. He married secondly Kate, daughter of the late George Francis Huston, J. P., of New Norfolk, Tasmania. Adamson, Travers, was called to the Irish bar at King's Inn in April 1850, and admitted to practise at the Victorian bar on Nov. 24th, 1852. He represented the Murray district in the first Legislative Assembly of Victoria, which assembled in Nov. 1856. Mr. Adamson was Solicitor-General in the Nicholson Administration from Oct. 27th, 1859, to March 5th, 1860, and was for many years Crown prosecutor. Addis, William E., B.A., son of the late Rev. Thomas Addis, of Edinburgh, minister of the Free Church, was born in 1844, and was Snell Exhibitioner to Balliol College, Oxford. He matriculated on Oct. 12th, 1861, and took a first class in Classical Moderations in 1863, and a first class in the final classical schools in 1865. He took his B.A. degree in 1866, and very shortly afterwards became a convert to the Roman Catholic Church, and a member of the congregation of St. Philip Neri at the Brompton Oratory. He left the Oratory, and became priest in charge of Lower Sydenham. In 1888 he resigned the priesthood, after issuing a circular to his parishioners announcing his abjuration of Roman Catholic doctrines, and was married, at St. John's, Notting Hill, to Miss Flood. At the end of the year he accepted the post of assistant to the Rev. Charles Strong, of the Australian Church, Melbourne. Mr. Addis is the author of "Anglicanism and the Fathers," "Anglican Misrepresentation," and of the "Catholic Dictionary," compiled in conjunction with Thomas Arnold (q.v.), which was published in 1884. Since his residence in Melbourne Mr. Addis has published some articles on Biblical criticism, displaying an acquaintance with the more advanced school of German theologians. Agg, Alfred John, sometime Commissioner of Railways, Victoria, was born in 1830 at Evesham, Worcestershire. He was educated at the Worcester grammar school, and entered the service of the Great Western Railway Company as a clerk at Reading in 1845, where he remained until 1850, when he emigrated to Australia. He arrived in Victoria in 1851, and was employed in the Chief Secretary's office and the Immigration Department. He was afterwards appointed Government Storekeeper, which position he resigned in 1856, and became president of the new department created to supersede the old system of commissariat control. His abilities in this office were rewarded by his appointment as Under Treasurer, and on Oct. 13th, 1857, he was made Commissioner of Audit. In 1883 he was granted a year's leave, which he spent in making a tour of the world, and in his absence he was nominated to act under Mr. Speight as a commissioner under the Railways Management Act. Mr. Agg was admitted to the Victorian bar on Dec. 6th, 1860, and died on Oct 16th, 1886. Agnew, Hon. James Wilson, M.D., J.P., ex-Premier of Tasmania, was admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons (England) in 1838, and M.D. of Glasgow University in 1839. Soon afterwards he emigrated to Tasmania, and for many years practised his profession in Hobart Dr. Agnew was made a J.P. for Tasmania on Feb. 10th, 1862. He was a member of the Legislative Council 1877-81, and from 1884 to July 1887, when he resigned. He was a member of Mr. Fysh's Ministry without office from Aug. 9th, 1877 (on which date he was sworn of the Executive Council) to March 5th, 1878, and of the Giblin Ministry, which succeeded, from March 5th to Dec. 20th, 1878. He again took office with Mr. Giblin, without portfolio, on Oct. 30th, 1879; but resigned on Feb. 5th, 1881. Dr. Agnew became Premier and Chief Secretary of the Colony on March 8th, 1886. On March 1st, 1887, Mr. Rooke was taken into the Ministry as Chief Secretary, Dr. Agnew remaining Premier until the 29th of the month, when he resigned with his colleagues. Dr. Agnew is Vice-President and Honorary Secretary of the Royal Society of Tasmania, and a member of the Council. He was for many years a member of the Tasmanian Council of Education, and on the establishment of the Tasmanian University was elected a member of the Council, but, in consequence of absence from the colony, resigned in 1891. He was President of the Tasmanian Commission for the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880. Ahearne, Surgeon-Major Joseph, L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S., is a native of Ireland, and was admitted L.R.C.S. (Ireland) in 1871, and L.R.C.P. (London) in 1878. He emigrated to Queensland, and was appointed Government Medical Officer at Townsville in Nov. 1879. He was appointed Surgeon-Major and Principal Medical Officer of the defence force for the Northern District in Nov. 1886, and Health Officer at Townsville on Nov. 25th, 1886. In that year he visited England as the representative of the North Queensland Separation League; and much of the progress which has since attended the operations of the League is to be ascribed to the impetus given to it by Dr. Ahearne's exertions. Dr. Ahearne married Miss Cunningham, the daughter of Edward Cunningham, a Queensland squatter. Airy, Major Henry Park, D.S.O., of the New South Wales Artillery, was formerly in the 101st Foot; and having become attached to the New South Wales military forces, of which he became captain in March 1885, served in the Soudan campaign with the colonial contingent, receiving a medal, with clasp, for the advance on Tamai. He served with the British army in Burmah in 1886 and 1887, and having behaved with great gallantry and been severely wounded, was created a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (in 1888), was mentioned in despatches, and pensioned by the Government of India. In further recognition of his brilliant services in Burmah, he was, in June 1887, appointed a brevet-major in the New South Wales forces by Lord Carrington, then Governor of that colony. Akhurst, William, the actor, was born at Hammersmith on Dec. 29th, 1822, and went to Melbourne, Australia, in 1850. Here he joined the Melbourne Argus as sub-editor and musical critic. Subsequently he wrote fourteen pantomimes, one of his burlesques, the "Siege of Troy," running sixty nights. In 1870 he returned to England, and wrote pantomimes for Astley's, the Pavilion, and the Elephant and Castle Theatres. He died on board of the Patriarch, whilst on his way out to Sydney, on June 7th, 1878. Alexander, Samuel, M.A., Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, son of Samuel Alexander and Eliza [Sloman] his wife, was born in Sydney on Jan. 6th, 1859. He was educated at Wesley College, Melbourne, and Melbourne University, where he matriculated in 1875, winning three exhibitions. During the next two years he won five exhibitions in the arts course, in classics, mathematics, and natural science. Mr. Alexander was elected scholar of Balliol College, Oxford, in Nov. 1877; was Prox. Acc. University Junior Mathematical Scholarship in 1878; and was first class in Classical Moderations, and first class in Mathematical Moderations in 1879. He was first class in the Final School of Litteræ Humaniores in 1881. He received the degree of B.A. in 1881, and of M.A. in 1884. Since taking his degree Mr. Alexander has devoted himself to the study of philosophy. He was elected Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, in 1882, and from 1883 to the end of 1888 lectured on philosophy at Lincoln College. In 1885 he was appointed examiner in the Final School of Litteræ Humaniores, a position which he held till 1887, when he was awarded the Green Memorial Prize for Moral Philosophy. In 1889 he published a treatise on Ethics, entitled "Moral Order and Progress" (London, Trübner). This had been partly founded on a prize essay. Mr. Alexander is the author of various smaller contributions in Mind, and elsewhere; an article on Hegel's "Conception of Nature," in Mind for 1886, being especially worthy of notice. Allen, Hon. George, M.L.C., was the son of Dr. Richard Allen, physician to George III., and was born in London in Nov. 1800. He arrived in New South Wales in Jan. 1816, and was the first attorney and solicitor admitted by the Supreme Court of New South Wales. This took place on July 26th, 1822, and he had much difficulty in maintaining his status against the English-bred attorneys who desired to monopolise the practice. He married in 1823, and was elected Alderman of the Brisbane Ward in the first corporation of the city of Sydney in 1842, acting as third Mayor of the city in 1845. In the latter year he was nominated to a seat in the old Legislative Council, and was appointed honorary Police Magistrate of the City and Port. In 1856 he became a member of the present Legislative Council, and was elected Chairman of Committees, an office which he resigned in 1873, along with his membership of the Council of Education, which he had held since 1866. He assisted in founding Sydney College, and held office on the governing body for many years. In 1859 he was elected a member of the Senate of the University, to which he bequeathed £1000 for a scholarship for proficiency in mathematics in the second year. Mr. Allen, who was a prominent member of the Wesleyan-Methodist body, died at Toxteth Park Glebe on Nov. 3rd, 1877. Allen, Hon. Sir George Wigram, K.C.M.G., son of the late Hon. George Allen, M.L.C. (q.v.), was born in Sydney on May 16th, 1824. He was educated at Cape's school and at Sydney College where he distinguished himself in classics and mathematics. He was articled to his father, and admitted an attorney and solicitor of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in 1846. He married, in July 1851, Marian, eldest daughter of the late Rev. William Billington Boyce, first President of the Australian Wesleyan Conference, who survived him. He was a Commissioner of National Education from 1853 to 1866, and became a member of the Council of Education in 1873. In 1859 he was made a magistrate, and chosen first Mayor of The Glebe, an office to which he was many times consecutively re-elected. He was appointed a member of the Legislative Council in 1860, but resigned his seat; and was elected a member of the Legislative Assembly for The Glebe in 1869. He was chosen President of the Law Institute in 1870; and on Dec. 9th, 1873, he accepted office in the Parkes Ministry, becoming the first Minister of Justice and Public Instruction appointed after the creation of the office. He retired with his colleagues on Feb. 8th, 1875, and was chosen Speaker of the Legislative Assembly on March 23rd, 1875, being re-elected on Nov. 27th, 1877 (in which year he was knighted), and Dec. 15th, 1880. In the next parliament he was displaced by Mr. Barton (Jan. 3rd, 1883). In 1878 Sir George was elected to the Senate of Sydney University, to fill the vacancy created by the death of his father. Sir George was one of the vice-presidents of the Royal Commission for the Sydney International Exhibition of 1879, and also of the New South Wales Commission for the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880. In 1884 Sir George was created K.C.M.G., and died on July 23rd, 1885. Allen, Harry Brookes, M.D., Professor of Anatomy and Pathology in Melbourne University, graduated M.B. at Melbourne University in 1876, M.D. in 1878, and Ch.B. in 1879. He was appointed Professor of Descriptive and Surgical Anatomy and Pathology in the University in Nov. 1882. He is President of the Melbourne Medical Students' Society and of the Melbourne University Boat Club. He was president of the Commission which sat in 1889 to inquire into the sanitary state of Melbourne; and, having received a year's leave of absence, visited Europe in 1890 to inquire into the management of the various medical schools of the United Kingdom and the Continent. At Dr. Allen's instance the General Medical Council in England agreed to recognise Melbourne medical degrees, and he was himself the first M.D. of the University to be registered in accordance with the new arrangement. He was married at Sutton Forest, Sydney, to Miss Ada Rose Elizabeth Mason. Allen, James, was born at Birmingham in 1806, and educated at Horton College. He was for some time a reporter on the Morning Post, but emigrated to Adelaide, South Australia, where he started the Times and aided in establishing the South Australian Register. In the year 1857 he went to Melbourne, where he edited the Herald and started the Mail, the first penny evening paper issued in that city. In 1865 Mr. Allen removed to Hobart, Tasmania, and edited the Mercury, afterwards starting the Evening Mail. Mr. Allen then went to New Zealand, and conducted the Auckland Evening News till 1870, when he returned to Victoria and purchased the Camperdown Chronicle, of which he remained owner till 1880. Mr. Allen, who died in 1886, published a "History of Australia" in 1882. Allen, Captain William, was for many years a commander in the Hon. East India Company's marine, in which he greatly distinguished himself. He arrived in Adelaide in 1839, and, in conjunction with Mr. John Ellis, bought a portion of the "Milner Estate," in the neighbourhood of Port Gawler. In 1845 he became associated in the purchase of the Burra Mine, and assisted in forming the South Australian Mining Association, of which he became chairman. Captain Allen was a member of the Church of England, but contributed liberally to the funds of various Protestant bodies. He helped to establish St. Peter's College in 1849, and was a benefactor to its funds to the extent of £7000. Captain Allen revisited England in 1853, returning in 1855. He died suddenly on Oct. 17th, 1856, and by his will bequeathed £5000 for pastoral aid purposes in connection with the Anglican Church in South Australia, the disposition of the amount being left to the discretion of the Bishop of Adelaide, as trustee. Allen, Rev. William, was born on Nov. 4th, 1847, at Betchworth, Surrey, and was taken to Victoria in 1852. He was educated at the Scotch and Congregational colleges in Melbourne, and matriculated at the Melbourne University in 1869. He became pastor of the Sandhurst Congregational church in Jan. 1871, was transferred to Maryborough in Jan. 1875, and in Jan. 1880 was appointed to his present living at Carlton. Since 1871 Mr. Allen has written for the religious press; he was Chairman of the "Congregational Union and Mission of Victoria" in 1886 and 1886, and in the latter year published "Random Rhymes." Mr. Allen gained the first prize for the cantata which he composed for the opening of the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition in 1888. Allport, Morton, F.L.S., son of Joseph Allport, was born in England on Dec. 4th, 1830. The family emigrated to Tasmania when Mr. Allport was an infant. He was educated in the colony, and chose his father's profession, being admitted a solicitor of the Supreme Court in 1852. Mr. Allport was an ardent and accomplished naturalist, and by his original work added largely to the knowledge of the zoology and botany of Tasmania. To the study of the fishes of the colony he gave special attention. He introduced the perch and tench into Tasmanian waters, and was a zealous promoter of the acclimatisation of salmon and trout, an experiment which he lived to see a splendid success. He also introduced the English water-lily into the colony. Mr. Allport was a Fellow of the Linnæan Society of London and of the Zoological Society, corresponding member of the Anthropological Institute, life member of the Entomological and Malacological Societies, and foreign member of several Continental scientific societies. He was a Vice-President of the Royal Society of Tasmania, to the Proceedings of which last-named Society he contributed a number of valuable papers on the subjects of his favourite studies. He was a member of the Council of Education for many years. He died at Hobart on Sept. 10th, 1878. Allwood, Rev. Canon Robert, B.A., ex-Vice-Chancellor of Sydney University, was the son of Chief Justice Allwood, of Jamaica, and was educated at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1825. He took holy orders, and was ordained deacon in 1826 by the Bishop of Bath and Wells, and priest in 1827 by the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. He was a minor canon of Bristol Cathedral from 1826 to 1839, and curate of Clifton from 1829 to 1839. In the latter year he emigrated to New South Wales, arriving in Sydney on Dec. 8th. From 1840 to 1884 he was incumbent of St. James's, Sydney, and was appointed canon of St. Andrew's Cathedral in 1852. Canon Allwood was Chancellor of the diocese of Sydney from 1876 to 1884, and Vice-Chancellor of the University in 1869. In 1843 he published a brochure entitled "The Papal Claim of Jurisdiction" (in Australia). He died on Oct. 27th, 1891. Anderson, George, Deputy-Master Melbourne Mint, is the son of the late George Anderson, of Luscar, Fifeshire, Scotland. He was born in 1819, and educated at Edinburgh and St. Andrew's Universities. He was formerly Major 4th Lanark Rifle Volunteers. He represented the City of Glasgow in the House of Commons from 1868 to 1885. On March 13th of the latter year he was appointed Deputy-Master of the Mint at Melbourne, in succession to Mr. V. D. Broughton (q.v.), a position he still holds. Anderson, John Gerard, M.A., J.P., Under Secretary for Public Instruction Queensland, son of the late Rev. James Anderson, M.A., of Orphir, Orkney, was born on Feb. 12th, 1836, and graduated M.A. at Aberdeen University, afterwards remaining there as a student of divinity. He emigrated to Queensland in 1862, and became connected with the Education Service in Sept. 1863 as first District Inspector of Schools. He was appointed Senior Inspector in June 1869, Acting General Inspector in Sept. 1874, General Inspector in 1876, and Under Secretary in Nov. 1878—a position he still holds. Anderson, Lieut.-Colonel Joseph, C.B., K.H., was born in 1789, and joined the army in 1805 as ensign in the 78th Regiment. He served with singular bravery and distinction, being on several occasions severely wounded in Egypt and at Talavera, Busaco and Torres Vedras in the Peninsular War. Having become major of the 50th Regiment he was in 1834 appointed by Governor Sir Richard Bourke, of New South Wales, to take charge of the convict establishment at Norfolk Island, as Military Commandant and Civil Superintendent. The miserable felons were then in a state of chronic mutiny, and steeped in every species of crime. At imminent personal risk, Major Anderson, whilst maintaining rigid discipline, introduced a kindlier and more humanising system, and with the best results. In 1837 Major Anderson was created K.H., and subsequently became lieut.-colonel After leaving Norfolk Island, he saw active service in India, and commanded a brigade in the Gwalior campaign in 1843, during which he was severely wounded, and for which he received the C.B. in 1844. In 1848 he retired from the army, and took up his permanent residence in Port Phillip, where he engaged in squatting pursuits on the Goulburn River. In 1852 he was nominated to the first Legislative Council of Victoria, to fill a vacancy in the list of non-official nominee members, caused by the death of Mr. Dunlop. In this capacity he supported the Convicts Act Prevention Bill, which was designed to prevent the influx of convicts from Tasmania into Victoria; and when the measure, having been disallowed by the Imperial authorities, was again adopted by the Council in the ensuing session, Colonel Anderson was the mover of an address to the Queen, setting forth the reasons which induced the Legislative Council to again pass the bill. In 1854 Colonel Anderson served on the Colonial Defence Committee, and in the following year in a debate on the immigration question strongly advocated the adoption of prohibitive legislation, with the view of stopping the influx of Chinese. Colonel Anderson died at South Yarra, Melbourne, on July 18th, 1877. Anderson, Hon. Robert Stirling Hore, M.L.C., was a native of Coleraine, Londonderry, Ireland, and was educated at the Belfast Academy and at the University of Dublin, where he graduated. After practising as a solicitor in Dublin for eight years he decided to emigrate, and arrived in Victoria in June 1854. Whilst practising as a solicitor in Melbourne he resided in the suburb of Emerald Hill, and was Chairman of the Municipal Council and representative of the district in Parliament. Mr. Anderson was Commissioner of Trade and Customs in the Heales Ministry from November 1860 to January 1861, when he resigned, owing to the policy of the Ministry being dictated by the opposition, Mr. Heales revising his budget in accordance with Sir John O'Shanassy's resolution that the public expenditure should be kept down to £3,000,000 per annum. Mr. Anderson, however, took office in the O'Shanassy Ministry which succeeded the Heales Government, being Commissioner of Trade and Customs from November 1861 to June 1863. When Mr. Haines died in 1864 Mr. Anderson succeeded him as member for the Eastern Province in the Legislative Council, and he was Commissioner of Public Works and vice-president of the Board of Land and Works in the Francis Ministry from May to July 1874, when the Cabinet was reconstructed under the premiership of the late Mr. Kerferd, under whom Mr. Anderson held the same offices till August 1875, when the first Berry Ministry was formed. The latter having been defeated, Mr. Anderson came back to office under Sir James McCulloch in October 1875 as Commissioner of Trade and Customs, and held that post till the Ministry was again displaced by Mr. (now Sir Graham) Berry in May 1877. From March to August 1880 Mr. Anderson was a member of Mr. Service's first cabinet, but held no portfolio. When the Service-Berry coalition was formed in March 1883 Mr. Anderson became Minister of Justice, and retained the post until his death on Oct. 26th of the same year. Anderson, Hon. William, J.P., son of James Anderson and Hannah his wife, was born at Montrose, Scotland, on Jan. 3rd, 1828, and was taken to Launceston, Tasmania, in Oct. 1841, arriving on April 1st of the following year. The family removed to Port Fairy in Victoria, in 1844; and in 1849 he took over his father's business as a builder, which he managed until 1854, when he joined his father in purchasing Rosemount Farm, his present home. He became a member of the first Belfast Road Board, was elected president of the Belfast Shire Council, made a justice of the peace in 1864, and sat in the Assembly for Villiers and Heytesbury from 1880 till April 1892, when he was defeated. In 1854 he was elected an elder of the Presbyterian church, and was for two years president of the Protection of Aborigines Society. He succeeded the late Chief Justice Stawell as president of the Royal Horticultural Society of Victoria. In 1887 he was awarded the Minister of Agriculture's prize for the best managed farm in southern Victoria. He was appointed Minister of Public Works in the Gillies Government on Sept. 2nd, 1890, and resigned with the rest of his colleagues in the following November. Anderson, Colonel William Acland Douglas, C.M.G., son of Lieut.-Colonel Joseph Anderson (q.v.), was born in 1829, was an ensign in his father's regiment, the 50th, but sold his commission after a few years' service, and was appointed a Commissioner of Goldfields in Victoria. He was at one time member for Evelyn in the old Legislative Council, and succeeded Major-General Dean Pitt in the chief command of the Victorian Volunteer force in 1862. He was created C.M.G. in 1878, and died on Jan. 23rd, 1882. Andrew, Professor Henry Martyn, M.A., son of Rev. M. Andrew, was born at Bridgenorth, on Jan. 3rd, 1846, and educated at several English and Continental schools, and after his arrival in Victoria in 1857, at the Church of England grammar school, Melbourne, under the Rev. Dr. Bromby. He entered the Melbourne University in 1861, and graduated B.A. in 1864, with the scholarship in mathematics and natural philosophy, and first-class honours in natural science. He was appointed in June of that year Lecturer on Civil Engineering, being the first graduate of Melbourne to be appointed to office in the University, and resigned the position in June 1868 on his departure for England. He also resigned the second mastership of Wesley College, which he had accepted in 1866; and on his arrival in England in Oct. 1868 he entered St. John's College, Cambridge, where in 1870 he was second foundation scholar and a Wright's prizeman. He graduated B.A. as 27th wrangler in Jan. 1872, accepted the professorship of mathematics and natural philosophy at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, took his M.A. degree in 1875, returned to Wesley College, Melbourne, in the same year as second master under Professor Irving, whom he succeeded as head master at Christmas 1875. In 1882 he left Wesley College to succeed Mr. Pirani as Lecturer on Natural Philosophy in Melbourne University, where he became first professor on the establishment of the chair on that subject, and continued in this position until his death at Suez on Sept. 18th, 1888, whilst on leave.
2410	dbpedia	1	74	http://historichansard.net/hofreps/1976/19760217_reps_30_hor98/	en	House of Representatives, Debates, 17 February 1976 :: Historic Hansard	http://historichansard.net/images/historic-hansard.png	http://historichansard.net/images/historic-hansard.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	A record of debates in the Australian House of Representatives on the 17 February 1976, presented in an easily readable form.	en			http://historichansard.net/hofreps/1976/19760217_reps_30_hor98/	House of Representatives 17 February 1976 30th Parliament · 1st Session House of Representatives 30th Parliament 1976 PROCLAMATION OPENING OF THE PARLIAMENT MEMBERS SWORN MR SPEAKER Election Speaker’s Office House of Representatives Canberra 12 November 1975 Your Majesty, BUCKINGHAM PALACE Dear Mr Scholes The Honourable G. G. D. Scholes PRESENTATION TO GOVERNOR-GENERAL COMMISSION TO ADMINISTER OATH MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL MINISTERIAL ARRANGEMENTS Prime Minister- The Honourable Malcolm Fraser Deputy Prime Minister, Minister for National Resources and Minister for Overseas Trade-The Right Honourable J. D. Anthony Treasurer- The Honourable Phillip Lynch Minister for Primary Industry- The Honourable Ian Sinclair Minister for Transport- The Honourable P. J. Nixon Minister for Foreign Affairs- The Honourable Andrew Peacock Minister for Defence- The Honourable D. J. Killen Attorney-General- The Honourable R. J. Ellicott, Q.C Minister for Business and Consumer Affairs- The Honourable John Howard Minister for Health- The Honourable Ralph Hunt Minister for Aboriginal Affairs- The Honourable Ian Viner Minister for Repatriation- The Honourable Kevin Newman LEADERSHIP OF THE OPPOSITION LEADERSHIP OF THE NATIONAL COUNTRY PARTY OF AUSTRALIA ACTS INTERPRETATION BILL 1976 GOVERNOR-GENERAL’S SPEECH Senators and Members, ADDRESS-IN-REPLY DEATH OF TUN ABDUL RAZAK DEATH OF CHOU EN-LAI DEATH OF GENERAL MURTALA RUFAI MOHAMMED CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEES PETITIONS Cadet Corps Cadet Corps Cadet Corps Broadcasting and Television: Religious Programs Broadcasting and Television: Religious Programs Home Ownership Metric System Increased Postal Charges Fraser Island Income Tax Australia’s Foreign Aid Budget NOTICES OF MOTION Electoral Expenditure Natural Disaster Insurance Scheme Corporations and Securities Industry Radio and Television Holdings Trading and Financial Corporations Northern Territory: Aboriginal Lands National Rehabilitation and Compensation Simultaneous Elections Australian Government Insurance Corporation Amnesty for Illegal Immigrants Hours of Meeting HOUR OF MEETING page 1 PROCLAMATION The House met at 11 a.m., pursuant to the proclamation of His Excellency the GovernorGeneral. The Clerk read the proclamation. page 1 OPENING OF THE PARLIAMENT The Usher of the Black Rod, being announced, was admitted, and delivered the message that the Deputy of the Governor-General for the Opening of the Parliament requested the attendance of honourable members in the Senate chamber forthwith. (Honourable members attended accordingly, and having returned) The Deputy authorised by the GovernorGeneral to administer the oath or affirmation entered the chamber. The Clerk read the commission authorising the Right Honourable Sir Edward Aloysius McTiernan, K.B.E., Justice of the High Court of Australia, to administer the oath or affirmation of allegiance to the Queen required by the Constitution to be taken or made by members of the House of Representatives. page 1 MEMBERS SWORN The Clerk laid on the table returns to 127 writs for the election of members of the House of Representatives held on 13 December 1975. The following honourable members made and subscribed the oath or affirmation of allegiance: Abel, John Arthur, Evans, New South Wales Adermann, Albert Evan, Fisher, Queensland Aldred, Kenneth James, Henry, Victoria Anthony, John Douglas, Richmond, New South Wales Armitage, John Lindsay, Chifley, New South Wales Baillieu, Marshall, La Trobe, Victoria Baume, Michael Ehrenfried, Macarthur, New South Wales Beazley, Kim Edward, Fremantle, Western Australia Birney, Reginald John, Phillip, New South Wales Bonnett, Robert Noel, Herbert, Queensland Bourchier, John William, Bendigo, Victoria Bowen, Lionel Frost, Kingsford-Smith, New South Wales Bradfield, James Mark, Barton, New South Wales Braithwaite, Raymond Allen, Dawson, Queensland Brown, Neil Anthony, Diamond Valley, Victoria Bryant, Gordon Munro, Wills, Victoria Bungey, Melville Harold, Canning, Western Australia Burr. Maxwell Arthur. Wilmot. Tasmania Cadman, Alan Glyndwr, Mitchell, New South Wales Cairns, James Ford, Lalor, Victoria Cairns, Kevin Michael Kiernan, Lilley, Queensland Calder, Stephen Edward, Northern Territory Cameron, Clyde Robert, Hindmarsh, South Australia Cameron, Donald Milner, Griffith, Queensland Carige, Colin Laurence, Capricornia, Queensland Cass, Moses Henry, Maribyrnong, Victoria Chapman, Hedley Grant Pearson, Kingston, South Australia Chipp, Donald Leslie, Hotham, Victoria Cohen, Barry, Robertson, New South Wales Connolly, David Miles, Bradfield, New South Wales Connor, Reginald Francis Xavier, Cunningham, New South Wales Corbett, James, Maranoa, Queensland Cotter, John Francis, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia Crean, Frank, Melbourne Ports, Victoria Dobie, James Donald Mathieson, Cook, New South Wales Drummond, Peter Hertford, Forrest, Western Australia Edwards, Harold Raymond, Berowra, New South Wales Ellicott, Robert James, Wentworth, New South Wales Falconer, Peter David, Casey, Victoria Fife, Wallace Clyde, Fairer, New South Wales Fisher, Peter Stanley, Mallee, Victoria FitzPatrick, John, Darling, New South Wales Fraser, John Malcolm, Wannon, Victoria Fry, Kenneth Lionel, Fraser, Australian Capital Territory Garland, Ransley Victor, Curtin, Western Australia Garrick, Horace James, Batman, Victoria Giles, Geoffrey O’Halloran, Angas, South Australia Gillard, Reginald, Macquarie, New South Wales Goodluck, Bruce John, Franklin, Tasmania Graham, Bruce William, North Sydney, New South Wales Groom, Raymond John, Braddon, Tasmania Hamer, David John, Isaacs, Victoria Haslem, John Whitton, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory Hayden, William George, Oxley, Queensland Hodges, John Charles, Petrie, Queensland Hodgman, Michael, Denison, Tasmania Holten, Rendle McNeilage, Indi, Victoria Howard, John Winston, Bennelong, New South Wales Hunt, Ralph James Dunnet, Gwydir, New South Wales Hurford, Christopher John, Adelaide, South Australia Hyde, John Martin, Moore, Western Australia Innes, Urquhart Edward, Melbourne, Victoria Jacobi, Ralph, Hawker, South Australia James, Albert William, Hunter, New South Wales Jarman, Alan William, Deakin, Victoria Jenkins, Henry Alfred, Scullin, Victoria Johnson, Leonard Keith, Burke, Victoria Johnson, Leslie Royston, Hughes, New South Wales Johnson, Peter Francis, Brisbane, Queensland Jones, Charles Keith, Newcastle, New South Wales Jull, David Francis, Bowman, Queensland Katter, Rober Cummin, Kennedy, Queensland Keating, Paul John, Blaxland, New South Wales Kelly, Charles Robert, Wakefield, South Australia Killen, Denis James, Moreton, Queensland King, Robert Shannon, Wimmera, Victoria Klugman, Richard Emanuel, Prospect, New South Wales Lloyd, Bruce, Murray, Victoria Lucock, Philip Ernest, Lyne, New South Wales Lusher, Stephen Augustus, Hume, New South Wales Lynch, Phillip Reginald, Flinders, Victoria MacKellar, Michael John Randal, Warringah, New South Wales Mackenzie, Alexander John, Calare, New South Wales McLean, Ross Malcolm, Perth, Western Australia McLeay, John Elden, Boothby, South Australia McMahon, James Leslie, Sydney, New South Wales McMahon, William, Lowe, New South Wales McVeigh, Daniel Thomas, Darling Downs, Queensland Macphee, Ian Malcolm, Balaclava, Victoria Martin, Vincent Joseph, Banks, New South Wales Martyr, John Raymond, Swan, Western Australia Millar, Percival Clarence, Wide Bay, Queensland Moore, John Colinton, Ryan, Queensland Morris, Peter Frederick, Shortland, New South Wales Neil, Maurice James, St George, New South Wales Newman, Kevin Eugene, Bass, Tasmania Nicholls, Martin Henry, Bonython, South Australia Nixon, Peter James, Gippsland, Victoria O’Keefe, Frank Lionel, Paterson, New South Wales Peacock, Andrew Sharp, Kooyong, Victoria Richardson, Peter Anthony, Tangney, Western Australia Robinson, Eric Laidlaw, McPherson, Queensland Robinson, Ian Louis, Cowper, New South Wales Ruddock, Philip Maxwell, Parramatta, New South Wales Sainsbury, Murray Evan, Eden-Monaro, New South Wales Scholes, Gordon Glen Denton, Corio, Victoria Shipton, Roger Francis, Higgins, Victoria Short, James Robert, Ballaarat, Victoria Simon, Barry Douglas, McMillan, Victoria Sinclair, Ian McCahon, New England, New South Wales Snedden, Billy Mackie, Bruce, Victoria Staley, Anthony Allan, Chisholm, Victoria Stewart, Francis Eugene, Lang, New South Wales Street, Anthony Austin, Corangamite, Victoria Sullivan, John William, Riverina, New South Wales Thomson, David Scott, Leichhardt, Queensland Uren, Thomas, Reid, New South Wales Viner, Robert Ian, Stirling, Western Australia Walks, Laurie George, Grey, South Australia Wentworth, William Charles, Mackellar, New South Wales Whitlam, Antony Philip, Grayndler, New South Wales Whitlam, Edward Gough, Werriwa, New South Wales Willis, Ralph, Gellibrand, Victoria Wilson, Ian Bonython Cameron, Sturt, South Australia Yates, William, Holt, Victoria Young, Michael Jerome, Port Adelaide, South Australia page 3 MR SPEAKER Election The Clerk: – Honourable members, the next business of the House is the election of a member as Speaker. Mr CHIPP: Hotham -I propose to the House for its Speaker, Mr Billy Mackie Snedden, the right honourable member for Bruce, and move: That the right honourable member for Bruce do take the Chair of this House as Speaker. Mr Holten: – I second the nomination. Mr Snedden: – I accept the nomination. Mr E G Whitlam: WERRIWA, NEW SOUTH WALES · ALP -I propose to the House for its Speaker, Mr Scholes, and move: That the honourable member for Corio (Mr Scholes) do take the Chair of this House as Speaker. Mr Beazley: – I second the nomination. Mr Scholes: – I accept the nomination. (The time for further proposals having expired) Mr CHIPP (Hotham)-It gives me a great deal of pleasure to move that the right honourable member for Bruce be Speaker of this House. I do so with a great sense of honour. It gives me pleasure because Mr Snedden has been a close personal friend of mine since I entered this Parliament. I hasten to add that I do not suggest for a moment that a close friendship with me necessarily leads people to high office, and I do not rely on that ground for nominating the right honourable member for Bruce. I have nominated him because I believe he has outstanding character and the experience and the personality that would make him an outstanding Speaker of this House. I think he has proven beyond any doubt that he has character. Politics is an arena wherein there are many victories and many defeats. Mr Snedden has accepted the defeats and the victories with grace and dignity. He has shown enormous courage in adversity and his integrity is respected by all throughout the nation irrespective of their political persuasion. During his time he has undergone several ballots inside and outside the party room. I believe that today, Mr Clerk, you will not have to call for a photograph to determine the result of this ballot. In addition to being fitted for this position by his character his experience is second to none in this chamber. He was the Leader of the Liberal Party and led the Liberal Parry after its first defeat in 23 years. I say without hesitation- I think I would have unanimous support- that a great . share of the credit for the extraordinary position that the Liberal Party is in today, with the biggest majority ever in this House, can be laid at Mr Snedden ‘s door for his efforts in rebuilding the Liberal Party after that defeat. He has been leader of the House of Representatives and, as I have also occupied that role, I know that that kind of experience and training is very helpful for the holder of the position of Speaker. He knows that you cannot always manage this House, which sometimes tends to become extraordinarily difficult, through the pure legal processes of the Standing Orders. Tolerance needs to be shown and consultation is needed with the Leader of the House on this side and his counterpart on the other side. He has had a distinguished ministerial career, among his portfolios being that of Attorney-General. His legal training will give him extraordinary insight in interpreting the Standing Orders. He is a Privy Councillor. The third thing is his personality. He has shown through the years, as a friend of mine and as a friend of many people in this House, tolerance that I think is a vital quality for a person who is to be the Speaker. He is a very approachable man and I am sure he is the sort of person to give the 34 new faces in this place, the new members, every help and encouragement. He also has a sense of humour and that is absolutely vital for a person in the position of Speaker. However I do implore him not to have his nose broken again if he plays squash any more with any Ministers because the sight of a Speaker with his nose in plaster under the wig he threatens to wear might well test our sense of humour. I believe that the Parliament needs such a man as the right honourable member for Bruce. This country is in a crisis state. The dignity of the Parliament needs to be restored and it can be restored only by a man who will command respect. Parliamentarians speak in this place and on television about the dignity of Parliament and say that politicians must be respected but that dignity and respect should be shown here. Sometimes I cringe when I see school children in the gallery during some of the behaviour that occurs in this House. Respect cannot be demanded, it must be earned, and we as members of the thirtieth Parliament have to earn that respect. There is a place in this House for interjection at the right time and sometimes our tempers become heated. Therefore the office of Speaker needs a man of tolerance, character and integrity. I suggest that Mr Snedden is such a man and I have pleasure in nominating him. Mr HOLTEN: Indi -I am honoured and privileged to second this motion on behalf of the National Country Party. I also am very pleased in a personal sense to second the motion that the right honourable Bill Snedden be elected to the office of Speaker of this House, a motion so capably moved by the honourable member for Hotham (Mr Chipp). One of the main reasons it gives me pleasure is that I have always had a strong personal respect for Mr Snedden as a man. Like the honourable member for Hotham, I regard Mr Snedden as a personal friend but this will not influence him at all in any treatment that he might give when he is elected Speaker. He commands my respect for the way in which he has carried out his duties as a member of this House during the 17 years that I have had the opportunity of seeing him in action in this House. I believe that all fair-minded members of this House would agree that the right honourable Bill Snedden has conducted himself as a very able member of Parliament and has handled the hurly burly of debate in a calm, effective and dignified manner. I am sure that these qualities will be displayed in his important position as Speaker of the House. His ability cannot be questioned, as the list of the offices he has held and which were detailed by the honourable member for Hotham will show. I endorse strongly the personal tributes that were paid by the mover of the motion to the right honourable Bill Snedden. He has been an outstanding all-rounder in his lifetime. He has been a great community worker, a great member of Parliament, a great parent and a great sportsman. I am confident he will discharge his duties without fear or favour. I am sure he will always reach his decisions on the grounds of fairness and regard for the Standing Orders, and for the dignity and decorum of this House. I am sure that the right honourable Bill Snedden will be a fine Speaker. In conclusion, I offer him my personal co-operation. I am sure all members of the National Country Party will do the same and will support this motion unanimously. I formally second the motion. Mr E. G. WHITLAM (Werriwa-Leader of the Opposition)- It is appropriate that the first motion I move in this Parliament, like my last motion in the old Parliament should concern the honourable member for Corio (Mr Scholes). On the last occasion I spoke he was Speaker. He was entrusted by honourable members with a task of unprecedented importance for the institution of Parliament and for the future of Australian democracy. By the manner in which he discharged that task- by the manner in which he carried out his duties, throughout his term as Speaker and during the gravest crisis ever confronted by the Parliament- the honourable member brought credit and dignity to his office, and earned, as no Speaker has before him, the right to continue in the chair. During the events of 1 1 November- momentous for the Parliament, for the strength and vitality of our democratic institutions, for Australia’s reputation in the worldthe honourable member for Corio emerged as a true and valiant defender of the rights of Parliament. No higher praise can be given to a Speaker. Mr Speaker Scholes upheld the ancient traditions of his office and discharged the primary function for which that office was created. He stood firm in defence of the people’s House against a challenge to its authority, first from the Senate, and subsequently from the representative of the Crown itself. On the afternoon of 1 1 November Mr Scholes was directed by the House to wait upon the Governor-General and convey to him the views of this House- its want of confidence in the installed Prime Minister and its wish that the leader of the Party commanding a majority in the people’s House be called upon once more to form a Government. It is no fault of the honourable member for Corio that his message went unheeded and unheard, that the Governor-General refused to see him until after the dissolution of Parliament was proclaimed, that the Speaker was insulted by the representative of the Queen, and that the office of Speaker and all the rights and privileges it embodies were treated with contempt. After the coup d’etat Mr Speaker Scholes was the only member of this House to retain office with the approval of the House. He did not rest in his endeavours to redress the wrong that was done to this institution and to defend the rights of honourable members. He wrote promptly to the Queen expressing his concern at the events of 1 1 November. He elicited from Her Majesty a response to the effect that if the Queen’s representative chose to abuse his powers there was nothing she could do about it and nothing we could do about it. That response was proper, and doubtless, I regret to say, it was accurate. The rights of the Australian Parliament in relation to the Crown remain unclear. The reserve powers of the representative of the Crown in Australia remain unchallenged. Powers that the American people rejected in 1776 survive in Australia in 1976. Sooner or later those powers must be curtailed if parliamentary democracy in this country is to flourish in full measure. The record will show that Mr Speaker Scholes took his stand in defence of the great central principle of our system of governmentthat the will of the people resides in this, the people’s House, and in this House alone. For the record and for the information of honourable members I seek leave to incorporate in Hansard the correspondence between Her Majesty and Mr Speaker Scholes. The Clerk: – Is leave granted? There being no objection, leave is granted. (The documents read as follows)- Speaker’s Office House of Representatives Canberra 12 November 1975 Your Majesty, I am compelled by events involving yourself through your representative in Australia, His Excellency the Honourable Sir John Kerr, A C, K.C.M.G., K.St.J., Q.C.. to communicate my concern at the maintenance in the office of the Prime Minister of the Hon. Malcolm Fraser, M.P. despite his lack of majority support in the House of Representatives. Immediately following the announcement of the dismissal of the former Prime Minister, Mr Whitlam, and Mr Fraser ‘s appointment, the House of Representatives carried a resolution expressing want of confidence in the GovernorGeneral’s nominee and requesting the re-instatement of the former Prime Minister in whom the House expressed confidence. I am seriously concerned that the failure of the GovernorGeneral to withdraw Mr Fraser ‘s commission and his decision to delay seeing me as Speaker of the House of Representatives until after the dissolution of the Parliament had been proclaimed were acts contrary to the proper exercise of the Royal prerogative and constituted an act of contempt for the House of Representatives. It is improper that your representative should continue to impose a Prime Minister on Australia in whom the House of Representatives has expressed its lack of confidence and who has not on any substantial resolution been able to command a majority of votes on the floor of the House of Representatives. It is my belief that to maintain in office a Prime Minister imposed on the nation by Royal prerogative rather than through parliamentary endorsement constitutes a danger to our parliamentary system and will damage the standing of your representative in Australia and even yourself. I would ask that you act in order to restore Mr Whitlam to office as Prime Minister in accordance with the expressed resolution of the House of Representatives. For Your Majesty’s information I would point out that Supply was approved by the Senate prior to 2.25 p.m. Mr Fraser announced that he had been commissioned as Prime Minister in the House of Representatives at 2.33 p.m. The House expressed its view at 3. IS p.m. by 64 votes to 54. I sought an audience with the Governor-General immediately following the passage of that resolution. An appointment was made for me to wait on the Governor-General at 4.45 p.m. The Governor-General prorogued the Parliament at 4.30 p.m. The House expressed its view after the passage of the Supply Bills and was and is entitled to have that view considered. Yours sincerely, G.G. D. SCHOLES Speaker Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second page 5 BUCKINGHAM PALACE 17th November, 1975. Dear Mr Scholes I am commanded by the Queen to acknowledge your letter of 12th November about the recent political events in Australia. You ask that The Queen should act to restore Mr Whitlam to office as Prime Minister. As we understand the situation here, the Australian Constitution firmly places the prerogative powers of the Crown in the hands of the Governor-General as the representative of The Queen of Australia. The only person competent to commission an Australian Prime Minister is the GovernorGeneral, and The Queen has no part in the decisions which the Governor-General must take in accordance with the Constitution. Her Majesty, as Queen of Australia, is watching events in Canberra with close interest and attention, but it would not be proper for her to intervene in person in matters which are so clearly placed within the jurisdiction of the Governor-General by the Constitution Act. I understand that you have been good enough to send a copy of your letter to the Governor-General so I am writing to His Excellency to say that the text of your letter has been received here in London and has been laid before The Queen. I am sending a copy of this letter to the Governor-General. Yours sincerely, MARTIN CHARTERIS The Honourable G. G. D. Scholes Mr E G Whitlam: WERRIWA, NEW SOUTH WALES · ALP – In the last few days, when it became known that the GovernorGeneral proposed to appoint one deputy to swear in the members of both Houses, contrary to the practice and the Standing Orders of each House, Mr Speaker Scholes wrote to the Governor-General and secured the appointment of 2 deputies as usual and required. I seek leave to incorporate in Hansard this further correspondence. The CLERK-Is leave granted? Mr Sinclair: – Leave is refused. Mr E G Whitlam: WERRIWA, NEW SOUTH WALES · ALP -None of us can have any doubt about the fitness of the honourable member for Corio to carry out the duties of Speaker. He has demonstrated all the qualities of a fine Speaker- wisdom, tolerance and selfassurance, clarity and certitude in his rulings, that special blend of firmness and fairness essential to the good conduct of proceedings. When the supreme challenge came to the rights of this Parliament he bore himself with dignity and carried out his tasks with the highest conception of his duty to the institution he serves and the cause of Australian democracy. It is above all in recognition of his actions and conduct at that time that I commend him to honourable members as our Speaker. Mr BEAZLEY: Fremantle -In supporting the motion that the honourable member for Corio (Mr Scholes) do take the Chair I remind the House- I am sure that all who were in the last Parliament will agree with me- of his great technical competence as a Speaker. He was a very fair Speaker. There was very great clarity in his rulings. While the turn of political fortune may mean that he will cease to have the Speaker’s chair as a result of the election in this House there is nothing in his record that deserves defeat. His last action was to vindicate the rights of this House against what was an act of very great discourtesy. Had there been only one deputy to swear in both Houses we would have been cooling our heels in this chamber waiting for the process to be finished in the Senate. I would like to know why such a discourtesy, never offered, to this House before in my 30 years in this Parliament, took place. But it is consistent with the attitudes shown towards the rights of the House by the holder of that office. There is a great importance in the Speakership, but this importance is slurred over. No reference was made from the other side to the importance of the speakership in vindicating the rights of this Parliament. There is a tendency of mind in text books to talk about a military raid on Parliament as something done by Charles I and Cromwell. The last military raid on an English speaking parliament took place in Australia in 1917 under the orders of William Morris Hughes, who was the then Prime Minister. The Speaker of the day, although of the same political persuasion, did not co-operate; neither did the Clerks of the House. But a servile majority of the House of Representatives was prepared to vote to vindicate a military raid on itself which its own Speaker and its own Clerk did not support. So I say that in Australia the tradition of vindicating the rights of this House in the formation of a government and its rights vis-a-vis the Crown is very defective. I believe that the correspondence of the honourable member for Corio with the Governor-General, with the Queen and then with the Governor-General again will last in this country as significant documents beyond the chances and changes of any election because they are documents of the greatest significance and the principles incorporated in those documents are principles upon which proper parliamentary government in this country will have to proceed. I believe that abroad there are very few observers of the Westminister system who would not vindicate what was done by Mr Speaker Scholes. For those reasons I have pleasure in seconding his nomination to the Chair. However, knowing of course the composition of this Parliament and the likely election result I can only say that personally I very greatly regret that the Liberal Party did not choose a much more competent man as its nominee for Speaker and one in whom we would have much more confidence. I refer to the honourable member for Angas (Mr Giles ). Mr SINCLAIR: Minister for Primary Industry and Leader of the House · New England · NCP/NP – I rise to support the nomination of the right honourable Bill Snedden as Speaker. I do so and participate in this debate because of the innuendoes made and the inferences drawn by the Leader of the Opposition (Mr E. G. Whitlam) and the honourable member for Fremantle (Mr Beazley), the two who have nominated Mr Scholes for the position of Speaker. There is no doubt that the Leader of the Opposition, by his innuendo and inference, demonstrates once more that he still fails to recognise the verdict of the Australian people on 13 December. Equally, I think it is a pity that he fails to recognise that the fault in many instances lies not in others but in ourselves. He should learn some humility and that the judgment of the Australian people is more important than that which he sought to impose on the previous Parliament and which he apparently still intends to endeavour to impose on this Parliament. It seems to me that several aspects of the allegations made need to be answered. I deal first with the suggestion that in some way Mr Scholes, as Speaker, acted with the authority and the backing of the members of this Parliament when he corresponded with Her Majesty the Queen. On no occasion was the question of his correspondence with Her Majesty raised in this chamber. He wrote to Her Majesty without in any way receiving the authorisation of this Parliament. That correspondence was undertaken on his own behalf without the backing of the Parliament and in a way which ignored completely the fact that under the Australian Constitution there is not one House of Parliament but there are 2 Houses of Parliament. In this Parliament a few moments ago the Leader of the Opposition once more stated that in his view the sooner the powers of the Senate are curtailed, as were the powers of the Senate in the United States of America, the better. Under the Australian Constitution, fortunately, the powers of changing the Constitution lie not with the members of the Opposition, not with the members of the Australian Labor Party, nor indeed even with the members of this Parliament. They lie with the Australian people. The only way in which the powers of the Australian Constitution can be changed significantly is by referendum. If the powers of the Senate are to be reduced it will not be by correspondence between the Speaker in this Chamber and Her Majesty. Neither will it be by inference that there should be a reduction in the powers of the Senate to enhance in some way the status of this House. The importance of this election is that we on the Government side of the House are confident that in the right honourable Bill Snedden we have a man who can and will act with the authority of this Parliament, who will act in accordance with the terms of the Australian Constitution. He is a man of experience and integrity, of competence and humility, a man in whom we have complete trust. There is no doubt that as a result the Australian Constitution will be observed and the rights and interests of the Australian people protected. I believe it inappropriate at this time that there should be any doubt about the capacity or otherwise of the Governor-General to have acted as he did. Indeed, the verdict of 13 December must remain the ultimate determinant and, as my colleague the Prime Minister (Mr Malcolm Fraser) has said, if there is any doubt I would commend to honourable members a reading of the letter from the representative of Her Majesty the Queen which completely refutes the allegation that the Governor-General acted in any way outside the powers which are his within the Australian Constitution. Mr BRYANT: Wills -I listened with astonishment to the remarks of the honourable member for New England (Mr Sinclair). Honourable members should remember his action on 12 November when he speaks of Parliament and what it stands for. On 11 November in this House the honourable member for Werriwa (Mr E. G. Whitlam) was removed from office by the Governor-General and replaced by the honourable member for Wannon (Mr Malcolm Fraser). The House immediately passed a resolution of no confidence in the honourable member for Wannon and the next day, to their eternal parliamentary shame and the shame of the people who supported and nominated them, members of the Liberal Party and the Australian Country Party went out to the Governor-General’s residence and were sworn in as ministers- an act of treachery and treason against the whole parliamentary system. Motion (by Mr Sinclair) agreed to: That the question be now put. The Clerk: – In accordance with the standing order the bells will be rung and a ballot taken. (The bells having been rung) The Clerk: -The result of the ballot is: Mr Snedden, 90 votes; Mr Scholes, 37 votes. Mr Snedden is therefore declared elected. Mr SPEAKER (Hon B M Snedden: BRUCE, VICTORIA -I wish to express my appreciation for the high honour that the House has been pleased to confer upon me. (Mr Speaker having seated himself in the Chair) Mr SPEAKER: – I call the Prime Minister. Mr MALCOLM FRASER: Prime Minister · Wannon · LP - Mr Speaker, I should like to offer you the warmest congratulations on behalf of the Government and the Government Parties and my own personal warm congratulations for the high honour that this House has bestowed upon you. It is an honour that has been truly deserved. The Government and, I believe, the Parliament has complete confidence that under your Speakership the Parliament will be a place of dignity, of courtesy and of propriety, with the interests of the people we are meant to serve, the people of Australia, to the forefront of our minds. Mr Speaker, in this Parliament and in the wider field around Australia you have always been a man of great courtesy, and that is a quality which has often been rare in this Parliament. I hope we will see more of it. May some of your courtesy spread its way through the rest of us who have not practised it so well. You have good relations with members on both sides of the House and I know that you will perform the task of Speaker with dedication and great concern for this Parliament, for this institution. The Government, for its part, is determined to strengthen the institution of Parliament. Policy announcements will be made where they ought to be madewhen the House is sitting in the Parliament itself. There will be proper opportunities to debate matters of major significance and debate will not be cut off as it has been on some occasions in the past. There is much room for committee reforms in the Parliament. We have had a situation in which a joint committee - (Opposition members interjecting)- Mr MALCOLM FRASER: -Mr Speaker, in case the honourable gentlemen opposite did not understand me, when policy matters are introduced into this Parliament and policy announcements are made in this Parliament, there will be proper opportunity to debate them. On previous occasions there was no opportunity to debate policy in this Parliament and debate was often cut short when it should not have been. That will not occur in the future. But if an Opposition persists in tactics or approaches designed to frustrate the proper workings of the House, obviously the Leader of the House will have to take to himself the powers under the Standing Orders and use them appropriately. Committee reforms are something which a committee of this House and of the Senate have been examining. The Government will look forward keenly to a final report from a reconstituted committee so that action can be undertaken to reform the workings of the Parliament and to enable the members of the Parliament to have a fuller and a more appropriate role in the nation’s affairs. I believe that there have been opportunities in the past when governments could have acted in this way. My Government is determined not only to assist you, Sir, in setting standards of conduct of behaviour in this Parliament, but also to do a great deal to enhance the working of the Parliament and to make private members of the Parliament feel that they have- as they have- a more significant role than has sometimes been the case in the past. The office of Speaker is a responsible job, and this is an important time for the future of Australia. I should just like to repeat, Mr Speaker, that you have the good wishes of every person in the Government and, I believe, the good wishes of the Parliament. You have had a long and distinguished career in the Parliament and I can think of nobody who will fill this task better, with greater dignity, with more honour and, as I indicated, with greater courtesy. These are qualities the Parliament needs; they are qualities Australia needs. We thank you for taking the chair. Mr E. G. WHITLAM (Werriwa-Leader of the Opposition)- Mr Speaker, I offer the sincere congratulations of the Opposition on your election to your high and ancient office. There are few members of the House indeed who have had so long and deep an experience as yourself. There are few people in the House who have been members as long as you; you have been a member for over 20 years. No one in the House has been a Minister longer than you; you have been a minister for 9 years, ranging from Attorney-General to Treasurer. You were Leader of the House on two occasions, amounting in all to 3 Vi years. You were Leader of the Opposition for 2V4 years. You represented your Party and the Parliament at many conferences and in many overseas delegations. Few people could hope to equal your record of experience as a member of Parliament, as a representative of the Parliament, as a Minister in the Parliament. Three times, when you were in my present position you tendered congratulations to the Speaker- in February 1973, July 1974 and February 1975. You would blush if I were to recall the sentiments you expressed as those required by an ideal Speaker. It is enough for me to say that I will keep them by me for ready reference. Mr Speaker: – You might give me the reference. Mr E G Whitlam: WERRIWA, NEW SOUTH WALES · ALP – My only misgivings, Sir, arise from a doubt of your willingness and capacity to assert the rights of the House. After all, you yourself abetted the first attempt by the Senate to usurp the rights of this House in April 1974. The attempt failed because you, unlike your successor, did not corral the complete conservative coalition of newspaper proprietors, Chief Justice and Governor-General. I concede that your attitude is not likely to handicap the House in this Parliament when the Senate, I expect, will be quite quiescent. Mr Speaker, there will be widespread satisfaction on both sides of the House that your Party, on one of those occasions when it conducted a secret ballot for its officers and nominees, made amends to you by nominating you to your high office. There is much personal goodwill towards you on both sides of the House. I certainly share that sentiment myself. I am most happy to convey to you the congratulations of myself and my colleagues. Mr ANTHONY: Minister for National Resources and Minister for Overseas Trade · Richmond · NCP/NP - Mr Speaker, on behalf of the members of the National Country Party I extend sincere congratulations to you on being elected to the very high position of Speaker of this House. I also extend to you my own personal congratulations. You have been a friend and colleague of mine for many years and it is indeed fitting to see this distinction bestowed upon you. You have held many responsible positions in this chamber and you understand the forms of the House and its mood. I am sure that in your position you will do all possible to maintain the decorum, dignity and propriety that go with the responsibilities of your office. You are a person who has had misfortunes but one of your greatest attributes has been your ability to show no bias, no bitterness and no retaliation. As a Speaker must show impartiality and no bias, you are a fitting person to hold the position. I wish you many years of service in the office. I should like to commend the honourable member for Corio (Mr Scholes), who has experienced disappointment today in not being elected as Speaker, for the service he gave in the previous Parliament. His misfortune was not of his own making but was due to those in his own Party who wanted to abuse the forms of the House and to reject the Constitution. Mr SCHOLES: Corio -Mr Speaker, I congratulate you on your assumption of a very important and high office not only in this Parliament but also in our community. You take this office at a time when some of the problems which beset myself and my predecessor do not exist within this Parliament. The governing party has a majority in both Houses and therefore it is less likely that conflict between the Houses will exist. You also take office at a time when this House is at what I must say is its lowest position with regard to government and administration. This House has had removed from it its pre-eminent right over the finances of the Commonwealth. It has had removed from it rights which people’s houses, including the House of Commons, have had for 700 years. Mr Sinclair: – Nonsense. Mr SCHOLES: – The Leader of the House expressed his opinion in an earlier debate. His opinion is that a man who robs a bank and gets away with it is properly and legally entitled to the funds he collects. Having robbed the bank of integrity and obtained a majority in this House does not make the actions which preceded the election proper any more than the verdict of the Australian people in 1966 reflected what was proper and subsequently proved correct in those days. Mr Speaker, I have been diverted by an interjection and I am sorry. Mr Donald Cameron: GRIFFITH, QUEENSLAND · LP – You are out of order. Mr SCHOLES: -That decision is the Presiding Officer’s responsibility and not the responsibility of the honourable member. I am sure the Speaker can carry out his duties far better than the honourable member. That is why the honourable member was not selected yesterday. Sir, you assume responsibilities also outside this chamber. You are responsible for this Parliament and every person who enters and works within it. The people who work within this Parliament are the people most neglected by this Commonwealth of ours and least thought about by those who exercise power. You, Sir, have a responsibility which will bring you in conflict with your executive and rarely bring you satisfaction. The conditions under which people work in this Parliament are below sub-standard and this Parliament, under its laws, would not allow other people to work under similar conditions. Sir, I congratulate you and I say to you with all the goodwill in the world that I trust that your service to Parliament this House of the Parliament as its Speaker will be such that it will place your name high in the list of the people who have occupied that chair and that it will bring to this Parliament and, more importantly, to this House of the Parliament, the respect and the position to which I think the Government of this country is entitled. Mr GILES: Angas – It is not only appropriate but certainly it is also my wish that I be allowed one or two moments to congratulate you, Mr Speaker, most sincerely on your elevation to the office you now hold. In passing may I also pay my compliments to the honourable member for Corio (Mr Scholes). I was a trifle astounded to hear him refer to banks as storehouses of integrity. I have no doubt that that statement, if I heard it correctly , will be noticed in high places. I know that all sorts of banks store commodities, sometimes of great importance, but probably nothing of greater importance than integrity. I was interested in the honourable member’s use of that term. Mr Speaker, my purpose in rising is to congratulate you and I request you to pass on my best wishes, and the best wishes of honourable members of this side of the House, to your wife. In times of adversity men come forward- and in this case I would spell Men with a capital. I think you have succeeded in attracting the admiration of the people of Australia for the fine way in which you and your wife have coped with adversity. In many ways adversity is a major requirement in forming character, and character is what is needed to control this House in a dignified and proper fashion. I personally wish you well and I hope you have a long, successful and happy sojourn in your present office. Mr HAYDEN: Oxley -I would like to congratulate you, Mr Speaker, on assuming this high office. The honourable member for Hotham (Mr Chipp) was unkind enough to refer to a nose injury of yours which goes back so many decades that it must be embarrassing to consider the lapse of time. I would like to join him in saying that I hope we do not have the misfortune of seeing you taking the chair on any future occasion with your nose out of joint. I feel certain that you were reassured today to have the expression from the Prime Minister (Mr Malcolm Fraser) that he stands firmly behind you. Some people would be unkind enough to make some pointed comments about that remark. It is not the first time that he has given you assurances of complete and loyal support to you but I think he means it this time. I found the principle firmly enunciated this morning by the Prime Minister a rather novel one, that there would be a completely free flow of debate in this chamber- except when it was embarrassing and then, of course, the matter would be put to the vote. Mr Speaker, you bring the breadth of experience to this chair which should allow you to discharge your duties with dignity and to attract great respect to this House. I sincerely trust that you display the depth of personal qualities which must also go with this. I believe you will and I wish you well in the future. Mr SPEAKER: – I thank the House and I thank the Prime Minister (Mr Malcolm Fraser) for the words he has spoken. There has been some departure from practice today in that issues of debate have been raised when really they should not have been raised. However, it was for the information of honourable gentlemen. I add that I think it will be in the interests of the House if we can have as many questions as possible in question time. I think the proposal put by the Prime Minister will contribute to that. I thank the Prime Minister for what he said. I thank the Deputy Prime Minister (Mr Anthony) and the Leader of the Opposition (Mr E. G. Whitlam). All of them customarily congratulate the Speaker, but I felt in the congratulations a real sense of meaning. I appreciate that. The honourable member for Corio (Mr Scholes) may, I hope, understand that I felt that he contributed very greatly as a Speaker in the period that he served. I appreciate the kindness of the gesture of the honourable member for Angas (Mr Giles) in speaking as he did. I draw the attention of the House to the fact that there is in the chamber today the longest serving Speaker in our history, Sir John McLeay. (Opposition members interjecting) Mr SPEAKER: – Order! That is the first time I have said it. I hope it will not be said very often. I hope I will have no need to repeat it. The office of Speaker has a great tradition. In many ways it is the fulcrum of parliamentary democracy. I am greatly honoured to occupy the position. I will be most alert to my responsibility to protect the dignity, the decorum and authority of the House. I will expect all honourable members to conduct themselves and to make their contribution to proceedings appropriately. I look forward to retaining the camaraderie of my old colleagues of the House and to building that camaraderie with my new colleagues. I thank the House. page 11 PRESENTATION TO GOVERNOR-GENERAL Mr MALCOLM FRASER: Prime Minister · Wannon · LP – I have ascertained that it will be His Excellency the Governor-General’s pleasure to receive the Speaker in the Library of the Parliament this day at 2.42 p.m. Mr SPEAKER: – Prior to my presentation to His Excellency this afternoon, the bells will ring for 3 minutes so that honourable members may attend in the chamber and accompany the Speaker to the Library, when they may, if they so wish, be introduced to His Excellency. Sitting suspended from 12.47 to 2.41 p.m. (The House proceeded to the Library, and, being reassembled) Mr SPEAKER: – I have to report that, accompanied by honourable members, I this day proceeded to the Library of the Parliament and presented myself to His Excellency the Governor-General as the choice of the House, and that His Excellency was kind enough to congratulate me on my election as Speaker. page 11 COMMISSION TO ADMINISTER OATH Mr SPEAKER: – His Excellency also presented to me his commission authorising me to administer to members the oath of affirmation of allegiance. I now lay the commission on the table. page 11 MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL The Usher of the Black Rod, being announced, was admitted, and delivered a message that His Excellency the Governor-General desired the attendance of honourable members in the Senate chamber forthwith. (Mr Speaker and honourable members attended accordingly and, having returned). page 11 MINISTERIAL ARRANGEMENTS Mr MALCOLM FRASER: Prime Minister · Wannon · LP - Mr Speaker, I have the honour to inform the House that the Ministry is as follows: Prime Minister- The Honourable Malcolm Fraser Deputy Prime Minister, Minister for National Resources and Minister for Overseas Trade-The Right Honourable J. D. Anthony Treasurer- The Honourable Phillip Lynch Minister for Primary Industry- The Honourable Ian Sinclair Minister for Administrative Services and Vice-President of the Executive CouncilSenator the Honourable R. G. Withers. Minister for Environment, Housing and Community Development- Senator the Honourable Ivor J. Greenwood, Q.C. Minister for Industry and CommerceSenator the Honourable Robert Cotton. Minister for Employment and Industrial Relations and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister in Public Service Matters- The Honourable A. A. Street. Minister for Transport- The Honourable P. J. Nixon Minister for Education and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister in Federal AffairsSenator the Honourable J. L. Carrick. Minister for Foreign Affairs- The Honourable Andrew Peacock Minister for Defence- The Honourable D. J. Killen Minister for Social Security and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister in Child Care Matters- Senator the Honourable Margaret Guilfoyle. Attorney-General- The Honourable R. J. Ellicott, Q.C Minister for Business and Consumer Affairs- The Honourable John Howard Minister for Health- The Honourable Ralph Hunt Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs-The Honorable M. J. R. MacKellar. Minister for Aboriginal Affairs- The Honourable Ian Viner Minister for the Northern Territory and Minister Assisting the Minister for National Resources- The Honourable Evan Adermann. Minister for Post and Telecommunications and Minister Assisting the Treasurer- The Honourable Eric Robinson. Minister for Construction and Minister Assisting the Minister for Defence- The Honourable John McLeay. Minister for Repatriation- The Honourable Kevin Newman Minister for Science- Senator the Honourable J. J. Webster. Minister for the Capital Territory- The Honourable A. A. Staley. The first 12 Ministers named comprise the Cabinet. The Leader of the House is Mr Sinclair. The Leader of the Government in the Senate is Senator Withers. In the Senate, Senator Withers will represent me in all matters except federal affairs and child care where I will be represented by the Ministers who are assisting me in those matters. Senator Withers will also represent the Ministers for National Resources, Foreign Affairs and Defence. The other portfolios will be represented in that chamber as follows: Employment and Industrial Relations, AttorneyGeneral, Business and Consumer Affairs by Senator Greenwood; Overseas Trade, Treasurer, Primary Industry and Transport by Senator Cotton; Post and Telecommunications by Senator Carrick; Health, Immigration and Ethnic Affairs, Aboriginal Affairs and Repatriation by Senator Guilfoyle; Capital Territory, Northern Territory and Construction by Senator Webster. Ministers in the Senate will be represented in this House as follows: The Minister for Administrative Services by Mr Street; the Minister for Environment, Housing and Community Development by Mr MacKellar; the Minister for Industry and Commerce by Mr Howard; the Minister for Education by Mr Viner; the Minister for Social Security by Mr Hunt; the Minister for Science by Mr Adermann. The Government Whip is the honourable member for Bendigo, Mr Bourchier, and the Deputy Whip is the honourable member for Griffith, Mr Donald Cameron. page 12 LEADERSHIP OF THE OPPOSITION Mr E G Whitlam: Leader of the Opposition · WERRIWA, NEW SOUTH WALES · ALP – I have the honour to inform the House that the Parliamentary Labor Party has elected me as Leader, the honourable member for Reid, Mr Uren, as Deputy Leader, the honourable member for Bonython, Mr Nicholls, as Whip and the honourable member for Hunter, Mr James, as Deputy Whip. page 12 LEADERSHIP OF THE NATIONAL COUNTRY PARTY OF AUSTRALIA Mr ANTHONY: Leader of the National Country Party of Australia · Richmond · NCP/NP – I wish to inform the House that the National Country Party has elected me as its Leader, the honourable the Minister for Primary Industry, Mr Sinclair, as Deputy Leader and the honourable member for Maranoa, Mr Corbett, as Party Whip. page 12 ACTS INTERPRETATION BILL 1976 Bill presented by Mr Malcolm Fraser, and read a first time. page 12 GOVERNOR-GENERAL’S SPEECH Mr SPEAKER: – I have to report that the House this day attended His Excellency the Governor-General in the Senate chamber when His Excellency was pleased to make a speech to both Houses of the Parliament. The Speech will be included in Hansard for record purposes. (The Speech read as follows)- Senators, Members of the House of Representatives: We assemble at a time when large areas of New South Wales and Queensland are being devastated by severe flooding. It is a terrible experience for those affected and my Government expresses its deepest concern for their plight. The Government is consulting with the States in taking action to ensure that all proper assistance is available. The Natural Disasters Organisation is operating smoothly. Following the decision of the Australian people in the elections last December for both Houses of Parliament, my Government believes that the Australian people have given it a strong directive to bring under control the highest unemployment for forty years and the worst prolonged inflation in the nation’s history. The Government believes that excessive government intervention in the life of the nation is a major factor in economic instability. My Government’s immediate objective is to bring inflation under control so that there can again be jobs for all who want to work. The Government’s long term objective is to prevent the growth of centralised bureaucratic domination in Australia, the increasing dependence of individuals on the state. It is to encourage the development of an Australia in which people have- maximum freedom and independence to achieve their own goals in life, in ways which they decide. As part of this approach the Government will place great emphasis on directing welfare assistance to those in real need. Unless there is a concentration on those in real need, schemes of assistance do not provide maximum possible assistance to the disadvantaged and become excessively costly. The Government does not believe that the poor and disadvantaged can be best helped by increasing the dependence of everyone on what the Government chooses to provide. My Government believes that adequate opportunities for the disadvantaged as well as the most rapid improvement in social service provision, are dependent on people being free and encouraged to achieve their best. The disadvantaged must be helped in ways which leave them the maximum independence. At the root of the economic crisis is a steadily increasing tax burden required to finance, at the expense of the private sector, an ever-growing public sector. Measures to deal with this crisis will advance Australia towards the long-term goal of a society based on freedom and on the mutual respect freedom makes possible. The Government’s strategy to achieve its objectives can be summarised as follows: There will be a major direction of resources away from Government towards individuals and private enterprise; The internal structure of the Government is being made more economical and effective; a responsible Cabinet system has been instituted which will permit effective and co-ordinated decisions to be taken and implemented; Major reforms will be implemented to protect individuals from being subjected to massive unlegislated tax increases; Historic reforms will be made to reverse the concentration of power in the Federal Government and increase the autonomy and responsibilities of Local and State Governments. The Government believes that there must be more scope for community and individual initiative if people are to solve their problems sensitively and with a rational use of resources; The total wealth of Australians will be expanded by the encouragement of enterprise, and by the reassertion of the Government’s role in establishing an appropriate legal framework for economic life; In all policy areas the Government will be alert to opportunities to increase the freedom of Australians to choosewithout exploitation- the kinds of goods, services, and styles of life they want, and to minimise direction by Government and the unnecessary redirection of resources through the Government’s bureaucracy. Control of inflation is the Government’s first consideration. Unless inflation is brought under control there will be no adequate employment opportunities, no soundly based return to prosperity. The Government has already begun to implement its economic program to achieve this objective. It is a full three year program. The budget deficit must be lowered, otherwise inflationary pressures will intensify. The very rapid growth in government expenditure in recent times has been accompanied by enormous waste. The Government has taken a number of actions to reduce expenditure and inefficiency. Immediate economies have been made in administrative expenses. These affect, among other things, overtime, travel and subsistence expenses, advertising, consultancy work, the activities of commissions, boards of inquiry, and so on, as well as expenditure by Ministers and other members of Parliament. The growth of the Federal bureaucracy has been halted by the announcement of revised staff ceilings. Further revisions to these ceilings to reduce the size of the service were announced last week. There has been an initial review of the Government’s spending programs and, with the other measures taken, expenditure reductions worth about $360m in the current year have been achieved. Savings from these decisions in later years will be considerably greater. The Government has also appointed an Administrative Review Committee to review administrative expenditure, achieve maximum administrative efficiency, and eliminate waste and duplication within and between Government Departments, and between Commonwealth and States. The committee will report progressively. The Government has been forced to examine all expenditures in terms of their priority. Choices have to be made. It will be necessary to economise on some worthwhile projects which are not urgent, in addition to continued action against waste and duplication, to effect the necessary transfer of resources to the private sector. Only if this is done can prosperity and productive job opportunities be restored. While the Government in these ways is seeking to cut the costs of public administration, it also seeks to promote worthwhile innovation in the Public Service. The Government will give close attention to the Report of the Royal Commission on Australian Government Administration when it is received. Concurrent with action to bring the deficit under control, the Government has announced a number of measures to further restrain inflation, encourage investment in plant and equipment and expand job opportunities in the private sector. These measures include the new 40 per cent investment allowance and the relaxation of conditions applying to the interest deductibility of convertible note issues. The Government has introduced a major set of monetary measures to take up excess liquidity and encourage investment. The package included a special new security, the Australian Savings Bond, which was outstandingly successful in supporting the February loan raisings. The Government will continue the suspension of the quarterly tax instalments for the three instalments that would have been payable for the 1976-77 financial year. Alongside its assistance to manufacturing and other industries, the Government has taken action to assist the rural community to overcome its present crisis. Rural industries will not be neglected as they have been in the past Government support for industry- primary as well as secondary- will be based on reports of the Industries Assistance Commission. The Government, of course, makes policy in this area. The Government is pursuing energetically proposals for a Rural Bank and a Farm Income Reserve Fund. An important contribution to economic revival and the expansion of job opportunities will be made by the Government’s policy for Australia ‘s resources. The prime objective of the Government’s national resources policy is to return resource development to its proper role in the nation’s economy and to restore overseas user’s confidence in the Australian mining industry’s long term reliability. The Government seeks to assure its overseas trading partners, including Japan, that we will be a stable and steady trading partner. Reliable access to overseas markets for a range of Australian products will be sought. The development of the North- West Shelf is a high priority and the Government is working closely with the Western Australian Government and private enterprise to bring the gas on-stream at the earliest possible date. The Government will energetically promote overseas trade and participate actively in the discussion of trade problems in the Conference on International Economic Cooperation and the forthcoming UNCTAD Ministerial Conference, as well as in the Multilateral Trade Negotiations being conducted under the auspices of G ATT. The Government will encourage measures aimed at improving the efficiency, economy, and adequacy of our transport services. In achieving these objectives it will work through Commonwealth, State and industry advisory bodies and it will review means of strengthening the Australian Shippers’ Council. Action will be taken to give effect to the Government’s commitment to develop a relative freight equalisation scheme for Bass Strait traffic. The Government will ensure that business activity is regulated by law to prevent exploitation of consumers. It will also review existing regulations to ensure that they are in the public interest and do not needlessly hamper business efficiency. The Government will review the operation of the Trade Practices Act and closely cooperate with the States in protecting the consumer. Australia will not return to a soundly based prosperity without understanding and cooperation between all sections of the community. The Government needs broadly based advice from the community and in this regard will be looking to such bodies as the Economic Consultative Group and the proposed tripartite national consultative council in the industrial relations area. With this in mind the Government has established the Department of Business and Consumer Affairs to develop and maintain close contact with consumers and business. In the field of transport, improved communication and cooperation with the States will be undertaken through the Australian Transport Advisory Council, the Marine and Ports Council and the Transport Industries Advisory Council. Talks are to be held with union and employer groups on the future role and operations of the Prices Justification Tribunal. A major step in the Government’s strategy and an important support for community cooperation will be the introduction of tax indexation. In the next Budget, the Government will begin implementing its tax indexation policy. The greater the support given to the Government’s economic program, the greater the first step can be. This reform will compel Governments to be honest- if they want more money, they must legislate for it. It will protect the average Australian and the low income earner against higher tax levels caused by inflation. It will check Government-induced inflation. It will be more effective in protecting the incomes of wage and salary earners than any other single measure. The Government intends to increase the capacity of Australian workers and employers to decide the leadership of their organisations. Legislation will be introduced providing for officially conducted secret ballots in elections for officials in organisations registered under the Conciliation and Arbitration Act. The Government is also proposing to ensure that members receive each year a report on the activities of their organisation and its finances. These measures will be discussed with the trade union movement before legislation is introduced. To re-establish a pattern of cooperation in national affairs and reverse the excessive centralising of power in Australia, the Government proposes to make the most important reform of the Federal system since Federation. Its core will be the principle of tax sharing. The possibilities of this new approach to Federalism are demonstrated by the recent Premiers’ Conference. The working of our governmental system has been corroded by the absence of reasonable financial autonomy for the States. Under this Government, the States will have access to a secure proportion of personal income tax revenue. This will both make possible more effective community participation in State and Local Government and a more rational use of the Government’s resources. In making these reforms, particular care will be taken over the special circumstances of the less populous States to ensure that they are in no way disadvantaged. To assist in achieving cooperation between the various spheres of government, an Advisory Council on Inter-governmental Relations will be established. In line with its policy of developing governmental authority, the Government will progressively act to confer executive responsibility on the Legislative Assembly of the Northern Territory with the objective of advancing the Territory to Statehood. A joint Federal and Northern Territory Legislative Assembly committee will be set up to work on arrangements for the transition to Statehood. For the A.C.T. the Government will propose legislation to ensure that the A.C.T. Legislative Assembly has responsibility for the financial management and decision-making related to Canberra’s local affairs, although the Parliament will retain a reserve power of disallowance. A task force has been established to make recommendations on the framework for the transfer of appropriate authority to the Assembly. Action to restore Australia’s economic well being and decentralise Government decision making is essential to the Government’s ability to provide better and more effective assistance to the disadvantaged. The Government will not permit economic recovery to take place at the expense of those who are less well off. The Government proposes to introduce to the Parliament amending legislation to increase social service pensions and benefit rates every six months in accordance with movements in the Consumer Price Index. Similar legislation will be introduced to increase repatriation compensation payments. The Government will proceed with a review of the income security system as a whole, including the effectiveness of guaranteed minimum income proposals in overcoming poverty. The possibility of expanding the area of choice in services available to the disadvantaged and those in real need, while fully maintaining support, will be investigated by the Government. It is believed by the Government that voluntary welfare organisations are a critically important part of the Australian welfare system. Accordingly, financial assistance to them will continue. In addition, the Government will assist voluntary bodies by placing public service resources at their disposal through improving opportunities for transferability of staff between the Government and the non-government sector. Medibank will be retained and the Government will ensure it operates efficiently. The Medibank Review Committee has been established to examine the program in this respect. Measures have been taken to ensure that only those genuinely eligible receive unemployment benefit. The Government will do everything in its power to ensure that these measures are applied with a sensitivity and understanding that respects the dignity of the unemployed, and that there is a simple, understandable and effective appeals system to protect applicants for benefits against arbitrary action by officials. The Government believes that education is a prime means for individual self development. An education system to achieve this end must be based on equality of opportunity and the pursuit of excellence. Legislation will be presented to Parliament early in the session to provide assistance to the States for education in 1976. This legislation will authorise funds for the programs of the Schools Commission, Universities Commission, Commission on Advanced Education and the Technical and Further Education Commission, which are now proceeding. The Government has requested reports from these Commissions on the triennium 1977-79 by the end of March. The relevant Commissions will be asked to give close attention to measures designed to achieve greater equality in teaching and facilities, and in particular to giving effective educational opportunities to the disadvantagedhandicapped, Aboriginal, isolated and migrant children. The functions of the Commissions and how they relate to State programs and responsibilities will be examined by the Government. Proposals are being considered for a single Tertiary Education Commission to perform the functions currently undertaken by the Universities Commission and the Commission on Advanced Education. The Government intends to proceed with the establishment of the maritime college at Launceston. The Government gives high priority to the provision of trade union training. It is particu- l arly concerned that training opportunities, and the composition of National and State Trade Union Training Councils recognise the important position of women in Australian employment. The Government’s foreign policy will reflect a greater self-reliance, and willingness to develop friendly and cooperative relations with all countries. The Government will continue fully to support international initiatives for the reduction of world tensions. Within South East Asia Australia has particularly good relations with the ASEAN group of countries. The Government will seek ways of expanding cooperation with them both individually and as a group as well as maintaining and developing substantive communications with all the countries in the Asia-Pacific area. My Government’s diplomatic effort will give greater emphasis to the Asia-Pacific region. It will seek to extend and deepen Australia’s relations with Japan. In response to messages from the Prime Minister of Japan, expressing the wish for the early conclusion of a treaty of friendship and cooperation between the two countries, the Government has made decisions which will enable the negotiations delayed last year to proceed. Bilateral relations with China will be further developed. The Government believes there is a need to pay more attention to relations with countries with which we share common philosophical commitments. Priority will be given to the protection of Australian interests in areas adjacent to our continent. In the Indian Ocean the Government supports United States efforts to balance the Soviet presence while hoping mutual restraint will keep the balance of forces at the lowest practicable level. Conscious of the steady and systematic development since 1968 of Soviet naval capabilities in the Indian Ocean area and its use of facilities there, and given the need of the United States to have adequate logistical back-up in an area where developments could affect global stability, the Government supports the United States development of Diego Garcia facilities. The Government believes Australia has a continuing responsibility to assist in the progress of Papua New Guinea and will, therefore, continue a comprehensive program for cooperation and development. The Government looks forward to the visit of Papua New Guinea’s Prime Minister and to having early discussions with him. The Government also accepts that it has a responsibility to assist with the economic advancement of developing countries. The nation’s security is a prime concern of the Government. The Government will watch the international situation closely to ensure timely warning of any changes adverse to the nation’s security interests. It will maintain and foster the valuable defence relations with Australia’s allies and other friends, including close associates in the neighbouring region. The Government will ensure that the nation has at its disposal an adequate defence force that is properly trained, equipped and supported. Thorough assessments of equipment needs are being undertaken as part of the review of the Defence Program. Once the priorities are determined my Government will act without delay to acquire the chosen equipment. An order for medium range transport aircraft for the RAAF is expected to be placed within the next few months. A plan for a new cadet system is being drawn up. The new style cadet corps will retain the essential virtues of cadet training, but will seek to rely more heavily on voluntary support from the community. The Government places importance on improving the Defence infrastructure, and has directed that a number of studies be undertaken in relation to our Western seaboard. These include an examination to expedite completion of HMAS Stirling in Cockburn Sound, and the early establishment of a Joint Services training area at Yampi Sound. The new Defence organisation established by the Defence Reorganisation Act will facilitate the development of a Defence Force in keeping with Australia’s needs. A Defence Council has been established to facilitate the access by the Minister for Defence to all relevant advice and information concerning the control and administration of the Armed Services and to ensure that the views of the services are reviewed by an appropriate body. The Government is firmly committed to furthering equality of opportunity for women in education, employment, and in public life. It will encourage the full participation of women in all aspects of Australian life to ensure that their contribution of skills and talents is used to the full. The Commonwealth Public Service Superannuation Scheme to be introduced shortly has been amended to make better provision for women employed by the Government. The Government recognises the major contribution that migrants have made to Australia. It will intensify action to meet the needs of migrant and ethnic communities in Australia. In order to consult adequately with migrant communities, the Government will see that consultative committees are established in every State. It will cooperate with the States and migrant communities in disseminating ethnic languages and cultures. It favours the provision of migrant advisory services and assistance schemes in industry and will encourage industry to take a greater responsibility for the welfare of migrant workers. The Government will make available adequate numbers of bilingual staff in public hospitals and government departments. The thrust of the Government’s policy in Aboriginal Affairs is to promote self-management and self-sufficiency for Aboriginals. To this end the Government will be considering ways of providing opportunities for Aboriginals to play a significant role in setting their long term goals and objectives, priorities for expenditure, and in evaluating existing programs and formulating new ones. The Government will introduce legislation to establish a new Home Savings Grant Scheme. The Government will review the Housing Loans Insurance Scheme. The Government is conscious of the need to protect and improve the nature of the environment. To provide a coherent national approach to pollution control, the Government will discuss national environmental standards and criteria with the States. As soon as those discussions have been concluded, legislation will be introduced. The implications of the affirmation by theHigh Court that the Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973 is valid for the administration of all offshore operations, are now under close study and appropriate revised arrangements are being worked out in cooperation with the States. In these consultations the Government will seek to work out an appropriate basis of cooperation with the States not only in relation to particular industries but in particular for the protection of the marine environment. The subject of privacy will be referred to the Law Reform Commission. The terms of reference will be settled after consultation with State Attorneys-General. After consideration of the Commission’s report the Government will introduce appropriate legislation. The Government will continue to implement the Family Law Act. Australia has a fine record of achievement in the creative and performing arts. It is the Government’s intention to encourage their continued growth and development, and to emphasise the development of young talent. The Government also believes that the States and private interests can play a crucial part in the healthy and vigorous growth of the arts. The Government will give effect to the National Gallery’s policy of giving first priority to purchasing Australian Art. Australia’s National Gallery should hold the very finest work of Australian artists of all periods. The Government will support a more vigorous sponsorship of exhibitions which will give more Australians ready access to the art and culture of other countries. The Government will continue to encourage the rapidly growing Australian Film and Television Industry. Further development of the creative and performing arts will add greatly to the depth and value of life in Australia. Senators and Members, The purpose my Government has set itself is not merely to give Australia prosperity, predictability and stability. It is also to develop in a rational and sensible fashion a new and exciting role for government- one which places more reliance on the commonsense and reason of the Australian people. Australians are increasingly well educated, they have a high capacity to participate in and shape the decisions that determine their future. My Government is determined to develop these possibilities in the process of government in a manner never before undertaken. We have a unique opportunity to establish in Australia a truly liberal and humane society- to demonstrate that independence and freedom are not only compatible with action to assist the disadvantaged but inseparable from it. The Government is not concerned with power for itself. It is the servant of the Australian people. Its purpose is to work with the people to create an Australian democracy which will be an example to the world of what a free people can achieve. I now leave you in the faith that Divine Providence will always guide your deliberations and further the welfare of the people of Australia. page 18 ADDRESS-IN-REPLY Motion (by Mr Malcolm Fraser) agreed to: That a Committee consisting of Mr Groom, Mr Braithwaite and myself be appointed to prepare an AddressinReply to the Speech delivered by His Excellency the Governor-General to both Houses of the Parliament and that the Committee do report at the next sitting. Sitting suspended from 3.54 to 5 p.m. page 18 DEATH OF TUN ABDUL RAZAK Mr MALCOLM FRASER: Prime Minister · Wannon · LP – A short while ago Tun Abdul Razak died. It is appropriate that the House pay its respects to his memory and to what he did in the service of his country and of the region in which he lived. Tun Abdul Razak ‘s death is a great loss to the people of Malaysia, South East Asia and the world. In his death Australia itself has lost a dear and good friend. Tun Razak had a sustained and close contact with leaders of the Australian Government, of both sides of politics, for many years. He was greatly respected by all Australians and especially by those who came to know him. He was respected for his depth of feeling, his sense of purpose and his dedication. Tun Razak ‘s career was one of achievement. During the war he joined the Malayan resistance. He had a brilliant academic record in England where he was admitted to the Bar. He held high administrative posts in Malaya’s preindependence period while seeking Malaya’s national independence. It was one of those countries that moved from an old regime to a proper and dignified independence through co-operation, common sense and reason. In 1955 he was Education Minister and there laid the basis for Malaya’s national education system. In 1957, on Malayan independence, Tun Razak became Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defence and National Security. He spearheaded the antiinsurgency campaign. In 1960 he also became Minister for National and Rural Development, a post he held for 10 years, which he used to achieve rapid progress in the development of rural areas and which did much to raise the standard of life throughout rural Malaysia. In 1970 Tun Razak became Prime Minister and Defence and Foreign Affairs Minister. He made a significant contribution to the development of Malaysia both domestically and internationally. He was a skilled administrator and conducted Malaysian affairs with great dignity, calmness and sense of purpose. His statesmanship and his contribution to peace and stability in South East Asia will long be remembered. He helped to establish some notable and worthy goals not only for his own country but also for the region and he was not deterred by the fact that their achievement in the immediate present seemed difficult. I knew Tun Razak for a long period and I will mourn his loss personally. I therefore move: That this House records its sincere regret at the death of Tun Abdul Razak, Prime Minister of Malaysia, and expresses to the people of Malaysia profound regret and to his family tenders sympathy in their bereavement. Mr E G Whitlam: Leader of the Opposition · WERRIWA, NEW SOUTH WALES · ALP – The Australian Labor Party supports the motion which the Prime Minister has moved. Only 4 months ago Tun Razak was the guest of the Parliament. He was returning a visit which I made 2 years ago. He was South East Asia’s longest serving and one of its most dedicated national leaders. He had been a Minister since Malaysia was created. For the past 5 years he had been its Prime Minister. Before Malaysia was formed he had served as a Minister in the State of Pahang, of which his family were the hereditary rulers. He had devoted his whole adult life to equipping his nation for selfgovernment and asserting its independence. One of the most revealing things I learned from him was that when he was 10 years of age the coronation occurred of his grandfather as Sultan of Pehang. He said: ‘A very big hall was built for the occasion and all the chiefs, nicely dressed, stood in the hall. The British Governor and his officers were there too. Everyone was standing except them. That picture has stayed in my mind. The British put us on the stage but with no part to play. This was our country but they sat there and ruled it, and all we could do was to stand by and watch. I remember that occasion very well ‘. Tun Razak was known as a very quiet person. He pursued a low profile in public life at home and abroad. Nevertheless, I believe that one needs to understand the man’s background and his earliest impressions to understand, to appreciate, to applaud his consistency of purpose and his persistence in achieving it, and his achievements were remarkable. Malaysia is not the easiest country to rule- constitutionally, ethnically, culturally- yet he brought it together, he helped to bring it to independence, he preserved its independence and he gave it a leadership role in the region, not least in ASEAN, such as no other person could have done so well. He played a leading role in the creation of the concept of a zone of peace, freedom and neutrality in South East Asia, a concept which, as the whole of ASEAN recognises, offers our best hope for the future of our region. I had been his guest on 9 visits to Malaysia since 1962. My wife and I had formed a close friendship with him and his wife. The new Prime Minister of Malaysia is, of course, a brotherinlaw of the late Tun Razak. They married sisters. Many of us have lost a good neighbour and a good friend in Tun Razak. We can at least be happy that a man who was brought into public life from the professions, where he enjoyed a very high standing indeed and an outstanding reputation, is the new Prime Minister of Malaysia. To Tun Razak ‘s family, to the people of Malaysia, to the Government of Malaysia all Australians can say that they have lost a good neighbour and a good friend. We will remember the contribution that this man and those associated with him made to steady progress and proper aspirations in our region. Question resolved in the affirmative, honourable members standing in their places. page 19 DEATH OF CHOU EN-LAI Mr MALCOLM FRASER: Prime Minister · Wannon · LP – During the period when the House was not sitting Chou En-lai also died. With his death China lost one of her great leaders and the world lost one of this century’s outstanding men. His death will be sadly felt not only by the Chinese people but also by people throughout the world. Chou’s career spanned more than SO years, a record that few could equal. A determined revolutionary, he was a major figure in the turbulence of China’s revolutionary period and beyond, playing the roles of party organiser, military leader and intellectual, combining those qualities and characteristics with rare skill and a rare capacity. He was second only to Mao Tsetung in his influence on contemporary China. As Premier, Chou En-lai stood willing to discuss with candour his country’s position with visitors and other dignitaries. These explanations of China’s role made a significant contribution to world understanding and in particular to an understanding of modern China. A committed believer in the Marxist-Leninist perspective in the world, he applied this perspective through the established canons of international relations. History will remember Chou En-lai as a major figure of his era who served his country with sacrifice and dedication over a span of years that has few parallels. In his last years, gravely ill, he worked with grace and composure to maintain and enhance China’s internal stability and position in the world. I therefore move: That this House records its sincere regret at the death of Chou En-lai, Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, and expresses to the people of China profound regret and to his family tenders sympathy in their bereavement. Mr E G Whitlam: Leader of the Opposition · WERRIWA, NEW SOUTH WALES · ALP – The Australian Labor Party supports the motion of condolence of the Prime Minister (Mr Malcolm Fraser) on the death of Premier Chou En-lai. His death has been lamented not only by the people of China, for whom it was an occasion of profound national grief, but also by statesmen and people the world over. With his great compatriot Mao Tse-tung, Chou En-lai embodied and expressed the aspirations of the people of China for national unity and international dignity. His death has removed the last but one of the giants of modern history. In the eyes of the world he represented the authentic spirit of the new China and her people. At the same time he remained a figure of world stature, of universal renown. While serving always the interests of his own people he was never remote from the wider concerns of humanity. He had an instinctive familiarity with nations and people everywhere, with the arts of diplomacy and the workings of governments. It was this which made him over half a century a supremely skilled and eloquent spokesman for his country, the supreme internationalist amongst statesmen and the chief interpreter to the world of the ideals and aspirations of his people. His great achievement was to restore to a quarter of the world’s people their proper place in the community of nations. He won for his country by slow degrees the trust and respect of other nations. For too long in that task he met grudging response from Australia and her allies. Only in recent years have all Australian governments and parties come to accept the place of China in our region and in the world and the legitimate claims of her people to recognition and full membership in the world community. I believe the judgment of history wm confirm that on all momentous issues affecting the peace and security of our region China has been proved right and the Western nations paid a heavy and tragic price for their folly and short-sightedness. Premier Chou En-lai worked tirelessly to better the living standards of his people. He was both a product and an architect of the tumultuous events of the revolution whose effects have transformed his country and its relations with the world. People everywhere admired his valiant participation in the Long March. Modern China owes much of its strength and confidence as well as its growing industrial development to the ideals he formulated and the inspiration he provided to his people. I made 2 visits to his country, the second as Prime Minister. During my visits I spent some 20 hours in discussion with him and was profoundly impressed by his charm, his humanity, his vigour and his vision. It was a vision which encompassed the world, a world where China would neither dominate nor be dominated. If the world now better understands China and the people of China it is chiefly because of this extraordinary man. He worked passionately for peace. He saw peace as the indispensable condition for the progress of mankind and the realisation of the aspirations of his country. He deepened and extended China’s contacts with the world in culture and trade. More than anyone else he helped break down the ancient fears and suspicions of his country that prevailed abroad. His per.sonality embodied both the spirit of contemporary China and the values of its ancient civilisation, the longest civilisation to occupy one part of the earth’s surface. In time I believe the world will come to see the full dimensions of its debt to this wise, patient, cultured and, in the highest sense, aristocratic representative of his people. Mr YOUNG: Port Adelaide -I join with the Prime Minister (Mr Malcolm Fraser) and the Leader of the Opposition (Mr Whitlam) in support of this motion of condolence in respect of the death of the Premier of the People’s Republic of China. Like so many people holding office in the parliaments throughout the world I have joined with the throng that has gone to China in recent years and have had the great privilege of meeting with Premier Chou En-lai. In speaking of this man one must of course reconcile his history with the torment of China up to 1949 and the great achievements of China since 1949. It has been an unfortunate aspect of Australian politics that the exploitation of foreign affairs during the 1950s and 1960s and the plight of Asia during that period clouded both the achievement of China and the ability and achievements of the individuals in the Government of China, one of whom was the Premier, Chou En-lai. The responsibility of the Government of China in 1949 to tackle the problems of some 600 million people, to get the industries going, to overcome the illiteracy, to overcome the enormous health problems, to overcome the poverty, then to face the trade embargoes, the hostility of much of the Western world, was a responsibility that fell very largely on the person of Chou En-lai. The internal problems of the cultural revolution took toll of his health and he came through that revolution in the same position as Premier of that country. In personal relations with Australia, he had much to do with the very important visit of the Australian Labor Party delegation to that country in 1971. He had a great deal to do with the exchange of representatives between the Labor Government of Australia in 1973 and his own country. The greatness of China in 1976 can be very directly associated with his ability and with his contribution to his own country. He was, by any political standards, a great man and he goes to his grave knowing that over 100 countries recognise his country. Question resolved in the affirmative, honourable members standing in their places. page 20 DEATH OF GENERAL MURTALA RUFAI MOHAMMED Mr MALCOLM FRASER: Prime Minister · Wannon · LP – General Mohammed, Nigerian Head of State and Commander of the Armed Forces, met his death on 13 February 1976. General Mohammed had served with the United Nations peace-keeping force in the Congo. He was a prominent leader of the Nigerian Federal Forces and was Minister for Communications. He became Nigerian Head of State and Commander of the Armed Forces in July 1975. His Government introduced a number of significant changes, I therefore move: That this House records its sincere regret at the death of General Murtala Rufai Mohammed, Head of State and Commander of the Armed Forces of Nigeria and expresses to the people of Nigeria profound regret and to his family sympathy in their bereavement. Mr E G Whitlam: Leader of the Opposition · WERRIWA, NEW SOUTH WALES · ALP – On behalf of the Opposition I join the Prime Minister (Mr Malcolm Fraser) in expressing regret at the death of General Mohammed. He had been Nigerian Head of State and Commander in Chief since July last year. Just 10 years ago in this House, on 8 March 1966, Prime Minister Holt moved a motion of condolence upon the death, also by assassination, of a former Prime Minister of Nigeria, Sir Abubakar Balewa. It is a tragic blow for the Nigerian people that domestic upheaval has again deprived the nation of its leadership. General Mohammed had served in the armed forces of his country during the civil war and also with the United Nations. He had launched many programs at home in the difficult ethnic and economic situation facing his country- the most populous and perhaps the most vital and bestendowed nation in Africa. He gave his support, as his country has consistently, to the Commonwealth. We extend our sympathy to his family and our good wishes to the Government and people of his country. Question resolved in the affirmative, honourable members standing in their places. page 21 CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEES Mr O’KEEFE: Paterson -I move: That Mr Lucock, the honourable member for Lyne, be appointed Chairman of Committees of this House. Mr Giles: – I second the motion. Mr SCHOLES: Corio -I move: That Dr Jenkins, the honourable member for Scullin, be appointed Chairman of Committees of this House. Mr Bryant: – I second the motion. Mr O’KEEFE (Paterson)-Mr Speaker, I commend to you and to the House the appointment of Mr Philip Ernest Lucock, C.B.E., the honourable member for Lyne, as Chairman of Committees of this House. The honourable member has had a distinguished parliamentary career, having been elected as honourable member for Lyne in a by-election on 22 March 1952. He has been re-elected on all subsequent occasions. During his membership of the House of Representatives he has demonstrated great ability and a knowledge and capacity which qualify him for the appointment which this House is considering. During his parliamentary terms he occupied the position of Temporary Chairman of Committees from 28 February 1956 to 20 February 1961 and served as Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees from 8 March 1961 to 27 February 1973. He has been Acting Speaker on occasions. Indeed, the honourable member’s service as Chairman of Committees and Deputy Speaker in previous parliaments constitutes a parliamentary record. The position of Chairman of Committees of this House is extremely important because the occupant serves not only as Chairman of Committees but also as first deputy to the Speaker. Mr Lucock brings to the House a vast experience of parliamentary procedure. Over the years as an occupant of this important post he exhibited great tolerance, wisdom, dignity and fairness on all occasions. Mr Lucock has represented Australia on many overseas delegations, and represented this country in a most distinguished manner. In 1957 he was a member of the Australian delegation to the 12th Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations in New York. Mr Lucock is regarded by parliamentarians in this country as an outstanding chairman who will bring great credit to this Parliament and to the position for which he is nominated. I have much pleasure in commending to the House Mr Philip Lucock as a member exhibiting the best qualities required for the position of Chairman of Committees of the House of Representatives. Mr GILES: Angas – I take much pleasure from being allowed to second the motion that Mr Lucock, the honourable member for Lyne, be appointed Chairman of Committees. My friend, the honourable member for Paterson (Mr O’Keefe), has already mentioned that the honourable member for Lyne has established a record of service in this particular position in this Parliament. I go further by saying that the honourable member for Lyne has actually served as Chairman of Committees, and therefore as Deputy Speaker, under 3 Speakers to my knowledge- Speaker Cameron, Speaker Sir John McLeay, who was with us earlier today, and Speaker Sir William Aston. When the parties to which he and I belong occupied the Opposition benches, Mr Lucock served this House well as the senior Deputy Chairman of Committees. I am satisfied that he will be elected to this important position today. Perhaps he will allow me to say that this will be a proper return to the position in that it is almost a parliamentary tradition that he should occupy it. I hope I do not magnify any facet of Mr Lucock ‘s makeup by saying that. With you, Mr Speaker, Mr Lucock will bear a heavy responsibility for the proper conduct of this House. Long may intelligent and informed chairmanship allow rational debate to be the method by which issues are decided in this House. There have been times when signs of rowdyism did occur, as you, Mr Speaker, will be well aware. In pointing out to both you, Mr Speaker, and Mr Lucock the heavy responsibility that you bear, I would like to say very sincerely that
2410	dbpedia	1	23	http://www.maberly.name/Jessonbiographies.htm	en	biographies			[ "http://www.maberly.name/Allen_jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/egyptbook.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Bradley_D_Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/bruce_jesson.jpeg", "http://www.maberly.name/C_G_Jesson_Queensland.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Charles_Jesson_grave_Fredericksburg.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/David_Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Prof_David_Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Ed_Jesson_Yukon.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Jesson_Island.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/George_H_Nick_Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Herman_L_Jesson&Jasmin.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Punch.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Jack-Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/joseph_Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/linley_jesson3.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Lucinda_Jesson2.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/St-Stephens-Hospital-3-Marie-Hayes-Ward.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Mary_Jesson_Poster.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Battle_of_Scheveningen.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Paul_Jesson_NZ.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Vivian_Rich.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/rayner_jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/wrens%20nest%20forge.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Robert_Perrin_Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/basra_memorial.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/starfish.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/robyn_Jesson2.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Roy%20Hart%20Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Susan_Jesson-Ward.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Thomas_Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Henry_Tuchet_Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/villiers.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/pudsey.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Thomas_Bloodworth.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/bracebridge.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Harry%20Burrard-Neale.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Order_of_the_Bath.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Alfred_Ernle_Chatfield.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Nappa_Hall_by_RSC.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/John_Fairfax.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/James_Francis_Garrick.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/David_Jesson-Dibley.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/homenew04.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Arthur James was born on Feb 19th,1901 in West Bromwich to Samuel and Alice (née Patrick) Jesson. As an architect he designed two churches in the Great Barr area, the Moorlands Methodist church in Hall Green Road (1959) and the church at the Greenside Way/Redwood Road junction (1967). He married Joyce Dora Henn in 1932 and they had 5 children. He died in Devon in 1978. David was born in 1960 in Barrow-in-Furness to James Edward and Monica Jesson and brought up in Stourbridge, Worcs.. After 3 years as a Reader at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh he worked at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA and in South Africa. After a few years as Professor of Physics at Monash University, Victoria, Australia he has returned to the UK and is currently Professor of Experimental Physics and a Marie Curie Fellow at Cardiff University where his research group is studying quantum structure formation and dynamics. His main interests are in the field of electron microscopy, diffraction physics and surface physics, in which he is considered a world leader. He married Sharon Lynn Carney in 1994 in Anderson, Tennessee. Eric Edwin was born in Kent, UK to Frederick George Richard and Maud Emma (née Macey) Jesson. He emigrated as a geophysicist to Australia in 1957 to carry out the first gravity observations in the Larsemann Hills of Antarctica in 1958 before joining the Australian Antarctic base at Mawson as a seismologist. He was awarded the Polar Medal in 1961 and a small island in Antarctica has been named Jesson Island in his honour. He is married with two daughters and now lives in retirement in Brisbane. Jacob was born in London in 1650 into a family of ironmongers who, on the basis of their landholdings in the West Bromwich area, were obviously closely related to the Handsworth Jessons. He married Elizabeth Whalley and moved to the early settlement of Boston in the New England colony as the sales agent for his brother Abraham's ironmongery business. His wife and 3 children (Jacob1670-, Abraham 1672-and Jacob 1674-) all died there. He returned to London and was remarried on Nov 25th,1678 to Mary Glover with whom he had three more children (Glover, Mary and Elizabeth). He died there in 1686. In a famous 1675 Massachusetts theft trial in which he was one of 12 jurors he was fined heavily by the court for not agreeing with the magistrates and the other 11 jurors that the defendant was guilty. Thomas Bloodworth was born on 10 February 1882 at Maxey, Northamptonshire, England, the seventh child of Ann Jesson and her husband, Thomas Bloodworth, a groom and gardener. He left the village school at 10, and was apprenticed as a carpenter and joiner in Grantham, before emigrating to Christchurch, New Zealand, in 1908. He soon moved to Auckland, where he worked for two years as a carpenter on the construction of Grafton Bridge, then the largest single-span concrete bridge in the world. In 1910 he became active in the Auckland branch of the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners (ASCJ). He served as its delegate to the Auckland Trades and Labour Council, and the following year became president of the union.. He also became active in the Auckland branch of the New Zealand Socialist Party. By the end of 1913 he was an executive member of the United Federation of Labour (UFL) and from 1918 to 1920 served as their president. In 1921 he was elected secretary of both the Auckland branch and district council of the ASCJ; he combined these roles with spells as secretary of its Otahuhu and Hamilton branches. He failed in several attempts to get a seat in Parliament/ Tom Bloodworth also worked in local and community affairs, serving on the Auckland City Council for many years. He was made an OBE in 1966 and retired from civic life in 1968 at the age of 86. He died at Remuera, Auckland, on 11 May 1974. He had married Rhoda Alice Aspin in Auckland on 28 February 1912. Their only child, William, died in 1967
2410	dbpedia	2	76	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/James_Robert_Dickson	en	James Robert Dickson	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/James_Robert_Dickson.jpg/180px-James_Robert_Dickson.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Robert_james_dickson_grave.JPG/220px-Robert_james_dickson_grave.JPG", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/military/images/b/bb/Commons-Logo.svg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/30?cb=20131022191840", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Military Wiki" ]	2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00	Sir James Robert Dickson, KCMG (30 November 1832 – 10 January 1901) was an Australian politician and businessman, the 13th Premier of Queensland and a member of the first federal ministry. Dickson was born in Plymouth, Devon, and migrated initially to Victoria in 1854. He settled in Queensland...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Military Wiki	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/James_Robert_Dickson	Sir James Robert Dickson, KCMG (30 November 1832 – 10 January 1901) was an Australian politician and businessman, the 13th Premier of Queensland and a member of the first federal ministry. Biography[] Dickson was born in Plymouth, Devon, and migrated initially to Victoria in 1854. He settled in Queensland in 1862, becoming an auctioneer. A wealthy and influential businessman, he was elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Enoggera in 1873. He was made Secretary for Public Works and Mines in 1876 under Arthur Macalister, and was Treasurer 1876–79. In the absence of Sir Samuel Griffith he was briefly Opposition Leader, and was Treasurer again 1883–87 after Griffith became Premier. He lost his seat in 1888 but was again elected for Bulimba in 1892, supporting the importation of labourers from the South Pacific to work on the Queensland canefields.[1][2] In the so-called Continuous Ministry of the late 1890s, Dickson attained the positions of Secretary for Railways in 1897, Postmaster-General and Home Secretary 1898–99. In September 1898, after the death of Thomas Byrnes he was made Premier. The Continuous Ministry by this stage was falling apart, and Dickson had only a brief period in office before Anderson Dawson gained the support of the Legislative Assembly to become the leader of the world's first Labour Party government. The Ministerialists regrouped a week later to vote Dawson out of office. Dickson lacked support to become Premier again, and that position instead went to Robert Philp, in whose government Dickson was Chief Secretary.[1] Dickson was a leading supporter of federation in Queensland and was mainly responsible for winning a "yes" vote in the Queensland referendum on the proposed Constitution of Australia in 1900. As a result, Dickson was appointed Minister for Defence in the first federal ministry under Edmund Barton on 1 January 1901. He was intending to stand for election to the first Federal Parliament, but on 10 January he died after being taken ill at the Commonwealth's inaugural ceremonies in Sydney on 1 January. He was the first federal Minister to die in office.[1][2] He was accorded a state funeral; it proceeded from Toorak, his residence at , to the All Saints Anglican Church. After a short service it moved on to the Nundah Cemetery.[3] Honours[] Only nine days before he died, Dickson was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in the New Years Honours List 1 January 1901, in recognition of services in connection with the Federation of Australian Colonies and the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia.[4] The federal electoral division of Dickson in Queensland, and the Canberra suburb of Dickson are named after him. References[] []
2410	dbpedia	1	54	https://www.linkedin.com/posts/james-william-mortimer_sports-activity-6977887363427409920-wJML	en	James William de Mortimer on LinkedIn: #sports	https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/C4E22AQGokeyAYXtxXw/feedshare-shrink_2048_1536/feedshare-shrink_2048_1536/0/1663657988524?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=sB8G4EUbeXTW-L1Y2X4JxxTPdISp82c0vky63zmH4qw	https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/C4E22AQGokeyAYXtxXw/feedshare-shrink_2048_1536/feedshare-shrink_2048_1536/0/1663657988524?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=sB8G4EUbeXTW-L1Y2X4JxxTPdISp82c0vky63zmH4qw	[ "https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/D5616AQH0lTQVa5GBiQ/profile-displaybackgroundimage-shrink_200_800/0/1716426809323?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=R4yybsgo0cU3yxTQ8wg1NEojdk3bn4NQl0beEHADQ5s" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "James William de Mortimer" ]	2022-09-20T07:13:10.303000+00:00	"Well the real question is do you think you can become champion?" That's what I said to my partner Verona when she asked, just after I stepped down as Chief…	en	https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca		https://www.linkedin.com/posts/james-william-mortimer_sports-activity-6977887363427409920-wJML	This weekend the flagship international rugby competition in the Southern Hemisphere kicks off, with the All Blacks looking to continue their stranglehold on the tournament. However, Sir John Kirwan feels that “I personally believe that this is the hardest championship we’ve (NZ) played for a long time,” he said on The Breakdown. “How do you go to South Africa with a South Africa in such form and win twice over there?" The thirteenth edition of The Rugby Championship kicks off with New Zealand Rugby hosting Unión Argentina de Rugby for back-to-back Tests (in Wellington and Auckland) while Rugby Australia hosts the World Champions (in Brisbane and Perth). It continues the "mini-tour" format which will be in place until 2025. This is perhaps the most fascinating Rugby Championship in recent memory. The All Blacks open their title defence in Wellington, where they have not won in their last four Test matches. The vastly experienced Joe Schmidt, head coach role at the Wallabies, will play in his first Rugby Championship (TRC) and will look to bring a host of trophies back to Australia, having not won the TRC since 2015, the Freedom Cup and Puma Trophy since 2022 and the Bledisloe Cup for over two decades. The Wallabies open their account at Suncorp Stadium where they have won 10 of their last 11 games. This includes three wins over the South Africans, who have beaten the Australians only once in Brisbane since 1971. Hall of fame inductee Felipe Contempomi, who played 87-Tests for Argentina, will look to continue Los Pumas strong results over the last two years, with historic wins against the All Blacks (in NZ), the Wallabies and England in 2022 and a fourth placed finish at the Rugby World Cup last season. The Springboks, four-time and current World Champions and the No.1 ranked nation in the world, will look to hold their position at the top of the rankings - hosting the All Blacks in back-to-back Tests in what will potentially decide the 2024 title. Eben Etzebeth will play his 123rd Test this weekend, leaving him four appearances away from equalling Victor Matfield’s Springbok Test record while they boast the most experienced squad in the tournament by some margin. Meanwhile Scott Robertson will seek to defend a remarkable record for the All Blacks in the competition. - They have won ten of the 12 Rugby Championships including the last four - The have not lost the Bledisloe Cup (contested against Australia) since 2003 - They have held the Freedom Cup (played against South Africa) since 2010 - All-time (Tri-Nations 1996-2011, TRC 2012-2023) the All Blacks have won 100 Tests (from 133) with an astonishing +1,525 point's difference Next year's edition will coincide with The British & Irish Lions tour to Australia and is the last before a new broadcast deal which will take place from 2026. Brendan Morris Craig Fenton Leanne Bats ᵍᵐ Nick Riggall 🏉🤖 W C 👽David Robertson Matt Hymers Lee Radbourne David Algie Spoiler alert (and NSFW warning)... For now it seems Marvel Entertainment is back at the movies in a big way, with Deadpool & Wolverine on the verge of becoming the 55th movie to make $1B (USD) at the global box office. Astonishingly it will be the 11th Marvel movie in 12 years to hit the ten figure mark. It is a comeback for the biggest movie franchise in history with over $30 billion made across 34 movies? I'm not sure but as a lifetime Marvel fan I'm going to run with it. First, the movie is solid (I gave it 7/10). It is more of a fan film than a genuinely great work, but one that is so decisively not PC it will have great appeal. It also combines the comeback of Hugh Jackman's Wolverine and a host of others including Wesley Snipe's Blade, the teasing of Henry Cavill as Wolverine and the return of Chris Evan's Captain America which turns out to be a ruse. This, combined with the recent drop of the fourth installment of the Captain America series (Brave New World) trailer and the mega announcement that RDJ is returning to Marvel - sets us up nicely after a combination of average movies and superhero fatigue. The reveal of Downey Jr. as 'Doctor Doom' is interesting. Will he actually play Iron Man? (Geek alert: The 2016 comic Infamous Iron Man actually sees Von Doom assume the mantle of Iron man...) Captain America: Brave New World (Feb 2025) will see Marvel throw back to the very successful pseudo real world formula that worked for the previous CA films while tying in, without being a sequel, The Incredible Hulk in 2008. Harrison Ford plays Thaddeus E. "Thunderbolt" Ross who is also the Red Hulk - which he became to fight Edward Norton's Hulk released the same year as Iron Man. There is also, finally, a tie in to the Eternals Movie. Which of course debuted the MCU as we know it. The next big ensemble is Thunderbolts (May 2025), which ends phase five, welcoming back key characters like Bucky Barnes and numerous players from Black Widow. The inclusion of the Winter Soldier will be interesting as it's likely we will see hints of less CGI and more character development - which made the likes of CA: Winter Soldier and Civil War such critical, and financial, successes. They are not for everyone. Martin Scorsese says they are not cinema. Even Ford, notoriously honest, took a stab, saying it was a role he took without caring. Ouch. Me? They are my childhood. Hero movies. They often talk about comebacks... ...and that you can be the hero in your own story. Chasing Nothing
2410	dbpedia	1	0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Francis_Garrick	en	James Francis Garrick	https://upload.wikimedia…rick%2C_1875.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…rick%2C_1875.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/StateLibQld_1_54104_Sir_James_Francis_Garrick%2C_1875.jpg/220px-StateLibQld_1_54104_Sir_James_Francis_Garrick%2C_1875.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2010-03-06T09:36:35+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Francis_Garrick	Australian politician Sir James Francis Garrick, , (10 January 1836 – 12 January 1907),[1] was a politician and agent-general from Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In his later years, he lived in London. Early years [edit] Garrick was the second oldest of ten children of James Francis Garrick (b. 1803 in Deptford, Kent, England; d. 1874 in Sydney) and Catherine Eliza Garrick (née Branson, b. 1811 in Gibraltar; d. 1900 in Woollahra, Australia). His parents were married on 10 June 1832 in St Martin-in-the-Fields, Surrey, England. They subsequently emigrated to Sydney to manage a flour milling business.[2][3] Garrick was born in Sydney, New South Wales, on 10 January 1836. He was educated at Sydney College. He married Catherine Garrick (née Cadell) on 3 January 1865.[1] Legal career [edit] Both Garrick and his older brother Francis James (born 1833) were sent to Sydney solicitors to learn the legal trade. The younger brother was admitted to the New South Wales' bar in 1860.[1][3] James Francis moved to Brisbane in 1861 where only four attorneys were in practice at that time, whilst Francis James emigrated to New Zealand in February 1864.[1] Soon after his appointment to the Queensland Legislative Council in 1869, he went to London, where he continued with legal studies and work, and was admitted to the bar in 1873. He returned to Brisbane in 1874, where he was also admitted to the bar. He worked as a crown prosecutor in various districts and was appointed Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1882.[1] Political career [edit] Garrick was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland (lower house) for the 1867–68 period, representing the East Moreton electorate. In November 1869, he was then appointed to the Queensland Legislative Council (upper house). He went to London soon after, though, and his seat was declared vacant in December 1870 after him missing two sessions.[1] He represented East Moreton again in 1877–1878, and after East Moreton was abolished, represented Moreton 1878–1883.[4] He was appointed Attorney-General in the Douglas ministry for a short period before the premiership went to Thomas McIlwraith in January 1879. He was an important member of the opposition led by Samuel Griffith. When Griffith took over the premiership in 1883, Garrick was appointed colonial treasurer for a brief period, before taking on the role as postmaster-general, a role that he held until 24 June 1884. Garrick was also appointed again to the Legislative Council, a role that he held from Nov 1883 to August 1894, but for most of the time he was actually in London.[1] In June 1884, Garrick was appointed as the 5th agent-general for immigration in London. He held this post, with some interruption from 1888 to 1890, until 1895. He was successful of sending many immigrants to Queensland; in his first term, he averaged 10,000 per year.[1] Later life and commemoration [edit] Garrick remained in London until his death on 12 January 1907. He was survived by his wife and three children; Katherine Cecie Garrick, James Cadell Garrick and Francis Cadell Garrick.[1][5] Garrick was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1885,[6] and Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1886.[7] Garrick's daughter Katherine endowed through her November 1916 will the James Francis Garrick chair of law at the University of Queensland in the memory of her father. The university's senate decided in 1923 on a chair in law, in the faculty of arts, to be called the "James Francis Garrick Professorship of Law". The chair is still in use at the TC Beirne School of Law.[5] References [edit]
2410	dbpedia	1	15	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/James_Robert_Dickson	en	James Robert Dickson	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/James_Robert_Dickson.jpg/180px-James_Robert_Dickson.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Robert_james_dickson_grave.JPG/220px-Robert_james_dickson_grave.JPG", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/military/images/b/bb/Commons-Logo.svg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/30?cb=20131022191840", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Military Wiki" ]	2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00	Sir James Robert Dickson, KCMG (30 November 1832 – 10 January 1901) was an Australian politician and businessman, the 13th Premier of Queensland and a member of the first federal ministry. Dickson was born in Plymouth, Devon, and migrated initially to Victoria in 1854. He settled in Queensland...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Military Wiki	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/James_Robert_Dickson	Sir James Robert Dickson, KCMG (30 November 1832 – 10 January 1901) was an Australian politician and businessman, the 13th Premier of Queensland and a member of the first federal ministry. Biography[] Dickson was born in Plymouth, Devon, and migrated initially to Victoria in 1854. He settled in Queensland in 1862, becoming an auctioneer. A wealthy and influential businessman, he was elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Enoggera in 1873. He was made Secretary for Public Works and Mines in 1876 under Arthur Macalister, and was Treasurer 1876–79. In the absence of Sir Samuel Griffith he was briefly Opposition Leader, and was Treasurer again 1883–87 after Griffith became Premier. He lost his seat in 1888 but was again elected for Bulimba in 1892, supporting the importation of labourers from the South Pacific to work on the Queensland canefields.[1][2] In the so-called Continuous Ministry of the late 1890s, Dickson attained the positions of Secretary for Railways in 1897, Postmaster-General and Home Secretary 1898–99. In September 1898, after the death of Thomas Byrnes he was made Premier. The Continuous Ministry by this stage was falling apart, and Dickson had only a brief period in office before Anderson Dawson gained the support of the Legislative Assembly to become the leader of the world's first Labour Party government. The Ministerialists regrouped a week later to vote Dawson out of office. Dickson lacked support to become Premier again, and that position instead went to Robert Philp, in whose government Dickson was Chief Secretary.[1] Dickson was a leading supporter of federation in Queensland and was mainly responsible for winning a "yes" vote in the Queensland referendum on the proposed Constitution of Australia in 1900. As a result, Dickson was appointed Minister for Defence in the first federal ministry under Edmund Barton on 1 January 1901. He was intending to stand for election to the first Federal Parliament, but on 10 January he died after being taken ill at the Commonwealth's inaugural ceremonies in Sydney on 1 January. He was the first federal Minister to die in office.[1][2] He was accorded a state funeral; it proceeded from Toorak, his residence at , to the All Saints Anglican Church. After a short service it moved on to the Nundah Cemetery.[3] Honours[] Only nine days before he died, Dickson was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in the New Years Honours List 1 January 1901, in recognition of services in connection with the Federation of Australian Colonies and the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia.[4] The federal electoral division of Dickson in Queensland, and the Canberra suburb of Dickson are named after him. References[] []
2410	dbpedia	2	17	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6134157	en	James Francis Garrick	https://upload.wikimedia…rick%2C_1875.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…rick%2C_1875.jpg	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/StateLibQld_1_54104_Sir_James_Francis_Garrick%2C_1875.jpg/220px-StateLibQld_1_54104_Sir_James_Francis_Garrick%2C_1875.jpg", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Australian politician	en	/static/apple-touch/wikidata.png		https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6134157	Australian politician Sir James Francis Garrick edit
2410	dbpedia	1	42	https://farmerofthoughts.co.uk/collected_pieces/plays-graves-and-automobiles/	en	Plays, graves and automobiles	https://farmerofthoughts…avicon-32x32.png	https://farmerofthoughts…avicon-32x32.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "Tom Shakespeare", "disability", "sociology", "broadcaster", "campaigner", "achondroplasia", "restricted growth", "bioethics", "University of East Anglia" ]	null	[ "Tom Shakespeare" ]	2017-09-07T07:44:07+01:00	“What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet.” Romeo and Juliet All my life, my name has preceded me. “What a lovely name”, people say, and sometimes I feel like replying: but would you really want to be called Shakespeare? Sometimes, it feels a bit… Read More from Plays, graves and automobiles	en	https://farmerofthoughts…e-touch-icon.png	Tom Shakespeare	https://farmerofthoughts.co.uk/collected_pieces/plays-graves-and-automobiles/	“What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet.” Romeo and Juliet All my life, my name has preceded me. “What a lovely name”, people say, and sometimes I feel like replying: but would you really want to be called Shakespeare? Sometimes, it feels a bit like having a disfigurement. You can’t escape such a surname. Everyone’s curious about you, anonymity becomes impossible, you don’t get forgotten. It makes a big difference to your everyday encounters to be the namesake of the most famous writer who ever lived. Being a Shakespeare does create unexpected openings. When Sam Wanamaker asked my father to sit on the Board of the Globe Theatre project, of course it was not just my father’s contacts and charm which he hoped to exploit, but mainly his name. I hope that when I was appointed to the Arts Council in 2004, being a Shakespeare was irrelevant. We all want to be wanted for ourselves, don’t we? Could anyone feel comfortable, progressing in life because of what they were called, or who their parents are, or because they tick a box on a form? I’m not sure whether it would be worse to be the token disabled person, or the token Shakespeare. Being a Shakespeare adds lustre to life, but can also be a liability. You gain recognition, but how can you live up to that name? It’s always there as an implicit comparison. When my grandfather made political speeches, more than once his rhetoric was described as Shakespearean. A 1936 Sunday Times profile described him as “a lean, sharp-featured youngish man of 43 who looks like Iago but laughs like Falstaff”. Later in life he turned his hand to writing plays. Plays! I can’t even begin to think what nerve it would take for someone called Shakespeare to write plays. Talk about setting yourself up for failure. Think of the audience reaction as they file out: “you’d have expected better, from a Shakespeare”. No wonder my cousin Nicholas, the most successful of my many writer relatives, sticks to novels. His grandfather – another William Shakespeare – was a published poet, his slim volumes containing rather fine war poetry in the Georgian style. Did they write because of some inner urge, or because if you bear the name, it seems unavoidable? When you’re called Shakespeare, that’s the first thing people ask you about, often because they don’t know how to spell it. I’m always amazed that anyone could not know, but perhaps I’m underestimating the general public. They probably know full well that there are 4000 possible variant spellings. The poet’s father John was an alderman in Stratford, and his name appears in the records on 66 different occasions, in a total of sixteen different versions, of which the most common was Shaxpeare. Most people have a relentless curiosity to know whether I can trace my family back to the poet. It’s the question that arises at some point in every conversation with a stranger: “are you related?” It gives you a celebrity which is entirely undeserved. And that’s just having the surname. But as far back as we can trace it, there have been William Shakespeares in our family. Since the seventeenth century, seven generations out of nine have included a William. Parents can’t seem to resist putting that burden on their child. Do people called Shelley or Dickens or Hardy get asked? Probably not, because few namesakes are as conspicuous as mine, although I’ve met a Michael Jackson and a Paul McCartney who must get bored of the jokes. As a child, I remember the day a medical researcher came to take samples for a study of restricted growth: William Shakespeare and Tom Shakespeare and James Shakespeare rolled up their sleeves as Dr Wordsworth collected their blood, but no photographer was on hand to register the coincidence. And only Shakespeare, perhaps, guarantees international recognition. Although of course legions of Americans and Japanese make pilgrimages to Haworth and Near Sawrey, as well as to Stratford. In San Francisco once I went to have my washing done, and the Chinese lady filling out the form asked for my surname. “Shakespeare”, I said. She barked impatiently: “What?” “Shakespeare”, I repeated. She looked blank. I remembered that my granny had brought me back a jade chop from Hong Kong, on which my surname was translated into Chinese, and tried again: “Sha Se Pay Ah” “Ohh!” – because admiration is the same tone in any language – “Sha Se Pay Ah!” At least the laundry came back safely. When my grandfather was in the United States visiting his sister Mary in Chicago in the 1950s, he sent some shirts to be washed. Several days later, a girl from the laundry phoned: “Is that you, Mr. Shakespeare? I ain’t returning your collars. I never seen one marked Shakespeare before. They are going in my collection.” By calling his firstborn William Shakespeare, my grandfather made it even harder for this rather introspective disabled person to remain anonymous. When my father was still a young man, he drove his car into a telegraph pole, was thrown out of the sun roof, and landed unconscious in the ditch. He was rescued by a passing cyclist who called the ambulance. When the ambulance driver got to Bedford Hospital, he told the nurses: “This poor chap is off his head. He must be badly concussed. He keeps telling me his name is William Shakespeare”. But my father obviously relished the attention his name caused, judging from the timing of his engagement announcement. Calling his son William and turning his hand to drama shows that my grandfather Geoffrey was never bashful about the purported connection. When I was a child, I remember being impressed with a leather-bound book at my grandfather’s house. It was large and red, like the one which Eamon Andrews carried on “This is your life”. The gold letters embossed on the cover read “The Shakespeare Pedigree”. We’d just got a King Charles Spaniel at the time, so this was a bit confusing to me. Dogs had pedigrees, which explained why ours was rather highly strung and aristocratic, not to say daft. But, I discovered, humans have pedigrees too (that word, pedigree by the way, comes from the Latin ped for foot, and grus for crane, referring to the way that the connecting lines make the shape of a bird’s claws). Geoffrey had always been proud of his surname, and after the war, when his political career came to an end, he had commissioned the College of Arms to compile the family tree. Undoubtedly, he hoped to prove, once and for all, a connection to the playwright. There are hundreds of Shakespeares in the Pedigree: about the vast majority, nothing is known. The same names recur through the centuries: William, Humphrey, Benjamin, Thomas, John, Ursula, Judith…. When I was a child, I felt rather privileged, having so many ancestors. Genealogy, and no pun is intended here, has a long history. The family tree was devised in medieval times, with the Biblical lineage of Jesus’ descent from King David one of the first examples. It is a potent image, even though the way it is usually pictured – ancestors in the upper branches, heir as the trunk – is nonsensical, given that trees grow from the trunk upwards. For centuries, genealogy was the preserve of the aristocracy, but in the modern era, it gradually became democratised. In 1915, Reverend Frederic W.Bailey patented his Family Ancestral Album, allowing the owner to record both paternal and maternal forebears, the ingenious design of the cutaway pages creating an early form of hypertext. As Bailey said at the time, “Every man living has many fathers and mothers great and grand, and he ought to keep a personal record of them and not trust it all to memory or to someone else to keep it for him.” Unlike my grandfather, most people these days do their genealogical research themselves. You don’t need to have a famous or a distinguished lineage anymore. The great leap forward for family history came with the advent of the internet. There are now an estimated 250,000 amateur historians in the UK, and tracing your origins is a major leisure activity. It is as if Britain was suffering a national identity crisis. Genealogy is the second commonest search term on the Internet, after sex. Digital technology is enabling a new generation of local historians and family detectives to trace their roots or become reunited with school friends or long lost relatives. When the 1901 Census was put online in January 2002, the site crashed after 1 million hits in the first three hours, and there were 150 million hits in the first week. A market has sprung up to service the demand: magazines, evening classes, and the BBC offering us “Who Do You Think You Are”, cleverly linking our obsession with celebrities to our fascination with our roots. Genealogy has become for many a good way to fill the long years of their retirement, which may be why the journey of discovery has become as important as the destination itself. There is literally no end to the avenues down which genealogical research can go. Some people follow one surname, others diversify into the families of the women who have married into the line. It becomes, for many people, an obsession. North Americans and Antipodeans trace their ancestors back to Ireland or Scotland or England, returning to get a sense of where they came from, often dismayed to find the locals are far less interested in the past than they are. To my grandfather’s disappointment, the pedigree research conducted for him in the 1940s was inconclusive. We certainly can’t be direct descendents, because Shakespeare’s last surviving relative, Elizabeth Shakespeare, died in 1670. We might, according to the professional genealogists, be very distant cousins. It all depends whether the Humphrey who is our ancestor and had a daughter called Ursula was related to another Humphrey who had a daughter called Ursula who was almost certainly part of the poet’s extended family. Back in the early 1500s, records are incomplete, the picture murky. We are certainly the only family called Shakespeare who can trace their origins back to the sixteenth century. That loose, unproven connection was good enough for my grandfather, and it was good enough for the College of Arms, who granted him the same coat of arms which had been given to Shakespeare in 1596 “Gold, on a bend sable a spear of the first, the point steeled proper; and for his crest or cognizance a falcon, his wings displayed, argent, standing on a wreath of his colours, supporting a spear gold, steeled as aforesaid, set upon a helmet with mantel and tassels, as hath been accustomed.” But, as Geoffrey Shakespeare wasn’t a verified descendent, to his shield was added a portcullis, symbol of his time in Parliament, and an anchor, because he had been Parliamentary Lord of the Admiralty. The motto remained non sans droict – not without reason – surely ironic given the doubts about our origins. Because, no matter how many times as a child I painstakingly copied and coloured in the heraldic emblems, as I grew up, it never seemed convincing to me, as if simply by bearing the name Shakespeare I was some sort of charlatan. When people asked about the family connection, I did not know how to answer. They wanted certainty, and I couldn’t give it. There was no definite relationship. But there might have been. We didn’t know. It was a mystery. So I decided to go back to Stratford, because one thing was certain. Our ancestors definitely came from Warwickshire. All Shakespeares come from the West Midlands. There were earlier Shakespeares in Gloucestershire from 1285, but that line seems to have died out. In the 1881 census, there were 1669 Shakespeares in Britain, of whom 680 lived in Warwickshire. In 1851, there had only been 300 Shakespeares in Warwickshire, which shows how the English population was increasing during this period. The College of Arms research proved that our own branch of the family lived in the county until about 1850 when my great great grandfather Benjamin Shakespeare moved to Kilham, Yorkshire to serve as its Baptist minister. Of course, I’d been to Stratford before. We’d had a family outing during my childhood. I remember my father giving his name at Holy Trinity Church, and all four us being waved through to see the grave without having to pay. I thought it was the least they could do really. And later, when I was at boarding school near Oxford, our English class had attended RSC productions several times. But I had not returned to the ancestral home for more than 20 years. It was time to discover the truth. Time to reclaim the inheritance. Time to find out why Shakespeare was so important anyway. In preparation for the trip I thought I should read some books about Shakespeare’s life and work. I was disturbed to find that the Newcastle University library listed 2,466 titles, which would surely take me ten years to read, assuming I did nothing else. The Amazon online bookshop claims that there are 21, 612 books by or about William Shakespeare in print, which would consume most of a lifetime. And then of course the articles and conference papers on Shakespeare would run into hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions. Even deciding which biography to read isn’t a simple task. It may feel like there has been a rich crop published recently, particularly Peter Ackroyd’s biography, and James Shapiro’s 2005 book covering just one of Shakespeare’s 53 years. But I discovered that since Nicholas Rowe wrote the first biographical sketch of Shakespeare in 1709, a daunting stream of authors have attempted to sum up the man. A quick search revealed Nathan Drake (1817) Augustine Skottowe (1824) Halliwell-Phillips (1848), Thomas Kenny (1864) Richard Grant White (1866) Edward Dowden (1875), Henry Norman-Hudson (1882), Federick Gard Fleay (1886) William Leighton (1879) Karl Elze (1888) Daniel Webster Wilder (1893) Sydney Lee (1898), John Masefield (1911) JQ Adams (1923) EK Chambers (1930) Peter Alexander (1939) Hazelton Spencer (1940) Hesketh Pearson (1949) Giles Dawson (1958) Frank Halliday (1961) Al Rowse (1963), Peter Levi (1988) Dennis Kay (1992), Park Honan (1998), Michael Wood (2003). When I got to fifty biographies, I stopped listing them – and I fear that there are dozens more out there, lurking in the libraries and second hand bookshops. Writing a life of Shakespeare appears to be a rite of passage for a man of letters, a kind of irresistible literary Haj for the self-respecting critic or historian. There are so many books about Shakespeare’s life that there’s even a book about books about Shakespeare’s life, entitled, unimaginatively, Shakespeare’s Lives[i] And all of this about a man whose 53 years are almost entirely shrouded in mystery. When it comes to the details of who he was, what he was like, where he went and how and why he managed to write those 37 plays, 154 sonnets and four long poems, we know pretty much nothing. There’s even a debate as to what he actually looked like and which, if any, of the portraits or busts might possibly offer an accurate representation. It’s lack of knowledge of Shakespeare which makes it both possible and tempting for so many people to add their own interpretations to the mix. The extraordinary status of Shakespeare both nationally and internationally, the constant production and reproduction of his plays and the ubiquity of his image – even on bank notes and credit cards – has become an industry, a self-perpetuating bandwagon of forest-destroying proportions (although that might also be a metaphor of which no true descendent of Shakespeare could possibly be proud). Graham Holderness has labelled this the Shakespeare myth, and detects sinister consequences arising from our bardolatory: “Shakespeare, it has always been claimed, can make us wise, and good, and free. On the contrary, ‘Shakespeare’ can, radical criticism is beginning to suggest, operate to delude, to corrupt and to enslave.” (1988, 5). Thankfully, this warning about the political dangers of ‘Shakespeare’ – the idealised English past, the cult of personality, the individualism of his drama – has not prevented Professor Holderness himself contributing more than 20 books to the pile of Shakespeare criticism Marxist criticism now seems more dated that the plays themselves, although when I realised that Amazon also lists 62 sports and leisure items relating to Shakespeare, and such household goods as the William Shakespeare money clip, William Shakespeare cufflinks, William Shakespeare stainless steel hipflasks and a pewter William Shakespeare bottle stopper, I felt that perhaps the commodification of my putative ancestor might have gone a bit too far. I also realised that my house is thankfully and remarkably devoid of Shakespeariana. Aside from the Collected Works, I have unaccountably failed to stock up on Bard bric-a-brac over the last forty years. Perhaps this journey to the motherlode would give me the chance to remedy my omission. Or alternatively, if taken by a critical mood, I could lambaste the naked commercialism of the Shakespeare industry, which apparently brings the town of Stratford an annual revenue of £240 million. Although, come to think of it, claiming my share of that inheritance might be more rewarding. I had plotted my week-long road trip through the heart of England carefully. I usually prefer to take the train than to drive long distances. I worry about breaking down, there’s my terrible sense of direction to worry about, and I try to avoid anything that might provoke one of my regular episodes of lower back pain. However, this time the car made sense. I had speaking engagements in Huddersfield, Warwick and Northampton, then an Arts Council meeting in Stratford, and in between, I planned to stay with my brother and my mother. Only the wettest summer on record stood between me and my origins. But apart from a long and scenic detour via the Peak District in order to avoid the temporarily submersible city of Sheffield, to my relief the journey began smoothly. After giving a sixth form lecture and enjoying the hospitality of Warwick School, which dates from the tenth century and claims to be the oldest school in England, I set off for Henley-in-Arden, after a frustrating hour spent going round in circles in Warwick town centre. I planned to save Stratford itself until later, because first I wanted to visit the places where my known relatives had lived and died. Eventually, I reached the birthplace of William Shakespeare (the one who was my great great great grandfather, baptized in 1778). I knew Henley would be a lovely place, as soon as I drove through the tunnel of trees at the eastern entrance to the town. People said hello when you passed them on the street, and there was a useful Heritage Centre which explained that a wealthy American had become the local benefactor, after purchasing the right to call himself Lord of the Manor. I told the old ladies at the counter that my ancestors had once lived in Henley, and they seemed surprised to hear that we had ever decided to leave. The Church of St John the Baptist was locked, but I discovered behind it the little Guildhall garden. It seemed to be a suitably historic oasis in which to eat my sandwiches. There were hanging baskets of fuchsias, washing hung out to dry and a very friendly chocolate Labrador which sat six inches from me staring hungrily at my lunch. I had the uncomfortable feeling I might be trespassing on private property, but when the householder returned he seemed unperturbed to see me there, and explained that I could always visit the other local church at Beaudesert. In times past, it had been divided from Henley by a river, making it a separate parish. If you have information about where your family originate, and it’s the sort of thing which interests you, perhaps it’s obvious that you’d go back to your roots. But when you drive up to the place, what do you do? Get out and walk around, imagining what it might have been like, without the four by fours and the executive homes, the telephone boxes and the Spar shop? Rural English villages have gone up in the world. Where once were uneducated yeomen, now are spendthrift commuters. So you go to the church, the one fixed place, the building of which at least some parts – according to Pevsner – date back from the days when your forebears worked the fields. You stand in the churchyard, where you know for certain your ancestors came most Sundays, and try to imagine a lineage into being. Other cultures have a stronger connection to their past, as I’ve found out on my speaking tours. In Japan, you don’t have to be alive to be counted as a family member. The job of the living is to ensure the ancestral line continues; the role of the dead is to provide spiritual guidance. The welfare of the living depends on the well-being of the dead, which is why every home has its shrine. In Iceland, it is the custom to visit the graves of your ancestors at Christmas Eve and New Year, and also at their birthdays. At the holidays, there is a traffic jam outside the main cemetery, as people drive up to put candles, Christmas wreathes, and three electric lights by each grave. It can take an hour to make the short journey, according to my friend Rannveig. In her view, Icelanders take more strength from their ancestors than they do from God. This most prosperous of European nations resembles native Americans or Australian aboriginal culture in the way that it venerates ancestors, lives close to nature, and has a strong sense of the closeness of the spirit world. But then I visited St Nicholas’, Beaudesert, a place where I know my ancestors once lived. I went down the lane in Henley, across a neat bridge over a river which was now much smaller than it must once have been. As named by the Normans, Beaudesert had literally been a wildness, somewhere to go for good hunting. It now seems to be a good place to go for smart new housing developments with ornamental iron gates and intercoms, more des res than desert. The church has a late Norman door with characteristic semi circle of chevrons. But in the graveyard, almost all the stones are twentieth century. My first reaction was scorn at the gradual decline of taste in funerary ornamentation and corresponding increase in sentimentality over the twentieth century. Then I noticed how every grave has become a tiny garden. Families have planted flowers, mostly rather blowsy, the yellows, pink, oranges and purples clashing horribly. Watering cans and trowels were secreted behind each headstone. As I wandered the churchyard, hoping for an ancient gravestone marking the presence of my own long lost relatives, I passed a mobility scooter parked on the path. An old man tended what I assumed was the grave of his wife. Work done, he sat on the nearby bench, his hands clasped. I imagined he was telling her about his week. In Britain, we may not have quite the same rituals, but for many the dead still live on, as they do in the spontaneous floral tributes that sprout at the site of roadside accidents. From Henley, where my people had been living in the late eighteen century, I drove on to Feckenham, just over the border in Worcestershire, where my earliest proven ancestor Humphrey Shakespeare died in 1689. It was another lovely English village, with little to jarr the first impression of deep age and permanence. The Queen Anne houses each had a well kept garden and a BMW outside. The church was once again the best place to look for my connections. It was next to the cricket pitch, with its neat white picket fence and boundary of trees. It was a sturdy building, with chancel arches dating from the mid thirteenth century, but repainted in strong medieval patterns around 1900. I found nothing Shakespearean, but as I signed the visitors book, I noticed that I was not the first to make the journey back. A few weeks previously, George P had visited from Queensland, tracing the descendents of the blacksmiths of Feckenham in the early 1800s. Mona H had returned because it was where her father’s family originated. Rebecca P was looking for clues about the Laights, her local ancestors. Someone else wanted to know about the Leigntons. Other visitors had come to see the grave of their father or their grandfather. One party had visited on a pilgrimage to the grave of their great grandfather, George Brown. This was very pleasing to me. I thought that knowing where you came from is a knowledge we had lost, but now it has been resurrected by the internet age. Increasingly we go in search of our origins: people copy out registers and photograph graves, creating an international web of names and dates and connections. Does anyone find what they are looking for? What are they looking for, anyway? Perhaps a better sense of who they are, a more secure lodging in a world that moves fast and changes daily. People move homes, marry and remarry, do different jobs… whereas our peasant ancestors stayed put, working the same fields, scarcely changing from century to century. They knew little of the next county, let alone London or Europe. Feckenham churchyard was well looked after, and the retro Victorian iron street lamps now all had low energy light bulbs. Although there were many seventeenth and eighteenth century gravestones, most were encrusted with moss and algae and so worn by age that the inscriptions were indecipherable. I was disappointed not to find Shakespeares, but cheered up by the fine monument to Phoebe Lee, Queen of the Gypsies. Apparently, when she died in 1861 there was a big gypsy gathering at which her caravan was ceremonially burned. As I climbed into my car to leave, I noticed the battered telephone directory in the call box, and got out to check. There are 31 Shakespeares in the Worcester telephone directory, but none now live in Feckenham. Earlier, standing in the Beaudesert churchyard, my mobile phone had rung. It was Steve, my mysterious genealogy connection. A few years previously he had emailed me out of the blue. He now confirmed that where I really wanted was Preston Bagot, so I went there next. It’s a tiny hamlet off the road to Stratford. I drove past a clutch of very smart houses and up a lane so narrow that when a Range Rover came towards me, I had to reverse back several hundred yards. Despite the cross on the Ordinance Survey map, there was no evidence of a church. As I sat there, stuck, a solitary walker passed by with her dog. She pointed through the trees. I was in the right place. All Saints, Preston Baggott is a small and charming Norman church, with an unusual wooden steeple topped by a weather cock instead of a tower, but I found it locked. By the porch there was a Cotinus, and then a rosemary bush – for remembrance – and then, success! I spotted the gravestones for John Shakespeare, who died January 13 1840 at the age of 80, and his wife Hannah who died the following year aged 70. Here, at last was material evidence of someone from my own family tree. John and Hannah were the uncle and aunt of the Henley-in-Arden William Shakespeare. Which made them, as far as I can work out, my great great great great uncle and aunt. The churchyard was the loveliest I had visited, full of plain and simple graves, with roses and views of rural Warwickshire. Their grave would have to stand for the dozens of my other relatives who had lived and died in Preston Bagot, in Ipsley, in Henley in Arden and in other villages around. Not for the first time on my travels, I wished I had brought flowers. Now I was almost done with rural churches, but as I turned towards Stratford I made one final detour, to Snittersfield. It was here that Richard Shakespeare had been a tenant farmer of the Arden family around 1525-1560. It was his son John who had moved to Stratford in 1581, married Mary Arden, and whose son William had later written all those plays. As I was passing anyway, I thought I should pop in, on the off-chance. As I stood there in the cold church, noticing the scallop shells to connote that the patron saint of the church was St James the pilgrim, my own journey suddenly felt rather stupid. What was the point of visiting places where people who may or may not have been my ancestors may or may not have lived? I was not exactly going to get a sense of the lives they lived. Anyway, what possible difference could it make if I did prove to be related to Shakespeare? In genetic terms, if we shared a common ancestor but no other subsequent intermarriage, we would share one thirty two thousandth of our DNA. In other words, I would be about as biologically close to the poet as I was to most of the other white inhabitants of the West Midlands. But I’d come a long way, and I was still determined to experience the Shakespeare industry at first hand, and so ten minutes later I finally entered Stratford itself, hoping anxiously that my new sat nav would direct me towards my B+B. It did, and having parked up, I was free to investigate a town which turned out to be easy to explore on foot, even for someone who finds it difficult to walk any distance. Nor was the place overrun by tourists and spoiled by the heritage industry. It was still, as a sixteenth century map-maker wrote, emporium non inelegans. Within ten minutes, I found myself opposite the Birthplace, the epicentre of the global Shakespeare conspiracy. I noted that Stanley Wells, chairman of the Birthplace Trust and noted Shakespeare scholar, was giving a talk that evening on myths about Shakespeare. In the attached bookshop, I could see his book, Is It True What They Say About Shakespeare?, nestling alongside titles such as Shakespeare’s Cats and Easy Reading Shakespeare (the Bard in bite-sized pieces) but it seemed better to hear the Professor in person, so I bought my ticket. If you ignore Shakespearience, “a new multi-sensory attraction that presents the life and legacy of William Shakespeare in a spectacular and exciting way never seen before” – and I certainly did – the town today is remarkably free of tacky Bardolatory. The As You Like It Café and Sandwich Bar may be competing with the Food of Love Café, but this seems fairly mild, given that half a million visitors now throng to Stratford every year. In most other ways, Stratford is a typical English town, albeit overstocked with roaming Japanese and hordes of visiting American teenagers. Walking down Bridge Street, where according to Steve P my ancestor Thomas the Shoemaker once lived, I spotted Marks and Spencers nestling next to Next, Laura Ashley, Boots the Chemist, Woolworth and Clinton Cards, but sadly there was no longer a shoe shop, let alone a medieval building. On my stroll to the Birthplace, I hadn’t seen anywhere serving food, but the kind lady who sold me my ticket had several suggestions. As I walked down the High Street, The Garrick Inn seemed most appropriate. With blackened beams and boasting three resident ghosts, it is the oldest pub in Stratford and would surely have been known to my ancestors. The menu promised Traditional English Fayre, but Traditional Lasagne or Gammon and Pineapple or Thai Red Prawn Curry hardly seemed authentic, so I opted for the Beef and Ruddles Pie, the basic principle of which would have been familiar to your average Tudor diner, and very nice it was too, washed down with a pint of IPA. In the fourteenth century, the pub had been called the Reindeer, and then the Greyhound and then the New Inn, but it was renamed The Garrick in 1769 to celebrate actor David Garrick’s famous Shakespeare celebration, the event which Professor Graeme Holderness has described as “the great formal inauguration of bardolatory as a national religion” (xi), England’s obsession with our national poet took time to develop. When he died in 1616, William Shakespeare was buried in Holy Trinity Church, Stratford, not in Westminster Abbey like his contemporary Ben Jonson. In his lifetime, it was his poems rather than his plays which were published, and during most of the seventeenth century he was just one of a number of Tudor and Jacobean playwrights who had gone out of fashion. Although Shakespeare’s plays began to be revived and appreciated again in the early 18th century, it was Garrick’s abortive Shakespeare Jubilee in 1769 which kickstarted the Shakespeare cult. Anticipating making a killing on the spectacle, the locals hiked prices for accommodation and labour. The opening ceremony was a success, with David Garrick presenting a statue and portrait, and in return being elected Honorary Burgess, before performing his Ode to Shakespeare. However, a subsequent deluge of rain prevented the grand pageant of Shakespearean characters, ruined the fireworks display, and flooded Shottery Meadows where a steeplechase was to have been held. The locals muttered about divine punishment for idolatory, but in retrospect it may have been unwise to have scheduled an outdoor spectacle in early September. Garrick returned to London in high dudgeon, having lost considerable sums of money. He promptly recouped the debt by writing and performing a satirical play lampooning both the Jubilee and the people of Stratford, and never returned to the town. A steady stream of visitors followed Garrick to Stratford, although the festival he inaugurated died out after six years. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, later to become the second and third Presidents of the United States of America, visited in 1786. By 1793, a Mrs Mary Hornby was acting as unofficial custodian of the Shakespeare “relics”, as well as producing extemporary verses extolling the virtues of the poet, which sadly failed to match his poetic standards. A more appropriate heir was John Keats, who made his pilgrimage in 1817, and was strongly influenced by Shakespeare. His letters are full of quotations and references to the plays, and his copy of the Collected Works is heavily annotated. There would already have been souvenirs to buy, had Keats been that way inclined. According to legend, Shakespeare himself planted the mulberry tree in the garden behind the house, New Place, where he lived from 1610 until his death in 1616. It was probably one of the young mulberry trees which a Frenchman named Veron had distributed throughout the Midlands in 1609, after King James I had decided that the area should become the centre of England’s silk industry. So many visitors liked to take a sprig from the tree that when Rev Francis Gaswell bought the house in 1756 he promptly chopped it down. Gaswell claimed that the tree made the house damp and gloomy, but quite clearly his real motivation was to discourage sightseers. Thomas Sharpe, an entrepreneurial local craftsman, then bought the lumber and proceeded to make mementos including boxes, goblets, pastry cutters, tobacco jar stoppers and the ubiquitous Shakespeare bust, anticipating Amazon bookshop by several centuries. Tourists still like to have a peek at where Shakespeare would have lived, except that the house that Shakespeare bought back in 1597 was demolished and rebuilt in 1702, so it’s not clear how authentic the previous house was anyway, had it been there, which unfortunately it isn’t. Francis Gaswell’s impressive iconoclasm continued in 1759, when he destroyed the house itself, apparently in a quarrel over a tax bill. All that remains is a very large hole in the ground, surrounded by some rather nice flowers, but it’s well worth a look if you’re in the area. Such caveats attend almost all the sites associated with Shakespeare and his family. For example, Shakespeare’s birthplace in Henley Street is two houses, subsequently knocked into one. A room in the western end is shown off as the bedroom where Shakespeare was born, although there is no evidence that his father John owned that building before 1575, and in any case only the cellar of the building remains as it was at the date of William’s birth. These unfortunate facts have not stopped it becoming a place of pilgrimage. The supposed window of the supposed bedroom in which William Shakespeare was supposedly born bears the scratched names of writers including Carlyle, Scott, Dickens, Tennyson, Longfellow, Hardy and Mark Twain and others that are likely to be forgeries. It seems that visitors to Stratford have been as likely to leave their mark, as to want to take something of the place away with them. PT Barnum was impressed enough to try and buy the window for his travelling exhibition. Commercial exploitation came to an end in 1847 when after a public subscription the Birthplace and associated relics were bought for the nation for £3000, with Charles Dickens taking a leading role in the fundraising efforts by giving public readings. As a result of all the publicity, by 1850, 2,500 visitors were visiting the Birthplace each year. Stratford is place of supposition and guesswork, because Shakespeare himself is such a shadowy figure. The ring discovered in Holy Trinity Churchyard with the initials WS may have been his – but then it’s just as likely to have belonged to someone else because “such an attribution cannot be proved”. As the displays carefully say, he may have attended the grammar school. He might have taken this route to London, but then again, he might have taken another route entirely. Nor can anybody prove what he did during his “lost years” between 1585 – 1592. He might have been sailing the high seas, poaching deer, becoming a Catholic or turning into Francis Bacon for all we know. What the Birthplace Trust now describe as Mary Arden’s farm may or may not have been where his mother originated. But none of this bothers me. The wonderful aspect of Stratford’s association with Shakespeare is that dozens of Tudor houses have been preserved, thanks to the hard work of the Birthplace Trust. It’s like the medieval house of John Knox on Edinburgh High Street. The Calvinist reformer may never have lived there, but the apocryphal link has ensured the survival of a marvellous building. All the Shakespeare properties are beautiful houses with peaceful gardens, lovingly preserved. Whatever the truth of their provenance, their mythical associations have guaranteed the survival of a vital slice of history, which in other English towns has been obliterated by short-sighted planners, architects and developers The next morning, before I completed my viewing of the Shakespearean properties, I had an important family reunion, with Steve the genealogist. He had promised to drive over from Birmingham to explain what he had found out after his thirty years of family history research. We agreed to meet outside the Birthplace, but when I arrived at the appointed time, he was nowhere to be seen. I looked with interest at every passer-by in case they were my mysterious informant. Forty five minutes later, he turned up, spectacles askew and out of breath, with a mysterious teenage girl in tow. He had got lost in the one way system. We clearly shared the same propensity for losing our way, if not the same reliance on satellite navigation. As we sat in a nearby tea shop, Steve told me about his quest while his monosyllabic teenage daughter, sent one text after another into the ether. Steve was a seasoned researcher, who become interested in genealogy as a teenager, before Alex Haley’s Roots, before the internet, even before microfilm. His grandmother had been a Shakespeare, and after he had traced his father’s ancestors around Dudley, he started out on the other side of the family, searching in the local archives in Dudley, Worcester, Stafford, Litchfield, as well as the Public Records Office in London. He was now in touch with more than 50 Shakespeare genealogists world wide. As he began to take papers, charts and notes out of his carrier bag, I began to realise that it was unusual for Steve to find a listener who was actually keen to hear about his research, and part of me began to wish I had never asked. He was a man with a passion, or more accurately, an obsession. He knew far more about my origins than I did myself, far more perhaps than was healthy. He told me about the Leicester Shakespeares. He explained that he’d met a woman called Shakespeare from Henley in Arden who knew about that branch – our branch – being Baptists and selling Bibles. He told me about long lost American cousins, and a Thomas Shakespeare who had died in South America. He told me about the piles of Shakespearean genealogical records which were sitting in a library in Philadelphia, and I agreed that if I ever went back to America, I would go and photocopy them for him. As he talked, I wondered to myself why someone would spend decades of their life tracing their roots: hours searching through records of births and deaths, looking at gravestones. I have great admiration for genealogists, who must have to have patience, dedication, ingenuity and a very high boredom threshhold to get anywhere, but I wonder why they do it: how is life improved by knowing about all your ancestors since the sixteenth century? But then I realised that I am on exactly the same journey, exploring how inheritance has shaped me in different ways. It’s about seeing yourself in historical context, and understanding how you came to be the way you are. Like most of us, I lack the patience to take the genealogical route. I felt relieved that there are people like Steve to do the hard work, so that the rest of us don’t have to. After giving his overview, Steve began to outline his theory. According to him, almost all the surviving Shakespeares were related. The key was a man called Thomas of Balsall, who was the son of Adam Shakespeare, who appropriately enough was the ancestor of us all, back in 1389. Later I was to read confirmation in a book of surname history that everyone called Shakespeare was probably descended from the same man. Whatever the finer details, this sounded like good news to me. Next time someone asked, I could say with confidence that I was definitely related to Shakespeare. Distantly. Very, very, very, distantly. Steve’s radical move came next. The supposition made by most writers on Shakespeare was that he was the son of the John Shakespeare who was the son of Richard Shakespeare of Snittersfield. But Steve believed he had discovered the will of that John Shakespeare, who had died in a village called Clifford Chambers and therefore could not have been the father of the poet. I need not have bothered with my side trip to Snittersfield after all. The famous William Shakespeare must therefore have been the son of another John Shakespeare. According to Steve, this John was the grandson of Thomas of Balsall. As John Aubrey said, he was a butcher (not a glover like the “wrong” John Shakespeare). This theory also explained the existence of William Shakespeare’s cousin, Thomas Green, who otherwise is hard to connect to the poet’s family tree. John’s brother was Thomas of Warwick, whose grandson Humphrey was the possible father or grandfather of my own ancestor, Humphrey Shakespeare of Feckenham. In other words, if all Steve’s ifs and buts and suppositions were right, the poet Shakespeare’s grandfather Thomas would be my direct ancestor, and he and I would be… well, cousins, albeit very many times removed. I liked what I was hearing. I could see that Steve was no fantasist. For a non-professional, he was certainly scrupulous. He had worked it all out by logical deduction, and if a connection was suspected, rather than proven, he was willing to acknowledge that. And if I concentrated very hard, I could just about understand it all, despite the Ursulas and Hezekiahs and Humphreys and ale tasters and shoemakers and butchers who were buzzing around my head. I suggested to him that he should write a book. He said that’s exactly what he was doing, only his day job as a nurse in an old people’s home got in the way, and he was better at researching than writing. By now, Steve’s daughter was looking very bored indeed. I felt I couldn’t keep her there listening to us talk genealogy any longer. In any case, I had more Shakespeare properties to visit. And although Steve’s investigations suggested that the three of us were very very distant cousins, once we had exhausted the possibilities of our relationship to the poet there was little more for us to discuss. So we parted on cordial terms. I really did feel very grateful to Steve for spending all that time in libraries and archives to work everything out, on behalf of me and all the other scattered Shakespeares of the world. A few hours later, I saw Steve and Emma walking past the site of New Place, map in hand. I only hope they found where he’d parked the car eventually. By the end of the day, I’d visited Shakespeare’s birthplace; the site of the house where he lived out his final years; his wife Anne Hathaway’s childhood home; his son-in-law’s house; and the church where he was buried, looking at them all with the eyes of someone who now felt confident calling himself a distant cousin a few dozen times removed. I learned that an estimated sixteen million people had visited Anne Hathaway’s Cottage since it was first opened to the public. At times, I felt like a slightly disgruntled former proprietor. On a bright sunny day in May, walking through one of these low ceiling half-timbered buildings with its leaded windows and creaking wooden floors was like entering a painting by Vermeer. In the brief intervals before the arrival of another crocodile of noisy school children, the gardens of the houses were beautifully peaceful, filled with larkspur and sweet peas and marigolds and roses. That evening, sated with Shakespeariana, I sat in the meeting room of the Birthplace Trust and listened as Professor Stanley Wells, doyen of Shakespeare scholars and chair of the Trust, set out to dispel the many myths that have attached themselves to the Bard. Was he gay, was he Catholic, was he a heavy drinker, was he in fact someone else entirely, whether Francis Bacon or the Earl of Oxford or one of the sixty or so other alternative candidates? On this final point, I was glad to hear that Shakespeare was, according to Wells at least, most definitely Shakespeare. The last thing I wanted, having only just established that I had a reasonable claim to call myself a relative of the great man, was to find him dispossessed of his literary oeuvre. When I put up my hand, the question I wanted answered was: why so many myths? Why does Shakespeare attract cranks and conspiracy theories? Professor Wells suggested that the authorship controversies were motivated by snobbery: how could an untravelled, scantily educated provincial actor generate works of such brilliance? He suspected other factors such as ignorance, self-promotion, and the desire to cut a great man down to size had also played a part. For me, the question of Shakespeare’s stature and achievement was the last and greatest mystery, and one which I was least qualified to answer. During the week that followed my visit to Stratford, I saw three productions by the Royal Shakespeare Company. I listened to Michael Boyd, the artistic director, talk about his plans for the company, and toured the RSC theatres which are the spiritual heart of Stratford. And after all this, the question that continued to buzz around my head was not about my own relationship to the playwright, but rather, the question of why Shakespeare, above any others, is the most renowned of all writers, English or foreign. It may be a shaming confession, but I have often sat through performances of Shakespeare – including the annual visits of the RSC to Newcastle – and questioned why, half a millennium on, we are still struggling to understand opaque iambic pentameters, why we should care about the bizarre decisions of misguided rulers, and whether these stories truly have anything to say to us now. But then, to see it done really well, to hear the lines declaimed not in actorly pomp, but in heart-touching emotion, to watch Lear falling apart again, or to be surprised by laughter at a four hundred year old joke, proves that there’s something which connects to audiences still, something which is not about heritage, but about shared humanity. You could think of Shakespeare in the same way as you think about genealogy. Genealogy can be a conservative and culturally defensive approach to history, a matter of boosting one’s own importance, promoting racial purity or reviving the hierarchies of an imagined past. Or genealogy can be far more open, dynamic and fluid, showing how everything and everyone interconnects, how many people are ethnically hybrid, how families rise and fall and change. Some scholars suggest that Shakespeare’s work has survived better than that of his contemporaries because he was concerned not with the details of Elizabethan society or morality, but with broader questions of identity, politics and relationships. As Coleridge pointed out, his plays are often set in distant times and places, which would have been as unfamiliar to his audience as they are to us. These features ensure that eternal human issues become the heart of the drama. As Ben Jonson said in his preface to the First Folio, “he was not of an age, but for all time”. Shakespeare’s relevance to modern audiences is proof, perhaps, of how little humans have changed over five centuries. If so, this is a point in favour of those who argue for a genetic basis to human nature. It suggests that people still behave in very much the same ways, although the context in which we live and make choices is very different. Because, cliché though it may sound, it’s not just me who has William Shakespeare as an ancestor, but all of us. * * * * * A few months ago, I was looking for my Wishlist, that convenient page on the Amazon online bookstore where you store the titles that you can’t bring yourself to buy right now, those ones which you hope your friend or lover might notice and buy for you. So there I was, typing “Shakespeare” into the search box, only to be taken aback, stopped right in my tracks, when the search engine came up with 178 separate wishlists. They were none of them family, although if Steve is right, maybe they’re all family. 178 different Shakespeares! So many namesakes, even in this little backwater of the internet. On Facebook, I even found another Tom Shakespeare. For people with a commoner name, it’s no surprise to find someone else has got there first. For a Shakespeare, it’s a rare experience. But perhaps I needed to be cut down to size. Because how important is this Shakespeare name anyway? Here I am making such a fuss about it, claiming that it’s had an impact on my life, but my own children don’t seem bothered. They don’t even want to be called Shakespeare. Because I was never married either to Ivy’s mother or Robert’s mother, neither of my offspring bear my surname. Ivy is a Broadhead, a good Yorkshire name, and Robert is a Brown. From time to time, when they’re changing school, I have gently raised the question of whether they might not prefer a more distinctive surname… like Shakespeare. So far, they have resisted, and I can’t see that changing. A name is part of your image of yourself. Unless it’s utterly stigmatising or humiliating, you stick with what you’re given. I have passed on my genes to my children, who have inherited my disability and maybe other echoes of my personality, but I am where this line of Shakespeares ends.
2410	dbpedia	0	9	https://history.genie.stanford.edu/page/1886_059_P1	en	1886	https://history.genie.st…/1886_059_P1.png		[ "https://history.genie.stanford.edu/workdir/1886_059_P1.png", "https://history.genie.stanford.edu/workdir/1886_059_P1.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			null	JULY 1, 1886.] THE AFRICAN TIMES. 103. THE COLONIAL AND INDIAN EXHIBITION. CHANCERY OF THE ORDER OF S. MICHAEL AND S. GEORGE, DOWNING STREET, JUNE 28, 1886. The Queen has been pleased to give directions for the preparation of a Special Statute of her Most Distinguished Order of S. Michael and S. George, to provide for the admission into the said Order, without permanently increasing the total number of the ordinary members thereof, of such persons as have rendered special and important services in connexion with the Exhibition of the Products, Manufactures, and Arts of her Colonial and Indian Dominions now being held in London, and to ordain that all persons upon whom Her Majesty may think fit to confer the honour of being admitted into the said Most Distinguished Order on account of such special services shall be Additional Members, but with rank and place in their respective classes among the Ordinary Members thereof, according to the dates of their appointment; and that the Statutes of the said Most Distinguished Order shall in all matters and things apply in the same manner to the Additional Members as to the Ordinary Members of the said Most Distinguished Order. Her Majesty has also been pleased (on the recommendation of the Prince of Wales, as President of the Royal Commission for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886) to give directions for the following appointments to, and promotions in, the said Most Distinguished Order, in recognition of services rendered in connexion with the aforesaid Exhibition:— To be Additional Members of the Second Class, or Knights Commanders of the said Most Distinguished Order: Sir Samuel Davenport, Knt., Assistant Executive Commissioner for South Australia; Francis Knollys, Esq., C.B., for special services in connexion with the Colonial and Indian Exhibition; Arthur N. Birch, Esq., C.M.G., formerly Lieutenant-Governor and Colonial Secretary of Ceylon, Executive Commissioner for that Colony; Arthur Hodgson, Esq., C.M.G., a Royal Commissioner and General Secretary to the Reception Committee; John Francis Julius Von Haast, Esq., Ph.D., C.M.G., Commissioner in charge of New Zealand Exhibits; Augustus John Adderley, Esq., C.M.G., late Member of the Legislative Council of the Bahama Islands, a Royal Commissioner, also Executive Commissioner for the West Indian Islands; James Francis Garrick, Esq., C.M.G., a Member of the Executive Council of Queensland, Agent-General for the Colony in London, and a Royal Commissioner, also Executive Commissioner for the Colony; Graham Berry, Esq., formerly Premier of Victoria, Agent-General in London, and Executive Commissioner for the Colony. To be Additional Members of the Third Class, or Companions of the said Most Distinguished Order: Sir James Marshall, Knt., Executive Commissioner for the West African Colonies; Hector Fabre, Esq., late Senator of the Dominion of Canada, Honorary Commissioner for the Dominion; Joseph Bosisto, Esq., Member of the Legislative Assembly of Victoria, President of the Victorian Commission; Alfred Richard Cecil Selwyn, Esq., LL.D., Director of the Canadian Geological and Natural History Survey, and Assistant to the Canadian Commissioners; George Hammond Hawtayne, Esq., Administrator General of British Guiana, Executive Commissioner for that Colony; Henry Ernest Wodehouse, Esq., Special Commissioner for Hong-Kong; Henry John Jourdain, Esq., Honorary Commissioner for Mauritius; Edward Cunliffe-Owen, Esq., Assistant Secretary to the Royal Commissioners; Arthur James Rickens Trendell, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, Assistant in Catalogue Department and Compiler of the Handbook. OUR WEST AFRICAN FRIENDS IN LONDON. We are pleased to see that in the great Colonial gathering, drawn from all parts of the British Empire, the natives of West Africa are well represented. Among the visitors from Lagos are Mr. and Mrs. Payne, who arrived in London, via the Brazils, early in June; Mr. and Mrs. J. J. Thomas and Miss Thomas; and Mr. N. T. B. Shepherd. These latter, indeed, though in England, have not come to London direct, but will be in the metropolis shortly. By command of the Queen, a Levée was held in the afternoon of Friday, the 25th June, at St. James's Palace, by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, on behalf of Her Majesty. Presentations to His Royal Highness were, by the Queen's pleasure, considered as equivalent to presentations to Her Majesty in person. Among the presentations made on this occasion, we find the names of Mr. J. A. Payne, the Registrar of the Supreme Court, Lagos, by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. At the grand Colonial Reception and Ball given by the Lord Mayor and Corporation of London, on the night of the 25th June at Guildhall, Mr. and Mrs. Payne were among the guests who had the honour of being invited, numbering altogether over 4,500, many of whom were Colonial and Indian visitors. They were received in the Reception Hall by the Lord Mayor who kindly shook hands with our distinguished guests and welcomed them in the name of the Corporation. The Daily Chronicle, in its descriptive account of the proceedings, says: "Distinct from the Colonists, the swarthy native Indians, of course, challenged recognition by their picturesque Eastern dress; and a remarkable couple also were a dark coloured lady and gentleman of true African type, the former wearing a black satin dress with red roses, and the latter a uniform of some kind." (Mr. Payne wore Levée dress.) Mr. Payne, with other Colonists, had the honour of being invited by the Lord Mayor to meet H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, K.G., Executive President of the Royal Commission of the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, at dinner, on Tuesday, the 29th June, at the Mansion House, at 7.30 p.m. There were about 450 present at the table, and as they entered the waiting-room the Lord Mayor received them and shook hands. Levée dress was worn on this great occasion. After dinner, before the Prince of Wales left the Hall, His Royal Highness graciously shook hands with several of the Colonists, including our African guests. Mr. Payne also had the honour of invitations from Sir James Marshall, C.M.G., and Lady Marshall, at Richmond House; Sir Thomas and Lady Brassey, at Normanhurst Court, Battle, near Hastings; from the Duke of Bedford, at Woburn Abbey; from the Worshipful Master, Bro. Sir Philip Cuncliffe Owen, K.C.M.G., the Wardens and Brethren of the Empire Lodge of Ancient Freemasons, at the Criterion, Piccadilly; from General and Mrs. Beynon, at Ashburn Place; from the Rev. F. E. and Mrs. Wigram, at Oak Hill House, Hampstead; from His Grace the Duke of Sutherland, K.G., at Stafford House; and from the Bishop of London and Mrs. Temple, at Fulham Palace. He also had the honour of going into the Houses of Parliament to hear the great orators of England, through the kindness of Sir John Kennaway, Bart., M.P. Mr. Payne was also introduced to the Committee of the C.M.S. at Salisbury Square, and to the Committee of the British and Foreign Bible Society at the Bible House, and had audiences of them respectively. We doubt not that our African friends are much pleased with their reception in England. Transvaal Mining News. The Pilgrim's Rest Correspondent of the Natal Advertiser writes: "The Transvaal Gold Mining Company are busy carting ore to Brown's Hill battery. They continue driving in the slate on the reef. At the junction of the granite formation with slate the reef pinched out. The vein is unquestionably a 'true fissure,' as it occurs in a rent in the horizontal slate which is peculiar to the district. From what I have seen of the ore, I do not think too highly of it, but appearances may lie. Anyway, the average small prospects one gets do not justify the belief of the ore running an ounce to the ton. Mr. Geo. Hudson, the late British Resident, has taken up his quarters near, and is watching the hydrauliciking on behalf of his Cape friends and himself. The accounts are very unsatisfactory. Graskop No. 3 have oceans of water, and yet they are not hydrauliciking, but ground sluicing, under Mr. Hamilton's management. Mr. Alprovitch, the manager of the Balkis Company, has tendered his resignation, and leaves for England soon. The company are deeply indebted to him, and he cannot get his money. The Lisbon-Berlyn Company are not likely to commence work again for some time owing to pending litigation. The shaft which the Barrett's-Berlin Company sank for the reef failed to find it, and they covered it up again. Colonial shareholders must be very guarded in buying such stock for investment. A few ounces of gold seem to turn them all crazy. I have seen all the gold discoveries which have been made of late, and Barrett's among them, and I would not hold any scrip in a company with capital of more than £50,000 on any of them, however good the reef may be. I think the owners should show their faith by having a small capital and benefiting by the results, which, if good, will always command a handsome premium for the stock." The Congo Executive. We learn from Brussels that "the station of M. Janssen, Administrator-General of the Congo State, and his staff has been definitively transferred from Vivi to Boma." African Direct Telegraph Company. The opening of a station at Bathurst, Gambia, on the West Coast of Africa is announced with a direct service of submarine cables from England via St. Vincent.
2410	dbpedia	3	20	http://www.maberly.name/Jessonbiographies.htm	en	biographies			[ "http://www.maberly.name/Allen_jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/egyptbook.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Bradley_D_Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/bruce_jesson.jpeg", "http://www.maberly.name/C_G_Jesson_Queensland.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Charles_Jesson_grave_Fredericksburg.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/David_Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Prof_David_Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Ed_Jesson_Yukon.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Jesson_Island.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/George_H_Nick_Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Herman_L_Jesson&Jasmin.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Punch.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Jack-Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/joseph_Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/linley_jesson3.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Lucinda_Jesson2.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/St-Stephens-Hospital-3-Marie-Hayes-Ward.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Mary_Jesson_Poster.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Battle_of_Scheveningen.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Paul_Jesson_NZ.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Vivian_Rich.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/rayner_jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/wrens%20nest%20forge.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Robert_Perrin_Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/basra_memorial.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/starfish.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/robyn_Jesson2.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Roy%20Hart%20Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Susan_Jesson-Ward.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Thomas_Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Henry_Tuchet_Jesson.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/villiers.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/pudsey.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Thomas_Bloodworth.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/bracebridge.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Harry%20Burrard-Neale.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Order_of_the_Bath.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Alfred_Ernle_Chatfield.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/Nappa_Hall_by_RSC.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/John_Fairfax.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/James_Francis_Garrick.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/David_Jesson-Dibley.jpg", "http://www.maberly.name/homenew04.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Arthur James was born on Feb 19th,1901 in West Bromwich to Samuel and Alice (née Patrick) Jesson. As an architect he designed two churches in the Great Barr area, the Moorlands Methodist church in Hall Green Road (1959) and the church at the Greenside Way/Redwood Road junction (1967). He married Joyce Dora Henn in 1932 and they had 5 children. He died in Devon in 1978. David was born in 1960 in Barrow-in-Furness to James Edward and Monica Jesson and brought up in Stourbridge, Worcs.. After 3 years as a Reader at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh he worked at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA and in South Africa. After a few years as Professor of Physics at Monash University, Victoria, Australia he has returned to the UK and is currently Professor of Experimental Physics and a Marie Curie Fellow at Cardiff University where his research group is studying quantum structure formation and dynamics. His main interests are in the field of electron microscopy, diffraction physics and surface physics, in which he is considered a world leader. He married Sharon Lynn Carney in 1994 in Anderson, Tennessee. Eric Edwin was born in Kent, UK to Frederick George Richard and Maud Emma (née Macey) Jesson. He emigrated as a geophysicist to Australia in 1957 to carry out the first gravity observations in the Larsemann Hills of Antarctica in 1958 before joining the Australian Antarctic base at Mawson as a seismologist. He was awarded the Polar Medal in 1961 and a small island in Antarctica has been named Jesson Island in his honour. He is married with two daughters and now lives in retirement in Brisbane. Jacob was born in London in 1650 into a family of ironmongers who, on the basis of their landholdings in the West Bromwich area, were obviously closely related to the Handsworth Jessons. He married Elizabeth Whalley and moved to the early settlement of Boston in the New England colony as the sales agent for his brother Abraham's ironmongery business. His wife and 3 children (Jacob1670-, Abraham 1672-and Jacob 1674-) all died there. He returned to London and was remarried on Nov 25th,1678 to Mary Glover with whom he had three more children (Glover, Mary and Elizabeth). He died there in 1686. In a famous 1675 Massachusetts theft trial in which he was one of 12 jurors he was fined heavily by the court for not agreeing with the magistrates and the other 11 jurors that the defendant was guilty. Thomas Bloodworth was born on 10 February 1882 at Maxey, Northamptonshire, England, the seventh child of Ann Jesson and her husband, Thomas Bloodworth, a groom and gardener. He left the village school at 10, and was apprenticed as a carpenter and joiner in Grantham, before emigrating to Christchurch, New Zealand, in 1908. He soon moved to Auckland, where he worked for two years as a carpenter on the construction of Grafton Bridge, then the largest single-span concrete bridge in the world. In 1910 he became active in the Auckland branch of the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners (ASCJ). He served as its delegate to the Auckland Trades and Labour Council, and the following year became president of the union.. He also became active in the Auckland branch of the New Zealand Socialist Party. By the end of 1913 he was an executive member of the United Federation of Labour (UFL) and from 1918 to 1920 served as their president. In 1921 he was elected secretary of both the Auckland branch and district council of the ASCJ; he combined these roles with spells as secretary of its Otahuhu and Hamilton branches. He failed in several attempts to get a seat in Parliament/ Tom Bloodworth also worked in local and community affairs, serving on the Auckland City Council for many years. He was made an OBE in 1966 and retired from civic life in 1968 at the age of 86. He died at Remuera, Auckland, on 11 May 1974. He had married Rhoda Alice Aspin in Auckland on 28 February 1912. Their only child, William, died in 1967
2410	dbpedia	1	81	https://queenslandhistory.blogspot.com/2011/12/john-douglas-special-commissioner-to.html	en	Queensland History by Dr Jeremy Hodes: John Douglas, Special Commissioner to New Guinea, 1886	https://queenslandhistory.blogspot.com/favicon.ico	https://queenslandhistory.blogspot.com/favicon.ico	[ "https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif", "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sqlVaoNUqIeuwVINBi8wdxjv8URVwqhiGEQ3OMrXCrBIZoHaTiGMyiOMFtwRJTTWAajxrlM6SraTpVfnFiG_Z1E4FGA2fCUqMJ3S5DmxGvxA=s0-d" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "The curious chronicler" ]	null	John Douglas served as the special commissioner to New Guinea from 1886 to 1888. This article covers his appointment to the post, achievem...	en	https://queenslandhistory.blogspot.com/favicon.ico		https://queenslandhistory.blogspot.com/2011/12/john-douglas-special-commissioner-to.html	A blog by Dr Jeremy Hodes devoted to aspects of Queensland history that I find interesting
2410	dbpedia	0	63	https://staff-profiles.cqu.edu.au/home/view/958	en	John Rolfe	https://staff-profiles.c…/ROLFEJ_copy.jpg	https://staff-profiles.c…/ROLFEJ_copy.jpg	[ "https://staff-profiles.cqu.edu.au/img/cqu-logo.png", "https://www.cqu.edu.au/__data/assets/git_bridge/0037/67897/dist/mysource_files/cqu-logo.png", "https://staff-profiles.cqu.edu.au/files/downloadPhoto/13025/ROLFEJ_copy.jpg", "https://staff-profiles.cqu.edu.au/files/downloadPortraitPhoto/15362/JDV_photo_Dec19new.jpg", "https://staff-profiles.cqu.edu.au/files/downloadPortraitPhoto/14695/profile.png", "https://staff-profiles.cqu.edu.au/files/downloadPortraitPhoto/15295/profile.png", "https://staff-profiles.cqu.edu.au/files/downloadPortraitPhoto/13960/profile.png", "https://delivery-cqucontenthub.stylelabs.cloud/api/public/content/be-what-you-want-to-be.png", "https://delivery-cqucontenthub.stylelabs.cloud/api/public/content/run-logo.png", "https://delivery-cqucontenthub.stylelabs.cloud/api/public/content/run-logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	John Rolfe; Professor; School of Business and Law; Rockhampton North	en		CQUniversity Australia	https://staff-profiles.cqu.edu.au/home/view/13025	John Rolfe is a resource economist who is Professor of Regional Economic Development in the School of Business and Law at the CQ University at Rockhampton, and a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. Professor Rolfe has a number of research interests, but specialises in non-market valuation, regional development, environmental, resource and agricultural economic issues, agricultural adoption, and economic impact assessment in regional areas. He co-edited two important reference books on the topic of non-market valuation and benefit transfer in 2006 and 2015, and has published in a number of discipline areas outside his core skills in Applied Economics, including agricultural management, environmental reporting, impact assessment, and regional development,. Professor Rolfe has led a number of major research projects (> 40) over the past 10 years for a total funding value of more than $7.4M. His research has been funded through a number of sources, including the Australian Research Council grants, Australian and State Governments, Research and Development Corporations, and industry grants. He has supervised a number of PhD and Masters students to completion, as well as post-doctoral researchers. Professor Rolfe is a past Editor-in-Chief for a major applied economics journal, the Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Professor Rolfe’s standing in the resource economics field in Australia is shown by his participation in the national Environmental Economics Research Hub, from 2007-2011, where he was one of four program directors. In 2011, he was identified by Regional Development Australia as one of the most influential academics in Australia in regional development issues. He has served as the Independent Chair for the Gladstone Regional Community Consultative Committee on the basis of his expertise in impact assessment since 2012, and as Chair of the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership Independent Science Panel as an expert in resource economics since 2016. In 2012-2013 and again in 2016-2017 he was one of the leaders of the 2013 Great Barrier Reef Science Consensus Statement, reflecting his expertise in this topic. In 2014-15 he acted as an expert in agricultural and development economics to an Expert Working Group in the Australian Council of Learned Academics. In 2019 he was appointed by the Queensland and Australian Governments to the Great Barrier Reef Independent Science Panel. Professor Rolfe has extensive practical and policy experience on the intersection of agricultural and environmental issues in northern Australia, with a focus on economic analysis. At an academic level his key impacts are largely in the development and application of non-market valuation techniques, particularly choice modelling, and the transfer of those values to different case study settings. At a policy level, he has had a major role in applying economic analysis to key issues in regional development, agricultural development and resource protection, with a particular emphasis on dealing with agricultural water quality issues into the Great Barrier Reef.John has a number of research interests, but specialises in non-market valuation, regional development, environmental, resource and agricultural economic issues, agricultural adoption, and economic impact assessment in regional areas. He has 115 refereed publications in the form of journal articles, book chapters, book reviews and conference papers, and a further 250 non-refereed journal articles, conference papers and research reports. John Rolfe has more than 2,000 citations and an H-index of 25 in Scopus, and 5,900 citations and a H-Index of 37 in Google Scholar. Professor Rolfe has extensive practical and policy experience with agricultural and environmental issues in northern Australia. He has a background in agriculture and operated a cattle property in the Central Queensland region for a number of years. John has worked at Central Queensland University in part-time and then full time roles since 1989. As well as academic roles, he has also held a number of management positions in different parts of the University, including Head of Campus, Head of School, Director of Research Centre, and Deputy Dean Research. He served as President of the Australasian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society in 2019-20. Background John Rolfe was educated at the Brisbane Grammar School, and then received undergraduate degrees from the University of Queensland in Commerce and Ecomomics in 1982 and 1986, the latter with first class honours. He completed his PhD on environmental valuation with the University of New South Wales in 1999. He has a background in the pastoral industry, and spent 25 years running a cattle property in central Quensland. Awards 2014 Vice-Chancellor's Award for Research Previous teaching Courses Taught: Micro Economics 1 Macro Economics 1, Economics for Business Quantitative Methods A Quantitative Methods B Environmental Economics and Planning Environmental Economics Economics of Electronic Commerce Advanced Business Statistics Economics for Business Property Economics Principles of Economics Production Economics Courses Developed: Environmental Economics and Planning Environmental Economics. Economics of E-Commerce Economics for Business Advanced Business Statistics Property Economics Production Economics Professional Memberships Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society Economics Society of Australia, Ecological Economics Association, American Economics Society, Australian Rangeland Society. American Agricultural Economics Society Australian and New Zealand Regional Science Association European Association of Environmental and Resource Economics Professional Interests Professor Rolfe has a very active academic role in reviewing, acting as an academic referee for more than 20 academic journals in the past three years. He regularly marks PhD theses and has also participated in staff promotion and excellence awards for other universities in Australia and New Zealand. He has been an assessor for the Australian Research Council for several years, including for Discovery, Linkage, DECRA and CRC rounds. John Rolfe has had a strong influence on industry and government, particularly at a regional and state level. He has participated in several committees for Government, such as the Central Highlands Regional Resource Use Planning Program, the Social and Economic Projects Program Implementation Board and the Fitzroy Basin Community Reference Panel reviewing the Water Resource Plan. Professor Rolfe is the Independent Chair for the Gladstone Regional Community Consultative Committee on the basis of his expertise in impact assessment. In 2013, Professor Rolfe led the economic and social sections of the 2013 Great Barrier Reef Science Consensus Statement, which consolidated available knowledge on the health and management of the Great Barrier Reef. He is a member of the Independent Science Panel for the Gladstone Health Harbour Partnership as an expert in resource economics since 2013, and in 2014 has been appointed as a member of an Expert Working Group on agriculture for the Australian Council of Learned Academics. In 2019 he was appointed by the Queensland and Australian Governments to the Great Barrier Reef Independent Science Panel. Key Achievements Details of the Centre for Environmental Management, including links to research partners, can be found at www.cem.cqu.edu.au A range of my research outputs and reports can be found at the following two websites: www.resourceeconomics.cqu.edu.au www.bowenbasin.cqu.edu.au Industry Reports Since 2003 Professor Rolfe has produced more than 60 research reports, many of which have been directly for use by industry and government. Key areas of focus have been conducting and reviewing Economic and Social Impact Assessments for major industry developments in Queensland. In 2010 Professor Rolfe led a major project for the Queensland Resources Council where the economic impact of the resources sector was assessed for all shires and regions within the state. Editor John Rolfe is a past Editor-in-Chief of the Australian Journal for Agricultural and Resource Economics, where he was responsible for volumes 58-60. Consultancy Work Professor Rolfe has also been involved in 15 research consultancy projects for approximately $0.75 million in funding, almost all as project leader. Most consultancy projects have been for industry, assessing the economic and social impacts of resource development, but some have been conducted for state and local governments.
2410	dbpedia	3	37	http://historichansard.net/hofreps/1969/19691125_reps_27_hor66/	en	House of Representatives, Debates, 25 November 1969 :: Historic Hansard	http://historichansard.net/images/historic-hansard.png	http://historichansard.net/images/historic-hansard.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	A record of debates in the Australian House of Representatives on the 25 November 1969, presented in an easily readable form.	en			http://historichansard.net/hofreps/1969/19691125_reps_27_hor66/	House of Representatives 25 November 1969 27th Parliament · 1st Session House of Representatives 27th Parliament 1969 PROCLAMATION OPENING OF THE PARLIAMENT MEMBERS SWORN MR SPEAKER Election PRESENTATION TO THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL COMMISSION TO ADMINISTER OATH MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL MINISTERIAL ARRANGEMENTS Prime Minister - The Right Honourable J. G. Gorton Treasurer - The Honourable L. H. E. Bury Minister for Defence - The Honourable Malcolm Fraser Minister for National Development - The Honourable R. W. C. Swartz, M.B.E., E.D Minister for Education and Science - The Honourable N. H. Bowen, Q.C Minister for External Territories - The Honourable C. E. Barnes Minister for Health - The Honourable A. J. Forbes, M.C Minister for Customs and Excise - The Honourable D. L. Chipp Attorney-General - The Honourable T. E. F. Hughes, Q.C LEADERSHIP OF THE OPPOSITION LEADERSHIP OF THE AUSTRALIAN COUNTRY PARTY RULES PUBLICATION BILL 1969 DEATH OF SENATOR SAMUEL HERBERT COHEN, Q.C GOVERNOR-GENERAL’S SPEECH ADDRESS-IN-REPLY CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEES Election GOVERNOR-GENERAL’S SPEECH QUESTION MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY: PRESENTATION OF ADDRESSINREPLY Mr Speaker: PUBLIC WORKS COMMITTEE JOINT COMMITTEE ON THE BROADCASTING OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEEDINGS PUBLIC ACCOUNTS COMMITTEE QUESTION JOINT COMMITTEE ON THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY QUESTION JOINT SELECT COMMITTEE ON THE NEW AND PERMANENT PARLIAMENT HOUSE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES SELECT COMMITTEE ON AIRCRAFT NOISE STANDING ORDERS COMMITTEE COMMITTEE OF PRIVILEGES LIBRARY COMMITTEE HOUSE COMMITTEE PRINTING COMMITTEE PETITIONS Education Social Services Defence Defence NOTICE OF MOTION SUSPENSION OF STANDING ORDERS GORTON GOVERNMENT Censure Motion SPECIAL ADJOURNMENT LEAVE OF ABSENCE PERSONAL EXPLANATION ADJOURNMENT The Parliament - Electoral - Primary Production - Vietnam Wednesday, 26 November 1969 page 5 PROCLAMATION The House met at 11 a.m., pursuant to the proclamation of His Excellency the Governor-General. The Clerk read the proclamation. page 5 OPENING OF THE PARLIAMENT The Usher of the Black Rod, being announced, was admitted, and delivered the message that the Deputy of the GovernorGeneral for the Opening of the Parliament requested the attendance of honourable members in the Senate chamber forthwith. (Honourable members attended accordingly, and having returned) The Deputy authorised by the GovernorGeneral to administer the oath or affirmation entered the chamber. The Clerk read the commission authorising the Right Honourable Sir Garfield Edward John Barwick, G.C.M.G., Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia, to administer the oath or affirmation of allegiance to the Queen required by the Constitution to be taken or made by members of the House of Representatives. page 5 MEMBERS SWORN The Clerk laid on the table returns to 125 writs for the election of members of the House of Representatives held on 25th October 1969. The following honourable members made and subscribed the oath of allegiance: Adermann, Charles Frederick, Fisher, Queensland Anthony, John Douglas, Richmond, New South Wales Armitage, John Lindsay, Chifley, New South Wales Aston, William John, Phillip, New South Wales Barnard, Lance Herbert, Bass, Tasmania Barnes, Charles Edward, McPherson, Queensland Bate, Henry Jefferson, Macarthur, New South Wales Beazley, Kim Edward, Fremantle Western Australia Bennett, Adrian Frank, Swan, Western Australia Berinson, Joseph Max, Perth, Western Australia Birrell, Frederick Ronald, Port Adelaide, South Australia Bonnett, Robert Noel, Herbert, Queensland Bowen, Lionel Frost, Kingsford-Smith, New South Wales Bowen, Nigel Hubert, Parramatta, New South Wales Brown, Neil Anthony, Diamond Valley, Victoria Bryant, Gordon Munro, Wills, Victoria Buchanan, Alexander Andrew, McMillan, Victoria Bury, Leslie Harry Ernest, Wentworth, New South Wales Cairns, James Ford, Lalor, Victoria Cairns, Kevin Michael Kiernan, Lilley, Queensland Calder, Stephen Edward, Northern Territory Calwell, Arthur Augustus, - Melbourne, Victoria Cameron, Clyde Robert, Hindmarsh, South Australia Cameron, Donald Milner, Griffith, Queensland Chipp, Donald Leslie, Hotham, Victoria Cohen, Barry, Robertson, New South Wales Collard, Frederick Walter, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia Connor, Reginald Francis Xavier, Cunningham, New South Wales Cope, James Francis, Sydney, New South Wales Corbett, James, Maranoa, Queensland Cramer, John Oscar, Bennelong, New South Wales Crean, Frank, Melbourne Ports, Victoria Cross, Manfred Douglas, Brisbane, Queensland Daly, Frederick Michael, Grayndler, New South Wales Davies, Ronald, Braddon, Tasmania Dobie, James Donald Mathieson, Cook, New South Wales Drury, Edward Nigel, Ryan, Queensland Duthie, Gilbert William Arthur, Wilmot, Tasmania England, John Armstrong, Calare, New South Wales Erwin, George Dudley, Ballaarat, Victoria Everingham, Douglas Nixon, Capricornia, Queensland Fairbairn, David Eric, Farrer, New South Wales FitzPatrick, John, Darling, New South Wales Forbes, Alexander James, Barker, South Australia Foster, Norman Kenneth, Sturt, South Australia Fox, Edmund Maxwell Cameron, Henry, Victoria Fraser, Allan Duncan, Eden-Monaro, New South Wales Fraser, James Reay, Australian Capital Territory Fraser, John Malcolm, Wannon, Victoria Fulton, William John, Leichhardt, Queensland Garland, Ransley Victor, Curtin, Western Australia Garrick, Horace James, Batman, Victoria Giles, Geoffrey O’Halloran, Angas, South Australia Gorton, John Grey, Higgins, Victoria Graham, Bruce William, North Sydney, New South Wales Grassby, Albert Jaime, Riverina, New South Wales Griffiths, Charles Edward, Shortland, New South Wales Gun, Richard Townsend, Kingston, South Australia Hallett, John Mead, Canning, Western Australia Hamer, David John, Isaacs, Victoria Hansen, Brendan Percival, Wide Bay, Queensland Hayden, William George, Oxley, Queensland Holten, Rendle McNeilage, Indi, Victoria Howson, Peter, Casey, Victoria Hughes, Thomas Eyre Forrest, Berowra, New South Wales Hulme, Alan Shallcross, Petrie, Queensland Hunt, Ralph James Dunnet, Gwydir, New South Wales Hurford, Christopher John, Adelaide, South Australia Irwin, Leslie Herbert, Mitchell, New South Wales Jacobi, Herman Ralph, Hawker, South Australia James, Albert William, Hunter, New South Wales Jarman, Alan William, Deakin, Victoria Jenkins, Henry Alfred, Scullin, Victoria Johnson, Leonard Keith, Burke, Victoria Johnson, Leslie Royston, Hughes, New South Wales Jones, Charles Keith, Newcastle, New South Wales Katter, Robert Cummin, Kennedy, Queensland Keating, Paul John, Blaxland, New South Wales Kelly, Charles Robert, Wakefield, South Australia Kennedy, Andrew David, Bendigo, Victoria Kent Hughes, Wilfrid Selwyn, Chisholm, Victoria Keogh, Leonard Joseph, Bowman, Queensland Killen, Denis James, Moreton, Queensland King, Robert Shannon, Wimmera, Victoria Luchetti, Anthony Sylvester, Macquarie, New South Wales Lucock, Philip Ernest, Lyne, New South Wales Lynch, Phillip Reginald, Flinders, Victoria Mackay, Malcolm George, Evans, New South Wales MacKellar, Michael John Randal, Warringah, New South Wales Maisey, Donald William, Moore, Western Australia McEwen, John, Murray, Victoria McIvor, Hector James, Gellibrand, Victoria McLeay, John Elden, Boothby, South Australia McMahon, William, Lowe, New South Wales Martin, Vincent Joseph, Banks, New South Wales Morrison, William Lawrence, St George, New South Wales Nicholls, Martin Henry, Bonython, South Australia Nixon, Peter James, Gippsland, Victoria O’Keefe, Frank Lionel, Paterson, New South Wales Patterson, Rex Alan, Dawson, Queensland Peacock, Andrew Sharp, Kooyong, Victoria Pettitt, John Alexander, Hume, New South Wales Reid, Leonard Stanley, Holt, Victoria Reynolds, Leonard James, Barton, New South Wales Robinson, Ian Louis, Cowper, New South Wales Scholes, Gordon Glen Denton, Corio, Victoria Sherry, Raymond Henry, Franklin, Tasmania Sinclair, Ian McCahon, New England, New South Wales Snedden, Billy Mackie, Bruce, Victoria Solomon, Robert John, Denison, Tasmania Stewart, Francis Eugene, Lang, New South Wales Street, Anthony Austin, Corangamite, Victoria Swartz, Reginald William Colin, Darling Downs, Queensland Turnbull, Winton George, Mallee, Victoria Uren, Thomas, Reid, New South Wales Webb, Charles Harry, Stirling, Western Australia Wentworth, William Charles, Mackellar, New South Wales Whitlam, Edward Gough, Werriwa, New South Wales Whittorn, Raymond Harold, Balaclava, Victoria The following honourable members made and subscribed an affirmation of allegiance: Cass, Moses Henry, Maribyrnong, Victoria Kirwan, Frank McLeod, Forrest, Western Australia Klugman, Richard Emanuel, Prospect, New South Wales Wallis, Laurie George, Grey, South Australia page 8 MR SPEAKER Election The Clerk: – Honourable members, it is now the duty of the House to elect a member as Speaker. Mr DRURY: Ryan – I propose to the House, for its Speaker, Mr Aston andI move: That the honourable member for Phillip (Mr Aston) do take the Chair of this House as Speaker. Mr Lucock: -I second the nomination. Mr Aston: – I accept the nomination. The Clerk: – Is there any further proposal? Mr GRIFFITHS: Shortland – I propose to the House, for its Speaker, Mr Cope and move: That the honourable member for Sydney (Mr Cope) do take the Chair of this House as Speaker. Mr Duthie: – I second the nomination. Mr Cope: – I accept the nomination. The Clerk: – Are there any further proposals? The time for proposals has expired and the matter may now be the subject of debate. Mr BEAZLEY: Fremantle -I wish to speak in support of the candidature of the honourable member for Sydney (Mr Cope). Now that this House is opening in an unblaze of unglory to discuss divers urgent and important matters, namely, afternoon tea this afternoon, the Opposition feels that there should be a change of Speakership. Our fundamental reason for believing this is that the Opposition has never been given the protection of the Chair that it should have been given. The repeated occasions on which defamatory questions have been allowed against the Opposition and not allowed against members of the Government has become the subject of comment in an article written by a former Serjeant-at-Arms of this House who is now a professor of political science. That has been a leading characteristic of the Speakership as we have seen it. The honourable member for Sydney has promised to protect the Opposition from defamatory statements. He will even protect the Prime Minister (Mr Gorton) from defamatory statements from behind him. So with these qualifications of impartiality we think he should be made the Speaker. He has promised other interesting ceremonies. He has promised to discuss and possibly to make innovations in the Parliament. Sixty years ago a former honourable member for Ballaarat, Alfred Deakin, spoke about a Minister removed from office. He said that he reminded him of an ill-bred urchin dragged screaming and kicking from a tart shop. For 60 years we have had the problem of the ungraceful exit of Ministers. Our candidate for the Speakership believes that wailing could be done much better by bagpipes and that a new ceremony should be enacted for the Parliament so that a Minister rejected from office could be led in solemn procession around the lobbies with bagpipes wailing for him. This would be a more seemly method than the one we have seen in recent days. Also there might even be a ceremony for the grievances of an uninvited Assistant Whip who informs us that he cannot support the Government. Perhaps he could be piped aboard as he comes up the parliamentary steps. But in a more serious mood, we believe that a new look has to be taken at the Speakership. Many members from the Government side have spoken about the downgrading of the Parliament one of the main features of which, we believe, has been the absence of neutrality from the Chair. That is our serious belief. The man who sits in the chair is the custodian of the rights of the House, not of the power of the Executive Government of the Commonwealth. This, we believe, has been the fundamental mistake that has been made in the Speakership over the last few years and for that reason we nominate the honourable member for Sydney. Mr DRURY: Ryan – I refute the allegations that have just been made, somewhat unworthily in my opinion, by the honourable member for Fremantle (Mr Beazley). I was surprised at some of the remarks he made. They were not in accordance with the facts. I know that many honourable members in the previous Parliament, from this side of the House, as well as honourable members from the other side, paid tribute to Mr Aston for the impartiality, integrity, dignity, decorum and fair mindedness which he displayed in endeavouring to carry out the onerous duties of Speaker of this House. I refute entirely the charge that there was an absence of neutrality in the exercise of his duties. On the contrary, I believe that he gave fair protection to all honourable members, including the independent members who were previously in the chamber. During his 3-year term as Speaker Mr Aston enjoyed the respect of all members of the Parliament. I assure all new members of this Parliament that in the old Parliament Mr Aston enjoyed the profound respect and admiration of honourable members from both sides of the chamber. I certainly gained the impression that he had the confidence of all honourable members. He was patient often to the nth degree, even under great provocation from some members of the Opposition. Of course, Mr Speaker must be prepared to be patient under somewhat trying circumstances. These inevitably arise in the day to day proceedings in this chamber. Mr Aston has always shown himself to be a humane, understanding and fair minded Speaker. He is a man able to be firm when the occasion demands firmness. In the old Parliament he displayed a conscientious devotion to the demands of his most important office, not only in the chamber but outside it. I can speak from personal experience of these things because I have served under him on some of the standing committees of the Parliament. I am sure that all honourable members, including honourable members opposite, who have served on committees chaired by Mr Aston, including meetings of the executive of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and of the Union itself, will agree with me. I think all who have been associated with Mr Aston will concede that he has done his job impartially, fairly and well. Not only has he performed his duties as Speaker extremely well in this chamber but on important occasions he has represented this country overseas, and from all accounts has done so with great dignity and responsibility, bringing credit not only to himself but also to this Parliament and to this country. I repeat that Mr Aston has all the qualities of mind and the humanity to fit him ably once again to hold the office of Speaker in this House. Mr Clyde Cameron: HINDMARSH, SOUTH AUSTRALIA · ALP – It is not my custom to comment about candidates for the Speakership. That is a risky game, because one may have to work for the next 12 months or so under a man against whom be has levelled criticism. But it is a calculated risk. I do not think I have much to lose on this occasion because I got such a rough deal in the last Parliament. I could not get a rougher deal in this Parliament. I ask honourable members, particularly the new members of the Parliament, who were referred to by the honourable member for Ryan (Mr Drury), who read his speech so ably a moment ago, to compare the jovial dignity of Mr Cope with the cruel and arrogant posture of the gentleman who has been proposed from the other side. Honourable members will observe in Mr Cope a gentleman who has the highest -regard for the Parliament and its rights as well as for the rights of honourable members who sit in the Parliament. This is the important thing. We shall have in Mr Cope as Mr Speaker one who will not be the mere lackey of the Prime Minister, one who will not be the mere servant of some political party but one who will be the servant of the people who have been chosen by the electorate of this great Commonwealth of ours to represent it. 1 would say to those gentlemen who have fallen victim of the Mushroom Club to take this opportunity now of dealing with the nominee of the Prime Minister. Unlike Mr Cope, who has been selected unanimously by Her Majesty’s Opposition to be its nominee for the office of Speaker, the person who has been nominated by the Government is the handpicked stool pigeon of the Prime Minister. Dr Mackay: – Untrue. Mr Clyde Cameron: HINDMARSH, SOUTH AUSTRALIA · ALP – I am glad to hear this. Dr Mackay: – It is by secret, exhaustive ballot. Mr Clyde Cameron: HINDMARSH, SOUTH AUSTRALIA · ALP – This is why I made the comment. I was never able to discover just how the Government candidate for the office of Speaker was selected. It puzzles me to think that a responsible body of men - this only makes the injury greater - or a body of men which claims to be responsible could have chosen such a candidate as Mr Aston. Mr Jeff Bate: – You will be for it now, Clyde. Mr Clyde Cameron: HINDMARSH, SOUTH AUSTRALIA · ALP – Yes, I would say that I will be in for it 1 would say also that had there been an election on the Government side to choose the nominee for this office probably men like the honourable member for Macarthur would have rated much higher in the ranks on the other side than Mr- Mr Charles Jones: – Would he be staying at the Kurrajong? Mr Clyde Cameron: HINDMARSH, SOUTH AUSTRALIA · ALP – Well, why would he not stop at the Kurrajong? As far as I know, he stays at the Kurrajong. I suppose that, as long as a person pays his way, he can stay wherever he likes. I call upon Mr Erwin and Mr Fairbairn, who has had such a rough deal at the hands of the Prime Minister: Here is your golden opportunity to even up your old scores with the Prime Minister and to show your Prime Minister that one of his chief campaign directors in New South Wales, Mr Aston, is not going to get away with it so easily and is not going to be given this plum of office now. I call on Mr Kelly, who was so shabbily treated by the Prime Minister- Mr Daly: – That he had to sell his. suit. Mr Clyde Cameron: HINDMARSH, SOUTH AUSTRALIA · ALP – Yes, he had to sell his striped pants because he has no further use for them. I call on Mr Kelly, if he is allowed to register a secret vote without somebody looking over his shoulder, to do so and to vote for Mr Cope. The honourable member will then be giving to the Parliament an excellent Speaker and, at the same time, will be telling John Grey Gorton that he cannot run this place as he has been running it in the past. I call on Mr Kevin Cairns, who is a man of extraordinary courage - usually - to do the same kind of thing. I address the same remarks to Mr McMahon who is sitting there alongside Mr McEwen. They appear to be happy enough at the moment, but I have seen times when they were not quite so happy. Mr McEwen has every reason to be happy even if Mr McMahon has not because now Mr McEwen has a secondrater in charge of the Treasury and it will be much easier for the Department of Trade and Industry to override the Treasury than it has been in the past. At the same time, I would not mind being the Minister for External Affairs. I do not know why the present Minister for External Affairs appears so upset by his demotion. Dr Mackay is a gentleman who ought to even up a few scores. If anybody earned a promotion to the Ministry, it was Dr Mackay. But no, he did not receive nomination even for the Speakership. I think that he has every reason to take this opportunity to appoint somebody who is not the mere lackey of John Grey Gorton. Then, Mr Howson, last but not least, who is a man who has always shown great courage- The Clerk: – The honourable member’s time has expired. Mr SNEDDEN: Minister for Labour and National Service · Bruce · LP – Mr Clerk, I regret that the honourable member for Hindmarsh (Mr Clyde Cameron) has taken advantage of the absence, for the one time in the life of this Parliament, of an honourable member holding the office of Mr Speaker. The honourable member has used terms which quite clearly are not only inaccurate but also vicious and unparliamentary. He has used a term in relation to Mr Aston, and I shall quote it for it ought to be repeated to reveal the calibre of the mind, the presentation and the willingness to descend to the lowest depths in debate which characterise the honourable member for Hindmarsh. The term which he used was ‘a hand-picked stool pigeon’. The honourable member for Hindmarsh can laugh about it. I welcome his laughing about it as an example to all those new members who sit on his side of the House. I hope they will reject it as a standard of performance in this national Parliament, because if they perform in the way in which the honourable member for Hindmarsh has done they will reduce this Parliament from an international standing as a house of debate to the sort of thing which the honourable member would have it - a gutter discussion. We on this side of the House will not participate in that way throughout the term of this Parliament, but on the contrary, whenever we hear from the opposite side of the House language to that effect we shall expose it and we shall use the forms of the House to have it expunged and, if necessary, to deprive the user of the language of the service of the House. The honourable member for Phillip, whose nomination was moved by Mr Drury and seconded by Mr Lucock, has served this Parliament as Speaker. I believe that he has disclosed in that service a capacity to calm the House down at moments when it appeared that the House was about to erupt into bad humour. He has shown, I believe, impartiality. I believe that he has been fair and that indeed he has shown a judicial attitude towards the discharge of his job. All those things that I have said of Mr Aston could, I believe, be quite properly said about a man whom I regard as a friend, Mr Cope, the nominee from the other side of the House. I believe mat if he were elected to the Speakership he would discharge his job very well, with fairness and impartiality. I accept that, because I know him as a man. But I am bound to say that in my judgment Mr Aston would do the job better, and has experience to Help in a parliament which this morning’s performances quite clearly mark as not a parliament of which we will be proud, if that sort of performance continues. For those reasons I support Mr Aston, and I would ask all those people who have had the experience of serving under him to vote for him in the ballot that now follows, as I most certainly will. Mr Clerk, I move: That the question be now put. Question put. The House divided. (The Clerk- Mr A. G. Turner) AYES: 64 NOES: 59 Majority …….. 5 AYES NOES Question so resolved in the affirmative. Mr SPEAKER (Hon W J Aston: PHILLIP, NEW SOUTH WALES -I wish to thank the House for the high honour it has conferred upon me. (Mr Speaker having seated himself in the Chair) Mr GORTON: Prime Minister · Higgins · LP – Mr Speaker, I wish to offer my congratulations on your election to the office of great responsibility which you now hold. I have not the slightest doubt that you will, in this Parliament, carry out your duties with that distinction, with that fairness and with that firmness which earned universal approbation in this House during the last Parliament and which led to congratulations being offered to you from all sides on behalf of both the Opposition and the Government at the slight interregnum between your two terms of office. I have no doubt that you will, as you have in the past, be one of the Parliament’s most distinguished presiding officers. Mr WHITLAM: Leader of the Opposition · Werriwa – Mr Speaker, on behalf of the Australian Labor Party I congratulate you on being re-elected to your high office. You are, Sir, accustomed to having small majorities. I hope that you will spare me from being more generous in my remarks, for after my colleagues and I were benevolent and, in fact, generous on your behalf during the valedictory at the end of the last Parliament you were good enough to quote our remarks in your campaign literature. I do not propose to give hostage to fortune on this occasion. You will have noticed, Sir, that the Opposition is disposed to scrutinise the conduct of yourself and your Party colleagues much more vigilantly than hitherto. I hope I do not have the unpleasant task, as I did in the last Parliament, of moving dissent from your rulings. You know the particular ruling which irks us, and I do not intend to repeat it. We wish you well in the chair and we congratulate you on being re-elected. Mr COPE: Sydney - Mr Speaker, I should like to take this opportunity of heartily congratulating you on your success. As one of your Deputies in the last Parliament 1 was honoured to serve under your orders and directions and it was a very pleasant duty indeed. Again, may I offer my hearty congratulations. Mr SPEAKER: – May I thank the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition and also the honourable member for Sydney for their kind remarks on my re-occupancy of the chair. I should like also to thank the honourable member for Ryan (Mr Drury) and the honourable member for Lyne (Mr Lucock) for respectively nominating me and seconding my nomination. I am deeply conscious of the high honour that has been accorded to me. During my previous term of office it was my desire to endeavour to conduct this House with the dignity and decorum it deserved and, at the same time, to do my utmost to maintain a balance and to carry out my duties with strict impartiality. I intend to do just this in the next 3 years, and I can assure honourable members that it will be without fear or favour to any person or member of this House. I again thank the House for its generosity and I hope to have the support of all honourable members from both sides of the House in my endeavours to make this democratic chamber work as it should work and not to allow it to be used for purposes of defamation or for scurrilous purposes. page 12 PRESENTATION TO THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL Mr GORTON: Prime Minister · Higgins · LP – I have learned that it will be the pleasure of His Excellency the Governor-General to receive you, Mr Speaker, in the Library of the Parliament this day at 2.42 p.m. Mr SPEAKER: – Prior to my presentation to His Excellency the Governor-General this afternoon, the bells will be rung for three minutes so that honourable members may attend in the chamber and accompany the Speaker, when they may if they so wish, be introduced to His Excellency. Sitting suspended from 12.35 to 2.41 p.m. (The House proceeded to the Library, and, being reassembled) Mr SPEAKER: – I have to report that, accompanied by honourable members, I this day proceeded to the Library of the Parliament and presented myself to His Excellency the Governor-General as the choice of the House, and that His Excellency was kind enough to congratulate me on my election as Speaker. page 12 COMMISSION TO ADMINISTER OATH Mr SPEAKER: – His Excellency the GovernorGeneral has presented to me a commission authorising me to administer to members of the House the oath or affirmation of allegiance. I now lay the commission on the table. page 13 MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL The Usher of the Black Rod, being announced, was admitted, and delivered a message that His Excellency the GovernorGeneral desired the attendance of honourable members in the Senate chamber forthwith. (Mr Speaker and honourable members attended accordingly and, having returned) page 13 MINISTERIAL ARRANGEMENTS Mr GORTON: Prime Minister · Higgins · LP – Mr Speaker, the new Ministry was sworn by the Governor-General on 12th November 1969 and is as follows: Prime Minister - The Right Honourable J. G. Gorton Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Trade and Industry - The Right Honourable J. McEwen, C.H. Minister for External Affairs - The Right Honourable William McMahon Minister for Primary Industry - The HonourableJ. D. Anthony Postmaster-General and Vice-President of the Executive Council - The Honourable A. S. Hulme Treasurer - The Honourable L. H. E. Bury Minister for Shipping and Transport and Minister Assisting the Minister for Trade and Industry - The Honourable Ian Sinclair Minister for Supply and Leader of the Government in the Senate - Senator the Honourable Ken Anderson Minister for Defence - The Honourable Malcolm Fraser Minister for National Development - The Honourable R. W. C. Swartz, M.B.E., E.D Minister for Labour and National Service and Leader of the House - The Honourable B. M. Snedden, Q.C. Minister for Education and Science - The Honourable N. H. Bowen, Q.C Minister for the Interior - The Honourable P. J. Nixon Minister for External Territories - The Honourable C. E. Barnes Minister for Health - The Honourable A. J. Forbes, M.C Minister for Housing - Senator the Honourable Dame Annabelle Rankin, D.B.E. Minister for Immigration and Minister Assisting the Treasurer - The Honourable Phillip Lynch Minister for Social Services; and, under the Prime Minister, Minister-in-Charge of Aboriginal Affairs - the Honourable W. C. Wentworth Minister for Works; and, under the Minister for Trade and Industry, Minister-in-Charge of Tourist Activities - Senator the Honourable R. C. Wright Minister for Civil Aviation - Senator the Honourable R. C. Cotton Minister for Customs and Excise - The Honourable D. L. Chipp Minister for Air - Senator the Honourable T. C. Drake-Brockman, D.F.C. Attorney-General - The Honourable T. E. F. Hughes, Q.C Minister for Repatriation - The Honourable R. McN. Holten Minister for the Army; and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister - The Honourable A. S. Peacock Minister for the Navy - The Honourable D. J. Killen The first thirteen Ministers named will comprise the Cabinet. The Leader of the Government in the Senate will be Senator Anderson and the Leader of the House of Representatives will be Mr Snedden. In the Senate Senator Anderson will be my representative and will also represent the portfolios of Trade and Industry, External Affairs, Treasury and Defence. The other representational arrangements in that chamber will be: Senator Dame Annabelle Rankin, the portfolios of Immigration, Social Services including Aboriginal Affairs, Health and Postmaster-General; Senator Wright, Labour and National Service, Education and Science, Attorney-General and External Territories; Senator Cotton, Interior, National Development, Shipping and Transport and Customs and Excise; Senator Drake-Brockman, Primary Industry, Army, Navy and Repatriation. Ministers in the Senate will be represented in this House as follows: The Minister for Supply by Mr Fraser; the Minister for Housing by Dr Forbes; the Minister for Works by Mr Chipp; the Minister for Civil Aviation by Mr Swartz; and the Minister for Air by Mr Killen. page 14 LEADERSHIP OF THE OPPOSITION Mr WHITLAM: Werriwa – I have the honour to inform the House that the Parliamentary Labour Party has elected me as Leader, the honourable member for Bass as Deputy Leader, the honourable member for Wilmot as Whip and the honourable member for Hunter as Deputy Whip. page 14 LEADERSHIP OF THE AUSTRALIAN COUNTRY PARTY Mr McEWEN: Deputy Prime Minister · Murray · CP – I desire to inform the House that the parliamentary party of the Australian Country Party has again elected me as its Leader. It has elected as Deputy Leader my colleague, Mr Anthony. Mr Turnbull has again been elected Whip for the Country Party. page 14 RULES PUBLICATION BILL 1969 Bill presented by Mr Gorton, and read a first time. page 14 DEATH OF SENATOR SAMUEL HERBERT COHEN, Q.C Mr GORTON: Prime Minister · Higgins · LP – Mr Speaker, I move: Senator Cohen collapsed and died at a political meeting in Adelaide on 7th October. He was a man in the prime of life out campaigning for the things in which he believed. He was never a man to do things by half measure. He was throwing himself tirelessly into the election campaign and his untimely death at the age of only SO was a sad blow to his colleagues and to his many friends in this Parliament. Sir, Senator Cohen was an outstanding member of the Senate. He was a man of considerable intellectual gifts and a man of principle and of integrity. He sat in the Senate from 1962 and became the Labor Party’s spokesman on matters relating to education, science, radio and television. As a senator and as Minister for Education and Science I had good cause to know at first hand his capabilities and his qualities. I developed a genuine respect and a personal regard for him. He had a deep interest in education in Australia. It was a genuine interest. He studied the matter deeply. He approached that aspect of his work with great sincerity. He was born on 21st October 1918. After his early education at Wesley College, Melbourne, he attained the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Master of Laws from Melbourne University. After serving in the Australian military forces during the Second World War, he was admitted to the Bar. He became a Queen’s Counsel in 1961 with a wide practice, particularly in industrial law. He was a member of the Victorian Executive of the Australian Labor Party. He entered the Senate in 1962 representing Victoria. He was a vigorous and able debater. He took an active part in the life of the Senate, first as a member of the Senate Select Committee on the Encouragement of Australian Productions for Television and then as a member of the Senate Standing Committee on Regulations and Ordinances. He was, as I have mentioned, Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Senate from February 1967. His sudden death robbed the Senate of an active and inquiring mind and of a very real talent. I may say with complete truth that I feel that he was a loss to his Party, to the Parliament and to Australia and, I think, to me as a personal friend. Most of all, of course, his death is a tragic loss to his family. On behalf of the Government, I express my deepest sympathy to his wife and children. Mr WHITLAM: Leader of the Opposition · Werriwa – Mr Speaker, I support the motion that the Prime Minister (Mr Gorton) has moved concerning the death of Senator Cohen. My colleagues and I particularly appreciate the fact that the Prime Minister spoke in these terms about a man whom he had been able to observe and know as a member of another place and as Minister for Education and Science. We appreciate the fact that his Government paid our late colleague the honour of a State funeral. As will appear from the record which the Prime Minister has given, Senator Cohen had been a gifted scholar, an outstanding counsel and a most public spirited citizen. On other occasions, family and community, I have had the privilege of paying tribute to him. I should like to quote the words of Mr Clyde Holding, the Leader of the Victorian Parliamentary Labor Party at the Melbourne General Cemetery on the occasion of Senator Cohen’s funeral to bring home to honourable members the motivations of our late colleague. Mr Holding said: It was, of course, within the Jewish community that Sam Cohen’s social attitudes and philosophy were born and nurtured. Like many young Jews who lived through the climactic horrors of Nazi persecution during the last World War, the anguish and the plight of the Jewish people throughout Europe burned deeply into his soul. It moved him into a lifelong involvement and struggle against all forms of Fascism and antiSemitism. He saw this struggle, not as negative exposure of neo-Fascist tendencies or antiSemitic attitudes within our own community, but as the creation of a positive social and political democracy in Australia - and that led him into the Labor movement. Senator Cohen’s extraordinarily rapid rise in the ranks of the Labour Party, both in the organisation outside the Parliament and in the Parliament, was not due to his faith. That was an irrelevance. It was because his colleagues outside the Parliament and in it recognised his great abilities, energies and dedication. He rose in less than 5 years in the Senate to be Deputy Leader of the Labor Party in the Senate - so chosen by members of the Labor Party in both the Houses of the Parliament. I asked him to assume particular responsibility for education and science, and for communications and the arts. He had served during the last years of the war on the original Universities Commission. In recent years he had been a member of the Australian National University Council. He had been co-opted, at the instance of the immediate past Minister for Education and Science, to the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation’s Executive. He rose by the qualities I have described, and the sad truth is that he died in his prime because of them. For if ever a politician could be said to have died serving his party, it was Senator Cohen. This is profoundly as well as literally true. My own debt to Senator Cohen is deep. I had been closely associated with him, before he was elected to the Parliament, in connection with the Crimes Act amendments of 1960. I had visited New Guinea with him in 1964. I had been closely associated with him in his position of Deputy Leader in the Senate. My own view for many years has been that the National Government must accept a measure of responsibility for all schools. I twice expressed that view in my first year in this Parliament in 1953. It is no secret that at the time I became Leader of my Party and Senator Cohen its Deputy Leader in the Senate, that was not the official policy of our Party. It now is. In securing support for that policy Senator Cohen played a crucial role. Without his support it is at least doubtful whether that view would have prevailed. To put it at its lowest, my task would have been immeasurably harder. But, setting political considerations aside, I cannot but believe that the adoption of this policy will work mightily for the good of our children, and therefore for our country’s good, whoever may be in power. A divisive and destructive issue has, I believe, been buried for all time. If this proves so it will have been not the least of Senator Cohen’s contributions to this nation’s welfare. It was in the very act of explaining and expounding this attitude as my representative - with great verve and brilliance, I am assured by my colleagues who were at the meeting in Adelaide that night - that he died. He died in the middle of the hurly-burly of an election campaign. I was on the road from Gosford to Sydney after a meeting which was part of the campaign which has returned another Cohen to the national Parliament Thus only briefly could we pause. It had to be so, and I know that Senator Cohen would have wanted it so. The great business had to go on. Earlier this month, at the first meeting of the Parliamentary Labor Party after the election, his Party colleagues honoured him before proceeding to elect his successor for that, too, was how it had to be. Today, at the first meeting of the two Houses after the election, his parliamentary colleagues on both sides and of all views pay tribute to him. For as long as Australians honour the ideal of service to the public, Senator Cohen, who was a highly qualified man and who put all at risk for the chances of politics and the chance to serve, will have an honoured place indeed. Mr McEWEN: Minister for Trade and Industry · Murray · CP – I wish to associate the members of the Parliamentary Australian Country Party with the sentiments which have been expressed by the Prime Minister (Mr Gorton) and the Leader of the Opposition (Mr Whitlam). I endorse completely the remarks made by them. The late Senator Cohen was clearly a man of strong character and high intelligence. These are great qualities, but in addition Sam Cohen was a man of constant good humour. He was well liked by all members of all Parties. It is perhaps less difficult in this place to be respected than to be liked. Sam Cohen was both respected and liked. As a senator he served his Party well and his Party recognised his service by appointing him, as the Leader of the Opposition has pointed out, Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Senate after a comparatively short period of service there. He was always conscious that as a senator he had a particular responsibility to his State of Victoria. From my observations, he discharged that obligation conscientiously and well. His basic integrity and honesty were obvious, as was his capacity for hard work. These qualities were revealed in his professional life as well as in his parliamentary public life. As a lawyer in private life, he was able to bring considerable knowledge and experience to bear on legislation, particularly legislation concerned with education and science and the communications industry. I understand that he was the Labor Party’s spokesman in the Senate on these matters. I happen to be a close personal friend of some people, not highly circumstanced, who also were friends of his. I have personal knowledge of his humanity and his willingness to help the ordinary people who quite frequently turned to him for help and advice. He was obviously a man of great humanity. The Australian Country Party supports the motion before the chamber and the sentiments that were expressed by the two previous speakers in extending sincere sympathy to the late Sam Cohen’s widow and family. Mr Clyde Cameron: HINDMARSH, SOUTH AUSTRALIA · ALP – It is sad to have to speak to a motion of this kind. It is something which I wish I could avoid, but I do not think I can avoid it without appearing to show a lack of gratitude to a very great, very dear and very loyal friend. I particularly want to thank the Prime Minister (Mr Gorton) for the generous and very kind remarks he made about our dear friend, Sam Cohen. Everything the Prime Minister said was true. The Prime Minister did not have to say what he said but he did, and it is to his credit that he said what he knew to be true about a political opponent and, I believe, a personal friend. I was touched immensely by the remarks of the Leader of the Opposition (Mr Whitlam). Sam Cohen had a tremendous regard for the Leader of the Opposition and his ability and he was a very loyal Deputy Leader in the Senate. I hope I will be pardoned for using Christian names when I say that Gough Whitlam, too, has lost a very great friend. I thank the Leader of the Australian Country Party (Mr McEwen) for his kind remarks. The Leader of the Country Party is noted for his generosity to his political opponents on occasions like this. He, like the Prime Minister, was not obliged to say the things that he did say but he has said them and it is to his credit that he placed on record his thoughts and knowledge of a very great member of this Parliament. On 7th October I lost a very great, very dear and loyal friend. Australia lost a great statesman. The Australian Labor Party lost a very great leader. The Jewish people lost a very noble and gentle son. On that day his wife Judith lost a deeply devoted and very proud husband. Sam Cohen had every right to be proud because in Judith Cohen he had a wife of extraordinary charms and extraordinary intellect. As I said, he had every reason to be proud of his wife. He lived for his wife and for his two little girls, Susan and Sally. The death of Sam Cohen has taken from Susan and Sally a kind and loving father but their loss, I am sure, will be ameliorated by fond memories of the joy and happiness that he brought them in the too few years that he presided over their care and upbringing. Australian Jewry has lost one of its most worthy sons. Mr Gerald Falk, President of the Executive Council of Australian Jewry, spoke for everyone who had the honour of knowing Mr Sam Cohen when he said that the Australian Jewish community was proud of his leading role in political life and his contributions to the development of Australia. As a Jew, Sam Cohen was steadfast to his religion and was loyal to all his friends. Sam Cohen just could not be disloyal to anything or anybody. He could not be disloyal to principles; he could not be disloyal to a person. They were the qualities which made him the great man that he was. Sam Cohen detested violence and he fought tyranny and injustice whenever and wherever he encountered it. With his friend Ernest Platz he became prominent in the fight against war, Fascism and antisemitism. Sam Cohen loved the Jewish people and he did so with complete justification. He was proud of his race and of its achievements. The whole history of the Jewish people literally glitters with the names and records of men and women of outstanding qualities and qualifications. One has only to mention but a few of those who are more famous in more recent years. That leaves unmentioned many thousands more in earlier times. Names come to mind such as the great Einstein, Sir John Monash, the first Australian-born Governor-General, Sir Isaac Isaacs, Disraeli, Anton Rubinstein, Jacob Epstein, Julius Reuter, Sigmund Freud, Mendelssohn, Emile Zola, Henri Bergson. We can go on and on mentioning the names of very great Jewish people. It was little wonder therefore that Sam Cohen was proud of his race. I think that to the names of those illustrious men I have mentioned must now be added the name of Samuel Herbert Cohen. He will go down in history as one of the really great men in Australia’s public life. His untimely death is not only a tragic loss to his family, to the Jewish people, to the Parliament and to the Australian nation, but it is a great and irreplaceable loss to the Australian Labor movement. Senator Cohen was our deputy leader in the Senate. In that capacity he was always thorough in his work. His ability as a debater was unparalleled. The Prime Minister was kind enough to testify to his ability as a debater. His arguments were always prepared with great thoroughness and his penetrating logic was admired by his political opponents as well as by his supporters. I do not believe that Sam Cohen had a personal enemy in the whole Parliament. Both the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Australian Country Party made that point in their remarks to the motion. Even those who differed strongly from Sam Cohen’s politics loved his ready smile and respected him for his gentlemanly demeanour and constant courtesy. He never varied; he was always courteous. He was not courteous one day and discourteous on another. Speaking at the graveside in Melbourne Senator Lionel Murphy summed up our late colleague’s qualities in this way, when he said: He used bis ability in the fairest of ways. His skill in debate was never used to hurt his opponents, rather to persuade. That was so terribly true of Sam Cohen. He just could not bring himself to hurt a person. He always tried to persuade. Perhaps it was the Leader of the Labor Party in the Victorian Parliament, Mr Clyde Holding, M.P., who best expressed the views of all of us who knew Sam Cohen and loved him when during his panegyric he made the remarks referred to by my leader a moment ago. Mr Holding made some other comments which I would like to have recorded. He said that Sam Cohen: . . brought to the Labor movement not merely his political vision and the clarity of his intellect; he brought his skills as an advocate, his great gift of eloquence. His influence on men and ideas was probably even more significant. His was a vital and, at times, turbulent personality. The great warmth that came from his love of men, their strengths and weaknesses, was an enduring asset to him and all who knew him. He knew, at times, the personal trauma extracted from all leaders who choose to follow the strength of their own intellectal conviction. The moral grandeur of his personality enabled him in such situations to understand the purposes of men and in his unfailing kindness, he could never harbour resentment against anyone. . . . For his people and his Party it is not the end - it is only the beginning. For him and his kind there can never be an end, only new beginnings. That was the conclusion of Mr Holding’s panegyric. I have a very special reason for loving and remembering Sam Cohen. I not only admired and respected him as the model husband and father I knew him to be and as a fighter for civil rights, but I loved him for his help, then for his friendship and finally for his loyalty and for his wise counsel. I first met Sam Cohen in 1959 when I was introduced to him by Mr John Ryan and his law partner, Mr Clyde Holding. Jack Ryan and Clyde Holding were my solicitors in the litigation in which I was involved at that time. I had no money but I had justice on my side and finally I had Sam Cohen on my side because when he read the brief for my case he agreed to act without so much as a passing reference to fees. This brought home to me the very truth of one comment made by Mr Clyde Holding on the occasion to which I previously referred, when he said: No man who ever appealed to his social conscience went away empty handed’. Sam Cohen acted for me in two separate cases before the full bench of the Commonwealth Industrial Court. He was my adviser when one of the cases went on appeal to the High Court of Australia and when another went on appeal to the Privy Council. The fact that I succeeded in all four cases was not only an indication of Sam Cohen’s acute sense of justice but also a tribute to his astute court craft and to his wide knowledge of the law. I have lost a dear and very good friend; the Labor movement has lost a loyal and dedicated leader; the Jewish people have lost a courageous champion of their cause; and the people of Australia and their elected Parliament have lost one of the most talented parliamentarians since federation. But great though the loss has been to those I have already mentioned, the greatest loss of all has been to his wife Judith, his daughters, Susan and Sally, and his brother. Whilst there can be no substitute for a kind, loving and honourable husband and father I hope that it will be some solace to Judith Cohen and to her two young daughters, Susan and Sally, to know that Sam’s great qualities of which they were so well aware are recognised also by those of us who served with him as friends, colleagues and opponents in this Parliament. I sincerely support the motion. Mr GILES: Angas – I would like to associate myself with the words spoken by the Prime Minister (Mr Gorton), the Leader of the Opposition (Mr Whitlam), the Minister for Trade and Industry (Mr McEwen) and the honourable member for Hindmarsh (Mr Clyde Cameron). With the honourable member for Kingston (Dr Gun) and the former member for Kingston, Miss Brownbill, I was involved in debate at the meeting on the night in question. I cannot say that I knew Senator Cohen very well but I would like my remarks to be associated with those already made. In particular, I would like my own expressions of very deep and sincere sympathy with his wife and family to become part of the record. Dr GUN: Kingston – I, too, would like to support the motion of condolence proposed by the Prime Minister (Mr Gorton) and supported by the Leader of the Opposition (Mr Whitlam). Senator Cohen’s death has meant an irreplaceable loss to the Labor movement and to this nation. As the Minister for Trade and Industry (Mr McEwen) has said, Sam Cohen was a man to whom nothing was too much trouble. I always found him prepared to give me his advice, encouragement, support and friendship. As the honourable member for Angas (Mr Giles) has said, it was during a public meeting on 7th October when he was supporting my candidature for this Parliament that Senator Cohen died. I would like to place on record my sorrow that Senator Cohen is not here with us and to express my sympathy to his widow and family. Question resolved in the affirmative, honourable members standing in their places. Mr SPEAKER: -I thank the House. I understand that it is the desire of the House to have the sitting suspended until 4.30 p.m. I will resume the chair at that time. Sitting suspended from 3.50 to 4.30 pm page 18 GOVERNOR-GENERAL’S SPEECH Mr SPEAKER: – I have to report that the House this day attended His Excellency the Governor-General in the Senate chamber, when His Excellency was pleased to make a Speech to both Houses of the Parliament. The Speech will be included in Hansard for record purposes. (The Speech read as follows): Members of the Senate and Members of the House of Representatives. This, the First Session of the 27th Parliament, has been summoned, following the return of the writs for the general election of Members of the House of Representatives on 25th October. Your attendance has been required in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution which require that the Parliament should be summoned this year and for the discharge of necessary formal business. My advisers intend to seek the prorogation of the Parliament and it is proposed that you will be called together again as soon as possible next year. At the opening of the Second Session of the 27th Parliament there will belaid before you fully for your consideration the way in which my Government will implement its policies comprising among others, matters relating to the defence and development of our country, to the education, health, housing and social welfare of our people and to the encouragement of the arts. I now leave you in the faith that Divine Providence will always guide your deliberations and further the welfare of the people of Australia. page 19 ADDRESS-IN-REPLY Motion (by Mr Gorton) agreed to. That a Committee consisting of Mr Fox, Mr Corbett and the mover be appointed to prepare an Address-in-Reply to the speech delivered by His Excellency the Governor-General to both Houses of the Parliament and that the Committee do report at a later hour this day. page 19 CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEES Election Mr HALLETT: Canning – I move: Mr Fox: – I second the motion. Mr DALY: Grayndler – I move: Mr L R JOHNSON: HUGHES, NEW SOUTH WALES · ALP – I second the motion. Mr SPEAKER: – Is there any further motion? The time for motions has expired. Mr DALY: Grayndler – I would like to say a few words in support of the nomination of the honourable member for Hunter (Mr James) for the office of Chairman of Committees. Naturally the Australian Labor Party does not take this action without very good reason and purpose. We are completely and utterly dissatisfied, as you may have gathered this morning, Mr Speaker, with the conduct of the House by yourself and by the honourable member for Lyne (Mr Lucock), who was Chairman of Committees. When the honourable member for Lyne was elected to the position on 8th March 1961, the Minister for Trade and Industry (Mr McEwen) who was Acting Prime Minister, said: We know that he is a master of the Standing Orders and is a man of intelligence and integrity. The honourable member may have those qualities, but if he has they are very well hidden. Never have we seen them displayed here. You know, Mr Speaker, that the honourable member has been opposed on practically every occasion that he has been nominated for office. He gives no protection at all to Opposition members when vicious attacks are made upon them by honourable members on the Government side. As a matter of fact, he does not protect the Liberals either. When he is in the chair, if an honourable member refrains from attacking the Australian Country Party he will get a fair go, but if an honourable member mentions the Country Party he is called to order. Honourable members on the Government side should seize the opportunity now not only to get their own back on the Country Party but also to elect to this important position a man of the integrity and capacity of the honourable member for Hunter. It is almost impossible to follow the rulings of the honourable member for Lyne. We have seen the Committee in uproar and the honourable member on his feet calling the Opposition to order when in fact the uproar was created by honourable members on the Government side. This has happened again and again. We believe that the only way to stop this happening is to replace the honourable member for Lyne with a man who will keep order with dignity and capacity. I suggest to the honourable member for Ballaarat (Mr Erwin) that he vote against the Government on this issue as he did this morning when the Speaker was elected. He should again exercise his right to do so. I appeal to those fair-minded members opposite - I admit they are extremely scarce - to do something for the nation and defeat the nomination of the honourable member for Lyne as Chairman of Committees. Let us look at the candidature of the honourable member for Hunter. He has been the member for Hunter for 10 years. His father served in this Parliament for 30 years before him and had an outstanding record of service to and achievement for the Australian Labor Party. I am reminded by the honourable member for Hunter that he is a third generation Australian of Welsh stock from the coal mining village of Tredeger in Wales. He has matured like the rich red wines of the Hunter Valley. He is free, independent and upright and, to cap it all, he is married with three children. Honourable members know that he is a warm-hearted, compassionate Christian gentleman whose frequent Biblical quotations have inspired this House on the occasions on which he has used them. There is no denying that he has an arresting personality. He enforced the law for 24 years and might be termed a social reformer. I suggest that he might bring a new approach to discipline in the Parliament if he occupies the chair. His appointment might save money in doing away with the position of Serjeant-at-Arms, because he would be able to make his own arrests. The honourable member for Hunter is fearless, impartial, outspoken and tolerant. He has understanding in all things. He will protect both the Government and the Opposition. I believe that the honourable member would bring dignity, capacity, impartiality and understanding to the Chair in keeping with the highest ideals and traditions of this Parliament. Even you, Mr Speaker, would agree that he would be a great improvement on the former occupant. Government members and the honourable member for Ballaarat (Mr Erwin), who this morning did not have a real opportunity to do something for the Parliament, now have the chance to do so. Those Liberals who want to get their own back on the Country Party and to take full retribution have nothing to lose but the Chairman of Committees. Mr GORTON: Prime Minister · Higgins · LP – I rise to support the candidature of the honourable member for Lyne (Mr Lucock). In particular I wish to take this first opportunity to correct a statement which will appear in Hansard because it has been made unequivocally by the honourable member for Grayndler (Mr Daly) without, as far as I know, any justification whatsoever. The honourable member for Grayndler, in mentioning the honourable member for Ballaarat (Mr Erwin), said that he had voted this morning in a particular way. It was a secret ballot, so there is no justification at all for this charge which should not be allowed to stand in Hansard without being corrected. I rise to correct it and to put the record straight because this is an accusation which should not be made without proof. For the rest, Mr Speaker, I said that I rose to support the candidature of the honourable member for Lyne. He needs no great support in this because all honourable members of the House have seen him in operation and know that he operates in an entirely different way from that which the honourable member for Grayndler said he operated in, and in my opinion we could not have a better Chairman of Committees. Mr L R JOHNSON: HUGHES, NEW SOUTH WALES · ALP – I should like to take the earliest opportunity to speak in support of my colleague, the honourable member for Hunter (Mr James), who has been nominated as Chairman of Committees. I believe that if ever there were a time to put party biases aside it is in respect of the candidature of my colleague. As the honourable member for Grayndler (Mr Daly) has said, our candidate is a man of stature and bearing, and he is used to command. We can say that honourable members have the opportunity to go with the strength. If honourable members have a temptation to extol the virtues of his antagonist on this occasion they should look at his performance. I have not had a chance to see it over the last 3 years. AH 1 can say is that if the Chairman of Committees has improved over that period he is the only aspect of the Government that has improved. The honourable member for Hunter has many virtues and attributes for this job. He has had legal training and he will be able to bring it to bear here. We recall from his record that he has always been prepared to temper justice with mercy. He is one of the most widely travelled members of this Parliament and even exceeds the virtues of the honourable member for Lyne (Mr Lucock) in that regard. I contend that the confidence that I have in the honourable member for Hunter is a reflection of the massive support that he receives from the people who know him best of all - the constituents of the Hunter electorate. He is a man of great talents. I think you, Mr Speaker, will concede that he has talents very similar to yours and that he therefore would be able to work in co-operation with you, bringing great credit and dignity to the Parliament. Mr HALLETT: Canning – Having already nominated the honourable member for Lyne (Mr Lucock) as Chairman of Committees it is hardly necessary for me to expand on his qualifications to hold this high office. Those honourable members who have been in the Parliament during recent years will be well aware of the way in which the honourable member has carried out the duties of Chairman of Committees. I have no doubt that if re-elected, as I am sure he will be, he will continue to perform those duties in the manner expected of him. His ability to fill the office of Chairman is widely known. It is an important position, calling on many occasions for great restraint on the part of the occupant. The honourable member for Lyne has in the past demonstrated that he has this quality. It is not an easy position to fill, with the Parliament often sitting into the early hours of the morning, but in the past the honourable member for Lyne has stood up to the strains of the office and done an admirable job. I have no doubt that if re-elected he will fulfil the obligations attaching to office. Mr BRYANT: Wills – The honourable member for Hunter (Mr James) is the candidate of the largest group in this House. If for no other reason than that, his nomination should be given serious consideration by all honourable members who have some regard for democratic procedures. I want to press his suit in this matter not so much on that ground but rather because in the past the honourable member for Lyne (Mr Lucock), who has many estimable personal qualities, has, as Chairman of Committees, brought to the deliberations of this Parliament very restrictive judgments. On almost every occasion when there has been some dispute about aspects of legislation or the general procedures of the Parliament the honourable member for Lyne has been inclined to be very restrictive in his rulings. This has been bad for debate in this place. It is my opinion that his decisions have become more restrictive in the last 7 or 8 years. I believe that the judicial background and general characteristics of the honourable member for Hunter would be of greater benefit to the Parliament than would the qualifications of the honourable member for Lyne, for whom I still have great personal regard. It is very important that the Parliament, constituted as it is, should be able to discuss freely and without inhibition any issue that comes before it. Almost invariably the honourable member for Lyne has been restrictive in his judgments. Other matters have been of concern to the Labor Party, particularly when we were so few in numbers during the last few years. I do not believe that we always had from the Chair the protection to which we were entitled. I believe that in answering questions Ministers were permitted to transgress the will of the Parliament and to infringe the rights of honourable members. The Chairman of Committees is in fact the alternative Speaker. He is a very important dignitary. He holds a distinguished place in the parliamentary system. I do not believe that any member of the Country Party is entitled to hold such an important parliamentary office as Chairman of Committees. The Country Party represents only a small minority of the Australian community. Even the Liberal Party is a minority Party. It is a rump party in Australian politics. Of the forty-six Liberal Party members who sit opposite and who will support - perhaps not unanimously - the honourable member for Lyne, only nineteen were elected to Parliament with absolute majorities. More than 50% of Liberal Party members are minority members of this Parliament. The Country Party did a little better than its Liberal Party partner. I think only 8 of the 20 members of the Country Party are minority members. There are 59 members of the Labor Party in this Parliament, 46 members of the Liberal Party and 20 members of the Country Party. If the honourable member for Lyne becomes Chairman of Committees it will mean that the fifty-nine Labor members will have been denied justice because of the combination of minorities represented by the coalition Government. That does not give the Parliament the protection to which it is entitled. The officers of the Parliament have a duty to protect the decisions of the Parliament In the last Parliament we passed the following resolution: That the area of land bounded by King George Terrace, Commonwealth and Kings Avenues and their southerly extensions and taking in the symbolic structure on the summit of the Hill be regarded as the parliamentary zone within which all development shall be subject to the approval of the Parliament. When we left this Parliament, we were emitted to expect that the officers of this Parliament would protect the judgment of this Parliament in this matter. Yet, we see operations going on here at the behest no doubt of the Government or of the National Capital Development Commission in defiance of a decision of this Parliament about the authority of this Parliament and about the very site of this Parliament Neither incumbent of the offices of this Parliament raised one finger regarding that matter. Therefore, I believe that the Country Party candidate, supported as he may be by a minority Liberal Party, ought to be rejected and that the honourable member for Hunter ought to be the Chairman of Committees in this House. Mr FOX: Henty - Mr Speaker, I rise to support the nomination of the honourable member for Lyne (Mr Lucock) as Chairman of Committees. I believe that the office of Chairman of Committees requires competence, dignity, understanding and impartiality. I am sure that the honourable member for Lyne possesses all these attributes. In addition, he has the experience of having acted in the capacity of Chairman of Committees in a number of previous Parliaments. He was always firm and fair in his decisions. I believe that at all times he had the confidence of the House. I know of no-one better qualified to fulfil the requirements of this office. I am sure that the honourable member for Lyne will be elected to the position and I am sure that he will discharge his duties of Chairman to the complete satisfaction of every member of the House. Mr Uren: – Mr Speaker- Motion (by Mr Snedden) put- That the question be now put. The House divided. (Mr Speaker- Hon. W. J. Aston) AYES: 63 NOES: 58 Majority….. 5 AYES NOES Question so resolved in the affirmative. Mr ERWIN: Ballaarat – Knowing the miserable character of some of the people in the Opposition and knowing that false accusations can now more easily be made against me I asked the honourable members on my left and on my right to witness my ballot this morning. Mr DALY (Grayndler) - I, too, wish to make a personal explanation. I claim to have been misrepresented. In the course of the debate a few moments ago I appealed to the honourable member for Ballaarat (Mr Erwin) to do as he did this morning and vote for Labor’s candidate. The Prime Minister (Mr Gorton) subsequently said that he knew for a fact that the member for Ballaarat- Mr SPEAKER: – Order! The honourable member will resume his seat. Mr Gorton: – I would regard that remark by the honourable member for Grayndler (Mr Daly) as being a personal reflection on me. I said nothing of the kind. I take the opportunity to speak now and give the honourable member for Grayndler an opportunity to withdraw the imputation he made against the member for Ballaarat without any evidence. Mr Daly: – I am delighted that the Prime Minister will now let me speak. Mr SPEAKER: – Order! Is the honourable member asking for leave to make a statement, or does he claim to have been misrepresented? Mr Daly: – I ask for leave to make a statement. Mr SPEAKER: – Is leave granted? There being no objection, leave is granted. Mr DALY (Grayndler)- by leave- In the course of the debate on what was supposed to be a secret ballot for the election of Speaker this morning, and the subsequent one a few moments ago I made a statement. From memory, I believe I appealed to the honourable member for Ballaarat to do as he did this morning and support Labor’s candidate for the Chairmanship of Committees. Subsequently I understood the Prime Minister to say that the honourable member for Ballaarat did not vote for the honourable member for Sydney (Mr Cope). It was a secret ballot. The Prime Minister could prove that point only if he himself had defected and voted for our candidate in the secret ballot. It is a good point, is it not, Mr Speaker? Let us get it quite clear. This was a secret ballot and no-one was supposed to know how anyone else voted. The Standing Orders demand this. So how would the Prime Minister or anybody else know how another member voted, if one vote was cast for the honourable member for Sydney by a member sitting opposite, unless he himself was that party? This is a strange situation. If the Prime Minister can say that the honourable member for Ballaarat did not vote for the honourable member for Sydney am I not entitled to say that the member did, because our judgments are on the same grounds? Neither of us knows how the honourable member voted. The only way in which the Prime Minister can disprove the statement I have made is by giving an assurance to this House that he himself was the defector, in which case I will immediately withdraw any statement made against the honourable member for Ballaarat because under no circumstances do I wish to do him an injustice. I am pleased to have made this explanation. The honourable member for Ballaarat assures me that he showed his vote in a secret ballot to others around him. It is strange that those who sit with a man of integrity and standing in the community do not trust him. That would not happen on this side of the Parliament. The point I make is that no member of the Opposition showed his vote to anyone. Opposition members are trustworthy men and they respect the secrecy of the ballot. If I have done an injustice to the honourable member for Ballaarat, I withdraw the imputation in the allegation. However I would like in return an assurance from the Prime Minister that he was the defector or at least that be knows who the defector was. In that way my mind will be put completely at rest and I will be satisfied that the integrity and reputation of the honourable member for Ballaarat have been temporarily salvaged. Mr LUCOCK: Lyne – Briefly, because of the time factor, but nonetheless sincerely, I would like to express my appreciation to the House for having been given the privilege of continuing in the office of Chairman of Committees. I thank the Prime Minister (Mr Gorton), the mover and the seconder of my nomination for the words they spoke. As I said on a previous occasion, the dignity of the House is not only in the hands of the Speaker, the Chairman of Committees and the Deputy Chairmen; it is also in the hands of every honourable member. In this circumstance, I suggest to honourable members that we give this some earnest consideration. Sir, I again express my very warm appreciation and congratulations to you on being elected to your high office and say quite sincerely that it has been my pleasure and privilege to have served under Archie Cameron, Sir John McLeay and yourself. I look forward to being associated with you in the 3 years that lie ahead. Mr GORTON: Prime Minister · Higgins · LP – I wish to extend my congratulations to the honourable member for Lyne (Mr Lucock) on his election to this important office and, if I may, to congratulate honourable members, both those on the Government side and those on the Opposition side, on having obtained the services of such an experienced, unbiased and obviously excellent Chairman of Committees as they have chosen on this occasion. Mr WHITLAM: Leader of the Opposition · Werriwa – On behalf of my Party I would like to congratulate the honourable member for Lyne (Mr Lucock) on being elected again as Chairman of Committees and Deputy Speaker. The honourable gentleman has held this office longer than anyone has in the history of this chamber. He has had very great experience in it. If you do not mind my saying so, Mr Speaker, where his rulings differ from yours we believe he is correct I can praise him in no more warm terms. Mr JAMES: Hunter – I join with the Prime Minister (Mr Gorton) and the Leader of the Opposition (Mr Whitlam) in congratulating the honourable member for Lyne (Mr Lucock) on being successful in the ballot for the position of Chairman of Committees. It has been pointed out that the honourable member has had considerable experience in the position. I think we all agree that he has, but there was a time when he had no experience as Chairman of Committees just as the Prime Minister before he was first elected to his office had no experience of the responsibilities he now has. The Australian Labor Party believed that the nomination of the honourable member should be challenged. He has carried out his work with a reasonable degree of efficiency. On numerous occasions he has been firmer probably harsher than you have, Mr Speaker. I do not think he has ever intended to wound, but in discharging his function as Chairman of Committees he has done considerable bruising. I assure the House that I did not challenge him for this honourable position because he prevented me from wearing a safari jacket in the House. On the occasion I wore the jacket I had a skin infection and I was acting under medical instructions to wear light clothing. Far be it from me to challenge the honourable member for the position because of what might be regarded as a minor matter, although I was inconvenienced at the time. The honourable member for Lyne won the position by a narrow majority. He is not used to winning positions or political honours by narrow majorities and I am not used to being defeated for political positions by narrow majorities. Our electorates are not far apart but his constituents follow a different political ideology to mine, probably for similar reasons. His people rise early in the morning to milk cows and my people rise early to dig coal. My people do not enjoy sufficient of the sunshine that his people get. Down through the ages my people have rightly tagged their political affiliations to the Australian Labor Party so that they will be enabled to enjoy more of God’s sunshine of which the honourable member for Lyne, as a preacher, must be aware. Hence the difference in the political ideologies of his people and mine. He represents a very rich rural area. Mr SPEAKER: -Order! The purpose of the honourable member’s speech this afternoon is to offer congratulations and I suggest that the honourable member confine himself to this purpose. Mr JAMES: – As a disciplined man, Mr Speaker, I will endeavour to abide by your ruling. The honourable member for Lyne represents a rich rural area extending from Raymond Terrace, through Taree to Kempsey where cattle graze peacefully, where the ground is permeated with natural humus, where mushrooms prosper and where a very lucrative industry could be developed. Mr SPEAKER: -Order! If the honourable member transgresses again I will ask him to resume his seat. Mr JAMES: – In conclusion, Mr Speaker, the votes polled by the Opposition’s candidate for the position of Chairman of Committees were greater than have been recorded in this Parliament for many years. I am grateful to those who supported me from this side and to those on the Government side who would like to have supported me. Mr ANTHONY: Minister for Primary Industry · Richmond · CP – As the Deputy Prime Minister (Mr McEwen), who is the Leader of the Australian Country Party, is temporarily detained I, on behalf of the members of the Country Party, should like to congratulate the honourable member for Lyne (Mr Lucock) on being re-elected to the position that he has held in the Parliament for many years and in which he has distinguished himself. He is a man of great experience as Chairman of Committees. This appointment entails his being your deputy, Mr Speaker. I know that he would find it difficult to emulate the excellence of your performance but I must say that on the occasions when you have been overseas he has shown great experience at the commencement of the day’s sitting by the manner in which he has read the Lord’s Prayer. On behalf of the members of the Country Party I congratulate him and wish him well in his job. page 26 GOVERNOR-GENERAL’S SPEECH Address-in-Reply MrFox, for the committee appointed to prepare an Address-in-Reply to the Governor-General (vide page 19), presented the proposed Address which was read by the Clerk. Mr FOX: Henty – I move: That the following Address-in-Reply to the Speech of His Excellency the Governor-General beagreed to: page 26 QUESTION MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY: We, the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Australia, in Parliament assembled, desire to express our loyalty to our Most Gracious Sovereign, and to thank Your Excellency for the speech which you have been pleased to address to Parliament. Mr Speaker, in proposing this motion I should like to offer you my congratulations on your election as Speaker of this House. I also congratulate the Chairman of Committees on his election. As His Excellency’s Speech pointed out, the Parliament has been called together at this time to meet the requirements of. the Constitution, section 5 of which, in part, reads: After any general election the Parliament shall be summoned to meet not later than 30 days after the day appointed for the return of writs. The date appointed for return of writs for the recent election was 24th November. The Parliament therefore had to meet by 24th December 1969 at the latest. Finally, in proposing this motion I should like to be personally associated with expressions of loyalty to the Queen. I am sure all honourable members are delighted that Her Majesty will be visiting us in the New Year. Mr CORBETT: Maranoa – I second the motion and in so doing I associate myself with the congratulations offered to you, Mr Speaker, and to the Chairman of Committees. I also join with the mover of this motion in expressing my loyalty to Her Majesty the Queen. Question resolved in the affirmative. page 26 PRESENTATION OF ADDRESSINREPLY Mr SPEAKER: – I have to inform the House that I have ascertained that His Excellency the Governor-General will be pleased to receive the Address-in-Reply at Government House at 15 minutes past 6 o’clock p.m. this day. I shall be glad if the mover and seconder, together with other honourable members, will accompany me to present this Address. Sitting suspended from 5.26 to 8 p.m. Mr SPEAKER: – I desire to inform the House that, accompanied by honourable members, I waited today upon His Excellency the Governor-General at Government House, and presented to him the Address-in-Reply to His Excellency’s Speech on the opening of the first session of the Twenty-seventh Parliament, agreed to by the House today. His Excellency was pleased to make the following reply: Mr Speaker: Thank you for your Address-in-Reply which you have just presented to me. It will be my pleasure and my duty to convey to Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen at once the Message of Loyalty from the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Australia, to which the Address gives expression. page 26 PUBLIC WORKS COMMITTEE Motion (by Mr Snedden) - by leave - agreed to: That in accordance with the provisions of the Public Works Committee Act 1913-1966, the following members be appointed members of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works: Mr Corbett, Mr Fulton, Mr James, Mr L. R. Johnson, Mr Kelly and Mr Whittorn. page 26 JOINT COMMITTEE ON THE BROADCASTING OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEEDINGS Motion (by Mr Snedden) - by leave - agreed to: That in accordance with the provisions of the Parliamentary Proceedings Broadcasting Act 1946-1960, in addition to Mr Speaker, ex officio, Mr Donald Cameron, Mr Sherry, Mr Turnbull, Mr Grassby and Mr Drury be members of the Joint Committee on the Broadcasting of Parliamentary Proceedings. page 26 PUBLIC ACCOUNTS COMMITTEE Motion (by Mr Snedden) - by leave - agreed to: That in accordance with the provisions ofthe Public Accounts Act 1951-1966 the following members be appointed members of the Joint Committee of Public Accounts: Mr Collard, Mr Cope, Mr Graham, Mr Hurford, Mr Jarman and Mr Robinson. page 27 QUESTION JOINT COMMITTEE ON THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY Mr SNEDDEN: Minister for Labour and National Service · Bruce · LP – by leave - I move: That a joint committee be appointed to- examine and report on all proposals for modifications or variations of the plan of lay-out of the City of Canberra and its environs published in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette on the nineteenth day of November 1925, as previously modified or varied, which are referred to the committee by the Minister for the Interior; and examine and report on such other matters relating to the Australian Capital Territory as may be referred to the committee by the Minister for the Interior. That the committee consist of two members of the House of Representatives appointed by the Prime Minister, two members of the House of Representatives appointed by the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Representatives, three senators appointed by the Leader of the Government in the Senate and two senators appointed by the Leader of the Opposition in the Senate. That every appointment of a member of the committee be forthwith notified in writing to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. That the members of the committee shall hold office as a joint committee until the House of Representatives expires by dissolution or effluxion of time. That the committee elects as chairman of the committee one of the members appointed by the Leader of the Government in the Senate. That the chairman of the committee may, from time to time, appoint another member of the committee to be the Deputy Chairman of the committee, and that the member so appointed act as chairman of the committee at any time when the chairman is not present at a meeting of the committee. That the committee have power to appoint sub-committees consisting of three or more of its members and to refer to such a sub-committee any matter which the committee is empowered to examine. That the committee have power to send for persons, papers and records, to move from place to place, and to sit during any recess or adjournment of the Parliament. That the committee have leave to report from time to time and that any member of the committee have power to add a protest or dissent to any report. That five members of the committee, including the chairman or deputy chairman, constitute a quorum of the committee, and two members of a sub-committee constitute a quorum of the subcommittee. That in matters of procedure the chairman or deputy chairman presiding at the meeting have a deliberative vote and, in the event of an equality of voting, have a casting vote, and that, in other matters, the chairman or deputy chairman have a deliberative vote only. That the committee have power to consider and make use of the minutes of evidence and records of the Joint Committee on the Australian Capital Territory appointed in the previous Parliament relating to any matter on which that committee had not completed its inquiry. That the foregoing provisions of this resolution, so far as they are inconsistent with the standing orders, have effect notwithstanding anything contained in the standing orders. That a message be sent to the Senate acquainting it of this resolution and requesting that it concur and take action accordingly. With the exception of the power to meet during the sittings of either House, which has been deleted, the motion reconstitutes the committee with powers and functions similar to those possessed by the committee at the close of the last Parliament. In addition, the committee is empowered to consider and to make use of the minutes of evidence and records of the previous committee in relation to its unfinished inquiry into the milk industry in the Australian Capital Territory. Question resolved in the affirmative. page 27 QUESTION JOINT SELECT COMMITTEE ON THE NEW AND PERMANENT PARLIAMENT HOUSE Mr SNEDDEN: Minister for Labour and National Service · Bruce · LP – by leave - I move: That, having in mind proposals for the erection of a new and permanent Parliament House (in this resolution referred to as ‘the Parliament building*) and in that connection the need to examine the efficiency or otherwise of working arrangements in the present Parliament House and any changes in those arrangements that may seem to be desirable, a Joint Select Committee be appointed to inquire into and report on - the accommodation needs of - the Senate, the House of Representatives and the Parliamentary staff in the Parliament building; members of the public visiting the Parliament building; and library facilities, and catering and other facilities and services in the Parliament building for Members of the Parliament and others; whether, and, if so, to what extent or in what manner, the following should be accommodated in the Parliament building - the Executive; the press; and communication services; and matters incidental to the foregoing matters. That the committee consist of - the President of the Senate, who shall be Chairman; the Speaker of the House of Representatives, who shall be Deputy Chairman; the Prime Minister: the Leader of the Country Party in the House of Representatives; the Leader of the Government in the Senate; the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Representatives; the Leader of the Opposition in the Senate; the Leader of the Australian Democratic Labor Party; a member of the Opposition in the Senate or the House of Representatives appointed jointly by the Leader of the Opposition in the Senate and the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Representatives; eight members of the House of Representatives, four of whom shall be appointed by the Prime Minister and four by the Leader of the Opposition in that House; and four senators, two of whom shall be appointed by the Leader of the Government in the Senate and two by the Leader of the Opposition in the Senate. That the member of the committee referred to in paragraph (c), (d), (f) or (i) of paragraph (2) of this resolution have power to appoint a Member of the House of Representatives or a Senator to attend the committee when the member of the committee is not present at a meeting of the committee. That a person so appointed, when attending a meeting of the committee, be deemed to be a member of the committee. That every appointment of a member of the committee, and every appointment under paragraph (3) of this resolution, be forthwith notified in writing to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. That the members of the committee hold office as a joint committee until the House of Representatives expires by dissolution or effluxion of time. That the committee have power to appoint sub-committees consisting of six or more of its members and to refer to. such a sub-committee any matter that the committee is empowered to inquire into. That the committee, or a sub-committee so appointed, have power to send for persons, papers and records and to sit during any adjournment or recess of the Parliament and during the sitting of either House of the Parliament. That the committee have power to consider and make use of the minutes of evidence and records of the Joint Select Committees on the New and Permanent Parliament House appointed during the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Parliaments. That the committee have leave to report from time to time and that any member of the committee have power to add a protest or dissent to any report. That ten members of the committee, including the chairman or deputy chairman, constitute a quorum of the committee and four members of a sub-committee constitute a quorum of the sub-committee. That, in matters of procedure, the chairman or deputy chairman presiding at a meeting have a deliberative vote and, in the event of any equality of votes, have a casting vote and that, in other matters, the chairman or deputy chairman have a deliberative vote only. That the foregoing provisions of this resolution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the standing orders, have effect notwithstanding anything contained in the standing orders. That a message be sent to the Senate acquainting it with this resolution and requesting the Senate that it concur and take action accordingly. Mr Speaker, this motion, if agreed to, will re-establish the committee so that it can complete its inquiry. The motion is in terms similar to that moved at the commencement of the previous Parliament and as amended by subsequent resolutions to provide that the Leader of the Government in the Senate, the Leader of the Opposition in the Senate, the Leader of the Australian Democratic Labor Party in the Senate be members of the Committee. The motion gives the new committee power to consider and to make use of the minutes of evidence and records gathered by previous Committees. Question resolved in the affirmative. page 28 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES SELECT COMMITTEE ON AIRCRAFT NOISE Mr SNEDDEN: Minister for Labour and National Service · Bruce · LP – by leave - Mr Speaker, I move: That a Select Committee be appointed to inquire into and report upon - the definition of the major forms of noise associated with aircraft which cause complaint; problems which emerge from the incidence of the various forms of aircraft noise; the effects of aircraft noise on persons, property, institutions and communities; the sources and extent of complaint arising from aircraft noise; the units used for the measurement of aircraft noise and any special factors peculiar to Australia which should be considered in the application of acceptable levels of noise for various sections of the community, having regard to the international consideration of these matters; administrative procedures and regulations in the course of operation, designed to lessen aircraft noise, and their effectiveness for that purpose; administrative procedures and regulations required to be formulated and initiated to lessen aircraft noise nuisance now and in the future; technological developments and programmes in course of operation to lessen aircraft noise and their effectiveness for this purpose; technological developments and programmes required to be formulated and initiated to motivate and expedite further progress in lessening aircraft noise, having regard to overseas activities including those of the International Civil Aviation Organisation and similar bodies, and the constitutional powers of the Commonwealth, State and local governments to legislate for the adequate control of aircraft noise and the necessity for legislation for this purpose, having regard to the fact that aerodromes may be owned or operated by the Commonwealth, State and local governments as well as private persons and organisations. That the committee consist of seven members, four to be appointed by the Prime Minister and three to be appointed by the Leader of the Opposition. That every appointment of a member of the committee be forthwith notified in writing to the Speaker. That the chairman be appointed by the Prime Minister. That the chairman have a deliberative vote and, in the event of an equality of votes, also have a casting vote. That the chairman of the committee may from time to time appoint another member of the committee to be deputy chairman, and that the member so appointed act as chairman of the committee at any time when the chairman is not present at a meeting of the committee. That the deputy chairman, when acting as chairman, have a deliberative vote and, in the event of an equality of votes, also have a casting vote. That the committee have power to send for persons, papers and records, and to move from place to place. That the committee have power to consider and make use of the minutes of evidence and records of the Select Committee on Aircraft Noise appointed during the Twenty-sixth Parliament. That the committee report to the House as soon as possible. That the foregoing provisions of this resolution, so far as they are inconsistent with the standing orders, have effect notwithstanding anything contained in the standing orders. Mr Speaker, the motion, if agreed to, will re-establish the committee so that it can further its inquiry. The motion reconstitutes the committee with powers and functions similar to those possessed by the committee at the close of the last Parliament. In addition, it gives the new committee power to consider and make use of the minutes of evidence and records of the previous committee. Mr Whitlam: – The motion has not been circulated. Mr SPEAKER: – The Leader of the Opposition says that the motion has not been circulated. Mr SNEDDEN: – It was circulated during the day. Mr Whitlam: – A copy of the motion for the appointment of the Joint Committee on the Australian Capital Territory has just been circulated. We have not yet received a copy of the motion for the appointment of the Joint Select Committee on the New and Permanent Parliament House. Where is the motion for the appointment of the House of Representatives Select Committee on Aircraft Noise? Mr SNEDDEN: – It is in the same terms as the other motions, with the exception of the motion for the appointment of the Joint Select Committee on the New and Permanent Parliament House which includes the Leader of the Government in the Senate, the Leader of the Opposition in the Senate and the Leader of the Australian Democratic Labor Party. The motion was circulated. I am afraid that I am unable to put a copy of the motion in the hands of the Leader of the Opposition. Honourable members may not have heard the passage between the Leader of the Opposition and myself. The Leader of the Opposition indicated that he had not received the papers which had been circulated in my name. I apologise to him, although I think an apology is really unnecessary, because it was not within my power to arrange for that to be done. I see that copies of the motion are now being distributed. The Leader of the Opposition may be able to take the indulgence of the House for a moment while he glances at it. Mr Whitlam: – I will give leave to move the motion for the appointment of the House of Representatives Select Committee on Aircraft Noise. Mr SPEAKER: – The motion has already been moved. The question is, that the motion be agreed to. Amendment (by Mr Whitlam) proposed: That the following new paragraph be added to the motion: 9 (A) That the Committee have power to inquire into and report upon the development of major airports.’ Mr SNEDDEN: Minister for Labour and National Service · Bruce · LP – The Government is unwilling to accept the amendment. The House of Representatives Select Committee on Aircraft Noise was set up for the purpose of inquiring into aircraft noise. It was specifically constituted for that purpose. It has been operating for more than a year - for the better part of 18 months. It has contributed some reports. It is quite clearly a committee which should be continued in the interests of the resolution of business by this Parliament. What the Leader of the Opposition now suggests is to put in an entirely new term of reference which would have no relation to noise as such but which would have relation to the question of the building and development of new airports. While that is an issue which may be pursued by the Opposition at any time it wishes to do so, quite clearly it is quite inappropriate for this committee, which is a continuing committee, to have a major new term of reference added at this stage to the terms which ought to be continued. The Government will not accept the amendment and will vote against it. Mr SPEAKER: -Is there a seconder to the amendment? Mr Charles Jones: – I second the amendment. Mr Whitlam: – May I have leave to speak to the amendment? I moved it only formally, previously. Mr Snedden: – Yes. Mr SPEAKER: – Leave is granted. Mr WHITLAM: Leader of the Opposition · Werriwa – I thank honourable members. The Opposition certainly does not object to the re-establishment in this Parliament of the House of Representatives Select Committee on Aircraft Noise which was operating in the last Parliament. This Committee was set up in the last Parliament on the initiative of the Government after a private member on the Government side had moved for a select committee to be set up to inquire into and report upon the development of major city airports in Australia. After the Government had moved to set up an aircraft noise committee the private Government member who had moved for this select committee withdrew his motion. Thereupon my colleague, the honourable member for Newcastle (Mr Charles Jones), moved in the same terms to set up such a committee. The Opposition believes that the work of the Aircraft Noise Committee would be more fruitful, positive and constructive if the Committee were enabled to consider this extra matter which had first occurred to a Government private member and which had then been pursued in the last
2410	dbpedia	0	62	https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-022-01517-1	en	Insights into the accuracy of social scientists’ forecasts of societal change	https://media.springerna…17_Fig1_HTML.png	https://media.springerna…17_Fig1_HTML.png	[ "https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/nathumbehav.nature.com/article&sz=728x90&c=-1067681119&t=pos%3Dtop%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds41562-022-01517-1%26doi%3D10.1038/s41562-022-01517-1%26subjmeta%3D2811,4014,4045,477,689,706%26kwrd%3DHuman+behaviour,Science%2C+technology+and+society", "https://media.springernature.com/full/nature-cms/uploads/product/nathumbehav/header-adeda834d9d2633d8a04e3f6feb944d5.svg", "https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs44271-023-00034-9/MediaObjects/44271_2023_34_Fig1_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1057%2Fs41599-019-0371-1/MediaObjects/41599_2019_371_Fig1_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1057%2Fs41599-021-00961-0/MediaObjects/41599_2021_961_Fig1_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41562-022-01517-1/MediaObjects/41562_2022_1517_Fig1_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41562-022-01517-1/MediaObjects/41562_2022_1517_Fig2_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41562-022-01517-1/MediaObjects/41562_2022_1517_Fig3_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41562-022-01517-1/MediaObjects/41562_2022_1517_Fig4_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41562-022-01517-1/MediaObjects/41562_2022_1517_Fig5_HTML.png", "https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41562-022-01517-1/MediaObjects/41562_2022_1517_Fig6_HTML.png", "https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/nathumbehav.nature.com/article&sz=300x250&c=-788937316&t=pos%3Dright%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds41562-022-01517-1%26doi%3D10.1038/s41562-022-01517-1%26subjmeta%3D2811,4014,4045,477,689,706%26kwrd%3DHuman+behaviour,Science%2C+technology+and+society", "https://www.nature.com/static/images/logos/sn-logo-white-ea63208b81.svg", "https://www.nature.com/static/images/logos/nature-briefing-logo-n150-white-d81c9da3ec.svg", "https://verify.nature.com/verify/nature.png", "https://www.nature.com/o2xtvghf/article/s41562-022-01517-1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2023-02-09T00:00:00	How well can social scientists predict societal change, and what processes underlie their predictions? To answer these questions, we ran two forecasting tournaments testing the accuracy of predictions of societal change in domains commonly studied in the social sciences: ideological preferences, political polarization, life satisfaction, sentiment on social media, and gender–career and racial bias. After we provided them with historical trend data on the relevant domain, social scientists submitted pre-registered monthly forecasts for a year (Tournament 1; N = 86 teams and 359 forecasts), with an opportunity to update forecasts on the basis of new data six months later (Tournament 2; N = 120 teams and 546 forecasts). Benchmarking forecasting accuracy revealed that social scientists’ forecasts were on average no more accurate than those of simple statistical models (historical means, random walks or linear regressions) or the aggregate forecasts of a sample from the general public (N = 802). However, scientists were more accurate if they had scientific expertise in a prediction domain, were interdisciplinary, used simpler models and based predictions on prior data. How accurate are social scientists in predicting societal change, and what processes underlie their predictions? Grossmann et al. report the findings of two forecasting tournaments. Social scientists’ forecasts were on average no more accurate than those of simple statistical models.	en	/static/images/favicons/nature/apple-touch-icon-f39cb19454.png	Nature	https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-022-01517-1	Following the a priori outlined analytic plan (https://osf.io/7ekfm; the details are in the Supplementary Methods) to determine forecasting accuracy across domains, we examined the mean absolute scaled error (MASE)18 across forecasted time points for each domain. The MASE is an asymptotically normal, scale-independent scoring rule that compares predicted values against the predictions of a one-step random walk. Because it is scale independent, it is an adequate measure when comparing accuracy across domains on different scales. A MASE of 1 reflects a forecast that is as good out of sample as the naive one-step random walk forecast is in sample. A MASE below 1.76 is superior to median performance in prior large-scale data science competitions7. See the Supplementary Information for further details of the MASE method. In addition to absolute accuracy, we assessed the comparative accuracy of social scientists’ forecasts using several benchmarks. First, during Tournament 1, we obtained forecasts from a non-expert crowdsourced sample of US residents (N = 802) via Prolific19 who received the same data as the tournament participants and filled out an identically structured survey to provide a wisdom-of-the-(lay-)crowd benchmark. Second, for both tournaments, we simulated three different data-based naive approaches to out-of-sample forecasting using the time series data provided to the tournament participants: (1) the historical mean, calculated by randomly resampling the historical time series data; (2) a naive random walk, calculated by randomly resampling historical change in the time series data with an autoregressive component; and (3) extrapolation from linear regression, based on a randomly selected interval of the historical time series data (see the Supplementary Information for the details). This latter approach captures the expected range of predictions that would have resulted from random, uninformed use of historical data to make out-of-sample predictions (as opposed to the naive in-sample predictions that form the basis of MASE scores). How accurate were behavioural and social scientists at forecasting? Figure 1 shows that in Tournament 1, social scientists’ forecasts were, on average, inferior to in-sample random walks in nine domains. In seven domains, social scientists’ forecasts were inferior to median performance in prior forecasting competitions (Supplementary Fig. 1 shows the raw estimates; Supplementary Fig. 2 reports measures of uncertainty around the estimates). In Tournament 2, the forecasts were on average inferior to in-sample random walks in eight domains and inferior to median performance in prior forecasting competitions in five domains. Even winning teams were still less accurate than in-sample random walks for 8 of 12 domains in Tournament 1 and one domain (Republican support) in Tournament 2 (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 and Supplementary Figs. 4–9). One should note that inferior performance to the in-sample random walk (MASE > 1) may not be too surprising; errors of the in-sample random walk in the denominator concern historical observations that occurred before the pandemic, whereas the accuracy of scientific forecasts in the numerator concerns the data for the first pandemic year. However, average forecasting accuracy did not generally beat more liberal benchmarks such as the median MASE in data science tournaments (1.76)7 or the benchmark MASE for ‘good’ forecasts in the tourism industry (Supplementary Information). Except for one team, the top forecasters from Tournament 1 did not appear among the winners of Tournament 2 (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). We examined the accuracy of scientific and lay forecasts in a linear mixed-effect model. To systematically compare results for different forecasted domains, we tested a full model with expertise (social scientist versus lay crowd), domain and their interaction as predictors, and log(MASE) scores nested in participants. We observed no significant main effect difference between the accuracy of social scientists and that of lay crowds (F(11, 1,747) = 0.88, P = 0.348, partial R2 < 0.001). However, we observed a significant interaction between social science training and domain (F(11, 1,304) = 2.00, P = 0.026). Simple effects show that social scientists were significantly more accurate than lay people when forecasting life satisfaction, polarization, and explicit and implicit gender–career bias. However, the scientific teams were no better than the lay sample in the remaining eight domains (Fig. 1 and Table 1). Moreover, Bayesian analyses indicated that only for life satisfaction is there substantial evidence in favour of the difference, whereas for eight domains the evidence was in favour of the null hypothesis. See the Supplementary Information for further details and the interpretation of the multiverse analyses of domain-general accuracy. Cross-validation of domain-general accuracy via forecast-versus-trend comparisons The most elementary analysis of domain-general accuracy involves inspecting trends for each group and comparing them against the ground truth and historical time series in each domain. Figure 2 allows us to inspect individual trends of social scientists and the naive crowd per domain in Tournament 1, along with historical and ground truth markers for each domain. For social scientists, one can observe the diversity of forecasts from individual teams (light blue) along with a lowess regression and 95% confidence interval (CI) around the trend (blue). For the naive crowd, one can see an equivalent lowess trend and the 95% CI around it (salmon). In half of the domains—explicit bias against African Americans, implicit bias against Asian Americans, negative affect, life satisfaction, and support for Democrats and Republicans—lowess curves from both groups were overlapping, suggesting that the estimates from both social scientists and the naive crowd were identical. Moreover, except for the domain of life satisfaction, the forecasts of scientists and the naive crowd were close to far off the mark vis-à-vis ground truth. In one further domain—explicit bias against African Americans—the naive crowd estimate was in fact closer to the ground truth marker than the estimate from the lowess curve of the social scientists. In the other five domains, which concerned explicit and implicit gender–career bias, explicit bias against Asian Americans, positive affect and political polarization, social scientists’ forecasts were closer to the ground truth markers than those of the naive crowd. We note, however, that these visual inspections may be somewhat misleading because the CIs don’t correct for multiple tests. This caveat aside, the overall message remains consistent with the results of the statistical tests above: for most domains, social scientists’ predictions were either similar to or worse than the naive crowd’s predictions. Comparisons with naive statistical benchmarks Next, we compared scientific forecasts against three naive statistical benchmarks by creating benchmark/forecast ratio scores (a ratio of 1 indicates that the social scientists’ forecasts were equal in accuracy to the benchmarks, and ratios greater than 1 indicate greater accuracy). To account for interdependence of social scientists’ forecasts, we examined estimated ratio scores for domains from linear mixed models, with responses nested in forecasting teams. To reduce the likelihood that social scientists’ forecasts beat naive benchmarks by chance, our main analyses focused on performance across all three benchmarks (see the Supplementary Information for the rationale favouring this method over averaging across the three benchmarks), and we adjusted the CIs of the ratio scores for simultaneous inference of 12 domains in each tournament by simulating a multivariate t distribution20. Figures 1 and 3 and Supplementary Fig. 2 show that social scientists in Tournament 1 were significantly better than each of the three benchmarks in only 1 out of 12 domains, which concerned explicit gender–career bias (1.53 < ratio ≤ 1.60, 1.16 < 95% CI ≤ 2.910). In the remaining 11 domains, scientific predictions were either no different from or worse than the benchmarks. The relative advantage of scientific forecasts over the historical mean and random walk benchmarks was somewhat larger in Tournament 2 (Supplementary Fig. 1). Scientific forecasts were significantly more accurate than the three naive benchmarks in 5 out of 12 domains. These domains reflected explicit racial bias (African American bias, 2.20 < ratio ≤ 2.86, 1.55 < 95% CI ≤ 4.05; Asian American bias, 1.39 < ratio ≤ 3.14, 1.01 < 95% CI ≤ 4.40) and implicit racial and gender–career biases (African American bias, 1.35 < ratio ≤ 2.00, 1.35 < 95% CI ≤ 2.78; Asian American bias, 1.36 < ratio ≤ 2.73, 1.001 < 95% CI ≤ 3.71; gender–career bias, 1.59 < ratio ≤ 3.22, 1.15 < 95% CI ≤ 4.46). In the remaining seven domains, the forecasts were not significantly different from the naive benchmarks. Moreover, as Fig. 3 shows, scientific forecasts for political polarization in Tournament 2 were significantly less accurate than estimates from a naive linear regression (ratio = 0.51; 95% CI, (0.38, 0.68)). Figure 3 also shows that in most domains at least one of the naive forecasting methods produced errors that were comparable to or less than those of social scientists’ forecasts (11 out of 12 in Tournament 1 and 8 out of 12 in Tournament 2). To compare social scientists’ forecasts against the average of the three naive benchmarks, we fit a linear mixed model with forecast/benchmark ratio scores nested in forecasting teams and examined the estimated means for each domain. In Tournament 1, scientists performed better than the average of the naive benchmarks in only three domains, which concerned political polarization (95% CI, (1.06, 1.63)), explicit gender–career bias (95% CI, (1.23, 1.95)) and implicit gender–career bias (95% CI, (1.17, 1.83)). In Tournament 2, social scientists performed better than the average of the naive benchmarks in seven domains (1.07 < 95% CIs ≤ 2.79), but they were statistically indistinguishable from the average of the naive benchmarks when forecasting four of the remaining five domains: ideological support for Democrats (95% CI, (0.76, 1.17)) and for Republicans (95% CI, (0.98, 1.51)), explicit gender–career bias (95% CI, (0.96, 1.52)), and negative affect on social media (95% CI, (0.82, 1.25)). Moreover, in Tournament 2, social scientists’ forecasts of political polarization were inferior to the average of the naive benchmarks (95% CI, (0.58, 0.89)). Overall, social scientists tended to do worse than the average of the three naive statistical benchmarks in Tournament 1. While scientists did better than the average of the naive benchmarks in Tournament 2, this difference in overall performance was small (mean forecast/benchmark inaccuracy ratio, 1.43; 95% CI, (1.26, 1.62)). Moreover, in most domains, at least one of the naive benchmarks was on par with if not more accurate than social scientists’ forecasts. Which domains were harder to predict? Figure 4 shows that some societal trends were significantly harder to forecast than others (Tournament 1: F(11,295.69) = 41.88, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.450; Tournament 2: F(11,469.49) = 26.87, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.291). Forecast accuracy was the lowest in politics (underestimating Democratic support, Republican support and political polarization), well-being (underestimating life satisfaction and negative affect on social media) and racial bias against African Americans (overestimating; also see Supplementary Fig. 1). Differences in forecast accuracy across domains did not correspond to differences in the quality of ground truth markers: on the basis of the sampling frequency and representativeness of the data, most reliable ground truth markers concerned societal change in political ideology, obtained via an aggregate of multiple nationally representative surveys by reputable pollsters, yet this domain was among the most difficult to forecast. In contrast, some of the least representative markers concerned racial and gender bias, which came from Project Implicit—a volunteer platform that is subject to self-selection bias—yet these domains were among the easiest to forecast. In a similar vein, both life satisfaction and positive affect on social media were estimated via texts on Twitter, even though forecasting errors between these domains varied. Though measurement imprecision undoubtedly presents a challenge for forecasting, it is unlikely to account for between-domain variability in forecasting errors (Fig. 4). Domain differences in forecasting accuracy corresponded to differences in the complexity of historical data: domains that were more variable in terms of standard deviation and mean absolute difference (MAD) of historical data tended to have more forecasting error (as measured by the rank-order correlation between median inaccuracy scores across teams and variability scores for the same domain) (Tournament 1: ρ(s.d.) = 0.19, ρ(MAD) = 0.20; Tournament 2: ρ(s.d.) = 0.48, ρ(MAD) = 0.36), and domain changes in the variability of historical data across tournaments corresponded to changes in accuracy (ρ(s.d.) = 0.27, ρ(MAD) = 0.28). Comparison of accuracy across tournaments Forecasting error was higher in the first tournament than in the second tournament (Fig. 4) (F(1, 889.48) = 64.59, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.063). We explored several possible differences between the tournaments that may account for this effect. One possibility is that the characteristics of teams differed between tournaments (such as team size, gender, number of forecasted domains, field specialization and team diversity, number of PhDs on a team, and prior experience with forecasting). However, the difference between the tournaments remained equally pronounced when we ran parallel analyses with team characteristics as covariates (F(1, 847.79) = 90.45, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.062). Another hypothesis is that forecasts for 12 months (Tournament 1) include further-removed data points than forecasts for 6 months (Tournament 2), and the greater temporal distance between the tournament and the moment to forecast resulted in greater inaccuracy in Tournament 1. To test this hypothesis, we zeroed in on Tournament 1 inaccuracy scores for the first and the last six months, while including domain type as a control dummy variable. By focusing on Tournament 1 data, we kept other characteristics such as team composition as constants. Contrary to this seemingly straightforward hypothesis, error for the forecasts for the first six months was in fact significantly greater (MASE = 3.16; s.e. = 0.21; 95% CI, (2.77, 3.60)) than for the last six months (MASE = 2.59; s.e. = 0.17; 95% CI, (2.27, 2.95)) (F(1, 621.41) = 29.36, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.012). As Supplementary Fig. 1 shows, for many domains, social scientists underpredicted societal change in Tournament 1, and this difference between predicted and observed values was more pronounced in the first than in the last six months. This suggests that for several domains, social scientists anchored their forecasts on the most recent historical data. Figure 2 further indicates that many domains showed unusual shifts (vis-à-vis prior historical data) in the first six months of the pandemic and started to return to the historical baseline in the following six months. For these domains, forecasts anchored on the most recent historical data were more inaccurate for the May–October 2020 forecasts than for the November 2020–April 2021 forecasts. Finally, we tested whether providing the teams an additional six months of historical data capturing the onset of the pandemic in Tournament 2 may have contributed to lower error than in Tournament 1. To this end, we compared the inaccuracy of forecasts for the six-month period of November 2020–April 2021 done in May 2020 (Tournament 1) and those done when provided with more data in October 2020 (Tournament 2). We focused only on participants who completed both tournaments to keep the number of participating teams and team characteristics constant. Indeed, Tournament 1 forecasts had significantly more error (MASE mean, 2.54; s.e. = 0.17; 95% CI, (2.23, 2.90)) than Tournament 2 forecasts (MASE mean, 1.99; s.e. = 0.13; 95% CI, (1.74, 2.27)) (F(1, 607.79) = 31.57, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.017), suggesting that it was the availability of new (pandemic-specific) information rather than temporal distance that contributed to more accurate forecasts in the second than in the first tournament. Consistency in forecasting Despite variability across scientific teams, domains and tournaments, the accuracy of scientific predictions was highly systematic. Accuracy in one subset of predictions (ranking of model performance across odd months) was highly correlated with accuracy in the other subset (ranking of model performance across even months) (first tournament: multilevel racross domains = 0.88; 95% CI, (0.85, 0.90); t(357) = 34.80; P < 0.001; domain-specific 0.55 < rs ≤ 0.99; second tournament: multilevel racross domains = 0.72; 95% CI, (0.67, 0.75); t(544) = 23.95; P < 0.001; domain-specific 0.24 < rs ≤ 0.96). Furthermore, the results of a linear mixed model with MASE scores in Tournament 1, domain, and their interaction predicting MASE in Tournament 2 showed that for 11 out of 12 domains, accuracy in Tournament 1 was associated with greater accuracy in Tournament 2 (median of standardized βs = 0.26). Moreover, the ranking of models based on performance in the initial 12-month tournament corresponds to the ranking of the updated models in the follow-up 6-month tournament (Fig. 4). Harder-to-predict domains in the initial tournament remained the most inaccurate in the second tournament. Figure 3 shows one notable exception. Bias against African Americans was easier to predict than other domains in the second tournament. This exception appears consistent with the idea that George Floyd’s death catalysed movements in racial awareness just after the first tournament, although this explanation is speculative (see Supplementary Fig. 14 for a timeline of major historical events). Which strategies and team characteristics promoted accuracy? Finally, we examined forecasting approaches and individual characteristics of more accurate forecasters in the tournaments. In the main text, we focused on central tendencies across forecasting teams, whereas in the supplementary analyses we reviewed strategies of winning teams and characteristics of the top five performers in each domain (Supplementary Figs. 4–11). We compared forecasting approaches relying on (1) no data modelling (but possible consideration of theories), (2) pure data modelling (but no consideration of subject matter theories) and (3) hybrid approaches. Roughly half of the teams relied on data-based modelling as a basis for their forecasts, whereas the other half of the teams in each tournament relied only on their intuitions or theoretical considerations (Fig. 5). This pattern was similar across domains (Supplementary Fig. 3). In both tournaments, pre-registered linear mixed model analyses with approach as a factor, domain type as a control dummy variable and MASE scores nested in forecasting teams as a dependent variable revealed that forecasting approaches significantly differed in accuracy (first tournament: F(2, 149.10) = 5.47, P = 0.005, R2 = 0.096; second tournament: F(2, 177.93) = 5.00, P = 0.008, R2 = 0.091) (Fig. 5). Forecasts that considered historical data as part of the forecast modelling were more accurate than models that did not (first tournament: F(1, 56.29) = 20.38, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.096; second tournament: F(1, 159.11) = 8.12, P = 0.005, R2 = 0.084). Model comparison effects were qualified by a significant model type × domain interaction (first tournament: F(11, 278.67) = 4.57, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.045; second tournament: F(11, 462.08) = 3.38, P = 0.0002, R2 = 0.028). Post-hoc comparisons in Supplementary Table 4 revealed that data-inclusive (data-driven and hybrid) models were significantly more accurate than data-free models in three domains (explicit and implicit racial bias against Asian Americans and implicit gender–career bias) in Tournament 1 and two domains (life satisfaction and explicit gender–career bias) in Tournament 2. There were no domains where data-free models were more accurate than data-inclusive models. Analyses further demonstrated that, in the first tournament, data-free forecasts of social scientists were not significantly better than lay estimates (t(577) = 0.87, P = 0.385), whereas data-inclusive models tended to perform significantly better than lay estimates (t(470) = 3.11, P = 0.006, Cohen’s d = 0.391). To examine the incremental contributions of specific forecasting strategies and team characteristics to accuracy, we pooled data from both tournaments in a linear mixed model with inaccuracy (MASE) as a dependent variable. As Fig. 6 shows, we included predictors representing forecasting strategies, team characteristics, domain expertise (quantified via publications by team members on the topic) and forecasting expertise (quantified via prior experience with forecasting tournaments). We further included domain type as a control dummy variable and nested responses in teams. The full model fixed effects explained 31% of the variance in accuracy (R2 = 0.314), though much of it was accounted for by differences in accuracy between domains (non-domain R2 (partial), 0.043). Consistent with prior research21, model sophistication—that is, considering a larger number of exogenous predictors, COVID-19 trajectory or counterfactuals—did not significantly improve accuracy (Fig. 6 and Supplementary Table 5). In fact, forecasting models based on simpler procedures turned out to be significantly more accurate than complex models, as evidenced by the negative effect of statistical model complexity for accuracy (B = 0.14, s.e. = 0.06, t(220.82) = 2.33, P = 0.021, R2 (partial) = 0.010). On the one hand, experts’ subjective confidence in their forecasts was not related to the accuracy of their estimates. On the other, people with expertise made more accurate forecasts. Teams were more accurate if they had members who had published academic research on the forecasted domain (B = −0.26, s.e. = 0.09, t(711.64) = 3.01, P = 0.003, R2 (partial) = 0.007) and who had taken part in prior forecasting competitions (B = −0.35, s.e. = 0.17, t(56.26) = 2.02, P = 0.049, R2 (partial) = 0.010) (also see Supplementary Table 5). Critically, even though some of these effects were significant, only two factors—complexity of the statistical method and prior experience with forecasting tournaments—showed a non-negligible partial effect size (R2 above 0.009). Additional testing of whether the inclusion of US-based scientists influenced forecasting accuracy did not yield significant effects (F(1, 106.61) < 1). In the second tournament, we provided the teams with the opportunity to compare their original forecasts (Tournament 1, May 2020) with new data at a later time point and to update their predictions (Tournament 2, November 2020). We therefore tested whether updating improved people’s predictive accuracy. Of the initial 356 forecasts in the first tournament, 180 were updated in the second tournament (from 37% of teams for life satisfaction to 60% of teams for implicit Asian American bias). The updated forecasts in the second tournament (November) were significantly more accurate than the original forecasts in the first tournament (May) (t(94.5) = 6.04, P < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.804), but so were the forecasts from the 34 new teams recruited in November (t(75.9) = 6.30, P < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.816). Furthermore, the updated forecasts were not significantly different from the forecasts provided by new teams recruited in November (t(77.8) < 0.10, P = 0.928). This observation suggests that updating did not lead to more accurate forecasts (Supplementary Table 6 reports additional analyses probing different updating rationales). How accurate are social scientists’ forecasts of societal change22? The results from two forecasting tournaments conducted during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic show that for most domains, social scientists’ predictions were no better than those from a sample of the (non-specialist) general public. Furthermore, apart from a few domains concerning racial and gender–career bias, scientists’ original forecasts were typically not much better than naive statistical benchmarks derived from historical averages, linear regressions or random walks. Even when we confined the analysis to the top five forecasts by social scientists per domain, a simple linear regression produced less error roughly half of the time (Supplementary Figs. 5 and 9). Forecasting accuracy systematically varied across societal domains. In both tournaments, positive sentiment and gender–career stereotypes were easier to forecast than other phenomena, whereas negative sentiment and bias towards African Americans were the most difficult to forecast. Domain differences in forecasting accuracy corresponded to historical volatility in the time series. Differences in the complexity of positive and negative affect are well documented23,24. Moreover, racial attitudes showed more change than attitudes regarding gender during this period (perhaps due to movements such as Black Lives Matter). Which strategies and team characteristics were associated with more effective forecasts? One defining feature of more effective forecasters was that they relied on prior data rather than theory alone. This observation fits with prior studies on the performance of algorithmic versus intuitive human judgements21. Social scientists who relied on prior data also performed better than lay crowds and were overrepresented among the winning teams (Supplementary Figs. 4 and 8). Forecasting experience and subject matter expertise on a forecasted topic also incrementally contributed to better performance in the tournaments (R2 (partial) = 0.010). This is in line with some prior research on the value of subject matter expertise for geopolitical forecasts6 and for the prediction of success of behavioural science interventions25. Notably, we found that publication track record on a topic, rather than subjective confidence in domain expertise or confidence in the forecast, contributed to greater accuracy. It is possible that subjective confidence in domain expertise conflates expertise and overconfidence26,27,28 (versus intellectual humility). There is some evidence that overconfident forecasters are less accurate29,30. These findings, along with the lack of a domain-general effect of social science expertise on performance compared with the general public, invite consideration of whether what usually counts as expertise in the social sciences translates into a greater ability to predict future real-world trends. The nature of our forecasting tournaments allowed social scientists to self-select any of the 12 forecasting domains, inspect three years of historical trends for each domain and update their predictions on the basis of feedback on their initial performance in the first tournament. These features emulated typical forecasting platforms (for example, metaculus.com). We argue that this approach enhances our ability to draw externally valid and generalizable inferences from a forecasting tournament. However, this approach also resulted in a complex, unbalanced design. Scholars interested in isolating psychological mechanisms that foster superior forecasts may benefit from a simpler design whereby all forecasting teams make forecasts for all requested domains. Another issue in designing forecasting tournaments involves the determination of domains that one may want participants to forecast. In designing the present tournaments, we provided the participants with at least three years of monthly historical data for each forecasting domain. An advantage of making the same historical data available for all forecasters is that it establishes a “common task framework”9,16,17, ensuring that the main sources of information about the forecasting domains remain identical across all participants. However, this approach restricts the types of social issues that participants can forecast. A simpler design without the inclusion of historical data would have had the advantage of greater flexibility in selecting forecasting domains. Why were forecasts of societal change largely inaccurate, even though the participants had data-based resources and ample time to deliberate? One possibility concerns self-selection. Perhaps the participants in the Forecasting Collaborative were unusually bad at forecasting compared with social scientists as a whole. This possibility seems unlikely. We made efforts to recruit highly successful social scientists at different career stages and from different subdisciplines (Supplementary Information). Indeed, many of our forecasters are well-established scholars. We thus do not expect members of the Forecasting Collaborative to be worse at forecasting than other members of the social science community. Nevertheless, only a random sample of social scientists (albeit impractical) would have fully addressed the self-selection concern. Second, it is possible that social scientists were not adequately incentivized to perform well in our tournaments. We provided reputational incentives by announcing the winners and rankings of participating teams, but like other big-team science projects8,31, we did not provide performance-based monetary incentives32, because they may not be key motivating factors for intrinsically motivated social scientists33. Indeed, the drop-out rate between Tournaments 1 and 2 was marginal, suggesting that the participating teams were motivated to continue being part of the initiative. This reasoning aside, it is possible that stronger incentives for accurate forecasting (whether reputation-based or monetary) could have stimulated some scientists to perform better in our forecasting tournament, opening doors for future directions to address this question directly. Third, social scientists often deal with phenomena with small effect sizes that are overestimated in the literature8,31,34. Additionally, social scientists frequently study social phenomena in conditions that maximize experimental control but may have little external validity, and it is argued that this not only limits the generalizability of findings but in fact reduces their internal validity. In the world beyond the laboratory, where more factors are at play, such effects may be smaller than social scientists might think on the basis of their lab studies, and in fact, such effects may be spurious given the lack of external validity35,36. Social scientists may thus overestimate and misestimate the impacts of the effects they study in the lab on real-world phenomena37,38. Fourth, social scientists tend to theorize about individuals and groups and conduct research at those scales. However, findings from such work may not scale up when predicting phenomena on the scale of entire societies39. Like other dynamical systems in economics, physics or biology, societal-level processes may also be genuinely stochastic rather than deterministic. If so, stochastic models will be hard to outperform. Fifth, training in predictive modelling is not a requirement in many social sciences programmes10. Social scientists often prioritize explanations over formal predictions5. For instance, statistical training in the social sciences typically emphasizes unbiased estimation of model parameters in the sample over predictive out-of-sample accuracy40. Moreover, typical graduate curricula in many areas of social science, such as social or clinical psychology, do not require computational training in predictive modelling. The formal empirical study of societal change is relatively uncommon in these disciplines. Most social scientists approach individual- or group-level phenomena in an atemporal fashion39. Scientists may favour post hoc explanations of specific one-time events rather than the future trajectory of social phenomena. Although time is a key theoretical variable for foundational theories in many subfields of the social sciences, such as field theory41, it has remained an elusive concept. Finally, perhaps it is unreasonable to expect theories and models developed during a relatively stable post–World War II period to accurately predict societal trends during a once-in-a-century health crisis. Precisely for this reason, we targeted predictions in domains possessing pandemic-relevant theoretical models (for instance, models about the impact of pathogen spread or social isolation). In this way, we sought to provide a stress test of ostensibly relevant theoretical models in a context (a pandemic-induced crisis) where change was most likely to be both meaningful and measurable. Nevertheless, the present work suggests that social scientists may not be particularly accurate at forecasting societal trends in this context, though it remains possible that they would perform better during more ‘normal’ times. The considerations above notwithstanding, future work should seek to address this question. How can social scientists become better forecasters? Perhaps the first steps might involve probing the limits of social science theories by evaluating whether a given theory is suitable for making societal predictions in the first place or whether it is too narrow or too vague5,42. Relatedly, social scientists need to test their theories using representatively designed experiments. Moreover, social scientists may benefit from testing whether a societal trend is deterministic and hence can benefit from theory-driven components, or whether it unfolds in a purely stochastic fashion. For instance, one can start by decomposing a time series into the trend, autoregressive and seasonal components, examining each of them and their meaning for one’s theory and model. One can further perform a unit root test to examine whether the time series is non-stationary. Training in recognizing and modelling the properties of time series and dynamical systems may need to become more firmly integrated into graduate curricula in the field. A classic insight in the time series literature is that the mean of the historical time series may be among the best multi-step-ahead predictors for a stationary time series43. Using such insights to build predictions from the ground up can afford greater accuracy. In turn, such training can open the door to more robust models of social phenomena and human behaviour, with a promise of greater generalizability in the real world. Given the broad societal impact of phenomena such as prejudice, political polarization and well-being, the ability to accurately predict trends in these variables is crucially important for policymakers and the experts guiding them. But despite common beliefs that social science experts are better equipped to accurately predict these trends than non-experts1, the current findings suggest that social and behavioural scientists have a lot of room for growth44. The good news is that forecasting skills can be improved. Consider the growing accuracy of forecasting models in meteorology in the second part of the twentieth century45. Greater consideration of representative experimental designs, temporal dynamics, better training in forecasting methods and more practice with formal forecasting all may improve social scientists’ ability to accurately forecast societal trends going forward. The study was approved by the Office of Research Ethics of the University of Waterloo under protocol no. 42142. Pre-registration and deviations The forecasts of all participating teams along with their rationales were pre-registered on the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/6wgbj/registrations). Additionally, in an a priori specific document shared with the journal in April 2020, we outlined the operationalization of the key dependent variable (MASE), the operationalization of the covariates and benchmarks (that is, the use of naive forecasting methods), and the key analytic procedures (linear mixed models and contrasts being different forecasting approaches; https://osf.io/7ekfm). We did not pre-register the use of a Prolific sample from the general public as an additional benchmark before their forecasting data were collected, though we did pre-register this benchmark in early September 2020, prior to data pre-processing or analyses. Deviating from the pre-registration, we performed a single analysis with all covariates in the same model rather than performing separate analyses for each set of covariates, to protect against inflating P values. Furthermore, due to scale differences between domains, we chose not to feature analyses concerning absolute percentage errors of each time point in the main paper (but see the corresponding analyses on the GitHub site for the project, https://github.com/grossmania/Forecasting-Tournament, which replicate the key effects presented in the main manuscript). Participants and recruitment We initially aimed for a minimum sample of 40 forecasting teams in our tournament after prescreening to ensure that the participants possessed at minimum a bachelor’s degree in the behavioural, social or computer sciences. To ensure a sufficient sample for comparing groups of scientists employing different forecasting strategies (for example, data-free versus data-inclusive methods), we subsequently tripled the target size of the final sample (N = 120) and accomplished this target by the November phase of the tournament (see Supplementary Table 1 for the demographics). The Forecasting Collaborative website that we used for recruitment (https://predictions.uwaterloo.ca/faq) outlined the guidelines for eligibility and the approach for prospective participants. We incentivized the participating teams in two ways. First, the prospective participants had an opportunity for co-authorship in a large-scale citizen science publication. Second, we incentivized accuracy by emphasizing throughout the recruitment that we would be announcing the winners and would share the rankings of scientific teams in terms of performance in each tournament (per domain and in total). As outlined in the recruitment materials, we considered data-driven (for example, model-based) or expertise-based (for example, general intuition or theory-based) forecasts from any field. As part of the survey, the participants selected which method(s) they used to generate their forecasts. Next, they elaborated on how they generated their forecasts in an open-ended question. There were no restrictions, though all teams were encouraged to report their education as well as areas of knowledge or expertise. The participants were recruited via large-scale advertising on social media; mailing lists in the behavioural and social sciences, the decision sciences, and data science; advertisement on academic social networks including ResearchGate; and word of mouth. To ensure broad representation across the academic spectrum of relevant disciplines, we targeted groups of scientists working on computational modelling, social psychology, judgement and decision-making, and data science to join the Forecasting Collaborative. The Forecasting Collaborative started by the end of April 2020, during which time the US Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation projected the initial peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The recruitment phase continued until mid-June 2020, to ensure that at least 40 teams joined the initial tournament. We were able to recruit 86 teams for the initial 12-month tournament (mean age, 38.18; s.d. = 8.37; 73% of the forecasts were made by scientists with a doctorate), each of which provided forecasts for at least one domain (mean = 4.17; s.d. = 3.78). At the six-month mark after the 2020 US presidential election, we provided the initial participants with an opportunity to update their forecasts (44% provided updates), while simultaneously opening the tournament to new participants. This strategy allowed us to compare new forecasts against the updated predictions of the original participants, resulting in 120 teams for this follow-up six-month tournament (mean age, 36.82; s.d. = 8.30; 67% of the forecasts were made by scientists with a doctorate; mean number of forecasted domains, 4.55; s.d. = 3.88). Supplementary analyses showed that the updating likelihood did not significantly differ between data-free and data-inclusive models (z = 0.50, P = 0.618). Procedure Information for this project was available on the designated website (https://predictions.uwaterloo.ca), which included objectives, instructions and prior monthly data for each of the 12 domains that the participants could use for modelling. Researchers who decided to partake in the tournament signed up via a Qualtrics survey, which asked them to upload their estimates for the forecasting domains of their choice in a pre-programmed Excel sheet that presented the historical trend and automatically juxtaposed their point estimate forecasts against the historical trend on a plot (Supplementary Appendix 1) and to answer a set of questions about their rationale and forecasting team composition. Once all data were received, the de-identified responses were used to pre-register the forecasted values and models on the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/6wgbj/). At the halfway point (that is, at six months), the participants were provided with a comparison summary of their initial point estimate forecasts versus actual data for the initial six months. Subsequently, they were provided with an option to update their forecasts, provide a detailed description of the updates and answer an identical set of questions about their data model and rationale for their forecasts, as well as the consideration of possible exogenous variables and counterfactuals. Materials Forecasting domains and data pre-processing Computational forecasting models require enough prior time series data for reliable modelling. On the basis of prior recommendations46, in the first tournament we provided each team with 39 monthly estimates—from January 2017 to March 2020—for each of the domains that the participating teams chose to forecast. This approach enabled the teams to perform data-driven forecasting (should the teams choose to do so) and to establish a baseline estimate prior to the US peak of the pandemic. In the second tournament, conducted six months later, we provided the forecasting teams with 45 monthly time points—from January 2017 to September 2020. Because of the requirement for rich standardized data for computational approaches to forecasting9, we limited the forecasting domains to issues of broad societal importance. Our domain selection was guided by the discussion of broad social consequences associated with these issues at the beginning of the pandemic47,48, along with general theorizing about psychological and social effects of threats of infectious disease49,50. An additional pragmatic consideration concerned the availability of large-scale longitudinal monthly time series data for a given issue. The resulting domains include affective well-being and life satisfaction, political ideology and polarization, bias in explicit and implicit attitudes towards Asian Americans and African Americans, and stereotypes regarding gender and career versus family. To establish the common task framework—a necessary step for the evaluation of predictions in data science9,17—we standardized methods for obtaining relevant prior data for each of these domains, made the data publicly available, recruited competitor teams for a common task of inferring predictions from the data and a priori announced how the project leaders would evaluate accuracy at the end of the tournament. Furthermore, each team had to (1) download and inspect the historical trends (visualized on an Excel plot; an example is in the Supplementary Information); (2) add their forecasts in the same document, which automatically visualized their forecasts against the historical trends; (3) confirm their forecasts; and (4) answer prompts concerning their forecasting rationale, theoretical assumptions, models, conditionals and consideration of additional parameters in the model. This procedure ensured that all teams, at the minimum, considered historical trends, juxtaposed them against their forecasted time series and deliberated on their forecasting assumptions. Affective well-being and life satisfaction We used monthly Twitter data to estimate markers of affective well-being (positive and negative affect) and life satisfaction over time. We relied on Twitter because no polling data for monthly well-being over the required time period exists, and because prior work suggests that national estimates obtained via social media language can reliably track subjective well-being51. For each month, we used previously validated predictive models of well-being, as measured by affective well-being and life satisfaction scales52. Affective well-being was calculated by applying a custom lexicon53 to message unigrams. Life satisfaction was estimated using a ridge regression model trained on latent Dirichlet allocation topics, selected using univariate feature selection and dimensionally reduced using randomized principal component analysis, to predict Cantril ladder life satisfaction scores. Such Twitter-based estimates closely follow nationally representative polls54. We applied the respective models to Twitter data from January 2017 to March 2020 to obtain estimates of affective well-being and life satisfaction via language on social media. Ideological preferences We approximated monthly ideological preferences via aggregated weighted data from the Congressional Generic Ballot polls conducted between January 2017 and March 2020 (https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/polls/generic-ballot/), which ask representative samples of Americans to indicate which party they would support in an election. We weighed the polls on the basis of FiveThirtyEight pollster ratings, poll sample size and poll frequency. FiveThirtyEight pollster ratings are determined by their historical accuracy in forecasting elections since 1998, participation in professional initiatives that seek to increase disclosure and enforce industry best practices, and inclusion of live-caller surveys to cell phones and landlines. On the basis of these data, we then estimated monthly averages for support of the Democratic and Republican parties across pollsters (for example, Marist College, NBC/Wall Street Journal, CNN and YouGov/Economist). Political polarization We assessed political polarization by examining differences in presidential approval ratings by party identification from Gallup polls (https://news.gallup.com/poll/203198/presidential-approval-ratings-donald-trump.aspx). We obtained a difference score as the percentage of Republican versus Democratic approval ratings and estimated monthly averages for the period of interest. The absolute value of the difference score ensures that possible changes following the 2020 presidential election do not change the direction of the estimate. Explicit and implicit bias Given the natural history of the COVID-19 pandemic, we sought to examine forecasted bias in attitudes towards Asian Americans (versus European Americans). To further probe racial bias, we sought to examine forecasted racial bias in attitudes towards African American (versus European American) people. Finally, we sought to examine gender bias in associations of the female (versus male) gender with family versus career. For each domain, we sought to obtain both estimates of explicit attitudes55 and estimates of implicit attitudes56. To this end, we obtained data from the Project Implicit website (http://implicit.harvard.edu), which has collected continuous data concerning explicit stereotypes and implicit associations from a heterogeneous pool of volunteers (50,000–60,000 unique tests on each of these categories per month). Further details about the website and test materials are publicly available at https://osf.io/t4bnj. Recent work suggests that Project Implicit data can provide reliable societal estimates of consequential outcomes57,58 and when studying cross-temporal societal shifts in US attitudes59. Despite the non-representative nature of the Project Implicit data, recent analyses suggest that the bias scores captured by Project Implicit are highly correlated with nationally representative estimates of explicit bias (r = 0.75), indicating that group aggregates of the bias data from Project Implicit can reliably approximate group-level estimates58. To further correct possible non-representativeness, we applied stratified weighting to the estimates, as described below. Implicit attitude scores were computed using the revised scoring algorithm of the IAT60. The IAT is a computerized task comparing reaction times to categorize paired concepts (in this case, social groups—for example, Asian American versus European American) and attributes (in this case, valence categories—for example, good versus bad). Average response latencies in correct categorizations were compared across two paired blocks in which the participants categorized concepts and attributes with the same response keys. Faster responses in the paired blocks are assumed to reflect a stronger association between those paired concepts and attributes. Implicit gender–career bias was measured using the IAT with category labels of ‘male’ and ‘female’ and attributes of ‘career’ and ‘family’. In all tests, positive IAT D scores indicate a relative preference for the typically preferred group (European Americans) or association (men–career). Respondents whose scores fell outside of the conditions specified in the scoring algorithm did not have a complete IAT D score and were therefore excluded from analyses. Restricting the analyses to only complete IAT D scores resulted in an average retention of 92% of the complete sessions across tests. The sample was further restricted to include only respondents from the United States to increase shared cultural understanding of the attitude categories. The sample was restricted to include only respondents with complete demographic information on age, gender, race/ethnicity and political ideology. For explicit attitude scores, the participants provided ratings on feeling thermometers towards Asian Americans and European Americans (to assess Asian American bias) and towards white and Black Americans (to assess racial bias), on a seven-point scale ranging from −3 to +3. Explicit gender–career bias was measured using seven-point Likert-type scales assessing the degree to which an attribute was female or male, from strongly female (−3) to strongly male (+3). Two questions assessed explicit stereotypes for each attribute (for example, career with female/male, and, separately, the association of family). To match the explicit bias scores with the relative nature of the IAT, relative explicit stereotype scores were created by subtracting the ‘incongruent’ association from the ‘congruent’ association (for example, (male–career versus female–career) − (male–family versus female–family)). Thus, for racial bias, −6 reflects a strong explicit preference for the minority over the majority (European American) group, and +6 reflects a strong explicit preference for the majority over the minority (Asian American or African American) group. Similarly, for gender–career bias, −6 reflects a strong counter-stereotype association (for example, male–arts/female–science), and +6 reflects a strong stereotypic association (for example, female–arts/male–science). In both cases, the midpoint of 0 represents equal liking of both groups. We used explicit and implicit bias data for January 2017–March 2020 and created monthly estimates for each of the explicit and implicit bias domains. Because of possible selection bias among the Project Implicit participants, we adjusted the population estimates by weighting the monthly scores on the basis of their representativeness of the demographic frequencies in the US population (age, race, gender and education, estimated biannually by the US Census Bureau; https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-national-detail.html). Furthermore, we adjusted the weights on the basis of political orientation (1, ‘strongly conservative’; 2, ‘moderately conservative’; 3, ‘slightly conservative’; 4, ‘neutral’; 5, ‘slightly liberal’; 6, ‘moderately liberal’; 7, ‘strongly liberal’), using corresponding annual estimates from the General Social Survey. With the weighted values for each participant, we computed weighted monthly means for each attitude test. These procedures ensured that the weighted monthly averages approximated the demographics of the US population. We cross-validated this procedure by comparing the weighted annual scores to nationally representative estimates for feeling thermometers for African American and Asian American estimates from the American National Election studies in 2017 and 2018. An initial procedure was developed for computing post-stratification weights for African American, Asian American and gender–career bias (implicit and explicit) to ensure that the sample was representative of the US population at large as much as possible. Originally, we computed weights for the entire year, which were then applied to each month in the year. After we received feedback from co-authors, we adopted a more optimal approach wherein weights were computed on a monthly as opposed to yearly basis. This was necessary because demographic characteristics varied from month to month each year. This meant that using yearly weights had the potential to amplify bias instead of reducing it. Consequently, our new procedure ensured that sample representativeness was maximized. This insight affected forecasts from seven teams who had provided them before the change. The teams were informed, and four teams chose to provide updated estimates using the newly weighted historical data. For each of these domains, the forecasters were provided with 39 monthly estimates in the initial tournament (45 estimates in the follow-up tournament), as well as detailed explanations of the origin and calculation of the respective indices. We thereby aimed to standardize the data source for the purpose of the forecasting competition9. See Supplementary Appendix 1 for example worksheets provided to the participants for submissions of their forecasts. Forecasting justifications For each forecasting model submitted to the tournament, the participants provided detailed descriptions. They described the type of model they had computed (for example, time series, game theoretic models or other algorithms), the model parameters, additional variables they had included in their predictions (for example, the COVID-19 trajectory or the presidential election outcome) and the underlying assumptions. Confidence in forecasts The participants rated their confidence in their forecasted points for each forecast model they submitted. These ratings were on a seven-point scale from 1 (not at all) to 7 (extremely). Confidence in expertise The participants provided ratings of their teams’ expertise for a particular domain by indicating their extent of agreement with the statement “My team has strong expertise on the research topic of [field].” These ratings were on a seven-point scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). COVID-19 conditional We considered the COVID-19 pandemic as a conditional of interest given links between infectious disease and the target social issues selected for this tournament. In Tournament 1, the participants reported whether they had used the past or predicted trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic (as measured by the number of deaths or the prevalence of cases or new infections) as a conditional in their model, and if so, they provided their forecasted estimates for the COVID-19 variable included in their model. Counterfactuals Counterfactuals are hypothetical alternative historic events that would be thought to affect the forecast outcomes if they were to occur. The participants described the key counterfactual events between December 2019 and April 2020 that they theorized would have led to different forecasts (for example, US-wide implementation of social distancing practices in February). Two independent coders evaluated the distinctiveness of the counterfactuals (interrater κ = 0.80). When discrepancies arose, the coders discussed individual cases with other members of the Forecasting Collaborative to make the final evaluation. In the primary analyses, we focus on the presence of counterfactuals (yes/no). Team expertise Because expertise can mean many things2,61, we used a telescopic approach and operationalized expertise in four ways of varying granularity. First, we examined broad, domain-general expertise in the social sciences by comparing social scientists’ forecasts with forecasts provided by the general public without the same training in social science theory and methods. Second, we operationalized the prevalence of graduate training on a team as a more specific marker of domain-general expertise in the social sciences. To this end, we asked each participating team to report how many team members had a doctorate in the social sciences and calculated the percentage of doctorates on each team. Moving to domain-specific expertise, we instructed the participating teams to report whether any of their members had previously researched or published on the topic of their forecasted variable, operationalizing domain-specific expertise through this measure. Finally, moving to the most subjective level, we asked each participating team to report their subjective confidence in their team’s expertise in a given domain (Supplementary Information). General public benchmark In parallel to the tournament with 86 teams, on 2–3 June 2020, we recruited a regionally, gender- and socio-economically stratified sample of US residents via the Prolific crowdworker platform (targeted N = 1,050 completed responses) and randomly assigned them to forecast societal change for a subset of domains used in the tournaments (well-being (life satisfaction and positive and negative sentiment on social media), politics (political polarization and ideological support for Democrats and Republicans), Asian American bias (explicit and implicit trends), African American bias (explicit and implicit trends) and gender–career bias (explicit and implicit trends)). During recruitment, the participants were informed that in exchange for 3.65 GBP, they had to be able to open and upload forecasts in an Excel worksheet. We considered responses if they provided forecasts for 12 months in at least one domain and if the predictions did not exceed the possible range for a given domain (for example, polarization above 100%). Moreover, three coders (intercoder κ = 0.70 unweighted, κ = 0.77 weighted) reviewed all submitted rationales from lay people and excluded any submissions where the participants either misunderstood the task or wrote bogus bot-like responses. Coder disagreements were resolved via a discussion. Finally, we excluded responses if the participants spent under 50 seconds making their forecasts, which included reading instructions, downloading the files, providing forecasts and re-uploading their forecasts (final N = 802, 1,467 forecasts; mean age, 30.39; s.d. = 10.56; 46.36% female; education: 8.57% high school/GED, 28.80% some college, 62.63% college or above; ethnicity: 59.52% white, 17.10% Asian American, 9.45% African American/Black, 7.43% Latinx, 6.50% mixed/other; median annual income, $50,000–$75,000; residential area: 32.37% urban, 57.03% suburban, 10.60% rural). Exclusions of the general public sample Supplementary Table 7 outlines exclusions by category. In the initial step, we considered all submissions via the Qualtrics platform, including partial submissions without any forecasting data (N = 1,891). Upon removing incomplete responses without forecasting data and removing duplicate submissions from the same Prolific IDs, we removed 59 outliers whose data exceeded the range of possible values in a given domain. Subsequently, we removed responses that the independent coders flagged as either misunderstood (n = 6) or bot-like bogus responses (n = 26). See Supplementary Appendix 2 for verbatim examples of each screening category and the exact coding instructions. Finally, we removed responses where the participants took less than 50 seconds to provide their forecasts (including reading instructions, downloading the Excel file, filling it out, re-uploading the Excel worksheet and completing additional information on their reasoning about the forecast). Finally, one response was removed on the basis of open-ended information where the participant indicated they had made forecasts for a different country than the United States. Naive statistical benchmarks There is evidence from data science forecasting competitions that the dominant statistical benchmarks are the Theta method, ARIMA and ETS7. Given the socio-cultural context of our study and to avoid loss of generality, we decided to employ more traditional benchmarks such as naive/random walk, historical average and the basic linear regression model—that is, the method that is used more than anything else in practice and science. In short, we selected three benchmarks on the basis of their common application in the forecasting literature (historical mean and random walk are the most basic forecasting benchmarks) or the behavioural/social science literature (linear regression is the most basic statistical approach to test inferences in the sciences). Furthermore, these benchmarks target distinct features of performance (historical mean speaks to the base rate sensitivity, linear regression speaks to sensitivity to the overall trend and random walk captures random fluctuations and sensitivity to dependencies across consecutive time points). Each of these benchmarks may perform better in some but not in other circumstances. Consequently, to test the limits of scientists’ performance, we examined whether social scientists’ performance was better than each of the three benchmarks. To obtain metrics of uncertainty around the naive statistical estimates, we chose to simulate these three naive approaches for making forecasts: (1) random resampling of historical data, (2) a naive out-of-sample random walk based on random resampling of historical change and (3) extrapolation from a naive regression based on a randomly selected interval of historical data. We describe each approach in Supplementary Information. Analytic plan Categorization of forecasts We categorized the forecasts on the basis of modelling approaches. Two independent research associates categorized the forecasts for each domain on the basis of the following justifications: (1) theoretical models only, (2) data-driven models only or (3) a combination of theoretical and data-driven models—that is, computational models that rely on specific theoretical assumptions. See Supplementary Appendix 3 for the exact coding instructions and a description of the classification (interrater κ = 0.81 unweighted, κ = 0.90 weighted). We further examined the modelling complexity of approaches that relied on the extrapolation of time series from the data we provided (for example, ARIMA or moving average with lags; yes/no; see Supplementary Appendix 4 for the exact coding instructions). Disagreements between coders here (interrater κ = 0.80 unweighted, κ = 0.87 weighted) and on each coding task below were resolved through joint discussion with the leading author of the project. Categorization of additional variables We tested how the presence and number of additional variables as parameters in the model impacted forecasting accuracy. To this end, we ensured that additional variables were distinct from one another. Two independent coders evaluated the distinctiveness of each reported parameter (interrater κ = 0.56 unweighted, κ = 0.83 weighted). Categorization of teams We next categorized the teams on the basis of compositions. First, we counted the number of members per team. We also sorted the teams on the basis of disciplinary orientation, comparing behavioural and social scientists with teams from computer and data science. Finally, we used information that the teams provided concerning their objective and subjective expertise levels for a given subject domain. Forecasting update justifications Given that the participants received both new data and a summary of diverse theoretical positions that they could use as a basis for their updates, two independent research associates scored the participants’ justifications for forecasting updates on three dummy categories: (1) the new six months of data that we provided, (2) new theoretical insights and (3) consideration of other external events (interrater κ = 0.63 unweighted/weighted). See Supplementary Appendix 5 for the exact coding instructions. Statistical analyses A priori (https://osf.io/6wgbj/), we specified a linear mixed model as a key analytical procedure, with MASE scores for different domains nested in participating teams as repeated measures. Prior to the analyses, we inspected the MASE scores to determine violations of linearity, which we corrected via log-transformation before performing the analyses. All P values refer to two-sided t-tests. For simple effects by domain, we applied Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate corrections. For 95% CIs by domain, we simulated a multivariate t distribution20 to adjust the scores for simultaneous inference of estimates for 12 domains in each tournament. Reporting summary Further information on research design is available in the Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article.
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"https://artblart.files.wordpress.com/2023/12/australian-artists-and-exhibitions-3.jpg", "https://artblart.files.wordpress.com/2023/12/international-artists-and-exhibitions-3.jpg", "https://artblart.files.wordpress.com/2023/12/artblart-pinterest-3.jpg", "https://artblart.files.wordpress.com/2023/12/follow-on-x-2.jpg", "https://artblart.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/plume-b-front.jpg", "https://artblart.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/port1-front.jpg", "https://artblart.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/cropped-art-blart-logo.jpg?w=50", "https://artblart.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/cropped-art-blart-logo.jpg?w=50", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Author Dr Marcus Bunyan" ]	2020-03-20T05:46:04+00:00	Posts about feminist written by Dr Marcus Bunyan	en	https://artblart.com/wp-…rt-logo.jpg?w=32	Art Blart _ art and cultural memory archive	https://artblart.com/tag/feminist/	March 2020 Portrait Engravings in stipple by W. Ridley, and his associates, W. Holl & T. Blood. 1796-1822 album cover 45 tipped in stipple engravings (including one proof engraving, number 23) 1796-1822 Assembled c. 1920s-1930s Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan It’s incredible the number of disparate objects that I have in my collection, assembled mainly from purchases at op shops (in Australia, opportunity shops; in America, thrift stores). I feel that I am just the custodian of these objects and if possible, I like placing them in a context where they will be appreciated. Such is the case with this album of forty five stipple engravings from 1796-1822 bought recently at an op shop. It’s not really my thing, but the plates are so old, the letter from the British Museum so interesting, that I thought I would rescue it before someone else bought it and broke it up. As so happens with the synchronicity of the world I found from my dear friend Assoc. Professor Alison Inglis, that the University of Melbourne celebrated a 50 year relationship with the British Museum last year. And since I work at the University, nothing could be better than donating the album to the Baillieu Library Print Collection, one of the best print collections in Australia. Looking at the plates themselves (the engravings adaptations taken from paintings) we observe a mainly patriarchal society, dominated by religious and military figures, the latter well known to each other in the small circle of high-up society figures, forming friendships and enmities along the way. The other societal group well represented are the theatrical performers, whether female or male. Both groups would have been known to each other, often joined through the auspices of the artists who painted their portraits, for example Gainsborough, Joshua Reynolds and Samuel Drummond. Networks of association can be teased out of the bibliographic information. For example, English novelist, actress, and dramatist Elizabeth Inchbald successful play Lovers’ Vows was a translation of August von Kotzebue’s original piece and was much admired by Jane Austen, both Inchbald and von Kotzebue being represented in the album. Another example is the English portrait painter George Romney whose artistic muse was Emma Hamilton, mistress of Lord Nelson. In the album we find a stipple engraving by William Ridley taken from a painting by George Romney of Sir John Orde, remembered as a professional enemy of Nelson. And so the circle of intrigue, passion, friendship and enmity continues to spiral around the players in this Georgian era. Of most interest to me are the strong, independent women who, often pulling themselves up from the bootstraps, made outstanding contributions to the society of the time, and the history of female emancipation. Frances Abington began her career as a flower girl and a street singer (and for a short period of time was a prostitute to help her family in the hard times) who went on to be amongst the foremost rank of comic actresses, known for her avant-garde fashion and great beauty. “Her ambition, personal wit and cleverness won her a distinguished position in society, in spite of her humble origin.” Elizabeth Inchbald is the story of an unknown actress who became a celebrated playwright and author. Elizabeth Montagu was a British social reformer, patron of the arts, salonnière, literary critic and writer, who helped to organise and lead the Blue Stockings Society (an informal women’s social and educational movement). Of most importance is the English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women’s rights, pioneering feminist Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) who is today, “regarded as one of the founding feminist philosophers, and feminists often cite both her life and her works as important influences. During her brief career, she wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children’s book. Wollstonecraft is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason.” (Wikipedia) Wollstonecraft married the philosopher William Godwin, one of the forefathers of the anarchist movement but died at the age of 38 giving birth to her second daughter, Mary Shelley, who would become an accomplished writer and author of Frankenstein. After her death her widower published Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in January 1798 which, “inspired by Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Confessions, [is] unusually frank for its time. He did not shrink from presenting the parts of Wollstonecraft’s life that late eighteenth-century British society would judge either immoral or in bad taste, such as her close friendship with a woman, her love affairs, her illegitimate child, her suicide attempts and her agonising death.” (Wikipedia) The stipple engraving in this album was published just over a year and half before her death – so, taken “from life” – as she was soon to be. Truly, this is a human being that I would have liked to have met. Dr Marcus Bunyan Many thankx to the Baillieu Library Print Collection for allowing the publication of the images. Please click on the photographs for a larger version of the image. William Ridley: b. 1764; d. Aug. 15th, 1838, at Addlestone. Worked mostly for periodicals and book-illustrations, and engraved portraits in stipple after Gainsborough, Reynolds etc, etc. See Redgrave: ‘Dictionary of English Artists’ 1878 Le Blanc: ‘Manuel de l’Amateur d’Estampes’, Vol. iii Hayden: ‘Chats on Old Prints’, 1909 William Holl, the Elder: b. 1771; d. Dec 1st, 1838. Pupil of Benjamin Smith; engraved, mostly in stipple, after portraits for various publications including Lodge’s ‘Portraits’; also two mythological subjects after Richard Westall. See: Redgrave: ‘Dictionary of English Artists’ 1878 Dictionary of National Biography T. or J. Blood: worked about 1782-1823. Engraved portrait in stipple after Russell, Drummond, et. also worked from the ‘European Magazine’. Portrait Engravings in stipple by W. Ridley, and his associates, W. Holl & T. Blood. 1796-1822 bill of sale 1979 Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan Portrait Engravings in stipple by W. Ridley, and his associates, W. Holl & T. Blood. 1796-1822 Index 45 tipped in stipple engravings (including one proof engraving, number 23) 1796-1822 Assembled c. 1920s-1930s Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan Letter from the British Museum dated January 1937 pasted into Portrait Engravings in stipple by W. Ridley, and his associates, W. Holl & T. Blood. 1796-1822 Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan (1) William Ridley (British, 1764-1838) (sculptor) L. Gold (British) (103, Shoe Lane) (publisher) Sir John Orde, Bart, Admiral of the White Squadron 1 April 1804 Stipple engraving Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan George Romney (English, 1734-1802) Admiral Sir John Orde 18th century oil on canvas 30 x 24¼ in. (76.1 x 63cm) Public domain George Romney George Romney (26 December 1734 – 15 November 1802) was an English portrait painter. He was the most fashionable artist of his day, painting many leading society figures – including his artistic muse, Emma Hamilton, mistress of Lord Nelson. For a full biography please see the Wikipedia website. (2) William Ridley (British, 1764-1838) (sculptor) Bellamy & Roberts (British) (King Street, Covent Garden) (publisher) George Colman Esqr September 1, 1797 Engraved by Ridley from an Original Painting in the possession of Mr Jewell Pubd for the Proprietors of the Monthly Mirror Stipple engraving Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan George Colman George Colman (21 October 1762 – 17 October 1836), known as “the Younger”, was an English dramatist and miscellaneous writer. He was the son of George Colman the Elder. … His comedies are a curious mixture of genuine comic force and sentimentality. A collection of them was published (1827) in Paris, with a life of the author, by J. W. Lake. His first play, The Female Dramatist (1782), for which Smollett’s Roderick Random supplied the materials, was unanimously condemned, but Two to One (1784) was entirely successful. It was followed by Turk and no Turk (1785), a musical comedy; Inkle and Yarico (1787), an opera; Ways and Means (1788); The Battle of Hexham (1793); The Iron Chest (1796), taken from William Godwin’s Adventures of Caleb Williams; The Heir at Law (1797), which enriched the stage with one immortal character, “Dr Pangloss” (borrowed of course from Voltaire’s Candide); The Poor Gentleman (1802); John Bull, or an Englishman’s Fireside (1803), his most successful piece; and numerous other pieces, many of them adapted from the French. Colman, whose witty conversation made him a favourite, was also the author of a great deal of so-called humorous poetry (mostly coarse, though much of it was popular) – My Night Gown and Slippers (1797), reprinted under the name of Broad Grins, in 1802; and Poetical Vagaries (1812). Some of his writings were published under the assumed name of Arthur Griffinhood of Turnham Green. Text from the Wikipedia website (3) William Ridley (British, 1764-1838) (sculptor) J. Asperne (British) (publisher) Sir Charles Morice Pole, Bart 1 June 1805 European Magazine Engraved by Ridley from a Picture, by J. Northcote, R.A. Published by J. Asperne, at the Bible, Crown & Constitution, Cornhill Stipple engraving Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan European Magazine The European Magazine was a monthly magazine published in London. Eighty-nine semi-annual volumes were published from 1782 until 1826. It was launched as the European Magazine, and London Review in January 1782, promising to offer “the Literature, History, Politics, Arts, Manners, and Amusements of the Age.” It was in direct competition with The Gentleman’s Magazine, and in 1826 was absorbed into the Monthly Magazine. Soon after launching the European Magazine, its founding editor, James Perry, passed proprietorship to the Shakespearean scholar Isaac Reed and his partners John Sewell and Daniel Braithwaite, who guided the magazine during its first two decades. The articles and other contributions in the magazine appeared over initials or pseudonyms and have largely remained anonymous. Scholars believe that the contributions include the first published poem by William Wordsworth (1787) and the earliest known printing of “O Sanctissima”, the popular Sicilian Mariners Hymn (1792). Text from the Wikipedia website Sir Charles Pole, 1st Baronet Admiral of the Fleet Sir Charles Morice Pole, 1st Baronet GCB (18 January 1757 – 6 September 1830) was a Royal Navy officer and colonial governor. As a junior officer he saw action at the Siege of Pondicherry in India during the American Revolutionary War. After taking command of the fifth-rate HMS Success he captured and then destroyed the Spanish frigate Santa Catalina in the Strait of Gibraltar in the action of 16 March 1782 later in that War. After capturing the French privateer Vanneau in June 1793, Pole took part in the Siege of Toulon at an early stage of the French Revolutionary Wars. He went on to be governor and commander-in-chief of Newfoundland and then commanded the Baltic Fleet later in the War. He also served as a Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty on the Admiralty Board led by Viscount Howick during the Napoleonic Wars. Text from the Wikipedia website (5) William Ridley (British, 1764-1838) (sculptor) Bellamy & Roberts (British) (King Street, Covent Garden) (publisher) Mrs Abington Dec 30, 1797 Engraved by Ridley from a Picture by Sir Joshua Reynolds Published as the Act directs by T. Belamy at the Monthly Mirror Office, King Street Covent Garden Stipple engraving Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan Frances Barton, Mrs Abington (1737-1815) as ‘Roxalana’ in Isaac Bickerstaff’s ‘The Sultan’ (after Sir Joshua Reynolds PRA) Monthly Mirror The Monthly Mirror was an English literary periodical, published from 1795 to 1811, founded by Thomas Bellamy, and later jointly owned by Thomas Hill and John Litchfield. It was published by Vernor & Hood from the second half of 1798. The Mirror concentrated on theatre, in London and the provinces. The first editor for Hill was Edward Du Bois. From 1812 it was merged into the Theatrical Inquisitor. Text from the Wikipedia website Frances Abington Frances “Fanny” Abington (1737 – 4 March 1815) was a British actress, known not only for her acting, but her sense of fashion. … Her Shakespearean heroines – Beatrice, Portia, Desdemona and Ophelia – were no less successful than her comic characters – Miss Hoyden, Biddy Tipkin, Lucy Lockit and Miss Prue. Mrs. Abington’s Kitty in “High Life Below Stairs” put her in the foremost rank of comic actresses, making the mob cap she wore in the role the reigning fashion. This cap was soon referred to as the “Abington Cap” and frequently seen on stage as well as in hat shops across Ireland and England. Adoring fans donned copies of this cap and it became an essential part of the well-appointed woman’s wardrobe. The actress soon became known for her avant-garde fashion and she even came up with a way of making the female figure appear taller. She began to wear this tall-hat called a ziggurat complete with long flowing feathers and began to follow the French custom of putting red powder on her hair (Richards). It was as the last character in Congreve’s Love for Love that Sir Joshua Reynolds painted the best-known of his half-dozen or more portraits of her. In 1782 she left Drury Lane for Covent Garden. After an absence from the stage from 1790 until 1797, she reappeared, quitting it finally in 1799. Her ambition, personal wit and cleverness won her a distinguished position in society, in spite of her humble origin. Text from the Wikipedia website Joshua Reynolds (British, 1723-1792) Portrait of Mrs. Abington (1737-1815) 18th century Oil on canvas 74cm (29.1″); Width: 61.5cm (24.2″) Denver Art Museum, Berger Collection Public domain (7) William Ridley (British, 1764-1838) (sculptor) Revd John Yockney, Staines Nd Stipple engraving Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan (8) William Ridley (British, 1764-1838) (sculptor) Vernor & Hood (British) (31 Poultry) (publisher) August von Kotzebue April 30, 1799 Engraved by Ridley from an Original Picture Painted at Berlin Published as the Act directs by Vernor & Hood, 31 Poultry Stipple engraving Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan August von Kotzebue August Friedrich Ferdinand von Kotzebue (German 1761 – 23 March [O.S. 11 March] 1819) was a German dramatist and writer who also worked as a consul in Russia and Germany. In 1817, one of Kotzebue’s books was burned during the Wartburg festival. He was murdered in 1819 by Karl Ludwig Sand, a militant member of the Burschenschaften. This murder gave Metternich the pretext to issue the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819, which dissolved the Burschenschaften, cracked down on the liberal press, and seriously restricted academic freedom in the states of the German Confederation. Text from the Wikipedia website (9) William Ridley (British, 1764-1838) (sculptor) J. Sewell (British) (32 Cornhill) (publisher) General Washington April 1st 1800 European Magazine Engraved by Ridley from an Original Picture in the Possession of Saml. Vaughan Esq. Stipple engraving Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan This engraving was probably published to memorialise Washington’s death in December 1799 George Washington George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799) was an American political leader, military general, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Previously, he led Patriot forces to victory in the nation’s War for Independence. He presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which established the U.S. Constitution and a federal government. Washington has been called the “Father of His Country” for his manifold leadership in the formative days of the new nation. Washington received his initial military training and command with the Virginia Regiment during the French and Indian War. He was later elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses and was named a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he was appointed Commanding General of the Continental Army. He commanded American forces, allied with France, in the defeat and surrender of the British during the Siege of Yorktown. He resigned his commission after the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Washington played a key role in adopting and ratifying the Constitution and was then elected president (twice) by the Electoral College. He implemented a strong, well-financed national government while remaining impartial in a fierce rivalry between cabinet members Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. During the French Revolution, he proclaimed a policy of neutrality while sanctioning the Jay Treaty. He set enduring precedents for the office of president, including the title “President of the United States”, and his Farewell Address is widely regarded as a pre-eminent statement on republicanism. Washington owned slaves, and in order to preserve national unity he supported measures passed by Congress to protect slavery. He later became troubled with the institution of slavery and freed his slaves in a 1799 will. He endeavoured to assimilate Native Americans into Anglo-American culture but combated indigenous resistance during occasions of violent conflict. He was a member of the Anglican Church and the Freemasons, and he urged broad religious freedom in his roles as general and president. Upon his death, he was eulogised as “first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen”. He has been memorialised by monuments, art, geographical locations, stamps, and currency, and many scholars and polls rank him among the greatest U.S. presidents. Text from the Wikipedia website (10) William Ridley (British, 1764-1838) (sculptor) Bellamy & Roberts (British) (Cornhill) (publisher) Mr Dignum, of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane Jany. 1, 1799 European Magazine Painted by Drummond Published by J. Sewell Stipple engraving Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan Charles Dignum Charles Dignum (c. 1765 – 29 March 1827) was a popular tenor singer, actor and composer of English birth and Irish parentage who was active in recital, concert and theatre stage, mainly in London, for about thirty years. … Dignum and William Shield, Charles Incledon, Charles Bannister, ‘Jack’ Johnstone, Charles Ashley and William Parke (oboeist) in 1793 formed themselves into ‘The Glee Club’, a set which met on Sunday evenings during the season at the Garrick’s Head Coffee House in Bow Street, once a fortnight, for singing among themselves and dining together. A project to erect a bust to Dr Thomas Arne, which this group proposed to fund by charitable performances, was vetoed by the management of Covent Garden. His obituarist remarked, ‘Dignum, with many ludicrous eccentricities, was an amiable, good-natured, jolly fellow.’ He married Miss Rennett, the daughter of an attorney, whose fortune helped to sustain them. After her death he suffered a period of ‘mental derangement’ in misery at her loss, and also suffered from much unhappiness when his granddaughter was kidnapped for a period, for which the offender was prosecuted and transported. A contemporary of the great Michael Kelly, of Charles Incledon and (latterly) of John Braham, he had to work hard for public favour and to withstand attacks referring to his humble origins, his religion and his physical ungainliness (he became quite fat): but, having obtained respect for his skills and good character, he held his place in the affection of his admirers, made large sums at his benefits in later years, and was able to retire with some fortune. He died of inflammation of the lungs in Gloucester Street, London, aged 62 in 1827. Text from the Wikipedia website Samuel Drummond Samuel Drummond ARA (25 December 1766, London – 6 August 1844, London) was a British painter, especially prolific in portrait and marine genre painting. His works are on display in the National Portrait Gallery, the National Maritime Museum and the Walker Art Gallery. Drummond was born to Jane Bicknell and James Drummond, a London baker. At about thirteen Drummond was apprenticed to the sea service, working on the Baltic trade routes for six or seven years. After the navy, Drummond worked briefly as a clerk before entering the Royal Academy Schools on 15 July 1791. Drummond started his portraying with crayons and oil and within several years exhibited over three hundred pictures at the Royal Academy. In 1808 he was elected an associate of the Royal Academy. Among Drummond’s sitters were Walter Scott, Francis Place, Elizabeth Fry and Marc Isambard Brunel. He also painted such persons as Admiral Edward Pellew, Captain William Rogers and Rear-Admiral William Edward Parry. After 1800, Drummond started large oil paintings on maritime history of the United Kingdom (The Battle of the Nile, 1st August 1798, Captain William Rogers Capturing the Jeune Richard, 1 October 1807, Admiral Duncan at the Battle of Camperdown, 11 October 1797 (1827) and a series of paintings on the death of Horatio Nelson. For some time Drummond was employed by The European Magazine and London Review to make portraits of leading personalities of the day. Among the portraits published in The European Magazine were those of Lord Gerald Lake, Sir John Soane and Friedrich Accum. Towards the end of the life, despite of continuing his craft, Drummond struggled financially and was frequently supported from the funds of the Royal Academy. Nearly all Drummond’s children from his three marriages became artists (five daughters and one son): Rose Emma from the first, Ellen, Eliza Ann and Jane from the second to Rose Hudson and Rosa Myra and Julian from the third one. Text from the Wikipedia website (12) William Ridley (British, 1764-1838) (sculptor) Bellamy & Roberts (British) (King Street, Covent Garden) (publisher) Mrs Wollstonecraft Feb. 1st, 1796 Engraved by Ridley from a Painting by Opie Pub.d for the Proprietors of the Monthly Mirror by T. Belamy, King St. Covent Garden Stipple engraving Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan Mary Wollstonecraft Mary Wollstonecraft (27 April 1759 – 10 September 1797) was an English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women’s rights. Until the late 20th century, Wollstonecraft’s life, which encompassed several unconventional personal relationships at the time, received more attention than her writing. Today Wollstonecraft is regarded as one of the founding feminist philosophers, and feminists often cite both her life and her works as important influences. During her brief career, she wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children’s book. Wollstonecraft is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason. After Wollstonecraft’s death, her widower published a Memoir (1798) of her life, revealing her unorthodox lifestyle, which inadvertently destroyed her reputation for almost a century. However, with the emergence of the feminist movement at the turn of the twentieth century, Wollstonecraft’s advocacy of women’s equality and critiques of conventional femininity became increasingly important. After two ill-fated affairs, with Henry Fuseli and Gilbert Imlay (by whom she had a daughter, Fanny Imlay), Wollstonecraft married the philosopher William Godwin, one of the forefathers of the anarchist movement. Wollstonecraft died at the age of 38 leaving behind several unfinished manuscripts. She died eleven days after giving birth to her second daughter, Mary Shelley, who would become an accomplished writer and author of Frankenstein. Text from the Wikipedia website A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects (1792), written by the 18th-century British proto-feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, is one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy. In it, Wollstonecraft responds to those educational and political theorists of the 18th century who did not believe women should receive a rational education. She argues that women ought to have an education commensurate with their position in society, claiming that women are essential to the nation because they educate its children and because they could be “companions” to their husbands, rather than mere wives. Instead of viewing women as ornaments to society or property to be traded in marriage, Wollstonecraft maintains that they are human beings deserving of the same fundamental rights as men. Wollstonecraft was prompted to write the Rights of Woman after reading Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord’s 1791 report to the French National Assembly, which stated that women should only receive a domestic education; she used her commentary on this specific event to launch a broad attack against sexual double standards and to indict men for encouraging women to indulge in excessive emotion. Wollstonecraft wrote the Rights of Woman hurriedly to respond directly to ongoing events; she intended to write a more thoughtful second volume but died before completing it. While Wollstonecraft does call for equality between the sexes in particular areas of life, such as morality, she does not explicitly state that men and women are equal. Her ambiguous statements regarding the equality of the sexes have since made it difficult to classify Wollstonecraft as a modern feminist, particularly since the word and the concept were unavailable to her. Although it is commonly assumed now that the Rights of Woman was unfavourably received, this is a modern misconception based on the belief that Wollstonecraft was as reviled during her lifetime as she became after the publication of William Godwin’s Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1798). The Rights of Woman was actually well received when it was first published in 1792. One biographer has called it “perhaps the most original book of [Wollstonecraft’s] century”. Wollstonecraft’s work had a profound impact on advocates for women’s rights in the nineteenth century, in particular on the Declaration of Sentiments, the document written at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 that laid out the aims of the suffragette movement in the United States. Text from the Wikipedia website John Opie (British, 1761-1807) Mary Wollstonecraft (Mrs William Godwin) c. 1790-1791 Oil paint on canvas Support: 759 × 638 mm Tate. Purchased 1884 Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND (3.0 Unported) Wollstonecraft was a ground-breaking feminist. This portrait shows her looking directly towards us, temporarily distracted from her studies. Such a pose would more typically be used for a male sitter. Women would normally be presented as more passive, often gazing away from the viewer. The painting dates to around the time she published A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792). This argued against the idea that women were naturally inferior to men and emphasised the importance of education. Tate Gallery label, October 2019 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman title page from the first American edition by Mary Wollstonecraft (1792) Library of Congress Public domain Henry Fuseli (Swiss, 1741-1825) La débutante (The Debutante) 1807 Pencil, ink, watercolour on cardboard 37 × 24cm Tate Public domain The Debutante (1807) by Henry Fuseli; “Woman, the victim of male social conventions, is tied to the wall, made to sew and guarded by governesses. The picture reflects Mary Wollstonecraft’s views in The Rights of Women [sic]”1 1/ Tomory, Peter. The Life and Art of Henry Fuseli. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972, p. 217. (14) William Ridley (British, 1764-1838) (sculptor) Bellamy & Roberts (British) (King Street, Covent Garden) (publisher) Mrs Inchbald June 1, 1797 Engraved by Ridley from an Original Painting by Drummond Publish’d for the Proprietors of the Monthly Mirror by T. Belamy, King St. Covent Garden Stipple engraving Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan Elizabeth Inchbald Elizabeth Inchbald (née Simpson) (1753-1821) was an English novelist, actress, and dramatist. Her two novels are still read today. … Due to success as a playwright, Inchbald did not need the financial support of a husband and did not remarry. Between 1784 and 1805 she had 19 of her comedies, sentimental dramas, and farces (many of them translations from the French) performed at London theatres. Her first play to be performed was A Mogul Tale, in which she played the leading feminine role of Selina. In 1780, she joined the Covent Garden Company and played a breeches role in Philaster as Bellarion. Inchbald had a few of her plays produced such as Appearance is Against Them (1785), Such Things Are (1787), and Everyone Has Fault (1793). Some of her other plays such as A Mogul Tale (1784) and I’ll Tell You What (1785) were produced at the Haymarket Theatre. Eighteen of her plays were published, though she wrote several more; the exact number is in dispute though most recent commentators claim between 21 and 23. Her two novels have been frequently reprinted. She also did considerable editorial and critical work. Her literary start began with writing for The Artist and Edinburgh Review. A four-volume autobiography was destroyed before her death upon the advice of her confessor, but she left some of her diaries. The latter are currently held at the Folger Shakespeare Library and an edition was recently published. Her play Lovers’ Vows (1798) was featured as a focus of moral controversy by Jane Austen in her novel Mansfield Park. After her success, she felt she needed to give something back to London society, and decided in 1805 to try being a theatre critic. A political radical and friend of William Godwin and Thomas Holcroft, her political beliefs can more easily be found in her novels than in her plays, due to the constrictive environment of the patent theatres of Georgian London. “Inchbald’s life was marked by tensions between, on the one hand, political radicalism, a passionate nature evidently attracted to a number of her admirers, and a love of independence, and on the other hand, a desire for social respectability and a strong sense of the emotional attraction of authority figures.” She died on 1 August 1821 in Kensington and is buried in the churchyard of St Mary Abbots. On her gravestone it states, “Whose writings will be cherished while truth, simplicity, and feelings, command public admiration.” In 1833, a two-volume Memoirs of Mrs. Inchbald by James Boaden was published by Richard Bentley. In recent decades Inchbald has been the subject of increasing critical interest, particularly among scholars investigating women’s writing. Reception history The reception history of Elizabeth Inchbald is the story of an unknown actress who became a celebrated playwright and author. As an actress, who at the start of her career was overshadowed by her husband, Inchbald was determined to prove herself to the acting community. Some scholars recognised this describing her as “richly textured with strands of resistance, boldness, and libidinal thrills”. A very important aspect of Inchbald’s reception history is her workplace and professional reputation. Around the theatre she was known for upholding high moral standards. Inchbald described having to defend herself from the sexual advances brought on by stage manager James Dodd and theatre manager John Taylor. Her writing history began with various plays that Inchbald soon earned a reputation for publishing in times of political scandal. One of the things that separated Inchbald from her competitors at the time was her ability to translate plays from German and French into English works of art. These translations were popular with the public due to Inchbald’s ability to make characters in her writings come to life. The majority of what she translated consisted of farces that received positive feedback from her reading audience. Over the next twenty years, she translated a couple of successful pieces a year, one of these was the very successful play, Lovers’ Vows. In this translation of August von Kotzebues original piece, Inchbald gained complements from Jane Austen, who put the translation in her popular book, Mansfield Park. Although Austen’s book brought more fame to Inchbald, Lovers’ Vows ran for forty-two nights when it was originally performed in 1798. Not only were her plays well liked, but her famous novel A Simple Story always received praise. Terry Castle once referred to it as “the most elegant English fiction of the eighteenth century”. As she ended her career and decided to start critiquing in the theatre, the reception of her work from contemporary critics was low. For example, S. R. Littlewood suggested that Inchbald was ignorant of Shakespearian literature. Text from the Wikipedia website (15) William Ridley (British, 1764-1838) (sculptor) Bellamy & Roberts (British) (King Street, Covent Garden) (publisher) Sir John Jervis. K.B., Vice Admiral of the White April 1, 1797 Engraved by Ridley from a Picture in he possession of Mrs Ricketts Publish’d for the Proprietors of the Monthly Mirror by T. Belamy, King St. Covent Garden Stipple engraving Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan Sir John Jervis Admiral of the Fleet John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent GCB, PC (9 January 1735 – 13 March 1823) was an admiral in the Royal Navy and Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom. Jervis served throughout the latter half of the 18th century and into the 19th, and was an active commander during the Seven Years’ War, American War of Independence, French Revolutionary War and the Napoleonic Wars. He is best known for his victory at the 1797 Battle of Cape Saint Vincent, from which he earned his titles, and as a patron of Horatio Nelson. Jervis was also recognised by both political and military contemporaries as a fine administrator and naval reformer. As Commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean, between 1795 and 1799 he introduced a series of severe standing orders to avert mutiny. He applied those orders to both seamen and officers alike, a policy that made him a controversial figure. He took his disciplinarian system of command with him when he took command of the Channel Fleet in 1799. In 1801, as First Lord of the Admiralty he introduced a number of reforms that, though unpopular at the time, made the Navy more efficient and more self-sufficient. He introduced innovations including block making machinery at Portsmouth Royal Dockyard. St Vincent was known for his generosity to officers he considered worthy of reward and his swift and often harsh punishment of those he felt deserved it. Jervis’ entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography by P. K. Crimmin describes his contribution to history: “His importance lies in his being the organiser of victories; the creator of well-equipped, highly efficient fleets; and in training a school of officers as professional, energetic, and devoted to the service as himself.” Text from the Wikipedia website (17) William Ridley (British, 1764-1838) (sculptor) Bellamy & Roberts (British) (King Street, Covent Garden) (publisher) Mrs Montagu Septemr 30th, 1798 Engraved by Ridley from a Picture by Sir Joshua Reynolds Published as the Act directs by T. Belamy at the Monthly Mirror Office, King Street Covent Garden Stipple engraving Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan Elizabeth Montagu Elizabeth Montagu (née Robinson; 2 October 1718 – 25 August 1800) was a British social reformer, patron of the arts, salonnière, literary critic and writer, who helped to organise and lead the Blue Stockings Society. Her parents were both from wealthy families with strong ties to the British peerage and learned life. She was sister to Sarah Scott, author of A Description of Millenium Hall and the Country Adjacent. She married Edward Montagu, a man with extensive landholdings, to become one of the richer women of her era. She devoted this fortune to fostering English and Scottish literature and to the relief of the poor. Text from the Wikipedia website (18) William Ridley (British, 1764-1838) (sculptor) T. Chapman (British) (Fleet Street) (publisher) Mr. Saml. Turner, late Missionary Surgeon Mar 1, 1801 Evangelical Magazine Stipple engraving Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan Evangelical Magazine The Evangelical Magazine was a monthly magazine published in London from 1793 to 1904, and aimed at Calvinist Christians. It was supported by evangelical members of the Church of England, and by nonconformists with similar beliefs. Its editorial line included a strong interest in missionary work. John Eyre, an Anglican, played a significant role in founding the Evangelical Magazine, and as its editor, to 1802. Robert Culbertson was involved in the early times, and was an editor. William Kingsbury contributed from the start. John Townsend (1757-1826) was a supporter; Edward Williams was another founder and editor. In 1802 the Christian Observer began publication. It catered for evangelical Anglicans, and from this point the Evangelical Magazine came into the hands of Congregationalists. Text from the Wikipedia website Samuel Turner, Convict Ship Surgeon Samuel Turner was appointed Surgeon to the convict ship Royal Admiral transporting 300 prisoners to New South Wales in 1800. Gaol fever (typhus) raged on the voyage and 43 prisoners died as well as four seamen, a convict’s wife and a convict’s child. Samuel Turner also succumbed to the disease. He was only twenty-six of age. Extracts from the Journal of the Royal Admiral. May 24, 1800 The Surgeon, Mr. Turner, very ill 26th. Dr. Turner is in a very dangerous fever; we are much alarmed at the increase of this epidemical disease. To-day there are fifteen convicts in the hospital taken ill of that fever, which is exactly described by Buchan in his Domestic Medicine One of the births in our study being given to Dr. Turner at the beginning of his illness, consequently he was continually attended by the brethren; and for some nights we have sat up with him. Now he grows delirious! but at times he enjoys his senses; and last night at intervals expressed an earnest desire to be clothed with the righteousness of Christ. June 1st. In the afternoon held a Prayer Meeting in behalf of our brother Turner, he seems to be considerably worse since yesterday forenoon. Monday 2d. Since last Saturday morning Dr. Turner spoke but little. To-day he was quite speechless. Almost through his illness he had some expectation of getting better, though for some time past we had not the least hopes of his recovery. This day perceiving his dissolution drawing near, some of the brethren engaged in prayer (as we have done several times before) on his behalf. Just as they concluded, about forty minutes past three in the afternoon, his soul being freed from his earthly tabernacle, departed to be with Christ. His body was put in a coffin, and at half past six deposited in the great deep; till the time when the sea shall give up its dead. J. Youl read the burial service. All that were present behaved decently; some were much affected, especially the brethren that had been with him in the Duff. Thus ended the life of our brother Turner, after an illness of fourteen days, which he bore with patience. His death was regretted by all on board, as he was much esteemed both as a Surgeon and as a Christian. Memoir of Samuel Turner – Evangelical Magazine (21) William Ridley (British, 1764-1838) (sculptor) J. Sewell (British) (Cornhill) (publisher) Sir Charles Grey, K.B. Jany. 1, 1797 European Magazine Engraved by Ridley from an original Miniature Stipple engraving Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey, KB, PC (circa 23 October 1729 – 14 November 1807) served as a British general in the 18th century. A distinguished soldier in a generation of exceptionally capable military and naval personnel, he served in the Seven Years’ War of 1756-1763, taking part in the defeat of France. He later served in the American War of Independence (1775-1783) and in the early campaigns against France during the French Revolutionary War. Following the Battle of Paoli in Pennsylvania in 1777 he became known as “No-flint Grey” for, reputedly, ordering his men to extract the flints from their muskets during a night approach and to fight with the bayonet only. Text from the Wikipedia website (22) William Ridley (British, 1764-1838) (sculptor) J. Sewell (British) (Cornhill) (publisher) Sir James Saumarez Bart., K.B., Rear Admiral of the Blue Squadron Jany. 1, 1797 European Magazine Stipple engraving Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan Admiral James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez (or Sausmarez), GCB (11 March 1757 – 9 October 1836) was an admiral of the British Royal Navy, notable for his victory at the Second Battle of Algeciras. Stipple engraving Stipple engraving is a technique used to create tone in an intaglio print by distributing a pattern of dots of various sizes and densities across the image. The pattern is created on the printing plate either in engraving by gouging out the dots with a burin, or through an etching process. Stippling was used as an adjunct to conventional line engraving and etching for over two centuries, before being developed as a distinct technique in the mid-18th century. The technique allows for subtle tonal variations and is especially suitable for reproducing chalk drawings. … The process of stipple engraving is described in T.H. Fielding’s Art of Engraving (1841). To begin with an etching “ground” is laid on the plate, which is a waxy coating that makes the plate resistant to acid. The outline is drawn out in small dots with an etching needle, and the darker areas of the image shaded with a pattern of close dots. As in mezzotint use was made of roulettes, and a mattoir to produce large numbers of dots relatively quickly. Then the plate is bitten with acid, and the etching ground removed. The lighter areas of shade are then laid in with a drypoint or a stipple graver; Fielding describes the latter as “resembling the common kind, except that the blade bends down instead of up, thereby allowing the engraver greater facility in forming the small holes or dots in the copper”. The etched middle and dark tones would also be deepened where appropriate with the graver. … In England the technique was used for “furniture prints” with a similar purpose, and became very popular, though regarded with disdain by producers of the portrait mezzotints that dominated the English portrait print market. Stipple competed with mezzotint as a tonal method of printmaking, and while it lacked the rich depth of tone of mezzotint, it had the great advantage that far more impressions could be taken from a plate. Text from the Wikipedia website (23) William Ridley (British, 1764-1838) (sculptor) Williams & Smith (British) (Stationess Court) (publisher) Revd. Mr Wilkins of Abington 1 Sept 1809 Pubd. by Williams & Smith, Stationess Court Proof stipple engraving Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan (25) William Ridley (British, 1764-1838) (sculptor) Bellamy & Roberts (British) (King St., Covt. Garden) (publisher) Mr. Elliston Oct. 1st, 1796 Engraved by Ridley from a Picture by Drummond Publish’d for the Proprietors of the Monthly Mirror by T. Belamy, King St., Covt. Garden Stipple engraving Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne. Gift of Marcus Bunyan Robert William Elliston Robert William Elliston (7 April 1774 – 7 July 1831) was an English actor and theatre manager. He was born in London, the son of a watchmaker. He was educated at St Paul’s School, but ran away from home and made his first appearance on the stage as Tressel in Richard III at the Old Orchard Street Theatre in Bath in 1791. There he was later seen as Romeo, and in other leading parts, both comic and tragic, and he repeated his successes in London from 1796. In the same year he married Elizabeth, the sister of Mary Ann Rundall, and they would in time have ten children. He acted at Drury Lane from 1804 to 1809, and again from 1812. From 1819 he was the lessee of the house, presenting Edmund Kean, Mme Vestris, and Macready. He bought the Olympic Theatre in 1813 and also had an interest in a patent theatre, the Theatre Royal, Birmingham. Ill-health and misfortune culminated in his bankruptcy in 1826, when he made his last appearance at Drury Lane as Falstaff. As the lessee of the Surrey Theatre, he acted almost up to his death in 1831, which was hastened by alcoholism. At the Surrey, where he was the lessee first from 1806-1814 and then again beginning in 1827, to avoid the patent restrictions on drama outside the West End, he presented Shakespeare and other plays accompanied by ballet music. Leigh Hunt compared him favourably as an actor with David Garrick; Lord Byron thought him inimitable in high comedy; and Macready praised his versatility. Elliston was the author of The Venetian Outlaw (1805), and, with Francis Godolphin Waldron, of No Prelude (1803), in both of which plays he appeared. Text from the Wikipedia website Baillieu Library Print Collection, The University of Melbourne William Ridley engravings on Wikipedia LIKE ART BLART ON FACEBOOK Back to top Exhibition dates: 22nd June – 2nd September 2018 Dorothea Lange (American, 1895-1965) Migratory Cotton Picker, Eloy, Arizona 1940 Silver gelatin print © The Dorothea Lange Collection, the Oakland Museum of California Damaged, desperate and displaced I am writing this short text on a laptop in Thailand which keeps jumping lines and misspelling words. The experience is almost as disorienting as the photographs of Dorothea Lange, with their anguished angles and portraits of despair. Her humanist, modernist pictures capture the harsh era of The Great Depression and the 1930s in America, allowing a contemporary audience to imagine what it must have been like to walk along blistering roads with five children, not knowing where your next meal or drink of water is coming from. Like Lewis Hine and Jacob Riis from an earlier era, Lange’s photographs are about the politics of seeing. They are about human beings in distress and how photography can raise awareness of social injustice and disenfranchisement in the name of cultural change. Dr Marcus Bunyan #dorothealange @barbicancentre Many thankx to the Barbican Art Gallery for allowing me to publish the photographs in the posting. Please click on the photographs for a larger version of the image. Dorothea Lange (American, 1895-1965) Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California 1936 Silver gelatin print © The Dorothea Lange Collection, the Oakland Museum of California Dorothea Lange took this photograph in 1936, while employed by the U.S. government’s Farm Security Administration (FSA) program, formed during the Great Depression to raise awareness of and provide aid to impoverished farmers. In Nipomo, California, Lange came across Florence Owens Thompson and her children in a camp filled with field workers whose livelihoods were devastated by the failure of the pea crops. Recalling her encounter with Thompson years later, she said, “I saw and approached the hungry and desperate mother, as if drawn by a magnet. I do not remember how I explained my presence or my camera to her, but I do remember she asked me no questions. I made five exposures, working closer and closer from the same direction.”1 One photograph from that shoot, now known as Migrant Mother, was widely circulated to magazines and newspapers and became a symbol of the plight of migrant farm workers during the Great Depression. As Lange described Thompson’s situation, “She and her children had been living on frozen vegetables from the field and wild birds the children caught. The pea crop had frozen; there was no work. Yet they could not move on, for she had just sold the tires from the car to buy food.”2 However, Thompson later contested Lange’s account. When a reporter interviewed her in the 1970s, she insisted that she and Lange did not speak to each other, nor did she sell the tires of her car. Thompson said that Lange had either confused her for another farmer or embellished what she had understood of her situation in order to make a better story. Anonymous text. “Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California,” on the MoMA Learning website Nd [Online] Cited 16/02/2022 1/ Dorothea Lange, “The Assignment I’ll Never Forget,” Popular Photography 46 (February, 1960). Reprinted in Photography, Essays and Images, ed. Beaumont Newhall (New York: The Museum of Modern Art), p. 262-265 2/ Dorothea Lange, paraphrased in Karin Becker Ohm, Dorothea Lange and the Documentary Tradition (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1980), p. 79 Installation views of the exhibition Dorothea Lange: Politics of Seeing at the Barbican Art Gallery, London showing Dorothea Lange’s photograph Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California 1936 Photos: Ian Gavan/Getty Images for Barbican Art Gallery “I saw and approached the hungry and desperate mother, as if drawn by a magnet. I do not remember how I explained my presence or my camera to her, but I do remember she asked me no questions. I made five exposures, working closer and closer from the same direction. I did not ask her name or her history. She told me her age, that she was thirty-two. She said that they had been living on frozen vegetables from the surrounding fields, and birds that the children killed. She had just sold the tires from her car to buy food. There she sat in that lean- to tent with her children huddled around her, and seemed to know that my pictures might help her, and so she helped me. There was a sort of equality about it.” (From: Popular Photography, Feb. 1960). The images were made using a Graflex camera. The original negatives are 4 x 5″ film. It is not possible to determine on the basis of the negative numbers (which were assigned later at the Resettlement Administration) the order in which the photographs were taken. Hanna Soltys, Reference Librarian, Prints & Photographs Division. “Dorothea Lange’s “Migrant Mother” Photographs in the Farm Security Administration Collection” Photographs in the Farm Security Administration Collection,” on The Library of Congress website 1998 February 19, 2019 [Online] Cited 16/02/2022 Florence Owens Thompson: The Story of the “Migrant Mother” 2014 Thompson’s identity was discovered in the late 1970s; in 1978, acting on a tip, Modesto Bee reporter Emmett Corrigan located Thompson at her mobile home in Space 24 of the Modesto Mobile Village and recognised her from the 40-year-old photograph.[10] A letter Thompson wrote was published in The Modesto Bee and the Associated Press distributed a story headlined “Woman Fighting Mad Over Famous Depression Photo.” Florence was quoted as saying “I wish she [Lange] hadn’t taken my picture. I can’t get a penny out of it, she didn’t ask my name. She said she wouldn’t sell the pictures, she said she’d send me a copy. She never did.” Lange was funded by the federal government when she took the picture, so the image was in the public domain and Lange never directly received any royalties. However, the picture did help make Lange a celebrity and earned her “respect from her colleagues.” In a 2008 interview with CNN, Thompson’s daughter Katherine McIntosh recalled how her mother was a “very strong lady”, and “the backbone of our family”, she said: “We never had a lot, but she always made sure we had something. She didn’t eat sometimes, but she made sure us children ate. That’s one thing she did do.” Anonymous text. “Florence Owens Thompson,” on the WikiVisually website Nd [Online] Cited 05/08/2018. No longer available online Dorothea Lange (American, 1895-1965) White Angel Breadline, San Francisco 1933 Silver gelatin print © The Dorothea Lange Collection, the Oakland Museum of California “There are moments such as these when time stands still and all you do is hold your breath and hope it will wait for you. And you just hope you will have enough time to get it organised in a fraction of a second on that tiny piece of sensitive film. Sometimes you have an inner sense that you have encompassed the thing generally. You know then that you are not taking anything away from anyone: their privacy, their dignity, their wholeness.” ~ Dorothea Lange 1963 Davis K F 1995, The photographs of Dorothea Lange, Hallmark Cards Inc, Missouri p. 20. White angel breadline, San Francisco is Lange’s first major image that encapsulates both her sense of compassion and ability to structure a photograph according to modernist principles. The diagonals of the fence posts and the massing of hats do not reduce this work to the purely formal – the figure in the front middle of the image acts as a lightening rod for our emotional engagement. © Art Gallery of New South Wales Photography Collection Handbook, 2007 “I had made some photographs of the state [of] people, in an area of San Francisco which revealed how deep the depression was. It was at that time beginning to cut very deep. This is a long process. It doesn’t happen overnight. Life, for people, begins to crumble on the edges; they don’t realise it…” ~ Dorothea Lange, interview, 1964 There was a real “White Angel” behind the breadline that served the needy men photographed by Dorothea Lange. She was a widow named Lois Jordan. Mrs. Jordan, who gave herself the name White Angel, established a soup kitchen during the Great Depression to feed those who were unemployed and destitute. Relying solely on donations, she managed to supply meals to more than one million men over a three-year period. Jordan’s soup kitchen occupied a junk-filled lot in San Francisco located on the Embarcadero near Filbert Street. This area was known as the White Angel Jungle. The Jungle was not far from Lange’s studio. As she began to change direction from portrait to documentary photography, Lange focused her lens on the poignant scenes just beyond her window. White Angel Breadline is the result of her first day’s work to document Depression-era San Francisco. Decades later, Lange recalled: “[White Angel Breadline] is my most famed photograph. I made that on the first day I ever went out in an area where people said, ‘Oh, don’t go there.’ It was the first day that I ever made a photograph on the street.” Anonymous text. “Dorothea Lange + White Angel Breadline: Meet the master artist through one of her most important works,” on The Kennedy Centre website Nd [Online] Cited 16/02/2022 Dorothea Lange’s Documentary Photographs Hear Dorothea Lange discuss her photographs and the difficulty of leading a visual life. Dorothea Lange’s stirring images of migrant farmers and the unemployed have become universally recognised symbols of the Great Depression. Later photographs documenting the internment of Japanese Americans and her travels throughout the world extended her body of work. Watch the video to hear Lange discuss how she began her documentary projects for the Farm Security Administration, and learn how she felt about some of her assignments and subjects. Dorothea Lange (American, 1895-1965) Drought Refugees c. 1935 Silver gelatin print © The Dorothea Lange Collection, the Oakland Museum of California Dorothea Lange (American, 1895-1965) Family walking on highway – five children. Started from Idabel, Oklahoma, bound for Krebs, Oklahoma June 1938 Silver gelatin print Library of Congress Dorothea Lange (American, 1895-1965) Cars on the Road August 1936 Silver gelatin print Library of Congress Dorothea Lange (American, 1895-1965) Dust Bowl, Grain Elevator, Everett, Texas June 1938 Silver gelatin print Library of Congress This summer, Barbican Art Gallery stages the first ever UK retrospective of one of the most influential female photographers of the 20th century, the American documentary photographer Dorothea Lange (1895-1965). A formidable woman of unparalleled vigour and resilience, the exhibition charts Lange’s outstanding photographic vision from her early studio portraits of San Francisco’s bourgeoisie to her celebrated Farm Security Administration work (1935-1939) that captured the devastating impact of the Great Depression on the American population. Rarely seen photographs of the internment of Japanese-Americans during the Second World War are also presented as well as the later collaborations with fellow photographers Ansel Adams and Pirkle Jones documenting the changing face of the social and physical landscape of 1950s America. Opening 22 June at Barbican Art Gallery, Dorothea Lange: Politics of Seeing is part of the Barbican’s 2018 season, The Art of Change, which explores how the arts respond to, reflect and potentially effect change in the social and political landscape. Dorothea Lange: Politics of Seeing encompasses over 300 objects from vintage prints and original book publications to ephemera, field notes, letters, and documentary film. Largely chronological, the exhibition presents eight series in Lange’s oeuvre spanning from 1919 to 1957. Jane Alison, Head of Visual Arts, Barbican, said: “This is an incredible opportunity for our visitors to see the first UK survey of the work of such a significant photographer. Dorothea Lange is undoubtedly one of the great photographers of the twentieth century and the issues raised through her work have powerful resonance with issues we’re facing in society today. Staged alongside contemporary photographer Vanessa Winship as part of The Art of Change, these two shows are unmissable.” Opening the exhibition are Lange’s little known early portrait photographs taken during her time running a successful portrait studio in San Francisco between 1919 and 1935. Lange was at the heart of San Francisco’s creative community and her studio became a centre in which bohemian and artistic friends gathered after hours, including Edward Weston, Anne Brigman, Alma Lavenson, Imogen Cunningham, and Willard van Dyke. Works from this period include intimate portraits of wealthy West Coast families as well as of Lange’s inner circle, counting amongst others photographer Roi Partridge and painter Maynard Dixon, Lange’s first husband and father of her two sons. The Great Depression in the early 1930s heralded a shift in her photographic language as she felt increasingly compelled to document the changes visible on the streets of San Francisco. Taking her camera out of the studio, she captured street demonstrations, unemployed workers, and breadline queues. These early explorations of her social documentary work are also on display. The exhibition charts Lange’s work with the newly established historical division of the Farm Security Administration (FSA), the government agency tasked with the promotion of Roosevelt’s New Deal programme. Alongside Lange, the FSA employed a number of photographers, including Walker Evans, Ben Shahn and Arthur Rothstein, to document living conditions across America during the Great Depression: from urban poverty in San Francisco to tenant farmers driven off the land by dust storms and mechanisation in the states of Oklahoma, Arkansas and Texas; the plight of homeless families on the road in search of better livelihoods in the West; and the tragic conditions of migrant workers and camps across California. Lange used her camera as a political tool to critique themes of injustice, inequality, migration and displacement, and to effect government relief. Highlights in this section are, among others, a series on sharecroppers in the Deep South that exposes relations of race and power, and the iconic Migrant Mother, a photograph which has become a symbol of the Great Depression, alongside images of vernacular architecture and landscapes, motifs often overlooked within Lange’s oeuvre. Vintage prints in the exhibition are complemented by the display of original publications from the 1930s to foreground the widespread use of Lange’s FSA photographs and her influence on authors including John Steinbeck, whose ground-breaking novel The Grapes of Wrath was informed by Lange’s photographs. Travelling for many months at a time and working in the field, she collaborated extensively with her second husband Paul Schuster Taylor, a prominent social economist and expert in farm labour with whom she published the seminal photo book An American Exodus: A Record of Human Erosion in 1939, also on display in the exhibition. The exhibition continues with rarely seen photographs of the internment of more than 100,000 American citizens of Japanese descent that Lange produced on commission for the War Relocation Authority following the Japanese attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in 1941. Lange’s critical perspective of this little discussed chapter in US history however meant that her photographs remained unpublished during the war and stored at the National Archives in Washington. It is the first time that this series will be shown comprehensively outside of the US and Canada. Following her documentation of the Japanese American internment, Lange produced a photographic series of the wartime shipyards of Richmond, California with friend and fellow photographer Ansel Adams (1902-1984). Lange and Adams documented the war effort in the shipyards for Fortune magazine in 1944, recording the explosive increase in population numbers and the endlessly changing shifts of shipyard workers. Capturing the mass recruitment of workers, Lange turned her camera on both female and black workers, for the first time part of the workforce, and their defiance of sexist and racist attitudes. The exhibition features several of Lange’s post-war series, when she photographed extensively in California. Her series Public Defender (1955-1957) explores the US legal defence system for the poor and disadvantaged through the work of a public defender at the Alameda County Courthouse in Oakland. Death of a Valley (1956-1957), made in collaboration with photographer Pirkle Jones, documents the disappearance of the small rural town of Monticello in California’s Berryessa Valley as a consequence of the damming of the Putah Creek. Capturing the destruction of a landscape and traditional way of life, the photographs testify to Lange’s environmentalist politics and have not been displayed or published since the 1960s. The exhibition concludes with Lange’s series of Ireland (1954), the first made outside the US. Spending six weeks in County Clare in western Ireland, Lange captured the experience of life in and around the farming town of Ennis in stark and evocative photographs that symbolise Lange’s attraction to the traditional life of rural communities. An activist, feminist and environmentalist, Lange used her camera as a political tool to critique themes of injustice, inequality, migration and displacement that bear great resonance with today’s world, a prime example of which is her most iconic image the Migrant Mother (1936). Working in urban and rural contexts across America and beyond, she focused her lens on human suffering and hardship to create compassionate and piercing portraits of people as well as place in the hope to forge social and political reform – from the plight of sharecroppers in the Deep South to Dust Bowl refugees trekking along the highways of California in search of better livelihoods. Dorothea Lange: Politics of Seeing is organised by the Oakland Museum of California. The European presentation has been produced in collaboration with Barbican Art Gallery, London and Jeu de Paume, Paris. Press release from the Barbican Art Gallery Left: Dorothea Lange. Displaced Tennant Farmers, Goodlet, Hardeman Co., Texas 1937. ‘All displaced tenant farmers, the oldest 33. None able to vote because of Texas poll tax. They support an average of four persons each on $22.80 a month’. Second left: Dorothea Lange. Woman of the High Plains, Texas Panhandle June 1938 Dorothea Lange (American, 1895-1965) Woman of the High Plains, Texas Panhandle June 1938 Silver gelatin print © The Dorothea Lange Collection, the Oakland Museum of California Gift of Paul S. Taylor Second left top: Dorothea Lange. Mexican field labourer at station in Sacramento after 5 day trip from Mexico City. Imported by arrangements between Mexican and US governments to work in sugar beets. 6 October 1942. Second left bottom: Dorothea Lange. Filipino Field Worker, Spring Plowing, Cauliflower Fields, Guadalupe, California. March 1937. Right: Dorothea Lange. Damaged Child, Shacktown, Elm Grove, Oklahoma. 1936 Installation views of the exhibition Dorothea Lange: Politics of Seeing at the Barbican Art Gallery, London Photos: Ian Gavan/Getty Images for Barbican Art Gallery Dorothea Lange (American, 1895-1965) Filipino Field Worker, Spring Plowing, Cauliflower Fields, Guadalupe, California March 1937 Silver gelatin print © The Dorothea Lange Collection, the Oakland Museum of California Gift of Paul S. Taylor Dorothea Lange (American, 1895-1965) Damaged Child, Shacktown, Elm Grove, Oklahoma 1936 © The Dorothea Lange Collection, Oakland Museum of California, City of Oakland Gift of Paul S. Taylor Dorothea Lange (American, 1895-1965) San Francisco, California. Flag of allegiance pledge at Raphael Weill Public School, Geary and Buchanan Streets. Children in families of Japanese ancestry were evacuated with their parents and will be housed for the duration in War Relocation Authority centers where facilities will be provided for them to continue their education 1942 Silver gelatin print Courtesy National Archives, photo no. 210-G-C122 Dorothea Lange (American, 1895-1965) Centerville, California. This evacuee stands by her baggage as she waits for evacuation bus. Evacuees of Japanese ancestry will be housed in War Relocation Authority centers for the duration 1942 Silver gelatin print Courtesy National Archives, photo no. 210-G-C241 Dorothea Lange (American, 1895-1965) Manzanar Relocation Center, Manzanar, California. An evacuee is shown in the lath house sorting seedlings for transplanting. These plants are year-old seedlings from the Salinas Experiment Station 1942 Silver gelatin print Courtesy National Archives, photo no. 210-GC737 Dorothea Lange (American, 1895-1965) Manzanar Relocation Center, Manzanar, California July 3, 1942 Silver gelatin print © The Dorothea Lange Collection, the Oakland Museum of California Paul S. Taylor (American, 1895-1984) Dorothea Lange in Texas on the Plains c. 1935 Silver gelatin print © The Dorothea Lange Collection, the Oakland Museum of California Dorothea Lange (American, 1895-1965) Sacramento, California. College students of Japanese ancestry who have been evacuated from Sacramento to the Assembly Center 1942 Silver gelatin print Courtesy National Archives, photo no. 210-GC471 Installation views of the exhibition Dorothea Lange: Politics of Seeing at the Barbican Art Gallery, London Photos: Ian Gavan/Getty Images for Barbican Art Gallery Installation views of the exhibition Dorothea Lange: Politics of Seeing at the Barbican Art Gallery, London Photos: Ian Gavan/Getty Images for Barbican Art Gallery Barbican Art Gallery Barbican Centre Silk Street, London, EC2Y 8DS Opening hours: Sat – Wed 10am – 6pm (last entry 5pm) Thu – Fri 10am – 8pm (last entry 7pm) Bank Holidays 12 – 6pm (last entry 5pm) Barbican Art Gallery website LIKE ART BLART ON FACEBOOK Back to top Exhibition dates: 1st March – 20th May 2018 Victorian Giants: The Birth of Art Photography is curated by Phillip Prodger PhD, Head of Photographs at the National Portrait Gallery, London Poster for the catalogue for the exhibition Victorian Giants: The Birth of Art Photography at the National Portrait Gallery, London Oh Clementina! the light, the stars! There is enough text in the posting for me not to really have to say anything. It’s all there… Art, influence, technology; Classical, formal, diaristic; Intimacy, mystery, atmospheric; Motherhood, sexuality, feminist identity, nascent womanhood; ‘Profil perdu’ (French, ‘lost profile’, which refers to a portrait in which the profile cannot be seen), mirror, loss, duplication and replication, illusion, and fetish … all woven into a performative, psychological, expressive and creative (self) portraiture. The real stars of the show are most definitely the women… the avant-garde artists of their era. Dr Marcus Bunyan View part 1 of the posting Many thankx to the National Portrait Gallery, London for allowing me to publish the photographs in the posting. Please click on the photographs for a larger version of the image. This major exhibition is the first to examine the relationship between four ground-breaking Victorian artists: Julia Margaret Cameron (1815-1879), Lewis Carroll (1832-1898), Lady Clementina Hawarden (1822-1865) and Oscar Rejlander (1813-1875). Drawn from public and private collections internationally, the exhibition features some of the most breath-taking images in photographic history. Influenced by historical painting and frequently associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, the four artists formed a bridge between the art of the past and the art of the future, standing as true giants in Victorian photography. “The women are the real stars of this exhibition. Their pictures are bolder and bigger, more imaginative and more daring. They portray people with a raw reality that is not just the result of the collodion method but a powerful, visionary insight. Hawarden’s pictures of Victorian women have an intimacy that transcends time and a mystery that asserts the autonomy of her subjects. They are feminist, and gothic too, in their eerie atmosphere. In an 1863-4 picture called ‘Photographic Study’, she poses a young woman by a mirror so that we see her twice. The “real” woman is in brooding profile while her reflection is a shadowy full-face image. The effect is spookily absorbing as we become witnesses to her melancholic introspection. Hawarden’s ultra-sharp yet shadow-rich prints create unresolved stories featuring women free to show who they really are. None of them look happy. All are curiously defiant – these pictures anticipate those of the 1970s US artist Francesca Woodman. As portraits of women created by women, these Victorian photographers’ subversive creations have almost no precedents. Not that Cameron looked to the handful of earlier women artists as models. She was trying to be a new Rembrandt: her portraits consciously compete with the masterpieces of the baroque age. While the painted portraits of male Victorian artists such as John Everett Millais and George Frederic Watts are period pieces at best, her great 1866 photograph Mountain Nymph, Sweet Liberty (Mrs Keene) with its subtle mix of resolution and suggestiveness brings us face to face with someone whose eyes hold ours and whose mind is as real to us as her tangled hair. There is a sensitivity to the magic of being human in Cameron’s portraits that makes her the greatest British artist of her time. This exhibition puts her in a brilliantly delineated context of experiment and imagination, the first avant-garde artist of the camera.” Extract from Jonathan Jones. “Victorian Giants: the Birth of Art Photography review – the triumph of the female gaze,” on The Guardian website Friday 2 March 2018 [Online] Cited 14/02/2022 Clementina Hawarden (British, 1822-1865) Her life cruelly cut short by pneumonia at the age of forty-two, Clementina Maude, Viscountess Hawarden produced some 800 photographs in her lifetime, nearly all are of her eight children posed in poignant tableaux. She began to photograph on her family’s estate, outside Tipperary, around 1857, later moving to Princes Gardens, London, near Hyde Park. Frequently compared to Cameron, she was much admired by Carroll, and on her death, Rejlander wrote her obituary. (Wall text) . “In that vein, the greatest discovery in the exhibition is a thrillingly strange image by Hawarden, to my mind always the most intriguing photographer of the four. Hawarden was a Scottish countess who had ten children. She photographed all of her daughters repeatedly, and there were so many of them it’s hard to keep track. Her photographs, which are often classical in their formal qualities, nevertheless anticipate the diaristic work of the 20th century photographers Sally Mann and Nan Goldin. They often contain more than one girl, and often feature mirrors, so that everything is about multiplication or reflection – an effect that might also be seen as a form of self-portraiture in the mother of so many.” (Gaby Wood. “A jewel-like show of photographs Victorian Giants, National Portrait Gallery, review,” on The Telegraph website 27th February 2018 [Online] Cited 14/02/2022) Her photographic years were brief but prolific. Hawarden produced over eight hundred photographs between 1857 and her sudden death in 1864. During this time she gave birth to three of her eight children. Lady Hawarden’s photographic focus remained on her children. There is only one photograph believed to feature the Viscountess Hawarden, yet it could also be a portrait of her sister Anne Bontine. A collection of 775 portraits were donated to the Victoria and Albert Museum, London in 1939 by Hawarden’s granddaughter, Clementina Tottenham. The photographs were torn, or cut, from family albums for reasons that are still unclear. This accounts for the torn or trimmed corners which are now considered a hallmark of Hawarden’s work. Carol Mavor writes extensively about the place of Hawarden’s work in the history of Victorian photography as well as contemporary interpretations of the work. She states, “Hawarden’s pictures raise significant issues of gender, motherhood, and sexuality as they relate to photography’s inherent attachments to loss, duplication and replication, illusion, fetish.” (Mavor, Carol (1999). Becoming: the photographs of Clementina, Viscountess Hawarden (1st ed.). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.) Text from the Wikipedia website Clementina Hawarden (British, 1822-1865) Photographic Study, 5 Princes Gardens (Clementina Maude) 1863-1864 from The Photographic Study Series by Clementina, Lady Hawarden Albumen silver print from glass negative Given by Lady Clementina Tottenham © Victoria and Albert Museum, London “Although her work has often been linked to that of Julia Margaret Cameron, the best known woman photographer of the Victorian epoch, Clementina Hawarden struck out into areas and depicted moods unknown to the art photographers of her age.” ~ Graham Ovenden 1974 This remarkable photograph shows a woman gazing into a mirror, but not at her own reflection. Instead, the picture was carefully arranged so that the woman’s face is seen in profile, while only her reflection looks back out of the mirror. Hawarden excelled at producing ambiguous narrative photographs such as this one, suggesting the rich inner life of the subject, without telling a clear story. The heroes of her pictures are nearly always women, who seem all but trapped in domestic interiors. Wall text Clementina Hawarden (British, 1822-1865) Photographic Study (Clementina Maude) early 1860s Albumen print from wet collodion negative 20.1 x 14.4cm (7 15/16 x 5 11/16 in.) Gilman Collection, Purchase, Harriette and Noel Levine Gift, 2005 © Metropolitan Museum of Art Clementina, Lady Hawarden, is a poetic, if elusive, presence among nineteenth-century photographers. As a devoted mother, her life revolved around her eight children. She took up photography in 1857; using her daughters as models, she created a body of work remarkable for its technical brilliance and its original depiction of nascent womanhood. Lady Hawarden showed her work in the 1863 and 1864 exhibitions of the Photographic Society. With the exception of a few rare examples, her photographs remained in the possession of her family until 1939, when the more than eight hundred images were donated to the Victoria and Albert Museum. Only recently have they been the objects of research, publication, and exhibition. Clementina Maude, her mother’s preferred model, is seen here in a reflective pose against a star-studded wall. The casual placement of the shawl on the table and the girl’s loose hair contribute to the feeling of intimacy. In the airy room time seems to be suspended. The sensuous curves of the table legs, the soft weight of the crushed velvet, and the crispness of the starry wallpaper are enhanced by the skilful handling of the collodion technique. The composition, devoid of Victorian clutter, brings together light, shadow, and compositional elements in a spare and appealing interplay. In contrast to the prevailing fashion of giving literary or sentimental titles to portraits of young women, Lady Hawarden titled her works simply “Photographic Study.” Text from the Metropolitan Museum of Art website Clementina Hawarden (British, 1822-1865) Photographic Study (Clementina and Isabella Grace Maude) 1863-64 Albumen print from wet collodion negative © Victoria and Albert Museum, London Hawarden frequently dressed up her sitters and arranged them in enigmatic narratives like this one. Although not derived from any known painting, the manner of dress, including the cloak and tricorn hat of the male figure (actually one of Hawarden’s daughters dressed up), suggest an eighteenth century reference. Wall text Clementina Hawarden (British, 1822-1865) Photographic Study (Florence Elizabeth and Clementina Maude) 1863-1864 Albumen print from wet collodion negative © Victoria and Albert Museum, London Working from upstairs rooms at 5 Princes Gardens, near to the South Kensington Museum (where both she and Julia Margaret Cameron were frequent visitors), Hawarden used light streaming from large floor to ceiling windows to illuminate her pictures. Her subjects were usually her children, especially her daughters Clementina, Florence, and Isabella Grace, whom she posed in domestic tableaux. Both Carroll and Rejlander knew and admired Hawarden. On at least one occasion, Rejlander photographed her daughter Isabella Grace; after Hawarden’s death, he also photographed her youngest daughter, Antonia. Wall text Clementina Hawarden (British, 1822-1865) Hawarden Isabella Grace and Clementina Maude, 5 Princes Gardens c. 1863-1864 Albumen print from wet collodion negative Given by Lady Clementina Tottenham © Victoria and Albert Museum, London Virginia Dodier thinks that this photograph belongs to an ‘Orientalist’ series. Here, Lady Hawarden gives her drawing room a tent-like atmosphere. Such scenes were popularised by the painter J. F. Lewis, and Roger Fenton exhibited his photographic ‘Nubian Series’ in 1859. Dodier writes that the idea of Orientalism allowed European artists to ‘evoke sensuality on the premise of presenting quasi-ethnographical information about the customs of the East’. The idea of the fancy dress or allegorical portrait stems from an earlier tradition in English art. They are found, for example, in the work of the painter Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792). Text from the Victoria and Albert Museum website Lady Clementina Hawarden: Themes & Style (extract) With careful choice of props, clothing, mirrors, balcony, and posture, Hawarden produced exquisite studies of her adolescent daughters. The figures and dress are the main subject, carefully framed in the room, and often in front of the balcony. The city beyond often provides a blurred background. The writer Carol Mavor in Becoming: The Photographs of Clementina, Viscountess Hawarden suggests that the often provocative poses of Hawarden’s daughters are significant. The Victorians were bothered by the idea of sexuality and adolescence, and in 1861 the Offences Against the Person Act raised the age of consent from 10 to 12. This was also the year in which Hawarden began to make this kind of photograph, though there is no evidence that she was deliberately exploring this controversial topic. Hawarden liked to use natural light in her studio at her South Kensington home, in a way that was seen at the time as ‘daring’. She placed mirrors to reflect light and used them to explore the idea of ‘the double’, just as other photographers (and occasionally Hawarden herself) used a stereoscopic camera to produce twin prints. From around 1862 Hawarden concentrated on photographing her daughters in costume tableaux, a popular subject at the time. Costumes from the dressing up box are combined with dresses at the height of fashion to produce beautiful and detailed studies that confound the contemporary with the make-believe. Text from the Victoria and Albert Museum website [Online] Cited 16/05/2018. No longer available online Clementina Hawarden (British, 1822-1865) Photographic Study (Clementina and Florence Elizabeth Maude) 1859-1861 Uncut stereo albumen print Figure 60 and 61 of the catalogue for the exhibition Victorian Giants: The Birth of Art Photography at the National Portrait Gallery, London Figure 112 and 113 of the catalogue for the exhibition Victorian Giants: The Birth of Art Photography at the National Portrait Gallery, London Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) According to his naturalisation papers, Rejlander was born in Stockholm on October 19, 1813. He was the son of Carl Gustaf Rejlander, a stonemason and Swedish Army Officer. During his youth, his family moved to the Swedish-speaking community in Rauma, Finland (then Russia). In the 1830s, he relocated to England, initially settling in Lincoln, England. In the 1850s he abandoned his original profession as a painter and portrait miniaturist, apparently after seeing how well a photograph captured the fold of a sleeve. He set up as a portraitist in the industrial Midlands town of Wolverhampton, probably around 1846. In the early 1850s he learned the wet-collodion and waxed-paper processes at great speed with Nicholas Henneman in London, and then changed his business to that of a photography studio. He undertook genre work and portraiture. Rejlander also produced nude studies, mainly for use as studies by painters. There are no known erotic photographs of children by Rejlander. His so-called ‘Charlotte Baker’ photograph is a well-known forgery, produced by convicted child sex offender Graham Ovenden by Ovenden’s friend Howard Grey in the 1970s, rephotographed and printed to look antique by Ovenden. No person by the name Charlotte Baker ever seems to have posed for Rejlander. Rejlander undertook many experiments to perfect his photography, including combination printing, which he did not invent; however, he created more elaborate and convincing composite photographs than any prior photographer. He had articles feature in the Wolverhampton Chronicle, on 15 November 1854 an article called “Improvement in Calotypes, by Mr. O.G. Rejlander, of Wolverhampton” it suggests that by 1854 he was experimenting with combination printing from several negatives. He was a friend of photographer Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (better known by the nom de plume Lewis Carroll), who collected Rejlander’s work and corresponded with him on technical matters. Rejlander later created one of the best known and most revealing portraits of Dodgson. Rejlander participated in the Paris Exhibition of 1855. In 1856 he made his best-known allegorical work, The Two Ways of Life. This was a seamlessly montaged combination print made of thirty-two images (akin to the use of Photoshop today, but then far more difficult to achieve) in about six weeks. First exhibited at the Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition of 1857, the work shows a man being lured to paths of vice or virtue by good and bad angels. The image’s partial nudity, which showed real women as they actually appeared and not the idealised forms then common in Victorian art, was deemed ‘indecent’ by some. Rejlander was also accused of using prostitutes as models, although Rejlander categorically denied this and no proof was ever offered. Reservations about the work subsided when Queen Victoria ordered a 10-guinea copy to give to Prince Albert. Victoria and Albert would go on to purchase three copies of the work, all of which are now lost. … Rejlander moved his studio to Malden Road, London around 1862 and largely abandoned her early experiments with double exposure, photomontage, photographic manipulation and retouching. Instead, he became one of Britain’s leading portraitists, creating pictures with psychological charge. He became a leading expert in photographic techniques, lecturing and publishing widely, and sold work through bookshops and art dealers. He also found subject-matter in London, photographing homeless London street children to produce popular ‘social-protest’ pictures such as “Poor Joe,” also known as “Homeless”. … Rejlander’s ideas and techniques were taken up by other photographers and this, to some extent, justifies labelling him as the father of art photography. Text from the Wikipedia website Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) Charles Darwin 1871 Albumen print © Moderna Museet, Stockholm Starting in the late 1860s, Charles Darwin began collecting photographs for use in the research that would eventually become his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). Hoping to find authentic photographs, that captured emotional expressions as they actually occurred, he visited print shops and studios in London, and contacted several photographers hoping to commission new pictures. Few, if any, of the photographs he acquired met his ambitious expectations. In April, 1871, Darwin wrote, ‘I am now rich in photographs, for I have found in London Rejlander, who for years has had a passion for photographing all sorts of chance expressions, exhibited on various occasions … instantaneously.’ Rejlander would go on to become the main contributor of photographs to Darwin’s book. Wall text Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) The Two Ways of Life 1856-1957 Albumen print, made from approximately 32 separate negatives Moderna Museet, Stockholm One of the most famous pictures in photographic history, Rejlander’s Two Ways of Life caused a sensation when it was exhibited at the Manchester Art Treasures exhibition in 1857. To make it, Rejlander combined some thirty-two separate negatives (there were variations between printings, and it is not always clear where negatives begin and end). Some viewers were offended by the nudes, whose bodies appear frank and realistic compared to the ideal fantasies painters were expected to produce. Others objected to its ambition, since Rejlander seemed to be saying that photography could be used to produce pictures just as meaningful, and as artistically composed, as any painting. To make Two Ways of Life, Rejlander had to arrange the various subjects within it at the right size to maintain visual perspective. This was a challenge, since enlargement and reduction of negatives was not yet possible in the darkroom. The only way he could change the size of something in the negative was to rephotograph it. This is the finest known print of the photograph, which is also known in a reduced form. The photograph is a parable featuring Rejlander himself, who stands in the middle, listening to ‘good’ and ‘bad’ angels luring him to paths of vice and virtue. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert loved the picture and bought three copies, none of which survive. Wall text Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) The Evening Sun (Iphigenia) c. 1860 © Gernsheim Collection, Harry Ransom Centre, The University of Texas at Austin Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) The Evening Sun (Iphigenia) c. 1860 © Gernsheim Collection, Harry Ransom Centre, The University of Texas at Austin Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) The Evening Sun (Iphigenia) (detail) c. 1860 © Gernsheim Collection, Harry Ransom Centre, The University of Texas at Austin Iphigenia was a daughter of King Agamemnon who appears in legends about the Trojan War. When her father accidentally offended the goddess Artemis, he was forced to sacrifice Iphigenia to appease the goddess so that she would allow his ships to sail to Troy. She was tricked into going to the town of Aulis under the pretence that she would marry the heroic warrior Achilles. In some versions she was killed, while in others she was rescued by Artemis. Wall text Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) Ariadne 1857 Albumen print from a wet collodion negative Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) Nude female study c. 1867 Albumen print 7 3/4 x 5 3/8 in. (196 x 138mm) overall Given by Stephan Loewentheil, 2017 © National Portrait Gallery, London Rejlander produced a number of nude studies which he sold to painters for use as studies. He considered these pictures significant because they pointed up errors historically made by painters when depicting human anatomy. Although he was happy for painters to use photographs to improve their paintings, he also saw accuracy of depiction as one of the things that made photography special when compared to other art forms. Wall text Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) The Virgin in prayer (after Sassoferrato) c. 1857 albumen print 6 7/8 x 5 7/8 in. (174 x 150mm) overall Purchased with help from the Art Fund, Jane and Michael Wilson and Stephen Barry, 2015 © National Portrait Gallery, London This photograph is a based on the famous painting The Virgin in Prayer painted by the Italian Baroque painter Sassoferrato 1640-1650, now in the collection of the National Gallery, London. The rise of public art spaces in Britain in the nineteenth century, including the National Gallery (1824), and the National Portrait Gallery (1856), provided inspiration for countless photographers. Rejlander was particularly enthusiastic about restaging famous paintings, often in order to demonstrate mistakes that painters had made in scale and perspective. The process was fun, and the results fuelled the debate about photography’s role among the arts. Wall text Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) The Virgin in prayer (after Sassoferrato) c. 1857 Albumen print 7 3/4 x 5 3/4 in. (196 x 146mm) overall Given by Stephan Loewentheil, 2017 © National Portrait Gallery, London Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) Unknown young woman 1860-1866 Albumen print 7 3/8 x 5 1/4 in. (188 x 134mm) overall Purchased with help from the Art Fund, Jane and Michael Wilson and Stephen Barry, 2015 © National Portrait Gallery, London Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) Untitled (unknown sitter, possibly Rejlander’s wife, Mary) c. 1863 Printed by Julia Margaret Cameron Albumen print from wet collodion glass negative Given by Mrs Margaret Southam, 1941 © Victoria and Albert Museum, London Cameron invited Rejlander to the Isle of Wight in 1863. Before the visit, Rejlander provided her with some of his own negatives, so that she could practise printing. She experimented with some, decorating them with ferns. This picture, which descended through Cameron’s family, was once believed to have been made by her. However, it is now recognised as one of the pictures Cameron printed from a Rejlander negative. The subject is one who frequently appears in Rejlander’s work, and may even have been his wife, Mary. Wall text Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) Unknown young woman 1863-1866 Albumen print 8 1/8 x 5 7/8 in. (205 x 149mm) overall Purchased with help from the Art Fund, Jane and Michael Wilson and Stephen Barry, 2015 © National Portrait Gallery, London Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) ‘Sleep’ (Mary Rejlander (née Bull)) c. 1855 Albumen print 6 1/8 x 6 5/8 in. (156 x 167mm) overall Purchased with help from the Art Fund, Jane and Michael Wilson and Stephen Barry, 2015 © National Portrait Gallery, London Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) Minnie Constable 1860-1866 Albumen print 7 1/2 x 5 3/4 in. (192 x 146mm) overall Purchased with help from the Art Fund, Jane and Michael Wilson and Stephen Barry, 2015 © National Portrait Gallery, London Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) ‘Art must assist Photography’ (Putto as Allegory of Painting) 1856 Albumen print 4 3/4 x 3 5/8 in. (120 x 93mm) overall Purchased with help from the Art Fund, Jane and Michael Wilson and Stephen Barry, 2015 © National Portrait Gallery, London Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) Oscar Gustav Rejlander; Mary Rejlander (née Bull) 1860-1866 Albumen print 8 5/8 x 6 1/4 in. (219 x 158mm) overall Purchased with help from the Art Fund, Jane and Michael Wilson and Stephen Barry, 2015 © National Portrait Gallery, London Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) Unknown woman 1860-1866 Albumen print 8 x 5 3/4 in. (202 x 147mm) overall Purchased with help from the Art Fund, Jane and Michael Wilson and Stephen Barry, 2015 © National Portrait Gallery, London Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) ‘A devotee’ (Unknown woman) 1860-1866 Albumen print 8 5/8 x 6 1/4 in. (219 x 158mm) overall Purchased with help from the Art Fund, Jane and Michael Wilson and Stephen Barry, 2015 © National Portrait Gallery, London Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) Purify my heart also known as The Little Sisters c. 1862 Albumen print 5 x 4 1/8 in. (127 x 105mm) overall Given by Stephan Loewentheil, 2017 © National Portrait Gallery, London This photograph shows two sisters side by side in profile, their hands clasped in prayer. One girl seems almost to be a mirror reflection of the other. Rejlander exhibited versions of this photograph with two different titles. Purify My Heart is a reference to the biblical passage James 4:8: ‘Draw nigh to God, and he will draw nigh to you. Cleanse your hands, ye sinners; and purify your hearts, ye double minded.’ Lewis Carroll admired this photograph and purchased a copy for his personal collection. Wall text Oscar Rejlander (British born Sweden, 1813-1875) Unknown young woman 1863-1866 Albumen print 8 1/8 x 5 7/8 in. (205 x 149 mm) overall Purchased with help from the Art Fund, Jane and Michael Wilson and Stephen Barry, 2015 © National Portrait Gallery, London National Portrait Gallery St Martin’s Place London, WC2H 0HE Opening hours: Open daily: 10.30 – 18.00 Friday and Saturday: 10.30 – 21.00 National Portrait Gallery website LIKE ART BLART ON FACEBOOK Back to top
2410	dbpedia	3	76	https://nolancentenary.com.au/expatriatism-in-excited-reverie/	en	Expatriatism in Excited Reverie	https://nolancentenary.c…t-7.56.54-pm.jpg		[ "https://nolancentenary.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/logo-nolan02.png", "https://nolancentenary.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/by-default-2017-04-22-at-7.56.54-pm.jpg", "https://nolancentenary.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/by-default-2017-04-22-at-8.09.44-pm-195x300.jpg", "https://nolancentenary.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Sid-Luna-Park-300x236.jpg", "https://nolancentenary.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/sid-helicopter-1024x954.jpg", "https://nolancentenary.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/by-default-2017-04-22-at-8.08.34-pm.jpg", "https://nolancentenary.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/sid-brian-the-rodd-1024x684.jpg", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cdba1e68d3b9b9090dd2937d6788757f?s=56&d=mm&r=g" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "David Rainey", "Sean Rainey", "Wordpress Developer Melbourne" ]	null		en			https://nolancentenary.com.au/expatriatism-in-excited-reverie/	A TRIBUTE BY BRIAN ADAMS Last year I published “Sidney Nolan’s Odyssey – a Life” timed strategically to mark the centenary of the painter’s birth in Melbourne on 22 April 1917. I assumed, quite reasonably, that several major happenings would be announced – particularly in his home town – to celebrate one of Australia’s most famous and honoured sons, culturally or otherwise. But apparently not! There was a two-week, not-for-purchase exhibition of his earlier works from private collections by a leading art auction house in Sydney which was mainly a social event masquerading as a fundraiser for Opera Australia. This had only a peripheral, and as it happens, rather bizarre connection with the company for which Sidney designed only one production: a searing Il trovatore I produced as a simulcast on ABC Television in 1983 and which could have been curtains for the artist and his career because during rehearsals, while negotiating a temporary ramp between stage and auditorium, he lost balance and plummeted to the orchestra pit below in a moment of high drama to match anything in Verdi’s dark masterpiece. The result was three broken ribs and immediate hospitalization from which Sidney survived but had to miss opening night. Otherwise, there would have been far less to celebrate this year. Presumably, that pay-to-view art show of Sotheby’s, which closed twelve days before Nolan’s centenary birth date, was never intended to be a philanthropic gesture, but organized with an eye to managing future sales of his work during a year when attention would be concentrated on Australia’s most expensive artist by auction records. Their great rival Christie’s, however, has made no bones about cashing-in on the event by aiming high to attract his works for a major London auction later in the year reflecting ‘great themes, from early Kellys and including the Gallipoli paintings, Burke and Wills series, Mrs Fraser, Drought, Africa and Antarctica’. Christie’s auction is timed to coincide with an exhibition of Nolan’s “Back of Beyond” drawings at the British Museum from the outback journey he made in June 1952 to record the effects of a drought that devastated the beef industry of Queensland and the Northern Territory. The trip resulted in a series of bleak sketches, a number of revealing photographs, and was followed by a series of paintings, some depicting a lunar landscape littered with animal carcasses mummified in grotesque death throes. They remain a testament to the awesome fragility of a continent for all forms of life, and in spite of their grim subject matter have come to rate among the artist’s greatest works. Perusing my curiosity about how the centenary would be observed for a person I knew and admired both professionally and socially for 35 years, travelling with him extensively to make international television documentaries and writing two biographical studies, I paid a visit to the Art Gallery of New South Wales during February this year. I wanted to see what had changed since I was last there a couple of years before, and walking into the main entrance gallery, I found it looking brighter and more impressive than I remembered from many days filming there in the past with Christo, Gilbert and George, Robert Hughes and Sidney himself. I asked about plans for Nolan’s centenary at the information desk. Staffed by three smartly dressed staff wearing the sort of uniforms seen behind the reception desks of upmarket hotels, I asked a young woman what special events were being planned by the gallery for Sidney Nolan. She lost her smile of greeting, looked blank for a moment and then asked, “Would you spell that name please.” Taken aback, assuming my speech had a certain clarity from being a former broadcaster and news presenter in New Zealand, Australia and at the BBC before my career changed direction, I carefully intoned “S-I-D-N-E-Y’ (pause) “N-O-L-A-N” as if teaching a small child to learn an unfamiliar name. She tapped each letter into her computer while I waited bemused, recalling this was exactly the spot where the artist in question, was ‘discovered’ by none other than Sir Kenneth Clark from London, having escaped the formative clutches of his mentors Sunday and John Reed’s Bloomsbury of the Bush at Heidelberg, Victoria. Although settled in Sydney by this time, he could never have imagined that his career was set in only one direction: London. Revered in the art world for his energetic and scholarly directorship of London’s National Gallery, Kenneth Clark’s book “Landscape into Art” was an international best-seller and he currently held the prestigious academic post of Slade Professor of Fine Art at Oxford. His trip to Australia by sea in 1949 was to lecture on Cézanne and talk business with the National Gallery of Victoria as consultant for its well-endowed Felton Bequest. A man known to voice strong opinions, he was reported to remark, ‘Australia had the worst art, but the best Victorian pornography in the world’, referring to the bevies of naked young ladies disporting themselves across the canvases of the Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood eagerly bought by Australian benefactors to challenge the rigid moral codes of a previous century Visiting Sydney’s State art gallery, Clark was proudly shown their collection of the so-called Heidelberg School of plein-air painters, finding them small and unadventurous when compared to the French Impressionists, and was about to leave when he noticed a painting entered in the annual Wynne Competition for landscape that attracted his keen eye like a beacon for its ‘remarkable originality and painter-like qualities’. The director Hal Missingham was unfamiliar with the artist and dismissed him – or her – as ‘a nobody’ but Clark insisted on seeing the exhibition catalogue where he found the painter’s name and the picture’s title: “Abandoned Mine” from his recent exhibition of “Queensland Outback” subjects. Given an address at Wahroonga in the northern suburbs of Sydney, an appointment was made by telephone for the distinguished visitor to visit Mr Sidney Nolan’s studio that afternoon. The viewing took place in sweltering heat with the almost deafening sound of cicadas in the trees outside, and the artist dressed in his painting attire of khaki shorts. A frosty atmosphere was generated by his wife Cynthia who resented the intrusion which interfered with her habitual afternoon nap. Ignoring this, Clark was delighted with what he saw and bought “Little Dog Mine” painted on hardboard with Ripolin enamel from the same series he’d seen earlier in the city. On leaving, he offered to assist the artist with contacts should he be planning to visit England and then departed with his companion in their waiting taxi, ‘confident that I had stumbled on a genius’. Nolan remembered that visit to his studio as a day of reckoning: “Like the mountain coming to Mahomet, though I was completely thrown by Clark’s oblique remark about going to England. On first sight I thought that he and his Burke (Joseph Burke, recently appointed to the Herald Chair of Fine Arts at the University of Melbourne]) were a bit of a Pommy joke, what with their jolly-good jargon that made our supposed common language sound like some foreign tongue, wearing their tailor-made suits on a stinking hot day and flaunting exquisite gentlemanly manners.” But the scholarly Clark stirred something in the artist while studying his work in the afternoon heat with an air of supreme authority. “I’d never experienced anything like that before, certainly not in Melbourne or at Heide. So in spite of all the overt Englishness he displayed, I knew I must go to England, in spite of my wife’s refusal point-blank to even consider it because she had done her own grand touring years before and insisted on settling down to a quiet life in Sydney.” My recollection of that pivotal point in Nolan’s early career which, had it not been for Clark and Burke’s unexpected visit, would almost certainly have turned out differently, was interrupted by the gallery receptionist telling me that she could find no special events scheduled for Sidney Nolan. Attempting to be helpful, she suggested I walk around the corner to where some of his paintings, including the single most expensive Australian artwork sold at auction ($A5.4 million), were hung, together with some of his contemporaries like Sir William Dobell. I thanked her as gracefully as possible in the circumstances and departed, not needing to see pictures I was thoroughly familiar with, having made television documentaries as well as researching and writing biographies of both the artists mentioned: “Sidney Nolan – Such is Life” and “William Dobell – Portrait of an Artist.” I could only assume that other State galleries and the National in Canberra were content to observe this centenary by drawing on their own collections and leaving it at that. An exception was the Heide Museum of Modern Art in Victoria where Nolan painted most of his famous Ned Kelly series during 1946-7 (but not “First-class marksman” displayed in Sydney) on the kitchen table at the Reed’s Heide farmhouse, which would make him at the age of thirty a premature old master in his own country. His Man in the Iron Mask, an iconic Kelly image perhaps derived in the painter’s mind as much from Alexandre Dumas as the notorious bushranger’s own ferrous armour, would dominate the rest of his creative life and reputation. Full marks then, to the excellent Heide Museum for arranging a programme of Kelly-focused talks and tours throughout 2017. The rather sparse centenary celebration in Australia for someone of such standing in its culture can be accounted for. I experienced anti-Nolan sentiments when writing and directing the 1987 television documentary Sidney Nolan – Such is Life planned as a personal retrospective of his brilliant career filmed around the world to mark his 70th birthday. An expensive production, it was financed by RM Productions of Munich, the Irish national broadcaster RTE and Britain’s Channel 4, but needed a partner willing to underwrite the obligatory Australian sequences. I’d explored similar territory a decade previously in my 1977 film Nolan at Sixty, written and narrated by Kenneth Clark – Lord Clark of Civilization as Robert Hughes dubbed him – and co-produced by the ABC and BBC on a big budget for international distribution. But sentiment regarding the artist had turned sour during that decade, with no Australian broadcaster wanted to participate in the Such is Life film, a rejection expressed bluntly by an ABC executive: “We’ve shown more than enough of Sid Nolan, thank you very much!” As far as I know, that documentary has never been shown on television domestically, although Peter Neustadt’s plucky CEL company, marketing video cassettes of Joan Sutherland’s Australian Opera performances that I produced as ABC simulcasts, provided the necessary local funding to allow it being made. Thirty years later, with home entertainment technology having progressed at a breakneck pace from the video Stone Age, copies of the Such is Life video cassette issued by CEL Arts are in demand this centenary year – if you can lay your hands on one. The impression that Sidney Nolan had sold out of Australia by basing himself overseas gained ground as early as 1961 when a mixed show at London’s Whitechapel Gallery “Recent Australian Painting” included a “Leda and the Swan” subject and the first major Gallipoli picture to be seen in public. The young and audacious Brett Whiteley was represented by a group of fleshy abstract landscapes which Nolan admired. But at the opening, Brett, aged 22 and most probably stoned, started to make snide remarks about ‘Sid’s international successes’, which made Sidney feel that he had been fooling himself to imagine that with his London success he was somehow carrying the flag for Australian art. Another young painter from Australia rather drunkenly pointed out that all Sid had done during his time away from home was to muddy the waters, blocking the public’s acceptance of those artists who had not compromised their integrity, or identity, by living overseas. Instead of carrying the flag, Nolan was accused of trying to steal it. He reacted: “I got a terrible shock, being made to feel by Brett and the others that all I had been doing was to hold up the game and stop real artists, like them, from coming through.” He claimed to lose his Australian innocence as a result of the Whitechapel show and retreated from believing it was honourable to think of himself as a cultural ambassador for Australia, telling Arthur Boyd, his closest friend: “They act like barbarians and the honeymoon is over for me. I say with all honesty, Arthur that I can no longer admit with hand on my heart that Australian civilization deserves ipso facto to flourish, as I’d thought up to now.” Following a lengthy absence from what Sidney called ‘the English art game’, while they travelled in Europe and America, the Nolans had returned to London in 1960, bought a house and settled down to become increasingly prominent in the capital’s cultural scene. Nolan was approached by the social observer and editor of fashionable Queen magazine Mark Boxer, to contribute a series of articles because, looking ahead, he backed Sidney Nolan and Francis Bacon as likely to be the dominant painters in Britain through the Sixties. Cynthia was suspicious of this approach, having heard her husband criticized by his painter friend from Heide days, Albert Tucker, for repetitive imagery in the controversial but commercially successful London exhibition “Leda and the Swan”. “I’d known Albert for a long time,” he explained, “and that comment caused a very destructive situation, especially when he accused me of stealing a march on him by licking Kenneth Clark’s arse.” Clark, Boxer, and Bryan Robertson, the influential curator and art manager, gained immense publicity for Nolan at this time, and according to the artist: “Lilian Somerville of the British Council tried to get me to drop my Australianisms, change passports and integrate more into the English scene to get a show at the Venice Biennale, warning that my association with Kenneth Clark was the kiss of death.” Staunchly retaining his original travel document, the unlikely bond between the two men developed into a firm friendship, intimate enough to discuss the state of their marriages, far exceeding what appeared to outsiders as a mutual admiration society. Much later, it became generally accepted he had joined the English establishment becoming a country squire after buying a fine rural estate with a fine 17th century mansion called The Rodd near the Welsh border, where he and his third wife Mary (the divorced sister of Arthur Boyd) would spend the rest of their days in almost Elizabethan splendour. And neither did much to dispel the image, making the story of the Australian-Irish lad from working-class Melbourne who became his nation’s most famous painter, member of Britain’s art establishment and eventually a gentleman farmer in the English shires with some of the highest honours the Queen of Australia could bestow, sound like fiction – if not fantasy. I described his character recently in the introduction to “Sidney Nolan’s Odyssey” as a complex, controversial figure with a paramount passion for painting who often adopted an engaging cross-cultural blend of Irish blarney and Australian bullshit to both create and deconstruct mythologies while plumbing the depths of his own and his nation’s psyche. This image was consolidated at either end of his axis of recognition betwixt Sydney and London, when England became the Nolans’ permanent home from where, he said, his subjects, usually rooted on the other side of the world, could be depicted in the clearest light. It is no surprise, therefore, that the most generous attention being paid to Sidney Nolan during his centenary year is in Britain where he lived the longest and thrived. There, a rich, year-long program of significant events serve to question the muted response in Australia. His transition was already near complete when on 22 April 1987 former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, with a characteristically colourful speech, launched my original Nolan biography “Such is Life” at the Art Gallery of New South Wales. The subject of the book was unable to be present, but sent a short telegram to be read out explaining he was in Dublin, where the corner of a famous hotel bar in the Irish capital was being named after him. Nolan’s proclivity for things Irish was often regarded at worst as pretence – and a touch of the blarney at best. This overlooks his innate generosity in donating a large number of works as a foundation collection for what is now IMMA, the Irish Museum of Modern Art, housed in the restored former Royal Hospital the finest 17th century building in Ireland. Over the years he donated much of his large-scale work to institutions in Australia, but this Irish gesture came from the heart in recognition of what he regarded as a proud ancestry In almost total Nolan mode at the time, and feeling a bit like a Boswell with many dozens of hours recorded from our conversations and transcribed for use in the biography and television documentaries, I almost went into overload when commissioned by Mode magazine’s editor Loraine Brown to compile one of their popular Insider Guides. This one, however, was too good to miss because “Sir Sidney Nolan’s London” would not only include the trip, a decent fee for a freelance writer, but the opportunity to delve deeper into his geographical metamorphosis. Our discussions took place at his splendid apartment at Whitehall Court, the exclusive Victorian residence facing the Thames in the heart of Westminster leased for 100 years in 1976 just before Cynthia committed suicide. His own favourites from a lifetime of painting hung randomly around the walls and from the south-facing balcony he and his new wife Mary could enjoy panoramic views of the South Bank in all the capital’s changing atmospheric moods from Waterloo Bridge around to the Houses of Parliament and Big Ben. I managed to locate the mini cassettes of our recorded conversations to refresh my memory of what was said fully thirty years ago, hoping it might explain more fully Sidney’s preference for living and working Britain, to clarify the apparent anomaly of the lion’s share of his centenary events being centred there and not in the country of his birth with which he was most associated. He told me in 1987: “I have lived in London – on and off – for fully half of my life, though I cannot claim to be a Londoner. Whenever I get into a cab and ask the driver to take me somewhere, I know it’s his city and he can tell immediately from my accent that I wasn’t born here. Usually he will turn around in the driving seat, give me a quick look, and comment, ‘You don’t sound as much like a cockatoo Guv’nor as most of the people from your country’. Having made this gesture of recognition, he will expect a large tip at the end of a short journey, which I give him, knowing that most of my countrymen are not so generous. I’m always prepared to pay for my pleasures freely, and this leads to me over-tipping just to hear a cabbie’s response. It can be simply ‘Thanks Guv’ or ‘Cheers’ or ‘Have a good weekend’ but occasionally I get a sincere ‘Thank you very much Sir’ which is the height of civility and the essence of what London is all about. I sometimes take taxi rides to nowhere just to hear twenty minutes of a cabby’s conversation, which is rather like going to the theatre, except that I’m an actor too.” In admitting that, Sidney explained a lot about his often misjudged persona. He also freely accepted he would never be a real Londoner however long he lived there (or Englishman for that matter). When he had persuaded the reluctant Sydney-based Cynthia to travel again, they arrived in Britain during 1950 for a stay of eleven months, and were based in Cambridge where Cynthia’s sister Margaret, was a doctor in general practice. They bought a car and set out on a grand tour of war-shattered Europe allowing Sidney to catch up on a whole backlog of art experiences denied him for so long. After returning for two-and-a-half productive and lucrative years in Sydney, they were back in Britain at the end of 1953 to make London their home for an unspecified duration. “It looked just like a Georgian city,” he remembered, “exactly the scene I was conditioned to expect; the realization of all my boyhood education in Melbourne: clean, neat, ordered and imperial. I took to it immediately, feeling completely at home and decided to stay. There were some Dickensian fogs during the winter, thick peasoupers that later disappeared with smokeless fuels and clean-air campaigns, just as the polluted Thames eventually started running with fish again. In fact, I can now look out from my Whitehall apartment and see the stars shining brightly and believe this must be one of the cleanest cities in the world. And I still think it is the only manageable metropolis that allows living on a human scale.” Those Utopian thoughts from 30 years ago sound fanciful in today’s anxiety-ridden Brexit capital bursting at the seams from a housing shortage and plagued with unacceptable levels of air pollution. Back then, however, Sir Sidney had the distinct advantage of being able to escape to his newly-acquired country estate when he needed to work in peace and be able to breathe the fresh air blowing into rural Herefordshire from the Black Hills of Wales. Things had been different during the immediate post-war years when it was imperative for creative Australians like Clive James, Arthur Boyd, Joan Sutherland, Barry Humphries, Robert Hughes and Germaine Greer to go to their natural centre of the world to satisfy career ambitions. Those who were successful stayed, Nolan among them. “I arrived then hungry to see great art, after being deprived by the war of that essential part of a painter’s education, and devoured the works in the National Gallery and the Tate, and spent many hours in the British Museum familiarizing myself with antiquities. What was also stimulating for me, unsure of my ability to compete in this milieu, was the acceptance of my status as an artist. At that time there was the expectation that the British Commonwealth would initiate a cultural renaissance with London as its Florence, and I was welcomed as one of the participants – not specifically Australian – when rampant nationalism and chauvinistic ugliness had yet to appear. A lot of the talk was about colonials, of whatever provenance, and there was a presumption that Britain would once again adopt its rightful role in history painting, which happened to be my passion. Fortunately, I managed to slot into the scheme, with much of my work in that genre -Ned Kelly, Burke and Wills, Mrs Fraser and Gallipoli – coming from Australian subjects.” Nolan claimed he never realized during the 1950s the influence London was having on him, while surviving on sales of his pictures in the capital and needing to return ‘home’ to Sydney occasionally to maintain buying interest from the art market there, admitting: “I assumed then that one day I would live permanently in Sydney, but I was achieving reasonable success in London and made so many friends that my world became centred there, almost subliminally.” During the Eighties, following Cynthia’s death, Sidney and Mary would fly to Paris and back in a single day to see a couple of exhibitions and linger over a good lunch, although he was not so interested in fine food. He told me: “In London, if we want a particularly good meal we go to Wilton’s, that bastion of Britishness, for classic English cuisine, but most of the time we prefer to eat in Chinese restaurants. That must be an influence from my youth when I frequented the café’s in Melbourne’s Little Bourke Street. We’re rather fortunate living at Whitehall Court, in having the Horse Guards Hotel right next door with an excellent restaurant, although my favourite rendezvous has always been to take tea at Fortnum & Mason.” Such civilized extravagances became the norm for a successful painter, but casting his mind back through a collage of memories within a randomly flexible timetable, he recalled how the earlier expectations of a British Commonwealth art renaissance faded after the early Sixties in the wake of American abstract impressionism, when the names of Pollock, Rothko and de Kooning were on everyone’s lips. “London, being a consumer of culture in all its forms, was only following a long tradition of accepting trends because it had always been receptive to new ideas, including those of Marx, Pollock, Mozart and Haydn. That was why I lingered there in the early days.” Another early inducement to stay was the sense of history suggested by the Thames. “From 1960 we lived in the suburb of Putney in the south-west of the city, in a house which bordered a broad reach of the river. My studio was upstairs and I became an ardent river-watcher, noting the ever-changing life and moods, with swans gliding on the surface, pleasure boats passing at nights with lights blazing to throw abstract reflections on the ruffled water, with jazz bands playing and couples dancing, while the occasional police boat scurried by on patrol.” Once settled into a stimulating atmosphere at Putney, the artist’s days were divided by work throughout the morning and evening, and in between he would sometimes take a bus or the Underground, to lose himself in the streets of central London. “I explored the financial district known as the City, lunched at wine bars or pubs and then wandered around looking for Wren and Hawksmoor churches. I’ve always regarded architecture as playing an important part in everyone’s life, and, in spite of the destruction wreaked by decay, fire and warfare, there was much remaining to give me an essential link with the past.” The first inklings that this metropolis was going to be his permanent home came during those afternoon walks of discovery. “As well as looking at buildings, I’d listen to the conversations of stockbrokers and Cockney workers in the pubs and knew this had to become the navel of my world. Sydney, as beautiful as it always appeared to me in the past and subsequent visits was destined to remain on the distant perimeter and my birthplace of Melbourne was off the map altogether, except to visit my aging mother.” Life changed for the Nolans after buying The Rodd estate: “I spend my time in England living in the country as well as the Westminster apartment and I seem to have been drawn ever closer to the British Establishment with the award of the Order of Merit, which I suppose makes me a kind of official painter or somehow the representative of the Queen as an artist. My work, I suppose, has become filtered by the softer light, although English subjects have never been part of my repertoire and I’m rather frightened of losing an Australian pitch, which, apparently I am still able to evoke.” There were other contradictions for the artist, whose odyssey, unlike Odysseus’s ten-year struggle to return home after the Trojan War, accepted a different kind of Ithaka little by little, as if by osmosis. But along the way, this painter’s progress had fulfilled most of the advice offered by C P Cavafy in his immortal poem that one’s journey should be savoured and long, full of adventure and discovery, with rare excitements to stir both body and spirit. Demonstrating his affinity with Britain and its capital, Nolan became a member of two leading clubs – the Athenaeum and the Garrick. The former a haven for gentleman housed in Decimus Burton’s striking Neoclassic building on Pall Mall, and the Garrick situated in Theatreland, and meant for distinguished men of the arts. He was quick to add, however, “I don’t use them very much because it’s not part of my makeup to be a clubman, even if I do admire a system that contributes to making London the most urbane of cities.” He hastened to point out that the same quality permeated the other end of the social scale as well: “I was out buying grapes early one fine morning from a barrowman near Trafalgar Square and as he placed the fruit into a paper bag he looked up to the sky, saw dark clouds approaching and remarked ‘Some bad weather coming in from the west, Guv’.” I replied “In that case you’d better get yourself into a warm pub as soon as possible.” “Don’t worry Guv’nor,” he said, handing me the grapes and my change, “I’ll be there by half-past ten.” What a healthy attitude that was, I thought to myself, and just as civilized as lunching at the Athenaeum!” Most of Nolan’s visits to London, once settled into The Rodd, were to enjoy art and music: frequent attendances at the Wigmore Hall for recitals, opera at Covent Garden and symphony concerts on the South Bank a short stroll across the river from Whitehall Court. He recalled a concert he attended in Westminster Abbey which recreated the vespers at St Mark’s in Venice during the 17th century. “It was a moving experience presented with exquisite finesse and while walking home along Whitehall with the strains of Cavalli and Monteverdi still ringing in my ears, I looked up at the statue of Sir Walter Raleigh and stopped in my tracks. We’d been this way a hundred times before, but something made me consider the career of this remarkable man and his adventures in the New World. It made me realize that I had done the reverse: coming from a different new world to the centre – to London.” The artist’s regular haunts remained close to his London apartment and mostly around Piccadilly, and included Hatchards, London’s oldest bookshop founded in the late 18th century, the antique shops selling fine pieces in the Burlington Arcade, and exhibitions at the Royal Academy. “When I was leaving there the other day, I passed a shop which sells exclusive riding clothes. A black limousine was parked outside and a helmeted guard with sword drawn stood in front of the door; obviously a member of the royal family was inside to warrant the incongruous sight. It is curiously comforting to live in a place where people can do their own thing, including princes – and painters. It set me thinking that the Queen has made an enormous effort to make the Commonwealth a coherent body, devoting her life to this objective. That, of course, involves history because the story of all colonial peoples is based on control by a central power, and that fascinates me because I’ve become very interested in the organizing principles behind societies.” Nolan said he was on the receiving end of this process as a boy in Australia. “When I began to read Shakespeare, I came to the conclusion that the same themes fascinated him because they appear as plots in many of his plays. That emphasizes for me the almost schizophrenic balance I maintain in Britain, and particularly when looking out from my London balcony to where the great dramatist’s Globe Theatre was sited. I have to wonder if, unlike him, I am approaching the subject too late in life. But in the early morning, watching the Thames reflecting the thin lines of cloud stretched across a pellucid sky, reminiscent at times of the colours I have seen on countless occasions in the Australian desert, my wish is being able to paint like Shakespeare wrote. At least we have a couple of things in common: sharing the same birthday – give or take a day or two because precise birth records have not survived – and both of us chose London to be our professional base.” He died aged 75 at Whitehall Court in 1992 – a quarter century ago – and was buried in London’s celebrity cemetery at Highgate among 18 other Royal Academicians including Henry Moore and Patrick Caulfield. That ultimate honour for a painter came to him very late in life only the year before. In 2012, Edward Kelly and Sidney Nolan OM AC KB RA returned, in a manner of speaking, to their spiritual roots when the Irish Museum of Modern Art displayed the Ned Kelly series on loan from the Australian National Gallery and both men received a rousing reception. Mary joined her husband at leafy Highgate after she died in 2016, and the charitable trust based at The Rodd, where she had continued to live when widowed, was left to carry out on with its stated mission as ‘an international centre of artistic practice, research and engagement inspired by its founder’s talent, innovation and passion for intellectual and cultural exchange’. But by then the name of Sidney Nolan, once one of the best-known artists in Britain had lost much of its lustre, with the Guardian newspaper stating: “Mention his name in the UK today and there might be a vague flicker of recognition. But more than likely a shrug of the shoulders.” The director of the Sidney Nolan Trust, Anthony Plant, comments “We are trying to put him back where we feel that he belongs.” That sounds like a real challenge in the constant hurly-burly of the British art scene, but with support from the lottery-funded Arts Council England and a comprehensive program of enticing events arranged by the Trust to mark their founder’s centenary, the resolve is strong and the gamble looks odds-on to succeed for the benefit of all. On both sides of the world. CONTRIBUTOR BRIAN ADAMS has a long and distinguished career in the arts, as a writer and television producer/director. In charge of Arts programming at the ABC for more than 20 years, he was awarded the Order of Australia medal (OAM) for his contribution to the arts and entertainment. Creator of the “Live from the Sydney Opera House” simulcasts, his documentary portraits of several renowned Australians also became best-selling published biographies including opera diva Dame Joan Sutherland, painters Sir Sidney Nolan and Sir William Dobell, and historic figures like the botanist on Captain Cook’s first voyage of discovery Sir Joseph Banks. Publishing history La Stupenda: biography of Dame Joan Sutherland. (Victorian Writers’ Society prize 1980, non-fiction) Australian Cinema: the first eighty years. Portrait of an Artist: biography of Sir William Dobell. The Flowering of the Pacific: Botanist Joseph Banks on Captain Cook’s first voyage of discovery. Such is Life: biography of Sir Sidney Nolan. Sidney Nolan’s Odyssey: a life. A Pain in the Arts! Culture without cringe in Australia. Ganna: Diva of Lotusland: biography of Ganna Walska, creator of Lotusland, Santa Barbara, California. Transported! Day-by-day to Botany Bay: a journal of Australia’s First Fleet
2410	dbpedia	1	80	https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/tag/mary-ann-bugg/	en	Mary Ann Bugg – A Guide to Australian Bushranging	https://i0.wp.com/aguide…1260%2C280&ssl=1	https://i0.wp.com/aguide…1260%2C280&ssl=1	[ "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/cropped-cropped-2020-ag2abbanner.png?fit=300%2C67&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/cropped-cropped-2020-ag2abbanner.png?fit=300%2C67&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/bushranging_and_our_police_system.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/spotlight_banner.png?resize=1000%2C370&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/gazette_banner.png?resize=1000%2C370&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/fb_img_1644640524278.jpg?resize=1000%2C512&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/a933012h.jpg?resize=373%2C512&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/spotlight_banner.png?resize=1000%2C370&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/gazette_banner.png?resize=1000%2C370&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/5e8768d87cf5a39226439b7fa4f0a466_1600x1200.jpeg?resize=1000%2C750&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/77b447d2c775db9a51d2ca3e081262a6.jpg?resize=860%2C600&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/spotlight_banner.png?resize=1000%2C370&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/spotlight_banner.png?resize=1000%2C370&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/spotlight_banner.png?resize=1000%2C370&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/spotlight_banner.png?resize=1000%2C370&ssl=1", "https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.files.wordpress.com/2021/02/pop_gun_banner.png?w=1024&resize=1000%2C370", "https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/westwood_hughes.png?resize=1000%2C500", "https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/davis_radcliffe.png?resize=1000%2C500", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/1672871903951.jpg?resize=921%2C458&ssl=1", "https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/hickman_palmer.png?resize=1000%2C500", "https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/brady_highmore.jpg?resize=1000%2C500", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/1672871541557.jpg?resize=921%2C460&ssl=1", "https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/power_sweet.jpg?resize=1000%2C500", "https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/clarke_shanks.jpg?resize=1000%2C500", "https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/gardiner_arnold.png?resize=1000%2C500", "https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/scott_stevens.png?resize=1000%2C500" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2022-12-12T01:00:00+11:00	Posts about Mary Ann Bugg written by AJFPhelan56	en	https://i0.wp.com/aguide…it=32%2C32&ssl=1	A Guide to Australian Bushranging	https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/tag/mary-ann-bugg/	Empire (Sydney, NSW : 1850 – 1875), Thursday 12 December 1867, page 2 BUSHRANGING AND OUR POLICE SYSTEM. BY A NATIVE TROOPER. PART XII PROSPECTING FOR TRACKS. After going some seven or eight miles in the scrub at the base of the mountain and being scratched and torn to pieces we resolved to get out again, as it was near night and not a blade of grass to be seen to feed the horses. We came out and ran round some eight or nine miles further where we camped at about 8 o’clock near some good grass and water. Next day we tried another place, and came out on the marked tree line with plenty of grass all through, and a shade too much water, for at night we had to place stones and sticks to sleep on — a bed I can recommend for making people weak. We kept on scouring till we came to a shod track. This we followed hopefully till it led towards a station where the ground was covered with all sorts and sizes of horse-shoe tracks. Ac cording to our information from the S. C. at Narrabri there must be a great many bushrangers out in this direction. At last we selected one track, and followed it many miles, hoping it would lead to the particular haunt of Ward (Thunderbolt). His track did not go to the stations but shied off as if out of sight. I felt persuaded this track was that of Mr. Ward coming down from Gallathera Plains to see his wife, who was stopping at a sheep station with a half-caste shepherdess. But I did not then exactly know the spot, although I had traced her out in that direction. We lost the track at last on a short grassy flat — the worst possible place for tracking. Having run out of rations we made across to Barraba to see our other two Braidwood police, and to see if we could not form a plan to work in conjunction with each other. We arrived at Barraba half starved. There was a police station there but no feed for horses. We stopped there two days to spell the horses. We formed a plan; the tracker was to go with one trooper, and the other was going with me. We were to meet again in three days at one of Mr. Lloyd’s sheep stations— some forty miles off. A NOVEL SPECTACLE. The second day we came to a sheep station hut, and out came a great big half-caste gin, as surly as you please, who told us plump we were after Thunderbolt, but were fortunately off the scent. She poked all sorts of fun at us which we took in good humour, and went away in a different direction to our meeting place. But we had not got a mile away before we heard a row behind us. It was a clear ground, and on looking back, lo and behold there were two big gins coming racing mad after us on stock horses, standing up in the stirrups, their petticoats flapping in the wind. They both sat astride over the saddle. They pulled us up. The big one came close and said she would introduce us to her cousin Mary, who had just come home, having been away to see her father, and now she wanted a husband. This cousin Mary did not come nearer than two hundred yards, so we were unable, having no opera glass, to look at her charms. We saw she kept eyeing us, with her horse reined up on the spur ready for a charge. This was done to see if we knew her. THUNDERBOLT’S WIFE. I became suspicious and surmised we were near the presence of Mrs. Captain Thunderbolt. As soon as she reined up we became suspicious, the more so when she eyed us over with such curiosity; but we said nothing as we wished to make her believe we were gulled. So I told the big gin that I wanted a wife, and would be glad of an introduction. After a good deal of persuasion the lady came up when my mate introduced me to her as Mr. MacGatterie, and I introduced my mate as Mr. Squatter Dixon. I saw the lady eyeing me very closely all the time they stopped with us. I saw she had a suspicion that I knew her, and we had a job to get away from them. They would insist on our going back with them and have breakfast, but urgent business called us away. They watched us for miles, and it was not till we got in a thick scrub that we turned towards our place of meeting. We knew the direction and came to it all right. Our mates were not there, so we left word we would be at a certain place next night. We got some rations and went back to watch the gins; but we discovered they had watched us all the time. They came on us two miles from the hut. They told us where we camped, and where we got our dinner, and that we had come back to watch them. We saw we were check-mated, but did not let on. We had only then to consider how we could profit by our discovery, so we determined to stop in the hut that night, and pump them all we could. I found out it was the Captain’s lady, and a little more to, so we went to meet our mates but they did not come. To give the gins the slip we went across the mountains to Narrabri, seventy miles, and came out splendidly on a good road and in the midst of plenty of grass. I came across a friend of mine so we gave the horses a day’s spree. This friend put me up to a trick or two, and kindly offered to go out and show me one of Ward’s camping places. But I could not get a horse for my friend. He told me there were two of his horses at Ward’s camp, but I could not get a horse for him to go with us after them, and it was necessary that he should show us the road. So I got a direction, went out, but could not find the place. As I had to appear at the assizes in Sydney with reference to some of the Braidwood cases I told my friend and a few of his acquaintances to keep an eye on matters, and that I would be back before long. We had a scour through the mountains and became so familiar with them that we arrived at Barraba by a new route. In fact we could go through the mountains anywhere. We found our two mates at Barraba, where they had been delayed by the fancy colt — the quiet horse — which had thrown his rider unawares. One of the chaps want into Tamworth to see about getting some feed for our horses and a fresh horse for himself, but it was no go. As I had to leave for Sydney soon I took the rest of the men, meaning to try once more and work my way into Tamworth. We came back to the gins’ hut and there I met a friend who told me Thunderbolt had gone down to Murrurundi, to stick the mail up; and the gin had gone to a certain place to meet him coming back. So I told the other chaps he had gone down but they would not believe me. I, therefore, started at once for Tamworth, taking the tracker with me — determined to get a fresh horse and to push on, as it was on my road to Sydney. Before I got in I met two police coming along the road who told me the mail was stuck up. This made me push on to the office where I asked for another horse —but there was none, of course — and they told me positively it was not Ward who had stuck up the mail but two boys. Putting two and two together I knew this to be false and told them so; but they were sure of it. I know, as far as circumstantial evidence can go, that it was Ward and not two boys — two boys, how absurd!c who stuck up that mail, for I was told on my way down all about it. And I also found out that if I could get back soon, I should be able to capture him. I had learnt a great deal about him, more than the stationary police could dream of. So certain was I that, although my resignation was in and the notice expired, I decided upon withdrawing it if I could go back to the north as soon as the Braidwood cases had been disposed of in Sydney. I applied, bona fide, to the Inspector-General of Police. My application was refused. If the Inspector-General was made aware of my application, he may have sent for me and asked my reason for wishing specially to withdraw my resignation to go to the North. I would have told him; but my mind is satisfied that the Inspector-General knew little of it except as a matter of form, and, as a matter of form, if at all, so placed before him. I intend in these papers to make no remarks as to the machinery of the head office. This is not the place. Let the centralised system be fairly tested and judged upon its merits. The time may come, and that soon, when it may be regretted that there were not established in conjunction with it, supplementary bodies in every district of the colony, of volunteer native troopers. THE FEELINGS OF THE NORTHERN PEOPLE. Now, the people up there are disgusted with the police, as they go from one station to another, without adopting any rational system to try and catch Thunderbolt. Here is Thunderbolt, a native of Windsor, I believe — I saw his mother in November — who has been out about four years, and sticks up the mail whenever he is hard up. He never, that I know, sticks up people in the bush. Why is he not captured? Have the people in the north not good reason to complain? Does it not seem as if the police were merely putting in their time? The country wonders, but I don’t wonder why he is not taken. I was six or seven weeks in the ranges, from one end to the other, and during that period never met or saw a policeman. SHOOTING A WILD BULL FOR PRACTICE. On one occasion I chased a wild bull and fired at him repeatedly to train our horses to it. We chased this bull for two miles, constantly firing, until we killed him. It occurred to me that this was about the best practice men should be drilled to who are sent after the bushrangers; for it teaches them to ride, to fire while galloping, and to exercise caution. For a wild bull, with a couple of bullets in a fleshy part will test a rider on the side of a mountain to keep beside him. One drill of that sort would be of more service to a man than twelve months drill in Sydney, and for the horse to. Well, if two or three of us could travel about, firing our arms off occasionally, and camping about without attracting the notice of the police, how long could a man whose object was occasional plunder, remain in those ranges without being taken? As things are now Thunderbolt can remain there five years longer, perfectly secure, with police stations all round him, and he may become the father of a numerous family. I know the men who were with me will try hard to take him, but what can they do? Their horses were done up when I left, and they were ordered to remain at home till they got fresh again. They wanted ammunition, but could not get it. They had only six rounds when I left, the most of this being damaged by camping out in the wet. The Gunnedah police were put on Ward in his camp, when I left, and my old tracker who was up there was left behind for some reason or other — it would be hard to tell. So they sneaked on the camp and blazed away at Ward and his mate, but they both got away on foot. The boy took one road and Ward the other — so ended the encounter. THUNDERBOLT ELUDES THEM. Well, my old mates, being out scouring, saw a man in the bush and called upon him, but he sloped, it being very scrubby. They only got one run down and one shot, when they lost him. Ward made down to the gins’ hut, or close to it, and the lady was talking to him, both on horseback, when up rode two of the Tamworth police and fired at him from a distance, it being open forest land. They had a splendid chance, but he again got away. As soon as my old mates missed him they met a friend, and were told that the boy, Mason, was making for a certain place. Their horses being used up they could not follow but sent a note to one of the police at Narrabri. This policeman went to the house, and the boy surrendered. Now if all the police helped one another like that how much better it would be; but they were natives, and good men, working together, but humbugged for want of proper officers over them — at least some officer who could tell a saddle horse from a draught horse before he paid £15 or £20 for him. BUYING POLICE HORSES. But some of the superintendents in buying horses, purchase mere scrubbers from a rich man to secure his favour. They give him a good price but the animal is a mere scrubber, unfit for the work. If a poor man came with a good stock horse fit for any bush work, they turn up their nose and don’t want him. Then word is sent to Sydney that they cannot get horses. In this way the men have to ride animals little better than donkeys, dearly purchased, and when they want to do anything, they cannot. THE CONCLUSION. Well, I was on X.’s case in Sydney. The first thing I did on arriving was, as previously stated, to write out an application to withdraw my resignation, stating, that I had good hopes of being able to catch Thunderbolt and would like to start back as soon as the Braidwood cases were over. X’s case and —’s were one, and should have been tried together, but sergeant V. had the case against Mick Connell, and to get him into it he wanted — to give certain evidence under a promise that my charge against her should not be prosecuted. There was a charge also, of stolen rings against this lady. Well, she did swear a few words but not before Mr. Butler, who prosecuted for the Crown, left the Court to indict her for perjury. X’s case then came on, and the charge against him was for aiding and abetting Tom Connell to escape — that is what we charged him with, and all the evidence we had against him. After long trial the jury returned a verdict of guilty on the second count — “aiding and abetting, &c.” That verdict, to my notion, was a true one, and according to the evidence, and the true case against him. But his Honor, as I understood, said they must find him guilty or innocent of the full charge, “accessory to the fact after robbery &c;” that there was no second count. The jury seemed staggered for a minute or two when they returned a verdict of not guilty. Then his Honor seemed astonished, but acquitted him. He was then charged with sticking up Chinamen on two occasions, but there being only one Chinese prosecutor there the case fell to the ground. The cases being over the lady was not tried, to the great glory of sergeant V., so I reported myself at the Police-office, and was told my application had not been sent in, but would be in the morning. Next morning I was told as my resignation was due there was nothing to prevent my being discharged — so I was discharged. Of course I thought it strange I should not have been allowed to go and try to take Thunderbolt when I had such a chance. However, I was half crippled then in my left wrist and they deemed it expedient to get rid of me. Such is the way of the world. Now, I had done as much active service for two years as any trooper in the force, and here was my reward. If crippled they might have aided me a little. If I had been a new arrival I might have got a brief pension. But I don’t want it. This country is my home, and in it I am able and can earn an honest living by the sweat of my brow. May every trooper who leaves the service be able to do the same is the wish of their old companion. (CONCLUDED.) With multiple film productions about Ned Kelly underway, it’s clear that bushrangers are becoming a popular topic once more. However, there are many bushrangers who deserve their own films as well and here are some of the great stories waiting to be brought to life. Some have been brought to the screen before in silent films that have since vanished, some were slated to be filmed but the projects never got off the ground and some just had bad outings in the past. 10. William Westwood: Few stories in bushranging are equal parts adventurous and tragic. William Westwood fills this to a tee. Westwood arrived in Australia as a teenage convict and soon became a highwayman, many oral traditions painted him as a gallant bandit who was courteous to women and more prone to larking about than committing robberies, his horsemanship considered second to none. However, the brutality of the penal system saw him lead a riot on Norfolk Island during which he murdered three men in cold blood. A film exploring just what causes a man not known to be violent to snap and commit a triple homicide would be gripping viewing and a tale that to date has never graced the screen. Potential Casting: Tom Hughes (Victoria) 9. Teddy the Jewboy: Edward Davis aka Teddy the Jewboy was Australia’s only known Jewish bushranger. Starting out as a street kid in London, he was transported for a failed shoplifting and absconded from Hyde Park Barracks to become a bushranger. Thanks to his father’s connections he soon joined a gang of bushrangers and rapidly climbed the ranks to become their leader. This diminutive, heavily tattooed Jew with a penchant for pink ribbons began a campaign to punish the cruel superintendents who brutalised the convicts assigned to them – but never on a Saturday, according to the legends, as that was the Sabbath. No doubt a colourful character such as this would make for exciting viewing as well as highlight the cultural diversity present in Australia in the 1800s, even if it is within the criminal fraternity. Potential Casting: Daniel Radcliffe (Harry Potter) 8. Dan Morgan: Morgan has been brought to life on screen twice already, the first time in a silent film that has since disappeared and the second in 1975’s Mad Dog Morgan starring Dennis Hopper. Why, then, does Morgan deserve his own film when so many bushrangers haven’t had even one film? In short the true story of Morgan is yet to be shown on screen. Mad Dog Morgan took frequent and somewhat bizarre liberties with the facts despite using Margaret Carnegie’s Morgan the Bold Bushranger as a source. Examples of the weird liberties taken in the ’75 film include: Dennis Hopper’s Irish accent; making John Wendlan and Sergeant Smyth recurring villains; turning Success from a prison hulk into a fortress prison; the inclusion of Billy, an Aboriginal bushranger; removing Morgan’s moustache to make him look more like Abraham Lincoln and references to the Tasmanian Tiger as an “extinct animal” despite the last Tasmanian Tiger dying in captivity in 71 years later. The true story of Morgan would make for an incredible Gothic Western or psychological drama with the gaps in the history making room for some artistic license to explain what made Morgan the man he was. Potential Casting: Sam Parsonson (Gallipoli, Coffin Rock) 7. Jessie Hickman: Elizabeth McIntyre aka Jessie Hickman was commonly known as the “Lady Bushranger” in the Blue Mountains district. A former circus trick rider and champion rough rider, Hickman found herself in a life of crime, stealing cattle from the neighbouring farmers and hiding out with her gang of young men in her headquarters in the Nullo Mountain. Hickman was an amazing rider and master of disguise, she was a wild child who would rather give up her family than leave the bush. Hickman’s story is the subject of an in-development film entitled Lady Bushranger, so here’s hoping that production grows some legs so it can get up and running. Potential Casting: Teresa Palmer (Hacksaw Ridge) 6. Matthew Brady: He may not be a household name now but at one time Matthew Brady was the bushranger’s bushranger. Transported to Van Diemans Land in the early days of the colony, he and nine other convicts stole a boat and rowed from Sarah Island to Hobart where they took to the bush and set the bar for all bushrangers that came after. They robbed travellers and farms but Brady also enjoyed grander gestures such as breaking into the prison at Sorell and releasing the inmates then locking up the redcoats who had been hunting him. His chivalry towards women was famous and in his condemned cell he received letters and gifts from dozens of female admirers. Brady’s life was full of adventure and drama – perfect for a big screen experience. Potential Casting: Thomas Cocquerel (In Like Flynn, Red Dog: True Blue) 5. Martin Cash: Perhaps the best candidate for Tasmania’s patron bushranger is Martin Cash who is most famous for his memoirs, which were published in the 1870s. An Irish convict, he started fresh in New South Wales before a stock theft charge saw him flee to Van Diemans Land with his lover. After escaping from Port Arthur twice, he led the band of bushrangers known as Cash and Co. Cash is another character whose doomed romance forms a vital part of the narrative, his passion leading him to a long stint at Norfolk Island. Cash was handsome, cheeky, passionate and wild and with a good supporting cast to pad out the story it could very well be one for the ages. Potential Casting: Paul Mescal (God’s Creatures, Carmen) 4. Harry Power: Harry Power was Victoria’s greatest highwayman, gaining a price on his head of £500 at the peak of his career. Best remembered as Ned Kelly’s tutor in crime, to date he has only been seen on screen as a bit part in The Last Outlaw played by Gerard Kennedy and will be seen again in the adaptation of True History of the Kelly Gang portrayed by Russell Crowe. Power, however, was an intriguing character in his own right with robberies, chases, romance and prison escapes all part and parcel of the highwayman’s tale. While his association with Ned Kelly is what most people know him for, that association only lasted a couple of months leaving so much more of the story untouched and ripe or the picking. Potential Casting: Philip Quast (Hacksaw Ridge, The Brides of Christ, Picnic at Hanging Rock) 3. The Clarke Gang: Of all the bushranging gangs that held Australia in a state of tension and fear, few can truly compare to the Clarke Gang who roamed New South Wales in the mid 1860s. Stock theft, robbery, raids and murder are plentiful in the story of their brief and violent reign of terror that concluded on the gallows of Darlinghurst Gaol. To date this incredible story has never been brought to screen and perhaps is far too epic to contain in one standalone film, lending itself better to a mini-series given how numerous the depredations of the gang were. The Clarke story is one of family, lawlessness and the dark side of human nature. Potential Casting: Hugh Sheridan (Packed to the Rafters, Boar) 2. Frank Gardiner: Few bushrangers earned their place in the pantheon of bushranging like Francis Christie aka Frank Gardiner. Gardiner introduced many of the greatest bushrangers to the game including Johnny Gilbert, John O’Meally and Ben Hall. Gardiner’s greatest claim to fame was the robbery of the gold escort at Eugowra Rocks which was one of the largest gold heists in history. Gardiner’s ill-fated romance with Kitty Brown (Ben Hall’s sister in law) makes for brilliant drama and no doubt the mix of romance, action and sexy outlaws on horses would be a great combination. A film version of Gardiner’s career titled The Legend of Frank Gardiner by Matthew Holmes, the man behind The Legend of Ben Hall, has been in development for a time and would be a fantastic opportunity to bring this fascinating story to life. Potential Casting: Luke Arnold (Black Sails, INXS: Never Year Us Apart) 1. Captain Moonlite: Few bushranger stories have the potential to tug the heart-strings like that of Andrew George Scott aka Captain Moonlite. The tale of a well-educated pastor’s fall from grace into infamy is gripping, full of drama, humour and the highest profile LGBTI+ romance in bushranger history. From his romances in Bacchus Marsh and his alleged robbery of the bank in Mount Egerton with subsequent playboy lifestyle in Sydney to his grueling prison sentence in Pentridge full of misadventure and the desperation that led him to Wantabadgery Station, Scott’s story would captivate audiences. Throw in his love affair with fellow bushranger James Nesbitt and you have a scandalous and topical tale of forbidden love to boot. A Moonlite film by Rohan Spong went into production several years ago but was never publicly released, so as we reach the 140th anniversary of his hanging it would be nice to see him get some love. Ideal cast: Dan Stevens (Beauty and the Beast, Legion, Downton Abbey) Honourable mentions: There are far too many bushranger stories to bring to life as standalone films, which makes a list of ten extremely difficult to choose. Here are some of the bushrangers who almost made the cut. * Captain Thunderbolt and Mary Ann Bugg: The story of Frederick Wordsworth Ward and his family is perfect for a film. A loveable rogue with his tough and resourceful wife who frequently sacrificed her own freedom for his. It’s a love story and a tragedy. * Captain Melville: The gentleman bushranger Captain Melville is one of Victoria’s most Infamous. From being a convict to a notorious brigand to getting busted in a brothel and beyond Melville is a colourful character who will keep audiences entertained. * The Kenniff brothers: The tragic tale of Queensland’s most infamous bushranging family would make for a brilliant and gripping film. A movie that portrays the intense legal drama that unfolded at the turn of the century to prove that Paddy and Jim Kenniff murdered Albert Dahlke and Constable Doyle then incinerated the remains while trying to recreate what really happened would be incredibly moving and memorable. * The Ribbon Gang: The uprising known as the Bathurst Rebellion led by Ralph Entwistle is epic and dramatic. Kicked off after Entwistle was unfairly punished for skinny dipping, it became one of the most incredible outbreaks of bushranging in history with Entwistle’s gang rumoured to have exceeded 100 men all raiding, pillaging and murdering in the district before a series of battles with the military saw the bushrangers vanquished, ten bushrangers meeting their end on the scaffold. * The Gilbert-Hall Gang: The last days of the Hall gang were portrayed in the award-winning The Legend of Ben Hall, but aside from a long forgotten TV series from 1975 and several missing silent films, the glory days of the gang have not been committed to film – and none ever portrayed accurately. Hall and Gilbert with John O’Meally, John Vane and Mickey Burke were once the most formidable bandits in Australia, bailing up Canowindra and Bathurst multiple times and committing countless highway robberies. Few bushranging tales can compete with this one for sheer adventure, drama and tragedy. * Henry Maple: The story of Henry Maple, the boy bushranger, would make for a tragic and spellbinding story. A taut and suspenseful film could track the brief, wild period that Maple struck terror into rural Victoria in the 1920s with his sidekick Rob Banks, culminating his fatal standoff against an armed posse in the bush. Unlike other bushranger stories it would have the unique aspect of modern technology such as automobiles and the startling youth of the lead character to make for a bushranger film unlike any other.
2410	dbpedia	0	74	https://ashgroveoldboys.com.au/notable-ashgrovians/	en	MCA Old Boys' Association	https://ashgroveoldboys.…/LOGOOldBoys.png	https://ashgroveoldboys.…/LOGOOldBoys.png	[ "https://ashgroveoldboys.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/LOGOOldBoys.png", "https://ashgroveoldboys.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/obaFooterLogo.png", "https://ashgroveoldboys.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/cyprian1-150x150.jpg", "https://ashgroveoldboys.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/NextMeetingSept241-150x150.png", "https://ashgroveoldboys.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/GolfDay24_update1-150x150.png", "https://ashgroveoldboys.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/VintageLunch24_RSVP1-150x150.png", "https://ashgroveoldboys.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/SonyCamp20241-150x150.png", "https://ashgroveoldboys.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Marist-Vintage-Lunch1-1-150x150.jpg", "https://ashgroveoldboys.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/obaFooterLogo.png", "https://ashgroveoldboys.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/OldBoysHUBLogoWhiteB.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "www.facebook.com" ]	2018-05-22T17:19:59+10:00	RELIGION Marist College Ashgrove has produced 35 ordained priests and 20 ordained brothers. Notable amongst these religious are: Bishop Brian Heenan (1955): Rockhampton Diocese Bishop James Foley (1966): Cairns Diocese Bishop James Foley (1966) Father John Begg (1954) Marist Fathers' Regional Superior, Bougainville, 1983-89. Missionary in Bougainville, 1970-1989. Brother Peter Carroll (1976): Provincial of the	en	https://ashgroveoldboys.…baFooterLogo.png	MCA Old Boys' Association -	https://ashgroveoldboys.com.au/notable-ashgrovians/	RELIGION Marist College Ashgrove has produced 35 ordained priests and 20 ordained brothers. Notable amongst these religious are: Bishop Brian Heenan (1955): Rockhampton Diocese Bishop James Foley (1966): Cairns Diocese Bishop James Foley (1966) Father John Begg (1954) Marist Fathers’ Regional Superior, Bougainville, 1983-89. Missionary in Bougainville, 1970-1989. Brother Peter Carroll (1976): Provincial of the Marist Brothers (Aust.) Brother Ken McDonald (1976): Former Deputy Provincial of the Marist Brothers (Aust.) Brother Peter Rodney (1971): Former Provincial of the Marist Brothers (Aust) Brother Roger Burke (1953): Former Headmaster of six Marist Schools in Qld, NSW and ACT from 1969 in an extraordinary period of school leadership and commitment. Returned to MCA in 2006 to work in sports coaching and learning enrichment. Brother John McDonnell(1957): Former Headmaster and Deputy Headmaster of five Marist Schools in Qld and NSW from 1977 and returned to MCA in 2006 as Community Leader of the Brothers, succeeding Br Alexis Turton,2000-2005. Father Thomas Zaranski (2003) – ordained June 2018 Father Tom Duncan (2011) – ordained July 2019 Father Isaac Falzon (2001) – ordained July 2023 POLITICS Many Old Boys have given distinguished service as State Members, Mayors of Regional Councils, and in official Parliamentary roles: Politics – National and International Kevin Rudd, (1969-1971): Prime Minister of Australia 2007-2012, 2013 Sir Julius Chan (1958): Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea 1980-1982, 1994-1997 Sir Anthony Kandambi (1963): Minster PNG Government 1982-87 Dan Tufui (1954): (Elevated to Lord Tufui of Talaheu) Chief Secretary to the Government of Tonga and Secretary to Cabinet Frank Saemala (1966): MP 1989-1993 and Diplomat, Solomon Islands Peter Tsiamalili (1997) PNG Police Minister JUDICIARY Supreme Court Brian Ambrose (1951) Martin Moynihan (1958) Federal Court David Jackson KC (1958) District Court Chief Judge Kerry O’Brien (1967) Con McLoughlin (1941) Kevin Row (1946) Terry Gardiner (1981) Nathan Jarro (1994) Magistrates Chief Magistrate Terry Gardiner (1981) Trevor Pollock (1959) Walter Ehrich (1961) James Herlihy (1961) Chris Callaghan (1974) Damian Carroll (1965) MILITARY Major General David Mulhall (1981)DSC,AM, CSC-Deployed as Australia’s Senior National representative in Afghanistan Colonel Frank Colley (1973): Military Order of Australia Division for developing strategic options for Australia’s War contribution in Iraq Major Brian Lindsay (1954): MCA’s first Duntroon Graduates. Commended in Vietnam. Geoffrey Christopherson (1954): MCA’s first Duntroon Graduates Group Captain Paul Deighton (1982) RAAF – Conspicuous Service Cross. Chief Military Attache to China. Major Geoff Kendall (1956) Platoon Commander 6RAR at the battle of Long Tan when Awarded the Medal of Gallantry. Geoff also appears in the credits of the movie, ‘Danger Close- The Battle of Long Tan” Colonel Peter Connolly (1986) DSC Lieutenant Colonel Phil Newman (1967) Army. Included two years as Liasion Officer with the Australian Embassy in Washington DC. Phil’s son, Simon Newman (1992) received his “wings” with the Army after graduating from the Australian Defence Force Helicopter School in Canberra. Then completed his Blackhawk helicopter conversion course at Oakey and then posted to Townsville. Jack O’Leary (1940/41)-Australian Navy. Served HMAS Tobruk,1951, Korean War Lt. Michael Stone(1995) –Australian Regular Army(Infantry) in East Timor Major Jim Truscott(1973)- Australian Army SAS Officer Max Clegg (1940) – KILLED IN ACTION in WW11, aged 19 years. Max was shot down over Belgium on February 21, 1945. At the time Max was the youngest commissioned officer in Australia. Max was in charge of Radar on Lancasters at the time of his untimely death. Max Clegg was a boarder from Southport when he attended MCA in its foundation year. John Gerrard (1940/41) – KILLED IN ACTION in WW11, aged 20 years. John was shot down in a daylight raid on March 2, 1945 over Cologne, in which town he is buried. John was a dayboy from Rainworth when he attended MCA in its foundation years. Lance Corporal Stjepan ‘Rick’ Milosevic (1989) – KILLED IN ACTION on August 29, 2012 by an insider attack in Afghanistan. Rick was a light armoured vehicle (ASLAV) crew commander. Among many honours received, he was awarded: Australian Active Service Medal; Afghanistan and Iraq Campaign Medals and Australian Defence Medal. EDUCATION Academia Many Old Boys have been awarded Open Scholarships (awarded in State public examination results for top 25 seniors up to 1973), and then followed Australian Student Prizes to those placed with top OP1 results in the State. Many have proceeded to UQ and received the prestigious University of Queensland medals at Graduation. Further notable achievements: Rhodes Scholars Colin Apelt (1946) James Tilbury (2005) UQ Alumnus of the Year Gabriel Perry (2008): 2016 Emeritus Professors Colin Apelt (1946): Professor of Civil Engineering, UQ 1979-1996 and also Head of Department of Civil Engineering 1982-1994 Terry Freer (54): Professor of Orthodontics, UQ 1992-2002 Phillip Woodford (1971): Professor of Immunology and Pathology, Uni of Newcastle Mark Walker (1979): Professor of Microbiology, UQ Barry Wood (1962): Professor of Chemistry, UQ Brian Towler (1968): Professor of Petroleum Engineering, Uni of Wyoming, USA John Parise (1971): Professor of Earth and Space Sciences, State University of New York, USA Dean of Faculty Jack Laracy (1953): Foundation Head Dept. Mechanical Engineering at QIT, Acting Dean QIT, Dean QUT Research Aaron Brandis (1999): Senior Research Scientist and lead investigator for shock layer radiation in the Entry System Modelling Project at the NASA Aames Research Centre in Silicon Valley, California. He has partaken in many prestigious projects with NASA including ground breaking work on the “Mars 2020 Project” and was recently inducted and recognised as an Associate Fellow of the high profile American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) in 2018 for exemplifying extraordinary accomplishments and leadership in the global aerospace community. Aaron has been co-author of over 70 publications and has received a PhD from the prestigious Ecole Centrale in Paris and UQ and has been a post-doctorate research fellow at both Stanford University and UQ. Tim O’Hare (1980): Agricultural Scientist PhD. Head Researcher, UQ and Dept of Agriculture who lead the research team in providing more medicinal food by inserting our favourite foods with health boosting nutrients in a natural way -Federal Government 2016 Industry and Innovation Award Phil Woodford (1971): While Professor of Immunology at Newcastle University, Phil was heavily involved with the Red Cross Blood Bank especially with the screening of blood to detect the AIDS virus ensuring blood transfusions were safe. Professor Paul Simshauser AM (1985): Economist by trade, holds bachelor degrees in economics and commerce, master degree in accounting and finance, and a PhD in economics from the University of Queensland. He is a CPA, an AFMA Accredited Dealer and a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Company Directors. He is also Professor of Finance at Griffith University’s Business School and widely published on energy economics in academic journals. Paul has been recognized for his many outstanding contributions by being made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 2019 for significant service to the energy sector through executive roles, applied economics and policy research. We all look forward to Paul solving Australia’s power problems in the years to come. Professor John McGrath (AM) (74) graduated from UQ Medical School in 1985. Awarded the AM for services to Medicine in the field of Schizophrenia research and psychiatric education, Smithsonian fellowship to Harvard, a Premier’s Award and a Centenary medal from the Australian Government. He is also head of epidemiology and developmental neurobiology at the Queensland Brain Institute. John was recognised by the Danish National Research Foundation in 2016 with the Niels Bohr Professorship and in 2017 awarded the prestigious Erik Stromgren medal at a ceremony in Denmark. Professor Peter Bartlett (1983) was elected as a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 2015. He is professor in Mathematics at QUT and professor in Computer Science and Statistics at UC Berkley. He has been professor in the Research School of Information Science and Engineering at the Australian National University, Visiting Miller Professor at UC Berkeley, honorary Professor at University of Queensland and visiting Professor at the University of Paris. He was awarded the Malcolm Prize for Physical Scientist of the Year in 2001, was an IMS Medallion Lecturer in 2008 and is an Australian Laureate Fellow. THE ARTS Authors and Journalists Andrew McGahan (1983): “Praise”, “Last Drinks”, “The White Earth”. 2005 Miles Franklin Award for the “The White Earth”. 2004 Courier Mail Book of the year “The White Earth”. Michael Bauer (1972): “The Running Man” shortlisted for both 2005 Premier’s Literary Awards and 2005 Courier Mail Book of the year. Won Children’s Book of Council of the Year Award in 2005 for “Don’t Call Me Ishmael”. In 2018, Michael won the CBCA Book of the Year for early childhood with “Rodney Loses it”. Humphrey McQueen(1959), “A New Britannia” (1970). Author of 19 books on history, media and politics. Historian and Cultural Commentator. Mark Farrelly (1969): “Canvas of Dreams”, Marist College Ashgrove 1940-1990. John O’Hare (1972), David Cameron, “Passing the Baton”, Marist College Ashgrove Athletics History, 1940-2019. John Pye (1988): Long serving and decorated Sports Writer with Associated Press, covering world class sporting events both at home and abroad. January 2024: ‘Medvedev’s spin after another tough Australian Open Final Loss’ “I’m in the history books.” “The 22 year old Jannick Sinner found a way to turn defence into attack in his first major final and take the Australian Open title from Daniil Medvedev 3-6, 3-6, 6-4, 6-4, 6-3.” John Pye-The Herald-Chronicle. Matthew Marshall (1997): “Craig Bellamy, Home Truths – On Life, leadership, adversity, success and failure”. Matt Marshall is an experienced sports journalist, having held posts with the Courier-Mail from 2007-2011 and Rugby League Week from 2002-2007. Andrew Dawson (1983): “The Matthew Hayden Cookbook- Stories and recipes from Australia’s gourmet cricketer”. Andrew started at the Westside News in 1984 and joined the Courier-Mail in 1988. Highlights-he covered the 2000 Sydney Olympics, Rugby and Cricket Tests and Queensland’s first ever Sheffield Shield victory! Andrew currently covers junior and school sports where he discovers the next generation of athletes, not just in the footy codes, but also in swimming, water polo, athletics and hockey. Nick Tucker (2020): Employed at News Corp in 2022. The rookie News Corp reporter has been covering youth and school sport for two years, but now also reports for the Courier-Mail on the Brisbane Bullets and the Queensland Reds. Film and Television Ray Meagher (1963) Actor: “Breaker Morant” and as Alf on “Home and Away”. Won the Gold Logie in 2010 and nominated again in 2012, while receiving seven nods for most popular actor for his portrayal of Alf Stewart. Terry Hannagan (1963): Writes, produces and performs some of Australia’s iconic TV commercials e.g. “I Can Feel a XXXX Coming On”, “Qantas – Feeling Qantastic!”, “Wally Lewis: He’s The Emperor of Lang Park”. Anthony Phelan (1972): Acclaimed Thespian with many supporting roles in Film, TV and Stage, most recently in Angelina Jolie’s movie box office success “Unbroken” performing as a Catholic Priest. Joe Brumm (1995): Film Director / Writer – Creator and writer of “Bluey” Animated TV series Daley Pearson (2001): Writer/ Director – Producer of “Bluey” Animated TV series Ben Foley (2000) – Producer and Emmy Award winner for “Yemen’s Forgotten War” – VICE News Tonight on HBO Marcus Vanco (2010) played the character “Lambert” in ‘Unbroken’ and “Brandon” in ‘The Shannara Chronicles’. Music Adrian Tully (1999): First performed with Berlin Philharmoniker on 25.8.2011 with over 20,000 in attendance. As a soloist, Adrian performed the Dutch premiere of Thierry Escaich’s concerto ‘Le Chant des Tenebres’ in Amsterdam and has been laureate of several European competitions. He has also performed with the Queensland Symphony Orchestra and the Netherlands Radio Kamer Filharmonie. While at MCA, as well as Saxophone, Adrian also performed on Flute and Oboe for the College’s Symphony Orchestra, Big Band 1 and Wind Orchestra. Andrew Chamberlain (2005): Professional cellist who has played for the Queensland Symphony Orchestra. Studied for his Masters in performance at the Freiburg Hochschule fur Musik where he was also a substitute player for the Freiburg Philharmonic. Gerard McFadden (2005): Paris Opera Orchestra Paul Furness (2005): Multi Aria nominated artist. Paul’s band Ball Park Music, won best pop category and song of the year at the 2013 Queensland Music Awards. Alex Woodward (2005): Musical Theatre, Sydney Theatre Company’s production of “Spring Awakening”, multi Matilda nominated artist, Book of Mormon Cast Member, 2019 Ryan Walsh (1997): Composer, APRA-AGSC Screen Music Award winner, collaborated with Alberto Iglesias and Ridley Scott, 2017 AEL Outstanding School Alumnus of the year for Queensland Conservatorium, Griffith University Dr Stephen Cronin (1977): Adjunct Senior Lecturer, Queensland Conservatorium, Griffith University Joel Adams (2014): Pop artist, Adams was named the 16th most influential artist in the world Spotify’s 25 Under 25 list, As of November, his song Please Don’t Go has been streamed over 320 million times and the music video had been watched over 50 million times. Paul Marchisella (1995): Double Bass player and James Morrison National Jazz Scholarship winner in 2000. In 1996 his brother Joe, a drummer was accorded the same honour and both have been members of the James Morrison quartet. Gerard Mapstone (1998): Flamenco Guitarist, awarded first ever Flamenco PhD in Australia and received Masters and Doctorate from Melbourne University where he now lectures. Popular concert performer in Europe and award winning concert guitarist, composer and director of the Dale Cana Flamenco Company. Tyrone Noonan (1987)- Member of George – ARIA Award Winner (2002) Bryce Gilhome (1995)- James Morrison National Jazz Scholarships winner Nick Hollamby (2002) – Head of Musical Theatre: Institute of The Arts – Barcelona, Spain Noel Fitzpatrick (1997) – Member of Halfway, Pedal Steel – Courier-Mail’s Top 10 albums 2003, 2006. AIR, Best Country Album and Queensland Music Award “Song of the Year” 2014 Liam Fitzpatrick (1993) – Member of Halfway, Banjo/Mandolin – Courier-Mail’s Top 10 albums 2003, 2006. AIR, Best Country Album and Queensland Music Award “Song of the Year” 2014 Ross Chandler (2003) – Member of The John Steel Singers, Drums. 2008 Triple J Unearthed Winners and 2010 Triple J Hottest 100 placeholders No. 52 Angus McDonald (1987) – Founding member, songwriter and producer for the musical group Sneaky Sound System which has produced Triple Platinum and Gold albums together with multiple ARIA, MTV and APRA awards and nominations. The band had four singles simultaneously in the Australian Top 40 – UFO, Goodbye, Pictures, and I Love It and, on release, the single I Love It was the longest charting single in Australian music history with 73 weeks in the Top 100. AJ Hall (2002) – Guitarist with the band supporting Sahara Beck and the first Ashgrovian, in 2022, to perform at the Glastonbury Music Festival. QUEENSLANDER OF THE YEAR Jon Rouse (1981): 2019 Queenslander of the Year. Inspector Jon Rouse was leader of the Task Force Argos that has enabled children to live in a safer world. HEALTH Community Service Frank Timmermans (1963): Chief Medical Officer during the war in Afghanistan for Medicines Sans Frontiers (Doctors Without Borders) William Coote (1966): General Medical Practitioner and then Health Economist and then CEO in the Federal AMA (1992-1998). Awarded Bruce Shepherd Medal for Outstanding and unique service to the Independence of Australian Medicine. James Houston (1969): Medical Administrator Greenslopes Private Hospital Robert Hodge (1967): Queensland AMA President 1995/1996. Ralph Kelsey (1968): ADAQ President 2007 Specialists Fergus Wilson (1943): Orthopedics Charles Wilson (1943): Obstetrics Robert Thorpe (1948): Radiology Mick Barry (1960): ENT John Kelly (1961) ENT Michael Hurley (1962): Psychiatry Mark Musgrave (1964): Radiology Paul Poulgrain (1964): Neurosurgery Peter Stewart (1965): Opthalmology Rob Hodge (1967): Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery Jim Johnson (1968): Radiology Richard Astill (1968): Psychiatry Chris Muir (1968): Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Peter Cooney (1969): Pathology Rob Sinclair (1969): Dermatology Kevin Vandeleur (1969): Opthalmology Peter Lavercombe (1970): Intensive Care Peter O’Hare (1971): Radiology Phil Woodford (1971): Pathology Shane Connolly (1972): Radiology John McGrath (1974) Psychiatrist Chris Pyke (1975): General Surgery Peter Sinclair (1975): Dermatology Jim Muir (1977): Dermatology Damien O’Brien (1977): Opthalmology Tim McGahan (1976): Vascular Surgery Paul Robertson (1977: Psychiatrist Greg Treston (1978): Accident & Emergency Tim O’Brien (1978): Anaesthetics Bill Donnelly (1979): Orthopedics John Brown (1979): Psychiatry Brendan Moore (1984): Anaesthetics and Pain Specialist Brendan Klar (1985): Orthopedics Glenn Sterling (1982) Obstetrics Paul Bretz (1978) Obstetrics Luke Garske (1986): Respiratory Medicine Neil Bretz (1987): Respiratory Medicine Daniel Ford (1989): Pedodontics Greg Sterling (1989): Orthopedics David McCormack (1990): Anaesthetics Jason Lamberly (1990): General Surgery Matthew Purcell (1990): Anaesthetics Michael Gabbett (1991): Clinical Geneticist and Paediatrician Matias Yudi (1997): Cardiologist Adrian Cois (2001): Emergency Medicine Tim Eviston (2002): General Surgery Edward Spraggon (2003): # Reconstructive Surgery James Bennett (2004): Pathology Michael Fry (2004): Emergency James Gallo (2006): Radiation Oncologist Seamus McWhirter: # Dermatology Josh Conroy (2008): # Matthew Hearn (2008): # Jacob Allen-Ankins (2009): # Sean McKeague (2009): Haematology and Pathology Nick Wing (2009): # Orthopedics Nathan Hearn (2010): # Nick Rigby (2010): # ICU PHO Alex Milliken (2010): Obstetrics Sam Geraghty (2012):# Pediatrics Angus Porter (2012): # Michael Wing (2012): # Pediatrics Chilly Peng (2013): # David Brough (2013): General Surgery Nathanael Leavy (2014): # Darcy Wright: (2014): # Will Collins (2014): # Orthopedics Lachlan Yaksich (2014): # NB # Signifies currently Registrar or in training for specialty. SPORT Wallaby and Test Representatives Marist College Ashgrove has produced a number of Old Boys who have represented the Wallabies (25), Queensland (60) and nearly 30 Australian Schoolboy Rugby Representatives. Three Old Boys, Chilla Wilson (1943), Des Connor (1953) and John Eales (1987) captained both the Wallabies and Queensland. Barry Honan (1964), Des Ridley (1955) and Daniel Herbert (1990) captained Queensland. Des Connor also represented the All Blacks in 12 tests and coached the Wallabies in 1968-1969. John Connolly was Wallaby coach in 2006-2007. Fergus Wilson (1943) in the 1950s, John Connolly (1969) in the 1990s and Richard Graham (2014-2016) would all coach Queensland. Richard Graham was previously Captain-Coach of the Australian 7s team after successfully winning a Bronze medal as a player in the 1998 Commonwealth Games Rugby 7s for Australia in Kuala Lumpur. Charles Wilson (1943) Des Connor (1953) Shane Sullivan (1954) Paddy Knapp (1955) Mick Barry (1960) Robert Honan (1961) Alex Pope (1961) Barry Honan (1964) Robert Wood (1965) David L’Estrange (1966) Michael Flynn (1966) Paddy Batch (1969) Brendan Moon (1976) Nigel Kassulke (1978) Anthony Herbert (1982) Sam Scott-Young (1984) Garrick Morgan (1980-1985) John Eales (1987) Patrick Howard (1990) Daniel Herbert (1990) Graeme Bond (1992) Anthony Mathison (1998) Daniel Heenan (1999) Brendan McKibbin (2002) Nick Frisby (2009) Test Referees Andrew Cole (1977) Rohan Hoffmann (1989) Rugby Union (Other Countries) Des Connor (1953): New Zealand Rohan Hoffmann (1987): Portugal Alex Rokobaro (2007): Fiji Ben Toolis (2009): Scotland Scott Malolua (2011): Samoa Emosi Tuqiri (2017): Fiji Rugby 7s Richard Graham (1990) – Captain-Coach after winning Bronze medal at 1998 Kuala Lumpur Commonwealth Games. Tom McVerry (1997) Peter Loli (1997) Ashley Elphinston (1998) Rugby 7s (Other Countries) Peter Tsiamalili (1997): PNG Rohan Hoffmann (1987): Portugal Rugby League Bob Honan (1961): South Sydney, NSW, Kangaroo – 1967 Wayne Stewart (1966): Wests, QLD (1970/1972), Kangaroo – 1972 Billy Walters (2011): Melbourne Storm (2019), West Tigers (2020) and Grand Finalist with Broncos (2023). Australian Rules Charlie Cameron (2011): Adelaide Crows (2014 – 2017), Brisbane Lions (2018 – Current). Twice named in “All Australian team” in 2019 and 2023. Lachlan Keeffe (2007): Collingwood 2008 – 2017, GWS (2018 – Current) Soccer/Football Corey Brown (2011): Brisbane Roar, Australia U23 Glen Kolpak (1994): Australian U23 Macklin Freke (2016): Brisbane Roar Goalkeeper 2022 Jordan Courtney-Perkins (2013-2017) Sydney F.C., Aust U23. Swimming Michael Bohl (1979): Australian Olympic Coach, Finalist (5th) 200 IM 1982 Brisbane Commonwealth Games. Aaron Bourke (1994): 1994 Commonwealth Games, Canada. Freestyle. Brendan Keogh (1988): Head Coach, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 Paralympics. Coach 2000 Paralympics. Paul Gockel (1983): 1992, 1996, Paralympics Ricardo Moffati (2004): 2004 Paralympics, Silver and Bronze Medallist. Also represented at 2008 Paralympics. John Jameson (1993) – successfully completed English Channel in 2013. Patrick McGrath (1987) – successfully completed English Channel in 2018. Sam Short (2018): 1500m Gold medal freestyle 2022 Commonwealth Games. Gold medal 400m 2023 World Championships. Silver medal 800m 2023 World Championships. Bronze medal 1500m 2023 World Championships. Water Polo Pietro Figlioli (2001): 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2021 Olympics. World Champions (Italy) 2011 and Captain of World Champions (Italy) in 2019. Won Silver at Olympics (2012), Bronze (2016), both with Italy. Marcus Berehulak (2018): Australian rep at 2023 World Water Polo Championships. Will Valentine (2021): Captained Australia in World Youth Water Polo Championships in 2022. Tennis Ray Kelly (1975): Australian Davis Cup member in 1976 and Australian Open Junior (U19) Champion 1976. French Open Junior Finalist 1977 (defeated by John McEnroe). Boxing Paul Miller (1995): 2000 Sydney Olympics, 2002 Manchester Commonwealth Games – Gold Medallist (middleweight division) Equestrian Russell Johnstone (1982): 1996 Atlanta Olympics Athletics Michael Barry (1968): Australian Shot Put Champion in 1974 Brett Leavy (1982): National Representative – 100m Sprint and relay Cross Country Peter Berney (1980): Australian Representative in 1986 Anthony Smith (1980): Australian Representative in 1987 Triathlon Ryan Fisher (2008): 2016 Rio Olympics Alan Moran (2000): Four years consecutive World Champion, U20 – Canada 2001, U20– Mexico 2002, U23 – NZ 2003, U23- Portugal 2004, U23 – Japan 2005 Dwayne Cannel (1986): Represented Australia at World Triathlon Championships in 1993. Volleyball Andrew Grant (2001): 2012 London Olympics William Thwaite (2004): Australian representative. Cricket Matthew Hayden (1988): QLD & Australian Opening Batsman (Test, One Day and T20) Peter McPhee (1980): Sheffield Shield, Tasmania. Opening Bowler Alex Cusack (1997): Ireland (One Day and T20- World Cup Representative). All-rounder Chris Kent (2008): PNG (One Day and T20 2014 World Cup Qualifiers) Batsman Dylan McLachlan (2016): Marsh One Day Cup, Qld v SA, 14.2.2024. Wicketkeeper, Batsman. Australian Indigenous representative in 2023. Winter Olympics Stephen Lee (1995): Speed Skating, 2002 and 2006 Winter Olympics (6th in 5000m team relay at both Olympics) and competed 2005 World Championships (1,500m individual). Surf Life Saving Warren Gifford (1964): Member of Winning QLD surf team at 1968 Aust Titles, North Cronulla. Peter O’Hare (1971): Member of Winning QLD Beach Sprint Relay, 1973 Aust National Championships, Burleigh Heads, QLD. Wrestling Tom Cicchini (2013): 2018 Commonwealth Games. Quarterfinalist, Freestyle Division. Powerlifting/Weightlifting Lev Susany (2005): Australian, Oceania, Commonwealth Powerlifter Champion over 74, 83 and 91 kg classes. Member of Australian team 2010-2014. UQ Sportsman of the Year. Awarded Full Blue UQ. Also QUT Sportsman of the Year. Rory Scott (2016): Silver medal representing Australia at 2023 Pacific Games Weightlifting 81 Kg division. Windsurfing Sean O’Brien (2001): Australian Windsurfing Champion (11 times between 2002-2018) Miscellaneous Guinness Book of Records: Fr. Leo Coote (1962) – Twice world record holder between 1975-1979 for most push ups. Final record – 1,586 push ups in 30 mins! 5
2410	dbpedia	1	1	https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/garrick-sir-james-francis-3597	en	Australian Dictionary of Biography			[ "https://adb.anu.edu.au/images/site/oa/siteIcon.jpg", "https://adb.anu.edu.au/images/site/pa/siteIcon.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "W. Ross Johnston" ]	1972-01-01T00:00:00			/images/site/adb/favicon.ico		null	Sir James Francis Garrick (1836-1907), politician and agent-general, was born on 10 January 1836 at Sydney, the second son of James Francis Garrick who migrated in the early 1830s to manage a flour-mill. Like his elder brother, James was articled to a Sydney solicitor. He was admitted to practise in December 1860 and his brother practised in Christchurch, New Zealand. In 1861 Garrick moved to Brisbane, where only four attorneys were then in practice. He went into partnership with Charles Lilley, built up a flourishing practice and became solicitor to the City Council. Garrick represented East Moreton in the Legislative Assembly in 1867-68. In 1869 the Lilley ministry appointed him to the Legislative Council but he soon left for London and after an absence of two sessions his seat was declared vacant. In London he resumed his legal studies and was called to the Bar of the Middle Temple in 1873. Next year he returned to Brisbane and was admitted to the Queensland Bar. He was crown prosecutor of the metropolitan district in 1874-75, the central district in 1875-76 and the southern district in 1877. In 1882 he was appointed Q.C. He re-entered politics in 1877 for East Moreton. In February 1878 he was appointed secretary for public lands and mines in the ministry of John Douglas; in December he became attorney-general and held office for two months before the government fell. From 1879 he was prominent in the Opposition led by (Sir) Samuel Griffith to the McIlwraith government until November 1883 when Griffith took over the administration and appointed Garrick temporarily as colonial treasurer. In 1883-84 he was postmaster-general, a post that customarily involved leadership of the government in the Legislative Council, to which he was duly appointed. He represented Queensland at the Intercolonial Conference of 1883. In June 1884 Griffith appointed him agent-general for immigration in London while still holding a seat in the Executive Council as minister without portfolio. Apart from an interruption from June 1888 to December 1890, Garrick held his post in London until October 1895. In his first term he sent to Queensland an average of 10,000 migrants each year, most from Britain but a few from Europe. When hopes of increased German migration were crushed in 1885 by German newspaper stories 'warning against Queensland', Garrick tried to counter them but with little success. In 1886 he unsuccessfully canvassed the possibility of other schemes of state-aided migration from Britain. He took part in settling the New Guinea question after Queensland's abortive annexation in 1883. With other Australasian agents-general he was involved in numerous conferences and private interviews with the secretary of state for the colonies. The latter rejected both Garrick's suggestions for more immediate and effective action in New Guinea and the South Pacific and his protest against the deportation of French criminals to New Caledonia. He arranged with the Admiralty for the Paluma to survey more accurately the Queensland coast and secured other ships for his government. He attended the Postal Union Conference at Lisbon in 1885 and the International Congress at Brussels on customs tariffs in 1888. As an executive commissioner, he prepared Queensland's court for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886, and was one of Queensland's representatives at the Colonial Conference in 1887. He was appointed C.M.G. in 1885 and K.C.M.G. in 1886. In his second term as agent-general in 1890-95 Garrick completed the details of a scheme to send Italians to the sugar areas of Bundaberg and the Herbert River as replacements for Kanaka labour. In 1891-92 he publicized a scheme of village settlement but deteriorating financial conditions in Queensland put an end to such plans. When the focus of attention in the agent-general's office switched to commerce and trade, Garrick helped to find and promote new markets for Queensland products and new products for Queensland to develop. The marketing of frozen beef was his main concern. With the War Office he helped to complete arrangements for the defence of Torres Strait, including armaments for Thursday Island. He was active in the Imperial Institute and a Queensland representative on its council. In 1890 he was invited but declined to stand for the House of Commons as a Unionist. In 1895 he was appointed a judge of the Queensland Supreme Court but did not assume office. He was a director of several companies and remained in London until he died at his home on 12 January 1907. He was survived by his wife Catherine, daughter of Dr J. J. Cadell, whom he had married on 3 January 1865, and by three children. His daughter, Katherine, endowed the James Francis Garrick chair of law at the University of Queensland. Described as a 'brilliant lawyer, a well set up handsome man, cultivated and of great personal charm', Garrick was also a fine speaker, very courtly and diplomatic. Although overshadowed in politics by his friend Griffith, as agent-general he was an active intermediary between his government and imperial officials and an ardent promoter of Queensland's advancement.
2410	dbpedia	1	22	https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2940515392	en	(1885)	https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2929581026/representativeImage?wid=250	https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2929581026/representativeImage?wid=250	[ "https://assets.nla.gov.au/logos/trove/trove-colour.svg", "https://assets.nla.gov.au/logos/trove/trove-colour.svg", "https://nla.gov.au/tarkine/images/twitter-logo.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://assets.nla.gov.a…e/favicon-16.png	Trove	https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2929581026	Cite Citation options: Work Image Work identifier http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2929581026 APA citation Greville, Edward. (). The Year-book of Australia Retrieved August 27, 2024, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2929581026 MLA citation Greville, Edward. The Year-book of Australia London : Sydney: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd. ; Year-Book of Australia and Publishing Co, . Web. 27 August 2024 <http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2929581026> Harvard/Australian citation Greville, Edward. , The Year-book of Australia Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd. ; Year-Book of Australia and Publishing Co, London : Sydney viewed 27 August 2024 http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2929581026 Wikipedia citation {{Citation \| author1=Greville, Edward. \| title=The Year-book of Australia \| year= \| section=v. : maps ; 21 cm. \| issue=(1885) \| location=London : Sydney \| publisher=Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd. ; Year-Book of Australia and Publishing Co \| url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2929581026 \| id=nla.obj-2929581026 \| access-date=27 August 2024 \| via=Trove }} Citations are automatically generated and may require some modification to conform to exact standards. What can I do with this? Copyright varies by issue and article Reason for copyright status Serials have an open range of dates. Copyright varies with each issue and article. You may have full rights to copy, or may be able to copy only under some circumstances, for example a portion for research or study. Order a copy where circumstances allow or Contact us for further information. Copyright status was determined using the following information: Material type Literary Dramatic Musical Copyright status may not be correct if data in the record is incomplete or inaccurate. Other access conditions may also apply. For more information please see: Copyright in library collections.
2410	dbpedia	2	20	https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2969698171	en	(1879)	https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2965789958/representativeImage?wid=250	https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2965789958/representativeImage?wid=250	[ "https://assets.nla.gov.au/logos/trove/trove-colour.svg", "https://assets.nla.gov.au/logos/trove/trove-colour.svg", "https://nla.gov.au/tarkine/images/twitter-logo.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://assets.nla.gov.a…e/favicon-16.png	Trove	https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2965789958	Cite Citation options: Work Image Work identifier http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2965789958 APA citation (1872). The Australian handbook and almanac and shippers' and importers' directory Retrieved August 12, 2024, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2965789958 MLA citation The Australian handbook and almanac and shippers' and importers' directory London: Gordon and Gotch, 1872. Web. 12 August 2024 <http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2965789958> Harvard/Australian citation 1872, The Australian handbook and almanac and shippers' and importers' directory Gordon and Gotch, London viewed 12 August 2024 http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2965789958 Wikipedia citation {{Citation \| \| title=The Australian handbook and almanac and shippers' and importers' directory \| year=1872 \| section=8 volumes : illustrations (some col.) ; 25 cm. \| series=Rex Nan Kivell Collection ; \| issue=(1879) \| location=London \| publisher=Gordon and Gotch \| url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2965789958 \| id=nla.obj-2965789958 \| access-date=12 August 2024 \| via=Trove }} Citations are automatically generated and may require some modification to conform to exact standards.
2410	dbpedia	2	36	https://australianpolitics.com/2013/01/26/seven-politicians-receive-australia-day-honours.html/	en	Seven Former Politicians Awarded Australia Day Honours: Downer, Uren Receive AC	https://australianpoliti…ple/uren-tom.jpg	https://australianpoliti…ple/uren-tom.jpg	[ "https://australianpolitics.com/images/people/uren-tom.jpg", "https://cdn.printfriendly.com/buttons/printfriendly-pdf-button-nobg-md.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "admin" ]	2013-01-26T00:00:00	Alexander Downer and Tom Uren and five other former politicians have received awards in the Australia Day Honours list announced today. Downer and Uren both received the AC, the highest award. Includes a complete list of all honours awarded.	en	https://australianpoliti…-logo1-32x32.jpg	AustralianPolitics.com	https://australianpolitics.com/2013/01/26/seven-politicians-receive-australia-day-honours.html/	This is the complete list of recipients of Australia Day Honours. ORDER OF AUSTRALIA COMPANION (AC) IN THE GENERAL DIVISION The Honourable Alexander John Downer, SA. For eminent service to the Parliament of Australia through the advancement of international relations and foreign policy, particularly in the areas of security, trade and humanitarian aid, and to the community of South Australia. The Reverend Professor James Mitchell Haire AM, ACT. For eminent service to the community through international leadership in ecumenical and interfaith dialogue, the promotion of religious reconciliation, inclusion and peace, and as a theologian. Professor Brian Paul Schmidt, Sutton, NSW. For eminent service as a global science leader in the field of physics through research in the study of astronomy and astrophysics, contributions to scientific bodies and the promotion of science education. The Honourable Tom Uren AO, Balmain, NSW. For eminent service to the community, particularly through contributions to the welfare of veterans, improved medical education in Vietnam and the preservation of sites of heritage and environmental significance. OFFICER (AO) IN THE GENERAL DIVISION The Honourable Justice James Leslie Allsop, Court of Appeal, Supreme Court, NSW. For distinguished service to the judiciary and the law, as a judge, through reforms to equity and access, and through contributions to the administration of maritime law and legal education. Professor John Robert Argue, Myrtle Bank, SA. For distinguished service to engineering through contributions to the development of stormwater management and technology as a researcher and academic. Robert Atkinson APM, Calamvale, Qld. For distinguished service to policing and to the community of Queensland, through leadership in law enforcement, community and cultural engagement, improved service delivery and contributions to professional development. Nicholas Begakis AM, Torrens Park, SA. For distinguished service to business and commerce in South Australia through leadership in the food industry and the development of international trade, and to the community. Carolyn Louise Bond, Moonee Ponds, Vic. For distinguished service to the community through the protection of consumers, particularly in relation to financial services, as an advocate and counsellor and through the provision of legal assistance services. Lynelle Jann Briggs, Narrabundah, ACT. For distinguished service to public administration, particularly through leadership in the development of public service performance and professionalism. Professor Roger William Byard PSM, SA. For distinguished service to medicine in the field of forensic pathology as an academic, researcher and practitioner and through contributions to professional committees and organisations. Professor Robert Graham Clark, Balgowlah Heights, NSW. For distinguished service to science and technology through leadership and governance of the scientific community of the Australian Defence Force and through contributions to quantum computing and nanotechnology. Professor Diego De Leo, Brisbane, Qld. For distinguished service to medicine in the field of psychiatry as a researcher and through the creation of national and international strategies for suicide prevention. Paul William Dyer, Edgecliff, NSW. For distinguished service to the performing arts, particularly orchestral music as a director, conductor and musician, through the promotion of educational programs and support for emerging artists. Jill Gallagher, Collingwood, Vic. For distinguished service to the indigenous community of Victoria, through leadership in the area of health and contributions to cultural, welfare and professional organisations. Emeritus Professor Robert Donald Goldney, Toorak Gardens, SA. For distinguished service to medicine in the field of psychiatry, as a researcher and academic, through international contributions to the study of suicide and its prevention. Richard James Goyder, Peppermint Grove, WA. For distinguished service to business through executive roles and through the promotion of corporate sponsorship of the arts and indigenous programs, and to the community. Professor Peter Gavin Hall, University of Melbourne, Vic. For distinguished service to mathematical science in the field of statistics through international contributions to research, as an academic and mentor, and through leadership of advisory and professional organisations. Gregory Neil Hartung OAM, Fyshwick, ACT. For distinguished service to sport and to people with a disability through contributions to the development and promotion of the paralympic community, particularly in the South Pacific. Clive James AM, Cambridge, United Kingdom. For distinguished service to literature through contributions to cultural and intellectual heritage, particularly as a writer and poet. James Carvel McColl, Adelaide, SA. For distinguished service to primary industry through policy and strategy advisory roles in the agriculture, fisheries and natural resources sector, and to conservation and the environment. Roderick Hamilton McGeoch AM, Woollahra, NSW. For distinguished service to the community through contributions to a range of organisations and to sport, particularly through leadership in securing the Sydney Olympic Games. Alistair Murray McLean OAM, ACT. For service to the Australian and international communities through significant leadership and co-ordination roles following the tsunami and earthquakes that occurred in Japan on 11 March 2011 and to the promotion of Australia’s diplomatic and trade relationships. Peter James McMurtrie, North Lakes, Qld. For distinguished service to the community through leadership in the areas of emergency patient care and health service management and contributions to professional organisations. Ernestine Bonita Mabo, Deeragun, Qld. For distinguished service to the indigenous community and to human rights as an advocate for the Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and South Sea Islander peoples. Professor Ralph Nigel Martins, Nedlands, WA. For distinguished service to medicine in the field of psychiatry through leadership in the research into Alzheimer’s disease and the development of early diagnosis and treatment programs, and to the community of Perth. Dr Colin Douglas Matthews Walkerville, SA. For distinguished service to reproductive medicine, particularly through the establishment of donor insemination and in vitro fertilisation programs, through contributions to research and as an academic. Natalie Miller OAM, Toorak, Vic. For distinguished service to the film industry through promotion of screen culture, as a mentor to emerging filmmakers, particularly women, and contributions to advisory and professional organisations. Dr Philip James Moors, Balwyn North, Vic. For distinguished service to conservation and the environment through contributions to the botanical and scientific community and the promotion of Australian flora. Hugh Andrew O’Neill, North Melbourne, Vic. For distinguished service to architecture, through contributions to tertiary education and the fostering of relations with Asia, particularly Indonesia. Elaine Janet Paton, Tallangatta, Vic. For distinguished service to the rural community, particularly as an advocate for the role of women in agriculture and through contributions to educational programs. Professor Sally Redman, Annandale, NSW. For distinguished service to public health through leadership in the care of women with breast cancer, contributions to research and higher education and the promotion of relationships between researchers, policy makers and practitioners. Professor Marilyn Bernice Renfree, Glen Waverley, Vic. For distinguished service to biology, particularly through leadership in the research into marsupial reproduction, and to the scientific community through contributions to professional organisations. Emeritus Professor George Ernest Rogers, Stonyfell, SA. For distinguished service to biochemistry through contributions to tertiary education and leadership of research into the molecular structure and growth processes of wool and hair. Clive Robert Weeks, Melbourne, Vic. For distinguished service to engineering through leadership roles in the development of key civil works projects and through contributions to professional and educational organisations. Dr Peter William Weiss AM, NSW. For distinguished service to the arts, particularly orchestral music through philanthropic support and advisory roles. The Honourable Dr Christine Ann Wheeler QC, Applecross, WA. For distinguished service to the judiciary and the law, through leadership in the administration of justice and contributions to legal education, as a mentor to women, and to the community of Western Australia. The Honourable Justice Margaret Jean White, Fig Tree Pocket, Qld. For distinguished service to the judiciary and the law, through leadership in administration, contributions to education and law reform, and to the community of Queensland. Tony Wurramarrba, Alyangula, NT. For distinguished service to the indigenous community of the Groote Eylandt Archipelago through leadership and advocacy for improved services and infrastructure. Professor Helen Maria Zorbas, Vaucluse, NSW. For distinguished service to public health through leadership in the delivery of improved information and services to cancer patients and their families and contributions to research and clinical trials. OFFICER (AO) IN THE MILITARY DIVISION Royal Australian Navy Rear Admiral James Goldrick AM CSC RANR, ACT. For distinguished service as Commander, Border Protection Command, Commander, Joint Education and Training, and Commandant of the Australian Defence Force Academy, and for outstanding scholarship in the study of Australian naval history. Australian Army Major General Grant Douglas Cavenagh AM, Vic. For distinguished service to the Australian Defence Force as Commander Joint Logistics and as Head Land Systems Division. Major General Gerard Paul Fogarty AM, ACT. For distinguished service as Deputy Commander Joint Task Force 633 in Iraq, Director General Personnel – Army and as Head People Capability. MEMBER (AM) IN THE GENERAL DIVISION Mitchell David Anjou, Vic. For significant service to optometry and public health, particularly in the indigenous community, as a researcher, clinician and educator. The Honourable John Joseph Aquilina, Blacktown, NSW. For significant service to the Parliament of New South Wales and to the community. Howard Bamsey PSM, Griffith, ACT. For significant service to public administration, particularly in the area of climate change and energy efficiency. Emeritus Professor Gordon Alfred Barclay, Davistown, NSW. For significant service to tertiary education in New South Wales, particularly in the field of chemistry. Emeritus Professor Allan Douglas Barton, deceased (Award wef 8 February 2012) Late of ACT. For significant service to accounting and economics as an author, researcher, educator and mentor. Dean Bryan Barton-Smith, Vic. For significant service to the sport of athletics and to people who are deaf or hard of hearing through the development of sport and recreation opportunities. Dr Warwick Carl Bateman OAM, Chatswood, NSW. For significant service to youth through administrative and leadership roles with the Scouting movement in Australia. Dr Brian Michael Boettcher, Wahroonga, NSW. For significant service to psychiatry as a clinician and educator. Associate Professor Stuart Leigh Boland, Killara, NSW. For significant service to medicine through leadership roles in professional organisations and as a surgeon and educator. The Reverend Emeritus Professor Gary Donald Bouma, Melbourne, Vic. For significant service to sociology as an academic, to interfaith dialogue and to the Anglican Church of Australia. Robert Clements Brown, Northbridge, NSW. For significant service to the superannuation and funds management industry. Dr Gavan John Butler, Annandale, NSW. For significant service to economics and political science as an academic, researcher and educator. Professor William Edward Cartwright, Windsor, Vic. For significant service to cartography and geospatial science as an academic, researcher and educator. Paul Cattermole, Darwin, NT. For significant service to the community of the Northern Territory through the planning and management of major sporting and cultural events. Donald William Challen, Blackmans Bay, Tas. For significant service to economics and to public administration in Tasmania in the treasury and finance sector. Associate Professor Andrew Donald Cochrane, Essendon, Vic. For significant service to adolescent and adult congenital heart disease as a clinician, researcher and educator, and through humanitarian and philanthropic contributions. Keith Osborne Collett, Bentleigh East, Vic. For significant service to sustainable land management practices and water conservation. Dr Brian Leslie Cornish OAM RFD ED, Frewville, SA. For significant service to medicine as an orthopaedic surgeon, to forestry and conservation, and to the community. Ian Thomas Croser, ACT. For significant service to science through electronic communication and radar and related technologies. Associate Professor Jack Cross, Adelaide, SA. For significant service to tertiary education in South Australia, particularly in the field of art and design, and to indigenous education. Ewen Graham Crouch, Roseville, NSW. For significant service to the law as a contributor to legal professional organisations and to the community through executive roles with Mission Australia. The Right Reverend Andrew William Curnow, Bendigo, Vic. For significant service to the Anglican Church of Australia through leadership roles. Dr Marianne Josephine Dacy, Erskineville, NSW. For significant service to interfaith dialogue and to the Congregation of Our Lady of Sion. Professor Stephen Misha Davis, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic. For significant service to medicine in the field of neurology. Grant Raymond De Fries, Picnic Point, NSW. For significant service to youth through administrative and leadership roles with the Scouting movement in New South Wales. Margaret Ann Devlin, Camberwell, Vic. For significant service to youth, particularly through the Guiding movement in Victoria, and to the sport of women’s hockey. Edward Donnelly, Lane Cove, NSW. For significant service to the community through leadership in the promotion of the health and welfare of men through the Australian Men’s Shed Association. Professor Michael Andrew Dopita, Googong, NSW. For significant service to science in the field of astronomy and astrophysics. John Doust, Murdoch, WA. For significant service to the building and construction industry through executive and leadership roles. Dr Alan William Duncan, Floreat, WA. For significant service to medicine in the field of paediatric intensive care as a clinician and educator. John Robert Dunkley, Pearce, ACT. For significant service to the exploration, science and conservation of caves and karsts. Michael John Dysart, Woollahra,NSW. For significant service to architecture. Dr Mark Francis Ellis, Ivanhoe East, Vic. For significant service to medicine in the field of ophthalmology and to eye health in Indonesia and Timor-Leste. Bruce Neil Esplin, Melbourne Vic. For significant service to the emergency management sector in Victoria. Dr David Alexander Evans, ACT. For significant service to science and innovation through commercialising and developing new technologies. Kerrie Margaret Eyers, Bondi Junction, NSW. For significant service to psychology, particularly through mental health program administration. Graeme David Fair, Toorak, Vic. For significant service to the sport of tennis through a range of administrative and leadership roles, and to the community. Elizabeth Fisher, Somerton Park, SA. For significant service to the community through organisations and advisory bodies that promote social justice and the interests of women. Dr Hardinge Guy FItzhardinge, Mandurama, NSW. For significant service to conservation and the sustainable management of threatened species, and to the agricultural industry. Anne Fogarty, WA. For significant service to equity, access and advancement of education in Western Australia. The Honourable Robert Clive Fordham, Newlands Arm, Vic. For significant service to the Parliament of Victoria, to education, to the Anglican Church in Australia and to tourism and economic development. Emeritus Professor Philip Jack Foreman, Bellevue Hill, NSW. For significant service to tertiary education, particularly in the area of special education, and to people with a disability. David Anthony Forsyth, Castle Cove, NSW. For significant service to the aviation industry through a range of administrative and leadership roles. Professor Emeritus Maurice William French, Toowoomba, Qld. For significant service to tertiary education through a range of leadership roles, to the preservation of local history and to the study of the humanities. Christine Mary Gee, Campbell, ACT. For significant service to international relations and the people of Nepal, particularly through the provision of education, health and environmental programs. John Aubrey Gibson, deceased (Award wef 24 June 2011) Late of Melbourne, Vic. For significant service to international relations as an advocate for human rights. Professor Malcolm George Gillies, United Kingdom. For significant service to tertiary education through leadership roles and to the humanities, particularly as a scholar of musicology. Eric John Goodwin, Fairlight, NSW. For significant service to the community through educational organisations and to business. Professor Ian Charles Goulter, Auchenflower, Qld. For significant service to tertiary education, particularly through rural and regional engagement. Dr David Leslie Grantham PSM, Indooroopilly, Qld. For significant service to public health in the area of occupational hygiene. Laurence Francis Harkin, Berwick, Vic. For significant service to the community, particularly through the care and protection of people with a disability. Russell John Hawkins, Claremont, WA. For significant service to the community through leadership roles in the development of facilities for the support of parents, children and the aged. Ronald Kenneth Heinrich, St Ives, NSW. For significant service to the law and to the legal profession. The Reverend Harry James Herbert, Bundanoon, NSW. For significant service to the community through leadership and advocacy roles in the area of social justice and welfare. The Most Reverend Roger Adrian Herft, Perth, WA. For significant service to the Anglican Church of Australia through leadership roles in ecumenical and interfaith relations and advocacy for social justice. Mary Louise Herron, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to the performing arts through leadership and advisory roles. Jill Lesley Hickson, Woollahra, NSW. For significant service to the community through leadership roles in organisations supporting the arts, culture, tourism, the environment and education. Clive Perry Hildebrand, Chelmer, Qld. For significant service to business, particularly through leadership in the promotion of international relations and the protection of the sugar industry, and to tertiary education. John Kinloch Hindmarsh, Red Hill, ACT. For significant service to building and construction in the Australian Capital Territory, and to business. Michael Hintze, United Kingdom. For significant service to the community through philanthropic contributions to organisations supporting the arts, health and education. Philip James Hoffmann, Glenelg, SA. For significant service to the travel and tourism industry through contributions to professional associations and the development of training standards. Adjunct Professor David Anthony Hood, Taringa, Qld. For significant service to environmental engineering as an educator and researcher, through contributions to professional organisations, and to public awareness of sustainability. Professor William Roy Jackson, Camberwell, Vic. For significant service to science in the field of organic chemistry as an educator and researcher. Kenneth Edward Johnson, Campbell, ACT. For significant service to the development of water resources for irrigation and hydro-electricity as an engineer. Stephen John Jones, Withcott, Qld. For significant service to local government and the community of the Lockyer Valley, particularly in relation to the Queensland floods in 2010 and 2011. Andrew Gabriel Kaldor, Woolwich, NSW. For significant service to the arts, particularly orchestral music through advisory roles and philanthropy. Margaret Dean Larkin, Tamworth, NSW. For significant service to the arts as a leader and advocate of regional organisations. Geoffrey Michael Law, Dynnyrne, Tas. For significant service to conservation and the environment, particularly in Tasmania. Dr Michael John Llewellyn-Smith, Adelaide, SA. For significant service to local government through the promotion of city and state relations and planning. The Honourable Dr Jane Diane Lomax-Smith, Adelaide, SA. For significant service to the Parliament and the community of South Australia. Malcolm William Long, Rose Bay, NSW. For significant service to the performing arts and to the broadcasting and communications industries. Sandy Charles Longworth, Mosman, NSW. For significant service to engineering through leadership and advisory roles in research, training and professional organisations. Dr David Alistair Lonie, Boronia Park, NSW. For significant service to psychiatry, particularly in the field of infant and adolescent mental health. Dr Isla Ellen Lonie, deceased (Award wef 19 September 2011) Late of Boronia Park, NSW. For significant service to medicine in the field of psychiatry and to professional associations. Dr Errol James McGarry, Eltham North, Vic. For significant service to science and technology, particularly through research and development in the field of chemistry. Sandra Veronica McPhee, Point Piper, NSW. For significant service to business and to the community through leadership and advisory roles. John David Maddock, Hawthorn, Vic. For significant service to vocational education and training, and to the sport of basketball. David William Marchant, Breakfast Point, NSW. For significant service to the rail industry through national structural reform and infrastructure upgrades. Associate Professor Jeno Emil Marosszeky, Denistone, NSW. For significant service to rehabilitation medicine and through contributions to people with arthritis. Dr Ian William Marshall AE, The Gap, Qld. For significant service to the community of Queensland as a medical practitioner and through contributions to the cattle industry and rural education. The Honourable Justice Glenn Charles Martin, Brisbane, Qld. For significant service to the law, particularly through contributions to the Australian Bar Association, and to the community of Queensland. James Edward Maxwell, Woollahra, NSW. For significant service to sport, particularly cricket, as a commentator, and to the community. Wayne Ashley Merton, Dural, NSW. For significant service to the Parliament of New South Wales, and to the community. Robert Gordon Miller, Newtown, NSW. For significant service to the community, particularly through contributions to people with a disability. Dr Christopher Mitchell, Lennox Head, NSW. For significant service to medicine as a general practitioner through leadership roles in clinical practice, education and professional organisations. David Edward Mitchell, Golden Grove, SA. For significant service to conservation and the environment as a volunteer and volunteer advocate. Jill Elizabeth Morgan, Melbourne, Vic. For significant service to the promotion of multicultural and indigenous art through leadership roles in arts organisations. Professor Jonathan Mark Morris, Longueville, NSW. For significant service to maternal and infant health as a clinician, educator, patient advocate and researcher. Christopher John Moseley, United Kingdom. For significant service to linguistics through the preservation of indigenous and endangered languages. Jacob George Mye MBE OAM, deceased (Award wef 1 October 2010) Late of Darnley Island via Thursday Island, Qld. For significant service to the indigenous communities of the Torres Strait. The Reverend Dr Anthony George Nancarrow, Malvern, SA. For significant service to the Uniting Church in South Australia. Juliana Ampofowaa Nkrumah, Quakers Hill, NSW. For significant service to the community, particularly the welfare of women and refugees. Linda Jane O’Brien, Newtown, NSW. For significant service to secondary education through leadership and innovative practices, and to the community. Timothy John O’Brien, Berri, SA. For significant service to the community of Berri, South Australia. Julien William O’Connell, Brighton East, Vic. For significant service to the community and to the Catholic Church through leadership roles within health and governance services. Francis Michael O’Halloran, East Balmain, NSW. For significant service to business through leadership in the insurance industry and the promotion of corporate philanthropy. Mary Ann O’Loughlin, Woollahra, NSW. For significant service to public administration through the development of social policies, the reform of federal financial relations and government services. Tania Palmer, Kingdom of Cambodia. For significant service to the community, particularly street children and families in Cambodia, through the Green Gecko Project. George Papadopoulos, Camberwell, Vic. For significant service to the multicultural community of Victoria through the development of public policy, programs and services. Dr Nicholas George Pappas, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to the sport of rugby league football, to the arts and to the Greek-Australian community. Neil Perry, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to the community as a benefactor of and fund raiser for charities and as a chef and restaurateur. Jimmy Viet Tuan Pham, Canley Vale, NSW. For significant service to the community, particularly children in Vietnam, through KOTO International. Associate Professor Jonathan Phillips, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to mental health as a forensic psychiatrist, particularly through contributions to professional organisations. Norma Margaret Plummer, Berwick, Vic. For significant service to the sport of netball as a coach and representative player. Robin Andrew Poke, Hughes, ACT. For significant service to the sport of rowing and the Olympic movement as an administrator, journalist and author. Ann Kathleen Porter, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to people who are deaf or hard of hearing through executive and advocacy roles. Emeritus Professor Owen Edward Potter, Camberwell, Vic. For significant service to chemical engineering through leadership in the areas of education, research and development, and to the Catholic Church. Alan Nalder Powell, Linden Park, SA. For significant service to the community of South Australia through governance of welfare and church organisations and as a philanthropist. Dr Jan Desma Pratt, Grange, Qld. For significant service to child-health nursing through leadership in the area of professional development. Dr David Anthony Rand, Beaumaris, Vic. For significant service to science and technological development in the area of energy storage, particularly rechargeable batteries. Professor Paul Murray Redmond, Queens Park, NSW. For significant service to the law through contributions to legal education and professional bodies. Professor Bruce William Robinson, UWA School of Medicine, Nedlands, WA. For significant service to medicine in the area of research into asbestos-related cancers and to the community, particularly through support to fathers. Professor Abdullah Saeed, University of Melbourne, Vic. For significant service to tertiary education in the field of Islamic studies and to the community, particularly through the promotion of interfaith dialogue. Antonino Schiavello, Tullamarine, Vic. For significant service to business, particularly in the manufacturing and construction industries and to the community of Victoria. Janine Betty Schmidt, Brisbane, Qld. For significant service to the promotion of library services and information sciences, particularly through the development of electronic access initiatives. Emeritus Professor Steven Schwartz, Pyrmont, NSW. For significant service to tertiary education, to the community and to mental health. Kathryn Shauna Selby, Northbridge, NSW. For significant service to the arts as a concert pianist and performer of chamber music. Professor Dinesh Selva, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA. For significant service to ophthalmology and visual sciences as an academic, clinician and researcher and through contributions to professional organisations. Professor Peter Allen Silburn, Paddington, Qld. For significant service to medicine as a neurologist, particularly in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Professor David Owen Sillence, Eastwood, NSW. For significant service to medicine in the field of clinical genetics. Professor Anne Simmons, Wollstonecraft, NSW. For significant service to biomedical engineering, as an academic and administrator. Dr Michael Alexander Smith, Downer, ACT. For significant service to archaeological scholarship, particularly of the Australian desert regions. Professor Roger Smith, Newcastle, NSW. For significant service to medical research and development in the Hunter region and in the field of maternal health. Graham Joseph Smorgon, Vic. For significant service to business and to the community of Victoria. Emeritus Professor Richard Speare, Idalia, Qld. For significant service to medical and biological research through leadership roles in the areas of public health and wildlife conservation. Graham George Spurling ED, Brighton, SA. For significant service to business and to the community of South Australia. Emeritus Professor Robert Lynton Stable, Clayfield, Qld. For significant service to the community of Queensland through innovative and strategic management in the areas of tertiary education and health. Jock Hewett Statton OAM, Kangarilla, SA. For significant service to the veteran community of South Australia. Susan Winston Talbot, United States of America. For significant service to international relations, particularly through promotion of the arts. Benedict Taylor, East Perth, WA. For significant service to the indigenous community of Western Australia through contributions to a range of social justice and humanitarian rights issues. Mark Tedeschi QC, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to the law as a prosecutor and to photography. Robert Bain Thomas, Vaucluse, NSW. For significant service to the community of New South Wales through contributions to library governance and to business. Gianfranco Tomasi, Applecross, WA. For significant service to business through leadership roles in the electrical contracting industry and to the community. Professor Kristine Margaret Toohey, Paradise Point, Qld. For significant service to sport as an academic and researcher and through contributions to professional organisations. Professor Michael James Toole, Elwood, Vic. For significant service to international health, particularly through leadership in medical research. Kenneth Irving Turner, Booker Bay, NSW. For significant service to tertiary education, particularly in the political history of New South Wales. Judy Verlin, Alfredton. Vic. For significant service to the community of Ballarat. Associate Professor Jitendra Kantilal Vohra, Kew, Vic. For significant service to medicine in the field of cardiology. Alan George Waldron, West Beach, SA. For significant service to the sport of baseball and to the community. Dr Bruce William Walker, Alice Springs, NT. For significant service to the indigenous communities of remote Australia and the Northern Territory, and to the sport of cricket. Emeritus Professor John Gilbert Wallace PSM, Clifton Hill, Vic. For significant service to tertiary education. Leigh Robert Whicker, Stirling, SA. For significant service to the sport of Australian rules football in South Australia. Mary-Louise Williams, Annandale, NSW. For significant service to the museum sector and the preservation of maritime history. Lynette Robyn Willox, Mount Lawley, WA. For significant service to people with a disability in Western Australia. Dr Bethia Wilson, South Yarra, Vic. For significant service to the community of Victoria through the provision of dispute resolution in the area of health services. Yvonne Ethel Wilson, Yenda, NSW. For significant service to the community of Griffith, particularly through contributions to the protection of women and children. Bill Wood, O’Connor, ACT. For significant service to the community and the Legislative Assembly of the Australian Capital Territory. Dr Glenda Kaye Wood, Woollahra, NSW. For significant service to medicine in the field of dermatology. Emeritus Professor Neville David Yeomans, Camberwell, Vic. For significant service to tertiary education, research and clinical practice in the field of medicine. Kenneth Hudson Youdale DFC OAM, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to the community, particularly as an advocate for people affected by thalidomide. Derek Bernard Young, South Yarra, Vic. For significant service to the community of Victoria through contributions to the performing arts and higher education, and to philanthropy. Dr Jane Louise Zimmerman, George Town, Tas. For significant service to the community as an advocate and promoter of the status and health of women. MEMBER (AM) IN THE MILITARY DIVISION Royal Australian Navy Captain Jonathan David Sadleir RAN, ACT. For exceptional performance of duties as the Director Navy Continuous Improvement, Commanding Officer HMAS Parramatta and as Staff Officer Global Operations. Australian Army Major General Stephen Julian Day DSC, ACT. For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force as Commander of the 7th Brigade and Head Joint Capability Co-ordination. Lieutenant Colonel Michael Edward Garraway, SA. For exceptional service in the field of officer career management in 2009 and as Commanding Officer, 7th Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment, from 2010 to 2012. Major General Paul David McLachlan CSC, Vic. For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force as the Director General Development and Plans – Army, and as the Commander of the 7th Brigade. Brigadier Barry Neil McManus CSC, For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force as the Director General Capability and Plans and as the Army Attache to the United States of America. Brigadier Jane Maree Spalding, NSW. For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force in the fields of recruiting and strategic reform. Colonel Wade Bradley Stothart, ACT. For exceptional service as Commanding Officer Timor Leste Battle Group – Four, Commanding Officer of the 3rd Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment, Military Assistant to the Commander Forces Command and Director of Officer Career Management – Army. MEDAL (OAM) IN THE GENERAL DIVISION Lieta Acquarola, Yokine, WA. For service to the hospitality industry and to a range of charitable organisations. John Geoffrey Adnams, Mount Waverley, Vic. For service to business and commerce and to the community. Francis Xavier Alcorta, Bargara, Qld. For service to veterans and their families, and to journalism. Maree Sarah Allen, Beecroft, NSW. For service to highland dancing as a teacher, adjudicator and administrator. Dr Mustafa Abbas Ally, Eight Mile Plains, Qld. For service to the community through the promotion of interfaith harmony. Phillip Gregory Anderson, Gowrie, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Pamela Clare Archer, Taree, NSW. For service to music and to the community of Taree. Russell Joseph Ardley, Mornington, Vic. For service to youth through Mornington Peninsula Youth Enterprises. Meredith Claire Arnold , Waikerie, SA. For service to the community of Waikerie. Krishna Arora, Glen Waverley, Vic. For service to the community through multicultural and aged welfare organisations. Philip Henry Asker, Ringwood, Vic. For service to the tourism industry and to the community. Dr John Francis Atchison, Armidale, NSW. For service to the community of New England as a historian and educator. Philadelphia Alaine Atkinson, Atherton, Qld. For service to the community, particularly people with a disability. Brian Laurence Baldwin, Inverell, NSW. For service to the community of Inverell through a range of organisations. John Graeme Balfour, Belrose, NSW. For service to the community, particularly veterans. Ronald Frederick Barnes, Ingle Farm, SA. For service to youth through the Scouting movement. Donald James Barton, Fig Tree Pocket, Qld. For service to the community through church and welfare organisations. Dr Malcolm Baxter, Armadale, Vic. For service to medicine as an ear, nose and throat specialist. Olga Lillian Bayley, Revesby, NSW. For service to the community as a supporter of charitable organisations. Clinical Professor Graeme Leslie Beardmore, Tewantin, Qld. For service to medicine in the field of dermatology. Dr Allan Kenneth Beavis, Moss Vale, NSW. For service to music and to education. Linda Karen Beilharz, Bendigo, Vic. For service to the community and to polar exploration. Philip William Bell, Wahroonga, NSW. For service to education and to the community. John Maxwell Benyon, Cremorne, NSW. For service to radio broadcasting and to the community. Robert Allan Blake, Doubleview, WA. For service to surf lifesaving as an administrator and official. Eftihia Angelica Bland, Turramurra, NSW. For service to the community through charitable organisations. Terence Paul Boardman, Queenscliff, NSW. For service to surf lifesaving and to the community. John Samuel Bolitho, Finley, NSW. For service to the community of Finley. Brendan Matthew Bolton, Japan. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Kevin John Borger, Pottsville, NSW. For service to veterans and their families, and to people with a disability. Peter Gerard Boyce, Nambour, Qld. For service to the community of the Sunshine Coast. Robert Arthur Breeden, deceased (Award wef 17 March 2011) Late of Yalyalup, WA. For service to conservation and the environment, and to the community. Dr James Ernest Breheny, Balwyn North, Vic. For service to medical administration. Dr Nellie Dianne Bresciani, Toorak, Vic. For service to music, to the visual arts and to the community. David John Briegel, Wembley Downs, WA. For service to the community through charitable and historical organisations. Tessie Florence Brill, Hastings Point, NSW. For service to the community of the Northern Rivers. Victor Vincent Brill, Hastings Point, NSW. For service to the community of the Northern Rivers. Jeffrey Ross Britton, Smithton, Tas. For service to conservation and the environment, and to the community. John Winton Broomby, Westbury, Tas. For service to conservation and the environment, and to the community. Colin McIntyre Brown, Walla Walla, NSW. For service to the community of the Riverina, particularly as an educator. Kenneth Raymond Brown, Dianella, WA. For service to the sport of tennis through administrative roles. Colin Francis Browne, Mitcham, Vic. For service to the sport of athletics, to education and to the community. Jennifer Mary Bryant, Tyabb, Vic. For service to wildlife conservation. Walter Buldo, Parkinson, Qld. For service to the community, particularly veterans and their families. Richard Alfred Burns, Penguin, Tas. For service to botany, as an author and conservationist. Raelene Mary Bussenschutt, Kadina, SA. For service to the community through health, agricultural and women’s organisations. Phillip Anthony Butler, Glenorchy, Tas. For service to the community of Glenorchy. Hazel Dawn Butorac, Mount Lawley, WA. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Betty Iris Byrne , Burnie, Tas. For service to the community of Burnie. Commodore Ian Arthur Callaway RAN (Retired), Wollstonecraft, NSW. For service to veterans and their families. Donald Cameron, Ventnor, Vic. For service to local government, to conservation and the environment, and to the community, particularly through Lions International. Dr John Dominic Cannon, Howrah, Tas. For service to the sport of sailing. The Reverend Father George Carpis, Isaacs, ACT. For service to the Greek Orthodox Church and to the community. Professor Vincent Caruso, Crawley, WA. For service to medicine in the field of pathology. Norma Alice Castaldi, Hunters Hill, NSW. For service to the community as a fund-raiser and volunteer. Nigel Phillip Caswell, Brighton East, Vic. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Joanne Cavanagh, Hampton, Vic. For service to the community through social welfare organisations. Stephen Lindsay Cavanagh, Hervey Bay, Qld. For service to education and to the sport of rugby league football. John Laurence Chadban, Boomerang Beach, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of the Great Lakes region. Brian Erskine Chaseling MBE, deceased (Award wef 19 March 2012) Late of Queenscliff, NSW. For service to veterans and their families. Dr Kee Cheung, Carindale, Qld. For service to the Chinese community of Brisbane. Alan Charles Clough, Footscray West, Vic. For service to the sports of Australian rules football and lawn bowls, and to the community. Robert Edward Clyne, Unley Park, SA. For service to the community, particularly through the Freemasonry movement. Patricia June Conolly, Buderim, Qld. For service to the community of the Sunshine Coast. Jane Louise Cooke, Baulkham Hills, NSW. For service to the sport of gymnastics as an administrator. Joanne Frances Court, Nedlands, WA. For service to the community as an advocate for health, early childhood development and conservation organisations. Kenneth John Craddock, Narrabri, NSW. For service to the community of Narrabri, particularly veterans and their families. Heather Janice Crombie, Kalgoorlie, WA. For service to the community through remote health organisations. Carole Crommelin, Peppermint Grove, WA. For service to the community through health and charitable organisations. Wilbur Henry Cross, Forster, NSW. For service to music as a bandmaster, teacher and mentor. Ronald James Cumming, Bunyip, Vic. For service to the community of Bunyip. Alan Richard Curry, Tanilba Bay, NSW. For service to the community, particularly veterans and their families. Peter Howard Dale, Ballarat, Vic. For service to the performing arts and to the community of Ballarat. Marilyn Jean Dann, Blackburn, Vic. For service to the deaf and hearing impaired. John Gerard Davies, Toorak, Vic. For service to youth through a range of organisations. Councillor John Neville Davis, Orange, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of Orange. Douglas Charles Daws, Kalgoorlie, WA. For service to the mining industry, to local government and to the community of Kalgoorlie. Robert Alan Dawson, Ferntree Gully, Vic. For service to the community as a volunteer. Wandacita Day, Northmead, NSW. For service to the trade union movement and to the community. Neil Dickins, Mount Gambier, SA. For service to the community through social welfare and sporting organisations. Margot Balfour Dods, Ocean Shores, NSW. For service to music through administrative roles. Colleen Frances Dolan, Freshwater, Qld. For service to people with a disability. The Reverend Father Ignatius Tyson Doneley, Kensington, NSW. For service to the community through Catholic education organisations. Patrick Joseph Donnellan, Empire Bay, NSW. For service to the community of Gosford. Thomas Henry Donohue, Ballarat, Vic. For service to the community through social welfare organisations. William Keith Downie, North Hobart, Tas. For service to business and to the community. Alan Ralph Duggan, Cradoc, Tas. For service to the community of the Huon Valley. John Stephen Dwyer, Maffra, Vic. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Leslie David Elcome, Victoria Point. Qld. For service to people with a disability. Alan Frederick Elliott, South Melbourne, Vic. For service to photography. Patrick George Emery, Darlington, WA. For service to the community through health and charitable organisations. Trevor Farrell, Auchenflower, Qld. For service to people with a disability. Jules Mark Feldman, Olinda, Vic. For service to the print media industry. Graham Henry Felton, Avoca Beach, NSW. For service to the community through aged-care organisations. Michael Angel Fernandez, Primbee, NSW. For service to the community through public health programs. Holly Ferrara, Denmark, WA. For service to youth through the Scouting movement. Juanita Mary Field, Waggarandall, Vic. For service to the community through church and women’s organisations. Jack Leonard Fisher, Potts Point, NSW. For service to the community through a range of Jewish organisations. Joseph Fleming ED, Maroubra, NSW. For service to the community and to aged care. Deborah Fleming-Bauer, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Ultimo, NSW. For service to the television industry. Roy Alton Flynn, Millmerran, Qld. For service to local government and to the community. Wendy Folvig, Claremont, WA. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Major Norman Glyn Ford (Retired), Payneham, SA. For service to the community. Ronald Neil Forte, Eagleby, Qld. For service to surf lifesaving and to the community. Professor Bradley Scott Frankum, Orangeville, NSW. For service to medicine as an educator and administrator. Albert William Gamble, Round Corner, NSW. For service to youth through the Scouting movement. Geoffrey Philip Garnett, Melville, WA. For service to the sport of athletics as an official and administrator. Glen David Garrick, Buderim, Qld. For service to surf lifesaving. Yvon Albert Gatineau, Newtown, NSW. For service to the community of Lightning Ridge. Dr Robert Pem Gerner, Catalina, NSW. For service to architectural education, particularly in the field of urban design. Mark Bradley Geyer, Penrith South, NSW. For service to the sport of rugby league football and to the community through a range of charitable organisations. Dr Francesco Giacobbe, Hunters Hill, NSW. For service to the Italian community of New South Wales. Richard James Giddings, Pontville, Tas. For service to the community of Brighton. Lionel Herbert Gillman, Corowa, NSW. For service to the community through Lions Australia. Giuseppe Gianpiero Giugni, Kingston, ACT. For service to the community through multicultural and charitable organisations. Gordon Holland Glascock, Sutherland, NSW. For service to the community. Brian Thomas Gleeson, Kingswood, SA. For service to the community of South Australia through the management of sporting events. Mary Laelia Glen, deceased (Award wef 30 May 2011) Late of Condobolin, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of Condobolin. Peter John Goers, Norwood, SA. For service to the community as a radio broadcaster. Frederick Charles Goode, East Maitland, NSW. For service to veterans and their families. John Kevin Goodfellow, Kardinia International College, Bell Post Hill, Vic. For service to education. Robin Leslie Gordon, Belmont, NSW. For service to the preservation of social and local history and to the community. Carolyn Mary Gould, Kellyville, NSW. For service to the cashmere industry and to the community. Bernard Frederick Graham, Altona North, Vic. For service to the community through a range of organisations. David Graham, Altona, Vic. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Keith Cyril Graham, Swansea, NSW. For service to the community of Swansea. William Hamilton Grant, Highgate Hill, Qld. For service to business and to the community. Ross Grayson, Killarney, Qld. For service to the community of Killarney. Roger Michael Greenan, Windale, NSW. For service to the community through contributions to men’s health and well-being. Doreen Clare Greenham, Balranald, NSW. For service to the community of Balranald. Maureen Joy Grieve, NSW. For service to the community of Ballina. Bruce Atkin Griffiths, Toorak, Vic. For service to the automotive manufacturing industry and to the community. Geoffrey Leonard Grimish, Cronulla, NSW. For service to the community through fund-raising activities. Sydney Grolman, Cammeray, NSW. For service to the community. The Honourable Paul Marshall Guest QC, Toorak, Vic. For service to the community and to the sport of rowing. Harmick Hacobian, Forestville, NSW. For service to the Armenian community. Christopher Ben Halford, Griffith, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Ted Hamilton, Toorak, Vic. For service to the performing arts and to the community. Noel Bernard Hannant, Wilsonton, Qld. For service to the community of Toowoomba. Warwick William Hansen, Colo Vale, NSW. For service to the community and to the funeral industry. Thomas Frank Harding ED, Torquay, Vic. For service to the community through historical and service organisations. Trevor Albert Hargreaves, Yarrawonga, Vic. For service to the community of Yarrawonga. Alan Murray Harper, Eastwood, NSW. For service to education. Antona Harris, Glen Alpine, NSW. For service to the community. Dr James Michael Harris, Sandy Bay, Tas. For service to veterinary science and animal welfare. Beryl Gwendalen Hay, Westlake, Qld. For service to the blind and partially sighted. Peter John Hayes-Williams, Wheeler Heights, NSW. For service to veterans and their families. Raymond Shane Hazen, Barham, NSW. For service to radio broadcasting. Charles Harry Heath, Metung, Vic. For service to the real estate industry and to the community. Robert Glen Heinrich, Highbury, SA. For service to the information technology industry. Douglas Rayment Henderson, Southport, Qld. For service to veterans and their families, and to youth. Nina Olive Higgins, Bundaberg, Qld. For service to the community of Bundaberg. Margaret Ann Hodgens, Inverell, NSW. For service to the community of Inverell. Robert John Holloway, Armidale, NSW. For service to the community and to veterans and their families. Trevor William Holloway, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Dr Miriam Frances Holmes, Bellbowrie, Qld. For service to youth through the Guiding movement. Susan Ruth Hoopmann, Hunters Hill, NSW. For service to local government. Dr John Dennis Horton, Birchip, Vic. For service to medicine and to the community. Richard Lancelot House, Victor Harbor, SA. For service to conservation and the environment, and to the community. Louise Amelia Howden-Smith, Nedlands, WA. For service to the performing arts, particularly ballet. Catherine Gai Howells, Kensington, NSW. For service to physiotherapy and to people with a disability. Suzanne Joy Hoyle, Kettering, Tas. For service to the community through health-care organisations. Leslie Irene Huggins, deceased (Award wef 9 February 2012) Late of Apollo Bay, Vic. For service to local government and to the community of Alice Springs. Professor Robert Iansek, Malvern East, Vic. For service to medicine in the field of neurology. Robert John Irvine, South Bunbury, WA. For service to education, to regional development and to the community. Peter Boutros Jabbour, Dandenong North, Vic. For service to the community through multicultural and charitable organisations. Sigmund Alexander Jablonski, NSW. For service to Vietnam veterans. Clifford Robert Jackson, Monterey, NSW. For service to the blind and partially sighted, and to the aviation industry. William Robert Jackson PSM, Calwell, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Edward Jaku, Woollahra, NSW. For service to the Jewish community. Claude Justin Jeanneret, Bundall, Qld. For service to surf lifesaving. Harold Dawson Johnston, deceased (Award wef 4 July 2011) Late of Glen Iris Vic. For service to the community through aged-care and charitable organisations. Anthony Douglas Jordan, Woori Yallock, Vic. For service to the Australian wine industry as a winemaker, administrator and judge. Sigmund Jorgensen, Eltham, Vic. For service to the visual arts and to the community. Raivo Kalamae, Bankstown, NSW. For service to the community through multicultural and veterans’ organisations. Patricia May Kennedy, Bedford Park, SA. For service to veterans and their families, particularly as an entertainer. Lillace Mary Kenta, NSW. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Malcolm John Kerr, Taren Point, NSW. For service to the Parliament of New South Wales. Anthony Khouri, Parramatta, NSW. For service to the community through multicultural organisations. Norma King, South Fremantle, WA. For service to the community as a historian. George Klein, NSW. For service to community health through drug and alcohol related programs. Christine Anne Knight, Merbein, Vic. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Brian James Kotz, Blakeview, SA. For service to the community, particularly veterans and their families. David Allan Lane, Lightning Ridge, NSW. For service to local government and to the community. Anne Merle Lang, Kensington, SA. For service to the community through sporting and fitness organisations. Margaret Ruth Lange, Dernancourt, SA. For service to music as an educator and administrator. Diane Therese Langmack, Cabarita, NSW. For service to the community through charitable and women’s organisations. Patricia Anne Lanham, Manly, NSW. For service to the community, particularly through mental health organisations. Max Andrew Laurie, Dubbo, NSW. For service to the community. George Lazaris, Maroubra, NSW. For service to the community through multicultural organisations. Anne Elizabeth Leadbeater, Kinglake, Vic. For service to the community of Kinglake, particularly in the aftermath of the 2009 Victorian bushfires. Lloyd Christie Leah, For service to conservation and the environment. Hugh Lee, Eastwood, NSW. For service to the Chinese community of Eastwood. James Kyungkyu Lee, Bankstown, NSW. For service to the Korean community of Canterbury. Allan Andrew Lees, Hornsby, NSW. For service to the performing arts. Bruce David Lindenmayer, Chapman, ACT. For service to conservation and the environment. Russell John Loane, Carindale, Qld. For service to engineering in the field of illumination. Sister Berneice Mary Loch, Rockhampton, Qld. For service to the community through the Institute of Sisters of Mercy. Kerry Thomas Lonergan, Toowong, Qld. For service to the media and to the community. Patrick John Long, Noosaville, Qld. For service to the aerial mustering industry. Richard Craig Longmore, Hawker, ACT. For service to herpetology, particularly the study of snakes and lizards. Mary Elizabeth Lovett, Mudgee, NSW. For service to the blind and partially sighted, and to the community. Theda Claire Lowe, Ashgrove, Qld. For service to the performing arts. Charles Lowles, Blackett, NSW. For service to local government and to the community. Abigail Margaret Luders, Griffith, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Margaret Mary Lynch, Brighton, Vic. For service to the community through adult multicultural education. Richard John Lytham, Collaroy Plateau, NSW. For service to surf lifesaving. Alexander Urquhart McArthur, SA. For service to the community through Oxfam Australia. Hugh Calmar McCrindle, Taree, NSW. For service to the community of Taree. Shane William MacDonald, Toowoomba, Qld. For service to the community of the Darling Downs. Andrew John McDougall, Orange, NSW. For service to the community of Orange through social welfare organisations. Robin James McKenzie, Canberra, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Ian Geoffrey McKeown, Cranbourne East, Vic. For service to the community, particularly veterans and their families. Archibald John McLeish, Albury, NSW. For service to the community of Albury. Patrick MacMillan, Wahroonga, NSW. For service to the community through Alzheimer’s Australia New South Wales. Brigadier Philip John McNamara CSC ESM (Retired), Thirroul, NSW. For service to the community, particularly veterans and their families. Alexander McDonald McNeill, Newstead, Tas. For service to veterans and their families. Donald Lane MacRaild, Valencia Creek, Vic. For service to the community through the Vanuatu Prevention of Blindness Project. Nisia Margaret MacRaild, Valencia Creek, Vic. For service to the community through the Vanuatu Prevention of Blindness Project. Herbert Charles Mangelsdorf, Cronulla, NSW. For service to sport, particularly lawn bowls. Dr Michael William Maroney, Sydney, NSW. For service to the sport of athletics, particularly triathlon. Dr Joseph Julius Masika, South Plympton, SA. For service to the community through multicultural and social welfare organisations. Dr Artis Visvaldis Medenis, Gerringong, NSW. For service to veterinary science and to the community. Pamela Mendels, North Adelaide, SA. For service to the community as a volunteer with Jewish organisations. Peter William Middleton, deceased (Award wef 6 January 2012) Late of Sydney, NSW. For service to music and to the community. Dennis Davis Miles, Mitchelton, Qld. For service to the sport of football. Peter Bertram Mill, Frankston, Vic. For service to the community, particularly in the field of radio communications. Lieutenant Commander Christopher Anthony Mills RFD RAN (Retired), Belgian Gardens, Qld. For service to the community of Townsville. Dr Richard Morley Milner, Gawler, SA. For service to the community, particularly through Rotary International. Rosa Frances Miot, Doncaster East, Vic. For service to people with a disability, particularly through sport and recreation. Paul Francis Molloy, Australian High Commission, Pakistan. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Leanne Deirdre Morgan, Mildura, Vic. For service to diving as an administrator and coach. Ian Richard Morison, Geelong, Vic. For service to the community, particularly through contributions to pipe band performance. Belinda Morrison, Clovelly, NSW. For service to the Australian music industry as a performer and advocate. David John Motteram, North Adelaide, SA. For service to the community. George Alan Murdoch, Altona Meadows, Vic. For service to education in isolated communities. Councillor Antonio Anthony Mustaca, Chatswood, NSW. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Dr Geoffrey Vernon Mutton, Orange, NSW. For service to medicine in the field of orthopaedic surgery. Filippo Navarra, Riverwood, NSW. For service to the community. Bernard Patrick Neeson, Sydney, NSW. For service to the performing arts as a singer and songwriter, and to the community. Desmond John Nelson, Alice Springs, NT. For service to conservation and the environment, particularly in central Australia. Coralie Dawn Newman, Narrabeen, NSW. For service to the sport of netball as an administrator. Dobe Newton, Fitzroy North, Vic. For service to the performing arts as an entertainer and advocate. Audrey Margaret Nicholls, Port Melbourne, Vic. For service to the performing arts, particularly ballet. Hedley Nicholson, Parkes, NSW. For service to the sport of tennis and to the community of Parkes. Gillian Cavendish Nikakis, Mornington, Vic. For service to nursing through mental health support programs. Charles William Oakenfull, Caulfield South, Vic. For service to the community as a foster carer. Patricia Gwendoline Oakenfull, Caulfield South, Vic. For service to the community as a foster carer. Robert Bruce O’Callaghan, Tanunda, SA. For service to the Australian wine industry and to the community of the Barossa Valley. Judith Mary Ohana, Wollstonecraft, NSW. For service to aged care. Richard Norman Olesinski, Port Noarlunga, SA. For service to conservation and the environment, and to surf lifesaving. Duncan Ord, Darlington, WA. For service to the performing arts as an administrator. Peter O’Shaughnessy, United Kingdom. For service to the performing arts as a writer, theatre director, actor, historian and folklorist. Anthony Philip Oxley, Darling Point, NSW. For service to the visual arts and to the community. Roslyn Mary Oxley, Darling Point, NSW. For service to the visual arts and to the community. Helen Paatsch, Colac, Vic. For service to the community of Colac. Louise Mary Page, Mawson, ACT. For service to the performing arts. Graham Dudley Parham, Gawler, SA. For service to equestrian sport. David Parkin, Hawthorn, Vic. For service to the sport of Australian rules football as an administrator, coach and player. James Harrison Parkins, Glenelg East, SA. For service to the community through service organisations. Graham David Partridge, Wilson,WA. For service to the community through a range of organisations. The Very Reverend Father Diogenis Patsouris, SA. For service to the Greek Orthodox Church and to the community. Diana Mary Patterson, Anglesea, Vic. For service to conservation and the environment. Yvonne Maureen Pattinson, Black Mountain, Qld. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Maxwell James Peake, Walkley Heights, SA. For service to the sport of harness racing and to the community. Pasquale Pedulla, Gordon, NSW. For service to the community through multicultural and aged care organisations. Dr Dawn Margaret Peel, Colac, Vic. For service to the community of Colac as a local historian. Brian Joseph Pennington, Ryde, NSW. For service to people with a disability, particularly through Wheelchairs Rule OK’ Disability Camps. Dr George Christopher Peponis, Hunters Hill, NSW. For service to the sport of rugby league football and to the community. Malcolm John Peters, Ashford, NSW. For service to primary industry, to regional development and to the community. Steven Peuschel, Eltham North, Vic. For service to the community through health care organisations. Deanne Cynthia Phillips, Orange, NSW. For service to the community of Orange through social welfare organisations, particularly for youth and the aged. Winston Churchill Phillips, Cooma, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of the Monaro and Snowy Mountains region. William Anthony Phippen, Razorback, NSW. For service to people with disability and to the community. Robert Ian Pollock, Red Cliffs, Vic. For service to the community through the St Vincent de Paul Society. William Alfred Polwarth, Geelong West, Vic. For service to the community of Geelong. Graham Lewis Porter, Harrisville, Qld. For service to the community through sporting, youth and service organisations. Barbara Jean Prangnell, Butler, WA. For service to youth, particularly through The Girls’ Brigade. Keith Albert Pretty PSM, Drouin, Vic. For service to local government and to the community. Bruce Edward Price, Ballarat West, Vic. For service to the community of Ballarat. Agostino Puopolo, Vermont South, Vic. For service to the sport of athletics as an administrator and coach. Bernard Patrick Quinn, South Murwillumbah, NSW. For service to the Northern Rivers community. Michael Forsyth Rabbitt, Hamilton South, NSW. For service to the community through a range of charitable organisations. Alan Henry Rae, Hampton, Vic. For service to the community, particularly through Rotary International. Professor Ajay Rane, Thuringowa, Qld. For service to medicine in the field of urogynaecology. Harold Joseph Reardon, Gundagai, NSW. For service to the community of Gundagai. Dr John William Reggars, Vic. For service to community health as a chiropractor. Wulf Ernst Reichler, Brewarrina, NSW. For service to local government, to conservation and the environment, and to the community. Dr John Cracroft Rice, Victor Harbor, SA. For service to medicine as an ear, nose and throat specialist. Alan Thorold Richardson, Rivervale, WA. For service to veterans and their families, and to the community of Belmont. Denise Kaye Richardson, Tintinara, SA. For service to the community through charitable and sporting organisations. Donald Gilbert Roach, Pasadena, SA. For service to veterans and their families. Bernice Patricia Roberts, Seaton, SA. For service to the community of Seaton. David John Roberts, Chatswood, NSW. For service to surf lifesaving. Frank Arthur Roberts, Mount Martha, Vic. For service to community health, particularly through patient support services. Ian Thomas Roberts, Blyth, SA. For service to the community of Blyth. Peter Llewelyn Roberts, Curtin, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Trevor William Robinson, Paddington, Qld. For service to human rights, particularly as an advocate for the gay and lesbian community. Dr Mark Alexander Robson, Melton South, Vic. For service to community health, particularly through the Melton Cancer Support Group. Brett Stephen Roenfeldt, Maylands, SA. For service to the real estate industry through administrative roles. Antonio Romeo, Torrensville, SA. For service to the community as a supporter of a range of local organisations. Elizabeth Romeo, Torrensville, SA. For service to the community as a supporter of a range of local organisations. Dr Jon David Rosenthal, Caulfield North, Vic. For service to the visual arts as promoter of Australian artists. Phillip Joseph Russo, North Parramatta, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of Parramatta. Barry Thomas Ryan, Bardwell Park, NSW. For service to the performing arts, particularly opera. Desmond Kearns Ryan, North Rockhampton, Qld. For service to people with disabilities. Paul Andrew Salisbury, Australian Embassy, Japan. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Daniel John Salmon, Albury, NSW. For service to the community of Albury Wodonga, particularly through the Australian Air Force Cadets. Michael Reginald Scarce, Camden, NSW. For service to the community of Camden. Paul Martin Schremmer, Hunters Hill, NSW. For service to industrial design. Dr John Charles Schwarz, Elderslie. NSW. For service to international relations, particularly through the African AIDS Foundation. Rosalie Gae Schwarz, Elderslie, NSW. For service to international relations, particularly through the African AIDS Foundation. Bernard George Scobie, Biggera Waters, Qld. For service to the community through youth and charitable organisations. Reginald Hugh Sellers, Colonel Light Gardens, SA. For service to the sport of cricket, particularly as an administrator. Nancy Maria Assunta Serg, Baulkham Hills, NSW. For service to the Maltese community of New South Wales. The Reverend Father Thomas Harold Shanahan, Tamworth, NSW. For service to veterans and their families, and to the community. Dr Navaratnam Shanmuganathan, Balwyn North, Vic. For service to the Tamil community of Victoria. Gregory Roger Shannon, Kenmore, Qld. For service to the building and construction industry through vocational training and education. Mervyn Ray Sharman, Glen Innes, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of Glen Innes. Kevin Vincent Sheehan, AFL House, Docklands, Vic. For service to the sport of Australian rules football. John Vincent Sidgreaves, deceased (Award wef 18 May 2011) Late of Blakehurst, NSW. For service to pharmacy and to the community. Rosalie Anne Silverstein, Toorak, Vic. For service to the community through educational, charitable and Jewish organisations. Wendy Susan Simpson, Darling Point, NSW. For service to the community through a range of women’s and youth organisations. Group Captain Arthur William Skimin (Retired), Holt, ACT. For service to the community, particularly veterans and their families. Michael William Small, Childers, Qld. For service to the indigenous communities of Queensland. Rosemary Louise Smart, Box Hill, Vic. For service to the community through local and historical organisations. Barrie Robert Stanford, Woonona, NSW. For service to surf lifesaving. Loreen Olive Stanhope, Marsfield, NSW. For service to the community through language programs assisting migrants and refugees. Barry James Stanton, Henley Beach, SA. For service to sports administration and to the sport of athletics. Benjamin Stewart, Harrison, ACT. For service to youth through the Australian Air Force Cadets. Suzanne Ruby Stoddart, Dunedoo, NSW. For service to the community of Dunedoo. Henry Paul Street, Cook, ACT. For service to the community through Rotary International. Nancy Margaret Strickland, Coffs Harbour, NSW. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Thomas Neil Strickland, Coffs Harbour, NSW. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Diane Lois Sullivan, Evandale, Tas. For service to the community of Evandale. Christina Monsarrat Sumner, Cammeray, NSW. For service to the visual arts. Shirley Mary Symes, Charters Towers, Qld. For service to the community of Charters Towers. Dr Richard Joohuat Tan, Biloela, Qld. For service to medicine and to the community of Biloela. Beshara Taouk, Preston, Vic. For service to the Lebanese community in Victoria. David William Tattersall, Moss Vale, NSW. For service to music as an educator and administrator. Janet Thomas, Hotham Hill, Vic. For service to the mathematical sciences. Heather Thorne, Kew, Vic. For service to community health, particularly through breast cancer research. Dean Edward Turner, McKellar, ACT. For service to the sport of volleyball as an administrator, referee and coach. Brian Claud Twite, Oakleigh South, Vic. For service to the sport of golf as an administrator and mentor. Lesley Mary Uren, Avondale Heights, Vic. For service to arts and crafts as an embroidery artist and educator. Sandra Lisa Ursino, Brisbane, Qld. For service to children and young people through Radio Lollipop. Robert Alister Vagg, Ivanhoe, NSW. For service to local government and to the community. Dr Geza Ferencz Varasdi, Vic. For service to medicine as a general practitioner. Bernard Leonard Verwayen, Mooloolah Valley, Qld. For service to veterans and their families. John Edwin Voss, Wahgunyah, Vic. For service to the community of Wahgunyah. Susan Louise Wakefield, Glenbrook, NSW. For service to youth through the Guiding movement. Joan Wallis, Coopers Plains, Qld. For service to the community. Roderick Alexander Walters, Ashgrove, Qld. For service to people with a disability. Alan Bruce Ward, Cootamundra, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of Cootamundra. Keith Matthew Warnock, Northmead, NSW. For service to the community of Holroyd. Monica Winnifred Warren, Happy Valley, SA. For service to the community. Allan James Watson, Kew, Vic. For service to local government and to the community. Elizabeth Isabell Webb, Glenreagh, NSW. For service to the community of Glenreagh. Associate Professor Michael John Weidmann, Brisbane, Qld. For service to medicine in the field of neurosurgery. Malcolm Robert Weir, Gerringong, NSW. For service to the community of Gerringong. Peter Weston, Nymagee, NSW. For service to conservation and the environment. Ian Gifford Westray, Blacktown, NSW. For service to the sport of football as an administrator. Anthony John Wheeler, Geographe, WA. For service to the community through health and church organisations. Robert Frederick Whiteway, Sandringham, Vic. For service to conservation and the environment. Shirley Joan Wilhelm, Murray Bridge, SA. For service to the community through church and service organisations. Geoffrey Alan Williams, Wiseleigh, Vic. For service to conservation and the environment. Peter James Williams, Newtown, Qld. For service to the community of Toowoomba. Glenn Kenneth Willmann, Morayfield, Qld. For service to the veterans and their families. Dr Anthony Rodham Wilson, Tumut, NSW. For service to medicine and to the community of Tumut. Bruce Douglas Wilson, Cessnock, NSW. For service to the print media industry and to the community of Cessnock. Joan Mary Wilson, Newport Beach, NSW. For service to the Tibetan community. Lindsay Robert Wood, Maitland, NSW. For service to the sport of cricket and to the community. Peter Michael Woods, Gwynneville, NSW. For service to the sport of rugby union football as an administrator. Wendy Joyce Woodward, North Nowra, NSW. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Betty Margaret Wright, Sawtell, NSW. For service to the community through aged care and health organisations. David Willmer Wright, Flinders, Vic. For service to the visual arts using the medium of stained glass. Ronny Yeo, Drummoyne, NSW. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Panayiotes Michael Yiannoudes, Caulfield North, Vic. For service to the Greek and Cypriot communities through multicultural organisations. Kenneth James Young, Casula, NSW. For service to the community and to veterans and their families. MEDAL (OAM) IN THE MILITARY DIVISION Royal Australian Navy Warrant Officer Timothy Joseph Holliday, NSW. For meritorious service to the Royal Australian Navy in the area of workforce and personnel career development within the Communications and Information Systems category. Chief Petty Officer Arron Cameron Watson, Qld. For meritorious service in the field of marine engineering in the Royal Australian Navy. Australian Army Captain A, For meritorious service. Warrant Officer Class One Stephen Michael Greenall, NT. For meritorious service as the Artificer Sergeant Major of the 5th/7th Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment, as Maintenance Manager of Joint Logistic Unit North, and as Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Warrant Officer of the 1st Brigade. Warrant Officer Class One H. For meritorious service to the Special Operations Command in regimental leadership roles. Warrant Officer Class One David Ross Lehr, ACT. For meritorious service as the Regimental Sergeant Major of the 2nd/10th Field Regiment. Joint Task Force 635 Operation ANODE Rotation 13, and the 1st Field Regiment. Warrant Officer Class One John Robert Pickett, ACT. For meritorious service as the Drill Wing Sergeant Major, Royal Military College Duntroon and as the Regimental Sergeant Major of the 41st Battalion, the Royal New South Wales Regiment, and the 2nd Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment. Warrant Officer Class One Richard Alfred Verrall, Qld. For meritorious service as the Regimental Sergeant Major of the 2nd/17th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment and the 7th Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment. Royal Australian Air Force Wing Commander Rudy Thomas Darvill, SA. For meritorious service in leadership, development and sustainment of the Maritime Intelligence, Surveillance Reconnaissance and Response capability. Warrant Officer Russell George Kennedy CSC, Vic. For meritorious service in the field of Reserve training development and management within Director General Reserves – Air Force Branch. Squadron Leader Ravinder Singh, NSW. For meritorious service in the field of airlift capability support. PUBLIC SERVICE MEDAL Commonwealth Public Service Jane Elizabeth Atkins, Stanmore, NSW. For outstanding public service in the development and implementation of anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing legislation and regulation. Dr Brian John Boyle, West Pymble, NSW. For outstanding public service to Australian astronomy and for leadership of the Australian team bidding to host the international Square Kilometre Array facility. Marianne Cullen, Ainslie, ACT. For outstanding public service and contribution to the Australian community through the development and implementation of the National Broadband Network. Simon Matthew Daley, Bondi, NSW. For outstanding public service to the Commonwealth through leadership of the Australian Government Solicitor’s National Dispute Resolution practice, and for outstanding service to the Australian community through contribution to the development of the law and legal practice in Australia. Patrick John Davoren, O’Connor, ACT. For outstanding public service through the development of policies in radioactive waste management, nuclear safeguards and rehabilitation of the former nuclear test sites at Maralinga. Alan John Froud, Yarralumla, ACT. For outstanding public service through leadership in arts administration in leading public institutions. Peter Andrew Jennings, Canberra, ACT. For outstanding public service through the development of Australia’s strategic and defence policy, particularly in the areas of Australian Defence Force operations in East Timor, Iraq and Afghanistan. Sheryl Robyn Lewin, ACT. For outstanding public service to the Australian Public Service, especially to the welfare and social inclusion aims of government. John Alexander Litchfield, Ainslie, ACT. For outstanding public service in the area of indigenous land policy. Carmel Majella McGregor, Hughes, ACT. For outstanding public service through administrative reforms including a crucial role in leading The Review of Employment Pathways for APS Women in the Department of Defence’ and significant contribution in the development of the Reform of Australian Government Administration The Blueprint’. David John Mason, Marrickville, NSW. For outstanding public service in developing policy and pursuing strategic goals in relation to non-discrimination and broader human rights agendas. Rachel Noble, Kingston, ACT. For outstanding public service as Australia’s National Security Chief Information Officer. Judith Elsie Robinson, Narrabundah, ACT. For outstanding public service to the development and delivery of Australia’s foreign aid program. Vicki Denise Rundle, Garran, ACT. For outstanding public service in improving the quality of early childhood education and care for Australia’s children. Pip Spence, Ainslie, ACT. For outstanding public service and contribution to the Australian community through the telecommunications regulations reform associated with the implementation of the National Broadband Network. New South Wales Public Service Ralph Edward Bott, Redfern, NSW. For outstanding public service through the planning and management of visits and events at the Sydney Opera House, Dr Lee Clifford Bowling, Ingleburn, NSW. For outstanding public service to water quality and management Kevin Cooper AFSM, Ambarvale, NSW. For outstanding public service to agricultural technology and research. Robert Geyer, East Lindfield, NSW. For outstanding public service to the development of the Chemical Analysis Branch, TestSafe Australia, Glynis Ann Ingram, Junee, NSW. For outstanding public service as the Regional Director for Community Services Western Region, New South Wales, Patricia Mary Kelly, Frenchs Forest, NSW. For outstanding public service as the General Manager, Human Resources, in the NSW Department of Education and Communities. Ethel McAlpine, Barrack Heights, NSW. For outstanding public service to people with a disability in New South Wales, Julie Anne Newman, Belrose, NSW. For outstanding public service through the implementation of a range of organisational and financial reforms in New South Wales, and as a contributor to the establishment of the Safety, Return to Work and Support Division, Ivan Novak, Paddington, NSW. For outstanding public service to teaching in the hospitality industry, Saravanamutthu Shanmugamany, West Ryde, NSW. For outstanding public service to Housing NSW, John William Willing, Millthorpe, NSW. For outstanding public service to education in western New South Wales, Victoria Public Service Wayne John Craig, Park Orchards, Vic. For outstanding public service to education in the Northern Metropolitan Region of Victoria Margaret Mary Dobson, Croydon, Vic. For outstanding public service to the Primary School Nursing Program, Malcolm Allan Millar, Horsham, Vic. For outstanding public service to education in the Grampians Region of Victoria, Dr Clive Leslie Noble, Hurstbridge, Vic. For outstanding public service and leadership in science policy, innovation, collaboration and governance at state and national levels, Lenard Alan Norman, HM Prison Barwon, Lara, Vic. For outstanding public service within Corrections Victoria, Queensland Public Service Paul John Brown, Brisbane, Qld. For outstanding public service to the Queensland Police Service. Guillermo Capati, Tennyson, Qld. For outstanding public service to the sustainable water future of the Gold Coast and broader South East Queensland region, Dr Mark Stewart Elcock, Qld. For outstanding public service in the development and delivery of integrated patient transport and retrieval services across Queensland. Kathryn Mary Frankland, Camp Hill, Qld. For outstanding public service to the development and research of historical family records for indigenous people of Queensland, Dr Neil Richard Wigg, New Farm, Qld. For outstanding public service to paediatrics and child health in Australia, Western Australia Public Service Allen Ronald Cooper, Newman, WA. For outstanding public service to the Shire of East Pilbara, Geraldine Monica Ennis, Kalgoorlie, WA. For outstanding public service in the provision of health services in rural and remote regions of Western Australia. Dr Andrew Geoffrey Robertson CSC, Perth, WA. For outstanding public service as Director, Disaster Management and Preparedness within WA Health, Mark Gregory Webb, West Perth, WA. For outstanding public service to the Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority in Perth, Western Australia, South Australia Public Service Darren Robert Renshaw, Clovelly Park, SA. For outstanding public service to the Repatriation General Hospital and to the wider veteran community. Valerie Ann Smyth, Dernancourt, SA. For outstanding public service in the area of health and emergency management. Lynne Symons, Woodville, SA. For outstanding public service in the area of public education in disadvantaged areas. Tasmania Public Service Peter Graeme Brownscombe, deceased (Award wef 17 September 2012) Late of Sandy Bay. For outstanding public service to the Tasmanian community in several Government agencies, particularly for initiatives and innovation that have resulted in outcomes that have greatly benefited Tasmania and its economy. Geoffrey Stephen Coles, Forth, Tas. For outstanding public service to the management of conservation outcomes, land management and visitor experiences across national parks and other reserved lands in Tasmania. Australian Capital Territory Public Service Pamela Ruth Davoren, ACT. For outstanding public service in the leadership of co-ordinated and integrated policy development and service delivery across the ACT Public Service. Lois Mary Ford, Auckland, New Zealand. For outstanding public service in the leadership of social justice for persons with a disability and the most fundamental shift in service reform and community attitude change in the Australian Capital Territory over the past 10 years. Northern Territory Public Service Patricia Gweneth Angus, NT. For outstanding public service to health and housing policy, and programs and services to indigenous people in the Northern Territory. Jennifer Gail Prince, Darwin, NT. For outstanding public service and leadership, particularly as Under Treasurer for the Northern Territory. AUSTRALIAN POLICE MEDAL Australian Federal Police Commander Bruce Philip Giles. Detective Superintendent William Edward Quade. Assistant Commissioner Justine Georgina Saunders. New South Wales Police Force Inspector Edward Anthony Bosch . Sergeant Kevin Bernard Daley. Superintendent Luke Freudenstein. Inspector Guy Charles Guiana. Inspector Stephen John Henkel. Sergeant Peter Andrew Lunney. Detective Sergeant John Robertson. Superintendent Darren John Spooner. Superintendent John Joseph Stapleton. Victorian Police Force Inspector Michael James Beattie. Senior Sergeant Ian Stewart Forrester. Inspector Gregory John Parr . Queensland Police Force Detective Superintendent Mark William Ainsworth. Chief Superintendent Brent John Carter. Sergeant Peta Louise Comadira. Superintendent Thomas Herbert Gockel. Superintendent Glenn Andrew Horton. Senior Sergeant Graham John Lohmann. Western Australia Police Force Acting Superintendent Barry Lynton Kitson. Brevet Senior Sergeant Neville Vernon Ripp. Commander Paul Anthony Zanetti. South Australia Police Force Sergeant Michael James Butler. Sergeant Meredith Fay Huxley. Detective Senior Sergeant Trevor George Jenkins. Tasmania Police Force Sergeant Christopher Ivan Lucas. Inspector David William Plumpton. Northern Territory Police Force Sergeant Paula Maree Dooley-McDonnell. Superintendent Kristopher John Evans. AUSTRALIAN FIRE SERVICE MEDAL New South Wales Dr Gregory Mark Buckley, Leichhardt, NSW. Lindsay Ronald Henley, Ungarie, NSW. Barrie John Hewitt, Bogee, NSW. David Bruce Milliken, Thredbo, NSW. Tom Nolles, Orange, NSW. Errol James Smith,Singleton, NSW. James Patrick Smith, Urana, NSW. Wayne Staples, Port Macquarie, NSW. Ian Charles Stewart, Tapitallee, NSW. Barry John Tindall, Salt Ash, NSW. Victoria Rocky Joseph Barca, Surrey Hills, Vic. David Eric Blackburn, Mortlake, Vic. Barry William Dale, Yarraville, Vic. James Roger Fox, Gisborne, Vic. Gregory John McCarthy, Marlo, Vic. William Maurice Rouse, Pomona, Vic. Queensland Noel Bruce Harbottle, The Gap, Qld. Ian Gregory Holm, Kingsholme, Qld. Alun Granville Williams, Cranbrook, Qld. Western Australia Malcolm Graham Cronstedt, Mosman Park, WA. Peter Keppel, Manjimup, WA. South Australia Steven Allen Moir, Woodcroft, SA. Kenneth Andrew Potter, Salisbury Park, SA. Robert Cameron Stott, Henley Beach, SA. Peter Colin Wicks, Balhannah, SA. Tasmania Kenneth Burns, Otago, Tas. Garry John Cooper, Nubeena, Tas. Rodney Kenneth Sweetnam, Hadspen, Tas. Australian Capital Territory Gregory Leonard Buscombe, Queanbeyan, NSW. Norfolk Island Gerard Patrick Downie, Norfolk Island. AMBULANCE SERVICE MEDAL New South Wales Michael John Corlis, Rockdale, NSW. Ian Neil Johns, Earlwood, NSW. Terence Edward Watson, Belmont North, NSW. Kenneth Charles Wheeler, Colyton, NSW. Victoria Jonathan David Byrne, Hoppers Crossing, Vic. Anthony Scott Oxford, Portland, Vic. Kerry Charles Power, Lower Plenty, Vic. Queensland Kevin John Elliott, St Lawrence, Qld. Ann Clarice Taggart, Trinity Park, Qld. Western Australia Sally Anna Gifford, Gingin, WA. Sally Ann Simmonds, Kingsley, WA. John Douglas Watts, Canning Vale, WA. South Australia Dean Hamilton Clarke, Lockleys, SA. Dawn Frances Kroemer, Roxby Downs, SA. Tasmania Grant Gordon Lennox, Lenah Valley, Tas. EMERGENCY SERVICES MEDAL New South Wales Russell Ian Ashdown, Woongarrah, NSW. Jon Glenn Gregory, Tumut, NSW. James Angus McTavish CSC, Wagga Wagga, NSW. Victoria Timothy James Wiebusch, Box Hill South, Vic. Queensland Christopher Ernest Arnott, Arana Hills, Qld. Kevin James Donnelly, Roma, Qld. Adrianus Fransiscus Van Den Ende OAM, Dinmore, Qld. South Australia Trevor John Bond, Hope Valley, SA. Tasmania Donald George Mackrill AFSM OAM, George Town, Tas. Mark David Nelson, South Hobart, Tas. Bevis Charles Perkins, Campbell Town, Tas. Northern Territory Mark Richard Fishlock CSM, Wanguri, NT. MEDAL FOR GALLANTRY (MG) Australian Army Corporal B. For acts of gallantry in action in hazardous circumstances. Corporal J. For acts of gallantry in action in hazardous circumstances on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan, June 2010. Corporal N. For acts of gallantry in action in hazardous circumstances. COMMENDATION FOR GALLANTRY Australian Army Private Nathan David Bendle, Qld. For acts of gallantry in action on 7 September 2011 while deployed on Operation SLIPPER as a member of Mentoring Task Force 3 in Afghanistan. Private D. For acts of gallantry in action. Corporal Scott James Smith, deceased. For acts of gallantry in action on 21 October 2012 while an Explosive Ordnance Reconnaissance Technician in Special Operations Task Group Rotation XVIII in Afghanistan Private Kyle Anthony Wilson, NSW. For acts of gallantry in action on 7 September 2011 while deployed on Operation SLIPPER as a member of Mentoring Task Force 3 in Afghanistan. Royal Australian Air Force Sergeant K. For acts of gallantry in action. DISTINGUISHED SERVICE CROSS (DSC) Australian Army Lieutenant Colonel G, For distinguished command and leadership in action. Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Robert Smith CSC, Qld. For distinguished command and leadership in warlike operations and in action as the Commanding Officer, Mentoring Task Force 3 on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan from June 2011 to January 2012. THE BAR TO THE DISTINGUISHED SERVICE MEDAL Australian Army Major J. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. DISTINGUISHED SERVICE MEDAL (DSM) Australian Army Major A. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. Captain A. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. Corporal A. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. Major Anthony Raymond Bennett, ACT. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action as the Officer Commanding A Company, Mentoring Task Force 3 on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan from June to November 2011. Major E. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. Corporal P. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. Captain R. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations. Major S. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. Colonel David John Smith AM, NSW. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations as the Deputy Commander, Combined Team Uruzgan on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan from May 2011 to January 2012. COMMENDATION FOR DISTINGUISHED SERVICE Royal Australian Navy Captain Simon Giuseppe Ottaviano RAN, ACT. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as Chief of Staff Headquarters Joint Task Force 633 on Operation SLIPPER from July 2011 to January 2012. Commander Andrew Paul Quinn RAN, ACT. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as the Commanding Officer, HMAS Toowoomba on Operation SLIPPER from June to October 2011. Australian Army Lieutenant Colonel B. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations. Major Andrew Baker, Qld. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as Commander, Brigade Headquarters Operational Mentoring and Liaison Team, Mentoring Task Force 3 on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan. Major Andrew Thomas Cullen, Qld. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Troop Commander, Combined Team Uruzgan on Operation SLIPPER from May 2011 to February 2012. Private Phillip Alan Durham, WA. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations and in action as a rifleman with A Company, Mentoring Task Force 3 on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan from June 2011 to January 2012. Major General Michael George Krause AM, ACT. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as the Deputy Chief of Staff – Plans, Headquarters International Joint Command, International Security Assistance Force Afghanistan from March 2011 to February 2012. Major Benjamin Gerard McLennan, Qld. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as the Operations Officer, Mentoring Task Force 3 on Operation SLIPPER from June to November 2011. Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Gerard Miles, ACT. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as the Principle Staff Officer Operations, Headquarters Joint Task Force 633, and as Acting Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff Combined Team Uruzgan on Operation SLIPPER. Corporal Daniel Brett Miller, Qld For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as a corporal mentor, Mentoring Task Force 3 on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan from June 2011 to January 2012. Major R. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations. Captain T. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations and in action. THE BAR TO THE CONSPICUOUS SERVICE CROSS Australian Army Lieutenant Colonel Rolf Audrins CSC, Vic. For outstanding achievement as the Staff Officer Grade One, Career Management in the Directorate of Soldier Career Management – Army. Royal Australian Air Force Group Captain Christopher Thomas Hanna CSC, NSW. For outstanding devotion to duty to the Australian Defence Force as a Legal Officer in the Royal Australian Air Force. CONSPICUOUS SERVICE CROSS (CSC) Royal Australian Navy Captain Christine Ann Clarke RAN, NSW. For outstanding achievement as the Commanding Officer of HMAS Kuttabul. Commander Mitchell Robert Livingstone RAN, India. For outstanding achievement while Commanding Officer HMAS Pirie engaged in the rescue of survivors from a foundered vessel at Christmas Island on 15 December 2010. Commander Paul James Moggach RAN, ACT. For outstanding achievement in the performance of duty as the Commanding Officer of 817 Squadron from August 2009 until decommissioning of the Squadron in December 2011. Commander Timothy James Standen RAN, NSW. For outstanding achievement as the Fleet Aviation Engineer Officer. Australian Army Lieutenant Colonel Ana Laura Duncan, ACT. For outstanding achievement as the Senior Career Adviser in the Directorate of Officer Career Management – Army. Lieutenant Colonel Arun Lambert, ACT. For outstanding achievement as the Director of Legal Review, Office of the Inspector General Australian Defence Force – Canberra. Lieutenant Colonel Jenelle Margaret Lawson, ACT. For outstanding achievement as Staff Officer Plans, Headquarters Defence Force Recruiting for the innovation, development and successful implementation of the Defence Technical Scholarship program during the period from 2007 to 2011. Colonel John Brendan McLean, ACT. For outstanding achievement as Commanding Officer, 16th Air Defence Regiment. Lieutenant Colonel Saad Imad Omari DSC, WA. For outstanding achievement as Staff Officer Grade One Plans and Staff Officer Grade One Force Preparation in Headquarters 1st Division. Lieutenant Colonel Bradley Scott Robertson, ACT. For outstanding achievement as a logistics Staff Officer within the Directorate of Logistics – Army. Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Stewart Thomson, ACT. For outstanding achievement as a Project Director, Defence Support Group – Capital Facilities and Infrastructure Branch. Royal Australian Air Force Wing Commander David Charles Abraham. For outstanding achievement in F-111 weapon system logistic support. Group Captain Peter Robert Davies, NSW. For outstanding achievement as the Commanding Officer of Number 1 Radar Surveillance Unit. Group Captain Jennifer Karen Lumsden, Vic. For outstanding achievement as Chief of Staff, Director General Health Reserves – Air Force and in developing the Military Critical Care Aeromedical Evacuation Capability. Wing Commander Paul Raymond Parolo, ACT. For outstanding achievement in the field of Aerospace Engineering in the Royal Australian Air Force. Sergeant Andrew Gordon Wade, NSW. For outstanding achievement as the Senior Non-Commissioned Officer-in-Charge of Engine Cell at Number 37 Squadron. CONSPICUOUS SERVICE MEDAL (CSM) Royal Australian Navy Commander Rodney John Griffiths RAN, Indonesia. For meritorious achievement as Assistant Defence Attache, Australian Defence Staff, Jakarta. Leading Seaman Deakon James Lewis, NSW. For meritorious devotion to duty as a Leading Seaman Combat Systems Operator and Tactical Data Link manager in HMAS Sydney. Petty Officer Jay Desmond Pettifer, NSW. For meritorious achievement and contribution to the Royal Australian Navy by implementing complex security improvements within Garden Island Defence Precinct. Warrant Officer Michael John Quinlan, WA. For meritorious achievement as the Submarine Escape Training Facility Training Officer at HMAS Stirling, Western Australia. Petty Officer Luanne Rebecca Rule, Vic. For meritorious devotion to duty as the Petty Officer Naval Police Coxswain in the Royal Australian Navy’s Recruit School. Warrant Officer William James Welman, NSW. For meritorious achievement as the Communications Information Systems Category Manager in the Directorate of Navy Category Management. Australian Army Major Paul John Bellas, Qld. For meritorious achievement as the Chinook Logistics Manager in driving significant reform resulting in increased Chinook capability output and reduced ownership costs to Defence. Major Steven James Bennett, NSW. For meritorious achievement as Staff Officer Grade Two – Information and Communications Technology Projects and Plans, Headquarters Forces Command. Lieutenant Colonel Scott Rodney Bradford, NSW. For meritorious achievement as Staff Officer Grade One Training in Headquarters 2nd Division. Major Michael John Buchanan, Qld. For meritorious achievement as the Officer Commanding Reinforcement Company, Mentoring Task Force 3 from February 2011 to January 2012. Corporal D. For meritorious achievement as the technical operations subject matter expert in support of the Australian Defence Forces Special Operations capability. Corporal Adam Eagle, NSW. For meritorious devotion to duty as a Geomatic Technician providing engineering survey support to the Australian Army. Sergeant Bradley Norman Foster, ACT. For meritorious achievement as acting Company Sergeant Major of C Company and acting Second in Command of Support Company, the 1st Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment. Warrant Officer Class One Michael Kenneth Harman, Qld. For meritorious achievement as the Technical Quartermaster Sergeant of the 3rd Combat Engineer Regiment. Major Lloyd Alexander Jensen, Qld. For meritorious achievement as the Quartermaster and Battery Commander Combat Service Support Battery, 4th Regiment Royal Australian Artillery in 2011. Warrant Officer Class Two Kevin John Kennedy, NSW. For meritorious devotion to duty as the Warrant Officer Strategic Reporting, Army Headquarters. Warrant Officer Class Two M. For meritorious achievement in the field of Australian Army counterinsurgency doctrine and education. Lieutenant Colonel Bevan Hugh McDonald, ACT. For outstanding service as the Staff Officer Grade One Capability, Headquarters Joint Operations Command in pioneering and leading the Operational
2410	dbpedia	0	54	https://www.police.qld.gov.au/museum/policing-queensland-timeline-1864-2014	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
2410	dbpedia	1	18	http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/heritage-places/1047	en	Moorooka Police Station	http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/favicon.png	http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/favicon.png	[ "http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/imported-images/1031P4200046.JPG", "http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/imported-images/1031P4200046.JPG", "http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/imported-images/1031P4200046.JPG" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2005-01-01T12:00:00+00:00	Constructed in 1915, this building has functioned as a combined police station and work residence for more than 90 years and is one of the few early twentieth century suburban police stations still remaining in Brisbane. Throughout the twentieth century, this building was altered and extended a number of times to accommodate growing staff numbers and changing requirements in policing. This building is therefore an excellent example of the principal characteristics of a suburban police station built in the early twentieth century with its evolution reflected in its physical fabric.	en	/sites/default/files/favicon.png		http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/heritage-places/1047	For both Cowlishaw and Garrick the land was an investment. An architect who arrived in Brisbane from Sydney in 1860, James Cowlishaw was connected with a number of organisations, notably the Brisbane Courier and the Brisbane Gas Company. From 1878 to 1922 he was a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly. His home, Montpelier, was located in Bowen Hills. Solicitor James Garrick (later Sir) arrived in Queensland soon after Separation. He served as a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly (1867–68 and 1877–83) and a member of the Legislative Council (1869–70 and 1883–94). Attorney-General in the Griffith Ministry, he was later Agent-General for Queensland in London. In the early 1880s Charles McGinty purchased approximately 38 acres from Cowlishaw and Garrick, selling it the following year to Gilbert Lang who in turn sold it to John Lloyd Bale in 1884. At the time the South Coast Railway was under construction and a station platform, completed in 1886, was proposed for Moorooka. From the opening of the line in 1885 it was possible to travel to and from the city conveniently each day. Surveyors Hamilton and Raff surveyed the land into residential allotments. Advertised as the ‘Rocklea Township Estate’, a sale by auction was held on 13 September 1884. At the time many other estates were also available to buyers and overall sales were slow. Jasper Bott purchased 1 rood 10.8 perches, consisting of resubdivisions 102,103 and 104 of subdivision 18, in June 1889. No record can been found of him living in Moorooka. A police presence at nearby Rocklea was established as early as 1885. Following the damage received during the 1893 flood the station at Rocklea was reported to have moved to a rented house on Ipswich Road until a permanent station and residence was constructed. Plans for the new building, drawn up by 4 March 1915, are attributed to Deputy Government Architect Thomas Pye (1861-1930). Born in Lancashire in England, Pye migrated to New South Wales circa 1882. He joined the Queensland Public Works Department two years later, resigning from and rejoining the Department on more than one occasion before being appointed Deputy Government Architect in September 1906. He retired in 1921. On 2 June 1914 Jasper Bott’s 1 rood 10.8 perches was transferred to the State of Queensland. Tenders for the Moorooka Police Station were called in the Queensland Government Gazette on 15 May 1915. The lowest tender, from H. Cannon for £659.10.0 for the construction of the station (which included residential accommodation), outbuildings consisting of a single cell lock-up with verandah, a stable with a stall and a fodder room, along with the necessary fencing, was accepted. Utility services to the office and residence were added only gradually. It was a decade before electricity replaced kerosene lighting. The first police officer to reside at the Hamilton Road station was Constable T. W. Devere. Mounted patrols took him as far afield as Coopers Plains, Runcorn and Yeronga. At the time the station’s outbuildings included a stall and fodder room in which Devere’s horse was stabled. Another police officer resident of the station was Constable Flori, who was appointed to Moorooka in 1926. As a consequence of the Police acting as relief agents for the unemployed during the Depression of the 1930s, office space was always in demand. The necessary alterations and construction of an additional office with new verandah and stairs were completed for a cost of £141 in 1932. A washhouse was constructed in 1935. Throughout the 1930s other requests were made for alterations to the station, considered too small to accommodate the increased numbers who passed through on relief days. In 1937 a feed room was converted for office use and a sleep-out enclosed. Space was still a problem in 1939 when officers made use of the nearby Oddfellows Hall for the payment of relief money each Friday. During the 1940s minor alterations also were made. In 1952 plans were drawn up by Chief Architect HJ Parr to extend the office. The station remained a police residence as well as station until land was purchased at the corner of Hamilton and Beaudesert Roads for a new residence in 1968. In 2004 the building still operates as the Moorooka Police Station.
2410	dbpedia	3	17	https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2969698171	en	(1879)	https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2965789958/representativeImage?wid=250	https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2965789958/representativeImage?wid=250	[ "https://assets.nla.gov.au/logos/trove/trove-colour.svg", "https://assets.nla.gov.au/logos/trove/trove-colour.svg", "https://nla.gov.au/tarkine/images/twitter-logo.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://assets.nla.gov.a…e/favicon-16.png	Trove	https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2965789958	Cite Citation options: Work Image Work identifier http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2965789958 APA citation (1872). The Australian handbook and almanac and shippers' and importers' directory Retrieved August 27, 2024, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2965789958 MLA citation The Australian handbook and almanac and shippers' and importers' directory London: Gordon and Gotch, 1872. Web. 27 August 2024 <http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2965789958> Harvard/Australian citation 1872, The Australian handbook and almanac and shippers' and importers' directory Gordon and Gotch, London viewed 27 August 2024 http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2965789958 Wikipedia citation {{Citation \| \| title=The Australian handbook and almanac and shippers' and importers' directory \| year=1872 \| section=8 volumes : illustrations (some col.) ; 25 cm. \| series=Rex Nan Kivell Collection ; \| issue=(1879) \| location=London \| publisher=Gordon and Gotch \| url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2965789958 \| id=nla.obj-2965789958 \| access-date=27 August 2024 \| via=Trove }} Citations are automatically generated and may require some modification to conform to exact standards. What can I do with this? Copyright varies by issue and article Reason for copyright status Serials have an open range of dates. Copyright varies with each issue and article. You may have full rights to copy, or may be able to copy only under some circumstances, for example a portion for research or study. Order a copy where circumstances allow or Contact us for further information. Copyright status was determined using the following information: Material type Literary Dramatic Musical Copyright status may not be correct if data in the record is incomplete or inaccurate. Other access conditions may also apply. For more information please see: Copyright in library collections.
2410	dbpedia	0	15	https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/Global/Search%3Fcurrent-member-name%3DJulieanne%2520Gilbert%26index%3Dqps_speeches_index	en	Queensland Parliament	https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/images/icons/QPS.ico	https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/images/icons/QPS.ico	[ "https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/images/parliament-logo.png", "https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/images/error.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Queensland Parliament.		/images/icons/QPS.ico		null	404 Sorry, but the page your were looking for was either not found or doesn't exist. You might find what you were looking for on the homepage.
2410	dbpedia	1	59	https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/a/A13530819	en	British Library, Manuscript Collections	https://discovery.nation…ages/favicon.png	https://discovery.nation…ages/favicon.png	[ "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/Images/logo-white.png", "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/Images/basket.png", "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/Images/tna-square-white-logo.png", "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/images/socialIcons/twitter.png", "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/images/socialIcons/youtube.png", "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/images/socialIcons/flickr.png", "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/images/socialIcons/facebook.png", "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/images/socialIcons/rss.png", "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/images/govIcons/logo-ogl.png", "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/images/govIcons/gov-uk.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "government information", "archive", "history", "information management", "national archives", "public records", "manuscripts", "documents" ]	null	[ "The National Archives" ]	null	The official archive of the UK government. Our vision is to lead and transform information management, guarantee the survival of today's information for tomorrow and bring history to life for everyone.	en	/Content/images/favicon.png		null	This website uses cookies We place some essential cookies on your device to make this website work. We'd like to use additional cookies to remember your settings and understand how you use our services. This information will help us make improvements to the website. Set cookie preferences Accessions These are selected lists of new or additional collections that were acquired by this archive during a specific year. If a date is not displayed there are no accessions for that year.
2410	dbpedia	3	40	http://www.chapelhill.homeip.net/FamilyHistory/Other/QueenslandHistory/browne2.htm	en	Introductory � At Townsville 1877 � Welsh Rabbit at the Queens � Louis Becke, author � Thaddeus O�Kane, Editor �			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "David Horton" ]	null					null	Chapter One -Introductory � At Townsville 1877 � Welsh Rabbit at the Queens � Louis Becke, author � Thaddeus O�Kane, Editor � Horses and Owners Having been for some years a reviewer I know the possible humiliations awaiting the man who sends out anything by way of a book; but here are my �Memories� with all their imperfections admitted in advance. The genesis of this volume was in a proposal by the Editor of the �Courier�, Mr. Sanderson Taylor, backed by the Associate Editor, Mr. Firmin McKinnon, that I should contribute a series of articles in the form of reminiscences. That loosened the floodgates, and the flow lasted for two years. Truthfully, I may say that the �Memories� are reprinted in response to many requests. Since the beginning of the series many changes have occurred. Some of the men and women mentioned have gone on the long journey; others have changed their abiding places, and there have been changes in the conditions of people, but in the main I give the material as originally printed. The book is not intended to be historical, but may have historical value. In no sense is it to be taken as covering the period 1877 � 1926. It is just a series of remembrances, impressions � personal and general, with opinions, my own opinions. The articles appeared under my name and with a characteristic spirit of tolerance the �Courier� allowed me to fulminate or praise regardless of its own particular policy. The Townsville �Herald� before my day at the end of 1877 had editors of note, men who left their mark on the history of the North, and one at least who has done much pioneering in the journalism, agriculture, and military life of Queensland. Major A. J. Boyd was a predecessor. He was a fine scholar, and not only a classicist, but a master of French, Italian and German. In much later years I heard him speak to an audience of Italians at a luncheon in the Brisbane Botanic Gardens that he lifted them to their feet, and to enthusiastic vivas. He spoke of Dante, and in the tongue in which Dante gave the world the great expressions of his genius. Major Boyd was of the days of the �Cleveland Bay Express,� and he left a standard of journalism in the north which made things rather strenuous for his successors. Later he was on the staff of the �Queenslander�, ran big schools at Milton and Nundah on public school lines, and, in turn, was head master of Toowoomba Grammar School, commanded the Garrison Artillery of Queensland, and edited the �Agricultural Journal.� Then there were Sigerson and Conroy. I took over from Conroy, and well remember the opening lines of his last leader in the �Herald.� They ran: �To use a colloquial though by no means elegant expression, we are literally �stumped� for news.� My journey from Sydney to Townsville was by the old Victoria, under Captain Thomas Lake, and shipmates included Victor Sellheim, NOW Major-General Sellheim, C.B., C.M.G., Adjutant-General of the Commonwealth Forces, and one of the most gallant and honest gentlemen that Australia has produced. Another was a chubby chap with yet the fat legs of babyhood. We know him now as Mr. E. Lissner, a well-known Brisbane business man, and a member of the Stock Exchange. Sellheim was aged 11, and I was 21, and Lissner probably about 6. The first named was going to Maytown to spend Christmas with his father, Mr. P. F. Sellheim, then police magistrate and warden on the Palmer, and later Under Secretary for Mines in Brisbane. Lissner was going to Charters Towers, under maternal protection, to the home of his father, Mr. Isidore Lissner, who later was Minister for Mines for Queensland. Sellheim not long ago told me � our friendship has been long and undimmed through all these years � that he remembered standing with me one night watching the phosphorescent glow in the water that broke from the sides of the old Victoria while I explained the natural history of the starry streams. The Townsville �Herald� was owned and run by Mr. James McManus, a practical printer, and a shrewd man of business, but it was rather a shock to hear him spoken of as �Jimmy� McManus. To the disrespectful I spoke of Mr. McManus, and make no mistake about the �mister.� The �Herald� was almost entirely a local paper � there was economy in the matters of telegrams, and only occasional letters from Charters Towers, and flickers from the dying light of the Palmer. The Hodgkinson was flourishing, and we had on the day I landed news of the opening of the new port, which later became Port Douglas, named in compliment to the Premier of the day, the Hon. John Douglas, who long since has gone to his rest, but leaving hostages to fortune in his distinguished sons, who are an honour to his name. One is Mr. Hugh Douglas (Elliott, Donaldson, and Douglas), formerly M.L.A. for Cook, and who held Ministerial rank in the State; Mr. E. A. Douglas, barrister; another, Mr. Justice Douglas, of the Northern Supreme Court; and another was Lieutenant. H. M. Douglas, one of the Queenslanders to give his life for his country in the Great War. On the �Herald� learning something about printing, was a tall, lean lad, Jack Mehan who later became one of the originators and owners of the Townsville �Bulletin,� which was built up from the �Herald,� that paper becoming a big weekly. Later came the amalgamation of the �Northern Miner� and the �North Queensland Register,� under Mr. Dave Green, and the �Miner� and the �herald� passed into the shades. These amalgamations were long before my time. I always associate Jack Mehan with another very dear old friend, John N. Parkes, who has filled practically every high position in the life of Townsville, having been for sixteen years President of the Chamber of Commerce, and the last fourteen years in an unbroken succession. Prosperous men they are, who have done the State some service. Three of Jack Mehan�s boys fought overseas, and he had the privilege to give one of them to his country, a bright, capable lad, above whose grave the poppies bloom in that great God�s Acre in Northern Europe, where so many thousands of Australians sleep. Both Mehan and Parkes were fine athletes, and specialised in sprint running. Parkes could get very near to evens over 100 yards. Jack Mehan probably was the first to try out Malone, when that great runner arrived as an immigrant with the inevitable Irish bundle. The �Bulletin� of Townsville had associated with it as editor-in-chief the late Dodd Clarke, and also �Beachcomber� Banfield, of Dunk Island. The books of �Beachcomber� are as beautiful in the literary sense as in their Nature revelations. Townsville in the late 1870s was beginning to grow. It aspired to be capital of the North. It was not content with the trade of Charters Towers and the Hughenden settlement, but Burns, Philp, and Co. despatched teams under Mr. Archie Forsyth to Winton, then better known as Western Creek. Those days were before the railways, and inland journeying was by coach or buggy, while goods transport was by bullock or horse wagons. The town had most excellent hotels, and the Queen�s, under Mr. Evans, the owner, was equal to anything in the land. A luncheon attraction was the �Welsh rabbit� prepared by Harry, the head waiter. One day Roger Sheaffe, Walter Hayes, Armstrong the inspector of police, and a Gulf squatter, quite a character, were lunching together, and the Gulf man was asked if he would take �Welsh rabbit.� His reply was a gruff negative. �Do have some,� said Walter Hayes, �it�s very good.� The Gulf man said, No; it�s too much like a (adjective) bandicoot!� Another whom I met at the Queen�s was a young Herbert River sugar planter, later Sir Alfred Cowley. He was quiet and cultured. Mr. Evans, the wise old landlord, said one day, �That is the cleverest man I have even known. He was sugar planting in Natal, and is teaching the people on the Herbert their business. But he is wonderfully learned.� I asked, �Why doesn�t he go in for politics?� Mr. Evans said, �Well, I suppose he�s too much of a gentleman for that game.� Yet the sugar planter became a politician, member for Herbert, the Parliamentary authority on the sugar industry, a member of the cabinet, and later Speaker of the Legislative Assembly with a knighthood. Louis Becke, of the Australian Joint Stock Bank, and Tom Kelleway were my special pals. Louis had two brothers in the North � Cecil and Alfred, both very proper young men, and rather doubtful about the brother, who as a lad had been supercargo with the notorious Bully Hayes in the South Seas. Louis was a caged eagle. He had an impediment in his speech, but was a wag. Once he complained that his conversational brilliance was too often spoiled by �his d� stutter.� He went on to say: �I start with a deucedly clever thing, but before I can get it out every one has seen the point, and the epigram is like a sodden damper.� In those days I heard much which afterwards went to make up �By Reef and Palm,� and other books. And Tom Kelleway also became a banker. He was physically one of the most perfect men I have ever seen. Both now sleep the long sleep. Good comrades, and ever to be held in affectionate remembrance. Of course, we quarreled with the other paper, which was edited by one Hughes, who had been a Church of England parson. He was a brilliant and incisive writer, and often held me squirming on his pen point. One day my friends suggested that I should hammer him, I was always in training, and was persuaded, and went to the office of the reptile contemporary seeing red, but Hughes politely invited me in, gave me a chair and a cigar, and talked to me like the good chap that he was. My friends outside waited in vain for �the thunder of the captains, and the shouting,� but it was a wilted youth who went out to them. Perhaps there was something which forbade chaffing. Hughes and I became quite good friends, and I no longer wrote of the �pariahs of the Press,� and he forebore to repeat his observations that an infant�s feeding bottle was more suited to me than an ink bottle, or that my paper reeked with a callow juvenility. Probably the most interesting figure in Northern journalism in my time was Thaddeus O�Kane, editor and proprietor of the �Northern Miner,� at Charters Towers. In those days �The Towers� was a stirring town. The field was rich, money was abundant, the consumption of strong beverages was enormous � partly a climatic and partly a social phenomenon � and the miner was the kingpin. Those were the days when the gigantic Warden Charters was the chief representative of the Government on the field. Looking back over all the intervening years, a long avenue of joys and sadnesses, the principal recurring thought is upon the wonderfully good order on �the field.� Charters Towers had seen some rousing and violent times, but ordinarily the miners looked to it that there was a general tone of decency and fair play. But to get back to Thaddy O�Kane, as he was called. A spare, grizzled man, as I remember him, about middle height, soft and cultured in speech, and with all the little touches of the Public School and University. But his eye was ever on the alert for an affront to himself or to public morals. It was a keen, aggressive, Irish eye. And his pen was vitriolic. Of course, he was �agin� the Government, but more particularly against all persons in authority, and every issue of the �Miner� revealed the wickedness and incompetence of Charters Towers officialdom � that is, as Mr. Thaddeus O�Kane saw it. Many stories were told of his earlier life. It was said that he had been a private secretary to Lord Palmerston; but my impression now is that he was a man of good Irish family, and had probably been a schoolmaster. A few years later I met him with Pritchard Morgan, when O�Kane was on the way to Bowen to battle for that electorate with the young barrister, Edward Chubb, later a K.C. and Justice of the Supreme Court. O�Kane was there at his best, and at his worst. A keen organiser, wonderful in the preparation of literature, but as a platform speaker a failure. His speeches were too carefully prepared, too loaded with �facts and figures,� while his young barrister opponent spoke form a generous and modest heart of the simple essentials of the country. It was the destructive critic failing when face to face with the constructive worker. Mr. O�Kane left a family, and his son, Jack, was for some years on the �Courier� in Brisbane. What an ark the old paper has been! Reference has been made to the excellence of John N. Parkes and Jack Mehan as sprint runners. Another in Townsville at the time was Robert Philp, after Sir Robert Philp, who was managing partner there of Burns, Philp, and Co. Our old friend Mr. Charles Melton, the doyen of the �Courier,� tells me that in his younger days Robert Philp was quite a fair boxer, but he starred in pedestrianism. A match was arranged in Townsville between Philp and Fred Symes, of the Customs. Symes was not an athlete by any means, and even an indifferent walker, but he could not resist a challenge from Philp, with an offer of 25 yards in a hundred. The event took place on the old racecourse, and created a great amount of interest. Symes showed a quite unexpected agility, and won by several yards amidst great cheering. It was not that Philp had lost his dash but the genial second officer of Customs � Hughes, afterwards Income Tax Commissioner in Brisbane, was the sub-collector � was quite a dark horse. Ross Creek was the south and south-east boundary of Flinders Street in those days, and in passing it may be said that Flinders Street was, and probably is, one of the hottest places I have experienced. The beach was delightfully cool, but Flinders Street, cut off from the sea breeze by Melton Hill and Castle Hill, and the slopes thereof, was very oppressive. On the town side of the creek there were only a few buildings � the A.S.N. Co.�s offices with Smith and Walker as agents, Burns, Philp, and Co., Clifton and Aplin Bros., and a few shacks further along. Later on my second visit, the �Standard� office, Tom Wright�s paper, with Henry Knapp, the solicitor, as editor, W. J. Castling�s butchery, formerly Johnston and Castling, and the Post Office had been built, and a few business places up towards the Newmarket Hotel. Ross Island was reached from Flinders Street by a ferry boat (very occasional), and over there we had a cricket ground, but some of the big matches were played out at a place known as the German Gardens, towards Kissing Point. There were crocodiles in Ross Creek. Some black kiddies were bathing one afternoon in the creek from Burns, Philp, and Co.�s wharf, when one of them about 8 years of age was �snapped.� The crocodile swam up the creek holding the little chap above water, while blacks frantically yelling and throwing stones ran along the bank. Then the crocodile disappeared with its victim, leaving just a swirl on the water, and all was over save the weird lamentations of the bereaved. From Burns, Philp�s wharf in 1880 I shot a 13ft crocodile with a Snider bullet, which ripped a good hole through the back from side to side. Smith and Walker in addition to the agency of the A.S.N. Co. had a general auctioneering and commission business. Mr. E. J. B. Wareham was one of the shipping office staff, and his son E. B. Wareham, was the office boy. The last-named stuck to the shipping business, and is now manager of the Adelaide Steamship co., and was well known when in Brisbane as the Queensland manager. In my days in Townsville, he was in knickerbockers. He married a daughter of the late J. G. Macdonald, P.M., and his only son made the supreme sacrifice in Gallipoli with the sons of many of Queensland�s best known men. Burns, Philp, and Co., was a young and enterprising firm, and the old established and chief warehouse was that of Clifton and Aplin Bros. Mr Clifton was of the courtly type, and was a good financial manager. Mr. William Aplin and Mr. Harry Aplin formed the second section of the firm. William Aplin later became a member of the Queensland Legislative Council. He was a cheery man, and had drifted into storekeeping on the Etheridge, I believe. In his heart he was always a bushman, with the love of the wide spaces, the brave horses, the flocks spreading over the open downs, or the dash to deal with rowdy cattle, or to cut off a small mob in a �moonlighting� expedition. Later the firm was joined by Mr. Villiers Brown, who had been a bank manager, and son of the Anthony Brown, so well known in the early life of the State. Some years after the retirement of Mr. Clifton, it became Aplin, Brown and Crayshaw Ltd., with headquarters in Brisbane. As Ducrow said: �Let us leave the cackle and come to the �osses.� The Hanrans, John and P. F. (later P. F. Hanran M.L.A.), and �Young Johnny,� Mr. Joe Hodel later on, and Dr. Frost were among the principal racing owners in Townsville. The Hanrans had the love of the horse and of the sport with their Irish blood, and in earlier days they were pretty well known at Ipswich and on the Downs. Dr. Frost had his own ideas of training. His formula was plenty of water, plenty of linseed (boiled), and plenty of work. A ribald youth published a screed descriptive of the methods, and referred to the probable protests of Jimmy � who had to train under the doctor�s directions � and part of it, as well as I remember, ran:- �Give �Exhibit Marking gallops and gallons of clear H�O Then more, mixed with limum, and then still more eau, Plus a bushel or more of solid torteau �The process,� says Jimmy, �deserves no laudo.� But the doctor says, �Jimmy, you vade retro!� That doggerel was a change from prosy municipal meetings and shipping reports, and the doctor�s anger soon passed, especially when the linseed fed �osses won a couple of races, and the sapient amongst us were covered with the contumely which falls to the false prophets of a provincial town. Racing in Townsville at the end of 1877 included hurdles. Brisbane saw hurdle racing, and even steeple chasing in earlier years. We had not then got to the full appreciation of the sprint as a means of providing big fields and profitable totalisators. The hurdle race at Townsville at Christmas, 1877, was won by one of the Mosman family, a younger brother of the late Hugh Mosman M.L.C., brother of Lady Palmer and of Lady McIlwraith. He was a hard goer to his fences, and with remarkably good hands. On going to Townsville I took letters of introduction to James Gordon, of Cluden, and to Andrew Ball, from an old friend, Henry Bohle, after whom the Bohle River was named when he was in the Queensland Government Service. James Gordon, who had been Sub-Collector of Customs, had retired. He was the father of a very good friend and comrade, Major �Bob� Gordon, who served with the Gordon Highlanders in the Tirah campaign, and with the First Queensland Contingent in the South African War. �Bob� or �Boomerang� Gordon, as he was known to the Scottish soldiers, commanded the Gordon Highlanders Mounted Infantry Company in South Africa, having been lent by the Queenslanders. Cluden and Stewart�s Creek were tip-top places for duck shooting, and many a good bag we scored there. Andrew Ball had been a station manager, but prior to my time had married and became a landlord of a Flinders Street hotel. He had done a lot of pioneering out Cloncurry way. The Police Magistrate at the end of 1877 was Gilbert Eliott, who had been well known in the Burnett district, where he had sheep country. His brother spelt his name �Elliot� � or it may have been the other way about. During my second stay in Townsville, the Police Magistrate was Charles Dicken, who later was Secretary the Agent-General in London and then Agent-General and C.M.G. A sister of Dicken married Henry Ulick Browne, the fifth Marquis of Sligo, and a brother was in the Harbours and Rivers Department in Brisbane. Succeeding Dicken as P.M. came Edmund Morey, a man of the �pure merino� school, who had been a station owner in Riverina and later owned Mitchell Downs. Morey, Mrs. Morey, Robert Logan Jack and Mrs. Jack, Hercules Coutts, of the Q.N. Bank, and Mrs. Coutts, Willie Stevenson, later a sugar grower at Innisfail, and Swiss Davies, later of Ipswich, both of the Q.N. Bank, lived with the C. J. Walkers at Eagle�s Nest when I was domiciled there. Mr. Morey was a widely read and cultured man, and though to many he seemed austere, I found him always a charming friend. Mr. E. Morey, of the Taxation Department in Queensland, is a son. Dr. Jack and I had met at Cooktown, and with Inspector Hervey Fitzgerald, of the Police, had gone out a little way on the beginning of his exploratory trip in Cape York Peninsula.. Many a profitable hour I spent in his little geological museum on Melton Hill. Mrs. Jack was a beautiful and accomplished woman. Her son James Love insisted on joining his step-father on the Cape York trip, though only a kiddie, but a strapping chap. He is now a well-known horse-breeder, owner of racing stuff, and a shipper to India, and he imported Chantemerle and other good ones. O last saw him judging the bloods and miscellaneous at the Royal National Exhibition at Bowen Park. It is impossible to recall the old days in Townsville without a thought of the bank managers. Halloran, of the Bank of New South Wales, was a son of the Sheriff of Queensland. He was of the splendid Viking type � about 6ft 3in., blue-eyed and with a long fair beard falling in (as it was then regarded) masculine beauty well over his great chest. Ferdinand Sachs was manager of the Australian Joint Stock Bank � musician, literateur, boxer, fencer, and wonderful shot with a rifle. He had his private bachelor home at Hermit Park, and the story runs that one night he gave his guest, Julian Thomas (�The Vagabond�), rather a shock. At dinner �The Vagabond� had been jeering at some of the stories of sharp shooting, and later, in the dark, was walking in the garden serenely puffing a cigar. Presently there was a crack and a splash, and the glowing end of the cigar was cut clean off by a bullet from Sach�s Winchester. �The Vagabond� didn�t afterwards question the daring of our sharpshooters. Shire, afterwards of the London office, was at the Queensland National Bank, and was succeeded by J. K. Cannan, a son of Dr. Kearsey Cannan, of Brisbane. J. K. Cannan gave Queensland some fine sons and daughters, including J. K., the lawyer, and General �Jim,� C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., and lots of other good things. Townsville was too conventional for me, and so I secured a job on the Cooktown �Herald� early in 1878, my successor on the Townsville �Herald� being Francis Hodson Nixon, who was an architect, an artist and a poet. He was a brilliant writer, and blessed in having his quiver full of �hostages to hazardry,� as Thomas Hardy puts it. A son of F. H. Nixon is Frank Nixon, , the secretary of the Timber Merchants Association in Brisbane and a well-known Press controversialist. After Nixon on the �Herald� was P. Dempsey, a gentle, scholarly man with a great fair beard. On my second stay in Townsville, I was writing for the �Standard�, edited by Henry Knapp, an English solicitor, and the proprietor Mr. Tom Wright, frequently lent me to my old chief, McManus to bring out the �Herald� on days when Dempsey was too ill for work. Another Townsville journalist was R. H. Pearce. �Gitano� was his pen name, a very brilliant man and a master of satirical jingle. For the �Standard� I wrote a semi-historical article about seven columns, including a report of the opening of the first section of the Townsville- Charters Towers Railway to the Reid River. The contractor was James McSharry, an engineer of the Brisbane Water and Sewerage Board who won great fame in Gallipoli and France, and a soldier�s grave in La Belle France. James McSharry was a great pioneer, warm hearted, and a wonderful handler of men. Once a strike threatened, and he went out and met 200 uproarious men. �We want so-and-so,� they kept yelling. It meant a considerable addition to the cost. �Well,� said McSharry, �if I give you that will you make it up to me in some other way?� There was an immediate cheer and cries for �Yes,� and then cheers for �McSharry.� The leader of the trouble stepped out and said: �Look here, McSharry, if you not think it a fair thing, say so, and we will get back to work. You�re white all through!� �No, men,� he said, �it�s right enough.� So the strike trouble ended. No striking for strike� sake. The white ant had not got into the Labour movement. There was no Labour movement then, but workers and employers in the North in those days dealt with a dispute on the man to man system. The Townsville �Herald� had another editor after Dempsey, a very clever chap from one of the Old Land universities, but he was not keen on the grind of a provincial newspaper. He was red-bearded, and stood about 6ft 3in. I forget his name. Later he became a Government Agent on the South Seas, and while on duty, was shot clean through the head. He was followed by my old friend, the incomparable Archibald Meston, who could swing an axe with the best of bushmen, take a turn with the gloves with the smartest professional, lift weights with a Sandow, spin out columns of vivid, glowing prose, write a little poem reminiscent of the sweet things we dullards read in the Greek Anthology, or lampoon in satirical verse an opponent in controversy. The �Herald� was for six months an arbiter on philology and politics in the North, and then Meston pushed off to Cairns with Horace Brinsmead to clear scrub and grow sugar, and to subdue the heights of Bellenden-Ker. I had succeeded him as editor of the �Observer�, then a Brisbane morning paper, and felt in a comparison just as a little peep of candlelight ought to feel when the heavens are ablaze with the glories of a tropical storm. As Mr. Pepys would have said: �And so to Cooktown�. [The Cooktown Chapters have been extracted separately as Part 1] Chapter VII -Off to Brisbane � Editing a Morning Paper � Joining the �Courier�- A Staff of Brilliant Men � The Francis Adams Tragedy � Lane and the Labour Movement � Politics and Politicians When John Flood was asked by the new owners of the �Observer� to recommend an editor he sent me a telegram to the North and definitely offered the job, asking me to sail by first steamer. It did not take long to get to a decision, and I took over from Mr. Archibald Meston towards the end of February 1881. Mr. Flood and I had been rival editors and close companions in Cooktown, and in my new work he was �guide, mentor and friend.� The proprietors were McIlwraith, Morehead and Perkins, three members of the Government, and McIlwraith was Premier. It was arranged a couple of days after I had taken over, that I should meet Messrs Morehead and Perkins, and the meeting took place at the office of Morehead and Co., in Mary Street, in the old stone buildings opposite the present headquarters of Moreheads Ltd. I had rather feared the first impressions, for I was slight and perhaps more juvenile looking than my years, for then I was nearly 25. �You are very young,� said B. D. Morehead, and the soft impeachment had to be admitted. We talked things over, politics especially, and the two big men seemed not a little concerned. It may be said that both Morehead and Perkins seemed to regard an editor, or a newspaper man of any sort, as a kind of retainer or hanger-on. Frankly, we never hit it. We did not exchange much in the way of courtesies. McIlwraith was different. A great big man, big-brained, big-hearted, generous, dominating, and brave. Queensland never sufficiently appreciated him. He was the peacemaker as between his colleagues and their editor. When he expressed a reasoned wish it was promptly observed. I have never known a man so free of littleness, even to his political opponents, and they were his only enemies. When my year with the �Observer� was up, and I was transferring to the �Courier� I said to him: �I�ll often come to you for advice�; and he said �Come and see me often.� The �Observer� office was at the corner of Edward and Adelaide Streets, where the Freeleagus restaurant now is. The manager was Mr. J. M. Black, still hale and well in Brisbane, who had a printing business of his own, and he also printed the �Observer�. He did not interfere much with the paper, but he was always available, and many, many times his sound judgment and wide knowledge saved us from slips. It was an evil day for the �Observer� when Mr. Black gave it up. He was succeeded by Mr. W. M. Crofton as manager, and that was the end of the agreement between the editorial and managerial sides. Crofton was a clever accountant, but was narrow, and entirely dominated in one sense by Mr. Perkins; but in another way he influenced the Perkins element in the directorate. The regular news staff, besides myself, was composed of R. J. Leigh and W. H. Qualtrough. Leigh was a wonderful worker, upon whose heart I am sure �Observer� was written. He had a failing, and his end was tragic and intensely sad. He could do anything on a paper, including good fighting leaders. Qualtrough was a big, handsome chap, who worked well, but who refused to take life seriously. Both were loyal, willing helpers. There were some �side issues�, as Leigh called them, including Theobald Vincent Wallace-Bushelle, a son of the famous Madame Bushelle and that great basso, her husband, who was at one time in England considered a rival of Lablache. �Toby� Bushelle was a nephew of Vincent Wallace, the composer of �Maritana� � his mother�s brother � and he did most of the musical and dramatic notices for the �Observer�, besides pursuing the elusive advertisement. He was a very fine singer, a basso, like his father and his brother John. The last-named old Sydneyites will remember. �Toby� had toured with a great many companies, including the Caradinis. He helped me a great deal in the matter of voice-training. The leader writers included Mr. J. G. Drake, of the �Hansard� staff, later a barrister, and later again a Crown Prosecutor with a long service in the Queensland Legislative Assembly and in the Federal Senate, a member of the Federal Government with the portfolio of Postmaster-General. Another was Mr. Robert Nall, also of the �Hansard� staff, and later one of the heads of the Sydney �Daily Telegraph�. Others were Mr. E. Thorne, and that very brilliant man, Mr. William Coote, who succeeded me when I went over to the �Courier�. Mr. Coote was the architect of the present Brisbane Town Hall, and did a history of Queensland, besides much pamphleteering. It was very hard to keep on the lines of policy which the directors, or a majority of them, desired, and to secure a measure of public confidence. Messrs Morehead and Perkins were extremists, and favoured violence in attack. McIlwraith favoured hard logic, or strong facts and mild language. But the �Observer� was bought for the purposes of strong party onslaughts, and there was not a little bitterness on both sides. The �Telegraph� was violently anti-McIlwraith, and supported the Opposition, led by Mr. Samuel Walker Griffith, later Sir. S. W. Griffith P.C., G.C.M.G., and Federal Chief Justice. That, I fancy, was before Mr. Brentnall became regularly associated with the �Telegraph�. Mr. Brentnall�s work I remember quite well � his short snappy sentences and �hammer it home� method of argument. The �Courier� had refused to become a violent partisan, and was never very keen on the Morehead-Perkins influence, and that had led to the purchase of another morning paper specially for party propaganda. Perhaps the occasion is not the only one in �Courier� history when its refusal to be complaisant led to an opposition to it being set up. Another violent factor in the Government ranks was Mr. Lumley Hill. On one occasion he brought a letter to the �Observer� which had been approved by McIlwraith, and reluctantly I published it, with a �ready-made� footnote, having been, as Mr. J. M. Black reminds me, held free of responsibility. It was an attack on Mr. Hemmant, formerly of Stewart and Hemmant, and Agent-General for Queensland under the Douglas Government. Mr. Hemmant behaved generously in the matter, and an apology was published, with a provision for a subscription to some institution. It was my second libel case, and my last. The directors had the grace to absolve me from blame. McIlwraith took all responsibility, and Lumley Hill laughed at him. I don�t think McIlwraith ever forgave it. It may be added that Dr. Carr Boyd, the father of �Potjostler� Carr Boyd, the explorer, was a writer for the paper until he quarreled with Mr. Perkins; and that W. J. Waldron for a long time did a Parliamentary summary. We formed a company to take over the �Observer� from McIlwraith, Morehead and Perkins. �10,000 capital, in 40 shares of �250, and the subscribers included many well-known pastoralists, one being James Tyson and another E. J. Stevens. As already said, Mr. J. M. Black resigned from the management and devoted himself to his own by, and that practically was the end of the �Observer� as a morning paper from a commercial point of view. Mr. Black knew all about the printing and publishing of a paper, and had many strong friends, even in the opposition camp. When Mr. Crofton took over the management and Mr. William Coote became editor, succeeded by Mr. P. J. Macnamara, the office was moved into a new brick building near the Town Hall, about where Edwards and Lamb, drapers, later established themselves. But the game was up. The paper lasted but a year under the new regime, when it was bought � lock, stock, and barrel � by Mr. C. H. Buzacott, then managing partner of the �Courier� and �Queenslander� � the Brisbane Newspaper Coy. Ltd. � and moved to the �Courier� office. Mr. Buzacott decided to publish the �Observer� as an evening newspaper, with a separate editorial staff, and he appointed me editor, and I selected Mr. Tom O�Carroll, son the editor of the �Courier�, as my assistant. The new evening paper was notable chiefly for its startling headlines and sensational leaders, and Mr. Buzacott introduced the �On Dit� column, which was always and quite wrongly attributed to me. The day came when the brilliant William O�Carroll, editor of the �Courier�, was to relinquish the strain of night work. Carl Feilberg took over from him, and Mr. Buzacott decided that I should go on to general work, including one or two really special features, and O�Carroll should take the editorship of the �Observer�. That was carried out and the �Observer�, I am sure, was very much improved. Mr. O�Carroll�s experience and wisdom much outweighed my exuberance and enthusiasm. In time he died. On the day of his funeral I was �down to it� with a very sharp attack of malaria, a legacy of New Guinea. O�Carroll had been a good worker. Like many other journalists he liked to be well away from his work, and he made his home at the Three-mile Scrub, on the road between Newmarket and Ashgrove, a delightful place with tress and ferns, some of the primeval scrub standing, a sanctuary for our sweetest song birds, and sloping down to a clear stream which in the wet season went tumbling and foaming over its bouldered bed. It was a paradise, restful and sweet, with the scents of wattle bloom and the near eucalyptus forest. At about 2 am after a strenuous night�s work, O�Carroll, when first I knew him, used to mount his old grey mare at the back of the office (which was in Queen Street) and plod quietly home. The next editor of the �Observer� was Walter J. Morley; and then our present chief of the Brisbane Newspaper Co, J. J. Knight, who specialised in municipal affairs, and who had a staff of good leader writers, including Mr. M�Mahon, formerly of the Sydney �Star�, and Mylne, one of the most scholarly and trenchant of journalists and myself, if it be not immodest to claim inclusion. Mr. Knight was the last of the separate editors, the �Observer� passing to the direction of a general editor or editor-in-chief, who of course was editor of the �Courier�. Now that is the correct story of the �Observer� from my first knowledge of it. When I joined the �Courier� in 1889 it had moved from the old offices to George Street � where the Johnsonian Club, with a certain fitness of succession, is now housed �to the new building in Queen Street, then lately erected by Mr. John Hardgrave, and adjoining what was then the British Empire Hotel. Mr. Charles Hardie Buzacott was the managing partner, and in the proprietary were also Mr. E. I. C. Browne (Little, Browne, and Ruthning of those days), and Mr. William Thornton, the Collector of Customs. Here I might say that Mr. Buzacott was a wonderfully capable journalist and a tremendous worker. In later years he did a great deal in the way of leader writing, and had a keen sense of humour. Those who did not know his work little suspected that the quiet, reserved and sometimes brusque man was the writer of articles of beautiful English and often with humour like that of Oliver Wendell Holmes. The editor was William O�Carroll, a good judge of work, an uncompromising critic, and a hater of shams. His strong point was foreign politics � not expecting the Crowned Heads and their Ministers to mend their ways under his suggestions, but so that the people had not time to read up foreign affairs in full should be given an intelligent bird�s-eye view of them. The sub-editor and then editor of a rather short-lived �Evening News,� was Carl Feilberg, who was good at the job, but who was better as a writer.. He had a turn as sub-editor on the �Argus� in Melbourne, but was glad to get back again to the �Courier,� on which he became editor. In addition to sub-editing he did the �Political Froth� in the �Queenslander,� having succeeded W. H. Traill in that special job, and I succeeded Feilberg. Richard, or �Dick� Newton was writing and reporting, and did most of the descriptive stuff, such as the Birthday Ball at Government House; and he also did, with remarkable insight, the theatres, though specialists did the big musical jobs. E. J. T. Barton, later sub-editor and then editor, did the cables and telegrams; and W. J. Morley, later editor of the �Observer,� did the law reports. Graham Haygarth, who was shot years after at Charters Towers, did the racing under the pen-name of �Hermit,� with an occasional jingle reminiscent of Whyte Melville, and was succeeded by E. A. Smith, �Pegasus,� a scholarly Englishman who in time raced some very good horses, and we often talked over the old days. There were some general and special writers, and a good many leaders came from �outside.� The �Courier� of those days was trenchant in the treatment of public affairs, careful in its treatment of the Queen�s English, and scrupulous in the correctness of its reports. My work was general, and in a little while very important, and the beginning with the �Courier� had some bearing on what I conceived to be a reporter�s duty to his paper. Brunton Stephens, during the Governorship of Sir Arthur Kennedy, was transferred from school teaching to be correspondence clerk at the Home Secretary�s Office. The Governor was a keen admirer of the poet�s more serious work, and so was Miss Kennedy, who was a great reader and a keen critic. Sir Arthur Kennedy had served at Cape Coast Castle and Hongkong, and on all his journeyings abroad he was accompanied by his daughter. They thought more of a fine poem, or even a good bit of prose, than of a fat bullock. Miss Kennedy once said: �It is by the art and literature of the place that people will judge Queensland of the �eighties.� In literature, to use a Brunton Stephens phrase, they knew �what�s what.� It seemed to the friends of the poet that in his letters to all and sundry from the Home Secretary�s Department he would �unconsciously slip into verse.� Was that not the obsession of Mr. Boffin�s friend, Silas Wegg? I sued the idea, and wrote for the �Queenslander� what purported to be a letter to �The worthy Mayor and aldermen of famous Wingeroo,� in reply to an application for the establishment of a pound. It was assumed that Brunton Stephens had been instructed to say that if the Mayor and aldermen would provide the material and build the yards a pound would be established. It was in the days when the singing of Swinburne was still a rage, and all our little rhymsters affected the alliteration done to death of Adam Lindsay Gordon. One verse rang:- �Let the swearing, swaggering splitter seek the silky she-oak shade; Cause the towering tree to totter till its thund�ring thud is made; Till it lies in sandy softness on the easy earth, and then, Let him cut, and split, and mortise � Mr. Mayor and aldermen.� It was the veriest doggerel, with only the redeeming grace of an idea, but it shook the Home Secretary�s Office and the Johnsonian Club to smithereens, and Brunton Stephens called me a villain � in a Pickwickian sense, of course � and told me I should very probably end up by being hanged. Who knows? At the �Courier� office in those days, and up to the time I went off to England in 1887, there was a sort of special room for contributors. I had a table in it, and met men, some of whom are well worth remembering. The first was John Douglas, the ex-Premier. He was a regular leader writer for the �Courier.� His work was bright and scholarly, as became a Rugby boy and a University man; there was the keen inside knowledge of one who had so lately been at the head of the Government, and there was a splendid breadth of treatment. Charles Hardie Buzacott and John Douglas had been on different sides in politics, but between them there was a deep mutual esteem. I think John Douglas continued to write �Courier� leaders until he was appointed Government Resident at Thursday Island. He was, in a sense, poor in the world�s goods,. He had been a Downs pastoralist, but had no regular profession, and had abstained from �making good� financially � which is a contradiction in terms, while he was Premier. He had a family of sons to educate and spared nothing for them, and it was necessary that he should use his brains and exercise his splendid administrative powers. Often at night we sat and talked when our work was done, and from John Douglas I learnt the duty of real service to my country. Whether the lesson was ever wisely applied is another question. Two men in those days were at the top of my mind, two Johns � John Douglas and John Flood. They were above small things in working for Queensland. �Where do I come in?� did not occur to either of them. John Douglas had the vision of a statesman, the soul of a patriot, and his honour always seemed to me something lustrous. When first I saw a great operatic artist, as Lohengrin, step from his swan-drawn skiff, �mystic, wonderful� in his shining armour, I caught breath and said, �He is like John Douglas.� And yet how few of our young people are taught who and what John Douglas was? Some loud-mouthed or subtle demagogue blooming into a sudden affluence is popular, but the men who served Queensland rather than themselves are almost forgotten. To me John Douglas ranks with the best of those who have led a Government in this land of ours for absolute purity of motive and loftiness of aspiration. He had absolutely nothing to gain from his political service � at any rate, he gained nothing in the monetary sense. It always seems to me a great tribute to a political leader in a young country that his friends should be able to say: �He died a poor man!� When H. E. King was defeated for Maryborough by our old friend, �Jack� Annear, he was on the unemployed list. He had been Speaker of the Parliament of which McIlwraith became the head in 1879. He, also, became a �Courier� leader writer. King was tall and sharply rounded at the shoulders, wore a very long brown beard, had very shaggy brows, a soft voice, and a very pleasant �way with him.� He was an Irishman of an old Church of England family � came from the West, and had all the best that education could give him. He was in the Imperial Army for some years, but threw up his commission to come to Australia. His sister, Catherine King, was a well-known writer, and her book, �Lost for Gold� is well known to Queenslanders. It is to an extent founded on fact, and deals with the life and death of Griffen, who was hanged at Rockhampton for the murder of his subordinates on the Peak Downs escort. H. E. King married a sister of Dr. Armstrong, of Toowoomba, thus an aunt of Mr. W. D. Armstrong (later M.L.A. and Speaker of the Legislative Assembly), of Adair, near Gatton, and he raised a big family of sons and daughters, all of whom I knew as youngsters. In the days when King was Speaker and I editor of the �Observer,� I was often a guest at Ivy Lodge, Toowong � Toowong was the fashionable suburb of those days. We had many jolly dances, and the family was musically inclined. On one occasion a very fine light baritone appeared, well trained and an artist. It was Lawford, a barrister, who had married one of the charming daughters of W. L. G. Drew, C.M.G., of Toowong, a sister of Mrs. J. O�N. Brenan, and of Mrs. (Major-General) Jackson, of the Royal Artillery. To get back to H. E. King �we were room mates for a time, but he did most of his work at home. King was a very polished and trenchant writer, but he did not talk much. In later years, and when over 60, he went for the Bar, passed with flying colours, and became a Crown Prosecutor. One of his sons became a journalist and did remarkably well in Brisbane and elsewhere. He was, I believe, formerly a partner in the Brisbane �Sunday Sun.� Francis Adams was for quite a long time one of the regular leader writers. He was a son of Mrs. Leith Adams, the English novelist, and before coming to Australia had published some rather striking essays and verse. The essays were very fine, but with a certain bitterness of spirit in them. Adams was a consumptive, and had a grievance against fate, which was often noticeable in his work. When in Brisbane he did a lot of verse writing, and published a couple of volumes. Some of the work was repulsive, some was delightful. Adams had an affectation with his verse. He would not have a capital for the initial letter of a line unless the preceding line closed with a full point. And on occasions, to show his unconventionality, he would have the Deity put with a little �g�. Adams was for a long time associated with Gresley Lukin, William Lane, and J. G. Drake, on the old �Boomerang,� a very bright, though truculent, paper, which had Monty Scott, and later, Cecil Gasking, as artists. Adams was a very brilliant man, and some of his �Courier� leaders were wonderful evidences of scholarly English and sustained energy. His strongest point was in the personal leader. Poor Adams! His health went from bad to worse. Years before we knew him on the �Courier� he had lost his wife, and married again to an Australian girl, a nurse � tall, strong, capable. The end of things for the handsome, brown-bearded Englishman was tragedy. He became very bad indeed � both lungs and throat affected � and he suffered very much. One night, late, he was having a bad time � choking, agonized. Yet his will was indomitable. He said to his wife, �Give me the revolver.� She gave it to him and turned away. There was a sharp, stinging report, for Adams had put the revolver to his head and fired. His wife turned to him, took the revolver away, composed his limbs, sponged his fatal wound, sent for the doctor, and the doctor sent for the police. The circumstances as I relate them were published at the time. Some blamed Mrs. Adams, some praised her. Those who praised her knew how greatly generous she had been, nursing the sick man with infinite tenderness, but always subject to his intensely masterful nature. Pace! Francis Adams. Hw rote his own epitaph, which, as closely as I can remember, ran:- �Bury me with clenched hands and eyes open wide, In storm and trouble I lived; in trouble and storm I died.� William Lane did occasional leaders for the �Courier,� but the bulk of his work was contributing sketchy articles and notes upon Labour ideals. He was a vivid and effective writer, though he was obviously a visionary, and his work was sometimes over-sentimentalised. Yet there was no mistake as to his earnestness. I had almost said fanaticism. And, as is so often the case, he was intolerant to a degree, and any condition of economic or social affairs which did not harmonise with his view was violently condemned. One recognises that reformers have often been fanatical, but quite as much good has been done in the world by solid and temperate reasoning as by strenuous and bitter advocacy. To speak of William Lane in his days of the Press in Queensland would have had an affected sound. It was always �Billy� Lane. He was a violent �dry� in the matter of liquor traffic, and a most violent pacifist. His reading was fairly wide on economic subjects, but he had very little knowledge of contemporary literature. From the �Boomerang� he went to the newly-established �Worker,� which was mainly his conception, and certainly was founded in the literary sense by him. He wrote always under a pen name of �John Miller,� yet his identity eventually leaked out, and in the shearers� huts in the West, on mustering camps and at those little meetings of �billabong whalers� where two or three were gathered together, the name of �Billy� Lane was reverenced. In the so-called Labour movement � the movement which his genius really brought into being � one never really hears his name. If the Trades Hall does not bar monuments there should be something there to educate the young to a knowledge of the real Moses of Labour in politics in Queensland. It may seem queer to outsiders that the promoter and leader of the New Australia settlement in Paraguay was a former leader writer and contributor to the �Courier.� It is not proposed to go into the history of this visionary Eden in South America, but just to mention a few of the points connected with it which were discussed by Lane in the �Courier� office. He had an intense faith in human nature, in the glorious gospel of mateship � not as we know those things today, but as they would be existent in a communal settlement where nothing was known of business competition, the struggle for food and shelter, and the cursed lust of gold. The �tall straight men of the West� the �Brave-eyed, deep-bosomed women of Australia� were to build up an ideal community in a land where there would be no taint of selfishness. The difficulties were pointed out over and over again, but Lane was intolerant even of the most friendly criticism. His was the glowing faith, the indomitable spirit. Now, apart from the general difficulties of pulling through a scheme of the kind with a purely secular basis, Lane was not the man for the job. Naturally he was a despot, just as Lenin was, and Trotsky. He had no experience of handling men. With a battalion of trained Australian soldiers, with all their fine sense of discipline, he would have had a mutiny in a week. And when he was personally known all the glamour of �John Miller� (his pen name) and of �Billy� Lane disappeared. He was rather small and badly crippled. His tone was always aggressive. It was another case of Caesar or nothing. Well we know what happened. Lane left Australia, and founded Cosme Colony, and then sick of it all, and probably disillusioned, he came out to New Zealand, and again earned good money on a capitalist paper. And in New Zealand he died. As I have said, he was intensely earnest; he dreamed his dreams up in the old �Courier� building, where Phillips and Sons, auctioneers, are now established, and he woke to find them dreams on the inhospitable Paraguayan settlements. P. J. Macnamara who had ventured on a �Bulletin� in Brisbane and had for a time been Editor of the �Observer� was one of Lane�s first fleeters in the Royal Oak for Paraguay, but soon had his fill of Communism and Socialism and all the other isms except patriotism, for he came back to Queensland a devoted Australian, an out and out Britisher, and an individualist of the most pronounced type. He went to Nanango ultimately, established a prosperous little paper there, bought an hotel, built a beautiful hall, and generally took on an air of affluence. I last saw him at the old Burnett town, and we had a very pleasant day together. He compared the conditions of the workers there and at Yarraman with the best that could be given in Paraguay, even had Lane realised all that he dreamed. His conclusion was characteristic: �Communists should find a congenial sphere in a black�s camp or at Woogaroo. In 1881, the Johnsonian Club had its home in the Belle Vue cottage adjoining Belle Vue Hotel. Once a month we had a supper, which was always an absolute delight. After supper we smoked our clays, the long churchwardens, with a jar of tobacco on the table free to all. Brunton Stephens, Carl Feilberg, Richard Newton, John Flood, �Bobby� Byrnes (whose Christian names ere John Edgar), A. J. Carter, Horace Earl, and other men of splendid comradeship and genius would be there, and we youngsters regarded them as veritable Gamaliels at whose feet we sat and drew in wisdom. There were many others, of course � artists like Clarke, lawyers like George Paul, and Granville Miller, and literary doctors like K. I. O�Doherty and Lyons; and the whole atmosphere was full of mental stimulation. But the literary, artistic, and scientific sides of things were not forgotten. The most delightful night that I spent at the Johnsonian was after the move into Elizabeth Street, and on the occasion of Brunton Stephens reading from manuscript his new poem, �Angela.� It was a long poem, and the motif was the love between a devoutly Christian maid and a chivalrous man who was an agnostic. I remember some of the poem- a sad and impassioned work. It has not been printed, so far as my remembrance goes, and no literary friend has been able to tell me what became of it. I do not know the poet�s family sufficiently well to ask questions of them. A mutual friend of Brunton Stephens and myself asked me about it in later years, another poet also sleeping the long sleep. He said: �Do you remember what happened to Burton�s translation of the Arabian Nights?� My own impression was that Brunton Stephens destroyed the manuscript. Some people, however liberal they may be, or however doubting, have an aversion from disturbing the settled religious beliefs of others. Brunton Stephens was intense in his spiritual sense, and that may have been a reason for the destruction of a poem of great beauty and depth of thought. He was hyper-sensitive in this regard for the spiritual leanings of others. The McIlwraith Government gained a majority in the 1879 elections, ousting the Government at the head of which was Mr. John Douglas. The colleagues of Mr. Douglas in various offices, and with changes from one department to the other, included S. W. Griffith, J. F. Garrick, J. R. Dickson � all of whom were raised in later days to knighthood � R. M. Stewart, William Miles, Geo. Thorn, Peter McLean, and Charles Stuart Mein. Of these I knew all very well, save Mr. Stewart, though they were not in office when I came to Brisbane in 1881. To Mr. Douglas reference was made in an earlier page. As then said, he was more of a statesman than a politician, and, though he could put up a good fight when he thought the occasion demanded it, he was always more concerned in the welfare of the country than in a small party advantage. S. W. Griffith was tall and spare, and he wore a long brown beard. The whole of the Douglas ministry was bearded. That was a fashion of the day. Nor had we got to the vulgarity and the petty mindedness which centred its zest for jocularity on a man�s personal appearance. Sir S. W. Griffith in my opinion was the greatest of the public men of the country, though not as a party politician. Sir J. F. Garrick was a brilliant lawyer, a well set up, handsome man, cultured, and of great personal charm He was a remarkably fine speaker, with a fine, ringing voice. Later, when he was Agent-General for Queensland, I saw a good deal of him, and knew more of his wonderfully sympathetic nature. Lovers of horseflesh will remember how sometimes he drove up to Parliament House with Mrs. and Miss Garrick in a covered phaeton and a spanking pair of bays. William Miles was the Jack Blunt of the Cabinet; a pastoralist, a strong man in financial matters, and to him was credited the origin of the �10,000,000 loan and the construction of the Cairns railway. Mr. Miles was one of the promoters also of the Royal Bank of Queensland. He had as a son-in-law Mr. Herbert Hunter, of Victoria Downs, the builder of Stanley Hall, near Clayfield, who was a director of the Royal Bank, and the owner of some first-class racehorses. Mr. Miles was the open enemy of McIlwraith and Palmer- not a vindictive enemy by any means, but a fighter. Probably it was a similarity of temperament which kept these fine old Queenslanders so far apart. Then there was James R. Dickson, later a Premier of Queensland, and our first member of the Federal Cabinet. Mr. Dickson (afterwards Sir James R. Dickson) was rather sententious in manner, but very capable, very courteous, and always the good friend of newspaper men. He made his home on the heights just beyond Breakfast Creek, a charming stone house known as Toorak, and from which Toorak Hill takes its name. Mr. Fred Dickson, Crown Prosecutor, is a son of Sir James. George Thorn had been Premier from June 5 to March 8, 1877. He graduated from Sydney University, where he had a distinguished career, and was a fine Latin scholar. Virgil was to him not only a great poet, but an agricultural authority. The �Bucolics� he specially admired, and would declaim page after page with more zest than he ever put into a political speech. George Thorn was very capable, but he was not taken altogether seriously, because he would not take himself seriously. Peter McLean was an earnest Scot, a Logan River farmer, a great reader, and the dominant star in the temperance firmament. Later he became Under Secretary for Agriculture, and did the State good service. He was a particularly good debater. Last on the list is Charles Stuart Mein, a well-known solicitor, and a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Defence Force. He was in later years raised to the Supreme Court Bench, and was a wise and capable judge. All of the Douglas Ministry are sleeping the long sleep, the last to go being Mr. Peter McLean � good, hearty, and hardy Scot. The party cemented up from more or less antithetical elements by Sir Thomas McIlwraith � who was plain Mr. McIlwraith then � gained a considerable victory, and took office in January, 1879. The party went to the country under a magnetic leadership, as well as with a popular programme. McIlwraith was a Scottish engineer who came to Australia in connection with the railway contracts and bridge building of Peto, Brassey and Betts. The Brassey of the firm afterwards was Lord Brassey. McIlwraith became interested in pastoral properties, and was socially very popular. He was big and florid, and pictures in 1881 showed that a few years earlier he had attended a fancy dress ball as �The Maranoa Baby,� with cape and long robe and the bottle usual with infants. It was a great joke. A salient of his policy was borrowing for reproductive works, such as railways and harbours. It may be explained that the policy of what was termed the Liberal Ministry in the matter of railway building finance, was to proclaim reserves, under the Railway Reserves Act, and to sell blocks, alternately or otherwise, devoting the receipts to construction. The McIlwraith alternative scheme was to borrow money, build the railways, and then sell the land. The idea caught the popular fancy, and especially when it was backed by a popular proposal to borrow �3,000,000 on the London market. The figure was sensational at the time, for we had not then become accustomed to financial plunging, laying up burdens by way of taxation to pay interest, and taking away from industrial production a very big proportion of the population to join the great army employed at �the Government stroke.� I had heard John Murtagh Macrossan expound the policy in Cooktown, and it struck me as likely to be good for a young country. It certainly was for a time, but the germ of borrowing has been ever since an acute influence in public affairs. The general trend of McIlwraith�s mind was to big, dramatic methods of development. He was obsessed by the glamour of Sir John Macdonald�s policy in Canada, though the Queensland movement came along rather earlier than the letting of the contract for the new Canadian-Pacific railway, which was in May, 1881. The development was towards land-grant railways, and chiefly the Transcontinental railway, north and south in Qld. But McIlwraith was not the father in Queensland of the land grant railway idea. The first public move was by John Douglas about a year after he had left responsible public life. In 1881, McIlwraith had a very strong team; men of affairs, capable in their way, and very big men in the public eye. His right hand man was Sir Arthur Palmer, with whom he was connected by marriage. They were married to two of the Mosman sisters � Lady Palmer was slight, dark, and very reserved, yet her intimates spoke of her always as a very sweet woman. Lady McIlwraith was robust, cheery, a delightful hostess, and very fond of the brighter side of life. But that is a digression, Sir Arthur Palmer had been Premier in 1870-74 of a pastoralist Government, and McIlwraith had been Secretary of Works and Mines in the Macalister Ministry, January to October, 1874. Arthur Hunter Palmer was of Irish birth, and he was soon after his arrival in Australia superintendent of the Dangar stations in New South Wales. He was masterful, quick to wrath, easily appeased, and those who knew him best said he had a heart of gold. He was a capable and conscientious administrator, and gave to Queensland many years of devoted service. He settled down at a charming home, Easton Gray, Toowong, and was a familiar figure for years on the River Road with his smart phaeton and speedy pair of ponies. He was a pastoralist of the purest Merino. He closed his political career as President of the Legislative Council. No man was more familiarly known in politics; and his blunt, brusque way came to be regarded as a matter of course. On one occasion I heard him give a well deserved rebuke to a number of his guests � while he was Lieutenant Governor � at a Queen�s birthday ball. During the supper, and just before Sir Arthur Palmer rose to propose the toast of �Her Majesty the Queen,� a number of the guests rose, and noisily left the supper room to dance some �extras.� It was a flagrantly ill-mannered thing to do, but probably was attributable to want of knowledge of the proprieties. Sir Arthur let out with characteristic frankness, and vainly Lady Palmer sought to quell the storm. The Lieutenant � Governor had his say, and it was just as well. He had the sympathy and support of the people generally. Next day a few of the offenders called at Government House, and sincerely apologised. �Well,� said the Lieutenant-Governor, �I didn�t know you were in it, but this I will say, that to call and apologise is a dam decent thing to do.� Sir Arthur Palmer on another occasion, and with less justification perhaps, appeared as a censor morum. A very fine distinguished actress was to appear at the Theatre Royal in Dumas� play of �The Lady of the Camellias.� Our Lieutenant Governor had heard of the play and decided that it was �nasty�; so under orders, his son and A.D.C., Willie Palmer, wrote declining the vice-regal patronage, and giving a frank reason. The letter halted a little grammatically, and the leading man at the theatre read it out to the audience. The episode created a laugh; but the letter, in its sense, was characteristic. Sir Arthur Palmer, rough of speech as he sometimes was, would not tolerate anything which he deemed indecent in literature or art. Which reminds me that on the occasion of a big exhibition in Brisbane certain beautiful specimens of French statuary were sent through the instrumentality of the secretary, Mr. Jules Joubert. The works were more French than a French bean, and shocked some of the people on the Exhibition Committee. It was said that in deference to the very forcibly expressed views of Sir Arthur, little calico coulottes were bestowed on the pale, unconscious marble. I cannot vouch for the truth of the whole of the story. These little incidents illustrate one side of the character of the man who was so conspicuous a figure in our public life, so great a pioneer, so earnest and clean handed a worker. Sir Arthur Palmer was at heart a Puritan, and who is there of us big enough to throw a flippant word at his memory? Not I, for one. Why are the memories of great men such as he not perpetuated in our public places? The first Minister for Justice with McIlwraith was John Malbon Thompson, an Ipswich solicitor, but he retired after about four months. Mr. Thompson was punctilious, courteous, and much esteemed. He had served as Lands Minister in the Palmer Government, 1870-73. I did not know him personally. He was succeeded by Mr. Ratcliffe Pring Q.C., afterwards Mr. Justice Pring, under the title of Attorney-General. Pring was a brilliant lawyer, with lots of Parliamentary experience, for he had been Attorney General in the Mackenzie Ministry in 1867 and in the Lilley Ministry in 1869. He was a fighter, and a very successful criminal law advocate. He went to the Supreme Court Bench before my arrival in Brisbane. I knew him, but not very well, and our private talks were mainly about horses. He had been the owner of some pretty good racing stuff, and usually rode about Brisbane on a good sort of roadster, a black about 15 hands being his best. Mrs. A. V. Drury was a sister of Mr. Pring. On his elevation to the Bench he was succeeded as Attorney General by Mr. Henry Rogers Beor, but that was before my time in Brisbane. Two men who were to play important parts in the Australian judiciary were in succession Attorneys General in the McIlwraith Government � Pope Alexander Cooper, later Sir Pope, the Chief Justice of Queensland; and Mr. Charles Edward Chubb, later Mr, Justice Chubb, of the Supreme Court. I had met them both in the North when they were on circuit. Cooper was born in New South Wales, had a distinguished school and University career, and went to the Bar in England. He was a nephew of Fred. Cooper, also a barrister, who was member for Cook in our Legislative Assembly. Pope Cooper succeeded Beor as member for Bowen. He was not at all keen on politics, though he did very well in Parliament, and as Attorney General having first call on the Supreme Court vacancy, he took it, and did much better on the Bench than was expected. He was much interested in art, and somewhat in music. His wife, who predeceased him by a good many years, was a very fine musician, and published some charming songs with her own words and music. On a few occasions Mrs. Pope Cooper did musical notices for the �Observer� when I edited it as a morning paper, and notably one very fine article on the Montague- Turner Opera Co. Mr. Justice Chubb, now retired, had always literary tastes, and knew a good picture. His father, a well-known solicitor, was a playwright and poet, with an inclination to the humorous. Succeeding Pope Cooper for Bowen, Mr. C. E. Chubb was a success in Parliament. He was an excellent debater, and had the very warm respect in the Assembly of the severe and somewhat bitter Griffith Opposition. He was sincere and tolerant and soon showed the qualities which made his appointment to the Bench later on a very popular one. In his quiet sober way he had quite a fund of whimsical humour, and it was said of him that in his younger days he was never at a loss for a botanical or Latin name for a plant. �Of course,� said Frederick Manson Bailey, the Government Botanist, �you may call a plant whatever you like, and so long as people do not understand they are quite satisfied.� Mr. Justice Chubb has retired from the bench after a long and very honourable service. He was born and schooled in England, but he has been a warm friend of his adopted State. Mrs. Chubb, who died some years ago, was a daughter of that very fine Queenslander, Sheriff McArthur, of the Northern Supreme Court. Charlie Hardie Buzacott was Postmaster-General in the first McIlwraith Government, and certainly, was the father of the Divisional Boards Act, which gave a remarkably good system of decentralization within the State. He remained in office for over a year, and then found his task as managing proprietor of the Brisbane Newspaper Co. demanded the whole of his time. It was remarkable that though Mr. Buzacott had in ordinary conversation an impediment in his speech he was quite fluent when on the platform or in Parliament. He was succeeded by Boyd Dunlop Morehead, who was Premier in 1888. Morehead as a wag � bright and really witty. On an occasion the law firm of Little and Browne (late Little, Browne and Ruthning) had done some work for the Government, and presented an account, which was certainly long and considered �pretty stiff.� Some talk was indulged in as to the capacity of lawyers. A few days later a Birds protection Bill was going through Parliament, and some one asked: �What is your definition of a snipe?� Morehead rapped back, �A little brown bird with a very long bill!� The after Morehead came F. T. Gregory, on the of the Gregory brothers, so well known as explorers. He was a surveyor, a man of much ability, but rather overshadowed by his brother, A. C. afterwards Sir A. C. Gregory. Macrossan and Perkins I have referred to in a previous chapter. Albert Norton succeeded Macrossan as Minister for Mines and Works. As already stated Mr. John Douglas was the first in Queensland to bring prominently to notice the question of land grant railways. The system later was bitterly opposed by S. W. Griffith, who had succeeded Mr. Douglas as leader of what was recognised as the Liberal or Radical Party; but Douglas was always favourable to it. Of course, when McIlwraith introduced his big scheme, termed by one of its leading active opponents, Mr. H. Hardacre (present member of the Land Court), �the gridiron scheme,� things had developed rather unfavourably in Canada. The scandals associated with the name of Sir John Macdonald (who was absolutely cleared by a Royal Commission) gave arguments against the �big syndicate� methods. It was on February 4, 1881, that John Douglas called a meeting in Brisbane to consider the land grant railway question. It was said then that American capital was available and that a Mr. McClure, who was in Sydney, was prepared to undertake to finance a scheme. Mr. Douglas suggested as a first proposition a line to Cunnamulla, which would open up the country and preserve the South-western trade to Brisbane. The scheme would be under what was known as the Railway Companies Preliminary Act, which contemplated alternative offers and conditions. Mr. Douglas explained that a line of 500 miles would require from a company a capital of �500,000, with �50,000 paid up. The company would then issue stock bearing interest, and the purchasers of the stock would then have the option of continuing to receive interest, taking land as collateral security, or of converting the stock into land. The �Courier� pointed out that there was no definite scheme, but Mr. Buzacott had favoured the land grant system at the conference, and mentioned that lines could be built at �2100 per mile. He saw no reason why land grant lines should not be constructed right through the country. Mr. Gresley Lukin, it may be mentioned, had been agitating the question in Melbourne, but he favoured a line opening up the country explored by the �Queenslander� expedition � Favenc and Briggs � and this agitation was really the genesis of the definite Transcontinental Railway, from the terminus at the Queensland Central Railway to Point Parker. It may be observed that had the railways been built on the land grant system, Queensland would have had only a tithe of her present public debt, and the land would still have been there for the purposes of taxation. And also, there would have been much closer settlement in the past 35 years over a great part of the State. Did we make a mistake when we loaded up the people generally with taxes, and as it seems for all time, by borrowing money for railway building? It may be observed that the idea of John Douglas was not to leave the workings of the railways to a private company, but to allow the company to build the lines and take land as payment The idea would shock the perpetual lease advocates, but they may not be quite so wise as they believe. At any rate our interest bills and our worry over conversion loans are not dreams. In 1881 the Duke of Manchester visited Queensland, and every one hastened to do him honour, to give him a hearty welcome. The Duke enjoyed his visit to the country places, he spied out land-grant railway matters, and became interested in some pastoral properties. He was a stranger, and we �took him in.� One story is told of his inspection of a far West property, where there was a charming host and a rally of the host�s pals, all real good sorts. The place was sparsely stocked, but the books didn�t show that, and as the Duke was taken out to see the cattle little mobs were deftly moved from place to place, and really Wingeroo, or whatever was the name of the run, seemed to carry about 50 head to the mile. Once the Duke stopped and said: �Mr. Blank, these cattle are wonderfully alike.� �Just a matter of breeding, your Grace,� was the ready reply. �We breed from the best Shorthorn strains in the country, and the stock varies little.� It is related that the cattle were �blacks, browns and brindles� and all other colours. I fancy the Duke did not buy the run. At another place he met R. W. Stuart, �Dick� Stuart, noted as an artist, horseman, and rough rider. Stuart had a few quiet bullocks, and on a camp to show how well cared for the cattle were, he caught an occasional beast and mounted it. On another occasion, to make up a four-in-hand team for a short run with the Duke, Stuart put a bullock in near side on the pole. Another story of the Duke was told me at Roma in the days when Mount Abundance was so hospitable a centre and �Jock� Robertson was cock-of-the-walk. Bridget was pressed into the service as housemaid and to wait at the table. She was very good, but a wee bit rough. It was explained to her very carefully, �Now Bridget, before you ask the Duke anything you must say �Your Grace� At table Bridget was handing round vegetables, and when she came to the Duke she said, �For what we are about to receive, etc will you have a spud?�
2410	dbpedia	1	6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dickson_(Queensland_politician)	en	James Dickson (Queensland politician)	https://upload.wikimedia…28cropped%29.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…28cropped%29.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Portrait_of_Hon._Sir_James_Robert_Dickson_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Hon._Sir_James_Robert_Dickson_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/StateLibQld_2_105684_Sir_James_Robert_Dickson%2C_1883.jpg/170px-StateLibQld_2_105684_Sir_James_Robert_Dickson%2C_1883.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/James_Robert_Dickson.jpg/170px-James_Robert_Dickson.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Robert_james_dickson_grave.JPG/170px-Robert_james_dickson_grave.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Edmund_Barton_crop.PNG/75px-Edmund_Barton_crop.PNG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/80px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2004-11-29T04:11:54+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dickson_(Queensland_politician)	Australian politician Sir James Robert Dickson, (30 November 1832 – 10 January 1901) was an Australian politician and businessman, the 13th Premier of Queensland and a member of the first federal ministry. Early life [edit] Dickson was born on 30 November 1832 in Plymouth, Devon, England. He was the only son of Mary Maria (née Palmer) and James Dickson. He was educated in Scotland at the High School of Glasgow, and subsequently worked as a junior clerk at the City of Glasgow Bank. Dickson arrived in Australia in 1854 during the Victorian gold rush. He initially worked for the Bank of Australasia and then for Rae, Dickson & Co., his cousin's merchant firm. He moved to the Colony of Queensland in 1862, working for an estate agent for a period and then establishing himself as an auctioneer and land agent. He built Toorak House, a villa overlooking the Brisbane River.[1] Colonial politics [edit] Dickson was elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Enoggera in 1873. He was made Secretary for Public Works and Mines in 1876 under Arthur Macalister, and was Treasurer 1876–79. In the absence of Sir Samuel Griffith he was briefly Opposition Leader, and was Treasurer again 1883–87 after Griffith became Premier. He lost his seat in 1888 but was again elected for Bulimba in 1892, supporting the importation of labourers from the South Pacific to work on the Queensland canefields.[1][2] In the so-called Continuous Ministry of the late 1890s, Dickson attained the positions of Secretary for Railways in 1897, Postmaster-General and Home Secretary 1898–99. In September 1898, after the death of Thomas Byrnes he was made Premier. The Continuous Ministry by this stage was falling apart, and Dickson had only a brief period in office before Anderson Dawson gained the support of the Legislative Assembly to become the leader of the world's first Labour Party government. The Ministerialists regrouped a week later to vote Dawson out of office. Dickson lacked support to become Premier again, and that position instead went to Robert Philp, in whose government Dickson was Chief Secretary.[1] Federal politics and death [edit] Dickson was a leading supporter of federation in Queensland and was mainly responsible for winning a "yes" vote in the Queensland referendum on the proposed Constitution of Australia in 1900. As a result, Dickson was appointed Minister for Defence in the first federal ministry under Edmund Barton on 1 January 1901. He was intending to stand for election to the first Federal Parliament, but on 10 January he died after being taken ill at the Commonwealth's inaugural ceremonies in Sydney on 1 January. He was the first federal Minister to die in office.[1][2] He was accorded a state funeral; it proceeded from Toorak, his residence at Hamilton, to the All Saints Anglican Church. After a short service it moved on to the Nundah Cemetery.[3] Honours [edit] He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in November 1891.[4] Only nine days before he died, Dickson was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in the New Years Honours List 1 January 1901, in recognition of services in connection with the Federation of Australian Colonies and the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia.[5] The federal electoral division of Dickson in Queensland, and the Canberra suburb of Dickson are named after him. References [edit]
2410	dbpedia	1	44	https://australianpolitics.com/2013/01/26/seven-politicians-receive-australia-day-honours.html/	en	Seven Former Politicians Awarded Australia Day Honours: Downer, Uren Receive AC	https://australianpoliti…ple/uren-tom.jpg	https://australianpoliti…ple/uren-tom.jpg	[ "https://australianpolitics.com/images/people/uren-tom.jpg", "https://cdn.printfriendly.com/buttons/printfriendly-pdf-button-nobg-md.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "admin" ]	2013-01-26T00:00:00	Alexander Downer and Tom Uren and five other former politicians have received awards in the Australia Day Honours list announced today. Downer and Uren both received the AC, the highest award. Includes a complete list of all honours awarded.	en	https://australianpoliti…-logo1-32x32.jpg	AustralianPolitics.com	https://australianpolitics.com/2013/01/26/seven-politicians-receive-australia-day-honours.html/	This is the complete list of recipients of Australia Day Honours. ORDER OF AUSTRALIA COMPANION (AC) IN THE GENERAL DIVISION The Honourable Alexander John Downer, SA. For eminent service to the Parliament of Australia through the advancement of international relations and foreign policy, particularly in the areas of security, trade and humanitarian aid, and to the community of South Australia. The Reverend Professor James Mitchell Haire AM, ACT. For eminent service to the community through international leadership in ecumenical and interfaith dialogue, the promotion of religious reconciliation, inclusion and peace, and as a theologian. Professor Brian Paul Schmidt, Sutton, NSW. For eminent service as a global science leader in the field of physics through research in the study of astronomy and astrophysics, contributions to scientific bodies and the promotion of science education. The Honourable Tom Uren AO, Balmain, NSW. For eminent service to the community, particularly through contributions to the welfare of veterans, improved medical education in Vietnam and the preservation of sites of heritage and environmental significance. OFFICER (AO) IN THE GENERAL DIVISION The Honourable Justice James Leslie Allsop, Court of Appeal, Supreme Court, NSW. For distinguished service to the judiciary and the law, as a judge, through reforms to equity and access, and through contributions to the administration of maritime law and legal education. Professor John Robert Argue, Myrtle Bank, SA. For distinguished service to engineering through contributions to the development of stormwater management and technology as a researcher and academic. Robert Atkinson APM, Calamvale, Qld. For distinguished service to policing and to the community of Queensland, through leadership in law enforcement, community and cultural engagement, improved service delivery and contributions to professional development. Nicholas Begakis AM, Torrens Park, SA. For distinguished service to business and commerce in South Australia through leadership in the food industry and the development of international trade, and to the community. Carolyn Louise Bond, Moonee Ponds, Vic. For distinguished service to the community through the protection of consumers, particularly in relation to financial services, as an advocate and counsellor and through the provision of legal assistance services. Lynelle Jann Briggs, Narrabundah, ACT. For distinguished service to public administration, particularly through leadership in the development of public service performance and professionalism. Professor Roger William Byard PSM, SA. For distinguished service to medicine in the field of forensic pathology as an academic, researcher and practitioner and through contributions to professional committees and organisations. Professor Robert Graham Clark, Balgowlah Heights, NSW. For distinguished service to science and technology through leadership and governance of the scientific community of the Australian Defence Force and through contributions to quantum computing and nanotechnology. Professor Diego De Leo, Brisbane, Qld. For distinguished service to medicine in the field of psychiatry as a researcher and through the creation of national and international strategies for suicide prevention. Paul William Dyer, Edgecliff, NSW. For distinguished service to the performing arts, particularly orchestral music as a director, conductor and musician, through the promotion of educational programs and support for emerging artists. Jill Gallagher, Collingwood, Vic. For distinguished service to the indigenous community of Victoria, through leadership in the area of health and contributions to cultural, welfare and professional organisations. Emeritus Professor Robert Donald Goldney, Toorak Gardens, SA. For distinguished service to medicine in the field of psychiatry, as a researcher and academic, through international contributions to the study of suicide and its prevention. Richard James Goyder, Peppermint Grove, WA. For distinguished service to business through executive roles and through the promotion of corporate sponsorship of the arts and indigenous programs, and to the community. Professor Peter Gavin Hall, University of Melbourne, Vic. For distinguished service to mathematical science in the field of statistics through international contributions to research, as an academic and mentor, and through leadership of advisory and professional organisations. Gregory Neil Hartung OAM, Fyshwick, ACT. For distinguished service to sport and to people with a disability through contributions to the development and promotion of the paralympic community, particularly in the South Pacific. Clive James AM, Cambridge, United Kingdom. For distinguished service to literature through contributions to cultural and intellectual heritage, particularly as a writer and poet. James Carvel McColl, Adelaide, SA. For distinguished service to primary industry through policy and strategy advisory roles in the agriculture, fisheries and natural resources sector, and to conservation and the environment. Roderick Hamilton McGeoch AM, Woollahra, NSW. For distinguished service to the community through contributions to a range of organisations and to sport, particularly through leadership in securing the Sydney Olympic Games. Alistair Murray McLean OAM, ACT. For service to the Australian and international communities through significant leadership and co-ordination roles following the tsunami and earthquakes that occurred in Japan on 11 March 2011 and to the promotion of Australia’s diplomatic and trade relationships. Peter James McMurtrie, North Lakes, Qld. For distinguished service to the community through leadership in the areas of emergency patient care and health service management and contributions to professional organisations. Ernestine Bonita Mabo, Deeragun, Qld. For distinguished service to the indigenous community and to human rights as an advocate for the Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and South Sea Islander peoples. Professor Ralph Nigel Martins, Nedlands, WA. For distinguished service to medicine in the field of psychiatry through leadership in the research into Alzheimer’s disease and the development of early diagnosis and treatment programs, and to the community of Perth. Dr Colin Douglas Matthews Walkerville, SA. For distinguished service to reproductive medicine, particularly through the establishment of donor insemination and in vitro fertilisation programs, through contributions to research and as an academic. Natalie Miller OAM, Toorak, Vic. For distinguished service to the film industry through promotion of screen culture, as a mentor to emerging filmmakers, particularly women, and contributions to advisory and professional organisations. Dr Philip James Moors, Balwyn North, Vic. For distinguished service to conservation and the environment through contributions to the botanical and scientific community and the promotion of Australian flora. Hugh Andrew O’Neill, North Melbourne, Vic. For distinguished service to architecture, through contributions to tertiary education and the fostering of relations with Asia, particularly Indonesia. Elaine Janet Paton, Tallangatta, Vic. For distinguished service to the rural community, particularly as an advocate for the role of women in agriculture and through contributions to educational programs. Professor Sally Redman, Annandale, NSW. For distinguished service to public health through leadership in the care of women with breast cancer, contributions to research and higher education and the promotion of relationships between researchers, policy makers and practitioners. Professor Marilyn Bernice Renfree, Glen Waverley, Vic. For distinguished service to biology, particularly through leadership in the research into marsupial reproduction, and to the scientific community through contributions to professional organisations. Emeritus Professor George Ernest Rogers, Stonyfell, SA. For distinguished service to biochemistry through contributions to tertiary education and leadership of research into the molecular structure and growth processes of wool and hair. Clive Robert Weeks, Melbourne, Vic. For distinguished service to engineering through leadership roles in the development of key civil works projects and through contributions to professional and educational organisations. Dr Peter William Weiss AM, NSW. For distinguished service to the arts, particularly orchestral music through philanthropic support and advisory roles. The Honourable Dr Christine Ann Wheeler QC, Applecross, WA. For distinguished service to the judiciary and the law, through leadership in the administration of justice and contributions to legal education, as a mentor to women, and to the community of Western Australia. The Honourable Justice Margaret Jean White, Fig Tree Pocket, Qld. For distinguished service to the judiciary and the law, through leadership in administration, contributions to education and law reform, and to the community of Queensland. Tony Wurramarrba, Alyangula, NT. For distinguished service to the indigenous community of the Groote Eylandt Archipelago through leadership and advocacy for improved services and infrastructure. Professor Helen Maria Zorbas, Vaucluse, NSW. For distinguished service to public health through leadership in the delivery of improved information and services to cancer patients and their families and contributions to research and clinical trials. OFFICER (AO) IN THE MILITARY DIVISION Royal Australian Navy Rear Admiral James Goldrick AM CSC RANR, ACT. For distinguished service as Commander, Border Protection Command, Commander, Joint Education and Training, and Commandant of the Australian Defence Force Academy, and for outstanding scholarship in the study of Australian naval history. Australian Army Major General Grant Douglas Cavenagh AM, Vic. For distinguished service to the Australian Defence Force as Commander Joint Logistics and as Head Land Systems Division. Major General Gerard Paul Fogarty AM, ACT. For distinguished service as Deputy Commander Joint Task Force 633 in Iraq, Director General Personnel – Army and as Head People Capability. MEMBER (AM) IN THE GENERAL DIVISION Mitchell David Anjou, Vic. For significant service to optometry and public health, particularly in the indigenous community, as a researcher, clinician and educator. The Honourable John Joseph Aquilina, Blacktown, NSW. For significant service to the Parliament of New South Wales and to the community. Howard Bamsey PSM, Griffith, ACT. For significant service to public administration, particularly in the area of climate change and energy efficiency. Emeritus Professor Gordon Alfred Barclay, Davistown, NSW. For significant service to tertiary education in New South Wales, particularly in the field of chemistry. Emeritus Professor Allan Douglas Barton, deceased (Award wef 8 February 2012) Late of ACT. For significant service to accounting and economics as an author, researcher, educator and mentor. Dean Bryan Barton-Smith, Vic. For significant service to the sport of athletics and to people who are deaf or hard of hearing through the development of sport and recreation opportunities. Dr Warwick Carl Bateman OAM, Chatswood, NSW. For significant service to youth through administrative and leadership roles with the Scouting movement in Australia. Dr Brian Michael Boettcher, Wahroonga, NSW. For significant service to psychiatry as a clinician and educator. Associate Professor Stuart Leigh Boland, Killara, NSW. For significant service to medicine through leadership roles in professional organisations and as a surgeon and educator. The Reverend Emeritus Professor Gary Donald Bouma, Melbourne, Vic. For significant service to sociology as an academic, to interfaith dialogue and to the Anglican Church of Australia. Robert Clements Brown, Northbridge, NSW. For significant service to the superannuation and funds management industry. Dr Gavan John Butler, Annandale, NSW. For significant service to economics and political science as an academic, researcher and educator. Professor William Edward Cartwright, Windsor, Vic. For significant service to cartography and geospatial science as an academic, researcher and educator. Paul Cattermole, Darwin, NT. For significant service to the community of the Northern Territory through the planning and management of major sporting and cultural events. Donald William Challen, Blackmans Bay, Tas. For significant service to economics and to public administration in Tasmania in the treasury and finance sector. Associate Professor Andrew Donald Cochrane, Essendon, Vic. For significant service to adolescent and adult congenital heart disease as a clinician, researcher and educator, and through humanitarian and philanthropic contributions. Keith Osborne Collett, Bentleigh East, Vic. For significant service to sustainable land management practices and water conservation. Dr Brian Leslie Cornish OAM RFD ED, Frewville, SA. For significant service to medicine as an orthopaedic surgeon, to forestry and conservation, and to the community. Ian Thomas Croser, ACT. For significant service to science through electronic communication and radar and related technologies. Associate Professor Jack Cross, Adelaide, SA. For significant service to tertiary education in South Australia, particularly in the field of art and design, and to indigenous education. Ewen Graham Crouch, Roseville, NSW. For significant service to the law as a contributor to legal professional organisations and to the community through executive roles with Mission Australia. The Right Reverend Andrew William Curnow, Bendigo, Vic. For significant service to the Anglican Church of Australia through leadership roles. Dr Marianne Josephine Dacy, Erskineville, NSW. For significant service to interfaith dialogue and to the Congregation of Our Lady of Sion. Professor Stephen Misha Davis, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic. For significant service to medicine in the field of neurology. Grant Raymond De Fries, Picnic Point, NSW. For significant service to youth through administrative and leadership roles with the Scouting movement in New South Wales. Margaret Ann Devlin, Camberwell, Vic. For significant service to youth, particularly through the Guiding movement in Victoria, and to the sport of women’s hockey. Edward Donnelly, Lane Cove, NSW. For significant service to the community through leadership in the promotion of the health and welfare of men through the Australian Men’s Shed Association. Professor Michael Andrew Dopita, Googong, NSW. For significant service to science in the field of astronomy and astrophysics. John Doust, Murdoch, WA. For significant service to the building and construction industry through executive and leadership roles. Dr Alan William Duncan, Floreat, WA. For significant service to medicine in the field of paediatric intensive care as a clinician and educator. John Robert Dunkley, Pearce, ACT. For significant service to the exploration, science and conservation of caves and karsts. Michael John Dysart, Woollahra,NSW. For significant service to architecture. Dr Mark Francis Ellis, Ivanhoe East, Vic. For significant service to medicine in the field of ophthalmology and to eye health in Indonesia and Timor-Leste. Bruce Neil Esplin, Melbourne Vic. For significant service to the emergency management sector in Victoria. Dr David Alexander Evans, ACT. For significant service to science and innovation through commercialising and developing new technologies. Kerrie Margaret Eyers, Bondi Junction, NSW. For significant service to psychology, particularly through mental health program administration. Graeme David Fair, Toorak, Vic. For significant service to the sport of tennis through a range of administrative and leadership roles, and to the community. Elizabeth Fisher, Somerton Park, SA. For significant service to the community through organisations and advisory bodies that promote social justice and the interests of women. Dr Hardinge Guy FItzhardinge, Mandurama, NSW. For significant service to conservation and the sustainable management of threatened species, and to the agricultural industry. Anne Fogarty, WA. For significant service to equity, access and advancement of education in Western Australia. The Honourable Robert Clive Fordham, Newlands Arm, Vic. For significant service to the Parliament of Victoria, to education, to the Anglican Church in Australia and to tourism and economic development. Emeritus Professor Philip Jack Foreman, Bellevue Hill, NSW. For significant service to tertiary education, particularly in the area of special education, and to people with a disability. David Anthony Forsyth, Castle Cove, NSW. For significant service to the aviation industry through a range of administrative and leadership roles. Professor Emeritus Maurice William French, Toowoomba, Qld. For significant service to tertiary education through a range of leadership roles, to the preservation of local history and to the study of the humanities. Christine Mary Gee, Campbell, ACT. For significant service to international relations and the people of Nepal, particularly through the provision of education, health and environmental programs. John Aubrey Gibson, deceased (Award wef 24 June 2011) Late of Melbourne, Vic. For significant service to international relations as an advocate for human rights. Professor Malcolm George Gillies, United Kingdom. For significant service to tertiary education through leadership roles and to the humanities, particularly as a scholar of musicology. Eric John Goodwin, Fairlight, NSW. For significant service to the community through educational organisations and to business. Professor Ian Charles Goulter, Auchenflower, Qld. For significant service to tertiary education, particularly through rural and regional engagement. Dr David Leslie Grantham PSM, Indooroopilly, Qld. For significant service to public health in the area of occupational hygiene. Laurence Francis Harkin, Berwick, Vic. For significant service to the community, particularly through the care and protection of people with a disability. Russell John Hawkins, Claremont, WA. For significant service to the community through leadership roles in the development of facilities for the support of parents, children and the aged. Ronald Kenneth Heinrich, St Ives, NSW. For significant service to the law and to the legal profession. The Reverend Harry James Herbert, Bundanoon, NSW. For significant service to the community through leadership and advocacy roles in the area of social justice and welfare. The Most Reverend Roger Adrian Herft, Perth, WA. For significant service to the Anglican Church of Australia through leadership roles in ecumenical and interfaith relations and advocacy for social justice. Mary Louise Herron, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to the performing arts through leadership and advisory roles. Jill Lesley Hickson, Woollahra, NSW. For significant service to the community through leadership roles in organisations supporting the arts, culture, tourism, the environment and education. Clive Perry Hildebrand, Chelmer, Qld. For significant service to business, particularly through leadership in the promotion of international relations and the protection of the sugar industry, and to tertiary education. John Kinloch Hindmarsh, Red Hill, ACT. For significant service to building and construction in the Australian Capital Territory, and to business. Michael Hintze, United Kingdom. For significant service to the community through philanthropic contributions to organisations supporting the arts, health and education. Philip James Hoffmann, Glenelg, SA. For significant service to the travel and tourism industry through contributions to professional associations and the development of training standards. Adjunct Professor David Anthony Hood, Taringa, Qld. For significant service to environmental engineering as an educator and researcher, through contributions to professional organisations, and to public awareness of sustainability. Professor William Roy Jackson, Camberwell, Vic. For significant service to science in the field of organic chemistry as an educator and researcher. Kenneth Edward Johnson, Campbell, ACT. For significant service to the development of water resources for irrigation and hydro-electricity as an engineer. Stephen John Jones, Withcott, Qld. For significant service to local government and the community of the Lockyer Valley, particularly in relation to the Queensland floods in 2010 and 2011. Andrew Gabriel Kaldor, Woolwich, NSW. For significant service to the arts, particularly orchestral music through advisory roles and philanthropy. Margaret Dean Larkin, Tamworth, NSW. For significant service to the arts as a leader and advocate of regional organisations. Geoffrey Michael Law, Dynnyrne, Tas. For significant service to conservation and the environment, particularly in Tasmania. Dr Michael John Llewellyn-Smith, Adelaide, SA. For significant service to local government through the promotion of city and state relations and planning. The Honourable Dr Jane Diane Lomax-Smith, Adelaide, SA. For significant service to the Parliament and the community of South Australia. Malcolm William Long, Rose Bay, NSW. For significant service to the performing arts and to the broadcasting and communications industries. Sandy Charles Longworth, Mosman, NSW. For significant service to engineering through leadership and advisory roles in research, training and professional organisations. Dr David Alistair Lonie, Boronia Park, NSW. For significant service to psychiatry, particularly in the field of infant and adolescent mental health. Dr Isla Ellen Lonie, deceased (Award wef 19 September 2011) Late of Boronia Park, NSW. For significant service to medicine in the field of psychiatry and to professional associations. Dr Errol James McGarry, Eltham North, Vic. For significant service to science and technology, particularly through research and development in the field of chemistry. Sandra Veronica McPhee, Point Piper, NSW. For significant service to business and to the community through leadership and advisory roles. John David Maddock, Hawthorn, Vic. For significant service to vocational education and training, and to the sport of basketball. David William Marchant, Breakfast Point, NSW. For significant service to the rail industry through national structural reform and infrastructure upgrades. Associate Professor Jeno Emil Marosszeky, Denistone, NSW. For significant service to rehabilitation medicine and through contributions to people with arthritis. Dr Ian William Marshall AE, The Gap, Qld. For significant service to the community of Queensland as a medical practitioner and through contributions to the cattle industry and rural education. The Honourable Justice Glenn Charles Martin, Brisbane, Qld. For significant service to the law, particularly through contributions to the Australian Bar Association, and to the community of Queensland. James Edward Maxwell, Woollahra, NSW. For significant service to sport, particularly cricket, as a commentator, and to the community. Wayne Ashley Merton, Dural, NSW. For significant service to the Parliament of New South Wales, and to the community. Robert Gordon Miller, Newtown, NSW. For significant service to the community, particularly through contributions to people with a disability. Dr Christopher Mitchell, Lennox Head, NSW. For significant service to medicine as a general practitioner through leadership roles in clinical practice, education and professional organisations. David Edward Mitchell, Golden Grove, SA. For significant service to conservation and the environment as a volunteer and volunteer advocate. Jill Elizabeth Morgan, Melbourne, Vic. For significant service to the promotion of multicultural and indigenous art through leadership roles in arts organisations. Professor Jonathan Mark Morris, Longueville, NSW. For significant service to maternal and infant health as a clinician, educator, patient advocate and researcher. Christopher John Moseley, United Kingdom. For significant service to linguistics through the preservation of indigenous and endangered languages. Jacob George Mye MBE OAM, deceased (Award wef 1 October 2010) Late of Darnley Island via Thursday Island, Qld. For significant service to the indigenous communities of the Torres Strait. The Reverend Dr Anthony George Nancarrow, Malvern, SA. For significant service to the Uniting Church in South Australia. Juliana Ampofowaa Nkrumah, Quakers Hill, NSW. For significant service to the community, particularly the welfare of women and refugees. Linda Jane O’Brien, Newtown, NSW. For significant service to secondary education through leadership and innovative practices, and to the community. Timothy John O’Brien, Berri, SA. For significant service to the community of Berri, South Australia. Julien William O’Connell, Brighton East, Vic. For significant service to the community and to the Catholic Church through leadership roles within health and governance services. Francis Michael O’Halloran, East Balmain, NSW. For significant service to business through leadership in the insurance industry and the promotion of corporate philanthropy. Mary Ann O’Loughlin, Woollahra, NSW. For significant service to public administration through the development of social policies, the reform of federal financial relations and government services. Tania Palmer, Kingdom of Cambodia. For significant service to the community, particularly street children and families in Cambodia, through the Green Gecko Project. George Papadopoulos, Camberwell, Vic. For significant service to the multicultural community of Victoria through the development of public policy, programs and services. Dr Nicholas George Pappas, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to the sport of rugby league football, to the arts and to the Greek-Australian community. Neil Perry, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to the community as a benefactor of and fund raiser for charities and as a chef and restaurateur. Jimmy Viet Tuan Pham, Canley Vale, NSW. For significant service to the community, particularly children in Vietnam, through KOTO International. Associate Professor Jonathan Phillips, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to mental health as a forensic psychiatrist, particularly through contributions to professional organisations. Norma Margaret Plummer, Berwick, Vic. For significant service to the sport of netball as a coach and representative player. Robin Andrew Poke, Hughes, ACT. For significant service to the sport of rowing and the Olympic movement as an administrator, journalist and author. Ann Kathleen Porter, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to people who are deaf or hard of hearing through executive and advocacy roles. Emeritus Professor Owen Edward Potter, Camberwell, Vic. For significant service to chemical engineering through leadership in the areas of education, research and development, and to the Catholic Church. Alan Nalder Powell, Linden Park, SA. For significant service to the community of South Australia through governance of welfare and church organisations and as a philanthropist. Dr Jan Desma Pratt, Grange, Qld. For significant service to child-health nursing through leadership in the area of professional development. Dr David Anthony Rand, Beaumaris, Vic. For significant service to science and technological development in the area of energy storage, particularly rechargeable batteries. Professor Paul Murray Redmond, Queens Park, NSW. For significant service to the law through contributions to legal education and professional bodies. Professor Bruce William Robinson, UWA School of Medicine, Nedlands, WA. For significant service to medicine in the area of research into asbestos-related cancers and to the community, particularly through support to fathers. Professor Abdullah Saeed, University of Melbourne, Vic. For significant service to tertiary education in the field of Islamic studies and to the community, particularly through the promotion of interfaith dialogue. Antonino Schiavello, Tullamarine, Vic. For significant service to business, particularly in the manufacturing and construction industries and to the community of Victoria. Janine Betty Schmidt, Brisbane, Qld. For significant service to the promotion of library services and information sciences, particularly through the development of electronic access initiatives. Emeritus Professor Steven Schwartz, Pyrmont, NSW. For significant service to tertiary education, to the community and to mental health. Kathryn Shauna Selby, Northbridge, NSW. For significant service to the arts as a concert pianist and performer of chamber music. Professor Dinesh Selva, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA. For significant service to ophthalmology and visual sciences as an academic, clinician and researcher and through contributions to professional organisations. Professor Peter Allen Silburn, Paddington, Qld. For significant service to medicine as a neurologist, particularly in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Professor David Owen Sillence, Eastwood, NSW. For significant service to medicine in the field of clinical genetics. Professor Anne Simmons, Wollstonecraft, NSW. For significant service to biomedical engineering, as an academic and administrator. Dr Michael Alexander Smith, Downer, ACT. For significant service to archaeological scholarship, particularly of the Australian desert regions. Professor Roger Smith, Newcastle, NSW. For significant service to medical research and development in the Hunter region and in the field of maternal health. Graham Joseph Smorgon, Vic. For significant service to business and to the community of Victoria. Emeritus Professor Richard Speare, Idalia, Qld. For significant service to medical and biological research through leadership roles in the areas of public health and wildlife conservation. Graham George Spurling ED, Brighton, SA. For significant service to business and to the community of South Australia. Emeritus Professor Robert Lynton Stable, Clayfield, Qld. For significant service to the community of Queensland through innovative and strategic management in the areas of tertiary education and health. Jock Hewett Statton OAM, Kangarilla, SA. For significant service to the veteran community of South Australia. Susan Winston Talbot, United States of America. For significant service to international relations, particularly through promotion of the arts. Benedict Taylor, East Perth, WA. For significant service to the indigenous community of Western Australia through contributions to a range of social justice and humanitarian rights issues. Mark Tedeschi QC, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to the law as a prosecutor and to photography. Robert Bain Thomas, Vaucluse, NSW. For significant service to the community of New South Wales through contributions to library governance and to business. Gianfranco Tomasi, Applecross, WA. For significant service to business through leadership roles in the electrical contracting industry and to the community. Professor Kristine Margaret Toohey, Paradise Point, Qld. For significant service to sport as an academic and researcher and through contributions to professional organisations. Professor Michael James Toole, Elwood, Vic. For significant service to international health, particularly through leadership in medical research. Kenneth Irving Turner, Booker Bay, NSW. For significant service to tertiary education, particularly in the political history of New South Wales. Judy Verlin, Alfredton. Vic. For significant service to the community of Ballarat. Associate Professor Jitendra Kantilal Vohra, Kew, Vic. For significant service to medicine in the field of cardiology. Alan George Waldron, West Beach, SA. For significant service to the sport of baseball and to the community. Dr Bruce William Walker, Alice Springs, NT. For significant service to the indigenous communities of remote Australia and the Northern Territory, and to the sport of cricket. Emeritus Professor John Gilbert Wallace PSM, Clifton Hill, Vic. For significant service to tertiary education. Leigh Robert Whicker, Stirling, SA. For significant service to the sport of Australian rules football in South Australia. Mary-Louise Williams, Annandale, NSW. For significant service to the museum sector and the preservation of maritime history. Lynette Robyn Willox, Mount Lawley, WA. For significant service to people with a disability in Western Australia. Dr Bethia Wilson, South Yarra, Vic. For significant service to the community of Victoria through the provision of dispute resolution in the area of health services. Yvonne Ethel Wilson, Yenda, NSW. For significant service to the community of Griffith, particularly through contributions to the protection of women and children. Bill Wood, O’Connor, ACT. For significant service to the community and the Legislative Assembly of the Australian Capital Territory. Dr Glenda Kaye Wood, Woollahra, NSW. For significant service to medicine in the field of dermatology. Emeritus Professor Neville David Yeomans, Camberwell, Vic. For significant service to tertiary education, research and clinical practice in the field of medicine. Kenneth Hudson Youdale DFC OAM, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to the community, particularly as an advocate for people affected by thalidomide. Derek Bernard Young, South Yarra, Vic. For significant service to the community of Victoria through contributions to the performing arts and higher education, and to philanthropy. Dr Jane Louise Zimmerman, George Town, Tas. For significant service to the community as an advocate and promoter of the status and health of women. MEMBER (AM) IN THE MILITARY DIVISION Royal Australian Navy Captain Jonathan David Sadleir RAN, ACT. For exceptional performance of duties as the Director Navy Continuous Improvement, Commanding Officer HMAS Parramatta and as Staff Officer Global Operations. Australian Army Major General Stephen Julian Day DSC, ACT. For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force as Commander of the 7th Brigade and Head Joint Capability Co-ordination. Lieutenant Colonel Michael Edward Garraway, SA. For exceptional service in the field of officer career management in 2009 and as Commanding Officer, 7th Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment, from 2010 to 2012. Major General Paul David McLachlan CSC, Vic. For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force as the Director General Development and Plans – Army, and as the Commander of the 7th Brigade. Brigadier Barry Neil McManus CSC, For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force as the Director General Capability and Plans and as the Army Attache to the United States of America. Brigadier Jane Maree Spalding, NSW. For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force in the fields of recruiting and strategic reform. Colonel Wade Bradley Stothart, ACT. For exceptional service as Commanding Officer Timor Leste Battle Group – Four, Commanding Officer of the 3rd Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment, Military Assistant to the Commander Forces Command and Director of Officer Career Management – Army. MEDAL (OAM) IN THE GENERAL DIVISION Lieta Acquarola, Yokine, WA. For service to the hospitality industry and to a range of charitable organisations. John Geoffrey Adnams, Mount Waverley, Vic. For service to business and commerce and to the community. Francis Xavier Alcorta, Bargara, Qld. For service to veterans and their families, and to journalism. Maree Sarah Allen, Beecroft, NSW. For service to highland dancing as a teacher, adjudicator and administrator. Dr Mustafa Abbas Ally, Eight Mile Plains, Qld. For service to the community through the promotion of interfaith harmony. Phillip Gregory Anderson, Gowrie, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Pamela Clare Archer, Taree, NSW. For service to music and to the community of Taree. Russell Joseph Ardley, Mornington, Vic. For service to youth through Mornington Peninsula Youth Enterprises. Meredith Claire Arnold , Waikerie, SA. For service to the community of Waikerie. Krishna Arora, Glen Waverley, Vic. For service to the community through multicultural and aged welfare organisations. Philip Henry Asker, Ringwood, Vic. For service to the tourism industry and to the community. Dr John Francis Atchison, Armidale, NSW. For service to the community of New England as a historian and educator. Philadelphia Alaine Atkinson, Atherton, Qld. For service to the community, particularly people with a disability. Brian Laurence Baldwin, Inverell, NSW. For service to the community of Inverell through a range of organisations. John Graeme Balfour, Belrose, NSW. For service to the community, particularly veterans. Ronald Frederick Barnes, Ingle Farm, SA. For service to youth through the Scouting movement. Donald James Barton, Fig Tree Pocket, Qld. For service to the community through church and welfare organisations. Dr Malcolm Baxter, Armadale, Vic. For service to medicine as an ear, nose and throat specialist. Olga Lillian Bayley, Revesby, NSW. For service to the community as a supporter of charitable organisations. Clinical Professor Graeme Leslie Beardmore, Tewantin, Qld. For service to medicine in the field of dermatology. Dr Allan Kenneth Beavis, Moss Vale, NSW. For service to music and to education. Linda Karen Beilharz, Bendigo, Vic. For service to the community and to polar exploration. Philip William Bell, Wahroonga, NSW. For service to education and to the community. John Maxwell Benyon, Cremorne, NSW. For service to radio broadcasting and to the community. Robert Allan Blake, Doubleview, WA. For service to surf lifesaving as an administrator and official. Eftihia Angelica Bland, Turramurra, NSW. For service to the community through charitable organisations. Terence Paul Boardman, Queenscliff, NSW. For service to surf lifesaving and to the community. John Samuel Bolitho, Finley, NSW. For service to the community of Finley. Brendan Matthew Bolton, Japan. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Kevin John Borger, Pottsville, NSW. For service to veterans and their families, and to people with a disability. Peter Gerard Boyce, Nambour, Qld. For service to the community of the Sunshine Coast. Robert Arthur Breeden, deceased (Award wef 17 March 2011) Late of Yalyalup, WA. For service to conservation and the environment, and to the community. Dr James Ernest Breheny, Balwyn North, Vic. For service to medical administration. Dr Nellie Dianne Bresciani, Toorak, Vic. For service to music, to the visual arts and to the community. David John Briegel, Wembley Downs, WA. For service to the community through charitable and historical organisations. Tessie Florence Brill, Hastings Point, NSW. For service to the community of the Northern Rivers. Victor Vincent Brill, Hastings Point, NSW. For service to the community of the Northern Rivers. Jeffrey Ross Britton, Smithton, Tas. For service to conservation and the environment, and to the community. John Winton Broomby, Westbury, Tas. For service to conservation and the environment, and to the community. Colin McIntyre Brown, Walla Walla, NSW. For service to the community of the Riverina, particularly as an educator. Kenneth Raymond Brown, Dianella, WA. For service to the sport of tennis through administrative roles. Colin Francis Browne, Mitcham, Vic. For service to the sport of athletics, to education and to the community. Jennifer Mary Bryant, Tyabb, Vic. For service to wildlife conservation. Walter Buldo, Parkinson, Qld. For service to the community, particularly veterans and their families. Richard Alfred Burns, Penguin, Tas. For service to botany, as an author and conservationist. Raelene Mary Bussenschutt, Kadina, SA. For service to the community through health, agricultural and women’s organisations. Phillip Anthony Butler, Glenorchy, Tas. For service to the community of Glenorchy. Hazel Dawn Butorac, Mount Lawley, WA. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Betty Iris Byrne , Burnie, Tas. For service to the community of Burnie. Commodore Ian Arthur Callaway RAN (Retired), Wollstonecraft, NSW. For service to veterans and their families. Donald Cameron, Ventnor, Vic. For service to local government, to conservation and the environment, and to the community, particularly through Lions International. Dr John Dominic Cannon, Howrah, Tas. For service to the sport of sailing. The Reverend Father George Carpis, Isaacs, ACT. For service to the Greek Orthodox Church and to the community. Professor Vincent Caruso, Crawley, WA. For service to medicine in the field of pathology. Norma Alice Castaldi, Hunters Hill, NSW. For service to the community as a fund-raiser and volunteer. Nigel Phillip Caswell, Brighton East, Vic. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Joanne Cavanagh, Hampton, Vic. For service to the community through social welfare organisations. Stephen Lindsay Cavanagh, Hervey Bay, Qld. For service to education and to the sport of rugby league football. John Laurence Chadban, Boomerang Beach, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of the Great Lakes region. Brian Erskine Chaseling MBE, deceased (Award wef 19 March 2012) Late of Queenscliff, NSW. For service to veterans and their families. Dr Kee Cheung, Carindale, Qld. For service to the Chinese community of Brisbane. Alan Charles Clough, Footscray West, Vic. For service to the sports of Australian rules football and lawn bowls, and to the community. Robert Edward Clyne, Unley Park, SA. For service to the community, particularly through the Freemasonry movement. Patricia June Conolly, Buderim, Qld. For service to the community of the Sunshine Coast. Jane Louise Cooke, Baulkham Hills, NSW. For service to the sport of gymnastics as an administrator. Joanne Frances Court, Nedlands, WA. For service to the community as an advocate for health, early childhood development and conservation organisations. Kenneth John Craddock, Narrabri, NSW. For service to the community of Narrabri, particularly veterans and their families. Heather Janice Crombie, Kalgoorlie, WA. For service to the community through remote health organisations. Carole Crommelin, Peppermint Grove, WA. For service to the community through health and charitable organisations. Wilbur Henry Cross, Forster, NSW. For service to music as a bandmaster, teacher and mentor. Ronald James Cumming, Bunyip, Vic. For service to the community of Bunyip. Alan Richard Curry, Tanilba Bay, NSW. For service to the community, particularly veterans and their families. Peter Howard Dale, Ballarat, Vic. For service to the performing arts and to the community of Ballarat. Marilyn Jean Dann, Blackburn, Vic. For service to the deaf and hearing impaired. John Gerard Davies, Toorak, Vic. For service to youth through a range of organisations. Councillor John Neville Davis, Orange, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of Orange. Douglas Charles Daws, Kalgoorlie, WA. For service to the mining industry, to local government and to the community of Kalgoorlie. Robert Alan Dawson, Ferntree Gully, Vic. For service to the community as a volunteer. Wandacita Day, Northmead, NSW. For service to the trade union movement and to the community. Neil Dickins, Mount Gambier, SA. For service to the community through social welfare and sporting organisations. Margot Balfour Dods, Ocean Shores, NSW. For service to music through administrative roles. Colleen Frances Dolan, Freshwater, Qld. For service to people with a disability. The Reverend Father Ignatius Tyson Doneley, Kensington, NSW. For service to the community through Catholic education organisations. Patrick Joseph Donnellan, Empire Bay, NSW. For service to the community of Gosford. Thomas Henry Donohue, Ballarat, Vic. For service to the community through social welfare organisations. William Keith Downie, North Hobart, Tas. For service to business and to the community. Alan Ralph Duggan, Cradoc, Tas. For service to the community of the Huon Valley. John Stephen Dwyer, Maffra, Vic. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Leslie David Elcome, Victoria Point. Qld. For service to people with a disability. Alan Frederick Elliott, South Melbourne, Vic. For service to photography. Patrick George Emery, Darlington, WA. For service to the community through health and charitable organisations. Trevor Farrell, Auchenflower, Qld. For service to people with a disability. Jules Mark Feldman, Olinda, Vic. For service to the print media industry. Graham Henry Felton, Avoca Beach, NSW. For service to the community through aged-care organisations. Michael Angel Fernandez, Primbee, NSW. For service to the community through public health programs. Holly Ferrara, Denmark, WA. For service to youth through the Scouting movement. Juanita Mary Field, Waggarandall, Vic. For service to the community through church and women’s organisations. Jack Leonard Fisher, Potts Point, NSW. For service to the community through a range of Jewish organisations. Joseph Fleming ED, Maroubra, NSW. For service to the community and to aged care. Deborah Fleming-Bauer, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Ultimo, NSW. For service to the television industry. Roy Alton Flynn, Millmerran, Qld. For service to local government and to the community. Wendy Folvig, Claremont, WA. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Major Norman Glyn Ford (Retired), Payneham, SA. For service to the community. Ronald Neil Forte, Eagleby, Qld. For service to surf lifesaving and to the community. Professor Bradley Scott Frankum, Orangeville, NSW. For service to medicine as an educator and administrator. Albert William Gamble, Round Corner, NSW. For service to youth through the Scouting movement. Geoffrey Philip Garnett, Melville, WA. For service to the sport of athletics as an official and administrator. Glen David Garrick, Buderim, Qld. For service to surf lifesaving. Yvon Albert Gatineau, Newtown, NSW. For service to the community of Lightning Ridge. Dr Robert Pem Gerner, Catalina, NSW. For service to architectural education, particularly in the field of urban design. Mark Bradley Geyer, Penrith South, NSW. For service to the sport of rugby league football and to the community through a range of charitable organisations. Dr Francesco Giacobbe, Hunters Hill, NSW. For service to the Italian community of New South Wales. Richard James Giddings, Pontville, Tas. For service to the community of Brighton. Lionel Herbert Gillman, Corowa, NSW. For service to the community through Lions Australia. Giuseppe Gianpiero Giugni, Kingston, ACT. For service to the community through multicultural and charitable organisations. Gordon Holland Glascock, Sutherland, NSW. For service to the community. Brian Thomas Gleeson, Kingswood, SA. For service to the community of South Australia through the management of sporting events. Mary Laelia Glen, deceased (Award wef 30 May 2011) Late of Condobolin, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of Condobolin. Peter John Goers, Norwood, SA. For service to the community as a radio broadcaster. Frederick Charles Goode, East Maitland, NSW. For service to veterans and their families. John Kevin Goodfellow, Kardinia International College, Bell Post Hill, Vic. For service to education. Robin Leslie Gordon, Belmont, NSW. For service to the preservation of social and local history and to the community. Carolyn Mary Gould, Kellyville, NSW. For service to the cashmere industry and to the community. Bernard Frederick Graham, Altona North, Vic. For service to the community through a range of organisations. David Graham, Altona, Vic. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Keith Cyril Graham, Swansea, NSW. For service to the community of Swansea. William Hamilton Grant, Highgate Hill, Qld. For service to business and to the community. Ross Grayson, Killarney, Qld. For service to the community of Killarney. Roger Michael Greenan, Windale, NSW. For service to the community through contributions to men’s health and well-being. Doreen Clare Greenham, Balranald, NSW. For service to the community of Balranald. Maureen Joy Grieve, NSW. For service to the community of Ballina. Bruce Atkin Griffiths, Toorak, Vic. For service to the automotive manufacturing industry and to the community. Geoffrey Leonard Grimish, Cronulla, NSW. For service to the community through fund-raising activities. Sydney Grolman, Cammeray, NSW. For service to the community. The Honourable Paul Marshall Guest QC, Toorak, Vic. For service to the community and to the sport of rowing. Harmick Hacobian, Forestville, NSW. For service to the Armenian community. Christopher Ben Halford, Griffith, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Ted Hamilton, Toorak, Vic. For service to the performing arts and to the community. Noel Bernard Hannant, Wilsonton, Qld. For service to the community of Toowoomba. Warwick William Hansen, Colo Vale, NSW. For service to the community and to the funeral industry. Thomas Frank Harding ED, Torquay, Vic. For service to the community through historical and service organisations. Trevor Albert Hargreaves, Yarrawonga, Vic. For service to the community of Yarrawonga. Alan Murray Harper, Eastwood, NSW. For service to education. Antona Harris, Glen Alpine, NSW. For service to the community. Dr James Michael Harris, Sandy Bay, Tas. For service to veterinary science and animal welfare. Beryl Gwendalen Hay, Westlake, Qld. For service to the blind and partially sighted. Peter John Hayes-Williams, Wheeler Heights, NSW. For service to veterans and their families. Raymond Shane Hazen, Barham, NSW. For service to radio broadcasting. Charles Harry Heath, Metung, Vic. For service to the real estate industry and to the community. Robert Glen Heinrich, Highbury, SA. For service to the information technology industry. Douglas Rayment Henderson, Southport, Qld. For service to veterans and their families, and to youth. Nina Olive Higgins, Bundaberg, Qld. For service to the community of Bundaberg. Margaret Ann Hodgens, Inverell, NSW. For service to the community of Inverell. Robert John Holloway, Armidale, NSW. For service to the community and to veterans and their families. Trevor William Holloway, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Dr Miriam Frances Holmes, Bellbowrie, Qld. For service to youth through the Guiding movement. Susan Ruth Hoopmann, Hunters Hill, NSW. For service to local government. Dr John Dennis Horton, Birchip, Vic. For service to medicine and to the community. Richard Lancelot House, Victor Harbor, SA. For service to conservation and the environment, and to the community. Louise Amelia Howden-Smith, Nedlands, WA. For service to the performing arts, particularly ballet. Catherine Gai Howells, Kensington, NSW. For service to physiotherapy and to people with a disability. Suzanne Joy Hoyle, Kettering, Tas. For service to the community through health-care organisations. Leslie Irene Huggins, deceased (Award wef 9 February 2012) Late of Apollo Bay, Vic. For service to local government and to the community of Alice Springs. Professor Robert Iansek, Malvern East, Vic. For service to medicine in the field of neurology. Robert John Irvine, South Bunbury, WA. For service to education, to regional development and to the community. Peter Boutros Jabbour, Dandenong North, Vic. For service to the community through multicultural and charitable organisations. Sigmund Alexander Jablonski, NSW. For service to Vietnam veterans. Clifford Robert Jackson, Monterey, NSW. For service to the blind and partially sighted, and to the aviation industry. William Robert Jackson PSM, Calwell, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Edward Jaku, Woollahra, NSW. For service to the Jewish community. Claude Justin Jeanneret, Bundall, Qld. For service to surf lifesaving. Harold Dawson Johnston, deceased (Award wef 4 July 2011) Late of Glen Iris Vic. For service to the community through aged-care and charitable organisations. Anthony Douglas Jordan, Woori Yallock, Vic. For service to the Australian wine industry as a winemaker, administrator and judge. Sigmund Jorgensen, Eltham, Vic. For service to the visual arts and to the community. Raivo Kalamae, Bankstown, NSW. For service to the community through multicultural and veterans’ organisations. Patricia May Kennedy, Bedford Park, SA. For service to veterans and their families, particularly as an entertainer. Lillace Mary Kenta, NSW. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Malcolm John Kerr, Taren Point, NSW. For service to the Parliament of New South Wales. Anthony Khouri, Parramatta, NSW. For service to the community through multicultural organisations. Norma King, South Fremantle, WA. For service to the community as a historian. George Klein, NSW. For service to community health through drug and alcohol related programs. Christine Anne Knight, Merbein, Vic. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Brian James Kotz, Blakeview, SA. For service to the community, particularly veterans and their families. David Allan Lane, Lightning Ridge, NSW. For service to local government and to the community. Anne Merle Lang, Kensington, SA. For service to the community through sporting and fitness organisations. Margaret Ruth Lange, Dernancourt, SA. For service to music as an educator and administrator. Diane Therese Langmack, Cabarita, NSW. For service to the community through charitable and women’s organisations. Patricia Anne Lanham, Manly, NSW. For service to the community, particularly through mental health organisations. Max Andrew Laurie, Dubbo, NSW. For service to the community. George Lazaris, Maroubra, NSW. For service to the community through multicultural organisations. Anne Elizabeth Leadbeater, Kinglake, Vic. For service to the community of Kinglake, particularly in the aftermath of the 2009 Victorian bushfires. Lloyd Christie Leah, For service to conservation and the environment. Hugh Lee, Eastwood, NSW. For service to the Chinese community of Eastwood. James Kyungkyu Lee, Bankstown, NSW. For service to the Korean community of Canterbury. Allan Andrew Lees, Hornsby, NSW. For service to the performing arts. Bruce David Lindenmayer, Chapman, ACT. For service to conservation and the environment. Russell John Loane, Carindale, Qld. For service to engineering in the field of illumination. Sister Berneice Mary Loch, Rockhampton, Qld. For service to the community through the Institute of Sisters of Mercy. Kerry Thomas Lonergan, Toowong, Qld. For service to the media and to the community. Patrick John Long, Noosaville, Qld. For service to the aerial mustering industry. Richard Craig Longmore, Hawker, ACT. For service to herpetology, particularly the study of snakes and lizards. Mary Elizabeth Lovett, Mudgee, NSW. For service to the blind and partially sighted, and to the community. Theda Claire Lowe, Ashgrove, Qld. For service to the performing arts. Charles Lowles, Blackett, NSW. For service to local government and to the community. Abigail Margaret Luders, Griffith, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Margaret Mary Lynch, Brighton, Vic. For service to the community through adult multicultural education. Richard John Lytham, Collaroy Plateau, NSW. For service to surf lifesaving. Alexander Urquhart McArthur, SA. For service to the community through Oxfam Australia. Hugh Calmar McCrindle, Taree, NSW. For service to the community of Taree. Shane William MacDonald, Toowoomba, Qld. For service to the community of the Darling Downs. Andrew John McDougall, Orange, NSW. For service to the community of Orange through social welfare organisations. Robin James McKenzie, Canberra, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Ian Geoffrey McKeown, Cranbourne East, Vic. For service to the community, particularly veterans and their families. Archibald John McLeish, Albury, NSW. For service to the community of Albury. Patrick MacMillan, Wahroonga, NSW. For service to the community through Alzheimer’s Australia New South Wales. Brigadier Philip John McNamara CSC ESM (Retired), Thirroul, NSW. For service to the community, particularly veterans and their families. Alexander McDonald McNeill, Newstead, Tas. For service to veterans and their families. Donald Lane MacRaild, Valencia Creek, Vic. For service to the community through the Vanuatu Prevention of Blindness Project. Nisia Margaret MacRaild, Valencia Creek, Vic. For service to the community through the Vanuatu Prevention of Blindness Project. Herbert Charles Mangelsdorf, Cronulla, NSW. For service to sport, particularly lawn bowls. Dr Michael William Maroney, Sydney, NSW. For service to the sport of athletics, particularly triathlon. Dr Joseph Julius Masika, South Plympton, SA. For service to the community through multicultural and social welfare organisations. Dr Artis Visvaldis Medenis, Gerringong, NSW. For service to veterinary science and to the community. Pamela Mendels, North Adelaide, SA. For service to the community as a volunteer with Jewish organisations. Peter William Middleton, deceased (Award wef 6 January 2012) Late of Sydney, NSW. For service to music and to the community. Dennis Davis Miles, Mitchelton, Qld. For service to the sport of football. Peter Bertram Mill, Frankston, Vic. For service to the community, particularly in the field of radio communications. Lieutenant Commander Christopher Anthony Mills RFD RAN (Retired), Belgian Gardens, Qld. For service to the community of Townsville. Dr Richard Morley Milner, Gawler, SA. For service to the community, particularly through Rotary International. Rosa Frances Miot, Doncaster East, Vic. For service to people with a disability, particularly through sport and recreation. Paul Francis Molloy, Australian High Commission, Pakistan. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Leanne Deirdre Morgan, Mildura, Vic. For service to diving as an administrator and coach. Ian Richard Morison, Geelong, Vic. For service to the community, particularly through contributions to pipe band performance. Belinda Morrison, Clovelly, NSW. For service to the Australian music industry as a performer and advocate. David John Motteram, North Adelaide, SA. For service to the community. George Alan Murdoch, Altona Meadows, Vic. For service to education in isolated communities. Councillor Antonio Anthony Mustaca, Chatswood, NSW. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Dr Geoffrey Vernon Mutton, Orange, NSW. For service to medicine in the field of orthopaedic surgery. Filippo Navarra, Riverwood, NSW. For service to the community. Bernard Patrick Neeson, Sydney, NSW. For service to the performing arts as a singer and songwriter, and to the community. Desmond John Nelson, Alice Springs, NT. For service to conservation and the environment, particularly in central Australia. Coralie Dawn Newman, Narrabeen, NSW. For service to the sport of netball as an administrator. Dobe Newton, Fitzroy North, Vic. For service to the performing arts as an entertainer and advocate. Audrey Margaret Nicholls, Port Melbourne, Vic. For service to the performing arts, particularly ballet. Hedley Nicholson, Parkes, NSW. For service to the sport of tennis and to the community of Parkes. Gillian Cavendish Nikakis, Mornington, Vic. For service to nursing through mental health support programs. Charles William Oakenfull, Caulfield South, Vic. For service to the community as a foster carer. Patricia Gwendoline Oakenfull, Caulfield South, Vic. For service to the community as a foster carer. Robert Bruce O’Callaghan, Tanunda, SA. For service to the Australian wine industry and to the community of the Barossa Valley. Judith Mary Ohana, Wollstonecraft, NSW. For service to aged care. Richard Norman Olesinski, Port Noarlunga, SA. For service to conservation and the environment, and to surf lifesaving. Duncan Ord, Darlington, WA. For service to the performing arts as an administrator. Peter O’Shaughnessy, United Kingdom. For service to the performing arts as a writer, theatre director, actor, historian and folklorist. Anthony Philip Oxley, Darling Point, NSW. For service to the visual arts and to the community. Roslyn Mary Oxley, Darling Point, NSW. For service to the visual arts and to the community. Helen Paatsch, Colac, Vic. For service to the community of Colac. Louise Mary Page, Mawson, ACT. For service to the performing arts. Graham Dudley Parham, Gawler, SA. For service to equestrian sport. David Parkin, Hawthorn, Vic. For service to the sport of Australian rules football as an administrator, coach and player. James Harrison Parkins, Glenelg East, SA. For service to the community through service organisations. Graham David Partridge, Wilson,WA. For service to the community through a range of organisations. The Very Reverend Father Diogenis Patsouris, SA. For service to the Greek Orthodox Church and to the community. Diana Mary Patterson, Anglesea, Vic. For service to conservation and the environment. Yvonne Maureen Pattinson, Black Mountain, Qld. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Maxwell James Peake, Walkley Heights, SA. For service to the sport of harness racing and to the community. Pasquale Pedulla, Gordon, NSW. For service to the community through multicultural and aged care organisations. Dr Dawn Margaret Peel, Colac, Vic. For service to the community of Colac as a local historian. Brian Joseph Pennington, Ryde, NSW. For service to people with a disability, particularly through Wheelchairs Rule OK’ Disability Camps. Dr George Christopher Peponis, Hunters Hill, NSW. For service to the sport of rugby league football and to the community. Malcolm John Peters, Ashford, NSW. For service to primary industry, to regional development and to the community. Steven Peuschel, Eltham North, Vic. For service to the community through health care organisations. Deanne Cynthia Phillips, Orange, NSW. For service to the community of Orange through social welfare organisations, particularly for youth and the aged. Winston Churchill Phillips, Cooma, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of the Monaro and Snowy Mountains region. William Anthony Phippen, Razorback, NSW. For service to people with disability and to the community. Robert Ian Pollock, Red Cliffs, Vic. For service to the community through the St Vincent de Paul Society. William Alfred Polwarth, Geelong West, Vic. For service to the community of Geelong. Graham Lewis Porter, Harrisville, Qld. For service to the community through sporting, youth and service organisations. Barbara Jean Prangnell, Butler, WA. For service to youth, particularly through The Girls’ Brigade. Keith Albert Pretty PSM, Drouin, Vic. For service to local government and to the community. Bruce Edward Price, Ballarat West, Vic. For service to the community of Ballarat. Agostino Puopolo, Vermont South, Vic. For service to the sport of athletics as an administrator and coach. Bernard Patrick Quinn, South Murwillumbah, NSW. For service to the Northern Rivers community. Michael Forsyth Rabbitt, Hamilton South, NSW. For service to the community through a range of charitable organisations. Alan Henry Rae, Hampton, Vic. For service to the community, particularly through Rotary International. Professor Ajay Rane, Thuringowa, Qld. For service to medicine in the field of urogynaecology. Harold Joseph Reardon, Gundagai, NSW. For service to the community of Gundagai. Dr John William Reggars, Vic. For service to community health as a chiropractor. Wulf Ernst Reichler, Brewarrina, NSW. For service to local government, to conservation and the environment, and to the community. Dr John Cracroft Rice, Victor Harbor, SA. For service to medicine as an ear, nose and throat specialist. Alan Thorold Richardson, Rivervale, WA. For service to veterans and their families, and to the community of Belmont. Denise Kaye Richardson, Tintinara, SA. For service to the community through charitable and sporting organisations. Donald Gilbert Roach, Pasadena, SA. For service to veterans and their families. Bernice Patricia Roberts, Seaton, SA. For service to the community of Seaton. David John Roberts, Chatswood, NSW. For service to surf lifesaving. Frank Arthur Roberts, Mount Martha, Vic. For service to community health, particularly through patient support services. Ian Thomas Roberts, Blyth, SA. For service to the community of Blyth. Peter Llewelyn Roberts, Curtin, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Trevor William Robinson, Paddington, Qld. For service to human rights, particularly as an advocate for the gay and lesbian community. Dr Mark Alexander Robson, Melton South, Vic. For service to community health, particularly through the Melton Cancer Support Group. Brett Stephen Roenfeldt, Maylands, SA. For service to the real estate industry through administrative roles. Antonio Romeo, Torrensville, SA. For service to the community as a supporter of a range of local organisations. Elizabeth Romeo, Torrensville, SA. For service to the community as a supporter of a range of local organisations. Dr Jon David Rosenthal, Caulfield North, Vic. For service to the visual arts as promoter of Australian artists. Phillip Joseph Russo, North Parramatta, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of Parramatta. Barry Thomas Ryan, Bardwell Park, NSW. For service to the performing arts, particularly opera. Desmond Kearns Ryan, North Rockhampton, Qld. For service to people with disabilities. Paul Andrew Salisbury, Australian Embassy, Japan. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Daniel John Salmon, Albury, NSW. For service to the community of Albury Wodonga, particularly through the Australian Air Force Cadets. Michael Reginald Scarce, Camden, NSW. For service to the community of Camden. Paul Martin Schremmer, Hunters Hill, NSW. For service to industrial design. Dr John Charles Schwarz, Elderslie. NSW. For service to international relations, particularly through the African AIDS Foundation. Rosalie Gae Schwarz, Elderslie, NSW. For service to international relations, particularly through the African AIDS Foundation. Bernard George Scobie, Biggera Waters, Qld. For service to the community through youth and charitable organisations. Reginald Hugh Sellers, Colonel Light Gardens, SA. For service to the sport of cricket, particularly as an administrator. Nancy Maria Assunta Serg, Baulkham Hills, NSW. For service to the Maltese community of New South Wales. The Reverend Father Thomas Harold Shanahan, Tamworth, NSW. For service to veterans and their families, and to the community. Dr Navaratnam Shanmuganathan, Balwyn North, Vic. For service to the Tamil community of Victoria. Gregory Roger Shannon, Kenmore, Qld. For service to the building and construction industry through vocational training and education. Mervyn Ray Sharman, Glen Innes, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of Glen Innes. Kevin Vincent Sheehan, AFL House, Docklands, Vic. For service to the sport of Australian rules football. John Vincent Sidgreaves, deceased (Award wef 18 May 2011) Late of Blakehurst, NSW. For service to pharmacy and to the community. Rosalie Anne Silverstein, Toorak, Vic. For service to the community through educational, charitable and Jewish organisations. Wendy Susan Simpson, Darling Point, NSW. For service to the community through a range of women’s and youth organisations. Group Captain Arthur William Skimin (Retired), Holt, ACT. For service to the community, particularly veterans and their families. Michael William Small, Childers, Qld. For service to the indigenous communities of Queensland. Rosemary Louise Smart, Box Hill, Vic. For service to the community through local and historical organisations. Barrie Robert Stanford, Woonona, NSW. For service to surf lifesaving. Loreen Olive Stanhope, Marsfield, NSW. For service to the community through language programs assisting migrants and refugees. Barry James Stanton, Henley Beach, SA. For service to sports administration and to the sport of athletics. Benjamin Stewart, Harrison, ACT. For service to youth through the Australian Air Force Cadets. Suzanne Ruby Stoddart, Dunedoo, NSW. For service to the community of Dunedoo. Henry Paul Street, Cook, ACT. For service to the community through Rotary International. Nancy Margaret Strickland, Coffs Harbour, NSW. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Thomas Neil Strickland, Coffs Harbour, NSW. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Diane Lois Sullivan, Evandale, Tas. For service to the community of Evandale. Christina Monsarrat Sumner, Cammeray, NSW. For service to the visual arts. Shirley Mary Symes, Charters Towers, Qld. For service to the community of Charters Towers. Dr Richard Joohuat Tan, Biloela, Qld. For service to medicine and to the community of Biloela. Beshara Taouk, Preston, Vic. For service to the Lebanese community in Victoria. David William Tattersall, Moss Vale, NSW. For service to music as an educator and administrator. Janet Thomas, Hotham Hill, Vic. For service to the mathematical sciences. Heather Thorne, Kew, Vic. For service to community health, particularly through breast cancer research. Dean Edward Turner, McKellar, ACT. For service to the sport of volleyball as an administrator, referee and coach. Brian Claud Twite, Oakleigh South, Vic. For service to the sport of golf as an administrator and mentor. Lesley Mary Uren, Avondale Heights, Vic. For service to arts and crafts as an embroidery artist and educator. Sandra Lisa Ursino, Brisbane, Qld. For service to children and young people through Radio Lollipop. Robert Alister Vagg, Ivanhoe, NSW. For service to local government and to the community. Dr Geza Ferencz Varasdi, Vic. For service to medicine as a general practitioner. Bernard Leonard Verwayen, Mooloolah Valley, Qld. For service to veterans and their families. John Edwin Voss, Wahgunyah, Vic. For service to the community of Wahgunyah. Susan Louise Wakefield, Glenbrook, NSW. For service to youth through the Guiding movement. Joan Wallis, Coopers Plains, Qld. For service to the community. Roderick Alexander Walters, Ashgrove, Qld. For service to people with a disability. Alan Bruce Ward, Cootamundra, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of Cootamundra. Keith Matthew Warnock, Northmead, NSW. For service to the community of Holroyd. Monica Winnifred Warren, Happy Valley, SA. For service to the community. Allan James Watson, Kew, Vic. For service to local government and to the community. Elizabeth Isabell Webb, Glenreagh, NSW. For service to the community of Glenreagh. Associate Professor Michael John Weidmann, Brisbane, Qld. For service to medicine in the field of neurosurgery. Malcolm Robert Weir, Gerringong, NSW. For service to the community of Gerringong. Peter Weston, Nymagee, NSW. For service to conservation and the environment. Ian Gifford Westray, Blacktown, NSW. For service to the sport of football as an administrator. Anthony John Wheeler, Geographe, WA. For service to the community through health and church organisations. Robert Frederick Whiteway, Sandringham, Vic. For service to conservation and the environment. Shirley Joan Wilhelm, Murray Bridge, SA. For service to the community through church and service organisations. Geoffrey Alan Williams, Wiseleigh, Vic. For service to conservation and the environment. Peter James Williams, Newtown, Qld. For service to the community of Toowoomba. Glenn Kenneth Willmann, Morayfield, Qld. For service to the veterans and their families. Dr Anthony Rodham Wilson, Tumut, NSW. For service to medicine and to the community of Tumut. Bruce Douglas Wilson, Cessnock, NSW. For service to the print media industry and to the community of Cessnock. Joan Mary Wilson, Newport Beach, NSW. For service to the Tibetan community. Lindsay Robert Wood, Maitland, NSW. For service to the sport of cricket and to the community. Peter Michael Woods, Gwynneville, NSW. For service to the sport of rugby union football as an administrator. Wendy Joyce Woodward, North Nowra, NSW. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Betty Margaret Wright, Sawtell, NSW. For service to the community through aged care and health organisations. David Willmer Wright, Flinders, Vic. For service to the visual arts using the medium of stained glass. Ronny Yeo, Drummoyne, NSW. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Panayiotes Michael Yiannoudes, Caulfield North, Vic. For service to the Greek and Cypriot communities through multicultural organisations. Kenneth James Young, Casula, NSW. For service to the community and to veterans and their families. MEDAL (OAM) IN THE MILITARY DIVISION Royal Australian Navy Warrant Officer Timothy Joseph Holliday, NSW. For meritorious service to the Royal Australian Navy in the area of workforce and personnel career development within the Communications and Information Systems category. Chief Petty Officer Arron Cameron Watson, Qld. For meritorious service in the field of marine engineering in the Royal Australian Navy. Australian Army Captain A, For meritorious service. Warrant Officer Class One Stephen Michael Greenall, NT. For meritorious service as the Artificer Sergeant Major of the 5th/7th Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment, as Maintenance Manager of Joint Logistic Unit North, and as Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Warrant Officer of the 1st Brigade. Warrant Officer Class One H. For meritorious service to the Special Operations Command in regimental leadership roles. Warrant Officer Class One David Ross Lehr, ACT. For meritorious service as the Regimental Sergeant Major of the 2nd/10th Field Regiment. Joint Task Force 635 Operation ANODE Rotation 13, and the 1st Field Regiment. Warrant Officer Class One John Robert Pickett, ACT. For meritorious service as the Drill Wing Sergeant Major, Royal Military College Duntroon and as the Regimental Sergeant Major of the 41st Battalion, the Royal New South Wales Regiment, and the 2nd Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment. Warrant Officer Class One Richard Alfred Verrall, Qld. For meritorious service as the Regimental Sergeant Major of the 2nd/17th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment and the 7th Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment. Royal Australian Air Force Wing Commander Rudy Thomas Darvill, SA. For meritorious service in leadership, development and sustainment of the Maritime Intelligence, Surveillance Reconnaissance and Response capability. Warrant Officer Russell George Kennedy CSC, Vic. For meritorious service in the field of Reserve training development and management within Director General Reserves – Air Force Branch. Squadron Leader Ravinder Singh, NSW. For meritorious service in the field of airlift capability support. PUBLIC SERVICE MEDAL Commonwealth Public Service Jane Elizabeth Atkins, Stanmore, NSW. For outstanding public service in the development and implementation of anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing legislation and regulation. Dr Brian John Boyle, West Pymble, NSW. For outstanding public service to Australian astronomy and for leadership of the Australian team bidding to host the international Square Kilometre Array facility. Marianne Cullen, Ainslie, ACT. For outstanding public service and contribution to the Australian community through the development and implementation of the National Broadband Network. Simon Matthew Daley, Bondi, NSW. For outstanding public service to the Commonwealth through leadership of the Australian Government Solicitor’s National Dispute Resolution practice, and for outstanding service to the Australian community through contribution to the development of the law and legal practice in Australia. Patrick John Davoren, O’Connor, ACT. For outstanding public service through the development of policies in radioactive waste management, nuclear safeguards and rehabilitation of the former nuclear test sites at Maralinga. Alan John Froud, Yarralumla, ACT. For outstanding public service through leadership in arts administration in leading public institutions. Peter Andrew Jennings, Canberra, ACT. For outstanding public service through the development of Australia’s strategic and defence policy, particularly in the areas of Australian Defence Force operations in East Timor, Iraq and Afghanistan. Sheryl Robyn Lewin, ACT. For outstanding public service to the Australian Public Service, especially to the welfare and social inclusion aims of government. John Alexander Litchfield, Ainslie, ACT. For outstanding public service in the area of indigenous land policy. Carmel Majella McGregor, Hughes, ACT. For outstanding public service through administrative reforms including a crucial role in leading The Review of Employment Pathways for APS Women in the Department of Defence’ and significant contribution in the development of the Reform of Australian Government Administration The Blueprint’. David John Mason, Marrickville, NSW. For outstanding public service in developing policy and pursuing strategic goals in relation to non-discrimination and broader human rights agendas. Rachel Noble, Kingston, ACT. For outstanding public service as Australia’s National Security Chief Information Officer. Judith Elsie Robinson, Narrabundah, ACT. For outstanding public service to the development and delivery of Australia’s foreign aid program. Vicki Denise Rundle, Garran, ACT. For outstanding public service in improving the quality of early childhood education and care for Australia’s children. Pip Spence, Ainslie, ACT. For outstanding public service and contribution to the Australian community through the telecommunications regulations reform associated with the implementation of the National Broadband Network. New South Wales Public Service Ralph Edward Bott, Redfern, NSW. For outstanding public service through the planning and management of visits and events at the Sydney Opera House, Dr Lee Clifford Bowling, Ingleburn, NSW. For outstanding public service to water quality and management Kevin Cooper AFSM, Ambarvale, NSW. For outstanding public service to agricultural technology and research. Robert Geyer, East Lindfield, NSW. For outstanding public service to the development of the Chemical Analysis Branch, TestSafe Australia, Glynis Ann Ingram, Junee, NSW. For outstanding public service as the Regional Director for Community Services Western Region, New South Wales, Patricia Mary Kelly, Frenchs Forest, NSW. For outstanding public service as the General Manager, Human Resources, in the NSW Department of Education and Communities. Ethel McAlpine, Barrack Heights, NSW. For outstanding public service to people with a disability in New South Wales, Julie Anne Newman, Belrose, NSW. For outstanding public service through the implementation of a range of organisational and financial reforms in New South Wales, and as a contributor to the establishment of the Safety, Return to Work and Support Division, Ivan Novak, Paddington, NSW. For outstanding public service to teaching in the hospitality industry, Saravanamutthu Shanmugamany, West Ryde, NSW. For outstanding public service to Housing NSW, John William Willing, Millthorpe, NSW. For outstanding public service to education in western New South Wales, Victoria Public Service Wayne John Craig, Park Orchards, Vic. For outstanding public service to education in the Northern Metropolitan Region of Victoria Margaret Mary Dobson, Croydon, Vic. For outstanding public service to the Primary School Nursing Program, Malcolm Allan Millar, Horsham, Vic. For outstanding public service to education in the Grampians Region of Victoria, Dr Clive Leslie Noble, Hurstbridge, Vic. For outstanding public service and leadership in science policy, innovation, collaboration and governance at state and national levels, Lenard Alan Norman, HM Prison Barwon, Lara, Vic. For outstanding public service within Corrections Victoria, Queensland Public Service Paul John Brown, Brisbane, Qld. For outstanding public service to the Queensland Police Service. Guillermo Capati, Tennyson, Qld. For outstanding public service to the sustainable water future of the Gold Coast and broader South East Queensland region, Dr Mark Stewart Elcock, Qld. For outstanding public service in the development and delivery of integrated patient transport and retrieval services across Queensland. Kathryn Mary Frankland, Camp Hill, Qld. For outstanding public service to the development and research of historical family records for indigenous people of Queensland, Dr Neil Richard Wigg, New Farm, Qld. For outstanding public service to paediatrics and child health in Australia, Western Australia Public Service Allen Ronald Cooper, Newman, WA. For outstanding public service to the Shire of East Pilbara, Geraldine Monica Ennis, Kalgoorlie, WA. For outstanding public service in the provision of health services in rural and remote regions of Western Australia. Dr Andrew Geoffrey Robertson CSC, Perth, WA. For outstanding public service as Director, Disaster Management and Preparedness within WA Health, Mark Gregory Webb, West Perth, WA. For outstanding public service to the Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority in Perth, Western Australia, South Australia Public Service Darren Robert Renshaw, Clovelly Park, SA. For outstanding public service to the Repatriation General Hospital and to the wider veteran community. Valerie Ann Smyth, Dernancourt, SA. For outstanding public service in the area of health and emergency management. Lynne Symons, Woodville, SA. For outstanding public service in the area of public education in disadvantaged areas. Tasmania Public Service Peter Graeme Brownscombe, deceased (Award wef 17 September 2012) Late of Sandy Bay. For outstanding public service to the Tasmanian community in several Government agencies, particularly for initiatives and innovation that have resulted in outcomes that have greatly benefited Tasmania and its economy. Geoffrey Stephen Coles, Forth, Tas. For outstanding public service to the management of conservation outcomes, land management and visitor experiences across national parks and other reserved lands in Tasmania. Australian Capital Territory Public Service Pamela Ruth Davoren, ACT. For outstanding public service in the leadership of co-ordinated and integrated policy development and service delivery across the ACT Public Service. Lois Mary Ford, Auckland, New Zealand. For outstanding public service in the leadership of social justice for persons with a disability and the most fundamental shift in service reform and community attitude change in the Australian Capital Territory over the past 10 years. Northern Territory Public Service Patricia Gweneth Angus, NT. For outstanding public service to health and housing policy, and programs and services to indigenous people in the Northern Territory. Jennifer Gail Prince, Darwin, NT. For outstanding public service and leadership, particularly as Under Treasurer for the Northern Territory. AUSTRALIAN POLICE MEDAL Australian Federal Police Commander Bruce Philip Giles. Detective Superintendent William Edward Quade. Assistant Commissioner Justine Georgina Saunders. New South Wales Police Force Inspector Edward Anthony Bosch . Sergeant Kevin Bernard Daley. Superintendent Luke Freudenstein. Inspector Guy Charles Guiana. Inspector Stephen John Henkel. Sergeant Peter Andrew Lunney. Detective Sergeant John Robertson. Superintendent Darren John Spooner. Superintendent John Joseph Stapleton. Victorian Police Force Inspector Michael James Beattie. Senior Sergeant Ian Stewart Forrester. Inspector Gregory John Parr . Queensland Police Force Detective Superintendent Mark William Ainsworth. Chief Superintendent Brent John Carter. Sergeant Peta Louise Comadira. Superintendent Thomas Herbert Gockel. Superintendent Glenn Andrew Horton. Senior Sergeant Graham John Lohmann. Western Australia Police Force Acting Superintendent Barry Lynton Kitson. Brevet Senior Sergeant Neville Vernon Ripp. Commander Paul Anthony Zanetti. South Australia Police Force Sergeant Michael James Butler. Sergeant Meredith Fay Huxley. Detective Senior Sergeant Trevor George Jenkins. Tasmania Police Force Sergeant Christopher Ivan Lucas. Inspector David William Plumpton. Northern Territory Police Force Sergeant Paula Maree Dooley-McDonnell. Superintendent Kristopher John Evans. AUSTRALIAN FIRE SERVICE MEDAL New South Wales Dr Gregory Mark Buckley, Leichhardt, NSW. Lindsay Ronald Henley, Ungarie, NSW. Barrie John Hewitt, Bogee, NSW. David Bruce Milliken, Thredbo, NSW. Tom Nolles, Orange, NSW. Errol James Smith,Singleton, NSW. James Patrick Smith, Urana, NSW. Wayne Staples, Port Macquarie, NSW. Ian Charles Stewart, Tapitallee, NSW. Barry John Tindall, Salt Ash, NSW. Victoria Rocky Joseph Barca, Surrey Hills, Vic. David Eric Blackburn, Mortlake, Vic. Barry William Dale, Yarraville, Vic. James Roger Fox, Gisborne, Vic. Gregory John McCarthy, Marlo, Vic. William Maurice Rouse, Pomona, Vic. Queensland Noel Bruce Harbottle, The Gap, Qld. Ian Gregory Holm, Kingsholme, Qld. Alun Granville Williams, Cranbrook, Qld. Western Australia Malcolm Graham Cronstedt, Mosman Park, WA. Peter Keppel, Manjimup, WA. South Australia Steven Allen Moir, Woodcroft, SA. Kenneth Andrew Potter, Salisbury Park, SA. Robert Cameron Stott, Henley Beach, SA. Peter Colin Wicks, Balhannah, SA. Tasmania Kenneth Burns, Otago, Tas. Garry John Cooper, Nubeena, Tas. Rodney Kenneth Sweetnam, Hadspen, Tas. Australian Capital Territory Gregory Leonard Buscombe, Queanbeyan, NSW. Norfolk Island Gerard Patrick Downie, Norfolk Island. AMBULANCE SERVICE MEDAL New South Wales Michael John Corlis, Rockdale, NSW. Ian Neil Johns, Earlwood, NSW. Terence Edward Watson, Belmont North, NSW. Kenneth Charles Wheeler, Colyton, NSW. Victoria Jonathan David Byrne, Hoppers Crossing, Vic. Anthony Scott Oxford, Portland, Vic. Kerry Charles Power, Lower Plenty, Vic. Queensland Kevin John Elliott, St Lawrence, Qld. Ann Clarice Taggart, Trinity Park, Qld. Western Australia Sally Anna Gifford, Gingin, WA. Sally Ann Simmonds, Kingsley, WA. John Douglas Watts, Canning Vale, WA. South Australia Dean Hamilton Clarke, Lockleys, SA. Dawn Frances Kroemer, Roxby Downs, SA. Tasmania Grant Gordon Lennox, Lenah Valley, Tas. EMERGENCY SERVICES MEDAL New South Wales Russell Ian Ashdown, Woongarrah, NSW. Jon Glenn Gregory, Tumut, NSW. James Angus McTavish CSC, Wagga Wagga, NSW. Victoria Timothy James Wiebusch, Box Hill South, Vic. Queensland Christopher Ernest Arnott, Arana Hills, Qld. Kevin James Donnelly, Roma, Qld. Adrianus Fransiscus Van Den Ende OAM, Dinmore, Qld. South Australia Trevor John Bond, Hope Valley, SA. Tasmania Donald George Mackrill AFSM OAM, George Town, Tas. Mark David Nelson, South Hobart, Tas. Bevis Charles Perkins, Campbell Town, Tas. Northern Territory Mark Richard Fishlock CSM, Wanguri, NT. MEDAL FOR GALLANTRY (MG) Australian Army Corporal B. For acts of gallantry in action in hazardous circumstances. Corporal J. For acts of gallantry in action in hazardous circumstances on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan, June 2010. Corporal N. For acts of gallantry in action in hazardous circumstances. COMMENDATION FOR GALLANTRY Australian Army Private Nathan David Bendle, Qld. For acts of gallantry in action on 7 September 2011 while deployed on Operation SLIPPER as a member of Mentoring Task Force 3 in Afghanistan. Private D. For acts of gallantry in action. Corporal Scott James Smith, deceased. For acts of gallantry in action on 21 October 2012 while an Explosive Ordnance Reconnaissance Technician in Special Operations Task Group Rotation XVIII in Afghanistan Private Kyle Anthony Wilson, NSW. For acts of gallantry in action on 7 September 2011 while deployed on Operation SLIPPER as a member of Mentoring Task Force 3 in Afghanistan. Royal Australian Air Force Sergeant K. For acts of gallantry in action. DISTINGUISHED SERVICE CROSS (DSC) Australian Army Lieutenant Colonel G, For distinguished command and leadership in action. Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Robert Smith CSC, Qld. For distinguished command and leadership in warlike operations and in action as the Commanding Officer, Mentoring Task Force 3 on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan from June 2011 to January 2012. THE BAR TO THE DISTINGUISHED SERVICE MEDAL Australian Army Major J. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. DISTINGUISHED SERVICE MEDAL (DSM) Australian Army Major A. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. Captain A. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. Corporal A. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. Major Anthony Raymond Bennett, ACT. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action as the Officer Commanding A Company, Mentoring Task Force 3 on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan from June to November 2011. Major E. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. Corporal P. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. Captain R. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations. Major S. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. Colonel David John Smith AM, NSW. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations as the Deputy Commander, Combined Team Uruzgan on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan from May 2011 to January 2012. COMMENDATION FOR DISTINGUISHED SERVICE Royal Australian Navy Captain Simon Giuseppe Ottaviano RAN, ACT. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as Chief of Staff Headquarters Joint Task Force 633 on Operation SLIPPER from July 2011 to January 2012. Commander Andrew Paul Quinn RAN, ACT. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as the Commanding Officer, HMAS Toowoomba on Operation SLIPPER from June to October 2011. Australian Army Lieutenant Colonel B. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations. Major Andrew Baker, Qld. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as Commander, Brigade Headquarters Operational Mentoring and Liaison Team, Mentoring Task Force 3 on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan. Major Andrew Thomas Cullen, Qld. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Troop Commander, Combined Team Uruzgan on Operation SLIPPER from May 2011 to February 2012. Private Phillip Alan Durham, WA. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations and in action as a rifleman with A Company, Mentoring Task Force 3 on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan from June 2011 to January 2012. Major General Michael George Krause AM, ACT. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as the Deputy Chief of Staff – Plans, Headquarters International Joint Command, International Security Assistance Force Afghanistan from March 2011 to February 2012. Major Benjamin Gerard McLennan, Qld. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as the Operations Officer, Mentoring Task Force 3 on Operation SLIPPER from June to November 2011. Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Gerard Miles, ACT. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as the Principle Staff Officer Operations, Headquarters Joint Task Force 633, and as Acting Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff Combined Team Uruzgan on Operation SLIPPER. Corporal Daniel Brett Miller, Qld For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as a corporal mentor, Mentoring Task Force 3 on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan from June 2011 to January 2012. Major R. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations. Captain T. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations and in action. THE BAR TO THE CONSPICUOUS SERVICE CROSS Australian Army Lieutenant Colonel Rolf Audrins CSC, Vic. For outstanding achievement as the Staff Officer Grade One, Career Management in the Directorate of Soldier Career Management – Army. Royal Australian Air Force Group Captain Christopher Thomas Hanna CSC, NSW. For outstanding devotion to duty to the Australian Defence Force as a Legal Officer in the Royal Australian Air Force. CONSPICUOUS SERVICE CROSS (CSC) Royal Australian Navy Captain Christine Ann Clarke RAN, NSW. For outstanding achievement as the Commanding Officer of HMAS Kuttabul. Commander Mitchell Robert Livingstone RAN, India. For outstanding achievement while Commanding Officer HMAS Pirie engaged in the rescue of survivors from a foundered vessel at Christmas Island on 15 December 2010. Commander Paul James Moggach RAN, ACT. For outstanding achievement in the performance of duty as the Commanding Officer of 817 Squadron from August 2009 until decommissioning of the Squadron in December 2011. Commander Timothy James Standen RAN, NSW. For outstanding achievement as the Fleet Aviation Engineer Officer. Australian Army Lieutenant Colonel Ana Laura Duncan, ACT. For outstanding achievement as the Senior Career Adviser in the Directorate of Officer Career Management – Army. Lieutenant Colonel Arun Lambert, ACT. For outstanding achievement as the Director of Legal Review, Office of the Inspector General Australian Defence Force – Canberra. Lieutenant Colonel Jenelle Margaret Lawson, ACT. For outstanding achievement as Staff Officer Plans, Headquarters Defence Force Recruiting for the innovation, development and successful implementation of the Defence Technical Scholarship program during the period from 2007 to 2011. Colonel John Brendan McLean, ACT. For outstanding achievement as Commanding Officer, 16th Air Defence Regiment. Lieutenant Colonel Saad Imad Omari DSC, WA. For outstanding achievement as Staff Officer Grade One Plans and Staff Officer Grade One Force Preparation in Headquarters 1st Division. Lieutenant Colonel Bradley Scott Robertson, ACT. For outstanding achievement as a logistics Staff Officer within the Directorate of Logistics – Army. Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Stewart Thomson, ACT. For outstanding achievement as a Project Director, Defence Support Group – Capital Facilities and Infrastructure Branch. Royal Australian Air Force Wing Commander David Charles Abraham. For outstanding achievement in F-111 weapon system logistic support. Group Captain Peter Robert Davies, NSW. For outstanding achievement as the Commanding Officer of Number 1 Radar Surveillance Unit. Group Captain Jennifer Karen Lumsden, Vic. For outstanding achievement as Chief of Staff, Director General Health Reserves – Air Force and in developing the Military Critical Care Aeromedical Evacuation Capability. Wing Commander Paul Raymond Parolo, ACT. For outstanding achievement in the field of Aerospace Engineering in the Royal Australian Air Force. Sergeant Andrew Gordon Wade, NSW. For outstanding achievement as the Senior Non-Commissioned Officer-in-Charge of Engine Cell at Number 37 Squadron. CONSPICUOUS SERVICE MEDAL (CSM) Royal Australian Navy Commander Rodney John Griffiths RAN, Indonesia. For meritorious achievement as Assistant Defence Attache, Australian Defence Staff, Jakarta. Leading Seaman Deakon James Lewis, NSW. For meritorious devotion to duty as a Leading Seaman Combat Systems Operator and Tactical Data Link manager in HMAS Sydney. Petty Officer Jay Desmond Pettifer, NSW. For meritorious achievement and contribution to the Royal Australian Navy by implementing complex security improvements within Garden Island Defence Precinct. Warrant Officer Michael John Quinlan, WA. For meritorious achievement as the Submarine Escape Training Facility Training Officer at HMAS Stirling, Western Australia. Petty Officer Luanne Rebecca Rule, Vic. For meritorious devotion to duty as the Petty Officer Naval Police Coxswain in the Royal Australian Navy’s Recruit School. Warrant Officer William James Welman, NSW. For meritorious achievement as the Communications Information Systems Category Manager in the Directorate of Navy Category Management. Australian Army Major Paul John Bellas, Qld. For meritorious achievement as the Chinook Logistics Manager in driving significant reform resulting in increased Chinook capability output and reduced ownership costs to Defence. Major Steven James Bennett, NSW. For meritorious achievement as Staff Officer Grade Two – Information and Communications Technology Projects and Plans, Headquarters Forces Command. Lieutenant Colonel Scott Rodney Bradford, NSW. For meritorious achievement as Staff Officer Grade One Training in Headquarters 2nd Division. Major Michael John Buchanan, Qld. For meritorious achievement as the Officer Commanding Reinforcement Company, Mentoring Task Force 3 from February 2011 to January 2012. Corporal D. For meritorious achievement as the technical operations subject matter expert in support of the Australian Defence Forces Special Operations capability. Corporal Adam Eagle, NSW. For meritorious devotion to duty as a Geomatic Technician providing engineering survey support to the Australian Army. Sergeant Bradley Norman Foster, ACT. For meritorious achievement as acting Company Sergeant Major of C Company and acting Second in Command of Support Company, the 1st Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment. Warrant Officer Class One Michael Kenneth Harman, Qld. For meritorious achievement as the Technical Quartermaster Sergeant of the 3rd Combat Engineer Regiment. Major Lloyd Alexander Jensen, Qld. For meritorious achievement as the Quartermaster and Battery Commander Combat Service Support Battery, 4th Regiment Royal Australian Artillery in 2011. Warrant Officer Class Two Kevin John Kennedy, NSW. For meritorious devotion to duty as the Warrant Officer Strategic Reporting, Army Headquarters. Warrant Officer Class Two M. For meritorious achievement in the field of Australian Army counterinsurgency doctrine and education. Lieutenant Colonel Bevan Hugh McDonald, ACT. For outstanding service as the Staff Officer Grade One Capability, Headquarters Joint Operations Command in pioneering and leading the Operational
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]	null	[]	null					null	Project Gutenberg Australia a treasure-trove of literature treasure found hidden with no evidence of ownership BROWSE the site for other works by this author (and our other authors) or get HELP Reading, Downloading and Converting files) or SEARCH the entire site with Google Site Search Home Our FREE ebooks Search Site Site Map Contact Us Reading, Downloading and Converting files DICTIONARY OF AUSTRALIAN BIOGRAPHY PERCIVAL SERLE Angus and Robertson--1949 Cl-Cu Main Page and Index of Individuals Biographies: A Ba Be-Bo Br-By Ca-Ch Cl-Cu D E F G Ha-He Hi-Hu I-K L Mc Ma-Mo Mu-My N-O P-Q R Sa-Sp St-Sy T-V Wa We-Wy X-Z ^Top of page CLARK, ANDREW INGLIS (1848-1907), federalist and constitutional lawyer, son of Andrew and Ann Inglis Clark, was born at Hobart, Tasmania, on 24 February 1848. He was educated at the Hobart high school, and on leaving, entered the office of his father, who was an engineer and iron-founder. He did not begin to study law until he was 24 years of age, and it was nearly five years before he was admitted to practise in January 1877. He first distinguished himself in the criminal court and later obtained a large general practice. Elected to the house of assembly for Norfolk Plains in July 1878, he was defeated in 1882 and was out of parliament for five years. In March 1887 he was returned for South Hobart, and at once became attorney-general in the Fysh (q.v.) ministry, which remained in office until August 1892. In 1890 he represented Tasmania at the Melbourne conference on federation and again at the Sydney convention of 1891. He had prepared a complete draft constitution for the use of this convention. He was a member of both the constitutional committee and of the judiciary committee, the only one of the 45 representatives to be on more than one committee. He was also a member of the sub-committee of four that completed the drafting of a bill to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia. Sir Samuel Griffith (q.v.) is generally believed to have taken the most important part in the drafting of this bill, but there is no doubt that Clark's special knowledge of the constitution of the United States must have been of great value. "That our constitution so closely resembles that of the United States is due very largely to his influence" (B. R. Wise, The Making of the Australian Commonwealth, p. 75). He had been sent to England to represent the Tasmanian government in a case before the privy council in 1890, and on his way home visited the United States. He afterwards twice visited America, and always took a special interest in it. From April 1894 to October 1897 he was attorney-general in the Braddon (q.v.) ministry, and in 1896 was responsible for the act which brought in the Clark-Hare system of voting in Tasmania. He resigned from this ministry on account of a difference with his colleagues and became leader of the opposition. He was not a candidate at the election of Tasmanian representatives for the 1897 federal convention, and did not approve of the bill in its final form. In 1898 he was made a judge of the supreme court of Tasmania, and in 1901 published a book, Studies in Australian Constitutional Law. He died on 14 November 1907. He married in 1878 Grace Paterson, daughter of John Ross, who survived him with five sons and two daughters. One of his sons, Andrew Inglis Clark, born in 1882, educated at Hutchins School, Hobart, and the university of Tasmania, became a judge of the supreme court of Tasmania in 1928. Clark exercised a great influence in Tasmania. He had a passion for knowledge, he was intensely interested in the welfare of his fellow-men, and his house was for long a centre of culture and learning in his native town. An excellent constitutional lawyer, he did good work in the Tasmanian parliament, and his learning and ability had much effect on the movement for federation. The Mercury, Hobart, 15 November 1907; B. R. Wise, The Making of the Australian Commonwealth; Quick and Garran, The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth; Who's Who in Australia, 1933; P. Mennell, The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. ^Top of page CLARKE, SIR ANDREW (1824-1902), administrator, was born at Southsea, Hampshire, England, on 27 July 1824. He was the eldest son of Lieut.-Colonel Andrew Clarke (1793-1847) and his wife Frances, daughter of Philip Lardner. His father entered the army as an ensign when only 13 years of age, by 1813 became a captain and went with his regiment to New South Wales in that year. In 1818 he was in India, and in 1823 while on leave in England was married. He returned to Europe in 1833, was created a knight of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order in 1837, and succeeded to the command of his regiment in 1839. In 1842 Colonel Clarke took his regiment to the West Indies and was appointed lieutenant-governor of St Lucia, which he left in 1844. In the following year he was appointed governor of Western Australia, where he arrived on 26 January 1846. He became ill not long afterwards and died on 11 February 1847. Owing to his father's absence from home, Clarke was brought up by his grandfather, Dr Andrew Clarke, and his uncles, James Langton Clarke, who afterwards went to Victoria and became a county court judge, and William Hislop Clarke, the father of Marcus Clarke (q.v.). He was educated at the King's School, Canterbury, and the Portora School at Enniskillen. At 16 he entered the royal military academy at Woolwich and did a four years' course. He took a high place at his final examination, and in June 1844 became a second lieutenant in the royal engineers. In 1845 he was stationed in Ireland and in the following year, on his father's suggestion, applied to be sent to New South Wales or Tasmania. In July 1846 he was promoted lieutenant and sent in command of a small detachment of royal sappers and miners for service in Tasmania. He sailed in the same ship as Sir William Denison (q.v.), the newly-appointed governor of Tasmania. A few weeks after his arrival he heard of the death of his father in Western Australia. Clarke's principal reason for coming to Australia was the hope that he might obtain a position somewhere near his father and mother. In the changed circumstances he was very glad in 1848 to go to New Zealand to assist in improving the communications. Sir George Grey (q.v.) was not only pleased to have his help in making roads, but also employed him in endeavouring to reconcile the Maoris to British rule. However, in August 1849 Sir William Denison wrote to Clarke offering him the position of private secretary to the governor. Clarke accepted and, becoming a member of the legislative council, was able to be a tactful mediator between the governor and the colonists. In May 1853 he was offered the position of surveyor-general of Victoria with a seat in the council. He was still under 30 when he began his duties, which included not only the management of his department, but a share in the government of the colony. In February 1854 he was promoted to be captain, in July he acted as secretary of an exhibition held in Melbourne of the articles to be sent to the Paris exhibition, and about this time was one of the founders of the Philosophical Society, afterwards the Royal Society of Victoria. When responsible government was established Clarke was elected a member of the legislative assembly for Emerald Hill, and as surveyor-general in the first Haines (q.v.) ministry, brought in a bill for the establishment of municipal institutions. This was passed and Clarke may be called the founder of municipal government in Victoria. In 1857 he carried a bill largely extending railways in the colony, and in March 1858 he was asked by the governor, Sir Henry Barkley, to form a government. Clarke's request for a dissolution was, however, refused and he abandoned the attempt to form an administration. In 1858 Clarke decided to return to England. He was anxious to obtain the position of governor of Queensland, and considered he would be in a better position to advance his claims in London. He had good support but the position was given to Sir George Bowen (q.v.). Clarke was much disappointed, but carried on his work as a military officer, though he found the routine duties at Colchester, where he had been placed in command of the royal engineers, very tedious. He was able to do a useful piece of work for Victoria by firmly refusing to accept obsolete arms for the volunteer forces there. In 1863 Clarke, now with the rank of major, was sent to the Gold Coast to command the forces, and in the following year was brought back to England to become director of works at the admiralty. There be designed many important works, including the Bermuda floating dock in 1868. At the end of 1869 he visited Egypt when the Suez Canal was opened, and suggested that an endeavour should be made by an English company to purchase the canal, but the proposal was opposed by Gladstone and others and nothing came of it. For the nine years from 1864 to 1873 Clarke carried through a series of important works relating to the navy, docks and harbours, and in May 1873 was appointed governor of the Straits Settlements. In 1875 he became a member of the council of the viceroy of India, and head of the public works department. In this position, he formulated many schemes which unfortunately could not at the time be carried out for want of money. In 1881 he was appointed commandant of the school of military engineering at Chatham, and from 1882 to 1886 was inspector-general of fortifications and director of works, in which position he was able to give advice to the Australasian colonies on defence questions. On more than one occasion he was acting agent-general for Victoria, and vigorously pressed the Australian views in connexion with the cession of the New Hebrides to France. He resigned from his position of inspector-general of fortifications on 25 June 1886, and became a candidate for Chatham in the house of commons in July 1886, as an ardent home ruler, but was defeated. In 1891 Clarke acted as agent general for Victoria for a few months, and holding the same position from November 1892 to April 1894, worked hard to uphold the financial credit of Australia during the 1893 financial crisis. He was again acting agent-general in January 1897, and two years later the qualification of "acting" was dropped and he was appointed agent-general. He held this position until his death at London on 29 March 1902. He also acted on occasions as agent-general for Tasmania. He married in 1867 Mary M. E. Mackillop, who died in 1895, and was survived by a daughter. He was created C.B. in 1869, K.C.M.G. in 1873, C.I.E. in 1878, and G.C.M.G. in 1885. He was promoted colonel in 1872, major-general in 1884, and lieutenant-general in 1886. Clarke was a genial man of strong feelings, able and hard-working. He was only a few years in Australia, but in addition to his work for the extension of railways and municipal government, he was also a strong influence for improved water supplies, telegraph extensions, and the keeping of meteorological statistics. He drew a pension of £800 a year from Victoria, but this was not paid to him while he was agent-general. R. H. Vetch, Life of Lieut.-General the Hon. Sir Andrew Clarke; Men of the Time in Australia, 1878; P. Mennell, The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. ^Top of page CLARKE, GEORGE (1823-1913), New Zealand pioneer, educationist, was born at Parramatta, New South Wales, on 29 June 1823. His father, George Clarke, an early missionary to New Zealand, came from Norfolk and arrived at Hobart in September 1822. He then went to Sydney, and while waiting for a ship to New Zealand, took charge of an establishment of aborigines near Parramatta. The family went on to New Zealand in 1824 and settled at Bay of Islands. In 1832 George Clarke the younger was sent to Hobart and went to R. W. Giblin's school. Returning to New Zealand early in 1837 the boy studied with the Rev. W. Williams, afterwards Bishop of Waiapu. In 1839 he went with Williams to Poverty Bay, still continuing his studies, and there obtained an excellent knowledge of the Maori language, and of the mentality of the Maoris; an invaluable experience that he found of great use a year or two later. In 1840 his father was made protector of aborigines by the recently appointed lieutenant-governor, Captain Hobson (q.v.). The seat of government was transferred to the site of Auckland, and there the elder Clarke bought a large block of land from the Maoris for the government. In January 1841 his son was appointed a clerk in the native department of the civil service of New Zealand. He had already formed the ambition of becoming a clergyman, but for five years he remained in the government employ, first as an interpreter, then as a Maori advocate and protector, and eventually as a negotiator with the Maoris. In all these capacities he did most valuable work. He accompanied Commissioner Spain during his inquiry into the claims of the New Zealand Land Company, and was fiercely assailed by the representatives of the company. Eventually the claims of the company were considerably reduced. In June 1844 Clarke was sent to Otago to assist in the purchase of a large block of land for the projected Scotch settlement. Clarke had to fight hard to preserve the Maoris' village cultivations and burial grounds, but eventually succeeded, and the sale of something over 400,000 acres of what is now the province of Otago was concluded. Clarke wrote out the original Maori deed and English translation, and took pride in the fact that no dispute ever arose subsequently in regard to the transaction. For eight of the early months of 1845 Clarke was in the centre of the war with the Maoris, and for most of the time was the only representative of the government in the district. On 18 November Governor Grey (q.v.) arrived and Clarke was at once attached to his personal staff. Grey was anxious to put an end to the war and eventually peace was declared. Clarke said of this conflict "Heke's war stands quite alone in the history of our struggles with the Maori race; alone in its magnanimity, its chivalry, its courtesy, and, I dare say, its control by Christian sentiment". In another place he mentions that "Heke always said, if fight we must, let us fight like gentlemen". But though Clarke could pay these well deserved tributes in his account of the great chief, he could say little about his own conduct as representative of the government, which was equally creditable. In 1846, greatly to the regret of Grey, Clarke resigned from the government service. Grey pointed out to him that he had splendid prospects if he would remain, but his health had suffered, he still retained his ambition to be a minister of the Gospel, and, moreover, he could not reconcile his conscience with some of the acts of the government. From New Zealand Clarke went to Hobart and early in 1847 sailed to London and entered at New College. He was ordained in the Congregational Church in 1851, and at once returned to Hobart to become minister of the Collins-street church. Soon a larger church was built in Davey-street, and for over 50 years he remained its pastor, honoured and beloved by all and never losing his appeal to the younger people. He took much interest in higher education, and was long a member and for some years president of the council of education. He was one of the founders of the university of Tasmania, its first vice-chancellor from May 1890 to May 1898, and chancellor from May 1898 to May 1907, when he retired. He had given up his church work In 1904. He died at Hobart on 10 March 1913. Apart from his Notes on Early Life in New Zealand, which appeared in 1903, Clarke's only publications were some separately published sermons and addresses and a small collection of Short Liturgies for Congregational Worship. He also wrote the memoir of James Backhouse Walker prefixed to his Early Tasmania. Clarke married a daughter of Henry Hopkins and was survived by two sons and four daughters. Clarke's career might have reached any height had he remained in the New Zealand public service, or entered politics. Few men have done so much or had such prospects before the age of 23, and to some it might seem an anti-climax to have given these up to become a clergyman in a comparatively small town. But his influence in the community at Hobart was always being felt, and its value cannot be estimated by ordinary standards of success. George Clarke, Notes on Early Life in New Zealand; Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 1913, p. 313; The Mercury, Hobart, 11 March 1913; Calendar of the University of Tasmania, 1940. ^Top of page CLARKE, HENRY LOWTHER (1850-1926), fourth bishop and first Anglican archbishop of Melbourne, son of the Rev. W. Clarke, of Firbank, Westmorland, England, was born on 23 November 1850. He was educated at Sedbergh school, and, winning a scholarship which took him to St John's College, Cambridge, graduated B.A. in 1874 as seventh wrangler, and M.A. in 1877. He was ordained deacon in 1874 and priest in 1875, and was curate of St John's, Kingston-on-Hull, from 1874 to 1876. He subsequently held various vicarages in the north of England during the next 26 years, and was vicar of Huddersfield when he was appointed bishop of Melbourne in February 1903. During the period since the resignation of Bishop Goe (q.v.) the area of the diocese of Melbourne had been much reduced by the formation of new dioceses at Bendigo, Wangaratta and Gippsland. When Clarke began his work he appointed a commission to tabulate the present position and future needs of the diocese, and he later came to the conclusion that certain parishes had become too large and needed subdividing, that means must be found for a more complete training of the clergy, and that there must be an extension of secondary education by means of church schools. In 1905 Clarke became first archbishop of Melbourne and metropolitan of Victoria. He ruled his diocese with a firm hand refusing to allow himself to be allied to any party. Recognizing that what may be called the puritanical and the aesthetic types of mind are permanent in human nature, he held that the greatest safety would be found in a middle course, and that no good would be done by straining after uniformity in minor matters. The question of the reunion of the churches was given some consideration, but little progress was made. There was, however, much expansion in the social work of the church, and several successful secondary schools were established, including the Melbourne Church of England Girls' Grammar School, and Trinity Grammar School, Kew. In March 1920 Clarke went to London to attend the Lambeth conference, and in November resigned his position as archbishop of Melbourne. He lived in retirement at Lymington, Hampshire, and busied himself with literary work. His published writings include: History of the Parish of Dewsbury (1899), Addresses delivered in England and Australia (1904), The Last Things (1910), Studies in the English Reformation (1912), Addresses delivered to the Synod of the Diocese of Melbourne (1914), The Constitutions of the General Provincial and Diocesan Synods of the Church of England in Australia (1918), Constitutional Church Government in the Dominions Beyond the Seas (1924), an authoritative and comprehensive work; Death and the Hereafter (1926), and with W. N. Weech a History of Sedbergh School (1925). Clarke died on 23 June 1926. He was given the honorary degree of D.D. by both Cambridge and Oxford. He married in 1876 Alice Lovell, daughter of the Rev. Canon Kemp. She died in 1918. Two sons and a daughter survived. Clarke was a man of good presence, a witty and lively conversationalist, interested in music and the fine arts, and well read in the poets, whom he often quoted with effect in his addresses. He was a clear, scholarly and forcible speaker, and a liberal-minded and sound administrator. His 18 years of office at Melbourne was a time of steady progress, particularly on the educational side of the work of his church. The Times, 25 June 1926; The Argus, Melbourne, 24 June 1926; Crockford's Clerical Directory, 1926; Year-Books of the Melbourne Diocese, 1903-20. ^Top of page CLARKE, MARCUS ANDREW HISLOP (1846-1881), always known as Marcus Clarke, novelist and miscellaneous writer, [ also refer to Marcus CLARKE page at Project Gutenberg Australia] was born at Kensington, London, on 24 April 1846. His father, William Hislop Clarke, was a barrister, his mother died before he was a year old. Clarke was educated at a private school kept by Dr Dyne at Highgate, where he spent most of his time in reading. He was early initiated into the Bohemian life of the period by visitors to his home, but his father died when the boy was 16, leaving only a few hundred pounds, though he had apparently been in prosperous circumstances. Clarke's uncle, James Langton Clarke, who was a county court judge at Melbourne, suggested he should try his fortune there. He arrived on 7 June 1863 and obtained a position in the Bank of Australasia, but was found to be quite unfitted for that kind of work. In 1865 he was on a station near Glenorchy where he remained for two years and began writing sketches for the magazines. Early in 1867 a Dr Robert Lewins visited the station and met Clarke. He was much impressed with his ability, and on returning to Melbourne recommended him to the editor of the Argus, and Clarke became a member of the literary staff of that paper. He found it impossible to carry out the ordinary routine tasks of a journalist, but remained a contributor for several years. In 1868 he became proprietor and editor of the Colonial Monthly to which his first novel, Long Odds, was contributed. It appeared in book form in 1869 with a dedication "to G. A. W. in grateful remembrance of the months of July and August". This has reference to the fact that during those months Clarke was suffering from the effects of a serious accident in the hunting field, and Walstab carried on the story while he was incapacitated. In 1868 the Yorick Club was founded with Clarke as its first secretary. Other members were Adam Lindsay Gordon (q.v.), Henry Kendall (q.v.) and George Gordon McCrae (q.v.), and these men made Melbourne the literary centre of Australia. In the following year Clarke started a weekly satirical paper called Humbug which, however, lasted only three months. On 22 July 1869 he was married to Marian Dunn, a rising young actress of the period. Clarke at this time was making his living by journalism. He now tried his hand at drama and his adaptation of Charles Reade's novel Foul Play was produced at Melbourne with but moderate success. He then interviewed the proprietors of the Australian Journal and suggested that he should write a serial novel dealing with the convict days. The first instalment of his well-known novel His Natural Life appeared in the issue for March 1870. In June Clarke was given the appointment of secretary to the trustees of the public library. No man was less fitted by training and temperament for this position, but much was forgiven on account of his personal charm and his powers as a writer. For the Christmas season of 1870 he wrote the words of the pantomime Goody Two Shoes, and his Old Tales of a Young Country was published in 1871. He was steadily writing the instalments of His Natural Life, though later on he found it very difficult to be up to time with them. In the issue for December 1871 the proprietors of the Australian Journal, in apologizing for the absence of the usual monthly instalment, stated that although they had delayed publication they had been unable to obtain "either copy or explanation". The story was published in book form in 1874 differing in some particulars from the serial issue. On the advice of Sir Charles Gavin Duffy (q.v.) some portions had been omitted and a new prologue was written. In later editions the book is sometimes called For the Term of his Natural Life. This title is given to the edition of the story issued by Angus and Robertson in 1929 which is stated to be the "first complete edition in book form". A short novel 'Twixt Shadow and Shine was published in Melbourne in 1875, but did not go into a second edition until many years after the author's death. Much of this work was done under great anxiety. He had early fallen into the hands of the money lenders, and in 1874 had been compelled to become insolvent. His industry was unfailing but he had no sense of business. Among his activities of this period were a play called Plot, which had a fairly successful run in 1873, much local journalism, and two or three pantomimes. He was also the Melbourne correspondent of the London Daily Tele graph. He had a fair salary and one way and another must at times have had a good income. Probably, as one of his biographers suggested, he had no conception of what was meant by 60 per cent interest. In 1877 he did a piece of hack work, a History of Australia, for the use of schools. He had been appointed sub librarian at the public library in 1873, but his work there must always have been subordinated to his literary work. In 1880 he became involved in controversy with Bishop Moorhouse (q.v.); he had a facile pen but it is doubtful whether he had the knowledge to fit himself for controversy of this kind. His private affairs were again involved about this period, and to add to his worries he had been appointed agent for his cousin Sir Andrew Clarke (q.v.), with a comprehensive power of attorney. Clarke was as little fitted to look after the affairs of another man as his own. In July his estate was again sequestrated and, worn out by anxiety and disappointment, he died on 2 August 1881, leaving a widow and six young children. Shortly before his death he was a candidate for the office of public librarian, but the position was given to Dr T. F. Bride. Marcus Clarke was short and slight with a face remarkable for its beauty. His wit was polished, his humour refined, he had great powers of description, and a slight stutter did not detract from his charm as a conversationalist. He was an excellent though unequal journalist, and he wrote some good light verse. His sketches of the early days in Old Tales of a Young Country (1871) still retain their interest, and of his novels Long Odds (1869) is good in its way. 'Twixt Shadow and Shine (1875), and Chidiock Tichbourne, published posthumously in 1893, might, however, have been written by any fairly competent writer of the period. His Natural Life is his title to fame. A powerful story of a grim period, it triumphs over its minor improbabilities, and its reader is carried on by its pure human interest to the last word. Hamilton Mackinnon, biography prefixed to the Austral Edition of the Selected Works of Marcus Clarke; H. G. Turner in The Development of Australian Literature; D. Byrne, Australian Writers; A. W. Brazier, Marcus Clarke: His Work and Genius; H. M. Green, An Outline of Australian Literature. A list of Clarke's works will be found on pp. 63-4 of The Marcus Clarke Memorial Volume, which also has a portrait, and a large amount of information is included in the bibliographies and commentary in E. Morris Miller's Australian Literature. See also, Samuel R. Simmons, Marcus Clarke and the Writing of "Long Odds". ^Top of page CLARKE, WILLIAM BRANWHITE (1798-1878), geologist, was born at East Bergholt, Suffolk, on 2 June 1798. Educated at Dedham Grammar School he went to Jesus College, Cambridge, in October 1817, and in 1819 entered a poem for the Chancellor's gold medal. This was awarded to Macaulay, but Clarke's poem Pompeii, published in the same year, was placed second. He obtained the degree of B.A. in 1821, entered holy orders, and became a curate first at Ramsholt and then at East Bergholt. He was also master of the Free School of East Bergholt for about 18 months in 1830-1. He continued the geological and mineralogical studies he had begun under Professor Sedgwick at Cambridge, and enlarged his knowledge by taking trips to the continent. He had become an M.A. in 1824. In 1833 he was presented to a living in Dorset and became one of the chaplains of the bishop of Salisbury, but in 1839, partly for reasons of health, he decided to go to Australia. He had been commissioned by some of his English colleagues to ascertain the extent and character of the carboniferous formation in New South Wales (Clarke's letter to Sydney Morning Herald, 18 February 1852), but soon after his arrival in May 1839 he became headmaster of The King's School, Parramatta, until the end of 1840. He had charge of the parish of Castle Hill and Dural until his transfer to Campbelltown in 1844, but later in that year removed to the parish of Willoughby in North Sydney. He was to remain there for 26 years. Early in 1844 he showed Sir George Gipps (q.v.), then governor of New South Wales, some specimens of gold he had found. Sir George asked him where he had got it, and when Clarke told him said "Put it away or we shall have our throats cut". Clarke, in his evidence before the select committee on his claims, which sat in 1861, stated that he knew of the existence of the gold in 1841. He, however, agreed with Gipps that it might not be wise to announce the presence of gold in the colony. He continued his clerical duties, but was occasionally lent to the government to carry out geological investigations. In August 1849 he announced the discovery of tin in Australia, and towards the end of 1853 he was given a grant of £1000 by the New South Wales government for his services in connexion with the discovery of gold. A similar sum was voted by the Victorian parliament. In 1860 his Researches in the Southern Gold Fields of New South Wales, a volume of some three hundred pages, was published at Sydney, and went into a second edition in the same year. He continued his geological investigations all his life, and did particularly valuable work in connexion with the permo-carboniferous coalfields of New South Wales. He discovered secondary (Cretaceous) fossils in Queensland in 1860 and gave the first account of Silurian fossils in Australia. It was on his suggestion that search was made for gold in New Zealand. He resigned his clerical charge in 1870, in 1876 was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London, and in 1877 he received the award of the Murchison medal of the Geological Society of London. He finished the preparation of the fourth edition of his Remarks on the Sedimentary Formations of New South Wales on his eightieth birthday, and died about a fortnight later on 16 June 1878. Clarke married and was survived by at least one son. He was for long a vice-president of the Royal Society of New South Wales, and his portrait was painted for the society in 1876. In 1878 the society founded the Clarke memorial medal in his honour. Clarke did a large amount of writing. He published two substantial volumes of poems, The River Derwent . . . and other Poems, 1822, and Lays [sic] of Leisure, 1829. He also published some sermons and was responsible for probably more than 200 scientific papers. He came to Australia with a fine equipment, having personally examined the most famous formations in Europe (see G. B. Barton's Literature in New South Wales, pp. 163-166). He was thoroughly conscientious, and somehow contrived to carry out his clerical duties in spite of the time devoted to science. That his profession meant something to him is shown by the fact that more than once he refused important scientific positions at a higher salary than he was receiving. He was the father of geology in Australia, and had a great influence on the work done in his time. After his death the New South Wales legislative assembly voted £7000 for the purchase of his invaluable collection of fossils and other objects and his scientific library. John Smith, Anniversary Address, Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 1879; Sydney Morning Herald, 17 June 1878; Progress Report on the Claims of the Rev. W. B. Clarke, Legislative Assembly, N.S.W., May 1861; P. Serle, A Bibliography of Australasian Poetry and Verse; The Claims of the Rev. W. B. Clarke, Sydney, 1860; E. W. Skeats, David Lecture, 1933, Some Founders of Australian Geology; G. B. Barton, Literature in New South Wales; W. B. Clarke, Researches in the Southern Gold Fields of New South Wales, pp. 290-4; S. M. Johnstone, The History of the King's School, Parramatta. ^Top of page CLARKE, SIR WILLIAM JOHN (1831-1897, pastoralist and philanthropist, was the son of William John Turner Clarke (1804-1874), an early Tasmanian colonist, who acquired large pastoral properties in Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia and New Zealand. He settled afterwards in Victoria and became a member of the legislative council. On his death in 1874 his eldest son William John Clarke was left the Victorian estate. He was born in Tasmania in 1831 and in 1850 crossed to Victoria, had experience on his father's properties in both Victoria and Tasmania, and in 1862 settled permanently in Victoria and acted as manager for his father. He took some interest In local government and was chairman of the Braybrook Road Board. On the death of his father he found himself with a very large income, much of which he began to use for the benefit of the state. His largest gifts were £10,000 for the building fund of St Paul's cathedral and £7000 for Trinity College, Melbourne university. He was elected a member of the legislative council for the Southern Province in 1878, but never took a prominent part in politics. In the same year he was appointed president of the commissioners of the Melbourne international exhibition which was opened on 1 October 1880. In 1882 he gave 3000 guineas to found a scholarship in the Royal College of Music, and for many years he bore the full expense of the Rupertswood battery of horse artillery at Sunbury. He took interest in various forms of sport, his yacht, the Janet, won several races, but he was not very successful on the turf; the most important race he won being the V.R.C. Oaks. He was the patron of many agricultural societies and did much to improve the breed of cattle in Victoria. Before the establishment of the Victorian department of agriculture he provided a laboratory for R. W. E. McIver, and paid him to lecture on agricultural chemistry in farming centres. In 1886 he was a member of the Victorian commission to the Colonial and Indian exhibition, and in the same year Cambridge gave him the honorary degree of LL.D. He was well-known also as a freemason and became grand master of the United Grand Lodge of Victoria. In his later years, although his interests lay principally in the country, he lived at his town house Cliveden in East Melbourne. He died suddenly at Melbourne on 15 May 1897. He was created a baronet in December 1882. He married (1) in 1860 Mary, daughter of the Hon. John Walker and (2) in 1873 Janet Marian, daughter of Peter Snodgrass, M.L.C., who survived him with two sons and two daughters of the first marriage, and three sons and two daughters of the second marriage. Clarke's name was a household word in Victoria. He was kindly, hospitable, and rather retiring by nature, content to be a good citizen who desired to use his wealth wisely. He made few large donations but his help could constantly be relied on by hospitals, charitable institutions, and agricultural and other societies. He cut up one of his estates into small holdings and was a model landlord, and he showed much foresight in allying science with agriculture by employing McIver as a lecturer. His second wife, Janet Lady Clarke, who had been associated with him in philanthropic movements, kept up her interest in them, especially in all matters relating to women, until her death on 28 April 1909. One of their sons, Sir Frank Clarke, went into politics and was a member of several Victorian ministries. He became president of the legislative council in 1923 and held that position for nearly 20 years. He was created K.B.E. in 1926. The Argus, and The Age, Melbourne, 17 May 1897; P. Mennell, The Dictionary of Australasian Biography; The Cyclopaedia of Victoria, 1903; Burke's Peerage, etc., 1897; Who's Who in Australia, 1941. ^Top of page CLAXTON, MARSHALL (1811-1881), painter, son of a Wesleyan minister, was born at Bolton, Lancashire, on 12 May 1811. He studied under John Jackson, R.A., and at the Royal Academy school, and had his first picture in the Royal Academy, a portrait of his father, the Rev. Marshal Claxton, in 1832. In subsequent years about 30 of his pictures were shown at Academy exhibitions. He was awarded the first medal in the painting school in 1834, and obtained the gold medal of the Society of Arts in 1835 for his portrait of Sir Astley Cooper. He afterwards worked in Italy for some time and returning to London gained a prize of £100 for his "Alfred the Great in the Camp of the Danes". In 1850 he went to Sydney, bringing with him a large collection of pictures, but had little success in selling them. While in Sydney he painted a large picture, "Suffer little children to come unto me", a commission from the Baroness Burdett Coutts. In September 1854 Claxton left Sydney for Calcutta, where he sold several of his pictures and returned to England three or four years later. He died at London after a long illness on 28 July 1881. He married and had two daughters, Adelaide and Florence A. Claxton, both of whom were represented in Royal Academy exhibitions between 1859 and 1867. Claxton was a painter of some ability. His "General View of the Harbour and City of Sydney" is in the royal collection in England, and there are two pictures by him in the Dickinson collection at the national gallery, Sydney. His portraits of Bishop Broughton and Dean Cowper are at St Paul's College, the university, Sydney, and that of the Rev. Robert Forrest in The King's School, Parramatta. Sir William Dixson, Journal and Proceedings The Royal Australian Historical Society, vol. IX, p. 168; Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers; W. Moore, The Story of Australian Art; U. Thieme, Allgemeines Lexikon der Bildenden Künstler; A. Graves, The Royal Academy Exhibitors; The Times, death notice, 4 August 1881. ^Top of page CLOWES, EVELYN MARY, See MORDAUNT, ELINOR. ^Top of page COATES, GEORGE JAMES (1869-1930), artist, was born at North Melbourne on 8 August 1869. His father, John Coates, was an artist-lithographer of English stock, his mother was the daughter of Ephraim Irwin who came from Ireland. He was educated at St James Grammar School, and at the age of 15 was apprenticed to a firm of glass-stainers, Messrs Fergusson and Urie. He attended the North Melbourne school of design and then joined the evening classes at the national gallery, Melbourne. He could not, however, attend continuously. His father had died when he was eight years old and the boy was sometimes unable to afford the comparatively trifling fees. Though not tall he was beautifully formed, an excellent swimmer and a first-rate amateur boxer. Lionel Lindsay tells the story of how a trainer had suggested that he should give up art and take up a "man's work". At the national gallery classes he won first prizes for drawing and for painting from the nude, and before the conclusion of his course opened a life class. Among the students associated with him were the Lindsay brothers, Max Meldrum and George Bell, all destined to become well-known as artists. In 1896 he won the Melbourne national gallery travelling scholarship, and in 1897 went to Europe as did also a fellow competitor, Miss Dora Meeson, whom he was afterwards to marry. Coates entered Julien's classes and always felt that he had been fortunate in spending his student days in Paris at such a good period of French art, while Puvis de Chavannes, Monet, Renoir, Degas and Jean-Paul Laurens were still living. He met Miss Meeson again in Paris and they became engaged, but as his only income came from his scholarship their marriage had to be postponed. In 1900 Coates left Paris and took a studio in London. He obtained employment in supplying drawings for the Historian's History of the World, but after that ceased there was great difficulty in selling black and white work and portrait commissions were scarce. However, on 23 July 1903 Coates and Miss Meeson were married, her father having agreed to make the young couple an allowance of £100 a year. Augustus John owned a studio which he let to them at £50 a year, and a long struggle to obtain recognition followed. An early success was a portrait of Miss Jessica Strubelle, which gained an honourable mention at the salon of 1910 and is now in the Bendigo gallery; but Coates did not really come into notice until the 1912 Royal Academy exhibition where he had three important canvases hung, "Arthur Walker and his brother Harold", now at Melbourne, Christine Silver", and "Mother and Child" now in the Adelaide gallery. The success of these pictures led to some commissions and the financial position became easier. The exhibition of the painting of the Walker brothers in 1913 at the Société Nationale des Beaux Arts led to his being elected an associate of that society, and full membership followed some years later. In 1913 Mrs Coates brought some of their pictures to Australia which were exhibited in Melbourne and Adelaide. However, Coates fell ill, and his wife had to abandon a proposed exhibition of his work at Sydney and returned with him to Europe where a holiday in Italy soon restored his health. When the war came Coates joined the Territorial R.A.M.C. and worked as a ward orderly. He was promoted to be a sergeant and given charge of the recreation room. In April 1919 he became an official war artist to the Australian government, and made several paintings of war scenes. But he had felt the strain of the war very much, and in April 1919 was officially discharged as "no longer physically fit for war service". He, however, was able to go on with his paintings of war subjects. In 1921 he revisited Australia, exhibitions were held at the principal cities, and several pictures were sold. Returning to England in 1922 busy years of painting followed, but his health was often not good. He died suddenly on 27 July 1930. Coates was a modest, sympathetic man who often spared time to give criticism and help to struggling artists. His modesty tended to delay the full appreciation of his powers as an artist, and he was quite incapable of pushing himself or his work. Primarily a portrait painter, when opportunity offered he could manage a subject painting with great ability showing beautiful feeling for rhythm and composition. His painting was usually low toned without losing luminosity, and the drawing was always excellent. He is represented in the Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane, Perth, Bendigo, Ballarat, Geelong and Castlemaine art galleries, and at the Australian war museum, Canberra. Some examples of his work are also in English galleries and at the Canadian war museum. He was survived by his wife Dora Meeson Coates, a capable artist, who is also represented in Australian galleries. How much his wife meant to Coates may be gathered from the statement made by a friend that "he was utterly unhappy separated from her". Dora Meeson Coates, George Coates His Art and His Life; The Argus, 27 February 1937; private information. ^Top of page COCKBURN, SIR JOHN ALEXANDER (1850-1929), premier of South Australia, son of Thomas Cockburn, was born at Corsbie, Berwickshire, Scotland, on 23 August 1850. Educated at Chomeley School, Highgate, and King's College, London, he obtained the degree of M.D. London, with first class honours and gold medal. He emigrated to South Australia in 1875 and, practising at Jamestown, began to take an interest in municipal affairs, and in 1877 was elected mayor of the town. In 1884 he entered politics as member for Burra in the house of assembly, and in the following year became minister for education in the first Downer (q.v.) ministry, which resigned in June 1887. Cockburn had been elected for Mount Barker at the April 1887 general election and held this seat for 11 years. He became premier and chief secretary on 27 June 1889, and though only in office for 14 months passed some progressive measures including acts providing for succession duties and land taxation. After two years in opposition Cockburn became chief secretary in Holder's (q.v.) cabinet in June 1892, but this ministry was defeated a few weeks later. He joined the Kingston (q.v.) ministry on 16 June 1893 as minister for education and for agriculture and held these portfolios until April 1898, when he resigned to become agent-general for South Australia at London. He took an important part in the federation movement. With Playford (q.v.) he represented South Australia at the Melbourne conference in 1890, and he was one of its seven representatives at the Sydney convention held in 1891. When the election of to delegates to represent South Australia was held in 1897 there were 33 candidates and Cockburn came third on the poll after Kingston and Holder. A collection of his articles and speeches on federation was published in London in 1901 under the title Australian Federation. As agent-general he did very good work, but he resigned in 1901 and never returned to South Australia, though he continued to show his interest in that state in every possible way. He represented Australia at workmen's insurance, eugenics, and other congresses held in the early years of this century, and he took much interest in nature study, in child study, and in the London school of economies and political science. He wrote various articles and pamphlets on Australian, Imperial and educational subjects, and was on the London board of directors of several Australian companies. He died at London on 26 November 1929. He married in 1875 Sarah Holdway, daughter of Forbes Scott Brown, who survived him with a son and a daughter. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1900. A picturesque and charming figure, Cockburn had a long and busy life of which only 23 years were spent in Australia. As minister of education he instituted arbor day in South Australia, and had much to do with the foundation of the South Australian school of mines and industries. He had an alert and quick-moving mind, and as a politician he was able to sympathize with the demands of a growing democracy. He worked for payment of members of parliament, for women's suffrage, and in addition to legislation for which he was personally responsible, he was often the inspiration for advanced legislation which was brought into being by other men. The Times, 27 November 1929; The Advertiser, Adelaide, 28 November 1929; Debrett's Peerage, etc., 1929. ^Top of page COCKBURN-CAMPBELL, SIR THOMAS. See CAMPBELL, SIR THOMAS COCKBURN ^Top of page COCKLE, SIR JAMES (1819-1895), first chief justice of Queensland, was the second son of James Cockle of Great Oakley, Essex, England, and was born On 14 January 1819. He was educated at the Charterhouse and by private tuition. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in October 1837, and graduated B.A. in 1812 and M.A. in 1845. He was called to the bar in 1846 and joined the Midland circuit in 1848. In 1863 on the recommendation of Sir William Erle, then chief justice of the court of common pleas, he was appointed first chief justice of Queensland. The position was somewhat delicate when he arrived in Brisbane, because Mr justice Lutwyche who had been sole judge from the foundation of the colony, had expected the position. Cockle, however, by tact and kindliness won over Lutwyche and they became fast friends. In 1866 he was appointed senior member of a royal commission to revise the statute law of Queensland. This was completed in 1867 and (Sir) Charles Lilley (q.v.), another member of the commission who was eventually to succeed Cockle as chief justice, stated that the major part of the work had been done by Cockle. Though his office made him a busy man Cockle found time to do much work in mathematics and to contribute able papers to the Philosophical Magazine, and the Quarterly Journal of Mathematics in England, and to the Proceedings of the Royal Societies of New South Wales and Victoria. He was president of the Queensland Philosophical Society and published some of his presidential addresses delivered before it. He visited England in 1878, and in 1879 resigned his position as chief justice. He had been elected a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1854 and of the Royal Society, London, in 1865, and after his retirement took much interest in them and continued his mathematical writings. He was a commissioner for Queensland at the Colonial and Indian exhibition in 1886. He died at London on 27 January 1895. He married in 1855 Adelaide Catherine daughter of Henry Wilkin, who survived him with eight children. He was knighted in 1869. Socially Cockle gave the impression in Brisbane of being somewhat shy and austere. It was a small community, and he probably felt that it was wise that the chief justice should be above the battle and remote from the jealousies and ambitions of men in pioneer settlements. In his last years he became a regular and popular member of the Garrick, Savile, and Savage clubs, London, and was treasurer of the last from 1884 to 1889. As a scientist he was much interested in the motion of fluids, and the action of magnetism on light, but he was best known as a mathematician who did much research in algebra, especially in connexion with the theory of differential equations. He worked for many years on the problem of expressing a root of the fifth degree by a finite combination of radicals and rational functions, but failed as others had done before him. His labour, however, was not wasted and his methods and results had much influence on later work on the subject. As a judge he showed himself to be a good lawyer, courteous and kindly to the profession, accurate and impartial in his thinking, wasting no time with unnecessary words, and earning the respect and confidence of the whole community. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol. LIX; C. A. Bernays, Queensland Politics During Sixty Years; P. Mennell, The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. ^Top of page COGHLAN, SIR TIMOTHY AUGUSTINE (1856-1926), statistician, son of Thomas Coghlan of Irish Roman catholic stock was born at Sydney on 9 June 1856. He was educated at Sydney Grammar School, in 1873 joined the public works department, and became assistant-engineer of harbours and rivers in 1884. When it was decided to have a department of statistics for New South Wales Coghlan was appointed government statistician, and began his duties early in 1886. The appointment was much criticized, but Coghlan held the position for 19 years and showed great industry and ability in the conduct of it. He published in 1887 the first issue of The Wealth and Progress of New South Wales which continued to appear almost at yearly intervals. The thirteenth issue covered the years 1900-1. In 1895 appeared Statistics of the Seven Colonies of Australasia 1861 to 1894, called in later issues A Statistical Account of the Seven Colonies of Australasia. These books vied in interest and value with the admirable works that Hayter (q.v.) of Victoria had begun issuing at earlier dates. Other volumes issued by Coghlan included Handbook to the Statistical Register of the Colony of New South Wales, first issue 1886, and various pamphlets on statistical subjects. He was also the author of Picturesque New South Wales, a popular illustrated guide-book, and he collaborated with T. T. Ewing in The Progress of Australasia in the Nineteenth Century, published in 1903. Coghlan was also registrar of Friendly Societies from 1892 to 1905, a member of the public service board from 1896 to 1900, chairman of board of old age pensions 1901-5, and was president of the economics and statistics section at the 1902 meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1905 he was appointed agent-general for the state of New South Wales at London and, except for three short breaks, held the position until his death. He was an excellent man for this kind of work, qualified in every way to give information, and to deal with the many loans floated in London. He published in 1918 in four volumes his most important book, Labour and Industry in Australia from the first Settlement in 1788 to the Establishment of the Commonwealth in 1901. It is a history of labour, not a history of the labour movement, nor a history of Australia, but it should prove a mine of information for the future historian of Australia. It is especially valuable for its information about the prices of commodities and the consequent effect on the social life of the people. Coghlan was still carrying out his duties, and apparently in good health, when he died suddenly at London on 30 April 1926. He married in 1897 Helen, daughter of D. C. Donnelly, M.L.A., who survived him with a son and a daughter. He was knighted in 1914 and created K.C.M.G. in 1918. The Times, 1 May 1926; The Sydney Morning Herald, 3 May 1926; Who's Who, 1920. ^Top of page COLE, EDWARD WILLIAM (1832-1918), bookseller, founder of the book arcade, Melbourne, was born at Woodchurch Kent, England, in January 1832. He received little education, his father died young, and, after his mother had married again, the boy ran away to London. In 1850 he went to Cape Colony and in November 1852 came to Victoria. He spent some time on the diggings at various avocations, and on 30 September 1865 started a book shop at the eastern market, Melbourne, with a stock of 600 volumes. His total takings at the end of October amounted to £15 12s., most of which was spent in buying fresh stock. He gradually prospered and became lessee of the whole of the market, most of which was sub-let to small stall-holders. He engaged a band, spent a comparatively large sum on advertising, and made the market a popular resort. Though Cole had little education he read a great deal, and in 1867, under the pseudonym of "Edwic", he published The Real Place in History of Jesus and Paul, which is largely a discussion on the validity of miracles. The last paragraph of the book stated that it had been written largely to show what Jesus was not, and that he hoped to publish another book showing "what he really was and Paul also, namely that they were two honest visionaries". This volume was never published. In 1874 Cole took a building fronting on Bourke-street near the market, and opened his first "book arcade". This business was successful and he also continued renting the market until 1881, when he was unable to secure a renewal of the lease on sufficiently favourable terms. He then began negotiations for a building lower down Bourke-street near the general post office. This was opened on 27 January 1883 and grew into one of the great book businesses of Australia. The shop was extended to Little Collins-street and afterwards buildings on the other side were bought through to the Collins-street frontage. The statement that there was once a stock of two million books is manifestly absurd, but the arcade certainly had one of the largest stocks of books in the world. Members of the public were invited to walk through the arcade, and to spend as much time as they liked turning over the books or even reading them. A large second hand department was on the first floor, where a band played every afternoon. The business continued to prosper and Cole eventually opened various new departments including one of printing. He compiled a large number of popular books, of which Cole's Funny Picture Book and Cole's Fun Doctor were most successful, their sales running into hundreds of thousands. He died at Melbourne on 16 December 1918. He married in 1875 Eliza Frances Jordan, who predeceased him. Two sons and three daughters survived him. Cole was below medium height, of benevolent appearance and quiet manner. He started with no advantages and gradually found what he could do best. His establishment had a considerable effect on the culture of Melbourne. The business was continued for about 10 years after his death, when the executors decided to close it and sell the properties which had now become very valuable. A member of his family bought the goodwill, and the shop was continued for another 10 years in Swanston-street on a comparatively small scale. A. Chitty and H. Williams, Incidents in the Life of E. W. Cole; H. Williams, E. W. Cole, Founder of the Book Arcade; L. Slade, Melbourne's Early Booksellers, Victorian Historical Magazine, vol. XV; personal knowledge. ^Top of page COLES, SIR JENKIN (1842-1911), politician, son of Jenkin and Caroline Coles, came of an old north of Ireland family, and was born at Sydney on 19 January 1842. When he was seven years old his family returned to Europe, and he was educated at Christ's Hospital School, London. His parents came to Australia again in 1858 and settled at Adelaide. Coles obtained a position as a junior clerk with the Murray River Navigation office, but gave this up to become assistant dispenser and receiver of stores at the Adelaide hospital for three years. He then joined the mounted police and served for three years in the country. On leaving this service he became an auctioneer and stock salesman and a member of the firm of Coles and Goodchild. The business prospered so much that Coles was able to practically retire from it before he was 40. He was returned to the house of assembly as member for Light in 1875, but did not stand at the 1878 election as he found that the strain of carrying on both business and parliamentary duties was too great. In 1881 he was elected for Light, afterwards merged in Wooroora, and represented the district for over 30 years. He was commissioner of crown lands from June 1884 to February 1885, and commissioner of public works from February to June 1885 in the second Colton (q.v.) ministry and showed himself to be a vigorous administrator. He was commissioner of crown lands again in the Playford (q.v.) ministry from June 1887 to June 1889. In 1890 he was elected speaker of the house of assembly in succession to Sir John Bray (q.v.), and held the position until he resigned, about three weeks before his death on 6 December 1911. He married in 1865 Ellen Henrietta Briggs, who survived him with four sons and seven daughters. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1894. Coles was a man of fine presence, dignified and conscientious. He was speaker for over 21 years, a record in Australia, and until his last illness never missed a sitting. He had a great knowledge of the standing orders and was firm, tactful, alert and wise. He was thoroughly respected on both sides of the house, his rulings and requests were always obeyed, and under his sway the house of assembly in South Australia established a high reputation for the orderly conduct of its business. The Register, Adelaide, 7 December 1911; The Advertiser, Adelaide, 7 December 1911. ^Top of page COLLINS, DAVID (1754-1810), first governor of Tasmania, was born on 3 March 1754. He was the eldest son of General Collins and his wife, Harriet Fraser, and grandson of Arthur Collins the antiquary. He was educated at the Exeter Grammar School, became a lieutenant of marines in February 1771, and in 1776 adjutant of the Chatham division. If the generally given year of his birth, 1756, were correct that would mean that he was a lieutenant at 14 and an adjutant at 20. His monument at Hobart states that he was "aged 56 years" when he died, and that appears more likely to be correct. He was fighting in America in 1775, in 1779 was promoted captain, and in 1782 took part in the action when Lord Howe relieved Gibraltar. He was on half pay for about five years, but in October 1786 received the appointment of judge-advocate of New South Wales and sailed with Phillip (q.v.) in 1787. After his arrival he became colonial secretary to the colony, and as his duties as judge-advocate were not heavy, found no difficulty in doing the work and in being a much valued officer. He was a well-educated man but had had no training in law, yet practically he was the chief justice of the colony. In 1791 he suffered some loss of salary on account of the withdrawal of the marines to England, and in December 1792 applied for permission to return to England. This was given but he did, not actually leave Sydney until 1796. He was then judge-advocate and secretary to governor Hunter (q.v.). It is clear from a letter of Hunter's to the Duke of Portland, that he valued Collins's services very highly. In 1798 Collins resigned his position of judge-advocate, and published An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, the best of the early accounts of the new settlement. It is clear from a statement on page 501 that the book was actually written in Australia before Collins left, and it has great value as a contemporary account of the early days to the end of September 1796. In 1802 the second volume was published which carried on the story for another four years. G. B. Barton in his History of New South Wales says that this volume was not written by Collins but by Hunter. The evidence for this statement appears to be insufficient, but it was of course impossible for Collins to write this volume from personal knowledge, and it is quite likely that Hunter may have supplied him with the necessary facts on which it is based. The last paragraph of the book ends on a despondent note. He speaks of the "country in whose service I spent the first nine years of its infancy, during all the difficulties and hardship-- without other reward--than the consciousness of having been a faithful and zealous servant of my employers". Probably this reached the notice of the authorities, for in February 1803 he received his commission as lieutenant-governor of a settlement to be formed "in Bass's Streights". He sailed in the Calcutta with about 330 convicts and arrived in Port Phillip on 9 October 1803. He chose a bad spot for the settlement on the south shore and found the soil poor, and that there was little water. Better water was found on the east shore near the present site of Frankston, but Collins decided that the country was of a too inhospitable nature, and on 30 January he sailed for Tasmania and arrived in the Derwent on 15 February 1804. Collins's decision to leave Port Phillip suggests some lack of courage or initiative, though it is possible that he may have had reasons for thinking that he would find better land in Tasmania. Governor King (q.v.), in a dispatch dated 1 March 1804, spoke of the good accounts Lieutenant Bowen had given of Van Diemen's land. On 18 February Collins selected for the settlement the present site of Hobart. It is generally agreed no better choice could have been made, and three days later Collins stepped ashore and began his reign as lieutenant-governor. Though the land at Hobart was better than that surrounding Sydney, it was some time before much food could be grown, and several times the settlement was on the verge of starvation. Gradually huts were built, mostly of a primitive kind, and regulations were issued fixing the weekly rations for all hands, hours of labour, and the issuing of clothes and utensils. The small band of free settlers with the party, they numbered fewer than a dozen, were given grants of 100 acres each, and every one set to work to make the best of the conditions. But too many of the convicts were old and worn out men, few had had any experience on the land, and, a crowning misfortune, much of the seed brought out failed to germinate. In May there was an unfortunate affray with the aborigines at the settlement at Risdon, which had been formed under Lieutenant Bowen before Collins's arrival, and having received fresh instructions from King, Collins took over the command of the Risdon settlement, placing Bowen in charge for the time being. In August Bowen left for Sydney taking with him most of the Risdon convicts and his small force of soldiers. This was the end of the Risdon settlement, but much exploring needed to be done, and Collins was fortunate in receiving the help of Robert Brown (q.v.), the famous botanist, who by his explorations during the first year much extended the knowledge of the country. There were the usual currency difficulties which Collins got over to some extent by introducing a system of promissory notes. But of necessity most transactions were carried out by barter, in which spirits formed an important item. A supply of cattle, horses and pigs was sent from Sydney, but in the starvation years which followed it was difficult to feed the stock properly, or prevent it from being stolen and killed for food. Knopwood (q.v.) in 1807 records that three prisoners were sentenced to 500 lashes each for killing a goat. In spite of the brutality of these punishments it was most difficult to keep law and order. Another problem was the prevention of communication between free settlers and convicts who had become bushrangers. Collins wanted a supply of food sufficient to last two years to be always on the island, but stores continued to be sent from Sydney which had similar troubles even at this date. The population at and near Hobart was gradually increased by transfers of settlers from Norfolk Island. By October 1808 a total of 554 persons had been received from this source, of whom 109 were women and 220 children. In 1809 Collins was placed in a difficult position when Governor Bligh (q.v.) sailed to Hobart after his deposition. He treated Bligh with courtesy, but after receiving dispatches from Sydney, forbad any intercourse with him. Nine months later Bligh sailed away, and a great anxiety was removed from Collins, whose health had been feeling the strain of his position for some time. He died suddenly on 24 March 1810 and was buried at Hobart, where a monument to his memory was unveiled in 1838. This states that he died on 28 March, the date of the funeral having been given in error. Collins married an American woman who signed the preface and prepared the 1804 edition of his book. The Gentleman's Magazine says that his wife survived him without issue, but Knopwood's diary refers to George and Mary Collins, the son and daughter of the governor. The entry for 14 February 1805, says: "At eight, the governor's son and self went up to Risdon in my boat". Two years after Collins's death Mrs Collins was given a pension of £120 a year. Collins had a good presence and was affable and friendly with his subordinates. In a brutal age, though sometimes obliged to punish the convicts he often showed great clemency, and he did his best to protect the aborigines. As an official and administrator, he gets little commendation and some blame from Rusden (q.v.) in his History of Australia, and generally the value of his work has not been sufficiently appreciated. He was an able lieutenant to both Phillip and Hunter in New South Wales, and as governor of Tasmania he earned the love and admiration of his contemporaries. Cut off by distance from any immediate help, he faced famine fully and met bravely and resourcefully the many difficulties that arose in the first six years of Tasmanian history. The Gentleman's Magazine, 1810, pt. II, p. 489; Mabel Hookey, Bobby Knopwood and His Times; J. Collier, Introduction to Collins's An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, 1910 ed.; R. W. Giblin, The Early History of Tasmania, vol. II; The Derwent Star and Van Diemen's Land Intelligence, 3 April 1810; Memoirs of Joseph Holt, vol. II, pp. 250-6; Journal and Proceedings, The Royal Australian Historical Society, vol. III, p. 122; Historical Records of Australia, ser. I, vols. I, II, IV to VII, ser. III, vol. I; W. R. Barrett, History of Tasmania to the Death of Lieut.-Governor Collins in 1810. ^Top of page COLLINS, TOM. See FURPHY, JOSEPH ^Top of page COLTON, SIR JOHN (1823-1902), premier of South Australia and philanthropist, son of William Colton, a farmer, was born in Devonshire, England, on 23 September 1823. He arrived in South Australia in 1839 with his parents, who went on the land. Colton, however, found work in Adelaide, and at the age of 19, began business for himself as a saddler. He was shrewd, honest and hard-working, and his small shop eventually developed into a large and prosperous wholesale ironmongery and saddlery business. In 1859 Colton was elected a member of the Adelaide city council, and on 17 November 1862 was returned to the house of assembly for Noarlunga, at the head of the poll. On 3 November 1868 he became commissioner of public works in the Strangways (q.v.) ministry, but when this cabinet was reconstructed in May 1870 he was omitted. He was mayor of Adelaide 1874-5, and on 3 June 1875 joined the second Boucaut (q.v.) ministry as treasurer, but he resigned in March 1876. On 6 June he formed his first ministry as premier and commissioner of public works. His ministry lasted until 26 October 1877, when it resigned after a constitutional struggle with the upper house, which had not been consulted about the new parliamentary buildings. The government, however, had succeeded in passing a liberalized crown lands consolidation bill, and a forward policy of public works in connexion with railways and water supply had been carried out. Colton might have been premier again in June 1881, but stood aside in favour of Bray (q.v.). On 16 June 1884 he became premier and chief secretary in his second ministry, which in the following twelve months passed some very useful legislation, including a public health act, an agricultural crown land act, a pastoral land act, a vermin destruction act and a land and income tax act. The ministry was defeated on 16 June 1885. Seldom had a ministry done so much in so short a time, but Colton was prostrated by overwork and was compelled to live in retirement for some months. On his return to parliament he attempted to lead the opposition, but an attack of paralysis finished his political career and he resigned from parliament in January 1887. Colton paid a visit to England and regained some of his health. Henceforth, he gave much of his time to philanthropic work. It was said of him that no society or charitable institution ever appealed to him in vain for either financial or personal assistance, if they could show that their aims were worthy. He took a great interest in Prince Alfred College, and was its treasurer for many years, and was for a time chairman of the board of management of the Adelaide hospital. He was a great advocate for temperance and retained his interest in the Methodist Church throughout his life. He died on 6 February 1902. He married on 4 December 1844, Mary, daughter of Samuel Cutting, who died in 1898. He was survived by four sons and a daughter. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1892. Colton never had robust health and felt the strain of politics very much; twice before his final retirement he was obliged to give up politics for a period. A man of deep earnestness, rich in saving common-sense, he was not a fluent orator but on occasions could speak with vigour and fire. He was an excellent administrator and a great worker who commanded the respect of all. Had his strength been equal to his will he would have taken an even more important part in South Australian politics. His life was spent in untiring labour for his fellow creatures, and few men of his time took so important a part in the business, religious, philanthropic and political life of the period. Burke's Colonial Gentry, 1891; The Register, Adelaide, 7 February 1902; The Advertiser, Adelaide, 7 February 1902; E. Hodder, The History of South Australia. ^Top of page CONDER, CHARLES (1868-1909), artist, was the third son of James Conder, an engineer, and his first wife, formerly Anne Ayres. His ancestors appear to have been ordinary middle-class folk without any suggestion of artistic talent. Conder's latest biographer, John Rothenstein, rejects the often-repeated story of his descent from Roubiliac the famous sculptor. He was born in London on 24 October 1868 and educated at a boarding school at Eastbourne. Little is known of his childhood, except that he showed an impatience of restraint and early evinced a desire to practise art. In 1883 he was sent to Australia to work under his uncle W. J. Conder, who was an official in the lands department at Sydney' A few months later he was working in a trigonometrical survey camp, but was much more interested in his sketch book and was already trying his hand at painting in oil. After two years in the country, Conder returned to Sydney and endeavoured to obtain work as an illustrator. He met A. J. Fisher and Frank Mahony (q.v.) who helped him to obtain a position on the Illustrated Sydney News. Another artist, G. Nerli (q.v.), whom Conder met about this time, influenced to some extent his early paintings. Yet a more important influence was to come, for in 1887 Conder met Tom Roberts (q.v.) at Mosman, who talked eloquently to him on the new theory of art called impressionism. A few months later Conder joined Roberts and Streeton in Melbourne, and worked in the open air at Eaglemont, near the suburb of Heidelberg. Conder was then a tall, loosely built youth, still under 20 years of age, strong in body yet "sympathetic with delicate and feminine things". So wrote Streeton of him, and in another letter he says, "Though of the same age, he seemed 30 years my senior in knowledge of humanity and worldly affairs: he knew all about Browning, Carlyle, Herrick, and the Rubaiyat". Conder had his first success in 1888 when his "Departure of the S.S. Orient", exhibited at the Art Society of New South Wales, was purchased for the national gallery at Sydney. Next year the famous 9 x 5 exhibition was opened in Melbourne on 17 August 1889. Streeton, just 21, exhibited 40 pictures, Conder, a few months younger, showed 46. The prices ranged from one to five guineas, and Conder was pleased to have had his name before the public and to have made between 30 and 40 pounds. He began to long for Europe, and in October 1889 his uncle agreed to make him a yearly allowance so that he could study in Paris. In April 1890 he left Australia and never returned. In a letter to Roberts, dated 2 May, he acknowledged his debt to him and to Streeton. In Paris he worked hard, he also played hard, and at intervals his devotion to wine and women threatened his health if it did not greatly affect his art. He became an entirely individualistic painter. He may have owed something to Watteau, but his art stood apart from the influences of his day, though his friend Anquetin may have helped him to improve his drawing, never a strong point with him. He developed a gift for painting fans and painted much in water-colour on silk. He began to be recognized in France; the government bought one of his water-colours and he was made an associate of the Société Nationale des Beaux Arts. He became friendly with William Rothenstein, with Emile Blanche, with D. S. MacColl, who in an article in the Studio helped to bring his work before the British public. He was frequently in money difficulties, as the prices obtained for his fans were low, often no more than 10 guineas, but in 1900 he was fortunate in meeting a young widow of independent means, Stella Maris Belford, of the type that is willing to love and cherish a genius whatever his frailties might be. They were married on 5 December 1900, and her influence was strong enough to enable Conder to pull himself together to some extent. For a time his health improved, but during the last three years of his life there was a gradual brain deterioration. His wife did all that was possible, spending the whole of her fortune in trying to save a man whose case was hopeless. He died at Virginia Water, near London, on 9 April 1909. His wife died three years later. There were no children. At the close of the 19th century Conder had a great reputation, in 1938 his biographer could say "he is almost forgotten". After a well-known artist dies a period of depreciation often follows, and many years pass before it is possible to give the artist his true place. Conder had great imagination, a beautiful sense of colour, and exquisite taste. He painted largely from memory, his forms are inclined to be tenuous, and the drawing is not strong, but it is unlikely that so individual a talent will ever be quite forgotten. Handsome and personally charming, the best part of Conder's life was spent in a world of imagination peopled by his own creations. He is represented in the national galleries at Melbourne, Sydney and Adelaide, and in the Tate and several other European collections. W. Moore, The Story of Australian Art; John Rothenstein, The Life and Death of Conder; R. H. Croll, Tom Roberts, The Father of Australian Landscape Painting; personal knowledge. ^Top of page COOK, EBENEZER WAKE (1843-1926), water-colour painter, was born at Maldon, Essex, England, on 28 December 1843. He was brought to Melbourne in 1852, and when 17 years of age became an assistant to Nicholas Chevalier (q.v.), who instructed him in painting, wood-engraving and lithography. He was one of the original members of the Victorian Academy of Arts in 1870, and in 1872 studied under Eugene von Guerard (q.v.) at the national gallery of Victoria. In that year he won the medal for the best water-colour exhibited at the exhibition of the New South Wales Academy of Art. In 1873 he went to London, and from 1875 until 1926 was a constant exhibitor at the Royal Academy. In 1904 he published a pamphlet, Anarchism in Art and Chaos in Criticism, which was followed 20 years later by Retrogression in Art and the Suicide of the Royal Academy, an attack on all un-academic painters from Manet onwards. Cook for a time was president of the Langham Sketch Club, and an original member and honorary secretary of the Royal British-Colonial Society of Artists. He died early in 1926. His work was popular with some collectors and dealers, but it was too often merely pretty when it was meant to be beautiful, and it has few lasting qualities. He is represented in the national galleries at Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide. W. Moore, The Story of Australian Art; Royal Academy Catalogues; U. Thieme, Allgemeines Lexikon der Bildenden Kuünstler. ^Top of page COOK, JAMES (1728-1779), discoverer of eastern Australia, captain in the navy, [ also refer to James COOK page at Project Gutenberg Australia] was born at Marton, Yorkshire, England, the second son of James and Grace Cook, on 27 October 1728. His father was a farm labourer at the time, but improved his position by becoming bailiff of Airy Holme Farm, near Ayton, in 1736. The boy was sent to a village school and obtained a little elementary education. At 13 years of age he began working for his father on the farm, and four years later obtained a position in a grocer's shop at Staithes, a village about to miles from Whitby. He was there for about 18 months when an unfortunate incident led to his leaving. The young man had noticed a shilling of unusual design in the till, and exchanged it for one of his own. But his master had also noticed this shilling and missing it accused Cook of having stolen it. His explanation was accepted, but not liking having been suspected Cook decided to leave. He was then bound apprentice to John Walker, a member of a coal shipping firm at Whitby, and made his first voyage in the Freelove, a ship of some 450 tons. His next ship was the Three Brothers, on which he remained until the end of his apprenticeship in 1750. In 1752 he was appointed mate of the Friendship, and three years later he was offered the command of it. He must have made some study of navigation in the meantime, and probably had improved his general education. He was now 27 years old, evidently on good terms with his employers, as few men at that time would have had the chance of commanding a ship at so early an age. Cook had, however, decided to enter the navy, and was accepted for service as an A.B. on 17 June 1755. He joined H.M.S. Eagle and a few weeks later became master's mate. The Eagle fought a successful action against a French ship in May 1757, and while it was being refitted Cook left it. He was given a master's warrant and on 30 July joined H.M.S. Solebay as master. In October he was transferred to H.M.S. Pembroke. In June 1758 the Pembroke was working in conjunction with the transports conveying the British troops for the assault on Quebec and, shortly before this, General Wolfe and Cook met in connexion with the positions to be occupied by some of the vessels. It had been part of Cook's duties to ascertain the safe channels between the shoals of the river. Cook was on the Northumberland in May 1760, surveying the St Lawrence, and had acquired a considerable knowledge of marine surveying, as his chart of the river, which is still in existence, shows. He also studied mathematics and astronomy about this period: In January 1761 Cook received a special grant of £50 for his work in mastering the pilotage of the St Lawrence. He was still on the North American station in the summer of 1762, but the Northumberland returned to England in November. In April 1763 he was sent in the Antelope to Newfoundland to make a survey of its harbours, and he spent the next five years on this work, returning each winter to England. In August 1766 he carefully observed an eclipse of the sun at one of the Burges Islands, near Cape Ray, and communicated a report of it to the Royal Society. Cook prepared many of his charts for publication, and it is a tribute to their excellence that they were not finally superseded for over 150 years. Cook was now at the turning point of his career. The Royal Society desired to send a competent observer to the South Pacific, so that the transit of Venus should be observed on 3 June 1769. After much discussion of ways and means, it was announced in March 1768 that the King had made a grant of £4000 for the cost of the expedition. Cook's account of the 1766 eclipse of the sun had impressed the council of the Royal Society, and on 26 May 1768 he was promoted lieutenant and given command of the expedition. His ship, the Endeavour, was only 100 feet long with a draught of 13½ feet, and was a slow sailer, but she was well fitted for her special work. There was no secret about Cook's sailing instructions in relation to the transit of Venus, but he also received secret instructions from the admiralty to seek for a southern continent, and "take possession of convenient situations in the country in the name of the King of Great Britain". These instructions were published for the first time by the Navy Records Society in 1928, and Sir Joseph Carruthers (q.v.), in his Captain James Cook, R.N., argued that the southern continent that the admiralty had in mind was Australia, of the eastern side of which, except for a small portion of Tasmania, nothing was then known. The evidence, however, is against this view, though when Cook had carried out his instructions to proceed south from Tahiti in search of this continent, and then westward until he fell in with the eastern side of New Zealand, it was quite within their spirit for him to have searched for the eastern side of Australia. The Royal Society decided on King George III Island (Tahiti) as the site of their station, and one of their fellows, Sir Joseph Banks (q.v.), also became a member of the expedition, with a suite of nine persons, including Dr Solander (q.v.) and three artists. On 25 August 1768 the Endeavour sailed with 94 persons on board and nearly 18 months' provisions. It arrived off Rio de Janeiro on 13 November, sailed round the Horn about the end of January, and reached Tahiti on 13 April 1769. The last voyager to arrive there had had about a hundred cases of scurvy on board. Cook had not a single case. He had insisted on cleanliness in the men's quarters, and had persuaded the men to eat sauerkraut with their salt meat. Banks had adapted himself quickly to the travelling conditions, became very helpful to Cook, and at Tahiti took charge of the bartering between the ship and the natives. There were seven weeks to spare before the date of the transit, which were occupied in botanizing and studying the habits of the natives. The day of the transit was fortunately cloudless, and Cook and his fellow observer, Green, were able to see it in the best circumstances. They were disturbed to find that they were not in exact agreement as to the moment of contact, but similar discrepancies occurred among observers in other parts of the world, and it was found that the cause was that the disc of Venus was distorted owing to irradiation, when apparently making and breaking contact with the sun. Cook, after spending three months at Tahiti, sailed to the westward and discovered the Society Islands, and then went to the south, and on 7 October 1769 sighted the North Island of New Zealand. During the next six months he sailed completely round New Zealand and chartered the coast line. He had now only provisions for four months, and he had to decide whether he would return by Cape Horn or the Cape of Good Hope. He decided to turn to the west and make for Van Diemen's Land. But the wind forced him to the north, and the first land he sighted was Point Hicks, near the present boundary of New South Wales and Victoria. He reached here on 20 April 1770, and following the coast to the north came to Botany Bay on 29 April. Proceeding to the north the Endeavour just escaped being totally wrecked on the night of 11 June, when she went aground, and was got off with difficulty, seriously leaking. The ship was successfully beached at the mouth of the Endeavour River and temporarily repaired. Cook was glad to be able to find a way outside the Great Barrier Reef, and on 22 August 1770, on reaching Torres Strait, he landed again and took formal possession of the coastline to 38° S. On 11 October he arrived at Batavia and remained 11 weeks while the Endeavour was repaired. Cook had not had a single death from scurvy, but at Batavia malaria and dysentery were rife, and no fewer than 31 of his complement died from these causes. The Cape of Good Hope was reached in March, and Cook landed in England on 13 July 1771. He had been away some six weeks less than three years. On 14 August he was presented to the King, and was given a captain's commission. Cook started on his second voyage on 13 July 1772. Before leaving he had visited his parents at their cottage, now re-erected at Melbourne. The admiralty apparently was not satisfied that the often spoken of southern continent did not exist, and Cook was now to settle the question once and for all. He had two ships, the Resolution, 462 tons, and the Adventure, 336, and several of the men who had been on the Endeavour sailed with him again. The Cape was reached on 30 October, and on 22 November a course was set for the Antarctic regions. He then turned to the east, skirting the floating icepack. On 17 January 1773 Cook was the first explorer to cross the Antarctic circle, but finding the ice increasing, turned more northerly. On 8 February the two vessels parted company during a gale, but it had been agreed that should that happen they should meet at Queen Charlotte's Sound, New Zealand. The Adventure arrived first, the Resolution following six weeks later. They left on 7 June, but an outbreak of scurvy on the Adventure led to Cook's altering his course and going to Tahiti. On starting again, various islands were discovered to the west and south, and Queen Charlotte's Sound was reached again by the Resolution on 3 November 1773. The ships, however, had become separated and the Adventure was not seen again on this voyage. The Resolution proceeded to the south-east, and on 30 January 1774 reached 71°10' S. which stood as a record farthest south for 50 years. Turning north again and then westerly, Cook reached Easter Island and then made for Tahiti again, which he reached on 22 April 1774. He searched for and identified the group of islands which de Quiros had occupied in 1606, and then went to Queen Charlotte's Sound again, arriving on 17 October. He sailed for home by way of Cape Horn on 10 November 1774. On New Year's day, soon after passing the Horn, he sighted the island he named South Georgia, proceeded east and south and then east until he reached the meridian of Greenwich, and, shortly after, his outward bound track, having completed his circuit of the Antarctic. On 23 February 1775 he sailed for the Cape of Good Hope, which was reached on 22 March, and on 30 July he arrived in England. During Cook's absence the account of his first voyage and of some earlier voyages by other men had been prepared for the press by Dr John Hawkesworth. The editor had taken many liberties with the text and largely spoilt it, but nevertheless it had been much read and Cook had become famous. On 9 August he was presented to King George III and given his commission as post-captain. He was also appointed fourth captain of Greenwich hospital, with residence and £200 a year and allowances. Cook busied himself preparing the account of his second voyage for publication, but soon afterwards was selected to lead an expedition to the Arctic regions by way of the Pacific, to search for an inlet running towards Hudson Bay or Baffin Bay. He left on the Resolution on 12 July 1776 and reached the Cape in November, where the Discovery, a small vessel of 229 tons, joined him. The two vessels sailed for New Zealand and reached Queen Charlotte's Sound on 12 February. Leaving for Tahiti 13 days later, Cook met head winds and found it would be impossible for him to do any useful work in the Arctic regions until a year later than he had intended He reached Tahiti on 12 August 1777. From there he proceeded to the Society Islands and in December sailed to the north. In January 1778 the Hawaiian group was discovered, and on 2 February the ships sailed for the north-west coast of America. At the end of March Vancouver Island was reached, and a month was spent repairing the Resolution. The ships anchored in Behring Strait on 9 August 1778, but on sailing to the north it was found that winter was coming on so fast that nothing useful could be done. On 26 October Cook sailed for Hawaii, spent some time in charting the island, and on 17 January 1779 anchored on the west side of it. While carrying out some surveys the Resolution sprung her top-mast, and Cook returned to his previous anchorage at Kealakekua Bay. On the night of 13 February the Discovery's cutter was stolen, and on the following day Cook decided to seize the king, or an important chief, as a hostage for the return of it. A fight began between the natives and the marines who fired a volley of musketry. While reloading they were rushed by the natives who killed four of them while Cook, turning at the water's edge to give an order to the boats, was stabbed in the back, dragged ashore and killed. Lieutenant Wilkinson who was in charge of the nearest boat made no attempt to go to Cook's help, and has been blamed for his captain's death. But the whole incident occurred so quickly that it is doubtful whether Cook could have been saved. His remains were not recovered for some days, but on 21 February 1779 were buried at sea. The ships endeavoured to carry out their programme, and passing Behring Strait again were stopped by ice on 19 July 1779 in 70° 33' N. They returned by way of the Cape of Good Hope and arrived in England on 4 October 1780. Cook married on 21 December 1762 Elizabeth Batts. Of their six children three died in infancy, and the three surviving sons all died comparatively young leaving no descendants. Mrs Cook lived to a great age in very good circumstances until her death in 1835. She was given a grant of arms, a pension of £200 a year, an allowance for the children, and half the profits from the publication of Cook's journals. During his absence the Royal Society had awarded him the Copley medal for his work in preventing scurvy, and it struck a special medal in his honour, which was sent to Mrs Cook with an expression of the regret of the whole Society of which Cook had been elected a fellow in 1776. Cook was a good-looking man of over six feet in height, somewhat spare, but strong, strictly cleanly, and temperate in both eating and drinking. In spite of a hasty temper he was benevolent and humane, with a strong understanding and a genius for taking pains. In spite of the aloofness that is characteristic of all good captains, he was beloved and respected by both officers and men. He was quite fearless, and when danger came was the bravest and cheeriest man on board, but to this was added a wise caution and a sense of the proximity of land which seems to have been almost an instinct. More than once Cook altered course without apparent reason when the ship was running into danger. It did not matter whether he were among the fogs of the Antarctic or the intricacies of the Great Barrier Reef, his seamanship was always excellent, ranking him with the great navigators and discoverers of all time. Statues to his memory are at Sydney, Melbourne and London, and other memorials are at many places in England and at Tahiti, Hawaii, New Zealand, Canada and France. The best portrait of him is probably that by Nathaniel Dance, R.A., which has been frequently reproduced. He was also painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, P.R.A., and other well-known artists. A. Kitson, Captain James Cook; R. T. Gould Captain Cook; H. Zimmerman, Voyage Round the World with Captain Cook; J. R. Muir, The Life and Achievements of Captain James Cook; G. Campbell, Captain James Cook; J. Carruthers, Captain James Cook; see also various editions of the three voyages and the Bibliography of Captain James Cook, Public Library, Sydney, 1928. ^Top of page COOMBES, RICHARD (1855-1935), journalist, father of amateur athletics in Australia, was born on 18 March 1855 at Hampton Court, Middlesex, England. Educated at Hampton Grammar School, he was for some years in an insurance office, and became well known as an amateur runner and walker. He was captain of the Harefield Hare and Hounds Club, and champion walker of the London Athletic Club. Emigrating to Sydney in 1886 he took up journalism, and became a contributor to the Referee. In 1888 he founded the New South Wales Amateur Athletic Association, introduced cross country running, and formed the Amateur Walkers Club. The amateur movement gradually spread all over Australia, and in 1897 the Amateur Athletic Union of Australia was formed. Coombes was a vice-president of the New South Wales Amateur Athletic Association from its foundation, in 1893 was elected president, and held the position until his death. He also frequently acted as handicapper, starter, judge of field games or referee, at important athletic meetings, managed the New South Wales team in contests with the other states, and in 1911 was manager of the Australian team at the Empire games in London. He was much interested in rifle-shooting, was captain of the Sydney Rifle Club and afterwards president, and was interested in rowing and coursing, being president of the New South Wales National Coursing Association for 22 years. When the Australian Coursing Union was formed in 1917 he was elected its first president. About 1895 he formulated a set of walking rules which have been widely adopted. As a journalist Coombes did a large amount of excellent work for the Referee under various pen-names. He was editor for over 20 years, and showed himself to be a good editor and administrator. Advancing years led to his giving up the editorship, but he remained a contributor until 1932 when he resigned on a pension. He died at Sydney on 15 April 1935. He married in 1895 Abbe May Teas who survived him with a daughter. Coombes's greatest work was the inauguration of the Australasian amateur athletics movement, which at the time of his death was healthy, vigorous and carried on in the best traditions. The Sydney Morning Herald, 16 April 1935; The Referee, Sydney, 18 April 1935; Who's Who in Australia, 1933; personal knowledge. ^Top of page COOPER, SIR CHARLES (1795-1887), first chief-justice of South Australia, was the third son of Thomas Cooper of Henley-on-Thames, and was born in 1795. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in February 1827, practised on the Oxford circuit until 1838, and was then appointed judge at Adelaide. He landed there in March 1839, and was for many years the sole judge, then senior judge, and in June 1856 was appointed the first South Australian chief justice. He retired in 1861 owing to ill-health and was given a pension of £1000 a year. He returned to England in 1862, resided at Bath, and improving much in his health lived to be 92 years of age. He died at London on 24 May 1887. He married in 1853 Emily Grace, daughter of C. B. Newenham of South Australia. He was knighted in 1857. Cooper's Creek in central Australia was named after him by his friend, Captain Sturt (q.v.). Cooper was a thoroughly capable judge who earned the esteem of the colonists. He held courts at first in his own house, which had the advantage that he was constantly on the premises. He was a sound lawyer and framed the first insolvency legislation of the colony. Though not robust looking, he was hospitable and interested in the social and intellectual life of the colony. The Times, 27 May 1887; The South Australian Register, 27 and 28 May, 1887. ^Top of page COOPER, SIR DANIEL (1821-1902), first speaker of the legislative assembly of New South Wales, son of Thomas Cooper, merchant, and his wife Jane, daughter of Samuel Ramsden, was born at Bolton, Lancaster, England, on 1 July 1821. He was taken to Sydney by his parents when a child, but was sent to England again in 1835 and spent four years at University College, London. He began business at Havre, France, but his health failing he returned to Sydney in 1843. There he acquired an interest in a mercantile firm afterwards known as D. Cooper and Company, and bought much property in Sydney and suburbs. This afterwards appreciated in value and Cooper became a wealthy man. In 1849 at the age of 28 he was made a member of the legislative council, and in 1856 with the coming in of responsible government was elected a member of the legislative assembly. At its first meeting Cooper was elected speaker by a majority of one vote over Henry Watson Parker (q.v.). His election was not popular, but Cooper held office with dignity and impartiality and set a standard for future speakers. In January 1860 his health was again troubling him and he found it necessary to resign. He was asked to form a ministry in March, but declined and in 1861 returned to England. During the Crimean war he had exerted himself in raising a fund for the relief of widows and children of soldiers, and in England in 1863 he did much work to relieve the distress in Lancashire caused by the cotton famine. He continued his interest in New South Wales and occasionally acted as agent-general, did useful work in connexion with the exhibition held at Sydney in 1880, and in 1886 was a member of the royal commission for the Colonial and Indian exhibition at London. He died at London on 5 June 1902.
2410	dbpedia	3	4	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6134157	en	James Francis Garrick	https://upload.wikimedia…rick%2C_1875.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…rick%2C_1875.jpg	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/StateLibQld_1_54104_Sir_James_Francis_Garrick%2C_1875.jpg/220px-StateLibQld_1_54104_Sir_James_Francis_Garrick%2C_1875.jpg", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Australian politician	en	/static/apple-touch/wikidata.png		https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6134157	Australian politician Sir James Francis Garrick edit
2410	dbpedia	3	67	https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/tag/mary-ann-bugg/	en	Mary Ann Bugg – A Guide to Australian Bushranging	https://i0.wp.com/aguide…1260%2C280&ssl=1	https://i0.wp.com/aguide…1260%2C280&ssl=1	[ "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/cropped-cropped-2020-ag2abbanner.png?fit=300%2C67&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/cropped-cropped-2020-ag2abbanner.png?fit=300%2C67&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/bushranging_and_our_police_system.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/spotlight_banner.png?resize=1000%2C370&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/gazette_banner.png?resize=1000%2C370&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/fb_img_1644640524278.jpg?resize=1000%2C512&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/a933012h.jpg?resize=373%2C512&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/spotlight_banner.png?resize=1000%2C370&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/gazette_banner.png?resize=1000%2C370&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/5e8768d87cf5a39226439b7fa4f0a466_1600x1200.jpeg?resize=1000%2C750&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/77b447d2c775db9a51d2ca3e081262a6.jpg?resize=860%2C600&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/spotlight_banner.png?resize=1000%2C370&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/spotlight_banner.png?resize=1000%2C370&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/spotlight_banner.png?resize=1000%2C370&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/spotlight_banner.png?resize=1000%2C370&ssl=1", "https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.files.wordpress.com/2021/02/pop_gun_banner.png?w=1024&resize=1000%2C370", "https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/westwood_hughes.png?resize=1000%2C500", "https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/davis_radcliffe.png?resize=1000%2C500", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/1672871903951.jpg?resize=921%2C458&ssl=1", "https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/hickman_palmer.png?resize=1000%2C500", "https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/brady_highmore.jpg?resize=1000%2C500", "https://i0.wp.com/aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/1672871541557.jpg?resize=921%2C460&ssl=1", "https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/power_sweet.jpg?resize=1000%2C500", "https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/clarke_shanks.jpg?resize=1000%2C500", "https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/gardiner_arnold.png?resize=1000%2C500", "https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.files.wordpress.com/2018/08/scott_stevens.png?resize=1000%2C500" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2022-12-12T01:00:00+11:00	Posts about Mary Ann Bugg written by AJFPhelan56	en	https://i0.wp.com/aguide…it=32%2C32&ssl=1	A Guide to Australian Bushranging	https://aguidetoaustralianbushranging.com/tag/mary-ann-bugg/	Empire (Sydney, NSW : 1850 – 1875), Thursday 12 December 1867, page 2 BUSHRANGING AND OUR POLICE SYSTEM. BY A NATIVE TROOPER. PART XII PROSPECTING FOR TRACKS. After going some seven or eight miles in the scrub at the base of the mountain and being scratched and torn to pieces we resolved to get out again, as it was near night and not a blade of grass to be seen to feed the horses. We came out and ran round some eight or nine miles further where we camped at about 8 o’clock near some good grass and water. Next day we tried another place, and came out on the marked tree line with plenty of grass all through, and a shade too much water, for at night we had to place stones and sticks to sleep on — a bed I can recommend for making people weak. We kept on scouring till we came to a shod track. This we followed hopefully till it led towards a station where the ground was covered with all sorts and sizes of horse-shoe tracks. Ac cording to our information from the S. C. at Narrabri there must be a great many bushrangers out in this direction. At last we selected one track, and followed it many miles, hoping it would lead to the particular haunt of Ward (Thunderbolt). His track did not go to the stations but shied off as if out of sight. I felt persuaded this track was that of Mr. Ward coming down from Gallathera Plains to see his wife, who was stopping at a sheep station with a half-caste shepherdess. But I did not then exactly know the spot, although I had traced her out in that direction. We lost the track at last on a short grassy flat — the worst possible place for tracking. Having run out of rations we made across to Barraba to see our other two Braidwood police, and to see if we could not form a plan to work in conjunction with each other. We arrived at Barraba half starved. There was a police station there but no feed for horses. We stopped there two days to spell the horses. We formed a plan; the tracker was to go with one trooper, and the other was going with me. We were to meet again in three days at one of Mr. Lloyd’s sheep stations— some forty miles off. A NOVEL SPECTACLE. The second day we came to a sheep station hut, and out came a great big half-caste gin, as surly as you please, who told us plump we were after Thunderbolt, but were fortunately off the scent. She poked all sorts of fun at us which we took in good humour, and went away in a different direction to our meeting place. But we had not got a mile away before we heard a row behind us. It was a clear ground, and on looking back, lo and behold there were two big gins coming racing mad after us on stock horses, standing up in the stirrups, their petticoats flapping in the wind. They both sat astride over the saddle. They pulled us up. The big one came close and said she would introduce us to her cousin Mary, who had just come home, having been away to see her father, and now she wanted a husband. This cousin Mary did not come nearer than two hundred yards, so we were unable, having no opera glass, to look at her charms. We saw she kept eyeing us, with her horse reined up on the spur ready for a charge. This was done to see if we knew her. THUNDERBOLT’S WIFE. I became suspicious and surmised we were near the presence of Mrs. Captain Thunderbolt. As soon as she reined up we became suspicious, the more so when she eyed us over with such curiosity; but we said nothing as we wished to make her believe we were gulled. So I told the big gin that I wanted a wife, and would be glad of an introduction. After a good deal of persuasion the lady came up when my mate introduced me to her as Mr. MacGatterie, and I introduced my mate as Mr. Squatter Dixon. I saw the lady eyeing me very closely all the time they stopped with us. I saw she had a suspicion that I knew her, and we had a job to get away from them. They would insist on our going back with them and have breakfast, but urgent business called us away. They watched us for miles, and it was not till we got in a thick scrub that we turned towards our place of meeting. We knew the direction and came to it all right. Our mates were not there, so we left word we would be at a certain place next night. We got some rations and went back to watch the gins; but we discovered they had watched us all the time. They came on us two miles from the hut. They told us where we camped, and where we got our dinner, and that we had come back to watch them. We saw we were check-mated, but did not let on. We had only then to consider how we could profit by our discovery, so we determined to stop in the hut that night, and pump them all we could. I found out it was the Captain’s lady, and a little more to, so we went to meet our mates but they did not come. To give the gins the slip we went across the mountains to Narrabri, seventy miles, and came out splendidly on a good road and in the midst of plenty of grass. I came across a friend of mine so we gave the horses a day’s spree. This friend put me up to a trick or two, and kindly offered to go out and show me one of Ward’s camping places. But I could not get a horse for my friend. He told me there were two of his horses at Ward’s camp, but I could not get a horse for him to go with us after them, and it was necessary that he should show us the road. So I got a direction, went out, but could not find the place. As I had to appear at the assizes in Sydney with reference to some of the Braidwood cases I told my friend and a few of his acquaintances to keep an eye on matters, and that I would be back before long. We had a scour through the mountains and became so familiar with them that we arrived at Barraba by a new route. In fact we could go through the mountains anywhere. We found our two mates at Barraba, where they had been delayed by the fancy colt — the quiet horse — which had thrown his rider unawares. One of the chaps want into Tamworth to see about getting some feed for our horses and a fresh horse for himself, but it was no go. As I had to leave for Sydney soon I took the rest of the men, meaning to try once more and work my way into Tamworth. We came back to the gins’ hut and there I met a friend who told me Thunderbolt had gone down to Murrurundi, to stick the mail up; and the gin had gone to a certain place to meet him coming back. So I told the other chaps he had gone down but they would not believe me. I, therefore, started at once for Tamworth, taking the tracker with me — determined to get a fresh horse and to push on, as it was on my road to Sydney. Before I got in I met two police coming along the road who told me the mail was stuck up. This made me push on to the office where I asked for another horse —but there was none, of course — and they told me positively it was not Ward who had stuck up the mail but two boys. Putting two and two together I knew this to be false and told them so; but they were sure of it. I know, as far as circumstantial evidence can go, that it was Ward and not two boys — two boys, how absurd!c who stuck up that mail, for I was told on my way down all about it. And I also found out that if I could get back soon, I should be able to capture him. I had learnt a great deal about him, more than the stationary police could dream of. So certain was I that, although my resignation was in and the notice expired, I decided upon withdrawing it if I could go back to the north as soon as the Braidwood cases had been disposed of in Sydney. I applied, bona fide, to the Inspector-General of Police. My application was refused. If the Inspector-General was made aware of my application, he may have sent for me and asked my reason for wishing specially to withdraw my resignation to go to the North. I would have told him; but my mind is satisfied that the Inspector-General knew little of it except as a matter of form, and, as a matter of form, if at all, so placed before him. I intend in these papers to make no remarks as to the machinery of the head office. This is not the place. Let the centralised system be fairly tested and judged upon its merits. The time may come, and that soon, when it may be regretted that there were not established in conjunction with it, supplementary bodies in every district of the colony, of volunteer native troopers. THE FEELINGS OF THE NORTHERN PEOPLE. Now, the people up there are disgusted with the police, as they go from one station to another, without adopting any rational system to try and catch Thunderbolt. Here is Thunderbolt, a native of Windsor, I believe — I saw his mother in November — who has been out about four years, and sticks up the mail whenever he is hard up. He never, that I know, sticks up people in the bush. Why is he not captured? Have the people in the north not good reason to complain? Does it not seem as if the police were merely putting in their time? The country wonders, but I don’t wonder why he is not taken. I was six or seven weeks in the ranges, from one end to the other, and during that period never met or saw a policeman. SHOOTING A WILD BULL FOR PRACTICE. On one occasion I chased a wild bull and fired at him repeatedly to train our horses to it. We chased this bull for two miles, constantly firing, until we killed him. It occurred to me that this was about the best practice men should be drilled to who are sent after the bushrangers; for it teaches them to ride, to fire while galloping, and to exercise caution. For a wild bull, with a couple of bullets in a fleshy part will test a rider on the side of a mountain to keep beside him. One drill of that sort would be of more service to a man than twelve months drill in Sydney, and for the horse to. Well, if two or three of us could travel about, firing our arms off occasionally, and camping about without attracting the notice of the police, how long could a man whose object was occasional plunder, remain in those ranges without being taken? As things are now Thunderbolt can remain there five years longer, perfectly secure, with police stations all round him, and he may become the father of a numerous family. I know the men who were with me will try hard to take him, but what can they do? Their horses were done up when I left, and they were ordered to remain at home till they got fresh again. They wanted ammunition, but could not get it. They had only six rounds when I left, the most of this being damaged by camping out in the wet. The Gunnedah police were put on Ward in his camp, when I left, and my old tracker who was up there was left behind for some reason or other — it would be hard to tell. So they sneaked on the camp and blazed away at Ward and his mate, but they both got away on foot. The boy took one road and Ward the other — so ended the encounter. THUNDERBOLT ELUDES THEM. Well, my old mates, being out scouring, saw a man in the bush and called upon him, but he sloped, it being very scrubby. They only got one run down and one shot, when they lost him. Ward made down to the gins’ hut, or close to it, and the lady was talking to him, both on horseback, when up rode two of the Tamworth police and fired at him from a distance, it being open forest land. They had a splendid chance, but he again got away. As soon as my old mates missed him they met a friend, and were told that the boy, Mason, was making for a certain place. Their horses being used up they could not follow but sent a note to one of the police at Narrabri. This policeman went to the house, and the boy surrendered. Now if all the police helped one another like that how much better it would be; but they were natives, and good men, working together, but humbugged for want of proper officers over them — at least some officer who could tell a saddle horse from a draught horse before he paid £15 or £20 for him. BUYING POLICE HORSES. But some of the superintendents in buying horses, purchase mere scrubbers from a rich man to secure his favour. They give him a good price but the animal is a mere scrubber, unfit for the work. If a poor man came with a good stock horse fit for any bush work, they turn up their nose and don’t want him. Then word is sent to Sydney that they cannot get horses. In this way the men have to ride animals little better than donkeys, dearly purchased, and when they want to do anything, they cannot. THE CONCLUSION. Well, I was on X.’s case in Sydney. The first thing I did on arriving was, as previously stated, to write out an application to withdraw my resignation, stating, that I had good hopes of being able to catch Thunderbolt and would like to start back as soon as the Braidwood cases were over. X’s case and —’s were one, and should have been tried together, but sergeant V. had the case against Mick Connell, and to get him into it he wanted — to give certain evidence under a promise that my charge against her should not be prosecuted. There was a charge also, of stolen rings against this lady. Well, she did swear a few words but not before Mr. Butler, who prosecuted for the Crown, left the Court to indict her for perjury. X’s case then came on, and the charge against him was for aiding and abetting Tom Connell to escape — that is what we charged him with, and all the evidence we had against him. After long trial the jury returned a verdict of guilty on the second count — “aiding and abetting, &c.” That verdict, to my notion, was a true one, and according to the evidence, and the true case against him. But his Honor, as I understood, said they must find him guilty or innocent of the full charge, “accessory to the fact after robbery &c;” that there was no second count. The jury seemed staggered for a minute or two when they returned a verdict of not guilty. Then his Honor seemed astonished, but acquitted him. He was then charged with sticking up Chinamen on two occasions, but there being only one Chinese prosecutor there the case fell to the ground. The cases being over the lady was not tried, to the great glory of sergeant V., so I reported myself at the Police-office, and was told my application had not been sent in, but would be in the morning. Next morning I was told as my resignation was due there was nothing to prevent my being discharged — so I was discharged. Of course I thought it strange I should not have been allowed to go and try to take Thunderbolt when I had such a chance. However, I was half crippled then in my left wrist and they deemed it expedient to get rid of me. Such is the way of the world. Now, I had done as much active service for two years as any trooper in the force, and here was my reward. If crippled they might have aided me a little. If I had been a new arrival I might have got a brief pension. But I don’t want it. This country is my home, and in it I am able and can earn an honest living by the sweat of my brow. May every trooper who leaves the service be able to do the same is the wish of their old companion. (CONCLUDED.) With multiple film productions about Ned Kelly underway, it’s clear that bushrangers are becoming a popular topic once more. However, there are many bushrangers who deserve their own films as well and here are some of the great stories waiting to be brought to life. Some have been brought to the screen before in silent films that have since vanished, some were slated to be filmed but the projects never got off the ground and some just had bad outings in the past. 10. William Westwood: Few stories in bushranging are equal parts adventurous and tragic. William Westwood fills this to a tee. Westwood arrived in Australia as a teenage convict and soon became a highwayman, many oral traditions painted him as a gallant bandit who was courteous to women and more prone to larking about than committing robberies, his horsemanship considered second to none. However, the brutality of the penal system saw him lead a riot on Norfolk Island during which he murdered three men in cold blood. A film exploring just what causes a man not known to be violent to snap and commit a triple homicide would be gripping viewing and a tale that to date has never graced the screen. Potential Casting: Tom Hughes (Victoria) 9. Teddy the Jewboy: Edward Davis aka Teddy the Jewboy was Australia’s only known Jewish bushranger. Starting out as a street kid in London, he was transported for a failed shoplifting and absconded from Hyde Park Barracks to become a bushranger. Thanks to his father’s connections he soon joined a gang of bushrangers and rapidly climbed the ranks to become their leader. This diminutive, heavily tattooed Jew with a penchant for pink ribbons began a campaign to punish the cruel superintendents who brutalised the convicts assigned to them – but never on a Saturday, according to the legends, as that was the Sabbath. No doubt a colourful character such as this would make for exciting viewing as well as highlight the cultural diversity present in Australia in the 1800s, even if it is within the criminal fraternity. Potential Casting: Daniel Radcliffe (Harry Potter) 8. Dan Morgan: Morgan has been brought to life on screen twice already, the first time in a silent film that has since disappeared and the second in 1975’s Mad Dog Morgan starring Dennis Hopper. Why, then, does Morgan deserve his own film when so many bushrangers haven’t had even one film? In short the true story of Morgan is yet to be shown on screen. Mad Dog Morgan took frequent and somewhat bizarre liberties with the facts despite using Margaret Carnegie’s Morgan the Bold Bushranger as a source. Examples of the weird liberties taken in the ’75 film include: Dennis Hopper’s Irish accent; making John Wendlan and Sergeant Smyth recurring villains; turning Success from a prison hulk into a fortress prison; the inclusion of Billy, an Aboriginal bushranger; removing Morgan’s moustache to make him look more like Abraham Lincoln and references to the Tasmanian Tiger as an “extinct animal” despite the last Tasmanian Tiger dying in captivity in 71 years later. The true story of Morgan would make for an incredible Gothic Western or psychological drama with the gaps in the history making room for some artistic license to explain what made Morgan the man he was. Potential Casting: Sam Parsonson (Gallipoli, Coffin Rock) 7. Jessie Hickman: Elizabeth McIntyre aka Jessie Hickman was commonly known as the “Lady Bushranger” in the Blue Mountains district. A former circus trick rider and champion rough rider, Hickman found herself in a life of crime, stealing cattle from the neighbouring farmers and hiding out with her gang of young men in her headquarters in the Nullo Mountain. Hickman was an amazing rider and master of disguise, she was a wild child who would rather give up her family than leave the bush. Hickman’s story is the subject of an in-development film entitled Lady Bushranger, so here’s hoping that production grows some legs so it can get up and running. Potential Casting: Teresa Palmer (Hacksaw Ridge) 6. Matthew Brady: He may not be a household name now but at one time Matthew Brady was the bushranger’s bushranger. Transported to Van Diemans Land in the early days of the colony, he and nine other convicts stole a boat and rowed from Sarah Island to Hobart where they took to the bush and set the bar for all bushrangers that came after. They robbed travellers and farms but Brady also enjoyed grander gestures such as breaking into the prison at Sorell and releasing the inmates then locking up the redcoats who had been hunting him. His chivalry towards women was famous and in his condemned cell he received letters and gifts from dozens of female admirers. Brady’s life was full of adventure and drama – perfect for a big screen experience. Potential Casting: Thomas Cocquerel (In Like Flynn, Red Dog: True Blue) 5. Martin Cash: Perhaps the best candidate for Tasmania’s patron bushranger is Martin Cash who is most famous for his memoirs, which were published in the 1870s. An Irish convict, he started fresh in New South Wales before a stock theft charge saw him flee to Van Diemans Land with his lover. After escaping from Port Arthur twice, he led the band of bushrangers known as Cash and Co. Cash is another character whose doomed romance forms a vital part of the narrative, his passion leading him to a long stint at Norfolk Island. Cash was handsome, cheeky, passionate and wild and with a good supporting cast to pad out the story it could very well be one for the ages. Potential Casting: Paul Mescal (God’s Creatures, Carmen) 4. Harry Power: Harry Power was Victoria’s greatest highwayman, gaining a price on his head of £500 at the peak of his career. Best remembered as Ned Kelly’s tutor in crime, to date he has only been seen on screen as a bit part in The Last Outlaw played by Gerard Kennedy and will be seen again in the adaptation of True History of the Kelly Gang portrayed by Russell Crowe. Power, however, was an intriguing character in his own right with robberies, chases, romance and prison escapes all part and parcel of the highwayman’s tale. While his association with Ned Kelly is what most people know him for, that association only lasted a couple of months leaving so much more of the story untouched and ripe or the picking. Potential Casting: Philip Quast (Hacksaw Ridge, The Brides of Christ, Picnic at Hanging Rock) 3. The Clarke Gang: Of all the bushranging gangs that held Australia in a state of tension and fear, few can truly compare to the Clarke Gang who roamed New South Wales in the mid 1860s. Stock theft, robbery, raids and murder are plentiful in the story of their brief and violent reign of terror that concluded on the gallows of Darlinghurst Gaol. To date this incredible story has never been brought to screen and perhaps is far too epic to contain in one standalone film, lending itself better to a mini-series given how numerous the depredations of the gang were. The Clarke story is one of family, lawlessness and the dark side of human nature. Potential Casting: Hugh Sheridan (Packed to the Rafters, Boar) 2. Frank Gardiner: Few bushrangers earned their place in the pantheon of bushranging like Francis Christie aka Frank Gardiner. Gardiner introduced many of the greatest bushrangers to the game including Johnny Gilbert, John O’Meally and Ben Hall. Gardiner’s greatest claim to fame was the robbery of the gold escort at Eugowra Rocks which was one of the largest gold heists in history. Gardiner’s ill-fated romance with Kitty Brown (Ben Hall’s sister in law) makes for brilliant drama and no doubt the mix of romance, action and sexy outlaws on horses would be a great combination. A film version of Gardiner’s career titled The Legend of Frank Gardiner by Matthew Holmes, the man behind The Legend of Ben Hall, has been in development for a time and would be a fantastic opportunity to bring this fascinating story to life. Potential Casting: Luke Arnold (Black Sails, INXS: Never Year Us Apart) 1. Captain Moonlite: Few bushranger stories have the potential to tug the heart-strings like that of Andrew George Scott aka Captain Moonlite. The tale of a well-educated pastor’s fall from grace into infamy is gripping, full of drama, humour and the highest profile LGBTI+ romance in bushranger history. From his romances in Bacchus Marsh and his alleged robbery of the bank in Mount Egerton with subsequent playboy lifestyle in Sydney to his grueling prison sentence in Pentridge full of misadventure and the desperation that led him to Wantabadgery Station, Scott’s story would captivate audiences. Throw in his love affair with fellow bushranger James Nesbitt and you have a scandalous and topical tale of forbidden love to boot. A Moonlite film by Rohan Spong went into production several years ago but was never publicly released, so as we reach the 140th anniversary of his hanging it would be nice to see him get some love. Ideal cast: Dan Stevens (Beauty and the Beast, Legion, Downton Abbey) Honourable mentions: There are far too many bushranger stories to bring to life as standalone films, which makes a list of ten extremely difficult to choose. Here are some of the bushrangers who almost made the cut. * Captain Thunderbolt and Mary Ann Bugg: The story of Frederick Wordsworth Ward and his family is perfect for a film. A loveable rogue with his tough and resourceful wife who frequently sacrificed her own freedom for his. It’s a love story and a tragedy. * Captain Melville: The gentleman bushranger Captain Melville is one of Victoria’s most Infamous. From being a convict to a notorious brigand to getting busted in a brothel and beyond Melville is a colourful character who will keep audiences entertained. * The Kenniff brothers: The tragic tale of Queensland’s most infamous bushranging family would make for a brilliant and gripping film. A movie that portrays the intense legal drama that unfolded at the turn of the century to prove that Paddy and Jim Kenniff murdered Albert Dahlke and Constable Doyle then incinerated the remains while trying to recreate what really happened would be incredibly moving and memorable. * The Ribbon Gang: The uprising known as the Bathurst Rebellion led by Ralph Entwistle is epic and dramatic. Kicked off after Entwistle was unfairly punished for skinny dipping, it became one of the most incredible outbreaks of bushranging in history with Entwistle’s gang rumoured to have exceeded 100 men all raiding, pillaging and murdering in the district before a series of battles with the military saw the bushrangers vanquished, ten bushrangers meeting their end on the scaffold. * The Gilbert-Hall Gang: The last days of the Hall gang were portrayed in the award-winning The Legend of Ben Hall, but aside from a long forgotten TV series from 1975 and several missing silent films, the glory days of the gang have not been committed to film – and none ever portrayed accurately. Hall and Gilbert with John O’Meally, John Vane and Mickey Burke were once the most formidable bandits in Australia, bailing up Canowindra and Bathurst multiple times and committing countless highway robberies. Few bushranging tales can compete with this one for sheer adventure, drama and tragedy. * Henry Maple: The story of Henry Maple, the boy bushranger, would make for a tragic and spellbinding story. A taut and suspenseful film could track the brief, wild period that Maple struck terror into rural Victoria in the 1920s with his sidekick Rob Banks, culminating his fatal standoff against an armed posse in the bush. Unlike other bushranger stories it would have the unique aspect of modern technology such as automobiles and the startling youth of the lead character to make for a bushranger film unlike any other.
2410	dbpedia	1	91	https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/coffeeroom/topic/new-members/page/28	en	New And Returning Members!			[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=448748431988397&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://yeshivaworld.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/YWNlogo1line-oiv7vqivezmdh8xdg5tr0d7qbtsw15fg66fjaesmd6.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	seems like tonight was a night for new members!!! great to have you all, welcome to the cr!!!! enjoy yourself & have a blast!!!!	en			https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/coffeeroom/topic/new-members	A600KiloBear you sound like you haev been through a lot in life. I can only imagine the pain and hardships that you have and are enduring. But ask yourself this and if you struggle with the answer that means that you still believe there is master for this complex world. If you truely belive that there is no reward and punishment than please agree to pass to me all the rewards for your good deeds past, present and future. And in turn you will take all the sins that I have and continue to accumulate in life. Its a win win situation. I win because I will leave this world with many rewards and no sins and you will lose nothing since after all you don’t believe in this anyway. So can you please agree to give me all your rewards and take my sins? albert einstein used “thought experiments” as part of his methodology. heres one for you: if youre not afraid of the truth take it seriously it just takes a minute, but you have to use some effort to really feel yourself to be in the situation: you are in a locked booth there is a large lever you can pull the lever towards the left, if you believe that you were formed by the random motion of atoms and their components over billions of years you can pull the lever to the right if you believe you were created by the planning of an intelligence. if you pull the lever to the side that is false, the booth will blow up if you pull the lever the side of the truth the door of the booth will be open and you will be set free if you do nothing, in 3 minutes the booth will blow up you have no time for rationalizing, you can only do what your heart tells you really try to experience this, dont just think about it, try to live it and get in touch with the inner you. We are not going to have another long debate about evolution in this thread. If anyone wants to repeat the evolution debate please start a new thread or continue in General Shmooze2. This will be the last post about evolution in this thread “Even if evolution had been completley disproven (wich it most defenitly has not been! on the contrary just about evrey expert in the natrual sciences and evrey leading authority in the natrual sciences say it has been proven beyond a shadow of a doubt)” (This was last publicly updated August 2008. Scientists listed by doctoral degree or current position.) Paul Ashby Ph.D. Chemistry Harvard University Philip Skell Emeritus, Evan Pugh Prof. of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University Member of the National Academy of Sciences Lyle H. Jensen Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Biological Structure & Dept. of Biochemistry University of Washington, Fellow AAAS Maciej Giertych Full Professor, Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences Lev Beloussov Prof. of Embryology, Honorary Prof., Moscow State University Member, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences Eugene Buff Ph.D. Genetics Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences Emil Palecek Prof. of Molecular Biology, Masaryk University; Leading Scientist Inst. of Biophysics, Academy of Sci., Czech Republic K. Mosto Onuoha Shell Professor of Geology & Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Univ. of Nigeria Fellow, Nigerian Academy of Science Ferenc Jeszenszky Former Head of the Center of Research Groups Hungarian Academy of Sciences M.M. Ninan Former President Hindustan Academy of Science, Bangalore University (India) Denis Fesenko Junior Research Fellow, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia) Sergey I. 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Thomas Abraham Assistant Professor of Pharmacology & Toxicology Campbell University School of Pharmacy John L. Hoffer Professor of Engineering; Texas A&M University College of Engineering; (also) Professor of Anesthesiology Texas A&M Univ. Syst. Health Science Center Anita McElroy Ph.D. Biology University of California, San Diego Herman Branover Professor of Mechanical Engineering Ben-Gurion University (Israel) Martin Krause Research Scientist (Astronomy) University of Cambridge (UK) James G. Bentsen Ph.D. Chemistry M.I.T. Charles N. Delzell Professor of Mathematics (Ph.D. Stanford) Louisiana State University Curtis Hrischuk Ph.D. Electrical Engineering Carleton University (Canada) Guang-Hong Chen Assistant Professor of Medical Physics & Radiology University of Wisconsin-Madison Doug Hufstedler Ph.D. Animal Nutrition Texas A&M University Justin Long Ph.D. Chemical Engineering Iowa State BS”D I am going to stick with it for a little while longer, at least another Shabbos until Chai Elul or maybe until a couple of days before Rosh Hashanah since I might want to go away for Yom Tov no matter what. If I have the same empty feeling I’ve had, and feel as uncomfortable as I have been feeling around all these families with children, and finally realize once and for all that I am totally different from people who believe, then I will have to move on in peace. That is kind of what I think will happen but I have to go through the motions anyway right now so I might as well try to see if I can work things out. On the other hand if I am either able to speak to someone or otherwise decide once and for all that it is true, then the only damage that was done is that some people read something online written under a screen name that I hardly use for anything else (except AIM which I have removed because it is so Web 1.0 LOL), and people have done much worse and stayed in the community in the end. Itzik, I hear the problem with nosy people. And I agree it is a terrible middah. But that is a separate issue. That is not the core of the problem. In my limited capacity, I can’t imagine that being THE cause here… I don’t mean to be nosy (not funny), but can we take this apart? 1. You are an older single 2. You live somewhere in the Ukraine area 3. You value your privacy- extremely 4. You have big questions regarding faith 5. You are an intelligent & intellectual person 6. You have been in this matziv before 7. There is a major (bad) influence in your life which you mentioned you’ve walked away from in the past This is all I (think I) know- I’m sure there’s much much more. To tackle each point: 1. There is a lot of stigma and pressure regarding “older singles” in the Jewish communities. THIS REFLECTS NO FAULT OF YOURS. Every older single goes through big nisyoinos. They don’t win every battle, some don’t win the war. But Hashem DOES give the koiyach to win. It’s up to you. A lot has to do with perspective and emunah. 2 & 3. Living in a secluded close knit Jewish community is what causes this “fish bowl” you describe. There is nobody else to rely upon- you only have each other. Moving to a metropolis of Jews will ironically offer you the privacy you seek- even though it may be more “closed in” or “crowded with Jews” or “narrow minded”, you will most likely be less “bothered”. And you will also most probably be very close to major business areas. 4 & 5. GET THEM ANSWERED. You are not G-d (sorry). We all have questions- don’t let them fester until explosion time. Please. If you find it difficult having deep personal conversations with a Rov and revealing your doubts, try starting online. There are numerous websites that offer “ask the Rov”. Shoot away- ask every question you have. They will direct them to the most appropriate party. And if you are not satisfied with the answers, that does not mean there isn’t a more satisfying answer available. ** If it took you all this research, knowledge and time to come up with the question- then it will take at least that much to come up with the answer! 6 & 7. I’ve taken the liberty to surmise that this person still has an effect on you; and that here lies the core of the situation. I can not speak further as I don’t have any other info regarding this matter. But if I am correct, then it is high time to remove yourself from this person’s reach and influence. You are only human and as such, you’re not above influence. Do with this post as you wish. All I know is that we care about each other- yes- kol yisroel areivim zeh lazeh. I really believe it. – areivim BS”D 6 & 7 – no, the only effect he has on me is that I found out just this past Shabbos what he is still up to, and well, put it this way, I don’t envy his oilam haba. Then I found out where his major donor stands and I don’t envy his oilam hazeh either. 2 & 3 – no, I prefer this to NY or EY. If I had felt this way in NY I’d have just run away to another state, changed my name and that would be it. Whatever the problems here, there are many advantages as well. As bad as this is, NY was more of a fishbowl with every storekeeper asking me who I am, where I am from, finding out I am unmarried etc. Here I get everything except what is sold on shul grounds from an anonymous supermarket where a non-Jewish cashier scans my order, takes my card, hello, goodbye. No one looks in my cart, no one looks over my shoulder. 4 & 5 – all ask the rov sites I have tried have referred me to – a live rov LOL! 1 – whatever happens, happens. But I will not be forced into marriage. The pool of shidduchim for me is small and not appealing and it is not as if I can’t live alone. If it happens, it happens. If I truly feel happier alone, I will probably look to work in places where I can only be alone, and well, it will be unusual if I stay frum and alone but so be it. Itzik, Regarding privacy, I can’t believe what you describe not to be an exaggeration. Every store owner, cashier etc.?? Why don’t they give me so much attention 😉 You must really stand out of a crowd 😉 Why is it NY, E”Y or the Ukraine… what happened to everything in between? So they referred you to a live Rov- why not try it out? I personally find it much easier to “spill my guts” to an anonymous person than to someone I know well. Regarding shidduchim, who is forcing you into anything? You need to find the right one, not just anyone. “If I truly feel happier alone…”- do you believe that? You do not have control over whether you get married or not, but I don’t feel that’s the correct or healthy perspective. It’s a pronounced shrug. And we all know you didn’t really give up yet. – areivim PS- if you respond to this now, do not think I am ignoring as I need to step away from the CR, most probably for the night. Hatzlocha!
2410	dbpedia	3	30	https://australianpolitics.com/2013/01/26/seven-politicians-receive-australia-day-honours.html/	en	Seven Former Politicians Awarded Australia Day Honours: Downer, Uren Receive AC	https://australianpoliti…ple/uren-tom.jpg	https://australianpoliti…ple/uren-tom.jpg	[ "https://australianpolitics.com/images/people/uren-tom.jpg", "https://cdn.printfriendly.com/buttons/printfriendly-pdf-button-nobg-md.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "admin" ]	2013-01-26T00:00:00	Alexander Downer and Tom Uren and five other former politicians have received awards in the Australia Day Honours list announced today. Downer and Uren both received the AC, the highest award. Includes a complete list of all honours awarded.	en	https://australianpoliti…-logo1-32x32.jpg	AustralianPolitics.com	https://australianpolitics.com/2013/01/26/seven-politicians-receive-australia-day-honours.html/	This is the complete list of recipients of Australia Day Honours. ORDER OF AUSTRALIA COMPANION (AC) IN THE GENERAL DIVISION The Honourable Alexander John Downer, SA. For eminent service to the Parliament of Australia through the advancement of international relations and foreign policy, particularly in the areas of security, trade and humanitarian aid, and to the community of South Australia. The Reverend Professor James Mitchell Haire AM, ACT. For eminent service to the community through international leadership in ecumenical and interfaith dialogue, the promotion of religious reconciliation, inclusion and peace, and as a theologian. Professor Brian Paul Schmidt, Sutton, NSW. For eminent service as a global science leader in the field of physics through research in the study of astronomy and astrophysics, contributions to scientific bodies and the promotion of science education. The Honourable Tom Uren AO, Balmain, NSW. For eminent service to the community, particularly through contributions to the welfare of veterans, improved medical education in Vietnam and the preservation of sites of heritage and environmental significance. OFFICER (AO) IN THE GENERAL DIVISION The Honourable Justice James Leslie Allsop, Court of Appeal, Supreme Court, NSW. For distinguished service to the judiciary and the law, as a judge, through reforms to equity and access, and through contributions to the administration of maritime law and legal education. Professor John Robert Argue, Myrtle Bank, SA. For distinguished service to engineering through contributions to the development of stormwater management and technology as a researcher and academic. Robert Atkinson APM, Calamvale, Qld. For distinguished service to policing and to the community of Queensland, through leadership in law enforcement, community and cultural engagement, improved service delivery and contributions to professional development. Nicholas Begakis AM, Torrens Park, SA. For distinguished service to business and commerce in South Australia through leadership in the food industry and the development of international trade, and to the community. Carolyn Louise Bond, Moonee Ponds, Vic. For distinguished service to the community through the protection of consumers, particularly in relation to financial services, as an advocate and counsellor and through the provision of legal assistance services. Lynelle Jann Briggs, Narrabundah, ACT. For distinguished service to public administration, particularly through leadership in the development of public service performance and professionalism. Professor Roger William Byard PSM, SA. For distinguished service to medicine in the field of forensic pathology as an academic, researcher and practitioner and through contributions to professional committees and organisations. Professor Robert Graham Clark, Balgowlah Heights, NSW. For distinguished service to science and technology through leadership and governance of the scientific community of the Australian Defence Force and through contributions to quantum computing and nanotechnology. Professor Diego De Leo, Brisbane, Qld. For distinguished service to medicine in the field of psychiatry as a researcher and through the creation of national and international strategies for suicide prevention. Paul William Dyer, Edgecliff, NSW. For distinguished service to the performing arts, particularly orchestral music as a director, conductor and musician, through the promotion of educational programs and support for emerging artists. Jill Gallagher, Collingwood, Vic. For distinguished service to the indigenous community of Victoria, through leadership in the area of health and contributions to cultural, welfare and professional organisations. Emeritus Professor Robert Donald Goldney, Toorak Gardens, SA. For distinguished service to medicine in the field of psychiatry, as a researcher and academic, through international contributions to the study of suicide and its prevention. Richard James Goyder, Peppermint Grove, WA. For distinguished service to business through executive roles and through the promotion of corporate sponsorship of the arts and indigenous programs, and to the community. Professor Peter Gavin Hall, University of Melbourne, Vic. For distinguished service to mathematical science in the field of statistics through international contributions to research, as an academic and mentor, and through leadership of advisory and professional organisations. Gregory Neil Hartung OAM, Fyshwick, ACT. For distinguished service to sport and to people with a disability through contributions to the development and promotion of the paralympic community, particularly in the South Pacific. Clive James AM, Cambridge, United Kingdom. For distinguished service to literature through contributions to cultural and intellectual heritage, particularly as a writer and poet. James Carvel McColl, Adelaide, SA. For distinguished service to primary industry through policy and strategy advisory roles in the agriculture, fisheries and natural resources sector, and to conservation and the environment. Roderick Hamilton McGeoch AM, Woollahra, NSW. For distinguished service to the community through contributions to a range of organisations and to sport, particularly through leadership in securing the Sydney Olympic Games. Alistair Murray McLean OAM, ACT. For service to the Australian and international communities through significant leadership and co-ordination roles following the tsunami and earthquakes that occurred in Japan on 11 March 2011 and to the promotion of Australia’s diplomatic and trade relationships. Peter James McMurtrie, North Lakes, Qld. For distinguished service to the community through leadership in the areas of emergency patient care and health service management and contributions to professional organisations. Ernestine Bonita Mabo, Deeragun, Qld. For distinguished service to the indigenous community and to human rights as an advocate for the Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and South Sea Islander peoples. Professor Ralph Nigel Martins, Nedlands, WA. For distinguished service to medicine in the field of psychiatry through leadership in the research into Alzheimer’s disease and the development of early diagnosis and treatment programs, and to the community of Perth. Dr Colin Douglas Matthews Walkerville, SA. For distinguished service to reproductive medicine, particularly through the establishment of donor insemination and in vitro fertilisation programs, through contributions to research and as an academic. Natalie Miller OAM, Toorak, Vic. For distinguished service to the film industry through promotion of screen culture, as a mentor to emerging filmmakers, particularly women, and contributions to advisory and professional organisations. Dr Philip James Moors, Balwyn North, Vic. For distinguished service to conservation and the environment through contributions to the botanical and scientific community and the promotion of Australian flora. Hugh Andrew O’Neill, North Melbourne, Vic. For distinguished service to architecture, through contributions to tertiary education and the fostering of relations with Asia, particularly Indonesia. Elaine Janet Paton, Tallangatta, Vic. For distinguished service to the rural community, particularly as an advocate for the role of women in agriculture and through contributions to educational programs. Professor Sally Redman, Annandale, NSW. For distinguished service to public health through leadership in the care of women with breast cancer, contributions to research and higher education and the promotion of relationships between researchers, policy makers and practitioners. Professor Marilyn Bernice Renfree, Glen Waverley, Vic. For distinguished service to biology, particularly through leadership in the research into marsupial reproduction, and to the scientific community through contributions to professional organisations. Emeritus Professor George Ernest Rogers, Stonyfell, SA. For distinguished service to biochemistry through contributions to tertiary education and leadership of research into the molecular structure and growth processes of wool and hair. Clive Robert Weeks, Melbourne, Vic. For distinguished service to engineering through leadership roles in the development of key civil works projects and through contributions to professional and educational organisations. Dr Peter William Weiss AM, NSW. For distinguished service to the arts, particularly orchestral music through philanthropic support and advisory roles. The Honourable Dr Christine Ann Wheeler QC, Applecross, WA. For distinguished service to the judiciary and the law, through leadership in the administration of justice and contributions to legal education, as a mentor to women, and to the community of Western Australia. The Honourable Justice Margaret Jean White, Fig Tree Pocket, Qld. For distinguished service to the judiciary and the law, through leadership in administration, contributions to education and law reform, and to the community of Queensland. Tony Wurramarrba, Alyangula, NT. For distinguished service to the indigenous community of the Groote Eylandt Archipelago through leadership and advocacy for improved services and infrastructure. Professor Helen Maria Zorbas, Vaucluse, NSW. For distinguished service to public health through leadership in the delivery of improved information and services to cancer patients and their families and contributions to research and clinical trials. OFFICER (AO) IN THE MILITARY DIVISION Royal Australian Navy Rear Admiral James Goldrick AM CSC RANR, ACT. For distinguished service as Commander, Border Protection Command, Commander, Joint Education and Training, and Commandant of the Australian Defence Force Academy, and for outstanding scholarship in the study of Australian naval history. Australian Army Major General Grant Douglas Cavenagh AM, Vic. For distinguished service to the Australian Defence Force as Commander Joint Logistics and as Head Land Systems Division. Major General Gerard Paul Fogarty AM, ACT. For distinguished service as Deputy Commander Joint Task Force 633 in Iraq, Director General Personnel – Army and as Head People Capability. MEMBER (AM) IN THE GENERAL DIVISION Mitchell David Anjou, Vic. For significant service to optometry and public health, particularly in the indigenous community, as a researcher, clinician and educator. The Honourable John Joseph Aquilina, Blacktown, NSW. For significant service to the Parliament of New South Wales and to the community. Howard Bamsey PSM, Griffith, ACT. For significant service to public administration, particularly in the area of climate change and energy efficiency. Emeritus Professor Gordon Alfred Barclay, Davistown, NSW. For significant service to tertiary education in New South Wales, particularly in the field of chemistry. Emeritus Professor Allan Douglas Barton, deceased (Award wef 8 February 2012) Late of ACT. For significant service to accounting and economics as an author, researcher, educator and mentor. Dean Bryan Barton-Smith, Vic. For significant service to the sport of athletics and to people who are deaf or hard of hearing through the development of sport and recreation opportunities. Dr Warwick Carl Bateman OAM, Chatswood, NSW. For significant service to youth through administrative and leadership roles with the Scouting movement in Australia. Dr Brian Michael Boettcher, Wahroonga, NSW. For significant service to psychiatry as a clinician and educator. Associate Professor Stuart Leigh Boland, Killara, NSW. For significant service to medicine through leadership roles in professional organisations and as a surgeon and educator. The Reverend Emeritus Professor Gary Donald Bouma, Melbourne, Vic. For significant service to sociology as an academic, to interfaith dialogue and to the Anglican Church of Australia. Robert Clements Brown, Northbridge, NSW. For significant service to the superannuation and funds management industry. Dr Gavan John Butler, Annandale, NSW. For significant service to economics and political science as an academic, researcher and educator. Professor William Edward Cartwright, Windsor, Vic. For significant service to cartography and geospatial science as an academic, researcher and educator. Paul Cattermole, Darwin, NT. For significant service to the community of the Northern Territory through the planning and management of major sporting and cultural events. Donald William Challen, Blackmans Bay, Tas. For significant service to economics and to public administration in Tasmania in the treasury and finance sector. Associate Professor Andrew Donald Cochrane, Essendon, Vic. For significant service to adolescent and adult congenital heart disease as a clinician, researcher and educator, and through humanitarian and philanthropic contributions. Keith Osborne Collett, Bentleigh East, Vic. For significant service to sustainable land management practices and water conservation. Dr Brian Leslie Cornish OAM RFD ED, Frewville, SA. For significant service to medicine as an orthopaedic surgeon, to forestry and conservation, and to the community. Ian Thomas Croser, ACT. For significant service to science through electronic communication and radar and related technologies. Associate Professor Jack Cross, Adelaide, SA. For significant service to tertiary education in South Australia, particularly in the field of art and design, and to indigenous education. Ewen Graham Crouch, Roseville, NSW. For significant service to the law as a contributor to legal professional organisations and to the community through executive roles with Mission Australia. The Right Reverend Andrew William Curnow, Bendigo, Vic. For significant service to the Anglican Church of Australia through leadership roles. Dr Marianne Josephine Dacy, Erskineville, NSW. For significant service to interfaith dialogue and to the Congregation of Our Lady of Sion. Professor Stephen Misha Davis, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic. For significant service to medicine in the field of neurology. Grant Raymond De Fries, Picnic Point, NSW. For significant service to youth through administrative and leadership roles with the Scouting movement in New South Wales. Margaret Ann Devlin, Camberwell, Vic. For significant service to youth, particularly through the Guiding movement in Victoria, and to the sport of women’s hockey. Edward Donnelly, Lane Cove, NSW. For significant service to the community through leadership in the promotion of the health and welfare of men through the Australian Men’s Shed Association. Professor Michael Andrew Dopita, Googong, NSW. For significant service to science in the field of astronomy and astrophysics. John Doust, Murdoch, WA. For significant service to the building and construction industry through executive and leadership roles. Dr Alan William Duncan, Floreat, WA. For significant service to medicine in the field of paediatric intensive care as a clinician and educator. John Robert Dunkley, Pearce, ACT. For significant service to the exploration, science and conservation of caves and karsts. Michael John Dysart, Woollahra,NSW. For significant service to architecture. Dr Mark Francis Ellis, Ivanhoe East, Vic. For significant service to medicine in the field of ophthalmology and to eye health in Indonesia and Timor-Leste. Bruce Neil Esplin, Melbourne Vic. For significant service to the emergency management sector in Victoria. Dr David Alexander Evans, ACT. For significant service to science and innovation through commercialising and developing new technologies. Kerrie Margaret Eyers, Bondi Junction, NSW. For significant service to psychology, particularly through mental health program administration. Graeme David Fair, Toorak, Vic. For significant service to the sport of tennis through a range of administrative and leadership roles, and to the community. Elizabeth Fisher, Somerton Park, SA. For significant service to the community through organisations and advisory bodies that promote social justice and the interests of women. Dr Hardinge Guy FItzhardinge, Mandurama, NSW. For significant service to conservation and the sustainable management of threatened species, and to the agricultural industry. Anne Fogarty, WA. For significant service to equity, access and advancement of education in Western Australia. The Honourable Robert Clive Fordham, Newlands Arm, Vic. For significant service to the Parliament of Victoria, to education, to the Anglican Church in Australia and to tourism and economic development. Emeritus Professor Philip Jack Foreman, Bellevue Hill, NSW. For significant service to tertiary education, particularly in the area of special education, and to people with a disability. David Anthony Forsyth, Castle Cove, NSW. For significant service to the aviation industry through a range of administrative and leadership roles. Professor Emeritus Maurice William French, Toowoomba, Qld. For significant service to tertiary education through a range of leadership roles, to the preservation of local history and to the study of the humanities. Christine Mary Gee, Campbell, ACT. For significant service to international relations and the people of Nepal, particularly through the provision of education, health and environmental programs. John Aubrey Gibson, deceased (Award wef 24 June 2011) Late of Melbourne, Vic. For significant service to international relations as an advocate for human rights. Professor Malcolm George Gillies, United Kingdom. For significant service to tertiary education through leadership roles and to the humanities, particularly as a scholar of musicology. Eric John Goodwin, Fairlight, NSW. For significant service to the community through educational organisations and to business. Professor Ian Charles Goulter, Auchenflower, Qld. For significant service to tertiary education, particularly through rural and regional engagement. Dr David Leslie Grantham PSM, Indooroopilly, Qld. For significant service to public health in the area of occupational hygiene. Laurence Francis Harkin, Berwick, Vic. For significant service to the community, particularly through the care and protection of people with a disability. Russell John Hawkins, Claremont, WA. For significant service to the community through leadership roles in the development of facilities for the support of parents, children and the aged. Ronald Kenneth Heinrich, St Ives, NSW. For significant service to the law and to the legal profession. The Reverend Harry James Herbert, Bundanoon, NSW. For significant service to the community through leadership and advocacy roles in the area of social justice and welfare. The Most Reverend Roger Adrian Herft, Perth, WA. For significant service to the Anglican Church of Australia through leadership roles in ecumenical and interfaith relations and advocacy for social justice. Mary Louise Herron, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to the performing arts through leadership and advisory roles. Jill Lesley Hickson, Woollahra, NSW. For significant service to the community through leadership roles in organisations supporting the arts, culture, tourism, the environment and education. Clive Perry Hildebrand, Chelmer, Qld. For significant service to business, particularly through leadership in the promotion of international relations and the protection of the sugar industry, and to tertiary education. John Kinloch Hindmarsh, Red Hill, ACT. For significant service to building and construction in the Australian Capital Territory, and to business. Michael Hintze, United Kingdom. For significant service to the community through philanthropic contributions to organisations supporting the arts, health and education. Philip James Hoffmann, Glenelg, SA. For significant service to the travel and tourism industry through contributions to professional associations and the development of training standards. Adjunct Professor David Anthony Hood, Taringa, Qld. For significant service to environmental engineering as an educator and researcher, through contributions to professional organisations, and to public awareness of sustainability. Professor William Roy Jackson, Camberwell, Vic. For significant service to science in the field of organic chemistry as an educator and researcher. Kenneth Edward Johnson, Campbell, ACT. For significant service to the development of water resources for irrigation and hydro-electricity as an engineer. Stephen John Jones, Withcott, Qld. For significant service to local government and the community of the Lockyer Valley, particularly in relation to the Queensland floods in 2010 and 2011. Andrew Gabriel Kaldor, Woolwich, NSW. For significant service to the arts, particularly orchestral music through advisory roles and philanthropy. Margaret Dean Larkin, Tamworth, NSW. For significant service to the arts as a leader and advocate of regional organisations. Geoffrey Michael Law, Dynnyrne, Tas. For significant service to conservation and the environment, particularly in Tasmania. Dr Michael John Llewellyn-Smith, Adelaide, SA. For significant service to local government through the promotion of city and state relations and planning. The Honourable Dr Jane Diane Lomax-Smith, Adelaide, SA. For significant service to the Parliament and the community of South Australia. Malcolm William Long, Rose Bay, NSW. For significant service to the performing arts and to the broadcasting and communications industries. Sandy Charles Longworth, Mosman, NSW. For significant service to engineering through leadership and advisory roles in research, training and professional organisations. Dr David Alistair Lonie, Boronia Park, NSW. For significant service to psychiatry, particularly in the field of infant and adolescent mental health. Dr Isla Ellen Lonie, deceased (Award wef 19 September 2011) Late of Boronia Park, NSW. For significant service to medicine in the field of psychiatry and to professional associations. Dr Errol James McGarry, Eltham North, Vic. For significant service to science and technology, particularly through research and development in the field of chemistry. Sandra Veronica McPhee, Point Piper, NSW. For significant service to business and to the community through leadership and advisory roles. John David Maddock, Hawthorn, Vic. For significant service to vocational education and training, and to the sport of basketball. David William Marchant, Breakfast Point, NSW. For significant service to the rail industry through national structural reform and infrastructure upgrades. Associate Professor Jeno Emil Marosszeky, Denistone, NSW. For significant service to rehabilitation medicine and through contributions to people with arthritis. Dr Ian William Marshall AE, The Gap, Qld. For significant service to the community of Queensland as a medical practitioner and through contributions to the cattle industry and rural education. The Honourable Justice Glenn Charles Martin, Brisbane, Qld. For significant service to the law, particularly through contributions to the Australian Bar Association, and to the community of Queensland. James Edward Maxwell, Woollahra, NSW. For significant service to sport, particularly cricket, as a commentator, and to the community. Wayne Ashley Merton, Dural, NSW. For significant service to the Parliament of New South Wales, and to the community. Robert Gordon Miller, Newtown, NSW. For significant service to the community, particularly through contributions to people with a disability. Dr Christopher Mitchell, Lennox Head, NSW. For significant service to medicine as a general practitioner through leadership roles in clinical practice, education and professional organisations. David Edward Mitchell, Golden Grove, SA. For significant service to conservation and the environment as a volunteer and volunteer advocate. Jill Elizabeth Morgan, Melbourne, Vic. For significant service to the promotion of multicultural and indigenous art through leadership roles in arts organisations. Professor Jonathan Mark Morris, Longueville, NSW. For significant service to maternal and infant health as a clinician, educator, patient advocate and researcher. Christopher John Moseley, United Kingdom. For significant service to linguistics through the preservation of indigenous and endangered languages. Jacob George Mye MBE OAM, deceased (Award wef 1 October 2010) Late of Darnley Island via Thursday Island, Qld. For significant service to the indigenous communities of the Torres Strait. The Reverend Dr Anthony George Nancarrow, Malvern, SA. For significant service to the Uniting Church in South Australia. Juliana Ampofowaa Nkrumah, Quakers Hill, NSW. For significant service to the community, particularly the welfare of women and refugees. Linda Jane O’Brien, Newtown, NSW. For significant service to secondary education through leadership and innovative practices, and to the community. Timothy John O’Brien, Berri, SA. For significant service to the community of Berri, South Australia. Julien William O’Connell, Brighton East, Vic. For significant service to the community and to the Catholic Church through leadership roles within health and governance services. Francis Michael O’Halloran, East Balmain, NSW. For significant service to business through leadership in the insurance industry and the promotion of corporate philanthropy. Mary Ann O’Loughlin, Woollahra, NSW. For significant service to public administration through the development of social policies, the reform of federal financial relations and government services. Tania Palmer, Kingdom of Cambodia. For significant service to the community, particularly street children and families in Cambodia, through the Green Gecko Project. George Papadopoulos, Camberwell, Vic. For significant service to the multicultural community of Victoria through the development of public policy, programs and services. Dr Nicholas George Pappas, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to the sport of rugby league football, to the arts and to the Greek-Australian community. Neil Perry, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to the community as a benefactor of and fund raiser for charities and as a chef and restaurateur. Jimmy Viet Tuan Pham, Canley Vale, NSW. For significant service to the community, particularly children in Vietnam, through KOTO International. Associate Professor Jonathan Phillips, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to mental health as a forensic psychiatrist, particularly through contributions to professional organisations. Norma Margaret Plummer, Berwick, Vic. For significant service to the sport of netball as a coach and representative player. Robin Andrew Poke, Hughes, ACT. For significant service to the sport of rowing and the Olympic movement as an administrator, journalist and author. Ann Kathleen Porter, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to people who are deaf or hard of hearing through executive and advocacy roles. Emeritus Professor Owen Edward Potter, Camberwell, Vic. For significant service to chemical engineering through leadership in the areas of education, research and development, and to the Catholic Church. Alan Nalder Powell, Linden Park, SA. For significant service to the community of South Australia through governance of welfare and church organisations and as a philanthropist. Dr Jan Desma Pratt, Grange, Qld. For significant service to child-health nursing through leadership in the area of professional development. Dr David Anthony Rand, Beaumaris, Vic. For significant service to science and technological development in the area of energy storage, particularly rechargeable batteries. Professor Paul Murray Redmond, Queens Park, NSW. For significant service to the law through contributions to legal education and professional bodies. Professor Bruce William Robinson, UWA School of Medicine, Nedlands, WA. For significant service to medicine in the area of research into asbestos-related cancers and to the community, particularly through support to fathers. Professor Abdullah Saeed, University of Melbourne, Vic. For significant service to tertiary education in the field of Islamic studies and to the community, particularly through the promotion of interfaith dialogue. Antonino Schiavello, Tullamarine, Vic. For significant service to business, particularly in the manufacturing and construction industries and to the community of Victoria. Janine Betty Schmidt, Brisbane, Qld. For significant service to the promotion of library services and information sciences, particularly through the development of electronic access initiatives. Emeritus Professor Steven Schwartz, Pyrmont, NSW. For significant service to tertiary education, to the community and to mental health. Kathryn Shauna Selby, Northbridge, NSW. For significant service to the arts as a concert pianist and performer of chamber music. Professor Dinesh Selva, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA. For significant service to ophthalmology and visual sciences as an academic, clinician and researcher and through contributions to professional organisations. Professor Peter Allen Silburn, Paddington, Qld. For significant service to medicine as a neurologist, particularly in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Professor David Owen Sillence, Eastwood, NSW. For significant service to medicine in the field of clinical genetics. Professor Anne Simmons, Wollstonecraft, NSW. For significant service to biomedical engineering, as an academic and administrator. Dr Michael Alexander Smith, Downer, ACT. For significant service to archaeological scholarship, particularly of the Australian desert regions. Professor Roger Smith, Newcastle, NSW. For significant service to medical research and development in the Hunter region and in the field of maternal health. Graham Joseph Smorgon, Vic. For significant service to business and to the community of Victoria. Emeritus Professor Richard Speare, Idalia, Qld. For significant service to medical and biological research through leadership roles in the areas of public health and wildlife conservation. Graham George Spurling ED, Brighton, SA. For significant service to business and to the community of South Australia. Emeritus Professor Robert Lynton Stable, Clayfield, Qld. For significant service to the community of Queensland through innovative and strategic management in the areas of tertiary education and health. Jock Hewett Statton OAM, Kangarilla, SA. For significant service to the veteran community of South Australia. Susan Winston Talbot, United States of America. For significant service to international relations, particularly through promotion of the arts. Benedict Taylor, East Perth, WA. For significant service to the indigenous community of Western Australia through contributions to a range of social justice and humanitarian rights issues. Mark Tedeschi QC, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to the law as a prosecutor and to photography. Robert Bain Thomas, Vaucluse, NSW. For significant service to the community of New South Wales through contributions to library governance and to business. Gianfranco Tomasi, Applecross, WA. For significant service to business through leadership roles in the electrical contracting industry and to the community. Professor Kristine Margaret Toohey, Paradise Point, Qld. For significant service to sport as an academic and researcher and through contributions to professional organisations. Professor Michael James Toole, Elwood, Vic. For significant service to international health, particularly through leadership in medical research. Kenneth Irving Turner, Booker Bay, NSW. For significant service to tertiary education, particularly in the political history of New South Wales. Judy Verlin, Alfredton. Vic. For significant service to the community of Ballarat. Associate Professor Jitendra Kantilal Vohra, Kew, Vic. For significant service to medicine in the field of cardiology. Alan George Waldron, West Beach, SA. For significant service to the sport of baseball and to the community. Dr Bruce William Walker, Alice Springs, NT. For significant service to the indigenous communities of remote Australia and the Northern Territory, and to the sport of cricket. Emeritus Professor John Gilbert Wallace PSM, Clifton Hill, Vic. For significant service to tertiary education. Leigh Robert Whicker, Stirling, SA. For significant service to the sport of Australian rules football in South Australia. Mary-Louise Williams, Annandale, NSW. For significant service to the museum sector and the preservation of maritime history. Lynette Robyn Willox, Mount Lawley, WA. For significant service to people with a disability in Western Australia. Dr Bethia Wilson, South Yarra, Vic. For significant service to the community of Victoria through the provision of dispute resolution in the area of health services. Yvonne Ethel Wilson, Yenda, NSW. For significant service to the community of Griffith, particularly through contributions to the protection of women and children. Bill Wood, O’Connor, ACT. For significant service to the community and the Legislative Assembly of the Australian Capital Territory. Dr Glenda Kaye Wood, Woollahra, NSW. For significant service to medicine in the field of dermatology. Emeritus Professor Neville David Yeomans, Camberwell, Vic. For significant service to tertiary education, research and clinical practice in the field of medicine. Kenneth Hudson Youdale DFC OAM, Sydney, NSW. For significant service to the community, particularly as an advocate for people affected by thalidomide. Derek Bernard Young, South Yarra, Vic. For significant service to the community of Victoria through contributions to the performing arts and higher education, and to philanthropy. Dr Jane Louise Zimmerman, George Town, Tas. For significant service to the community as an advocate and promoter of the status and health of women. MEMBER (AM) IN THE MILITARY DIVISION Royal Australian Navy Captain Jonathan David Sadleir RAN, ACT. For exceptional performance of duties as the Director Navy Continuous Improvement, Commanding Officer HMAS Parramatta and as Staff Officer Global Operations. Australian Army Major General Stephen Julian Day DSC, ACT. For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force as Commander of the 7th Brigade and Head Joint Capability Co-ordination. Lieutenant Colonel Michael Edward Garraway, SA. For exceptional service in the field of officer career management in 2009 and as Commanding Officer, 7th Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment, from 2010 to 2012. Major General Paul David McLachlan CSC, Vic. For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force as the Director General Development and Plans – Army, and as the Commander of the 7th Brigade. Brigadier Barry Neil McManus CSC, For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force as the Director General Capability and Plans and as the Army Attache to the United States of America. Brigadier Jane Maree Spalding, NSW. For exceptional service to the Australian Defence Force in the fields of recruiting and strategic reform. Colonel Wade Bradley Stothart, ACT. For exceptional service as Commanding Officer Timor Leste Battle Group – Four, Commanding Officer of the 3rd Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment, Military Assistant to the Commander Forces Command and Director of Officer Career Management – Army. MEDAL (OAM) IN THE GENERAL DIVISION Lieta Acquarola, Yokine, WA. For service to the hospitality industry and to a range of charitable organisations. John Geoffrey Adnams, Mount Waverley, Vic. For service to business and commerce and to the community. Francis Xavier Alcorta, Bargara, Qld. For service to veterans and their families, and to journalism. Maree Sarah Allen, Beecroft, NSW. For service to highland dancing as a teacher, adjudicator and administrator. Dr Mustafa Abbas Ally, Eight Mile Plains, Qld. For service to the community through the promotion of interfaith harmony. Phillip Gregory Anderson, Gowrie, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Pamela Clare Archer, Taree, NSW. For service to music and to the community of Taree. Russell Joseph Ardley, Mornington, Vic. For service to youth through Mornington Peninsula Youth Enterprises. Meredith Claire Arnold , Waikerie, SA. For service to the community of Waikerie. Krishna Arora, Glen Waverley, Vic. For service to the community through multicultural and aged welfare organisations. Philip Henry Asker, Ringwood, Vic. For service to the tourism industry and to the community. Dr John Francis Atchison, Armidale, NSW. For service to the community of New England as a historian and educator. Philadelphia Alaine Atkinson, Atherton, Qld. For service to the community, particularly people with a disability. Brian Laurence Baldwin, Inverell, NSW. For service to the community of Inverell through a range of organisations. John Graeme Balfour, Belrose, NSW. For service to the community, particularly veterans. Ronald Frederick Barnes, Ingle Farm, SA. For service to youth through the Scouting movement. Donald James Barton, Fig Tree Pocket, Qld. For service to the community through church and welfare organisations. Dr Malcolm Baxter, Armadale, Vic. For service to medicine as an ear, nose and throat specialist. Olga Lillian Bayley, Revesby, NSW. For service to the community as a supporter of charitable organisations. Clinical Professor Graeme Leslie Beardmore, Tewantin, Qld. For service to medicine in the field of dermatology. Dr Allan Kenneth Beavis, Moss Vale, NSW. For service to music and to education. Linda Karen Beilharz, Bendigo, Vic. For service to the community and to polar exploration. Philip William Bell, Wahroonga, NSW. For service to education and to the community. John Maxwell Benyon, Cremorne, NSW. For service to radio broadcasting and to the community. Robert Allan Blake, Doubleview, WA. For service to surf lifesaving as an administrator and official. Eftihia Angelica Bland, Turramurra, NSW. For service to the community through charitable organisations. Terence Paul Boardman, Queenscliff, NSW. For service to surf lifesaving and to the community. John Samuel Bolitho, Finley, NSW. For service to the community of Finley. Brendan Matthew Bolton, Japan. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Kevin John Borger, Pottsville, NSW. For service to veterans and their families, and to people with a disability. Peter Gerard Boyce, Nambour, Qld. For service to the community of the Sunshine Coast. Robert Arthur Breeden, deceased (Award wef 17 March 2011) Late of Yalyalup, WA. For service to conservation and the environment, and to the community. Dr James Ernest Breheny, Balwyn North, Vic. For service to medical administration. Dr Nellie Dianne Bresciani, Toorak, Vic. For service to music, to the visual arts and to the community. David John Briegel, Wembley Downs, WA. For service to the community through charitable and historical organisations. Tessie Florence Brill, Hastings Point, NSW. For service to the community of the Northern Rivers. Victor Vincent Brill, Hastings Point, NSW. For service to the community of the Northern Rivers. Jeffrey Ross Britton, Smithton, Tas. For service to conservation and the environment, and to the community. John Winton Broomby, Westbury, Tas. For service to conservation and the environment, and to the community. Colin McIntyre Brown, Walla Walla, NSW. For service to the community of the Riverina, particularly as an educator. Kenneth Raymond Brown, Dianella, WA. For service to the sport of tennis through administrative roles. Colin Francis Browne, Mitcham, Vic. For service to the sport of athletics, to education and to the community. Jennifer Mary Bryant, Tyabb, Vic. For service to wildlife conservation. Walter Buldo, Parkinson, Qld. For service to the community, particularly veterans and their families. Richard Alfred Burns, Penguin, Tas. For service to botany, as an author and conservationist. Raelene Mary Bussenschutt, Kadina, SA. For service to the community through health, agricultural and women’s organisations. Phillip Anthony Butler, Glenorchy, Tas. For service to the community of Glenorchy. Hazel Dawn Butorac, Mount Lawley, WA. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Betty Iris Byrne , Burnie, Tas. For service to the community of Burnie. Commodore Ian Arthur Callaway RAN (Retired), Wollstonecraft, NSW. For service to veterans and their families. Donald Cameron, Ventnor, Vic. For service to local government, to conservation and the environment, and to the community, particularly through Lions International. Dr John Dominic Cannon, Howrah, Tas. For service to the sport of sailing. The Reverend Father George Carpis, Isaacs, ACT. For service to the Greek Orthodox Church and to the community. Professor Vincent Caruso, Crawley, WA. For service to medicine in the field of pathology. Norma Alice Castaldi, Hunters Hill, NSW. For service to the community as a fund-raiser and volunteer. Nigel Phillip Caswell, Brighton East, Vic. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Joanne Cavanagh, Hampton, Vic. For service to the community through social welfare organisations. Stephen Lindsay Cavanagh, Hervey Bay, Qld. For service to education and to the sport of rugby league football. John Laurence Chadban, Boomerang Beach, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of the Great Lakes region. Brian Erskine Chaseling MBE, deceased (Award wef 19 March 2012) Late of Queenscliff, NSW. For service to veterans and their families. Dr Kee Cheung, Carindale, Qld. For service to the Chinese community of Brisbane. Alan Charles Clough, Footscray West, Vic. For service to the sports of Australian rules football and lawn bowls, and to the community. Robert Edward Clyne, Unley Park, SA. For service to the community, particularly through the Freemasonry movement. Patricia June Conolly, Buderim, Qld. For service to the community of the Sunshine Coast. Jane Louise Cooke, Baulkham Hills, NSW. For service to the sport of gymnastics as an administrator. Joanne Frances Court, Nedlands, WA. For service to the community as an advocate for health, early childhood development and conservation organisations. Kenneth John Craddock, Narrabri, NSW. For service to the community of Narrabri, particularly veterans and their families. Heather Janice Crombie, Kalgoorlie, WA. For service to the community through remote health organisations. Carole Crommelin, Peppermint Grove, WA. For service to the community through health and charitable organisations. Wilbur Henry Cross, Forster, NSW. For service to music as a bandmaster, teacher and mentor. Ronald James Cumming, Bunyip, Vic. For service to the community of Bunyip. Alan Richard Curry, Tanilba Bay, NSW. For service to the community, particularly veterans and their families. Peter Howard Dale, Ballarat, Vic. For service to the performing arts and to the community of Ballarat. Marilyn Jean Dann, Blackburn, Vic. For service to the deaf and hearing impaired. John Gerard Davies, Toorak, Vic. For service to youth through a range of organisations. Councillor John Neville Davis, Orange, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of Orange. Douglas Charles Daws, Kalgoorlie, WA. For service to the mining industry, to local government and to the community of Kalgoorlie. Robert Alan Dawson, Ferntree Gully, Vic. For service to the community as a volunteer. Wandacita Day, Northmead, NSW. For service to the trade union movement and to the community. Neil Dickins, Mount Gambier, SA. For service to the community through social welfare and sporting organisations. Margot Balfour Dods, Ocean Shores, NSW. For service to music through administrative roles. Colleen Frances Dolan, Freshwater, Qld. For service to people with a disability. The Reverend Father Ignatius Tyson Doneley, Kensington, NSW. For service to the community through Catholic education organisations. Patrick Joseph Donnellan, Empire Bay, NSW. For service to the community of Gosford. Thomas Henry Donohue, Ballarat, Vic. For service to the community through social welfare organisations. William Keith Downie, North Hobart, Tas. For service to business and to the community. Alan Ralph Duggan, Cradoc, Tas. For service to the community of the Huon Valley. John Stephen Dwyer, Maffra, Vic. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Leslie David Elcome, Victoria Point. Qld. For service to people with a disability. Alan Frederick Elliott, South Melbourne, Vic. For service to photography. Patrick George Emery, Darlington, WA. For service to the community through health and charitable organisations. Trevor Farrell, Auchenflower, Qld. For service to people with a disability. Jules Mark Feldman, Olinda, Vic. For service to the print media industry. Graham Henry Felton, Avoca Beach, NSW. For service to the community through aged-care organisations. Michael Angel Fernandez, Primbee, NSW. For service to the community through public health programs. Holly Ferrara, Denmark, WA. For service to youth through the Scouting movement. Juanita Mary Field, Waggarandall, Vic. For service to the community through church and women’s organisations. Jack Leonard Fisher, Potts Point, NSW. For service to the community through a range of Jewish organisations. Joseph Fleming ED, Maroubra, NSW. For service to the community and to aged care. Deborah Fleming-Bauer, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Ultimo, NSW. For service to the television industry. Roy Alton Flynn, Millmerran, Qld. For service to local government and to the community. Wendy Folvig, Claremont, WA. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Major Norman Glyn Ford (Retired), Payneham, SA. For service to the community. Ronald Neil Forte, Eagleby, Qld. For service to surf lifesaving and to the community. Professor Bradley Scott Frankum, Orangeville, NSW. For service to medicine as an educator and administrator. Albert William Gamble, Round Corner, NSW. For service to youth through the Scouting movement. Geoffrey Philip Garnett, Melville, WA. For service to the sport of athletics as an official and administrator. Glen David Garrick, Buderim, Qld. For service to surf lifesaving. Yvon Albert Gatineau, Newtown, NSW. For service to the community of Lightning Ridge. Dr Robert Pem Gerner, Catalina, NSW. For service to architectural education, particularly in the field of urban design. Mark Bradley Geyer, Penrith South, NSW. For service to the sport of rugby league football and to the community through a range of charitable organisations. Dr Francesco Giacobbe, Hunters Hill, NSW. For service to the Italian community of New South Wales. Richard James Giddings, Pontville, Tas. For service to the community of Brighton. Lionel Herbert Gillman, Corowa, NSW. For service to the community through Lions Australia. Giuseppe Gianpiero Giugni, Kingston, ACT. For service to the community through multicultural and charitable organisations. Gordon Holland Glascock, Sutherland, NSW. For service to the community. Brian Thomas Gleeson, Kingswood, SA. For service to the community of South Australia through the management of sporting events. Mary Laelia Glen, deceased (Award wef 30 May 2011) Late of Condobolin, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of Condobolin. Peter John Goers, Norwood, SA. For service to the community as a radio broadcaster. Frederick Charles Goode, East Maitland, NSW. For service to veterans and their families. John Kevin Goodfellow, Kardinia International College, Bell Post Hill, Vic. For service to education. Robin Leslie Gordon, Belmont, NSW. For service to the preservation of social and local history and to the community. Carolyn Mary Gould, Kellyville, NSW. For service to the cashmere industry and to the community. Bernard Frederick Graham, Altona North, Vic. For service to the community through a range of organisations. David Graham, Altona, Vic. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Keith Cyril Graham, Swansea, NSW. For service to the community of Swansea. William Hamilton Grant, Highgate Hill, Qld. For service to business and to the community. Ross Grayson, Killarney, Qld. For service to the community of Killarney. Roger Michael Greenan, Windale, NSW. For service to the community through contributions to men’s health and well-being. Doreen Clare Greenham, Balranald, NSW. For service to the community of Balranald. Maureen Joy Grieve, NSW. For service to the community of Ballina. Bruce Atkin Griffiths, Toorak, Vic. For service to the automotive manufacturing industry and to the community. Geoffrey Leonard Grimish, Cronulla, NSW. For service to the community through fund-raising activities. Sydney Grolman, Cammeray, NSW. For service to the community. The Honourable Paul Marshall Guest QC, Toorak, Vic. For service to the community and to the sport of rowing. Harmick Hacobian, Forestville, NSW. For service to the Armenian community. Christopher Ben Halford, Griffith, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Ted Hamilton, Toorak, Vic. For service to the performing arts and to the community. Noel Bernard Hannant, Wilsonton, Qld. For service to the community of Toowoomba. Warwick William Hansen, Colo Vale, NSW. For service to the community and to the funeral industry. Thomas Frank Harding ED, Torquay, Vic. For service to the community through historical and service organisations. Trevor Albert Hargreaves, Yarrawonga, Vic. For service to the community of Yarrawonga. Alan Murray Harper, Eastwood, NSW. For service to education. Antona Harris, Glen Alpine, NSW. For service to the community. Dr James Michael Harris, Sandy Bay, Tas. For service to veterinary science and animal welfare. Beryl Gwendalen Hay, Westlake, Qld. For service to the blind and partially sighted. Peter John Hayes-Williams, Wheeler Heights, NSW. For service to veterans and their families. Raymond Shane Hazen, Barham, NSW. For service to radio broadcasting. Charles Harry Heath, Metung, Vic. For service to the real estate industry and to the community. Robert Glen Heinrich, Highbury, SA. For service to the information technology industry. Douglas Rayment Henderson, Southport, Qld. For service to veterans and their families, and to youth. Nina Olive Higgins, Bundaberg, Qld. For service to the community of Bundaberg. Margaret Ann Hodgens, Inverell, NSW. For service to the community of Inverell. Robert John Holloway, Armidale, NSW. For service to the community and to veterans and their families. Trevor William Holloway, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Dr Miriam Frances Holmes, Bellbowrie, Qld. For service to youth through the Guiding movement. Susan Ruth Hoopmann, Hunters Hill, NSW. For service to local government. Dr John Dennis Horton, Birchip, Vic. For service to medicine and to the community. Richard Lancelot House, Victor Harbor, SA. For service to conservation and the environment, and to the community. Louise Amelia Howden-Smith, Nedlands, WA. For service to the performing arts, particularly ballet. Catherine Gai Howells, Kensington, NSW. For service to physiotherapy and to people with a disability. Suzanne Joy Hoyle, Kettering, Tas. For service to the community through health-care organisations. Leslie Irene Huggins, deceased (Award wef 9 February 2012) Late of Apollo Bay, Vic. For service to local government and to the community of Alice Springs. Professor Robert Iansek, Malvern East, Vic. For service to medicine in the field of neurology. Robert John Irvine, South Bunbury, WA. For service to education, to regional development and to the community. Peter Boutros Jabbour, Dandenong North, Vic. For service to the community through multicultural and charitable organisations. Sigmund Alexander Jablonski, NSW. For service to Vietnam veterans. Clifford Robert Jackson, Monterey, NSW. For service to the blind and partially sighted, and to the aviation industry. William Robert Jackson PSM, Calwell, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Edward Jaku, Woollahra, NSW. For service to the Jewish community. Claude Justin Jeanneret, Bundall, Qld. For service to surf lifesaving. Harold Dawson Johnston, deceased (Award wef 4 July 2011) Late of Glen Iris Vic. For service to the community through aged-care and charitable organisations. Anthony Douglas Jordan, Woori Yallock, Vic. For service to the Australian wine industry as a winemaker, administrator and judge. Sigmund Jorgensen, Eltham, Vic. For service to the visual arts and to the community. Raivo Kalamae, Bankstown, NSW. For service to the community through multicultural and veterans’ organisations. Patricia May Kennedy, Bedford Park, SA. For service to veterans and their families, particularly as an entertainer. Lillace Mary Kenta, NSW. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Malcolm John Kerr, Taren Point, NSW. For service to the Parliament of New South Wales. Anthony Khouri, Parramatta, NSW. For service to the community through multicultural organisations. Norma King, South Fremantle, WA. For service to the community as a historian. George Klein, NSW. For service to community health through drug and alcohol related programs. Christine Anne Knight, Merbein, Vic. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Brian James Kotz, Blakeview, SA. For service to the community, particularly veterans and their families. David Allan Lane, Lightning Ridge, NSW. For service to local government and to the community. Anne Merle Lang, Kensington, SA. For service to the community through sporting and fitness organisations. Margaret Ruth Lange, Dernancourt, SA. For service to music as an educator and administrator. Diane Therese Langmack, Cabarita, NSW. For service to the community through charitable and women’s organisations. Patricia Anne Lanham, Manly, NSW. For service to the community, particularly through mental health organisations. Max Andrew Laurie, Dubbo, NSW. For service to the community. George Lazaris, Maroubra, NSW. For service to the community through multicultural organisations. Anne Elizabeth Leadbeater, Kinglake, Vic. For service to the community of Kinglake, particularly in the aftermath of the 2009 Victorian bushfires. Lloyd Christie Leah, For service to conservation and the environment. Hugh Lee, Eastwood, NSW. For service to the Chinese community of Eastwood. James Kyungkyu Lee, Bankstown, NSW. For service to the Korean community of Canterbury. Allan Andrew Lees, Hornsby, NSW. For service to the performing arts. Bruce David Lindenmayer, Chapman, ACT. For service to conservation and the environment. Russell John Loane, Carindale, Qld. For service to engineering in the field of illumination. Sister Berneice Mary Loch, Rockhampton, Qld. For service to the community through the Institute of Sisters of Mercy. Kerry Thomas Lonergan, Toowong, Qld. For service to the media and to the community. Patrick John Long, Noosaville, Qld. For service to the aerial mustering industry. Richard Craig Longmore, Hawker, ACT. For service to herpetology, particularly the study of snakes and lizards. Mary Elizabeth Lovett, Mudgee, NSW. For service to the blind and partially sighted, and to the community. Theda Claire Lowe, Ashgrove, Qld. For service to the performing arts. Charles Lowles, Blackett, NSW. For service to local government and to the community. Abigail Margaret Luders, Griffith, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Margaret Mary Lynch, Brighton, Vic. For service to the community through adult multicultural education. Richard John Lytham, Collaroy Plateau, NSW. For service to surf lifesaving. Alexander Urquhart McArthur, SA. For service to the community through Oxfam Australia. Hugh Calmar McCrindle, Taree, NSW. For service to the community of Taree. Shane William MacDonald, Toowoomba, Qld. For service to the community of the Darling Downs. Andrew John McDougall, Orange, NSW. For service to the community of Orange through social welfare organisations. Robin James McKenzie, Canberra, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Ian Geoffrey McKeown, Cranbourne East, Vic. For service to the community, particularly veterans and their families. Archibald John McLeish, Albury, NSW. For service to the community of Albury. Patrick MacMillan, Wahroonga, NSW. For service to the community through Alzheimer’s Australia New South Wales. Brigadier Philip John McNamara CSC ESM (Retired), Thirroul, NSW. For service to the community, particularly veterans and their families. Alexander McDonald McNeill, Newstead, Tas. For service to veterans and their families. Donald Lane MacRaild, Valencia Creek, Vic. For service to the community through the Vanuatu Prevention of Blindness Project. Nisia Margaret MacRaild, Valencia Creek, Vic. For service to the community through the Vanuatu Prevention of Blindness Project. Herbert Charles Mangelsdorf, Cronulla, NSW. For service to sport, particularly lawn bowls. Dr Michael William Maroney, Sydney, NSW. For service to the sport of athletics, particularly triathlon. Dr Joseph Julius Masika, South Plympton, SA. For service to the community through multicultural and social welfare organisations. Dr Artis Visvaldis Medenis, Gerringong, NSW. For service to veterinary science and to the community. Pamela Mendels, North Adelaide, SA. For service to the community as a volunteer with Jewish organisations. Peter William Middleton, deceased (Award wef 6 January 2012) Late of Sydney, NSW. For service to music and to the community. Dennis Davis Miles, Mitchelton, Qld. For service to the sport of football. Peter Bertram Mill, Frankston, Vic. For service to the community, particularly in the field of radio communications. Lieutenant Commander Christopher Anthony Mills RFD RAN (Retired), Belgian Gardens, Qld. For service to the community of Townsville. Dr Richard Morley Milner, Gawler, SA. For service to the community, particularly through Rotary International. Rosa Frances Miot, Doncaster East, Vic. For service to people with a disability, particularly through sport and recreation. Paul Francis Molloy, Australian High Commission, Pakistan. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Leanne Deirdre Morgan, Mildura, Vic. For service to diving as an administrator and coach. Ian Richard Morison, Geelong, Vic. For service to the community, particularly through contributions to pipe band performance. Belinda Morrison, Clovelly, NSW. For service to the Australian music industry as a performer and advocate. David John Motteram, North Adelaide, SA. For service to the community. George Alan Murdoch, Altona Meadows, Vic. For service to education in isolated communities. Councillor Antonio Anthony Mustaca, Chatswood, NSW. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Dr Geoffrey Vernon Mutton, Orange, NSW. For service to medicine in the field of orthopaedic surgery. Filippo Navarra, Riverwood, NSW. For service to the community. Bernard Patrick Neeson, Sydney, NSW. For service to the performing arts as a singer and songwriter, and to the community. Desmond John Nelson, Alice Springs, NT. For service to conservation and the environment, particularly in central Australia. Coralie Dawn Newman, Narrabeen, NSW. For service to the sport of netball as an administrator. Dobe Newton, Fitzroy North, Vic. For service to the performing arts as an entertainer and advocate. Audrey Margaret Nicholls, Port Melbourne, Vic. For service to the performing arts, particularly ballet. Hedley Nicholson, Parkes, NSW. For service to the sport of tennis and to the community of Parkes. Gillian Cavendish Nikakis, Mornington, Vic. For service to nursing through mental health support programs. Charles William Oakenfull, Caulfield South, Vic. For service to the community as a foster carer. Patricia Gwendoline Oakenfull, Caulfield South, Vic. For service to the community as a foster carer. Robert Bruce O’Callaghan, Tanunda, SA. For service to the Australian wine industry and to the community of the Barossa Valley. Judith Mary Ohana, Wollstonecraft, NSW. For service to aged care. Richard Norman Olesinski, Port Noarlunga, SA. For service to conservation and the environment, and to surf lifesaving. Duncan Ord, Darlington, WA. For service to the performing arts as an administrator. Peter O’Shaughnessy, United Kingdom. For service to the performing arts as a writer, theatre director, actor, historian and folklorist. Anthony Philip Oxley, Darling Point, NSW. For service to the visual arts and to the community. Roslyn Mary Oxley, Darling Point, NSW. For service to the visual arts and to the community. Helen Paatsch, Colac, Vic. For service to the community of Colac. Louise Mary Page, Mawson, ACT. For service to the performing arts. Graham Dudley Parham, Gawler, SA. For service to equestrian sport. David Parkin, Hawthorn, Vic. For service to the sport of Australian rules football as an administrator, coach and player. James Harrison Parkins, Glenelg East, SA. For service to the community through service organisations. Graham David Partridge, Wilson,WA. For service to the community through a range of organisations. The Very Reverend Father Diogenis Patsouris, SA. For service to the Greek Orthodox Church and to the community. Diana Mary Patterson, Anglesea, Vic. For service to conservation and the environment. Yvonne Maureen Pattinson, Black Mountain, Qld. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Maxwell James Peake, Walkley Heights, SA. For service to the sport of harness racing and to the community. Pasquale Pedulla, Gordon, NSW. For service to the community through multicultural and aged care organisations. Dr Dawn Margaret Peel, Colac, Vic. For service to the community of Colac as a local historian. Brian Joseph Pennington, Ryde, NSW. For service to people with a disability, particularly through Wheelchairs Rule OK’ Disability Camps. Dr George Christopher Peponis, Hunters Hill, NSW. For service to the sport of rugby league football and to the community. Malcolm John Peters, Ashford, NSW. For service to primary industry, to regional development and to the community. Steven Peuschel, Eltham North, Vic. For service to the community through health care organisations. Deanne Cynthia Phillips, Orange, NSW. For service to the community of Orange through social welfare organisations, particularly for youth and the aged. Winston Churchill Phillips, Cooma, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of the Monaro and Snowy Mountains region. William Anthony Phippen, Razorback, NSW. For service to people with disability and to the community. Robert Ian Pollock, Red Cliffs, Vic. For service to the community through the St Vincent de Paul Society. William Alfred Polwarth, Geelong West, Vic. For service to the community of Geelong. Graham Lewis Porter, Harrisville, Qld. For service to the community through sporting, youth and service organisations. Barbara Jean Prangnell, Butler, WA. For service to youth, particularly through The Girls’ Brigade. Keith Albert Pretty PSM, Drouin, Vic. For service to local government and to the community. Bruce Edward Price, Ballarat West, Vic. For service to the community of Ballarat. Agostino Puopolo, Vermont South, Vic. For service to the sport of athletics as an administrator and coach. Bernard Patrick Quinn, South Murwillumbah, NSW. For service to the Northern Rivers community. Michael Forsyth Rabbitt, Hamilton South, NSW. For service to the community through a range of charitable organisations. Alan Henry Rae, Hampton, Vic. For service to the community, particularly through Rotary International. Professor Ajay Rane, Thuringowa, Qld. For service to medicine in the field of urogynaecology. Harold Joseph Reardon, Gundagai, NSW. For service to the community of Gundagai. Dr John William Reggars, Vic. For service to community health as a chiropractor. Wulf Ernst Reichler, Brewarrina, NSW. For service to local government, to conservation and the environment, and to the community. Dr John Cracroft Rice, Victor Harbor, SA. For service to medicine as an ear, nose and throat specialist. Alan Thorold Richardson, Rivervale, WA. For service to veterans and their families, and to the community of Belmont. Denise Kaye Richardson, Tintinara, SA. For service to the community through charitable and sporting organisations. Donald Gilbert Roach, Pasadena, SA. For service to veterans and their families. Bernice Patricia Roberts, Seaton, SA. For service to the community of Seaton. David John Roberts, Chatswood, NSW. For service to surf lifesaving. Frank Arthur Roberts, Mount Martha, Vic. For service to community health, particularly through patient support services. Ian Thomas Roberts, Blyth, SA. For service to the community of Blyth. Peter Llewelyn Roberts, Curtin, ACT. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Trevor William Robinson, Paddington, Qld. For service to human rights, particularly as an advocate for the gay and lesbian community. Dr Mark Alexander Robson, Melton South, Vic. For service to community health, particularly through the Melton Cancer Support Group. Brett Stephen Roenfeldt, Maylands, SA. For service to the real estate industry through administrative roles. Antonio Romeo, Torrensville, SA. For service to the community as a supporter of a range of local organisations. Elizabeth Romeo, Torrensville, SA. For service to the community as a supporter of a range of local organisations. Dr Jon David Rosenthal, Caulfield North, Vic. For service to the visual arts as promoter of Australian artists. Phillip Joseph Russo, North Parramatta, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of Parramatta. Barry Thomas Ryan, Bardwell Park, NSW. For service to the performing arts, particularly opera. Desmond Kearns Ryan, North Rockhampton, Qld. For service to people with disabilities. Paul Andrew Salisbury, Australian Embassy, Japan. For service to the international community following the earthquakes and tsunami that occurred in Japan in 2011. Daniel John Salmon, Albury, NSW. For service to the community of Albury Wodonga, particularly through the Australian Air Force Cadets. Michael Reginald Scarce, Camden, NSW. For service to the community of Camden. Paul Martin Schremmer, Hunters Hill, NSW. For service to industrial design. Dr John Charles Schwarz, Elderslie. NSW. For service to international relations, particularly through the African AIDS Foundation. Rosalie Gae Schwarz, Elderslie, NSW. For service to international relations, particularly through the African AIDS Foundation. Bernard George Scobie, Biggera Waters, Qld. For service to the community through youth and charitable organisations. Reginald Hugh Sellers, Colonel Light Gardens, SA. For service to the sport of cricket, particularly as an administrator. Nancy Maria Assunta Serg, Baulkham Hills, NSW. For service to the Maltese community of New South Wales. The Reverend Father Thomas Harold Shanahan, Tamworth, NSW. For service to veterans and their families, and to the community. Dr Navaratnam Shanmuganathan, Balwyn North, Vic. For service to the Tamil community of Victoria. Gregory Roger Shannon, Kenmore, Qld. For service to the building and construction industry through vocational training and education. Mervyn Ray Sharman, Glen Innes, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of Glen Innes. Kevin Vincent Sheehan, AFL House, Docklands, Vic. For service to the sport of Australian rules football. John Vincent Sidgreaves, deceased (Award wef 18 May 2011) Late of Blakehurst, NSW. For service to pharmacy and to the community. Rosalie Anne Silverstein, Toorak, Vic. For service to the community through educational, charitable and Jewish organisations. Wendy Susan Simpson, Darling Point, NSW. For service to the community through a range of women’s and youth organisations. Group Captain Arthur William Skimin (Retired), Holt, ACT. For service to the community, particularly veterans and their families. Michael William Small, Childers, Qld. For service to the indigenous communities of Queensland. Rosemary Louise Smart, Box Hill, Vic. For service to the community through local and historical organisations. Barrie Robert Stanford, Woonona, NSW. For service to surf lifesaving. Loreen Olive Stanhope, Marsfield, NSW. For service to the community through language programs assisting migrants and refugees. Barry James Stanton, Henley Beach, SA. For service to sports administration and to the sport of athletics. Benjamin Stewart, Harrison, ACT. For service to youth through the Australian Air Force Cadets. Suzanne Ruby Stoddart, Dunedoo, NSW. For service to the community of Dunedoo. Henry Paul Street, Cook, ACT. For service to the community through Rotary International. Nancy Margaret Strickland, Coffs Harbour, NSW. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Thomas Neil Strickland, Coffs Harbour, NSW. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Diane Lois Sullivan, Evandale, Tas. For service to the community of Evandale. Christina Monsarrat Sumner, Cammeray, NSW. For service to the visual arts. Shirley Mary Symes, Charters Towers, Qld. For service to the community of Charters Towers. Dr Richard Joohuat Tan, Biloela, Qld. For service to medicine and to the community of Biloela. Beshara Taouk, Preston, Vic. For service to the Lebanese community in Victoria. David William Tattersall, Moss Vale, NSW. For service to music as an educator and administrator. Janet Thomas, Hotham Hill, Vic. For service to the mathematical sciences. Heather Thorne, Kew, Vic. For service to community health, particularly through breast cancer research. Dean Edward Turner, McKellar, ACT. For service to the sport of volleyball as an administrator, referee and coach. Brian Claud Twite, Oakleigh South, Vic. For service to the sport of golf as an administrator and mentor. Lesley Mary Uren, Avondale Heights, Vic. For service to arts and crafts as an embroidery artist and educator. Sandra Lisa Ursino, Brisbane, Qld. For service to children and young people through Radio Lollipop. Robert Alister Vagg, Ivanhoe, NSW. For service to local government and to the community. Dr Geza Ferencz Varasdi, Vic. For service to medicine as a general practitioner. Bernard Leonard Verwayen, Mooloolah Valley, Qld. For service to veterans and their families. John Edwin Voss, Wahgunyah, Vic. For service to the community of Wahgunyah. Susan Louise Wakefield, Glenbrook, NSW. For service to youth through the Guiding movement. Joan Wallis, Coopers Plains, Qld. For service to the community. Roderick Alexander Walters, Ashgrove, Qld. For service to people with a disability. Alan Bruce Ward, Cootamundra, NSW. For service to local government and to the community of Cootamundra. Keith Matthew Warnock, Northmead, NSW. For service to the community of Holroyd. Monica Winnifred Warren, Happy Valley, SA. For service to the community. Allan James Watson, Kew, Vic. For service to local government and to the community. Elizabeth Isabell Webb, Glenreagh, NSW. For service to the community of Glenreagh. Associate Professor Michael John Weidmann, Brisbane, Qld. For service to medicine in the field of neurosurgery. Malcolm Robert Weir, Gerringong, NSW. For service to the community of Gerringong. Peter Weston, Nymagee, NSW. For service to conservation and the environment. Ian Gifford Westray, Blacktown, NSW. For service to the sport of football as an administrator. Anthony John Wheeler, Geographe, WA. For service to the community through health and church organisations. Robert Frederick Whiteway, Sandringham, Vic. For service to conservation and the environment. Shirley Joan Wilhelm, Murray Bridge, SA. For service to the community through church and service organisations. Geoffrey Alan Williams, Wiseleigh, Vic. For service to conservation and the environment. Peter James Williams, Newtown, Qld. For service to the community of Toowoomba. Glenn Kenneth Willmann, Morayfield, Qld. For service to the veterans and their families. Dr Anthony Rodham Wilson, Tumut, NSW. For service to medicine and to the community of Tumut. Bruce Douglas Wilson, Cessnock, NSW. For service to the print media industry and to the community of Cessnock. Joan Mary Wilson, Newport Beach, NSW. For service to the Tibetan community. Lindsay Robert Wood, Maitland, NSW. For service to the sport of cricket and to the community. Peter Michael Woods, Gwynneville, NSW. For service to the sport of rugby union football as an administrator. Wendy Joyce Woodward, North Nowra, NSW. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Betty Margaret Wright, Sawtell, NSW. For service to the community through aged care and health organisations. David Willmer Wright, Flinders, Vic. For service to the visual arts using the medium of stained glass. Ronny Yeo, Drummoyne, NSW. For service to the community through a range of organisations. Panayiotes Michael Yiannoudes, Caulfield North, Vic. For service to the Greek and Cypriot communities through multicultural organisations. Kenneth James Young, Casula, NSW. For service to the community and to veterans and their families. MEDAL (OAM) IN THE MILITARY DIVISION Royal Australian Navy Warrant Officer Timothy Joseph Holliday, NSW. For meritorious service to the Royal Australian Navy in the area of workforce and personnel career development within the Communications and Information Systems category. Chief Petty Officer Arron Cameron Watson, Qld. For meritorious service in the field of marine engineering in the Royal Australian Navy. Australian Army Captain A, For meritorious service. Warrant Officer Class One Stephen Michael Greenall, NT. For meritorious service as the Artificer Sergeant Major of the 5th/7th Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment, as Maintenance Manager of Joint Logistic Unit North, and as Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Warrant Officer of the 1st Brigade. Warrant Officer Class One H. For meritorious service to the Special Operations Command in regimental leadership roles. Warrant Officer Class One David Ross Lehr, ACT. For meritorious service as the Regimental Sergeant Major of the 2nd/10th Field Regiment. Joint Task Force 635 Operation ANODE Rotation 13, and the 1st Field Regiment. Warrant Officer Class One John Robert Pickett, ACT. For meritorious service as the Drill Wing Sergeant Major, Royal Military College Duntroon and as the Regimental Sergeant Major of the 41st Battalion, the Royal New South Wales Regiment, and the 2nd Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment. Warrant Officer Class One Richard Alfred Verrall, Qld. For meritorious service as the Regimental Sergeant Major of the 2nd/17th Battalion, Royal New South Wales Regiment and the 7th Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment. Royal Australian Air Force Wing Commander Rudy Thomas Darvill, SA. For meritorious service in leadership, development and sustainment of the Maritime Intelligence, Surveillance Reconnaissance and Response capability. Warrant Officer Russell George Kennedy CSC, Vic. For meritorious service in the field of Reserve training development and management within Director General Reserves – Air Force Branch. Squadron Leader Ravinder Singh, NSW. For meritorious service in the field of airlift capability support. PUBLIC SERVICE MEDAL Commonwealth Public Service Jane Elizabeth Atkins, Stanmore, NSW. For outstanding public service in the development and implementation of anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing legislation and regulation. Dr Brian John Boyle, West Pymble, NSW. For outstanding public service to Australian astronomy and for leadership of the Australian team bidding to host the international Square Kilometre Array facility. Marianne Cullen, Ainslie, ACT. For outstanding public service and contribution to the Australian community through the development and implementation of the National Broadband Network. Simon Matthew Daley, Bondi, NSW. For outstanding public service to the Commonwealth through leadership of the Australian Government Solicitor’s National Dispute Resolution practice, and for outstanding service to the Australian community through contribution to the development of the law and legal practice in Australia. Patrick John Davoren, O’Connor, ACT. For outstanding public service through the development of policies in radioactive waste management, nuclear safeguards and rehabilitation of the former nuclear test sites at Maralinga. Alan John Froud, Yarralumla, ACT. For outstanding public service through leadership in arts administration in leading public institutions. Peter Andrew Jennings, Canberra, ACT. For outstanding public service through the development of Australia’s strategic and defence policy, particularly in the areas of Australian Defence Force operations in East Timor, Iraq and Afghanistan. Sheryl Robyn Lewin, ACT. For outstanding public service to the Australian Public Service, especially to the welfare and social inclusion aims of government. John Alexander Litchfield, Ainslie, ACT. For outstanding public service in the area of indigenous land policy. Carmel Majella McGregor, Hughes, ACT. For outstanding public service through administrative reforms including a crucial role in leading The Review of Employment Pathways for APS Women in the Department of Defence’ and significant contribution in the development of the Reform of Australian Government Administration The Blueprint’. David John Mason, Marrickville, NSW. For outstanding public service in developing policy and pursuing strategic goals in relation to non-discrimination and broader human rights agendas. Rachel Noble, Kingston, ACT. For outstanding public service as Australia’s National Security Chief Information Officer. Judith Elsie Robinson, Narrabundah, ACT. For outstanding public service to the development and delivery of Australia’s foreign aid program. Vicki Denise Rundle, Garran, ACT. For outstanding public service in improving the quality of early childhood education and care for Australia’s children. Pip Spence, Ainslie, ACT. For outstanding public service and contribution to the Australian community through the telecommunications regulations reform associated with the implementation of the National Broadband Network. New South Wales Public Service Ralph Edward Bott, Redfern, NSW. For outstanding public service through the planning and management of visits and events at the Sydney Opera House, Dr Lee Clifford Bowling, Ingleburn, NSW. For outstanding public service to water quality and management Kevin Cooper AFSM, Ambarvale, NSW. For outstanding public service to agricultural technology and research. Robert Geyer, East Lindfield, NSW. For outstanding public service to the development of the Chemical Analysis Branch, TestSafe Australia, Glynis Ann Ingram, Junee, NSW. For outstanding public service as the Regional Director for Community Services Western Region, New South Wales, Patricia Mary Kelly, Frenchs Forest, NSW. For outstanding public service as the General Manager, Human Resources, in the NSW Department of Education and Communities. Ethel McAlpine, Barrack Heights, NSW. For outstanding public service to people with a disability in New South Wales, Julie Anne Newman, Belrose, NSW. For outstanding public service through the implementation of a range of organisational and financial reforms in New South Wales, and as a contributor to the establishment of the Safety, Return to Work and Support Division, Ivan Novak, Paddington, NSW. For outstanding public service to teaching in the hospitality industry, Saravanamutthu Shanmugamany, West Ryde, NSW. For outstanding public service to Housing NSW, John William Willing, Millthorpe, NSW. For outstanding public service to education in western New South Wales, Victoria Public Service Wayne John Craig, Park Orchards, Vic. For outstanding public service to education in the Northern Metropolitan Region of Victoria Margaret Mary Dobson, Croydon, Vic. For outstanding public service to the Primary School Nursing Program, Malcolm Allan Millar, Horsham, Vic. For outstanding public service to education in the Grampians Region of Victoria, Dr Clive Leslie Noble, Hurstbridge, Vic. For outstanding public service and leadership in science policy, innovation, collaboration and governance at state and national levels, Lenard Alan Norman, HM Prison Barwon, Lara, Vic. For outstanding public service within Corrections Victoria, Queensland Public Service Paul John Brown, Brisbane, Qld. For outstanding public service to the Queensland Police Service. Guillermo Capati, Tennyson, Qld. For outstanding public service to the sustainable water future of the Gold Coast and broader South East Queensland region, Dr Mark Stewart Elcock, Qld. For outstanding public service in the development and delivery of integrated patient transport and retrieval services across Queensland. Kathryn Mary Frankland, Camp Hill, Qld. For outstanding public service to the development and research of historical family records for indigenous people of Queensland, Dr Neil Richard Wigg, New Farm, Qld. For outstanding public service to paediatrics and child health in Australia, Western Australia Public Service Allen Ronald Cooper, Newman, WA. For outstanding public service to the Shire of East Pilbara, Geraldine Monica Ennis, Kalgoorlie, WA. For outstanding public service in the provision of health services in rural and remote regions of Western Australia. Dr Andrew Geoffrey Robertson CSC, Perth, WA. For outstanding public service as Director, Disaster Management and Preparedness within WA Health, Mark Gregory Webb, West Perth, WA. For outstanding public service to the Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority in Perth, Western Australia, South Australia Public Service Darren Robert Renshaw, Clovelly Park, SA. For outstanding public service to the Repatriation General Hospital and to the wider veteran community. Valerie Ann Smyth, Dernancourt, SA. For outstanding public service in the area of health and emergency management. Lynne Symons, Woodville, SA. For outstanding public service in the area of public education in disadvantaged areas. Tasmania Public Service Peter Graeme Brownscombe, deceased (Award wef 17 September 2012) Late of Sandy Bay. For outstanding public service to the Tasmanian community in several Government agencies, particularly for initiatives and innovation that have resulted in outcomes that have greatly benefited Tasmania and its economy. Geoffrey Stephen Coles, Forth, Tas. For outstanding public service to the management of conservation outcomes, land management and visitor experiences across national parks and other reserved lands in Tasmania. Australian Capital Territory Public Service Pamela Ruth Davoren, ACT. For outstanding public service in the leadership of co-ordinated and integrated policy development and service delivery across the ACT Public Service. Lois Mary Ford, Auckland, New Zealand. For outstanding public service in the leadership of social justice for persons with a disability and the most fundamental shift in service reform and community attitude change in the Australian Capital Territory over the past 10 years. Northern Territory Public Service Patricia Gweneth Angus, NT. For outstanding public service to health and housing policy, and programs and services to indigenous people in the Northern Territory. Jennifer Gail Prince, Darwin, NT. For outstanding public service and leadership, particularly as Under Treasurer for the Northern Territory. AUSTRALIAN POLICE MEDAL Australian Federal Police Commander Bruce Philip Giles. Detective Superintendent William Edward Quade. Assistant Commissioner Justine Georgina Saunders. New South Wales Police Force Inspector Edward Anthony Bosch . Sergeant Kevin Bernard Daley. Superintendent Luke Freudenstein. Inspector Guy Charles Guiana. Inspector Stephen John Henkel. Sergeant Peter Andrew Lunney. Detective Sergeant John Robertson. Superintendent Darren John Spooner. Superintendent John Joseph Stapleton. Victorian Police Force Inspector Michael James Beattie. Senior Sergeant Ian Stewart Forrester. Inspector Gregory John Parr . Queensland Police Force Detective Superintendent Mark William Ainsworth. Chief Superintendent Brent John Carter. Sergeant Peta Louise Comadira. Superintendent Thomas Herbert Gockel. Superintendent Glenn Andrew Horton. Senior Sergeant Graham John Lohmann. Western Australia Police Force Acting Superintendent Barry Lynton Kitson. Brevet Senior Sergeant Neville Vernon Ripp. Commander Paul Anthony Zanetti. South Australia Police Force Sergeant Michael James Butler. Sergeant Meredith Fay Huxley. Detective Senior Sergeant Trevor George Jenkins. Tasmania Police Force Sergeant Christopher Ivan Lucas. Inspector David William Plumpton. Northern Territory Police Force Sergeant Paula Maree Dooley-McDonnell. Superintendent Kristopher John Evans. AUSTRALIAN FIRE SERVICE MEDAL New South Wales Dr Gregory Mark Buckley, Leichhardt, NSW. Lindsay Ronald Henley, Ungarie, NSW. Barrie John Hewitt, Bogee, NSW. David Bruce Milliken, Thredbo, NSW. Tom Nolles, Orange, NSW. Errol James Smith,Singleton, NSW. James Patrick Smith, Urana, NSW. Wayne Staples, Port Macquarie, NSW. Ian Charles Stewart, Tapitallee, NSW. Barry John Tindall, Salt Ash, NSW. Victoria Rocky Joseph Barca, Surrey Hills, Vic. David Eric Blackburn, Mortlake, Vic. Barry William Dale, Yarraville, Vic. James Roger Fox, Gisborne, Vic. Gregory John McCarthy, Marlo, Vic. William Maurice Rouse, Pomona, Vic. Queensland Noel Bruce Harbottle, The Gap, Qld. Ian Gregory Holm, Kingsholme, Qld. Alun Granville Williams, Cranbrook, Qld. Western Australia Malcolm Graham Cronstedt, Mosman Park, WA. Peter Keppel, Manjimup, WA. South Australia Steven Allen Moir, Woodcroft, SA. Kenneth Andrew Potter, Salisbury Park, SA. Robert Cameron Stott, Henley Beach, SA. Peter Colin Wicks, Balhannah, SA. Tasmania Kenneth Burns, Otago, Tas. Garry John Cooper, Nubeena, Tas. Rodney Kenneth Sweetnam, Hadspen, Tas. Australian Capital Territory Gregory Leonard Buscombe, Queanbeyan, NSW. Norfolk Island Gerard Patrick Downie, Norfolk Island. AMBULANCE SERVICE MEDAL New South Wales Michael John Corlis, Rockdale, NSW. Ian Neil Johns, Earlwood, NSW. Terence Edward Watson, Belmont North, NSW. Kenneth Charles Wheeler, Colyton, NSW. Victoria Jonathan David Byrne, Hoppers Crossing, Vic. Anthony Scott Oxford, Portland, Vic. Kerry Charles Power, Lower Plenty, Vic. Queensland Kevin John Elliott, St Lawrence, Qld. Ann Clarice Taggart, Trinity Park, Qld. Western Australia Sally Anna Gifford, Gingin, WA. Sally Ann Simmonds, Kingsley, WA. John Douglas Watts, Canning Vale, WA. South Australia Dean Hamilton Clarke, Lockleys, SA. Dawn Frances Kroemer, Roxby Downs, SA. Tasmania Grant Gordon Lennox, Lenah Valley, Tas. EMERGENCY SERVICES MEDAL New South Wales Russell Ian Ashdown, Woongarrah, NSW. Jon Glenn Gregory, Tumut, NSW. James Angus McTavish CSC, Wagga Wagga, NSW. Victoria Timothy James Wiebusch, Box Hill South, Vic. Queensland Christopher Ernest Arnott, Arana Hills, Qld. Kevin James Donnelly, Roma, Qld. Adrianus Fransiscus Van Den Ende OAM, Dinmore, Qld. South Australia Trevor John Bond, Hope Valley, SA. Tasmania Donald George Mackrill AFSM OAM, George Town, Tas. Mark David Nelson, South Hobart, Tas. Bevis Charles Perkins, Campbell Town, Tas. Northern Territory Mark Richard Fishlock CSM, Wanguri, NT. MEDAL FOR GALLANTRY (MG) Australian Army Corporal B. For acts of gallantry in action in hazardous circumstances. Corporal J. For acts of gallantry in action in hazardous circumstances on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan, June 2010. Corporal N. For acts of gallantry in action in hazardous circumstances. COMMENDATION FOR GALLANTRY Australian Army Private Nathan David Bendle, Qld. For acts of gallantry in action on 7 September 2011 while deployed on Operation SLIPPER as a member of Mentoring Task Force 3 in Afghanistan. Private D. For acts of gallantry in action. Corporal Scott James Smith, deceased. For acts of gallantry in action on 21 October 2012 while an Explosive Ordnance Reconnaissance Technician in Special Operations Task Group Rotation XVIII in Afghanistan Private Kyle Anthony Wilson, NSW. For acts of gallantry in action on 7 September 2011 while deployed on Operation SLIPPER as a member of Mentoring Task Force 3 in Afghanistan. Royal Australian Air Force Sergeant K. For acts of gallantry in action. DISTINGUISHED SERVICE CROSS (DSC) Australian Army Lieutenant Colonel G, For distinguished command and leadership in action. Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Robert Smith CSC, Qld. For distinguished command and leadership in warlike operations and in action as the Commanding Officer, Mentoring Task Force 3 on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan from June 2011 to January 2012. THE BAR TO THE DISTINGUISHED SERVICE MEDAL Australian Army Major J. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. DISTINGUISHED SERVICE MEDAL (DSM) Australian Army Major A. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. Captain A. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. Corporal A. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. Major Anthony Raymond Bennett, ACT. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action as the Officer Commanding A Company, Mentoring Task Force 3 on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan from June to November 2011. Major E. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. Corporal P. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. Captain R. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations. Major S. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations and in action. Colonel David John Smith AM, NSW. For distinguished leadership in warlike operations as the Deputy Commander, Combined Team Uruzgan on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan from May 2011 to January 2012. COMMENDATION FOR DISTINGUISHED SERVICE Royal Australian Navy Captain Simon Giuseppe Ottaviano RAN, ACT. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as Chief of Staff Headquarters Joint Task Force 633 on Operation SLIPPER from July 2011 to January 2012. Commander Andrew Paul Quinn RAN, ACT. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as the Commanding Officer, HMAS Toowoomba on Operation SLIPPER from June to October 2011. Australian Army Lieutenant Colonel B. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations. Major Andrew Baker, Qld. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as Commander, Brigade Headquarters Operational Mentoring and Liaison Team, Mentoring Task Force 3 on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan. Major Andrew Thomas Cullen, Qld. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Troop Commander, Combined Team Uruzgan on Operation SLIPPER from May 2011 to February 2012. Private Phillip Alan Durham, WA. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations and in action as a rifleman with A Company, Mentoring Task Force 3 on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan from June 2011 to January 2012. Major General Michael George Krause AM, ACT. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as the Deputy Chief of Staff – Plans, Headquarters International Joint Command, International Security Assistance Force Afghanistan from March 2011 to February 2012. Major Benjamin Gerard McLennan, Qld. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as the Operations Officer, Mentoring Task Force 3 on Operation SLIPPER from June to November 2011. Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Gerard Miles, ACT. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as the Principle Staff Officer Operations, Headquarters Joint Task Force 633, and as Acting Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff Combined Team Uruzgan on Operation SLIPPER. Corporal Daniel Brett Miller, Qld For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations as a corporal mentor, Mentoring Task Force 3 on Operation SLIPPER in Afghanistan from June 2011 to January 2012. Major R. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations. Captain T. For distinguished performance of duty in warlike operations and in action. THE BAR TO THE CONSPICUOUS SERVICE CROSS Australian Army Lieutenant Colonel Rolf Audrins CSC, Vic. For outstanding achievement as the Staff Officer Grade One, Career Management in the Directorate of Soldier Career Management – Army. Royal Australian Air Force Group Captain Christopher Thomas Hanna CSC, NSW. For outstanding devotion to duty to the Australian Defence Force as a Legal Officer in the Royal Australian Air Force. CONSPICUOUS SERVICE CROSS (CSC) Royal Australian Navy Captain Christine Ann Clarke RAN, NSW. For outstanding achievement as the Commanding Officer of HMAS Kuttabul. Commander Mitchell Robert Livingstone RAN, India. For outstanding achievement while Commanding Officer HMAS Pirie engaged in the rescue of survivors from a foundered vessel at Christmas Island on 15 December 2010. Commander Paul James Moggach RAN, ACT. For outstanding achievement in the performance of duty as the Commanding Officer of 817 Squadron from August 2009 until decommissioning of the Squadron in December 2011. Commander Timothy James Standen RAN, NSW. For outstanding achievement as the Fleet Aviation Engineer Officer. Australian Army Lieutenant Colonel Ana Laura Duncan, ACT. For outstanding achievement as the Senior Career Adviser in the Directorate of Officer Career Management – Army. Lieutenant Colonel Arun Lambert, ACT. For outstanding achievement as the Director of Legal Review, Office of the Inspector General Australian Defence Force – Canberra. Lieutenant Colonel Jenelle Margaret Lawson, ACT. For outstanding achievement as Staff Officer Plans, Headquarters Defence Force Recruiting for the innovation, development and successful implementation of the Defence Technical Scholarship program during the period from 2007 to 2011. Colonel John Brendan McLean, ACT. For outstanding achievement as Commanding Officer, 16th Air Defence Regiment. Lieutenant Colonel Saad Imad Omari DSC, WA. For outstanding achievement as Staff Officer Grade One Plans and Staff Officer Grade One Force Preparation in Headquarters 1st Division. Lieutenant Colonel Bradley Scott Robertson, ACT. For outstanding achievement as a logistics Staff Officer within the Directorate of Logistics – Army. Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Stewart Thomson, ACT. For outstanding achievement as a Project Director, Defence Support Group – Capital Facilities and Infrastructure Branch. Royal Australian Air Force Wing Commander David Charles Abraham. For outstanding achievement in F-111 weapon system logistic support. Group Captain Peter Robert Davies, NSW. For outstanding achievement as the Commanding Officer of Number 1 Radar Surveillance Unit. Group Captain Jennifer Karen Lumsden, Vic. For outstanding achievement as Chief of Staff, Director General Health Reserves – Air Force and in developing the Military Critical Care Aeromedical Evacuation Capability. Wing Commander Paul Raymond Parolo, ACT. For outstanding achievement in the field of Aerospace Engineering in the Royal Australian Air Force. Sergeant Andrew Gordon Wade, NSW. For outstanding achievement as the Senior Non-Commissioned Officer-in-Charge of Engine Cell at Number 37 Squadron. CONSPICUOUS SERVICE MEDAL (CSM) Royal Australian Navy Commander Rodney John Griffiths RAN, Indonesia. For meritorious achievement as Assistant Defence Attache, Australian Defence Staff, Jakarta. Leading Seaman Deakon James Lewis, NSW. For meritorious devotion to duty as a Leading Seaman Combat Systems Operator and Tactical Data Link manager in HMAS Sydney. Petty Officer Jay Desmond Pettifer, NSW. For meritorious achievement and contribution to the Royal Australian Navy by implementing complex security improvements within Garden Island Defence Precinct. Warrant Officer Michael John Quinlan, WA. For meritorious achievement as the Submarine Escape Training Facility Training Officer at HMAS Stirling, Western Australia. Petty Officer Luanne Rebecca Rule, Vic. For meritorious devotion to duty as the Petty Officer Naval Police Coxswain in the Royal Australian Navy’s Recruit School. Warrant Officer William James Welman, NSW. For meritorious achievement as the Communications Information Systems Category Manager in the Directorate of Navy Category Management. Australian Army Major Paul John Bellas, Qld. For meritorious achievement as the Chinook Logistics Manager in driving significant reform resulting in increased Chinook capability output and reduced ownership costs to Defence. Major Steven James Bennett, NSW. For meritorious achievement as Staff Officer Grade Two – Information and Communications Technology Projects and Plans, Headquarters Forces Command. Lieutenant Colonel Scott Rodney Bradford, NSW. For meritorious achievement as Staff Officer Grade One Training in Headquarters 2nd Division. Major Michael John Buchanan, Qld. For meritorious achievement as the Officer Commanding Reinforcement Company, Mentoring Task Force 3 from February 2011 to January 2012. Corporal D. For meritorious achievement as the technical operations subject matter expert in support of the Australian Defence Forces Special Operations capability. Corporal Adam Eagle, NSW. For meritorious devotion to duty as a Geomatic Technician providing engineering survey support to the Australian Army. Sergeant Bradley Norman Foster, ACT. For meritorious achievement as acting Company Sergeant Major of C Company and acting Second in Command of Support Company, the 1st Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment. Warrant Officer Class One Michael Kenneth Harman, Qld. For meritorious achievement as the Technical Quartermaster Sergeant of the 3rd Combat Engineer Regiment. Major Lloyd Alexander Jensen, Qld. For meritorious achievement as the Quartermaster and Battery Commander Combat Service Support Battery, 4th Regiment Royal Australian Artillery in 2011. Warrant Officer Class Two Kevin John Kennedy, NSW. For meritorious devotion to duty as the Warrant Officer Strategic Reporting, Army Headquarters. Warrant Officer Class Two M. For meritorious achievement in the field of Australian Army counterinsurgency doctrine and education. Lieutenant Colonel Bevan Hugh McDonald, ACT. For outstanding service as the Staff Officer Grade One Capability, Headquarters Joint Operations Command in pioneering and leading the Operational
2410	dbpedia	1	29	http://historichansard.net/hofreps/parliaments/29/	en	House of Representatives, Debates, 29th Parliament :: Historic Hansard	http://historichansard.net/images/historic-hansard.png	http://historichansard.net/images/historic-hansard.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	A list of sitting days in the Australian House of Representatives during the 29th Parliament.	en			http://historichansard.net/hofreps/parliaments/29/
2410	dbpedia	0	12	https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DTS18900609.2.58.1	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
2410	dbpedia	3	10	https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_Francis_Garrick	en	Category:James Francis Garrick	https://upload.wikimedia…rick%2C_1875.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…rick%2C_1875.jpg	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/StateLibQld_1_54104_Sir_James_Francis_Garrick%2C_1875.jpg/230px-StateLibQld_1_54104_Sir_James_Francis_Garrick%2C_1875.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/16px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Australasian_Convention%2C_1883.jpg/120px-Australasian_Convention%2C_1883.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/StateLibQld_1_54104_Sir_James_Francis_Garrick%2C_1875.jpg/85px-StateLibQld_1_54104_Sir_James_Francis_Garrick%2C_1875.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Members_of_the_Federation_Conference_held_in_Sydney.jpg/120px-Members_of_the_Federation_Conference_held_in_Sydney.jpg", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/static/apple-touch/commons.png		https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_Francis_Garrick	Media in category "James Francis Garrick" The following 3 files are in this category, out of 3 total.
2410	dbpedia	3	51	https://www.police.qld.gov.au/museum/policing-queensland-timeline-1864-2014	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
2410	dbpedia	0	90	http://historichansard.net/hofreps/1952/19520521_reps_20_217/	en	House of Representatives, Debates, 21 May 1952 :: Historic Hansard	http://historichansard.net/images/historic-hansard.png	http://historichansard.net/images/historic-hansard.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	A record of debates in the Australian House of Representatives on the 21 May 1952, presented in an easily readable form.	en			http://historichansard.net/hofreps/1952/19520521_reps_20_217/	House of Representatives 21 May 1952 20th Parliament · 1st Session House of Representatives 20th Parliament 1952 QUESTION EMPLOYMENT QUESTION CIVIL DEFENCE QUESTION POSTAL DEPARTMENT QUESTION ZINC AND LEAD QUESTION SHIPPING QUESTION FOREIGN AFFAIRS COMMITTEE QUESTION ARMED FORCES QUESTION IMPORT RESTRICTIONS QUESTION MEAT QUESTION DEPARTMENTAL ACCOUNTS QUESTION TOBACCO QUESTION WHEAT QUESTION ARTIFICIAL LIMBS QUESTION CIVIL AVIATION QUESTION WATERFRONT EMPLOYMENT QUESTION MR. C. W. J. FALKINDER, M.P QUESTION HEALTH AND MEDICAL SERVICES QUESTION SOCIAL SERVICES QUESTION RAIL TRANSPORT QUESTION MERINO SHEEP QUESTION KURRI KURRI DRILL HALL QUESTION PARLIAMENT HOUSE, QUESTION PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA STANDING ORDERS COMMITTEE HOSPITAL BENEFITS Formal Motion for Adjournment ATOMIC ENERGY (CONTROL OF MATERIALS) BILL 1952 Second Reading SUPPLY BILL (No. 1) 1952-53 Second Reading ADJOURNMENT Grossly Disorderly Conduct PAPERS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Government Loans and Finance Television Health and Medicai. Services REGIS TER ED ORGANIZATIONS The Hospital Insurance Society Limited, Manuka Mr. Speaker (Hon. Archie Cameron) took the chair at 2.30 p.m., and read prayers. page 584 QUESTION EMPLOYMENT Mr HAYLEN: PARKES, NEW SOUTH WALES – I ask the Minister for Labour and National Service whether there is any other method by which he can assess the volume of unemployment in this country other than by the statistics that he has released from time to time and expounded in this House? Is it not a fact that, at present, there are 6,000 unemployed in the textile industry, 4,000 unemployed building workers and 2,000 unemployed in miscellaneous callings? Instead of making statements about the mythical 50,000 jobs that are awaiting workers to fill them, will the Minister supply reliable statistics to the House with respect to the labour situation in this country? Mr HOLT: Minister for Immigration · HIGGINS, VICTORIA · LP – I take this opportunity to correct a misstatement that has been attributed to me in some newspapers this morning. In those journals, I am reported as having told the House yesterday that unemployment at this time is lower than at any other time in Australia’s history. What I said, as I believe honorable members will recall, was that unemployment at this time is lower than that in any other industrial country in the free world; and that is, undoubtedly a fact. The honorable member has asked whether I can provide more accurate information on this subject than has already been released. I do not know how it would be practicable to do so. The information that is made available from my department is, I believe, much more accurate than that which was provided in - relation to this, subject in earlier years, particularly in the ‘thirties when a Labour administration was in office. At that time, the only indication that could be obtained with respect to the volume of unemployment in Australia was based upon registrations with the trade unions, and, if I remember rightly, unemployment was then recorded as having reached the peak of more than 30 per cent. Certainly, nothing like that proportion of unemployment exists in Australia to-day. I doubt whether unemployment registrations in trade unions at present would represent 1 per cent, of their total membership. Mr Beazley: – And that would have been so during the regime of the Chifley Government. Mr HOLT: – Yes. Mr Beazley: – Why does not the Minister also make that fact clear? Mr HOLT: – I have been asked whether we can supply more accurate figures with respect to unemployment, and I merely say that the figures that are now supplied are based upon applications for unemployment benefit. “We also give the number of vacancies that are registered with the department. If it were a significant figure, which it is not at this moment, we should also supply the number of unemployed persons registered with trade unions. 1 can only repeat that the Government is watching the unemployment situation closely, and can be relied upon to take appropriate measures if the need develops. page 585 QUESTION CIVIL DEFENCE Mr HAWORTH: ISAACS, VICTORIA · LP – I ask the Minister for the “Interior whether the Government has given any consideration to the preparation of a policy of basic training in civil air defence. Also, has the Government given any consideration to informing the people of the true facts of atomic warfare? Does the Minister ti gree that there is grave public ignorance about those facts, and that such ignorance could breed a feeling of helplessness that could be of greater national danger than the actual threat of atomic warfare? Mr KENT HUGHES: CHISHOLM, VICTORIA · LP – For the past two years the Government has given a great deal of consideration to the problem, that the honorable member has mentioned. Various consultations have taken place, and the Defence Council has obtained a number of appreciations of the position. I personally have been in close touch with the Minister for Defence in relation to the matter. A number of Australian representatives were sent fo. and have now returned from, a special training school in England. The question of what other action should be taken and how much expenditure would be justified are at present under consideration by the Minister for Defence and me. We are also considering the latest appreciations that we have received from the defence chiefs. I can assure the honorable member that there has been no delay of any kind in connexion with this matter. One of our difficulties is, of course, in relation to the question, which the Opposition seemed to answer last night, concerning whether Australia is as peace or at war. If the Opposition maintains the outlook on that matter that it evinced during the debate on passports last night, the Government will not have much difficulty in answering the question. page 585 QUESTION POSTAL DEPARTMENT Mr GEORGE LAWSON: BRISBANE, QUEENSLAND – Is the Postmaster-General aware that four male employees of the mail branch of the Brisbane General Post Office, three of whom are ex-servicemen, have received notice of dismissal to take effect next Saturday? Is he also aware that it is likely that a further twelve employees, most of whom are ex-servicemen, will receive dismissal notices within the next two or three months ? As the men affected are all well advanced in years, most of them being about 60 years of age, will the Minister take immediate steps to rescind the dismissal notices of the four mail branch employees whose services are to terminate next Saturday, and also prevent further dismissals? Mr ANTHONY: Postmaster-General · RICHMOND, NEW SOUTH WALES · CP – The Postal Department is a business organization and, like any other business organization, it is supposed to pay its way. If it did not pay its way further increases of charges or of taxes would be necessary. For that reason, the management of the internal affairs of the department is entrusted to skilled officers, directors, engineers and so on, who have the responsibility of making recommendations regarding the number of employees requisite to the amount of business to be handled. No dismissals of permanent postal employees have occurred, because permanent employees come under the provisions of the Public Service Act. Any dismissals that have occurred are of temporary employees, who enter the service of the department with the knowledge that they are not taking up a lifelong position. However, if the honorable member will supply me with particulars of individual cases I shall have them examined. page 586 QUESTION ZINC AND LEAD Mr DRURY: RYAN, QUEENSLAND – In view of the urgent need to increase supplies of galvanized iron and piping, particularly for use in rural areas,- and of the fact that the shortage of zinc is reported to be responsible, to a large degree, for the present lack of those commodities, will the Minister for commerce and Agriculture state the steps that are being taken to obtain increased supplies of zinc? Will he also say whether there is any truth iti the assertion, made in some quartrs, that zinc producers are withholding supplies of zinc in expectation of an increase of the Australian price for that commodity? Mr McEWEN: Minister for Commerce and Agriculture · MURRAY, VICTORIA · CP – There is no shortage in the production of zinc in Australia for our own essential requirements, and, in fact, there is quite a substantial surplus of that metal for export, but a problem of availability has arisen. The fixed price of zinc for local use is about one-third of the export price, and zinc producers are reluctant to supply zinc to the Australian market in quantities which they may regard as extravagant at one-third of the price for which zinc can be sold overseas. In those circumstances, it has been suggested that an embargo or limitation be placed upon exports of zinc. I have pointed out that the imposition of an embargo or a limit on the exports of zinc and lead, which is in the same category, will not, in itself, make those metals more readily available to the Australian market. Out of that position, an arrangement developed, which I negotiated with the authority of Cabinet, between the metal companies and the State Ministers in charge of prices control. That agreement provided that 50,000 tons of lead and 54,000 tons of zinc would be supplied annually to the Australian market for an agreed period on the understanding that certain prices would prevail. Those prices are in force at the present time. The agreement ran for eighteen months, and expired on the 30th December last. Some lead and zinc companies feel aggrieved that certain Australian companies alone bear the cost of supplying those metals to the Australian market at the substantially lower local price, while other companies, in which the majority, interest is held overseas, have had the benefit of exporting the whole of their production of lead and zinc concentrates at the higher overseas price. That position is the subject of controversy between the State Ministers in charge of prices control, the metal companies and myself, as the representative of the Commonwealth, and I am trying to reach an understanding with the other parties on the matter. However, the agreed quantities of 50,000 tons of lead and 54,000 tons of zinc, which, I am advised, are adequate for our essential purposes annually, are not being withheld from the Australian market during those discussions. page 586 QUESTION SHIPPING Mr LUCHETTI: MACQUARIE, NEW SOUTH WALES – I direct my question to the Minister for Labour and National Service in the absence of the Treasurer. Is the honorable gentleman aware that excessive profits are being made by overseas shipping companies engaged in the Australian trade? Has he seen the report that the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company made an operating profit of £18,850,336 last year in its vast activities? If he is satisfied that inordinate profits are being made by shipping companies, will he inform the House whether he proposes to take any steps to protect the . Australian economy? In view of the threatened sale of Commonwealth-owned steamers, does he intend to take any action to safeguard the interests of our primary producers by providing adequate shipping at fair charges? Mr HOLT: LP – The report to which the honorable member for Macquarie has referred has not been brought to my notice. I can only assume that such profits, if they have been earned, are the result of trade in the ports of the world by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company in active competition with other overseas shipping lines. The action taken by this Government in order to protect the commerce around the coast, and the general procedure in relation to the Commonwealth operated ships, are matters of policy. However, I shall bring the question to the notice of those of my colleagues who are directly involved. page 587 QUESTION FOREIGN AFFAIRS COMMITTEE Mr BRIMBLECOMBE: MARANOA, QUEENSLAND – Is the Minister for External Affairs in a position to say whether the Foreign Affairs Committee has met? If so, is that committee functioning in a way that will serve the best interests of the Parliament and of the people of this country? Mr CASEY: Minister for External Affairs · LP – Yes, the Foreign Affairs Committee has been in existence for a couple of months. It has met on a considerable number of occasions, and I believe that all the eleven members who compose its personnel will agree that it has started extremely well and is proving a very useful instrumentality. Information available in my department is being made most freely available to the committee, and I have attended practically all the meetings that have been held and have spoken to the members for a total of about three or four hours. I shall continue to attend the meetings of the mittee whenever I am invited to do so. I regret very much that honorable members of the Opposition are not co-operating- Mr SPEAKER: -Order! The Minister is proceeding to deal with a matter that is not contained in the question. Mr CASEY: – The committee is entirely non-political. I believe that it is achieving, or is in the course of achieving, its objective. That objective is the education of the Parliament, in particular private members who do not normally have access to departmental records and information, on one of the most important aspects of Australian affairs, that is our relationship with the outside world. page 587 QUESTION ARMED FORCES Mr CHAMBERS: ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA – My question is directed to the Minister for the Army. A complaint has reached me from a member of the permanent military forces to the effect that members of those forces who are domiciled in particular places and are stationed away from their places of residence are now asked to pay their own fares to such places of residence at the time of their normal annual leave. I do not know whether that procedure is being adopted or not, but during the period when I was Minister for the Army warrants were issued to servicemen for free travel to their homes when they were on leave. I ask the Minister whether such a state of affairs as I have described exists, and, if so, is it necessary for these servicemen to pay their own fares from their stations to their places of domicile when proceeding on annual leave? If the practice has been to require them to pay their fares, will the Department of the Army reconsider the matter because of the relatively great expense that would have to be borne by servicemen? Mr FRANCIS: Minister for the Army · MORETON, QUEENSLAND · LP – I am pleased to be able to inform the honorable member that his fears are not founded on fact. Every member of the permanent military forces who is granted annual leave from his station to the place of his domicile, which is where his wife lives if he is married or where his parents live if he is single, provided he has declared his parents’ place as his domicile, is given a warrant to cover his fare to that place of domicile. If any soldier has complained that he has had to pay his own fare I should say that he had been absent without leave because it is the practice of the department to pay the fares of soldiers when they are proceeding on annual leave. page 587 QUESTION IMPORT RESTRICTIONS Mr HOLT: LP – Under the import licensing regulations irrevocable letters of credit are recognized only insofar as they relate to specific goods on firm order before the 8th March. An irrevocable letter of credit is not recognized in respect of goods which were not on firm order on the 8th March last. All goods are subject to import licensing whether or not they are covered by irrevocable letters of credit. page 588 QUESTION MEAT Mr CLARK: DARLING, NEW SOUTH WALES – In view of the serious inadequacy of meat production in Australia, will the Minister for Commerce and Agriculture take action to promote the production of pig meat, as was done during “World War II., in order to remedy the acute shortage that exists? Mr McEWEN: CP – The steps that may be taken to promote the production of pig meat in Australia were discussed by me with the representatives of the States at the recent meeting of the Australian Agricultural Council. The principal limiting factor in relation to pig meat production, of course, is the supply of grains. In Australia, as the honorable member knows, wheat is the principal grain used for pig feed, and there are valid reasons why wheat that is urgently needed throughout the world for human consumption should be made available only in restricted quantities for use as pig feed in Australia. I think that the final solution of the problems lies in the stimulation of the production of other coarse grains, such as grain sorghum, and the Government is conducting discussions with that end in view. Later : Mr McEWEN: CP – I lay on the table the following paper : - Meat Agreement between Australia and the United Kingdom. The paper contains the terms of the fifteen-year agreement between Australia and the United Kingdom. I had hoped that discussion of the interpretative notes on this agreement, to which I have previously referred in the House, would have been completed before the document was tabled. As they have not been completed, and as the general public has a deep interest in the matter, I have decided to table the paper without further delay. Dr Evatt: – Are copies of it available ? Mr McEWEN: – Yes. page 588 QUESTION DEPARTMENTAL ACCOUNTS Mr McCOLM: BOWMAN, QUEENSLAND – I address a question to the Minister for Labour and National Service as the senior Minister in the House for the time being. It applies to a number of departments administered by other Ministers. I have been informed that government departments which purchase goods or services from private business undertakings sometimes take more than the normal period of thirty days to make payments for such goode and services. This, I believe, is causing considerable financial embarrassment to certain companies, particularly under thipresent conditions of credit restriction. Will the Minister investigate this matter, and, if possible, have the situation rectified quickly? Mr HOLT: LP – As most transactions of that character presumably come under Treasury scrutiny at some stage, I think that the most satisfactory procedure would be for me to refer the honorable member’s representations to the Treasurer and ask him to make inquiries. page 588 QUESTION TOBACCO Mr BRUCE: LEICHHARDT, QUEENSLAND – My question is directed to the Minister for Commerce and Agriculture. For the purpose of enabling Australia’s tobacco production target to be realized, will the Minister investigate the water conservation and irrigation plan for the Dimbulah-Mareeba area that has been recommended by Sir John Kemp, the Co-ordinator-General of Public Works in Queensland. The proposed undertaking would be of the first importance in any programme for the expansion of tobacco production. Will the Minister endeavour to persuade the Treasurer to advance to the Queensland Government sufficient loan money for the carrying out of the project? Mr McEWEN: CP – I have studied, both in documentary form and on the spot, the proposals for the expansion of the tobacco industry in the very favorable tobaccogrowing area of Dimbulah-Mareeba, and I am familiar with the Walsh River project, the plan for the diversion of the Barron River and so forth. These matters have been discussed with representatives of the Queensland Government, at meetings of the Australian Agricultural Council, but, unhappily, the Queensland Government has not reacted favorably to the proposal by this Government that special priorities be accorded, from the resources available to the State Government, to those industries which would promote the production of additional export foodstuffs or dollar saving commodities. If the Queensland Government would indicate its good faith in the matter by diverting to the very desirable objective that the honorable member has mentioned some of the money that it proposes to expend upon the electrification of railways in Brisbane, I am sure it would receive the enthusiastic support of this Government and myself. page 589 QUESTION WHEAT Mr LESLIE: MOORE, WESTERN AUSTRALIA -Will the Minister for Commerce and Agriculture say whether he or the Government gave any instructions to the chairman of the Australian Wheat Board prior to his departure from this country to attend the meeting of the International Wheat Council at which a renewal of the International Wheat Agreement was discussed? Was the chairman of the board accompanied by a representative of the Australian Wheat Growers Federation? When is the chairman of the board expected to return to this country? If the Government has received interim reports from him on the proceedings of the council, will the Minister indicate to the House the nature of the reports? Will a full report of the deliberations and decisions of the council be made available eventually to honorable members ? Mr McEWEN: CP – No instructions were given to Sir John Teasdale, the chairman of the Australian Wheat Board, before he went abroad to act as consultant to the principal Australian delegate at the recent conference of the International Wheat Council. The principal Australian delegate to the conference was Mr. McCarthy, the Deputy High Commissioner for Australia in London, a vice-chairman of the International Wheat Council and a former secretary of the Department of Commerce and Agriculture. Sir John Teasdale acted as advisor and consultant to Mr. McCarthy, as also did Mr. Pearce, who, upon my invitation,was nominated to me by the Australian Wheat Growers Federation. For the first time in Australia’s history, arrangements were made for a direct representative of the wheatgrowers to attend an international conference of this kind. Mr. Pearce, Sir John Teasdale and Mr. McCarthy were familiar with the discussions that I had had on the subject with the Australian Wheat Growers Federation . Sir J ohn Teasdale and Mr. McCarthy were also acquainted with the Government’s view on the matter. In due course, I shall make available to honorable members a report on the deliberations of the council. I understand that Sir John Teasdale is due back in Australia to-day. page 589 QUESTION ARTIFICIAL LIMBS Mr CREMEAN: HODDLE, VICTORIA – My question is directed to the Minister for Labour and National Service, who is at present in charge of the House. Is the honorable gentleman aware that, although artificial limbs are successfully manufactured in Australia, major parts of artificial hands and feet must be imported from outside the Commonwealth? Is he aware also that the scope of the present import restrictions covers parts of artificial hands and feet ? As the unwarranted deprivation of these articles is causing some hardship to unfortunate amputees, will he take steps to ensure that the entry of these articles into Australia will be improved immediately ? Mr HOLT: LP – I have some knowledge of this matter, although it does not come within my province, because I made some representations to the Minister for Trade and Customs about a case that was brought to my notice recently. As a result of information that was supplied tome then, I can assure the honorable gentleman that cases of the kind that he. has mentioned are examined sympathetically, and that arrangements an; being made for parts of artificial limbs to be brought into this country. page 589 QUESTION CIVIL AVIATION Mr FAIRHALL: PATERSON, NEW SOUTH WALES – Will the Minister for Civil Aviation indicate whether a decision has been reached upon the proposal to establish a civil airport at Hexham, New South Wales, to serve Newcastle and the Hunter River area? Will he indicate whether work upon the airport is likely to commence at an early date? Mr ANTHONY: CP – There is no prospect of an early commencement of work on the Newcastle aerodrome. The project is one of considerable magnitude. In view of other commitments, it cannot possibly be undertaken at this juncture. page 590 QUESTION WATERFRONT EMPLOYMENT Mr OSBORNE: EVANS, NEW SOUTH WALES – I wish to address a question to the Minister for Labour and National Service concerning the present apparently illegal and disruptive ban on overtime on the waterfront. Is the Minister satisfied that the present state of the law relating to employment on the waterfront gives adequate power to the Stevedoring Industry Board or any other authority to maintain law and order in the industry? If not, does he contemplate introducing an amendment of the law? In particular, will he consider making provision for employees in the industry who disapprove of present tactics to form a new union, if the existing union’s defiance of the law should lead to its de-registration? Mr HOLT: LP – The legal position as it affects the stevedoring industry is somewhat obscure at present because it is the subject of proceedings before the High Court and the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration. Until those proceedings are determined, the Government will not have a clear knowledge of the authority available to it under the legislation. However, the Government has had under consideration for a considerable time certain suggestions for the amendment of the existing legislation which would strengthen its capacity to deal with the type of situation to which the honorable member has referred. I can assure him and the House that the Government is very conscious of the loss and inconvenience that is caused to the Australian community generally by the unsatisfactory position which has been evident on the waterfront recently. The Government is doing what it can, in a variety of ways, to cure the trouble. The final suggestion that was made by the honorable member will certainly receive consideration. Mr FALKINDER: FRANKLIN, TASMANIA – On previous occasions I have drawn the attention of the Minister for Labour and National Service to the disastrous position that exists on the waterfront at Hobart where the loading of thousands of cases of apples is being held up as the result of an industrial dispute. Has he any fresh information upon that subject to give to the House? Mr HOLT: – Through my department and other departments, the Government has been active in trying to improve the situation that exists at Hobart, particularly as it relates to the loading of this season’s apple crop. Unfortunately, that port has ‘ become affected, in common with other major ports throughout Australia, as the result of the ban on overtime that has been imposed by the Waterside Workers Federation. Perhaps that ban affects Hobart most seriously because of the shortage of shipping that is required to handle the apple crop. We have had discussions with the Premier of Tasmania, senior members of the Australian Council for Trades Unions and other persons who, we believed, could effectively co-operate with us in -finding a solution of this problem. Unfortunately, owing to the attitude of the federation, our efforts have not been successful. However, we shall persist in our endeavours to find a solution of the problem. page 590 QUESTION MR. C. W. J. FALKINDER, M.P Mr KEON: YARRA, VICTORIA – I ask the Minister for Commerce and Agriculture whether he relieved the honorable member for Franklin of his position as Parliamentary Under-Secretary to the Department of Commerce and Agriculture because of that honorable member’s disagreement with Government policy in respect of various matters? Mr McEWEN: CP – The answer to the honorable member’s question is in the negative. The position is that the honorable member for Franklin, for reasons which he, no doubt, will explain, and which relate directly to his electoral and domestic arrangements, asked to be relieved of the heavy duties that attach to the position of Parliamentary UnderSecretary to my department. The change was made only because he, himself, requested that it be made. page 591 QUESTION HEALTH AND MEDICAL SERVICES Mi. DAVIES. - My question, which ia directed to the Minister for Health, relates to the position of men in receipt; of miners’ pensions who are sick but are not entitled to receive free medicine or free medical treatment in the same way as other pensioners. Is the Minister aware that many men in receipt of miners’ pensions are suffering from industrial diseases and that, when they have paid for medicine and medical treatment, they are much worse off than ordinary pensioners, who are themselves in a bad way ? Will the Minister investigate this matter with a view to making arrangements for recipients of miners’ pensions to receive free medicine and free medical treatment ? Sir EARLE PAGE: Minister for Health · COWPER, NEW SOUTH WALES · CP – I have replied to questions on this subject several times and have pointed out that because the Department of Social Services controls the payment of age pensions, the pensioners who are eligible for free medicine and medical services can be identified without difficulty. Insofar as other persons are concerned, it is impossible to do so, and as the service is a concessional one, departmental officers would need to be able to identify them as it does age pensioners. We are trying, to arrange for a simple system of insurance to cover the people to whom the honorable member has referred. Mr MORGAN: REID, NEW SOUTH WALES – Does the Minister for Health still intend to introduce his comprehensive health scheme, as he announced some time ago he would do? If so, when does he propose to introduce it? Sir EARLE PAGE: – I hope to introduce the legislation this year. page 591 QUESTION SOCIAL SERVICES Mr COSTA: BANKS, NEW SOUTH WALES – I wish to address a question to the Minister for Health regarding the recipients in Australia of British age and invalid pensions. They receive only 26s. a week plus 6s. 6d. exchange, which makes their total income from that source £1 12s. 6d. a week. Is the Minister aware that’ those people are in urgent need of some help ? Will he assist them by extending the free medicine and medical benefits to them? The matter of identifying them surely should not difficult. Eventually it will be possible to identify them by their haggard appearance. I ask him to extend the benefits to those unfortunate people who are in an even worse position than the persons who were mentioned by the honorable member for Cunningham. Sir EARLE PAGE: CP – -It is 30 years since I took up first with the United Kingdom Government the question of reciprocity in the payment of pensions. During part of that time Labour governments have been in office in Australia. Neither Labour Ministers nor I have, so far, been able to negotiate a reciprocatory agreement on the matter. As soon as reciprocity can be obtained - and the Minister for .Social Services is endeavouring to obtain it - the Government will be able to deal with the matter as it has done in the case of other pensioners. Mr PEARCE: CAPRICORNIA, QUEENSLAND – I refer to a reply that the Minister for Social Services gave to a question that I asked recently in which he stated that persons who possessed government bonds to the value of £1,000 are debarred from obtaining a pension. Is it a new or an old established practice ? Are such persons treated differently from persons who possess cash to the amount of £1,000? Has there been any alteration with respect to the value of government bonds that a person may possess without forfeiting the right to receive a pension? Mr TOWNLEY: Minister for Social Services · DENISON, TASMANIA · LP – In reply to a question that the honorable member for Eden Monaro asked last week, I pointed out that under the means test an applicant for a pension is permitted to hold property to the value of £1,000 whether it be in the form of government bonds or in any other form. No change whatever has been made in respect of that principle except that this Government has increased the relevant property limit to £1,000 from £750. page 592 QUESTION RAIL TRANSPORT Mr TURNBULL: MALLEE, VICTORIA – Has the Minister for Defence been advised of a conference that will be held at Hay, New South Wales, next Saturday, the 24th MaY, Does lie know that this conference has been called to discuss the building of n rail link between Hay, New South Wales, and Ouyen, Victoria? Such a link would greatly shorten the railway journey between Sydney and Adelaide. The conference will also discuss a link between Patchewollock and Ouyen which would connect the port of Portland with this line. As the building of these railway links would be of great defence value, will the Minister endeavour to be represented at this important conference? Mr McBRIDE: Minister for Defence · WAKEFIELD, SOUTH AUSTRALIA · LP – We have been advised of the conference that the honorable member has mentioned. I doubt whether it will be possible for us to be represented at it. However, I shall be pleased to obtain a report of proceedings which will receive the sympathetic consideration of my department. page 592 QUESTION MERINO SHEEP Mr DEAN: ROBERTSON, NEW SOUTH WALES – I understand that the exportation of Australian pedigreed merino sheep has been prohibited for the past twenty years. Has the Minister for Commerce and Agriculture any knowledge of an application having been made for the removal of the ban? If so, will every consideration be given to the possibility that harm may be done to Australia’s wool industry if exportation of our merino strains is permitted ? Mr McEWEN: CP – Representations were made to the Government about a year ago to the effect that we should lift the ban which has been in operation for a considerable time upon the exportation of merino sheep to countries other than New Zealand. The Government considered the matter and decided to take no action with respect to it. In the meantime, a further deputation waited upon me and submitted that it would be in the interests of Australia’s merino stud industry if wider markets were made avail.able to that industry. The deputation contended that if the prohibition were lifted, the numbers that would be permitted to be exported, could be strictly limited. Representations were also made to me to the effect that, in view of the fact that world production of wool was rapidly decreasing, it would be in the interests of the Australian wool industry itself if breeders were permitted to export merino stud sheep to other countries. I told the members of the deputation that they should first convince the Australian woolgrowers of the validity of that request, and that if, as a result of their action, representations were made to the Government on behalf of the great bulk of Australian wool-growers that the ban should be lifted the Government would consider the matter further. page 592 QUESTION KURRI KURRI DRILL HALL Mr JAMES: HUNTER, NEW SOUTH WALES – The Minister for the Army in reply to a question that I asked last week said that his department proposed to resume control of the drill hall at Kurri Kurri for military training purposes. As such action will involve the displacement of 70 girls, who are daughters of miners and are employed at that hall in the manufacture of clothing, will he consider using the drill hall at Abermain for the purpose that the department has in mind? The latter hall, like the camp at Greta, is now vacant. As the decision to take over the hall at Kurri Kurri will involve the dismantling of machinery now installed there, will he assist David Jones Limited, who are the manufacturers concerned, by offering to that company the use of the drill hall at Abermain; or, alternatively. make arrangements for the trainees who are called up under the national service scheme to undergo training at the Abermain hall? Mr FRANCIS: LP – It is very interesting to hear the honorable member’s persistent pleas on behalf of David Jones Limited. 1 am happy to be able to say that, that company has agreed to vacate the drill hall at Kurri Kurri, which is urgently required to meet the greatly increased requirements of the Australian Army, particularly in respect of field exercise? by national service trainees.. I shall examine the alternative proposal that the honorable member has made,, not as an alternative to the department’s intention, but as a means of meeting the increasing requirements of the Army for drill hall acommodation page 593 QUESTION PARLIAMENT HOUSE, Mr MULLENS: GELLIBRAND, VICTORIA – I address a question co you, Mr. Speaker. Are you aware of a rumour that has emanated from Darwin,, and which impugns your honour and integrity? It is that starting price betting is taking place within the precincts of this House. Have you any profitable information to impart to honorable members? Are we to take this alleged development - I do not regard it as being a cause for levity - as a reflection upon your vigilance in the past, or will it be a spur to your activities in the future? Mr SPEAKER: – So far as I, personally, am concerned, I believe that the laws with respect to gambling in the Australian Capital Territory should be strictly observed in the precincts of this House. tn other words, the law makers should not be law breakers. Nor should honorable members connive at breaches of the law which come to their knowledge. When. I became Speaker, my attention was directed to certain things and,, so far as I know, no breach of those laws is being committed in the precincts of this House. If any honorable member has information that discloses breaches of the betting laws, it is his duty, as a sworn member of the House, to pass that knowledge on to the President of the Senate or to me. In those circumstances it will be dealt with. The idea that some honorable members seem to have, that so long as they are in. certain rooms in this House they are entitled to break the law to their hearts’” content, is one which may have rather awkward consequences before very long if certain practices are found to be in evidence. page 593 QUESTION PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA Mr McBRIDE: LP – by leave- On the 1.4th May the honorable member for Ryan (Mr. Drury) asked me a question about the defence of New Guinea. The importance of New Guinea to the defence of Australia is fully appreciated, and plans have been prepared for the allocation of adequate forces to the island as circumstances warrant. The facts regarding such activities reveal that, action is being taken to develop the defences of New Guinea and to employ natives in defence work, Foremost in the defence of this territory is the navaand air base at Manus Island in the Admiralty group, the establishment of which has been accorded a measure of priority in the defence programme. In order to enable the inhabitants of our island territories to contribute to their own defence, the following measures have been taken: - Navy. - A voluntarily enlisted New Guinea division of the Royal Australian Navy, under the command of a lieutenantcommander, Royal Australian Navy, is being recruited and trained by three Royal Australian Navy Instructors ai H.M.A.S. Tarangau, the naval base at Manns Island. Those natives, when trained, will be employed primarily as seamen and stoker mechanics in the naval small craft used in New Guinea waters. Army. - Two infantry units have been formed - (i) The PapuaNew Guinea Volunteer Rifles, which is a citizen military force unit composed of white personnel and supplemented by an Australian Regular Army cadre. The role of this unit is to provide officers and noncommissioned officers for the expansion of the Pacific Islands Regi- ment in war. (ii) The Pacific Islands Regiment, an Australian Regular Army unit with Regular Army officers and a proportion of regular noncommissioned officers and native troops. Air Force. - Proposals are now under consideration for thi’ formation, within the Royal Australian Air Force, of a native element for employmen in the Admiralty Islands. This element, to be called the Pacific Islands Plight, Royal Australian Air Force, is designed to provide a useful source of manpower, some of which would he semi-skilled, and to ensure the establishment within the Royal Australian Air Force of training techniques and the development of experience which would enable the maximum use to be made of available native manpower in war. Dr Evatt: – Could the total overall figures be given? Mr McBRIDE: – I shall obtain that information and convey it to the right honorable gentleman. page 594 STANDING ORDERS COMMITTEE Mr SPEAKER: -(Hon. Archie Cameron). - I present the report of the Standing Orders Committee, dated the 21st May, on Standing Order 48. page 594 HOSPITAL BENEFITS Formal Motion for Adjournment Mr SPEAKER: -(Hon. Archie Cameron). - I have received from the honorable member for Burke (Mr. Peters) an intimation that he desires to move the adjournment of the House for the purpose of discussing a definite matter of urgent public importance, namely - The failure of the Government to maintain adequate financial provision for hospitals and the consequent re-imposition of the means test and of fees in public wards. Mr PETERS: Burke .- I move - That the House do now adjourn. Mr SPEAKER: – Is the motion supported ? Eight honorable members having risen in support of the motion, Mr PETERS: – In December, 1945, the Victorian Parliament passed an act to authorize and approve an agreement between the Commonwealth and Victoria in relation to hospital benefits. The schedule of that act sets out as follows : - The agreement shall be in force for a minimum period of five years and thereafter shall be subject to determination after [hereby specify a period of notice by either party of not less than one year]. The facts in relation to this agreement were that an amount of 6s. a bed a day was to be paid in relation to every bed occupied in every public hospital in Victoria or, and this is particularly important, such other amount as should be from time to time determined. The agreement provided, furthermore, that - the State shall ensure that no means testis imposed on, and that no fees are charged to or in respect of, qualified persons occupying beds in public wards in public hospitals. The period of that agreement has not yet expired. No notice of termination of it has been given by the Commonwealth or the State. Sir Earle Page: – That is untrue. Mr SPEAKER: – Order! I shall hear one case at a time. Mr PETERS: – Yet, charges are now to be made for beds in public hospitals in Victoria. Yesterday the Prince Alfred Hospital in Melbourne decided to charge public ward patients a minimum of 18s. a day. The Royal Melbourne Hospital has decided to charge 25s. a day and other hospitals, such as the Eye and Ear Hospital, the Children’s Hospital and the Women’s Hospital, have decided to charge patients fees of at least 18s. a day. The Victorian Government sought information on whether it is legal, while this agreement exists, for those hospitals to make charges and to impose a means test. Although all the legal authorities apparently agree that none of the hospitals have power to charge fees, the hospitals still intend to charge them. The law is to be flouted, and the agreement is to be treated merely as a scrap of paper. I know that, when the occasion and the circumstances suit them, honorable members opposite lecture the Opposition, and sections of the community, upon the sanctity of agreements and the recognition that should be given to legalisms and the law. Yet, on this occasion they are parties to the breaking of an agreement. They are ignoring the law. Had the Government made adequate provision for the hospitals in Victoria, and increased the allowance of 6s. a bed a day in proportion to the rising costs of hospitalization, the imposition of a means test would have been unnecessary. I realize that some Government supporters say, in effect, “We have adopted this policy only because we consider that wealthy persons should pay for their hospitalization”. That point does not arise. The issue regarding the retention or the abolition of the means test was settled long ago in this country. When the hospital benefits legislation was before the Victorian Parliament, no members of the Liberal party attacked it on the ground that they were opposed to the imposition of a means test. They objected to it because the scope of its provisions was not sufficiently wide, and the allowance of 6s. a bed a day was payable only to public hospitals and not to mental hospitals and other institutions. The Minister for Social Services (Mr. Townley) announces periodically that the means test, as applicable to age and invalid pensioners, will be abolished as soon as possible. I remind the House that a means test is not imposed in respect of child endowment, pharmaceutical and other social benefits. The majority of Government supporters appear to favour the ‘ abolition of the means test generally. If some of them consider that the means test should be retained, they should advocate its application to the distribution of Aspros, which are taken to cure headaches, as well as to wards in public hospitals. But the rights or wrongs of the means test are not the issue at the presen time. Members of the Liberal party in the Victorian Parliament have acquiesced in the principle of the abolition of the means test. The whole problem now is the lack of funds. The costs of hospitalization have risen rapidly in Victoria in the last few years, as evidenced by the fact that the cost of administration this year exceeds last year’s figure by £1,720,000. The Government’s contribution is about £1,000,000 a year. When the hospital benefits scheme was introduced in 1946-47, the basic wage was approximately £5 3s. a week, but to-day it exceeds £10 a week. On the ground of the higher basic wage alone, the payment by the Commonwealth should be increased to 12s. 4d. a bed a day. But even that amount would not cover the increased cost of hospital administration, which has risen out of all proportion to the increase in the basic wage. In 1945, nurses received about £4 a week, and to-day they are paid between £10 and £13 a week. Those figures illustrate my contention that the cost of hospital administration has risen out of all proportion to the increase in the basic wage. Therefore, the Commonwealth grant should be considerably more than 12s. 4d. a bed a day. I know that Government supporters share with me a deep regret that the number of hospitals in Australia is insufficient to accommodate- all the sick persons in the community. Thousands of people are turned away from the doors of hospitals in every State because those institutions cannot provide beds for them. Yet, the payment of 6s. was more than adequate in 1945 to meet the daily administration charges in respect of each bed. Mr CRAMER: BENNELONG, NEW SOUTH WALES – Nonsense! The honorable gentleman does not know what he is talking about. Mr PETERS: – If the honorable member for Bennelong (Mr. Cramer) and some other Government supporters will refrain from mumbling, I shall be in a better position to describe the exact position of hospitals. Mr SPEAKER: -Order! I ask honorable members to hear the honorable member for Burke in silence. Mr PETERS: – The report of the debate in the Victorian Parliament on the bill to ratify the hospital benefits scheme shows that in 1946-47, the upkeep of a bed in a public hospital absorbed 3s. 3d. of the allowance of 6s. a day. That was due to the fact that substantial donations were made by private citizens towards the maintenance of beds. The balance of 2s. 9d. was paid into a trust fund for the purpose of meeting the building costs and capital expenditure charges. But that position no longer obtains. A payment of 12s. 4d. a day, even in conjunction with donations from private citizens, would not defray the costa of hospitals in Victoria or elsewhere. Beds in registered hospitals in Victoria number 6,300, of which approximately 1,100 are in the intermediate section. Therefore, only 5,200 beds are available to the vast majority of the people in that State who, in the main, cannot pay the charges for hospitalization in addition to the fees charged <by the medical fraternity. Patients in the public hospitals are subjected to a means test. Large numbers of people, who are admitted to intermediate wards, pay the hospital fees less the” Commonwealth’s contribution of 8s. a day. However, a new situation has arisen in Victoria. The suggestion has been made that the number of beds available in public hospitals free of charge to any member of the community, be reduced from 5,200 to 3,800, and beds in intermediate wards be increased to approximately 2,250. It will follow from the reduction of the number of beds that are regarded as public beds in public hospitals from 5,200 to 3,800 that if 4,000 or 5,000 people who can pay nothing at all seek admission to public hospitals, a large number of them will not be able to gain admission. [Extension of time granted.] Even after having been satisfactorily examined by the almoner or other authority, they will not be able to obtain accommodation. I favour the free medicine scheme, but I believe that it is. more important that a person who needs a life-saving operation should be able to obtain accommodation in a hospital than it is that people should be able to get free aspros or other pain-relieving medicines. Important as the free medicine scheme is, and I regard it as very important, adequate hospital accommodation is much more important. If no means test is to be imposed in connexion with the provision of free medicine, the Government should utilize the vast resources that it has built up to prevent inflation - and the sum of £100,000,000 has been mentioned in that regard - to provide free accommodation in hospitals for the public. That money would be well spent if its expenditure prevented sickness and death among the public. I suggest that it is more important to save the lives of our citizens than it is to prevent the increasing of costs which is having such a profound effect upon our economy. Inflation is not as dangerous a national disease as are many of the diseases from which human beings suffer. I appeal to the Government to be logical and not to force Victoria into imposing a means test on those who need attention in public hospitals. This Government holds the purse strings. It pays the piper and therefore it calls the tune. If a means test is to be imposed in Victoria it will be because of the actions of the Australian Government and not the Government of Victoria. I consider that public health is of the first importance, and that everything should be done to make it as easy as possible for all the people to secure the best of medical attention under the most modern conditions. The Government should ensure that the moneys it provides for all the States of the Commonwealth shall be in such proportion as to make unnecessary the imposition of a means test upon those who wish to use the facilities available at public hospitals. Sir EARLE PAGE: Minister for Health · Cowper · CP – I can immediately comfort the honorable member for Burke (Mr. Peters), who moved this motion, because I can tell him that the proposals of the Government provide the only way by which the means test on patients in public hospitals can be completely abolished. In England, where no means test is imposed, the fees of patients are paid by the national health insurance scheme. That scheme provides for the abolition of the means test in regard to health services and superannuation. Under the British scheme, every British man and woman directly pays lOd. a week into the national health fund as part of the amount they pay under the general insurance scheme. The honorable member will also be glad to know that this Government’s proposal is that the amount which the various hospitals in Australia will receive under the Government scheme will be three times the original daily amount payable in respect of each bed. The original payment was 6s. and the proposed payment will be 18s. During the six or seven years since the hospital benefits scheme came into operation, the expenses of public hospitals have doubled, but this proposal will triple the benefit that they will receive under the scheme. Mr Curtin: – Taxation has doubled, also. Sir EARLE PAGE: – That is so, but the public gets the benefit of that. This year the States will receive £166,000,000 to pay for the capital cost of works that should be paid for out of loans. This is an extraordinarily good opportunity for me to put the true facts of the matter before the people of Australia. I think that it is affrontery on the part of the Labour party, which is practically responsible for the muddle in -which the hospital system is at the present time, to try to highlight that muddle in this Parliament. Honorable members opposite are very unwise from a party political point of view to raise the matter at this time, but very wise from a national point of view. I am astonished that an honorable member from Victoria should have introduced this discussion, because in Victoria no less than 76 organizations have rushed in to help to implement the Government’s scheme. Those organizations are representative of all sections of the people in Victoria. For instance, there is the Hospital Benefits Association of Victoria, the. Protestant Alliance Friendly Society, the Manchester Unity Independent Order of Oddfellows Benefit Society, the Hibernian Australian Catholic Benefit Society, and many others. Practically every friendly society, as well as every bush nursing hospital in Victoria, has indicated a willingness to help in the ‘Scheme. For about six months all those organizations have been enjoying the .benefits of the scheme brought in by the Government which provides an additional 12s. to the original 6s. daily, which -was previously provided for each bed occupied. Mr ANDREWS: DAREBIN, VICTORIA – If insured. Sir EARLE PAGE: – I am glad that the honorable member has reminded me of that, because the honorable member for Burke did not mention that the method whereby the means test could, be abolished in Australia has already been provided by this Government under its free medicine scheme which will cost about £7,000,000 this year. There are approximately 8,000,000 people in Australia. Thus, an average of 17s. 6d. a head is made available to provide free life-saving drugs for every man, woman and child in the country, from the oldest granddad to the youngest babe in arms. At present, a married man can insure hiE wife and family for a premium of 6d. a week. That amounts to 26s. a year, but he receives in return a benefit of 35s. that was not available to him when the Labour party was in power. Thus, he receives 9s. a year more than the total cost of his insurance. It is absurd to say that this scheme cannot work, because the money has been provided. It must he made to work, because the whole hospital system of Australia, which I have studied closely, is “ in the red “. One of the reasons for that moribund condition is that . health is essentially a matter for the State governments, not for the Australian Government. When certain referendum proposals were under discussion in this House on a former occasion, I tried to induce the Parliament to ask the people to replace the existing ambiguous reference to health in the Constitution with a clear delegation of power. Dr Evatt: – But not one of the right honorable gentleman’s supporters would agree to the proposal. Sir EARLE PAGE: – Nevertheless, ii was a good proposal, and I did my best to have it adopted. Now I have provided a scheme that makes thi1 best of the present poor, paltry provision in the Constitution, -which does not really cover such a situation as exists in Australia to-day. What is the situation of our hospitals? As a result of the introduction of Labour’? hospital scheme, and of another action by the Chifley Government, hospital costs have increased enormously and, at the same time, there has been a tremendous diminution of ‘public support, a? distinct from governmental support, for hospitals. In 1930, only 31 per cent, of the total cost of hospitals had to be found by governments. By 194-5, that proportion has increased in New South Wales to 40 per cent. To-day, in the same State, the figure is 84 per cent. The result of thi« has been the complete destruction of the voluntary system upon which the hospitals previously relied. Formerly, donations to public hospitals in New South Wales amounted to £300.000 or £400,000 a year, but to-day receipts from subscriptions amount to only £114,000 a year. In Queensland, such contributions have decreased from a total of £88,000 to £5,000 a year. The spirit of benevolence of the Australian people is being crushed by this system. This Government has come forward with an offer to State hospitals throughout Australia that will increase their revenue by 10s. a bed daily. There are 365 days in a year. Therefore, that contribution will increase their income by £182 a year for each bed. There are approximately 60,000 beds in public hospitals throughout Australia. The total in Victoria, to which the honorable member for Burke referred, is 10,000. Therefore, the income of public hospitals in that State alone will be increased by £1,800,000 annually. The honorable member has said that those hospitals are “ in the red “ to the tune of £1,700,000. Here is a way to make up the whole of that leeway. The hospital authorities themselves are insistent that this scheme be implemented because they contend that the sole alternative is to close down beds by the hundreds, even though shortage of beds has already reached grave proportions. When I visited a public hospital in Brisbane recently, I found 66 patients in a 40-bed ward. The situation is the same throughout Australia. There is overcrowding everywhere because there is not enough money in the hospitals system to provide for ordinary costs of maintenance. Because of this financial stringency, plans for the building of new hospitals in all parts of the country have had to be deferred. Australia’s total of 60,000 beds in public hospitals ought to be increased by 15,000 so that prompt and adequate treatment may be provided for the sick. But we cannot provide those extra beds because of the effects of the Chifley Government’s scheme and because of the introduction of the 40-hour week, another measure that the Labour Government supported. The shorter working week has done tremendous damage to the nursing and hospital systems of this country. Under this Government’s scheme, which will provide an amount of 18s. a day for each public hospital bed by means of the government contribution and the insurance premium of 6d. a week for a married man, and less for a single man, a basic income of about £20,000,000 a year will be provided for the hospitals before even one penny is contributed by State governments. Mr Andrews: – But what about the amount of 25s. a day for each bed that the right honorable gentleman mentioned earlier ? Sir EARLE PAGE: – It is easy to insure for more than 18s. a day. Furthermore, the contributor already has in kitty the 9s. that he saves under the free medicine scheme. I know of dozens of members of this Parliament who, without any government aid, have insured themselves and their families for hospital benefits. In fact, not long ago, I spoke to the Labour Minister for Health in New South Wales, who told me that he had insured himself with three companies. He was not going to get only £2 2s. a week. He intended to obtain £8 8s. or £10 10s. a week from various organizations in the event of sickness in his family. Hundreds of contributors to the New South Wales Railway, Tramway, Motor Omnibus and Road Transport Hospital Fund, one of the biggest workers’ organizations of that character in Australia, have insured themselves and their families for benefits of as much as £8 8s. a week. I asked one of them why he had done so, and he told me that he wanted to be sure that, should an evil day come when his wife, the mainstay of the family, became ill, he would be able to find hospital accommodation for her even if all public wards were full. The richest countries in the world to-day are the United States of America and Canada. The United States of America, which is able to find 8,000,000,000,000 dollars a year to help other countries, has found it absolutely necessary, even though most of its hospital costs are covered by patients’ fees, to establish a vast system of pre-paid voluntary insurance. More than half of the total of hospital fees is provided by such insurance, and 83 per cent, of the costs of hospital maintenance are provided by the fees of patients. Canada, the second richest country in the world, has introduced a similar system. I ask honorable members to consider the psychological and physical effects of the Chifley Government’s scheme, which was introduced in 1945. That scheme was called a hospital benefits scheme, but that was a misleading description. The Labour Government said to the State governments, in effect, “ If you will stop collecting money in your public hospitals, we will provide you with money “. Hospital costs-were then estimated at 6s. a day for each bed, and the States agreed to the scheme on that basis. Later they asked that the rate be increased to 8s., and that was conceded. But what did the Premiers think of that scheme? The present Governor-General, Sir William McKell, who was then the Premier of New South Wales, made this comment - Should this proposed scheme come into operation, many persons who now contribute to hospital benefit funds would discontinue their payments, so that the Commonwealth Government’s payment of (is. a day would merely be substituted for the Gs. a day now received from other sources. The view of New South Wales is that the proposed scheme would substantially interfere with voluntary contributions towards hospitals. If the sum represented by a payment of (is. a clay in respect of each hospital patient were paid to the State in order to enable it to bring its hospital system up to date by providing additional beds, that would be of more benefit to New South Wales than the proposed scheme would be. Is it advisable for us to sacrifice, the huge amount contributed voluntarily when we are so fur behind in capital expenditure on hospital facilities? I have received very strong protests, from an association which represents HO hospitals m New South Wales, against the adoption of the scheme. They express the view that it will affect the honorary medical services. He estimated that New South Wales would lose about £1,200,000 a year in voluntary contributions and asked whether it was desirable to sacrifice such an amount when the hospital position was so difficult. The late Sir Albert Dunstan, who at that time was the Premier of Victoria, and whose government remained in power only with the support of the Labour party, spoke in similar terms. So did Mr. Willcock, who was then the Labour Premier of Western Australia. Mr. Hanlon, the Premier of Queensland, said - I maintain that the Commonwealth scheme is fundamentally unsound. It provides for the payment of so much by the Commonwealth for each patient, but no Commonwealth contribution is to be made towards the cost of those services which .prevent people from having to go to hospital. Under the proposed scheme there will be an influx into the public wards of people who would otherwise be treated at home. [Extension of time granted.] The first thing the Hospital Benefits Act did was to substitute for the money that the hospitals had been receiving from patients in public wards an equivalent cash payment by the Commonwealth, first, of 6s. a day and, later, of 8s. a day. In return, the States abolished the means test in the public wards of their hospitals. Consequently, well-to-do people could secure beds in those wards, but, owing to the shortage of hospital beds, that meant that poor men and women were squeezed out of the public wards. Under the present state of affairs, a poor man who requires a hernia operation, or some other operation that need not be done immediately, may have to wait for eight or nine months before he can obtain admission to a hospital, while the bed that he needs is occupied by a well-to-do man, who, under the old conditions, would have paid for a bed in another place. I know of many sick people with very small means who, because they could not secure admission to a public ward of a hospital, paid for admission to an intermediate or private ward. They did so because they needed treatment urgently. Another effect of the ill-conceived legislate . i of the Chifley Government was to damage the private hospital system and to cause many private hospitals to close. I think 3,000 or 4,000 beds in private hospitals were lost as a result of that legislation. Pressure upon the public hospitals was increased, because many people who were willing to pay for treatment in private hospitals were forced to seek treatment in public hospitals. In addition, a feeling was created in the minds of the people that the Government alone was responsible for the payment of all hospital costs. In Queensland, that is the position. The position in Victoria is not quite as bad as in New South Wales, because the Victorian Government is finding only 68 per cent, or 70 per cent, of the costs, while the New South Wales Government is finding S4 per cent. The effect of that feeling was to disperse, to a great degree, the voluntary organizations which, over scores of years, had done much to help hospital managements and to cheer patients. In New South Wales and Queensland, donations to voluntary organizations dropped considerably. The system introduced by the Chifley Government discriminated against patients who were very sick, and because they could not obtain a free bed in a hospital, they could be given only out-patient treatment, for which they were charged. Out-patient treatment is on a means test basis, but no means test is applied to in-patients. The Chifley Government made provision for an escape clause, in that a screen can be put round a bed in a public ward and the patient charged for treatment. Workmen injured as a result of accidents suffered during the course of their employment are also made to pay when they are in hospital. Practically twothirds of the women of Australia who enter hospitals to have babies pay for treatment and attention. The hospital system in Queensland is supposed to be a free system, but I know that two out of every three women in that State who go into hospital to have babies pay while they are in the hospital. They do so because they wish to have privacy. In one -women’s hospital in Queensland, there were three public wards and one private and intermediate ward, but now the hospital has three private and intermediate wards and one public ward, because the women prefer to pay something to secure privacy. It is worth while to bear in mind that, while all that is happening, the poor old pensioner, about whom everybody is now talking, is still required to pay £2 2s. a week from his pension while he is in a rest home or a similar institution. He is told that he has to pay something for his board and lodging. Something must be done to unable the cost of maintaining hospital patients to be met. In Canberra, public servants are charged £5 or £6 a week for their board and lodging in hostels. This problem is being faced in England. The British Government realizes that, if nursing services are to be provided free, something will have to be done to provide for the actual maintenance, or the board and lodging, of hospital patients, because otherwise the British scheme will not work at all. Another- imposition was placed upon the States by the Chifley Government becausethe Pharmaceutical Benefits Act provided that the State governments should pay for all free drugs used by patients in public wards, although everybody else in Australia was entitled to obtain drugs free of charge. I am trying to negotiate an agreement with the States under which the cost of the provision of drugs to patients in public wards will no longer be borne by the States. I turn now to the effects of the 40-hour week on hospital finance. A hospital has to deal with the physiological condition of a patient. Any nurse will explain that a 40-hour week system, in which the day is broken up into a number of shifts so that patients are attended by a number of nurses, is very difficult to work satisfactorily. In Brisbane, hospital employee? are working a 4.4-hour week regularly, and are paid for the extra four hours a week at overtime rates. That is being done also in the repatriation hospitals, because it is physiologically impossible to work satisfactorily at nursing on the basis of a 40-hour week. The effect of the 40- hour week has been to increase the working costs of hospitals considerably. If hospital staffs worked only for 40 hours each week, larger staffs would be required, and accommodation would be needed for the extra persons employed. But we have neither the money and materials nor the man-power to provide such extra accommodation. The honorable member for Eden-Monaro (Mr. Allan Fraser) know« how I have struggled during the last two or three years to secure extra accommodation at the Canberra Community Hospital, which is in the heart of the capital city. If I cannot secure extra accommodation in the Australian Capital Territory, what chance have people who are. say, 2,000 miles away from here? We must do something to off-set the effect of the 40-hour week upon hospitals. Otherwise, we shall get into a worse mess. Let me say a few words about our own scheme. It is based upon the principle that an extra payment shall be made ? > those who are prepared to help themselves. Some municipal councils have indicated that they are willing to give a quarter of their revenue from rates to hospitals in their areas. I have said that if that sum is equivalent .to a payment of 6s. a day in respect of each bed in the public hospitals in those areas, we shall regard it in the same way as insurance. All that [ am asking the States to do is to conclude an agreement that will be acceptable to this Government, under which they will receive a bigger hospital revenue. Mr ALLAN FRASER: Monaro · EDEN-MONARO, NEW SOUTH WALES · ALP .- The Minister for Health (Sir Earle Page) is a political Shylock- Mr DEPUTY SPEAKER (Mr Adermann: FISHER, QUEENSLAND – Order! That is not an acceptable term. Mr ALLAN FRASER: EDEN-MONARO, NEW SOUTH WALES · ALP – The Minister for Health is a political Scrooge- . Sir EARLE PAGE: – I object to that term. Mr DEPUTY SPEAKER: -Order! The honorable gentleman must withdraw the term. Mr ALLAN FRASER: EDEN-MONARO, NEW SOUTH WALES · ALP – I withdraw the terms. The Minister for Health is a unique character in that he is withholding from the hospitals of the States money to which they are entitled and which they need to provide services for the sick people of the community, except upon the most onerous conditions. He is directly responsible for the reestablishment in Victoria of the system of payment in public wards of private hospitals. He is directly responsible for the re-establishment of the means test in those hospitals. He is extending that system to every State of the Commonwealth. The Minister, in what, I think, must, be regarded as one of the most extraordinary statements ever made in this House, has said that he is abolishing the means test in respect of the public hospitals in Australia. That statement is well worth a moment’s examination. In 1945, the Chifley Government established the present hospital agreement, under which it provided 6s. a day for each occupied hed, on condition, first, that payment in public wards should be no longer required ; and, secondly, that no means test should thereafter be applied to any one who was seeking admission to a public ward. In 1945, under the hospitals agreement of the Chifley Government, the means test, which had applied until then, was abolished. That position was maintained until the Minister introduced his new system which is forcing every hospital in Australia to seek and appoint officers for the sole purpose, as required by the Minister’s scheme, of examining the means of patients to determine whether or not they shall be required to pay hospital fees. The Canberra Community Hospital Board, which operates under the sole direction of the Minister himself has notified that from the 1st July, under the Minister’s directions, it will not be able to provide free treatment, in the public wards for an uninsured person, unless that person is first subjected to a means test and his poverty is established. The Minister will agree that that is a correct statement. Sir Earle Page: – Patients are not subject to any test. Mr ALLAN FRASER: EDEN-MONARO, NEW SOUTH WALES · ALP – The Minister is not doing anything in Canberra that he is not requiring to be done also in every State of Australia. That point has already been made conclusively by the honorable member for Burke (Mr. Peters) who initiated this debate. But the facts that I have given also cancel the extraordinary contention of the Minister that he is abolishing a means test when, in fact, for the first time in seven years, he is re-establishing the means test in every public hospital in Australia. The Minister sighs for a return of the days when public hospitals were chiefly financed by voluntary contributions. But no enlightened community now supports the point of view that the sick of the country should be dependent upon bazaars and button days, charity dances and balls. Mr Andrews: – And on gambling. Mr ALLAN FRASER: EDEN-MONARO, NEW SOUTH WALES · ALP – And on gambling also. For seven years, the principle that has operated in this country, with the support of all honorable members, is that the public revenues of the community should meet the cost .of treatment for patients in public wards of hospitals. I remind the Minister that the Chifley Government’s scheme, which he has seen fit to criticize, was introduced into this Parliament following the unanimous recommendation of a general committee of members of both Houses of the Parliament. The Minister for Repatriation (Senator Cooper) and the honorable member for Flinders (Mr. Ryan) were members of that committee. The Minister made an extraordinary statement when he suggested that under the previous scheme, the well-to-do people were squeezing the poor people out of beds. He has said that he proposes to remedy that position by abolishing the means test so that there will be no longer any examination of the relative financial positions of patients. One argument destroys the other. If, according to his statement, the Minister intends to alter the position so that well-to-do patients will not squeeze poor patients out of beds, obviously he will examine the means of the patients to establish their right to go into a public ward. The fact is that no well-to-do patient has squeezed a poor person out of a hospital bed. A wealthy person can occupy only one bed, and if his medical condition requires it, he is entitled to a hospital bed whether his income is £10,000 or £500 a year. He requires only the medical and nursing services that are required by a poor patient in a public ward. A wealthy person will not make additional demands upon the hospital, medical and nursing services of the community unless, under the Minister’s scheme, he occupies a private ward and asks for special services in return for the payments that he makes. The Minister made one other statement which ranks amongst the most extraordinary that have been made in the Parliament when he said that the Government had no money for additional hospital services. The fact is that the Government will collect in the present financial year, and pay into the National Welfare Fund, £180,000,000. In the same period it will spend from the National Welfare Fund £140,000,000. The Minister, therefore, will have a surplus of collections over expenditure in the National Welfare Fund this financial year of £40,000,000, a record figure. But he has stated that he cannot do any more for the poor of this community because the Government has no money. Sir Earle Page: – What about next year? Mr ALLAN FRASER: EDEN-MONARO, NEW SOUTH WALES · ALP -The Minister has spoken of next year and has suggested by implication that the money must be collected this year because he will be short of funds next year. May I assure him that, as he knows very well, by the 30th June this year, a credit balance of almost £200,000,000 will have accumulated in the National Welfare Fund. Sir Earle Page: – The honorable member is deceiving himself. Mr ALLAN FRASER: EDEN-MONARO, NEW SOUTH WALES · ALP – The budget papers have shown that the amount to the credit of the National Welfare Fund at. the 30th June will be just on £200,000,000, yet the Minister has said that no money is available to him. He has stated that people must insure in one of the numerous hospital benefit societies if they want free treatment. The Minister forgets that those societies exclude from their benefits all chronic cases. Sir Earle Page: – That is not so. They are altering the provisions. Mr ALLAN FRASER: EDEN-MONARO, NEW SOUTH WALES · ALP – They have not altered them yet. If the Minister examines any of those schemes to-day, he will find that people who have enrolled in those hospital benefit schemes in response to his appeals, have done so on the condition that they will not receive payment in respect of chronic diseases. The conditions are set out and they also exclude persons over the age of 65 years. The Minister cannot produce in the House the benefit lists of any society which provide benefits to-day to chronic cases or persons over 65 years of age. If he can achieve the inclusion of such cases by an alteration of the conditions, that will be all to the good, but up to the present that alteration has not been made. Mr DEPUTY SPEAKER (Mr Adermann: – Order ! The honorable member’s time has expired. Dr DONALD CAMERON: OXLEY, QUEENSLAND · LP – I think that it would be as well to direct the intention of the House to the wording of the matter to which this adjournment motion refers. The purpose of the mover is to attack the Government for its alleged failure to maintain an adequate financial system to provide for hospitals. Let me point out to the House that the present scheme of finance for hospitals is totally inadequate and that it was introduced by the Chifley Labour Government. The truth is that the Chifley Government’s scheme, which honorable members are asked by the Opposition to maintain, replaced one which at that time was working more or less reasonably well and which, at any rate, provided for the number of patients relatively far more beds than are available at present. The Chifley Government replaced that scheme with one- which could not and did not provide sufficient hospital finance and is now breaking down. It is the breaking down of the Chifley Labour Government’s scheme that is involving the hospitals of Australia in their present difficulties and financial embarrassment, and not the scheme that the Minister for Health (Sir Earle Page) has proposed, but the Chifley Government’s scheme which is now in operation. Under this motion, the Opposition urges the Government to maintain the latter scheme although’ it has failed and, consequently, has caused the breakdown of the public hospitals system throughout Australia. The motion also refers to a means test. The breakdown of the Labour Government’s scheme has obliged public hospitals throughout Australia, because of . insufficient finance, to ask patients who can afford to do so to pay a proportion of the cost of their treatment. But that is not a means test. A means test excludes persons from participation in benefits unless they satisfy certain conditions of the test. Nobody contends that persons with limited means will now be denied admission to hospitals. A man who has been injured in an accident, or has developed acute appendicitis will not be turned away at the hospital door because his financial means are inadequate to meet his hospital expenses. The reference in the motion to a means test is merely propaganda on the part of the Opposition which desires to discredit this Government’s scheme. The only reason why public hospitals are now imposing a charge upon persons who occupy beds is that the Chifley scheme has broken down. In support of that statement, I shall cite illustrative figures in respect of the operation of the present scheme in New South Wales. In 1945, State aid to hospitals amounted to £1,700,000. donations and subscriptions amounted to £241,000 and revenue from systematic contributory schemes, such as are now being revived under this Government’s proposal, amounted to £630,000. These are all round figures. Of the total income of hospitals in that State, 48 per cent, was provided in the form of State aid and 52 per cent, represented collections from other sources. This was the year in which the Chifley Government’s scheme was introduced. By 1950, the form was that State aid had increased to £8,600,000, whilst donations and subscriptions had decreased to £111,000, and no revenue at all was received from contributory schemes. In the latter year, 84 per cent, of hospital income in New South Wales was made available in the form of State aid and only 18 per cent, represented income from other sources. If the Government maintained the Chifley scheme, as the Opposition now contends it should, it could only do so by increased taxation. It would have to make the sky the limit. It would have to increase substantially existing taxes in order to provide free hospital treatment for every one, regardless of the fact that many persons can afford to pay for hospital treatment. A serious decline has taken place in hospital finance under the existing scheme. In 1944-45, total hospital expenditure in Australia amounted to £10,400,000, of which sum 52.9 per cent, was obtained from non-governmental sources; but by 1949-50 that expenditure had increased to £21,000,000, of which only 20 per cent, was obtained from nongovernmental sources. That means that as a result of the introduction of the existing scheme, the Australian hospitals system lost approximately 30 per cent., or £6,000,000 a year, of the revenue that it had previously obtained from nongovernmental sources. Therefore, the Opposition’s contention that the present scheme should be maintained is extremely remarkable. I shall now cite some figures with respect to another method of hospital finance of which honorable members opposite approve. The honorable member for Eden-Monaro (Mr. Allan Eraser) raised a cry about gambling. The Queensland Government conducts a lottery, which is known as the “ Golden Casket “, ostensibly for the purpose of financing the construction and equipment of public hospitals. In 1950-51, revenue from the sale of tickets in that lottery totalled £4,265,000, but, after allowing for administrative expenses and prizes, which amounted to approximately £3,000,000, and the payment of the sum of £213,000 into Consolidated Revenue, a balance of only £1,076,000 was available for the purpose for which the lottery was established. Does the Opposition say that this Government should adopt a system of that kind for the purpose of financing the operation of public hospitals throughout Australia? The figures in respect of all lotteries that are conducted throughout Australia reveal an even worse result. In 1950-51, total revenue amounted to £17,600,000, and after provision had been made for administrative expenditure and prizes amounting to £12,000,000, and the sum of £4,000,000 had. been paid into the Consolidated Revenue funds of the States concerned, the magnificent sum of £1,380,000 remained for the purpose of maintaining public hospitals. In view of those figures, it is idle for members of the Opposition to contend that this Government has, by ignoring them, failed to meet its responsibility in respect of public hospital finance. What is this Government doing in this matter? What the Government proposes is no that hospital accommodation shall be denied to anybody, but that persons who can afford to pay, or who have made provision to do so by joining a hospital benefits fund, shall be asked to meet a proportion of the cost of treatment. The Minister has indicated that when the present agreement with the States expires, he proposes to negotiate a new agreement, on the basis of the present level of hospital bed subsidies, in respect of all persons who are not so insured. In respect of persons who are insured, he will propose that the occupied bed benefit be raised from 8s. to 12s. a day. It is estimated that under the Government’s proposed scheme, the sum of £20,000,000 will be injected annually into the public hospitals system. Such a scheme has much more to recommend it than has the ramshackle financial method that was introduced by Dr. Donald Cameron. the Labour Government. In addition, this Government has taken other measures. The Minister has instituted a pensioners’ medical service. Mr DEPUTY SPEAKER: – Order ! The honorable member’s time has expired. Mr ANDREWS: Darebin .- 1 emphasize that the Chifley Government’s hospital benefits scheme has not failed in any respect whatever. When that Government inaugurated social services benefits of all kinds, it established the National Welfare Fund for the purpose of financing them. That fund was described as Chifley’s nest-egg. The Treasurer (Sir Arthur Fadden), when he introduced his first budget, said that the National Welfare Fund had been invested in securities; but the amount to the credit of the fund has not been disclosed. He made that announcement at a time when this Government was actively engaged in abolishing the social services contribution as such. Why cannot the Government utilize that fund in order to assist hospitals that are in financial difficulties? Many hospitals in Victoria are in financial death throes. Notwithstanding what the Minister for Health (Sir Earle Page) has said, the fact remains that this community, like any other civilized community, is committed to the principle of providing free hospitalization for all who need hospital care. That was the basis of the scheme that the Chifley Government introduced. As health is the first plank of any scheme of public education, hospitalization must be regarded as being analagous to literacy. The Australian community accepts the principle of free education. Therefore, hospital and medical treatment also should be made available free, because the standard of health of the community is analagous in principle to that of education. For that reason, the cost of caring for the sick has for many years been properly accepted as a charge upon the community. Mr Beale: – The sick poor. Mr ANDREWS: – No, the care of the sick. I point out to the Minister for Supply (Mr. Beale) that even this Government accepts the principle of financing certain phases of hospitalization directly from Consolidated Revenue. I refer particularly to the treatment of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis. Therefore, the Government is not consistent when it obliges practically every person requiring hospital treatment to pay for it. No complaint is made about the fact that the treatment of persons suffering from infectious diseases and tuberculosis is financed directly and wholly by the community. What is taking place in Victoria at present is the result of this Government’s policy, which is deliberately designed to serve the interests of the British Medical Association. The new scheme will make it convenient for individual doctors - I have no doubt that they will soon take advantage of the opportunity - to group their patients in a hospital. As doctors can secure the admission of patients, there will be a tendency to extend intermediate wards at the expense of public wards. Consequently, many persons who are now joining hospital benefits funds will soon find that no beds will be available for them when they require hospital treatment. That position has actually arisen in Victoria, where no less than 2,000 persons are now awaiting admission to public hospitals. Regardless of what the honorable member for Oxley (Dr. Donald Cameron) has said, a number of public hospitals in the metropolitan area of Melbourne are applying a means test. The seriousness of this position should be estimated in the light of the facts that were given to the House by the honorable member for Burke (Mr. Peters). In Victoria, 6,300 beds are available in the general public hospitals. That number includes 1,100 paying beds, leaving 5,200 non-paying public ward beds. Propaganda in relation to the imposition of the means test on hospital patients has been most subtle. The Royal Melbourne Hospital has decided to charge patients in public wards a minimum of 25s. a day. Even people who have contributed for hospital benefits through friendly societies will find that they will have to pay at the rate of 7s. a day, whilst uninsured persons will be called upon to pay 17s. a day. The remarks of Sir Victor Hurley in relation to these charges are very much to the point, and I ask the Minister for Health to take particular note of them, because the Minister’s statement about the proportion of the amount of 25s. that is to be available for medicine differs from Sir Victor’s statement on the same matter. Sir Victor said that the 25s. a day fee would not include medical or nursing expenses which, he said, would be free. The fee would bc a charge for board and lodging; lodging in a dormitory, because, in effect, that is all a public hospital ward is! The secretary-manager of the hospital has stated that he hoped to ask patients to pay 17s. a day in advance because private hospitals asked for payments in advance. The charges made by the Royal Melbourne Hospital came intooperation on the 12th May. Lady Brookes, the president of the Queen Victoria Hospital, which is a women’s hospital, has stated that the hospital would seek a payment of 18s. a day, which would net it £1,000 a week. Her succeeding statement bears out my contention that the natural result of this development will be an expansion, of the number of intermediate wards and a decrease of the number of public, nonpaying beds. Lady Brookes said that it was hoped to save another £1,000 a week by the opening of a new intermediate ward. Nobody can logically say that that could be done except by a reduction of the number of non-paying beds. Queen Victoria Hospital patients were to be asked to pay 10s. a day in advance. When we recall that that hospital is largely a maternity hospital we can appreciate more fully the seriousness of the position. The Minister had something to say about the psychological effect on patients of making payments for their treatment. I should like to know what the psychological effect on patients of these charges, which the hospital authorities wish to be paid in advance, will be. Mr SPEAKER: – Order ! The honorable member’s time has expired. Mr HAWORTH: Isaacs .- It would be just as well to re-read to the House the text of the motion, because the honorable member for Darebin (Mr. Andrews) seems to have strayed entirely from the issue. The motion refers to - . the failure of the Government to maintain adequate financial provision for hospitals, and the consequent reimposition of the means test, and of fees in public wards. I understood from the statements of the honorable member for Burke (Mr. Peters) that he had moved the adjournment of the House for the purpose of directing attention to hospital finances, particularly in Victoria. Knowing that the debate was initiated by Victorians, and particularly by the honorable member for Burke, E am inclined to regard the motion as motivated more by propaganda than, by a desire to direct attention to the condition of hospital finances in Victoria. At present a sharp debate is in progress in Victoria about the best method of financing hospitals. The Victorian branch of the Labour party has introduced a suggestion that a State lottery would be the best means of financing hospitals. That suggestion has caused an upsurge of public indignation in Victoria. Et seems to me to be a bankrupt method of approaching the problem. We should examine closely the statements of honorable members opposite in relation to the occurrences of the last four or five years. Everybody will agree that Australian hospitals to-day are staggering on the verge of bankruptcy. That position is a reproach to governments and citizens alike, but the blame for it cannot be laid entirely at the door of this Government. When aid this bankruptcy in the financial position of our hospitals actually begin? The tangle of hospital finances in Vic- toria dates from 1945, the very year in which the Chifley Government abolished the means test and introduced the hospital subsidy of 6s. a day. Statistics show that before 1945, when the subsidy was not in operation, the means test was imposed by hospitals because they then obtained almost half their financial requirements from payments by patients and from donations. In other words, contributions by governments to hospital finances were almost entirely balanced by private gifts and payments by patients in a satisfactory way. As a result of the introduction of the subsidy, and the propaganda that accompanied it, people who had previously been benefactors to hospitals decided that there was no longer any need for them to make donations. The public was told that intending hospital patients, whether rich or poor, no longer had any i need to worry about obtaining hospital accommodation. The people were led to believe that they no longer had any responsibility in relation to charitable hospitals. That feeling grew, as the statistics regarding donations to hospitals show. As a result of the Chifley legislation, a greater responsibility has been thrown on hospital authorities at a time when the progress of science has led to a considerable increase of the cost of the maintenance of hospitals. The legislation has done incalculable harm to the whole of our hospital system. Another of its deleterious effects on the system was, as the Minister has stated, that it led to the closing down of a large number of private hospitals that had performed a useful service ancillary to that rendered by the major hospitals. The closing of those small hospitals resulted directly from the reluctance of patients to enter them when treatment was available at the charitable hospitals at no cost. I consider that the Government has displayed a constructive attitude in relation to the parlous condition of hospital finances. It introduced the Hospital Benefits Bill, which has improved the position. I know that the agencies which deal with applications for hospital insurance are dealing with many people who wish to become insured. The Government’s scheme has assured hospitals of an income of at least 19s. a day for enrolled patients. It is true that hospital authorities in Victoria have recommended that the means test should be reimposed, but it is untrue to say, as the honorable member for Burke has said, that people who cannot afford to pay for hospital accommodation will be turned away. Such statements have been denied by the secretaries and managers of charitable hospitals. I am sure that, as the Minister has said, no charitable hospital in this country will fail to keep its doors open for people who cannot afford to pay for accommodation. The hospital benefits scheme is now well established in Victoria. Participation in friendly and other approved societies is available to all members of the public, and there has been the greatest cooperation between those organizations and doctors and chemists in order to give assistance and advice to people who wish to become insured. Mr SPEAKER: -Order ! The honorable member’s time has expired. Mr J R FRASER: ALP – I believe that the health and well-being of the people areproperly the responsibility of the nation as a whole. I also believe that it would be completely wrong to return to the system of haphazard charity and to the old cap-touching and “ God bless the Squire “ days of 40 years ago, for which the Minister for Health (Sir Earle Page) yearns so nostalgically. The Government’s decision to introduce this scheme in the Australian Capital Territory has caused great indignation among the residents. The Hospital Board of the Canberra Community Hospital has made representations to the Minister on the matter, and questions relating to the decision have been raised in the press and at meetings of public organizations. But the people have received very little satisfaction from the Minister or the senior officers of his department. The Minister a few moments ago used these words - Health is not a federal matter. It is a State matter. Let me remind the right honorable gentleman that in the Australian Capital Territory the Australian Government has complete and unfettered authority and responsibility in all matters pertaining to its policy on health. Indeed the AustralianGovernment has no need, in the Australian Capital Territory, to seek an agreement with a State government. It is not hampered by any State administration, and no difficulty is placed in its way by any municipal administration. The Australian Government has complete authority and responsibility in the Australian Capital Territory; and I believe that it is avoiding its responsibility to the residents here. For many years, the citizens of the Australian Capital Territory paid a hospital tax in return for which they received free treatment in the public wards of the Canberra Community Hospital. Under the instructions of the Minister, a means test has been introduced for the first time. No matter what words the right honorable gentleman or any other Government supporter may use in an endeavour to brush that aside, the fact remains that this scheme introduces a means test into the hospital system in the Australian Capital Territory. When the system of uniform income tax began to operate in 1942-43, residents of the Australian Capital Territory commenced to pay income tax at the same levels as were applied to every other person in Australia. The local hospital tax, which they had paid in order to secure and maintain their free benefits in the public wards of the Canberra Community Hospital, was absorbed in the uniform income tax. At that time an undertaking was given to the residents of the Australian Capital Territory that they would continue to receive the hospital benefits to which they had been accustomed. What is the position now? They continue to pay income tax at the same levels as are applied to everybody else throughout the Commonwealth, yet they are denied the benefit that they enjoyed for years. Indeed, they do not benefit to the same degree as citizens in the States benefit. The p
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"https://www.youtube.com/embed/bqzx7a1f8Ws?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Paul's Blogs" ]	2022-04-02T00:00:00	Thomas (Dad) Garrick, after a nautical career, became a pioneer of cinema in Queensland. His family company established the Lyric Theatre in West End in 1912 and in 1923 they built the Rialto in Hill End. Only the Rialto survives, repurposed as commercial premises.	en	https://highgatehill-his…rsion11.jpg?w=32	Highgate Hill and Its History	https://highgatehill-historical-vignettes.com/2022/04/02/tom-garrick-cinema-pioneer/	Thomas (Dad) Garrick, after a nautical career, became a pioneer of cinema in Queensland. His family company established the Lyric Theatre in West End in 1912 and in 1923 they built the Rialto in Hill End. Only the Rialto survives, repurposed as commercial premises. Thomas Garrick’s Nautical Career Thomas Garrick was born in London in 1853. At age 15, after a short stint working in an office, he followed in his father’s footsteps and went to sea. By 1875, he had gained his master mariner’s certificate. Tom later recalled that as a youthful first mate, he was “left in charge of the barque Lord Clyde, with an injured captain and a second officer as much use as the fifth wheel on a coach.” Tom married Isabella McLintock in 1875 and they continued living in London. After he returned from a voyage to Australia on the “Taldara” in 1881, the family, including a baby daughter, emigrated to Brisbane. Tom worked on Australian coastal steamers for some years, and then started dairy farming at Milora in the Scenic Rim district of South East Queensland. Suffering financially from a severe drought, the Garricks purchased a grocery store in James Street, Fortitude Valley. Tom went back to sea leaving his family, which now included three sons, to run the shop. In 1908, Tom ended his career as a mariner. He retained his love of sailing ships and in the early 1930s built a large floating model of the famous clipper, the “Cutty Sark”. He became interested in the new technology of “living pictures”, purchased a horse drawn travelling picture show business from cinema pioneer Sidney Cook, and toured the Brisbane Valley. Sidney Cook Sidney Cook was a pioneer film exhibitor and cinematographer. In 1906, he became well known locally after showing his film of Brisbane streets shot from a moving tram. In 1910, in addition to using hired premises, he established a permanent base called the “Valley Picture Palace”, leasing the Foresters’ Hall in Fortitude Valley. Sidney Cook in 1910 and Forester’s Hall in Fortitude Valley Towards the end of 1910, Cook established a second theatre in leased premises on Boundary Street, West End, next to the School of Arts, which he called the “West End Picture Gardens”. It was open air and featured an iron screen. Tom Garrick was Cook’s partner in the venture as well as theatre manager. Garrick’s Entertainments Pty. Ltd. The lease expired in 1912 and the location was moved down a few doors towards Vulture Street and rechristened the Lyric Theatre. Tom signed a two year lease and Sidney Cook withdrew from the venture. In 1913, Tom and a business partner Richard (Dick) Stephens purchased the site and formed Garrick’s Entertainments Pty. Ltd. Stephens had instigated open air films at Dutton Park ( see my post The Dutton Park Garden Theatre ) and then managing Sidney Cook’s four Brisbane theatres. He later left the firm and acquired his own theatre at Paddington. Tragically, in 1932 Mrs. Lillian Stephens was murdered at the couple’s Dutton Park home during a robbery of their night’s theatre takings . The Lyric was a financial success, and in 1923 the family company built the Rialto Theatre on Hardgrave Road. They continued to expand, building the Arcadia Theatre in Bayswater Street Milton and purchasing the Victory in Taringa. Both were sold by the mid 1930s and the family concentrated on the two West End theatres. The company employed many family members and managed to survive the difficult depression years, although the opening of the Davies Park Speedway in 1927 adversely impacted audience numbers (see my post The Davies Park Story). The late 1930s and 1940s were good years for the business and Garrick’s refurbished both of their theatres, as described individually below. Members of the extended family worked in many roles such as ticket sellers, ushers and projectionists. “Bicycle boys” transferred reels of film between the two theatres at interval. The first feature film at the Lyric was the second at the Rialto and vice versa. In 1938, Isabella and Tom celebrated their diamond wedding anniversary and seven years later Tom’s 90th birthday was recognised by his peers. Captain Thomas Garrick passed away in 1945 and Isabella in 1948. Although adversely affected by the introduction of television broadcasting, Garrick’s continued operating the two West End theatres until the early 1960s. By then, family members had moved on to other activities and the company was sold. The Lyric Theatre The Lyric Theatre opened on the 12th of October, 1912. The Mayor of South Brisbane, John Burke, christened it in a ceremony in the style of a ship launch, devised by Tom Garrick. It was described as being commodious with a full width gallery of 80 foot (24 metres). Patrons sheltered here when it rained, as the theatre was largely open-air. The popularity of open-air theatres dropped off in winter and Garrick’s started leasing the nearby West End School of Arts hall in the colder months. In 1918, the theatre was roofed in. Around this time, Garrick’s used a searchlight to attract the attention of prospective patrons and lure them the short distance up Boundary Street from the tram stop. As well as operating as a cinema, the large size of the theatre made it useful for community events. For example, during the 1920s, ANZAC Day memorial services were held with up to 500 attending. “Talkies” were introduced to Brisbane in 1929 but were taking some time to become popular, in part because the artistic quality of silent films was yet to be matched. Also, the cost of equipping a theatre for sound was high. In 1930, Tom Garrick took the plunge and installed the RCA Photophone sound system at the Lyric. In 1937, with continuing financial success, Garrick’s decided to refurbish the theatre. During World War Two, as well as continuing as a cinema, the Lyric was used for activities such as meetings of air raid wardens and recruiting drives. After the war, national radio quizzes recorded in front of live audiences became very popular and the Lyric was regularly packed to capacity to watch shows hosted by household names such as Jack Davey and Bob Dyer. Amateur theatre groups also occasionally performed at the Lyric and it was also used for political meetings. In 1952, the theatre catered for baby boom families by installing a children’s crying room, unique in Brisbane at the time. My mother recalls going to the pictures here in the early 1950s when my family lived nearby, sitting in the end canvas seat with my sister in her pram next to her. A policeman was hired on Saturday nights to dampen boys’ enthusiasm for rolling jaffas and bottles down the aisle and releasing stink bombs. Across the street was Pickam’s milk bar, famous for its pineapple juice which sold for 6d (5c) a glass. It was popular with theatre patrons in the interval between movies. The Lyric continued to operate until 1961, around the time that the Garrick family sold the company. Until then, old traditions such as an organist playing during interval were kept alive. Advertisements for films showing at the Lyric cease from then on. The building was hired for community events and at one stage housed a toy store. It burnt down sometime around 1967. The Rialto Building on the the financial success of the Lyric Theatre, Garrick’s decided to expand and built the Rialto on Hardgrave Road. It was located just 4 stops down the West End tram line from the Lyric. The Rialto opened on the 11th of October, 1923, with a screening of “When Knighthood Was In Flower” starring Marion Davis, together with supporting features. As was usual at the time, the films were supplemented by live musical performances. Garrick’s installed an RCA sound system in 1933, three years after the sister Lyric theatre. The Rialto remained predominantly a film venue although some political meetings were held there. In 1941, the family company extended the stage and built the Art Deco style façade that became the Rialto’s distinguishing feature. The original roof is visible in both images below but with the old and new facades. The improved facilities, along with good acoustics and an ability to seat over 700, contributed to the Rialto becoming a major live theatre and music venue for some 50 years. From the immediate post-war years, the number of productions presented there steadily increased. Amongst the many organisations using the Rialto was Scouts Queensland with its Gang Show held there every year but one, from 1953 to 1969. Others included the Queensland Light Opera Company, Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust and the Brisbane Choral Society. The 1960 production of the pantomime “Jack and the Beanstalk” included the Bee Gees, who played during the interval and while sets were being changed. With various changes in ownership in the 1970s, live theatre productions dropped off. However the Rialto became a popular venue for the screening of Greek language films, which had previously been screened regularly at the Rialto in the mid 1950s. In 1983, the well known classical pianist Nancy Weir, wishing to revitalise live theatre in Brisbane, purchased the Rialto. Highlights of this period include a 1984 production of “The Rocky Horror Show” starring Reg Livermore and the “Roll Back the Years” series of vaudeville shows. For one “Roll Back the Years” production in 1985, Nancy played piano despite having a broken arm. These productions featured a group of dancers who had all performed in Brisbane during World War Two at the “Cremorne” and “Theatre Royal”. Some had also entertained troops at military bases (see my post Brisbane’s Princess Theatre). A consortium purchased the theatre from Nancy Weir in 1987. The new owners completed a refurbishment, converting the dress circle into a piano bar and adding additional dressing rooms. Neville Jones was the enthusiastic operator for some years. In 1991, two RCA Standard Superlight projectors that had been installed in the Rialto in 1935 were discovered hidden behind a bar, restored and used for special screenings. Gail Wiltshire bought the Rialto sight unseen in 1993. She already owned the Playhouse Theatre at Clayfield and the Twelfth Night at Bowen Hills. Late in the night of the 29th January 1995, during a screening of the cult classic “A Clockwork Orange”, a fierce storm tore off the roof of the Rialto. Miraculously, there were no injuries amongst the audience of 100. The debris was spread over three adjacent streets. The future of the building was in doubt for some time, especially as it was found to be in a poor condition due to termites and wood rot. In 1997, it was purchased by Jim Varitimos and after 8 months of building work, the Rialto started a new life as commercial premises. References: Captain T. R. Garrick Looks Back Over 85 Years Thomas Garrick Papers, State Library of Queensland This includes the recollections of Mrs. Joycelyn Munro (nee Garrick), Cedrick and Ron Garrick, all grandchildren of Thomas Garrick, as recorded by Dorothy Atthow, which I have drawn on in writing this post. © P. Granville 2022
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2410	dbpedia	2	70	https://www.sci.news/archaeology/clue-fate-famous-french-explorer-jean-francois-la-perouse-05179.html	en	Australian Anthropologist Finds Clue to Fate of Famous French Explorer Jean Francois La Perouse	https://cdn.sci.news/ima…rouse-Voyage.jpg	https://cdn.sci.news/ima…rouse-Voyage.jpg	[ "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2013/02/banner_site.png", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2017/08/image_5179_1-La-Perouse-Voyage.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2017/08/image_5179_2-La-Perouse-Voyage.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2017/08/image_5179_3-La-Perouse-Voyage.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2017/08/image_5179_4-La-Perouse-Voyage.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2017/08/image_5179_5-La-Perouse-Voyage.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13163f-Microwave-Bacteriome-104x75.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2015/03/image_2568f-Mars-Ocean-104x75.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13156f-Gobekli-Tepe-104x75.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2016/06/image_3935f-Homo-floresiensis-104x75.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13154f-Step-Pyramid-104x75.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13153f-Hypnovenator-matsubaraetoheorum-104x75.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13146f-Propterodacylus-frankerlae-104x75.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13165-Enalioetes-schroederi-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13164-Swift-J18180-1617-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13163f-Microwave-Bacteriome-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2015/03/image_2568f-Mars-Ocean-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2014/09/image_2141f-Jurassic-Squirrels-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13160-Olive-Oil-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13159-Nanohaloarchaeum-antarcticus-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13158-Pterosaur-Take-Off-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13157-Caralis-Chaos-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13156f-Gobekli-Tepe-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2016/06/image_3935f-Homo-floresiensis-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13154f-Step-Pyramid-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13153f-Hypnovenator-matsubaraetoheorum-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2022/04/image_10744-Hadean-Earth-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2016/09/image_4170-Terzan-5-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13150-Youti-yuanshi-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13149-LEDA-857074-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13148-Extraterrestrial-Solar-Panels-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2017/08/image_5155-Chicxulub-Asteroid-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13146f-Propterodacylus-frankerlae-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13145-Moon-Graphene-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13144-MACS-J0018.5-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13143f-Pakudyptes-hakataramea-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/08/image_13142-Milky-Ways-Thin-Disk-50x50.jpg", "https://cdn.sci.news/images/2024/07/image_13141-Warp-Drive-50x50.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "News Staff" ]	2017-08-30T18:45:13+00:00	Australian National University anthropologist Garrick Hitchcock has stumbled across a clue to resolving one of the most enduring mysteries of Pacific history -- the fate of Jean François de Galaup, Comte de La Pérouse, a French naval officer and explorer whose expedition vanished in 1788. Dr. Hitchcock believes the last survivors of La Pérouse’s voyage were shipwrecked on the Great Barrier Reef near Murray Island.	en	https://cdn.sci.news/favicon.ico	Sci.News: Breaking Science News	https://www.sci.news/archaeology/clue-fate-famous-french-explorer-jean-francois-la-perouse-05179.html	Australian National University anthropologist Garrick Hitchcock has stumbled across a clue to resolving one of the most enduring mysteries of Pacific history — the fate of Jean François de Galaup, Comte de La Pérouse, a French naval officer and explorer whose expedition vanished in 1788. Dr. Hitchcock believes the last survivors of La Pérouse’s voyage were shipwrecked on the Great Barrier Reef near Murray Island. La Pérouse (23 August 1741 — 1788?) was instructed by King Louis XVI to undertake a major voyage of exploration in the Pacific to emulate the feats of Captain James Cook. The expedition consisted of two ships: La Boussole and L’Astrolabe. They carried a total of 225 crew, officers and scientists. The ships left France in August 1785 and sailed south around Cape Horn. The voyage was expected to last four years. “La Pérouse’s voyage of discovery in the Pacific is recognized as one of the most important of its era, rivalled only by the work of Cook. He remains a very well-known and respected figure in eighteenth century scientific exploration,” Dr. Hitchcock said. What is known is that La Boussole and L’Astrolabe were wrecked in 1788 on Vanikoro, a small island in the Santa Cruz Group of the Solomon Islands. The survivors made it to shore and spent several months constructing a small two-masted craft, using timber salvaged from the wreck of L’Astrolabe. Once completed, they launched the vessel in a bid to return to France. “What became of this ship and its crew, desperate to return to France, has been an ongoing mystery,” Dr. Hitchcock said. While researching a project on the history of Torres Strait, Dr. Hitchcock came across an article published in an 1818 Indian newspaper, The Madras Courier. He is confident the article reveals what became of the survivors. “The article reported how, in September 1818, the ships Claudine (Captain Welsh) and Mary (Captain Orman) had rescued a shipwrecked lascar named Shaik Jumaul while off Murray Island (Mer), in northeast Torres Strait,” Dr. Hitchcock explained. “It transpired that he was a survivor from the brig Morning Star, wrecked near Quoin Island, north Queensland in mid-1814 en route from Port Jackson to Calcutta. Most of the crew drowned, but the master and several others made it to the refuge of Booby Island in southwest Torres Strait, with some later recovered there by a passing vessel.” “Somehow, Shaik Jumaul landed on Mer, where he was cared for by the local people, and subsequently acquired fluency in the local language, Meriam Mir.” “A boat from the Claudine retrieved the castaway, who was later transferred to the Mary, which unlike the Claudine had lascars amongst its crew. Whilst on board, a Calcutta merchant, Alexander Macdonald Ritchie, took the opportunity to record Shaik Jumaul’s recollections of his time on Murray Island.” “This account was published after their arrival in Calcutta in the November 1818 issue of The Asiatic Mirror and Commercial Advertiser, and re-published together with a letter from the master of the Claudine detailing the rescue, in the 29 December issue of The Madras Courier.” “Jumaul informed his rescuers that he had seen cutlasses and muskets on the islands which he recognized as not being of English make, as well as a compass and a gold watch,” Dr. Hitchcock added. “When he asked the Islanders where they obtained these things, they related how approximately thirty years earlier, a ship had been wrecked on the Great Barrier Reef to the east, in sight of the island.” “Boats with crew had come ashore, but in the fighting that followed, all were eventually killed, except a boy, who was saved and brought up as one of their own, later marrying a local woman.” The La Pérouse expedition crew list includes a ship’s boy (mousse), François Mordelle, from the port town of Tréguier in Brittany, northwestern France. Dr. Hitchcock wonders if Mordelle could be the last survivor of the La Pérouse expedition. “The Indian newspaper article featuring the castaway’s account was later reproduced in several other newspapers and periodicals of the day, in Australia, Britain, France and other countries, and observers noted that this might refer to the La Pérouse expedition,” Dr. Hitchcock said. “Somehow, Shaik Jamaul’s story was subsequently largely forgotten.” While a French book published in 2012 refers briefly to this newspaper article and discounts it as unreliable account, Dr Hitchcock believes otherwise. “The chronology is spot on, for it was thirty years earlier, in late 1788 or early 1789, that the La Pérouse survivors left Vanikoro in their small vessel,” he said. “Furthermore, historians and maritime archaeologists are not aware of any other European ship being in that region at that time. This means that this is the earliest known shipwreck in Torres Strait, and indeed, eastern Australia.” “It could well be that the final phase of the La Pérouse expedition ended in tragedy in northern Australia. Future recovery of artifacts from the wreck site on the Great Barrier Reef — yet to be discovered — or the islands, will hopefully provide final confirmation.” A paper by Dr. Hitchcock was published this week in the Journal of Pacific History. _____ Garrick Hitchcock. Manuscript XXXII The Final Fate of the La Pérouse Expedition? The 1818 Account of Shaik Jumaul, a Lascar Castaway in Torres Strait. Journal of Pacific History, published online August 29, 2017; doi: 10.1080/00223344.2017.1335370
2410	dbpedia	2	71	https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/podcast.htm	en	Percy Smythe Diary Anzac History World War I Diary from the trenches of WWI Gallipoli France			[ "https://www.smythe.id.au/images/lwf.gif", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/side.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/bruce.PNG", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/Shearston.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/Butcher.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/glenday.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/siddins.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/Chantrill.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/McNicol.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/page.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/voss.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/Watson.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/Hopper_Arthur_Leslie.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/Kitchen.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/shappere.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/fitzgerald.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/selleck.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/Nicholas.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/Leoshkevitch2.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/Edgerton.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/trew.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/turvey.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/graham_alf_ernie_.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/peel.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/knox.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/knox2.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/antill3.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/antill.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/godfrey3.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/gow2.PNG", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/clifford.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/mara.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/mcdermid.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/Garrick.PNG", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/Handcock_albert.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/handcock_charles.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/Handcock_fred.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/jolly.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/Smith_HJ.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/gibbs2.PNG", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/caddy.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/Rose.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/mccay2.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/norrie.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/norrie2.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/tonto.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/fletcher_scales_mahoney.JPG", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/holloway.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/baldie.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/ingram.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/Bowden.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/towner.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/Granter3.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/Massie.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/Fewtrell.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/images/podcast_images/mcnaught.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/images/top.gif", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/ads/01.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/ads/02.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/ads/03.jpg", "https://www.smythe.id.au/diary/ads/04.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			null	Podcast of Percy Smythe's WWI Diary Early in 2016 we were approached by Phil Mannell from WWI Digger Stories asking if he could use Percy's diary for his podcast series. He had recently completed the diary of Len Jones also from the 3rd Battalion and we were delighted that he had chosen Percy's story for his second series - it adds a whole different dimension to the prose when read aloud. I think Phil has done a sterling job without professional equipment or monetary incentive so please leave a review on his iTunes page. Enjoy. 6 Bob a Day WWI Digger Stories The other very impressive element to these podcasts is that Phil researches any other diggers mentioned in the yarns and gives a brief overview of their lives and service history. The following information is courtesy of Phil. Episode 2.1, “Build up that chest.” Listen Major RC Dawson is Major Ross Campbell Dawson of the 1st Battalion, AIF. He suffered a bullet wound to the back of his head during the Gallipoli landing and was evacuated four days later. He was returned to Australia in January 1916., also suffering from neurasthenia (shell shock). Dawson was married and lived at Roseville, NSW. He was born 14 November, 1884 and died 22 August, 1947. Les Poyitt is probably Leslie Poyitt a postal assistant from Balmain, NSW who was born at Fitzroy in Victoria. Poyitt was in the 56th Battalion when he was wounded at Fromelles on 20 July 1916 and died five days later in hospital at Boulogne. Why I say “probably” is that the time frame does not fit, the Poyitt that died at Fromelle had already embarked for overseas, but the occupation fits. Perhaps Percy had the date or the man mixed up, or there are two Les Poyitts! “Dubbo” Sharpe is Private 2374 later Gunner Edmund Sharpe of the 3rd Artillery Brigade, a single farmer from Pine View via Dubbo. Dubbo was not born at Dubbo, he was born at Gulgong about September 1892. He is later in the 55th and 5th Pioneer Battalions. Bob Avant is Private later Sergeant Robert Avant was a single clerk from Sydney and supposedly born at Cootamundra, NSW. His real name is Ulysses Grant Kibby and I suspect he was born in the United States in 1882. 2nd Lieutenant Smythe is Leo Clarke Smythe born at Lismore, NSW on 28 April 1895 and was a single bank clerk from Marrickville. A reservist officer when the boys met him, he enlisted formally on 9 February, 1916 and served in the 45th Battalion. He was wounded by an accidental explosion of a grenade during a training exercise in March 1917 and again at Messines Ridge on 7 June 1917 by a machine gun bullet to the wrist. Toward the end of the war he was accepted by the AFC for pilot training. He is not related to the boys. He died in 1947. Staff McKenzie is Trooper 810 John Stafford Mackenzie , single works overseer from Wee Waa, NSW, born about 1887 at Alexandra, Victoria. He saw 5 months on Gallipoli before evacuation with gastritis. He enlisted in the Light Horse, with the 7th LHR as well as the 12th, but later was a 2nd Class Air Mechanic of the 68th and 2nd Squadrons Australian Flying Corps. After the war he returned home lived in Albury NSW in 1943 with Olive May McKenzie who he had married in Sydney in 1927 and passed away on 6 March 1956. Alf Chapman is Corporal Alfred Alexander Boxall-Chapman of the 3rd Battalion and later of the 2nd Australian Flying Squadron. He was born at Jerilderie, NSW in October, 1889. He was a single engineer on enlistment. Alf was returned to Australia in March 1916 with a cataract in his eye before re-enlisting. It doesn’t look like he ever flew planes! Wickham is 2464 Private Alexander Wickham, later of the 45th Battalion who is a single miner from Wallsend NSW and born at Mt Kembla in 1894. He was in St Patricks Hospital Malta with influenza, wounded twice during the war and returns to Australia. Sergeant Hockings is Private later Corporal Albert Charles Hockings, a married painter from Canterbury, NSW. He was born in Devonshire, England in 1880 and was a Boer War veteran. He was returned to Australia with shell shock and rheumatism in early 1916. He had been buried during a bombardment on Gallipoli. Corporal Webb is Private, later Corporal Henry William Webb, a single blacksmith from Mosman, NSW born about March, 189. He was previously in the AN & MEF, the force that took New Guinea from the Germans in 1914. Joe Sheen is Joseph Reginald Skeen a single shunter from Blackheath. He was born in September, 1891 and would serve in the Imperial Camel Corps. His only major injury in the war is from a camel bite on his private parts! Charlie Bruce is Private, later Lieutenant 1390 Charles John Bruce, a single plumber from Blakehurst, NSW. With reinforcements for the 19th Battalion, he embarked on the Ceramic on 25 June, 1915, a couple weeks before Percy leaves on the Orova. He was born at Glasgow, Scotland about 1880. He was later transferred to the 2nd Pioneer Battalion. Not a soldier: Jack Elliott will become Percy’s frequent correspondent through most of the diary. John Bramwell Elliott was born at Hurstville NSW on 11 September 1894. Jack was firmly against the war, a pacifist and a conscientious objector. He was living in Taree, with his address given as “Church of Christ, Taree” when he appeared before the Court for refusing to take the oath of affirmation. The case was heard on 13 November 1916 and Jack was sentenced to four months jail with hard labour. That evening in the police cells, before being transported to Maitland Jail, Jack swore the oath and was immediately released. Although Percy and Jack were extremely religious and had attended the same church, becoming very good friends, this difference of opinion on Christianity and the war came between them. Jack worked most of his life as a train driver on the NSW North Coast. He married shortly after the war and had two children. Tragically, Jack suffered a heart attack and died while swimming at Newcastle on 31 January 1950. Episode 2.2 “Crimed for what?” Listen “Winnie Shearston’s brother” is either Arthur William or Horace Shearston of Manly, NSW. Arthur was killed at Lone Pine and Horace was killed at Moquet Farm. There were only the three siblings in the family. Horace had also served in New Guinea in 1914. Wilson is Lieutenant later Captain Harry Lionel Wilson who was born at Bethanga, Victoria in 1880. He was a married telegraphist on enlistment. He was wounded three times. Tyson is Lieutenant later Captain James Gordon Tyson. He was born in Chatswood, NSW on 6 February 1885. His brother was a soldier in the 19th Battalion. Both men were killed at Bullecourt on the same day. Peacock is Private 2457 Richard Charles Peacock a single farmer from Morpeth, NSW. He was later a driver with the army ordinance corps. Weinrabe is Private 2494 Lewis Byron Weinrabe, a single labourer from Kensington, NSW. He was born in 1894 at Paddington, NSW. Later moved to the 55th Battalion, he was wounded twice in 1917. Jack Morrison is probably Private 2381 Cedric Stanley Morrison, a single clerk from Lewisham, NSW. He wins a military medal at Dernicourt in April, 1917. Dorrington is Private, later Lieutenant Frank Roy Dorrington, a single bank clerk from Broke, NSW. He was born at Redfern, NSW in 1893. Later transferred to AIF Headquarters, he wins a Meritorious Service Medal. Hill is Private, later Lance Corporal, Esmond Fenwick Du Rien Hill, a single bank clerk from Grafton, NSW. Poor bloke, his mother must have had it in for him, “du rien” means it’s nothing. He was born in 1893 at North Sydney. Later in 7th Field Company Engineers. He was wounded in 1916. Boyd is Private 2330 Jack Crawford Boyd, later of the 5th Pioneer Battalion, a single engineer from Sydney, NSW. He was born at Belfast in June 1895. He nearly died from enteritis at Gallipoli and pneumonia afterwards. Brown is possibly Private, later Sergeant 2448 Albert Ernest Brown, single labourer from Wentworthville, NSW. Blackett is probably Private 2383 John Stevenson Blackwood a single waiter from Randwick, NSW. He was born at Sligo in Ireland on 8 October, 1896. He was a very young Irish immigrant! Arthur Ide is Private 2488 Arthur Ide, a single cook from Paddington NSW. He was born at Bega NSW about 1885 and died on 22 August 1960. He returned to Australia in February 1916 and developed epilepsy after his head wound. Meale is Private 1402 William Alexander Meale, a single dairy hand from Croydon, NSW. He went into the 19th Battalion with Charlie Bruce and was wounded once during the war. He was born at Erskineville, NSW in 1895 and died in March 1957. Howie is 2nd Lieutenant, later Captain 2444 Clarence Malcolm Howie. He was born in Sydney on December, 6, 1894. He will go on to win a Military Cross in 1918 and re-enlists in WW2. Woods is Company Sergeant Major 2442 William Woods who was a married music hall artist, born in England in 1887. Thornthwaite is Private 2462 Ernest Hubert Thornthwaite, a married farmer from Marrickville, NSW. He was born about 1886. He later moves to the 55th Battalion. He suffered a bad gunshot wound to the foot at Fromelles and was sent home in late 1916. Howard is Private, later Sergeant 2445 Henry George Howard, a married labourer from Lidcombe, NSW. He was born at Wakefield in England about 1884 and his wife was still living in London when he enlisted. Another 55th Battalion man. Ralph Dixon is Lance Sergeant 886 Ralph Taylor Dixon, a single carpenter from Narrandera, NSW. He was born at Waradgery, NSW about 1894. Ralph was killed in action on 24 May, 1915 during a minor Turkish attack. Rixon was Private 513 William Keith Rixon, a single telegraphist from Bulli, NSW. He was born at Murrurundi, NSW about 1891. He was killed in action on 13 June 1915 and has no known grave. Vern Smythe confirms that he was shot while trying to shoot an enemy sniper. Lorrie Maloney is the twin of Elsie Maloney, whom Bert calls "The One and Only" or TOO for short. He was not accepted into the AIF until 1918. Du Prat is Private 2346 Jean-Francois Duprat, a single builder from Sydney City. He was born at Limoges, France about 1878. He was a French army veteran before emigration. He ends up in the 1st Australian Corps Salvage Section. O’Connor is Lance Corporal 2456 John Levy O’Connor, a single tram driver from Edgecliff, NSW. He was born at Richmond, Victoria in 1884. He was wounded at Gallipoli and was later transferred to 1st Australian Field Butchery and then to the 20th Battalion with whom he was wounded twice more. Drain is Private 2343 Edward Drain, a single grazier from Burraga, NSW. He was born about 1889. Drain is fatally wounded at Gallipoli and dies on a hospital ship Gascon on 11 September, 1915. He was buried at sea. Davies is Private 2340 William Davies, a married cook from Pyrmont, NSW. He was born in Sydney about 1878. He will also be transferred to the 55th Battalion. He had shell shock after Fromelle. Creech is Private later Lance Corporal 2338 James Joseph Creech, a single blacksmith from Young NSW, where he was born about 1893. He was wounded twice, once on Christmas eve, 1916. Creech will return home with an English nurse, Norah Ellender, as a wife. He died on 17 September 1939 at the Randwick Military Hospital. Kirkland is Colonel George Kerry Kirkland, the Commandant of the Liverpool Camp until he was relieved of this duty amidst scandal and numerous complaints by the trainees in January 1916. He was born at Derby, England on 5 May 1863 and was a married electrical engineer from Longueville, NSW. After Liverpool, he was transport officer on troop ships. He died in 1937. Jack Parker is most likely 2nd Lieutenant John Parker of the 30th Battalion. He was killed at Fromelles on 20 July 1916. He was a Lismore boy born at Kiama, NSW in July 1895 and an assurance clerk on enlistment. Episode 2.3 “Bert at ANZAC” Listen Sergeant Cavill is Sergeant 1483 Walter William Cavill who was born at Delegate, NSW in 1878. He was a married engineer from Portland, NSW on enlistment. He was a Boer War veteran who served 12 months in the NSW Lancers. He has no known grave. Company Sergeant Major MacGregor is “A” Company Quarter Master Sergeant 1481 Donald Neil MacGregor, a single school teacher from Mildura, Victoria. He was born at Walkerston, Queensland in 1887. He was killed at Quinn’s Post. His letters are kept at The Australian War Memorial. Colonel Owen is Lieutenant Colonel Robert Haylock Owen, the first commanding officer of the 3rd Battalion. He was married on enlistment and was born on 7 January, 1862 at Wollongong, NSW. He had served in the Sudan Campaign in 1885 and The New Zealand contingent in the Boer War. His son also served in the 3rd Battalion and was killed in 1917. The Colonel was wounded on 22 June, 1915 and was returned to Australia in 1916. Later, he moved to Barnstaple, England where he died 5 April, 1927. The Brigadier is Colonel Henry Normand MacLaurin , a single Barrister from Sydney, NSW. He was born in Sydney on 31 October, 1878 and was educated in Scotland and the University of Sydney. He had been an officer in a reserve regiment, the NSW Scottish Rifles since 1900. He was killed at 3.10PM on 25 April, 1915 and was posthumously promoted to Brigadier General. His brother Charles was a Lieutenant Colonel and medical officer in the AIF. The Brigade Major is Major Francis Duncan Irvine , a British regular officer previously with the Royal Engineers. He was killed near the 3rd Battalion headquarters at Steele’s Post, about 200 metres from Brigade HQ 10 minutes before the Brigadier. It has been suggested that the same sniper got both men. Irvine was born 20 January, 1875 at Waltair, India and was married to Emily who was possibly living at Bondi, NSW while her husband was overseas. Major Brown is Ernest Samuel Brown, a Captain on enlistment, later promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and appointed commanding officer of the 2nd Battalion. He was born about 1876 and later killed during the battle of Lone Pine on 6 August, 1915. His letters and a few other items are held by the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. Elbel is Private 1135 Henry Edward Elbel , a single labourer, born at Carlton, Victoria in March, 1892. A model soldier, he was not. He was hospitalised for alcohol poisoning in September 1915, also contracted Syphilis and was absent without leave at least once. Discharged medically unfit in 1916, he later settled in Rockhampton, Queensland where he died on 9 April, 1938. Cox is Private 1113 Rodger Cox , a single postman from Grafton, NSW where he was born about January, 1890. He is buried near where he was killed at Shrapnel Valley Cemetery. Episode 2.4 “Through the heads” Listen Old Williams is probably Robert Albert Williams , a married labourer from Enmore, NSW. He was born about 1883. Is 37 old? Kinsella is Private 2355 Grattan Kinsella , a single labourer on enlistment. He was born on 26 September, 1891. He had an interesting military career, being sent home with influenza in January, 1916, he was returned in the 22nd reinforcement, disembarking in France 11 months later. Kinsella was one of only 19 men in the 3rd battalion to be taken prisoner when he and 10 others were surprised while cooking dinner in an isolated outpost. He gets home and lives at Coogee, NSW, dying in 1948. Le Clerc is Private 2361 Harry Oswald Le Clerc , a married plasterer. “Cheery” as he was known, was born in Sydney in 1891. Cheery had four children and not much luck. Sick at Gallipoli and wounded ay Pozieres, he lost his life on 9 August, 1918 and his wife lost hers on 25 September 1918. Poor kids. Harwood is Private 2360 Ralph Osborne Harwood , fitter from Wickham, NSW. He was born at Liverpool in England in June 1895. He was killed at Gallipoli on 3 November, 1915. Bassett is Private, later Driver, 2465 Otha Eveleigh Bassett , a single farmer from Condobolin. He was known as “tiny” Bassett and was killed at Fromelles before the battle on 3 July, 1916. He was one of the first men killed in France in the 3rd Battalion. Tiny was a driver in the transport section, but was out in no mans land helping B Company when they were killed during a “friendly” artillery barrage that the Battalion officers were not properly notified about. Tiny has no known grave. Duggan is Private 3354 James Daniel Duggan , a single labourer from Balmain, NSW, born in 1890. Duggan becomes a lewis gunner. He was shot in the head by a sniper in October 1916 at Ypres. Colonel Wallack is later Brigadier General Ernest Townshend Wallack . A Boer War veteran with the 2nd Tasmanian Bushmen, he was born in England on 9 August, 1857. Rob Winters is probably Private later Lance Sergeant 2474 Robert Richard Winters of the 4th Pioneer Battalion, a single carpenter from Kogarah. He was born at St Peters, NSW in June 1894. Episode 2.5 “Baksheesh” Listen The man who fell overboard is difficult to identify but I suspect he is Private Robert Shaw of Bondi, NSW. Cherry is Private 2336 Oliver James Cherry , a married butcher from Newcastle, NSW on enlistment. He was born at Wallsend, Tasmania in 1891. He would end the war with the Australian Flying Corps. Allthorpe is Private 2423 Frederick William Allthorpe. He was born at Stawell, Victoria on 22 November 1893 and was a single labourer. He spent one month at Gallipoli, being evacuated with influenza in October 1915. Does he “go MAD over a girl”? He escaped from confinement in England for 3 days in May 1916 and he was sent home on 24 June 1916 due to “dysentery and mental”. He then tried to re-enlist in 1917, stating his next of kin to be Mrs Dorothy Elizabeth Allthorpe from London. He then did some home service in 1918 when he also went AWL and in September 1919, he applied for passage for his wife to travel to Australia. He was living in Carlton, Victoria in 1944 and died on 1 August 1959. Osborne is Private later Sergeant 2414 Frederick Robert Osborne of the ANZAC Light Railway, a single baker from Drummoyne, NSW, where he was born about March, 1892. He returned to Australia. Carroll is one of two men. Either, Private 2389 Gerald Carroll goes on to become the Regimental Quarter-Master Sergeant. He was born in New Zealand in 1883 and dies at Port Macquarie, NSW on 3 August 1953. The other is Private 2471 Rupert Gregory Carroll who was born on 31 March 1893 at Paddington, NSW. Campbell is also one of two men. Most likely, he is Private, later Sergeant 2388 Harold Campbell is the subject of a book “Four Australians at War” by grandson, Maurice Campbell, and Graeme Hosken. He was born at Wellington, NSW in 1893 and was a single farmer on enlistment. Less likely, he is Private 2334 James Campbell who was born at Newcastle, NSW in 1891. Dudley Blanch is Private 2384 John Dudley Blanch . He was a Kiwi, born at the other Wellington about 1894. On enlistment, he was a married tally clerk from Coffs Harbour, NSW. He died on 2 December, 1915 and is buried at Shell Green Cemetery. George Schroder is Private, later Warrant Officer 2438 Charles George Schroder , a single bookkeeper from Mayfield, NSW. He was born at Bellingen, NSW about 1893. Schroder will go home with a Meritorious Service Medal and a French Croix de Guerre. He also broke his leg playing cricket in France! Charet is Private later Corporal 2450 Bruce Frederick Charet , a single book merchant from Mosman, NSW and born in 1895. He later moved to the 13th Field Artillery Brigade. He was wounded twice during the war. Episode 2.6 “To Gallipoli” Listen Robertson is Private 2403 Archibald Robertson , a single groom possibly from Hay, NSW. He was born in Melbourne, Victoria in 1878. He will be wounded in August 1916 and killed on 24 June 1918. Board is Private 2406 Thomas William Burt Board , a single packer on enlistment. He was born at Lidcombe, NSW in 1892. He was killed at Pozieres. Lax is Private later Lance Corporal 2454 Fred Lax , a fitter from Wickham, NSW. He was born at Liverpool in England in 1890. Fred has a bad time on Gallipoli with illness, and killed at Pozieres. Episode 2.7 “Dead Man’s Gully and other charming places” Listen The Brigadier General is Sir Neville Maskelyne Smyth VC. nicknamed “The Sphynx” is the Commanding officer of the 1st Australian Infantry Brigade. He won the VC in the Sudan War in 1897. His cousin was Robert Baden-Powell of scouting fame. The Sphynx was born on 14 August 1868. His high regard for his men was matched by their high regard for him. Eric Conolly is Private 2337 Eric Richard Conolly, a single assistant shire clerk from Darlington Point, NSW. He was born at Rockdale NSW in 1894 and was a lewis gunner. He was hospitalised for mumps at Gallipoli and killed at Pozieres. He has no known grave. Barber is Lieutenant George Foster Barber, a married contractor from Marrickville, NSW. He was born on 23 May 1872. He returns to Australia in early 1917. Frost is Private later Lance Corporal 2626 John Herbert Frost. He was born at Cootamundra NSW in 1894 and was working as a labourer on enlistment. Gardiner is Private later Corporal 2452 William Sheridan Gardiner, a single farrier from Narrandera, NSW. He was born in Cootamundra NSW on 10 February1889. He goes home and serves in the 11th Garrison Battalion during WW2, dying on 21 October 1943 of illness. Roach is Private 2458 James Alfred Roach, a single clerk from Narrandera, NSW, where he was born about 1892 and was killed by a shell at Pozieres on 23 July 1916. He has no known grave. Marshall is Lieutenant John James Marshall, later a Captain in the 55th Battalion. He was born at Bexley, NSW in 1891 and was killed on 27 April 1918. Before the war, he served in the reserve 38th Brigade at Kogarah, NSW. He was also wounded at Polygon Woods in October, 1917. Dent is Private 2498 William Thomas Dent, single jeweller from Vaucluse, NSW. He was born at Balgownie near Wollongong, NSW on 29 November 1892. He later serves in the 14th Field Company Engineers and the 5th Pioneer Battalion. Barry is Private 2382 John Barry, a single clerk from Randwick. He was born at Raymond Terrace NSW about 1882 and died on 3 June 1941. He later transfers to the 55th Battalion. Sergeant McGregor is Sergeant later Lieutenant 1156 Roy McGregor, alias John Keith Williams, he was a single commercial traveller on enlistment. He won a DCM two days after the Gallipoli landing for bringing forward much needed ammunition under heavy shellfire. He was later transferred to the Camel Corps. Parker is Private, later Corporal, 1414 Charles Samuel Parker, a single farmer from Jervis Bay, NSW. He was born at Birchup, Victoria about 1890. He does not come home, getting killed at Ypres in October, 1917 after three previous woundings, two at Gallipoli and again at Pozieres. Episode 2.8 “Chats, Beachy Bill and other nuisances on Gallipoli” Listen Duggan is Private 2345 John Robert Duggan , a single brick layer from Alexandria, NSW where he was born about 1894. He died of wounds received at Gallipoli on 6 September 1916. Daly is Private 2501 Augustine Daly , a married school teacher from Goulburn, NSW. He was born at Mudgee, NSW in 1863 and put his age down to enlist. He died of pneumonia on board the Orsova on 2 August 1915 and was buried at sea. Six of his sons also served in the Great War, one of which, Private Hubert Aloysius Daly of the 18th Battalion was killed in action. Eric Wade is Private, later Lieutenant 1200 Eric Eratt de mestre Wade , a single mercer from Kendall, NSW. He was born at Walcha NSW on April 1895. He served in the 1st Light Horse Regiment and the 8th Training Squadron Australian Flying Corps and re-enlisted in WW2. Ingram is Private 2354 William Leslie Ingram , a married carpenter born at Nth Sydney about 1888. He was later wounded at Passchendaele and died 20 April 1954. Ryan is Private 2373 Patrick Ryan , a single labourer from Berrigan NSW. He was born at Strathmerton, Victoria about 1891. He was later in the 1st Trench Mortar Battery and will return home to Australia after the war. Lines is Private Frederick Augustus Lines , a single man on enlistment but married to an English girl before returning to Australia. He was born on 21 January, 1892 at Newtown NSW. Episode 2.9 “Comin’ thro’ the rye … at Malta” Listen Lord Methuen is Governor of Malta, Field Marshal Paul Sanford Methuen who was born at Wiltshire, England in September 1845 and fought in several wars, mostly with distinction. He died in 1932. Lady Methuen is Lady Mary Ethel Methuen. Fitton is Sapper later Lieutenant Albert Henry Fitton of the 1st Signal Troop a single telegraphist from Banksia NSW. He was born at Surry Hills NSW in late 1889. He was admitted to St Johns with jaundice on 27 October 1915. He was a pilot with the AFC at the end of the war. He died 12 May 1957. Tom Martin is Private later Sergeant 2245 Harold Thomas Martin , a single carpenter from Gladesville, NSW. Tom was born about January 1892 at Hunters Hill, NSW and did return home, dying 13 November 1972. He was in the 2nd and 1st Pioneer Battalion. Wall Park is Private 2253 Wallace Park , a single builder from Gladesville. Wal was born at Ryde NSW in August 1890. He was serving in the 2nd Battalion when he was killed at Lone Pine. Nurse Kerr is Constance Kerr born at The Breck, Triangle, Halifax, England about 1887. She served in Malta from September 1915 until March 1916, then in France until December 1916 when her service was terminated. Episode 2.10 “The Maltese Tourist” Listen Bill Mallon is Private 2869 William James Mallon , a single labourer from Jerilderie. He was born at Urana, NSW in 1891. Bill is injured and dies of his wounds on 11 April 1917. Jim Coleman is Private 2798 James Gordon Coleman , a single butcher from Jerilderie, NSW, where he was born. He and Bill Mallon enlisted on 23 July 1915, embarked together on the Argyllshire on 30 September 1915 and served together in 10th Field Artillery Brigade. Jim returns to Australia and died on 28 May 1963. Ernie Sadler is Private 2386 Ernest Roderick Sadler , a single rail worker from Taree, NSW. He was born in Sydney in 1890. Ernie dies of disease on 18 October, 1918 and is buried at the Damascus Commonwealth War Cemetery in Syria. Ziegenbein is Private, later Sapper 3973 Frederick Julius Bernard Ziegenbein. He was a single telegraphist from Cundleton, NSW, born at Newlands, Cape Colony, South Africa about 1885. He enlisted in the 2nd Battalion but ended up in 1st Division Signal Company before returning home early in August 1916. This man served in a Boer War volunteer detachment, Driscoll’s Scouts for seven months (Service Number 30075) and also the Cape Town Highlanders for six months. There is doubt this man was officially a Boer War Veteran as he was only 17 when that war ended. In this war he was noted to be an excellent signaller, however, he was sent home after the AIF received a report from Taree Post Office outlining his open hostility to the war effort. His CO, Major Gordon, had kept him under surveillance while in the Signal Company and thought he was proficient but he did wander off alone a lot and had no friends in the unit. Unfair? Maybe, who knows? Major Gordon and his superiors obviously did not want to risk the kind of damage this guy could have caused if he did decide to pass on information. Still, was a negative telegram from Taree sufficient evidence? Kibble is Private David Joseph Kibble, a single farmer from South Australia. He was born at Harrow, Middlesex, England, where his Mum still lived, about 1897. He was taken on strength to the 10th Battalion on Gallipoli but sent home in March 1916. He went back to France in December 1916 and after further debility he was once again sent home to Australia in March 1918. Kibble died on 14 August 1931 and is buried at Adelaide, SA. Frank is Private 238 Clarence Edward Frank, a single labourer from Newcastle, NSW. He was born at Warwick, Qld about 1893. He was at Malta with dysentery. He was killed at Pozieres on 23 July 1916 and has no known grave. Penny is Private later Corporal 2415 Alec Gordon Penny , a single grocer from Erskineville, NSW. He was born at Margate, England about 1892. Penny is later in the 55th Battalion and he comes home with a Distinguished Conduct Medal in 1919. Here is what he did to win his DCM, quoting the citation, “For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty during a raid. He successfully rushed an enemy machine gun post with his section, himself bayoneting three of the garrison. Inspired by his skill and courage, his party worked along either flank and accounted for all the enemy in that part of the trench. On the signal being given to withdraw, he got all his men back to the lines, having contributed greatly to the success of the raid.” This was at Sailly-le-Sec on 4 July 1918. He hoisted the German machine gun onto his shoulder and brought it back to his lines as a souvenir. McNulty is Private 2432 Robert John McNulty , a single carter from Bondi, NSW. He was born at Emmaville, NSW about 1893. He was killed on 28 September 1915 and is buried at Shrapnel Valley. Episode 2.11 “News of Gallipoli” Listen Bishop is Private 2492 William Robert Bishop , a married contractor from Arncliffe, NSW. He was born at Stawell, Victoria about 1875. He was wounded on 15 November, 1915 and died the next day. Bishop had at least one daughter, Dorothy. Foley is Private 2502 Peter John Foley. Hart is Private 2495 Frank Herbert Hart. Hicks is Private 2429 William James Clifford Hicks. Gimbert is Private, later Corporal 1123 Robert William Robert Gimbert , a single labourer from Newcastle, NSW. He was born at Murrurrundi, NSW about 1889. He was later in the Army Provost Corps. He was at Malta with Pleurisy. He married an English girl and stayed in England for some time before returning home to Australia, passing away on Christmas Day, 1959. Episode 2.12 “A walk in the desert” Listen “Old” Davis is probably 35 year old, Private 2341 Robert Davis , a single seaman from Newtown NSW. He was born at Stanford Rivers Essex in England on 5 February 1880. At 15, Davis joined the navy and stayed in it for 11 years. I’m not sure when he emigrated to Australia. He enlisted in May 1915, did not make it to Gallipoli in time but would become a Prisoner of War at Fromelles while serving in the 55th Battalion. He was repatriated home after the war and a short stay in England. Butcher is Private, later Lieutenant 2333 William Eneras Butcher , a single labourer from Manly, NSW. He was born in Launceston, Tasmania on 4TH July 1881. Later in the 1st Trench Mortar battery he was mentioned in dispatches in 1916. He returned to Australia after the war passing away at Balgowlah NSW on 2 October 1951. Glenday is Private later Company Sergent Major 2656 James Glenday , a single commercial traveller from Carlton, NSW. He was born at Coupar Angus in Scotland on 26 October 1887. He was in the 17th Battalion, wounded twice in action and returned home. James married Eva Munday in 1921, had 4 children, remarried after his wife died and passed away on the 8th June 1955 at Hurstville NSW. He is buried at Woronora Cemetery. Drewe is Private later Sergeant 2480 Francis Clifford Drewe , a single draftsman on enlistment. He was born in Liverpool, or nearby Egremont, England about 1891. He was wounded twice during the war, including at Fromelles with the 55th Battalion and returned to Newcastle afterwards, dying 25 February, 1942. He was married with one daughter. Ewins is Private later Lieutenant 2390 Harold Egbert Ewins , a married electrician from Tamworth, NSW. He was born in Fiji on 26th July 1881. He finished the war in the 1st Machine Gun Battalion and was mentioned in dispatches. He returned home and passed away at Carlingford NSW on 16th July 1976. Groves is Sergeant 1502 Henry William Groves , a married seaman from Redfern, NSW. He was born about 1878 at Hackney, England and had served 20 years in the Royal Navy. Later in the 55th Battalion, he would return home in October, 1917 and passed away on 2 October 1921 and is another buried at Woronora Cemetery. Siddins is Corporal 2227 Norman Macquarie Siddins . He is a single traveller and accountant from Leichhardt, NSW, where he was born in 1893. He would return home with a Meritorious Service Medal in 1919, marry Margaret in 1924 and die on 13 February 1928 at Randwick Hospital. Millard is Private, later Sergeant 3091 James William, actually John Samuel, Millard . He was born at South Melbourne, VIC about February 1893 and was a labourer from Erskineville NSW on enlistment. Millard is wounded in 1918 and returns home. Chantrill is Private, later Company Quartermaster Sergeant 2578 Benjamin Joseph Chantrill , a married ironmonger from Croydon, NSW and was born in 16th March 1875 at Sydney. He would be wounded three times during the war, return home married, had three children and passed away on 27th July 1944. Captain Edwards is Captain, later Major Arthur Rowland Edwards. He was born in Western Australia (I think) on 29 October 1891. A transfer in from 4th Battalion, he was injured at Pozieres and return home in October 1916. Major Edwards passed away on 10 May 1944 when he fell down a stair case while lighting his pipe at a club in Newcastle, NSW. Chaplain McNicol is Captain / Chaplain (4th Class) Donald McNicol a married Baptist Minister from Malvern, South Australia, who was born on 13 September, 1876 in Argyleshire, Scotland. A Boer War veteran who also had served in Gibraltar, he would be the chaplain for the 18th Battalion later but sent home with an undiagnosed illness in late 1916. He died in April 1942 leaving a wife, married daughter and three sons serving in WWII. Episode 2.13 “Percy gets a stripe” Listen Captain Simpson is Captain, later Lieutenant-Colonel Adam James Goldie Simpson , a single law clerk and Cambridge Graduate from Hunters Hill, NSW, born 9 March 1888. He had served in a cavalry unit prior to the war. Originally enlisting in the 4th Battalion with his brother, he was transferred to the 56th Battalion when it was formed in early 1916. His brother, George, had been killed at Lone Pine. Jack Bubb is Corporal, later CSM 1507 Clarence Paul Bubb . A married plumber, born at Geelong, Victoria on 6 January 1892. He was wounded twice and returned home after the war with an MSM. He also re-enlisted in WWII. Wallace Frazer is most likely Gunner 19068 Albert Wallace Frazer of the 10th Field Artillery Brigade, a single student from Kensington, NSW. He was born near Wellington NSW about August, 1896. He was wounded in June 1917 and was returned to Australia a few months later. He appears to have been still alive in 1969. Murray-Cowper is Private 1108 James Stewart Murray-Cowper . An engine cleaner from Nowra, NSW, he was born at Euston about 1894. He will be wounded at Pozieres and sent home with shell shock, but also enlists for home service in WWII. Charlie McDougall is Private, later Driver, 2647 Charles Alexander McDougall , a single labourer from Darlinghurst, NSW. He was born at Jerilderie, NSW in 1893. He returned home after the war. Mick Taylor is probably Private 2697 Henry Thomas Taylor, also a single labourer from Jerilderie, NSW. Sergeant Gordon is Sergeant 1090 James Gordon . Jimmy Gordon was born at Wolumla NSW on 26 January 1895. A tough boy whose dad had died in a gold mining accident when he was 1 year old. He was wounded three times at Gallipoli. Major Price is Major, later Lieutenant Colonel Owen Glendower Howell-Price . He was born 23 February, 1890 at Kiama NSW - one of six brothers. Owen won the Military Cross at Lone Pine and the DSO in France. Four of his brothers were also decorated during the war. Chaplain McKenzie or “Fighting Mac” became one of the most colourful characters in the AIF. William McKenzie was born in Scotland on 20 December, 1869. He was a married Salvation Army officer on enlistment. Chaplains were not allowed to participate in the fighting but Mac never denied the rumours that he took part in attacks, including once when he led a charge armed only with a shovel. There is much written about Fighting Mac. Mr Page is 1166 Lance Corporal Clarence Garfield Page. He was born at Woodford NSW in 1895. He was already a war hero by this time, winning a Military Medal at Lone Pine. Enver is Enver Pasha. He was a leader of The “Young Turks” and minister of War in the Ottoman Empire. Episode 2.14 “A pretty face like a girl” Listen Jim Voss is a very interesting character. Lance Corporal, later Lance Sergeant 1187 James Martin Voss was born in 1894 in German settled Burrumbuttock, NSW. Jim’s dad was born in Schleswig Holstein in 1854 but his Mum was Australian. In late 1916 he was found shot in the head well behind the lines. His father was told by someone in the Battalion that Jim was shot by one of his mates. If so, there is nothing recorded in any notes and the family never received a satisfactory answer. There is some evidence that he may have been taunted for his German heritage. Lowrey is private, later Lance Corporal 2431 Albert Lowrey . He was born at Dungog NSW in 1893. He returned home after the war. Osborne brother's is Private 1158 Alick Thomas Osborne , who is a major character in Harry Hartnett’s book, “Over the Top”. “Bazzy”, as he was known, had been wounded at Lone Pine, was later in the 2nd Battalion with Hartnett, returning home in 1919 and dying in 1959. Ced Wright is Private, later Lance Corporal 1489 Cedric Shipman Wright . He was born in Sydney about 1893 and was a single machinist on enlistment. He re-enlists in WWII (NX17640) after putting his age down 7 years. He was wounded at Passchendaele and returns home in 1919. He was still alive in 1962. RSM Rudkin is Regimental Sergeant Major 1116 Thomas Sidney Rudkin. He was born in England in 1889. He was disfigured during the war when he was injured three times. An agricultural scientist after the war, he rarely went amongst crowds. In 1950 he was killed when changing a tyre on his car and the jack failed! Harry Wilson is Private 2262 Harry Wilson , a single painter, born at Murrurundi, NSW about 1883. Sergeant Major Morris is 1149 George Alfred Morris. He was born at Ultimo NSW in 1889. He won the Military Cross at the Battle of Lone Pine. Perkins is Corporal 787 Frederick “Perky” Perkins , a single engine driver from Cessnock, NSW. He was born at Slowbridge, Worcestershire, England about 1894. Rosser is Sergeant 1089 Richard Walters Rosser , a single postal assistant born on 5 March 1894 at Corowa or Holbrook, NSW. He was a Coronation Cadet attending King George’s coronation. He was later killed at Pozieres and has no known grave. Episode 2.15 “Pity the 9th Battalion” Listen Geordie Crawford is Private 1331 Samuel Crawford . He is a single miner, born in England about 1888. He ends up in a psychiatric hospital at the end of the war, suffering from delusions and paranoia and was returned to Australia in late 1916. Porter is most likely, Private 665 Cyril Joseph Porter . He was a single station hand born about 1893 at Junee NSW. He returned in December 1917. Percy Morgan is Private 1460 Corporal Percy Morgan, a single rural worker, born Hounslow, England in April 1893 and emigrated to Australia in 1911. He was wounded at Gallipoli at the same time as Bert Smythe and evacuated to England. The Smythe’s became quite close to Perce’s mum, Lizzie, staying with her whilst in London and she acted as a post office for sending and receiving mail for them. Bert referred to her as “Mumsey” in his last letter. link The Duckworths are brothers, 3042 & 3043 John and Horace Victor Duckworth, both born at Geelong, Victoria. John is the elder of the two, born in 1892, while Horrie was born on 2 July 1897. John was a single dental mechanic and Horrie a single carpenter on enlistment. Both boys were wounded and returned home after the war, Horrie as a Lance Corporal. Horrie served again in WWII and suffered a fatal head injury at Tuena near Orange, NSW on 30 December 1946 while diving into the Fish River. He was manager of the Orange Gasworks at the time and was married with one surviving child. Nagle is Private 2185 Francis William Joseph Nagle a single saddler from Warren, NSW where he was born in 1894. He was wounded in May 1916 and then again suffers shell shock at Pozieres returns home in February 1917 and passes away in 1973. Wells is probably Corporal 1137 Matthew Ezekiel Wells. He was born at Junee NSW on April 13, 1892. He was a single labourer. He would win a Belgian Croix DeGeure. Farrell is most likely Corporal 586 Dan Farrell , a single labourer born at Tipperary in Ireland about 1890 and an original Anzac. He was wounded at Gallipoli by a grenade and a second time later at Pozieres by a bullet. He was returned home to Australia in late 1916. Ted Gray is Lance Corporal 2136 Edwin Gray a single engine driver, born at Ebbw Vale, Wales on 26 September 1881. He was wounded twice and returns to Australia after the war. Mick Curran is Private 1325 Michael Curran, a single coal miner born at Millers Point NSW about 1893. He was also wounded three times during the war and returned home in 1917. Mick was AWL a few times after his wound at Gallipoli. Ogilvie is Lance Corporal 2664 Roderick Alexander Ogilvie, a single tram conductor born at Tumut, NSW about 1893. He marries an English girl Alice Rose Weatherley and returns to Australia and passed away in 1961. Dooley is Private 3353 Herbert Dooley , a single shearer from Arncliffe, NSW and born about 1893. He is court marshalled twice and returns home after the war. He was living in Erskineville, NSW in 1933. Episode 2.16 “Sniper to sniper” Listen Lance Corporal Flynn is Lance Corporal later Sergeant 1547 John Thomas Flynn. A single shearer from Captains Flat NSW, born at nearby Bungendore NSW about 1880, so one of the older soldiers in the unit. He was tall at 6 foot 1&1/2 inches and an early reinforcement at Gallipoli. He returned home to Australia on 12 March 1918 after his third wound, with a Military Medal, and died 16 May, 1956. Sergeant “Jack” Hilton is Sergeant 1541 John Kippax Hilton, a single miner from Lithgow, NSW, who was born at Thirroul, NSW in 1894. An original Anzac, he will be wounded in the head at Pozieres and sent home in October 1917. Sergeant Hine is Sergeant, later 2nd Lieutenant 1128 Arthur Reginald Hine, a reporter from Randwick, NSW. He was born at Hurstville, NSW on 20 October 1889. An original Anzac, he was shot in the leg at Pozieres and returned home after the war, living at Mosman and Roseville. Archer is Private 1093 Frank William Archer. He is a single plate layer born at Northampton England about 1888. He will be killed at Pozieres with no known grave. Newland is Private 2000 Herbert “Bert” Stanley Newland. He is a single clerk born at Annandale, NSW about 1891. Killed at Pozieres. Pierce is Private 2183 Wilbur John Henry, alias William Pearce, a single cabinet maker from Peakhurst, born at nearby Hurstville NSW about 1897. He returns home and dies at Moree NSW in 1959. Thwaite is Private Rowland “Rowley” Leslie James Thwaite, a single boiler maker born in Alexandria, NSW about 1891. He is be killed at Pozieres with no known grave. Dowling is Private 2583 Joseph Arnold Dowling, a single labourer from Kempsey, NSW, where he was born about 1892. Lane is Corporal, later Lance Sergeant 1982 Brinsley James Alfred Lane, a single farmer from Orange, NSW, where he was born about 1883. Inexplicably he had previously served in the Royal NZ Artillery for 9 months. He returned home in November 1916. Tommy Gill is Private 1122 Thomas Edward Gill, a single sailor living at inland Gunning NSW but born in Cornwall UK about 1884. He was in the AN&MEF at Rabaul in 1914, returned home, then re-enlisted to go to Gallipoli, where he was wounded. Hosford is Lance Corporal 3549 Frank Branscombe Hosford, a single blacksmith, born on 8 April 1890 at Bathurst, NSW. He was reported killed (but was actually wounded) in the Mudgee Guardian on 17 August 1916, but returned home in May 1917, re-enlisting in WWII for home service. When she got conflicting telegrams, his poor Mum had to write to the Army asking if he was alive or not. He was one of 10 children, 4 of the brothers having served in WWI. His family lived at Harris Park NSW and the railway station was covered in flags when he returned home. It appears that Frank was an hotelier both before and after WWII, running the Royal Hotel at Riverstone in 1938 and the Railway Hotel in Liverpool, NSW in 1948. Joe Hilton is Private 1014 Joseph Hilton, the younger brother of Jack Hilton, born at Wollongong, NSW in 1888. Joe was a single pastry cook on enlistment, originally to the 30th Battalion. Joe was actually the fourth man in the 3rd Battalion to be killed in France. Fisher is Corporal, later Sergeant, 2821 John Henry Fischer, a single warden from Marrickville, NSW. He was born at Uralla, NSW about 1887. He was wounded twice and sent home in August 1917 and passed away at The Prince of Wales Hospital in Sydney on 30 May 1929. He remained unmarried. Walsh is Private, later Lance Sergeant, 3477 Stanley Nelson Walsh. He was a single railway fireman born at Jugiong NSW about 1892. His dad was a police sergeant at Corowa, NSW. Mr Lemon is 2nd Lieutenant 51 Geoffrey Dillon Lemon, born in Victoria in 1889. Unfortunately he did not have a great career, being court marshalled on 4 September 1916 for drunkenness and overstaying his leave while in England. He was dismissed and sent home, but did work in civil construction in WWII on inland road projects. He lived in Canberra with his wife until his death on 2 May 1953. Episode 2.17 “Stripped of a stripe” Listen Major Moore is Major, later Lieutenant-Colonel, Donald Ticehurst Moore. He was born on March 28, 1892, so he was quite young to be a battalion OC. Born in Singleton, NSW, he was a clerk from Sydney on enlistment. He was decorated twice during the war. Wilkinson is Private 3244 William James Henry Wilkinson, a single labourer from Rozelle, NSW, born at Melbourne, Victoria about 1897. Killed at Pozieres with no known grave. Hoptroff is Private 2353 Sydney Frederick Hoptroff, a single yard hand born at Darlinghurst, NSW about 1896. He transfers into the 1st Light Trench Mortar Battery. He returns to Australia after the war. Bob Campbell is Private 3038 Robert Hector Campbell, a single labourer, born at Dungog, NSW about 1880. He is killed at Passchendaele, after his third wounding. Birch is Private 3011 Charles Alfred Birch, a single horse driver born at Rookwood, NSW about 1894. Mr Cooper is 2nd Lieutenant, later Lieutenant 5198 Hubert Lloyd Cooper, a transfer in from the 8th Light Horse Regiment and a Gallipoli veteran. He was a married farmer, born at Lake Boga, Victoria about 1880. Killed at Pozieres. Robertson is Field Marshall Sir William Robert Robertson, 1st Baronet and Chief of the Imperial General Staff (commonly referred to by the acronym, CIGS). Born 29 January, 1860 in Lincolnshire, and died 12 February 1933. He had an amazing career and is, generally understated by history. He started as a simple trooper in the 16th (Queen’s) Lancers in 1877 much to the horror of his Mum. It took him 11 years to get his commission, as few men were commissioned from the ranks in that era. He cut his teeth in India, amongst other things being at the Seige of Malakand. He also was involved in the Boer War but as Assistant QM General. By 1907 he was a Brigadier. Shortly after WWI started he became QMG and CIGS in December 1915. The “one man” who had his head blown off was Private 3691 Arthur Barnett , a single clerk born at Albury, Worcestershire in the UK about 1884. B Company men lost most of their kit in the fire too. He is buried in the Rue David Military Cemetery at Fleurbaix. Billy Hughes is William Hughes, 7th PM of Australia and often known to the troops as “The Little Digger”. He was a complex character. Andy Fisher is Andrew Fisher, the 5th Prime Minister of Australia. At the time he was the Australian High Commissioner to the UK. He had served three terms as PM. Lloyd-George is David Lloyd George, the UK Chancellor of the Exchequer in the early months of the war, then munitions minister and finally Prime Minister in 1916. Episode 2.18 “Gas, bombs and scared noobs” Listen Bartels is Private 2562 Johan or John Bartels, a single sailor from Sydney, NSW, he was born about 1895 at Parnu, Estonia. Previously wounded in the neck at Gallipoli, he was killed at Pozieres with no known grave. His mother received his medals in 1922. Tommy Ricketts is Private 3416 Thomas Ranji Ricketts, a single storeman born at Bexley, NSW about 1897. He will be wounded twice more, sent home in early 1918 and pass away in July 1967. Kerr is Private later Sergeant 3121 Robert Wallace Kerr, a single engineer from Kogarah, born at Bulli, NSW about 1894. He later served in the 30th Squadron, returned home in 1919 and died at Katoomba, NSW on 22 June 1963. He was married with one daughter. Northrop is Private 2753 Raymond Northrop, a single clerk from Waverley, NSW, born in about 1893 at Portsmouth in England. Later with the 1st Trench Mortar Battery, he is wounded twice during the war thenreturns home. Chapman is Private, later Lieutenant 1311 Walter Chapman, possibly known as “Steve”, an original Anzac, born at Unanderra, NSW about 1893. He was a night officer on enlistment. He returned home and passed away in 1973. Stannard is Private Charles Mayne Stannard, a single clerk, born at Brisbane QLD about 1893. He was A Company bugler, killed at Passchendaele. Dick is Corporal (486) George Couper Dick. "Scotty" was born in Scotland. He was a single labourer and 36 years old when he was killed. He won his Military Medal at Gallipoli. Green is Corporal, later Sergeant 1360 Gilbert Charles Green, a single labourer born at Bourke, NSW. He returns to the unit in November 1916, so he’s not dead this time, but the grim reaper collects him a year later after his second wound. Dave Hall died from his wounds on 5 July 1916. Lance Sergeant 1485 David Hall was an original Anzac, born in England in 1876, so a little older than most. He was a butcher from Singleton, NSW. This was his second wound. He left his estate to a child, Jeffery Smith. Wise is Private 2511 Gilbert Alfred Norman Wise, a single labourer from Redfern, born at Dubbo, NSW about 1890. He was a bass player in the battalion band. Mr Lamrock is Lieutenant William Leith G. Lamrock, born at Orange NSW about 1891. He wont return to the Battalion until May 1918 and then gets wounded again in August 1918. He married a hometown Orange girl, Alma Lowe, in the UK on 7 July, 1917, returned home and died in 1972 at Canowindra, NSW. Watson is 2nd Lieutenant Edward Baker Watson, a single motor driver born in London on 18 August, 1880 and emigrated to Australia in 1911. He was described by his mate, Lieutenant James Bartlett in his diary as an “awfully decent chap, cool and calm”. Bartlett warned him to take care with all the shelling going on, he said "fuck 'em!". His younger brother Charles William Watson was a Major in the 2nd Battalion AIF and his older brother GS Watson was UK Vice Consul to Mexico. Edward and Charles and another brother lived at Wingham NSW on enlistment. W.L. Smith is Private 3908 William Lovell Smith, a married labourer from Newtown, NSW, born in the UK about 1893. He died two days after he was wounded on 29 June 1916. Salmon is Private 3894 Charles B Salmon, a single plumber from Bexley, NSW. He was born at London, England about 1891. Killed at Pozieres. Kemp is Captain Frederick Clifford Kemp, who was born in New Zealand, to Australian parents, on 16 January 1887 and was a bank clerk from Peak Hill, NSW on enlistment as a Private. He rose through the ranks very quickly, being commissioned at Gallipoli in October 1915 and taking six months to gain the rank of Captain in April 1916. He was wounded at Lone Pine, suffered shell shock at Pozieres and was sent home with recurring gastritis in mid 1918. He married aboriginal rights activist Alice Monkton Duncan-Kemp in 1923 and died in June 1958 as a successful pastoralist at Oakey, QLD. Berryis Private (4010) John James Berry. The Colonel’s groom was born at Camperdown NSW on 25th February, 1894. “Bluey” Stevens is Private 2917 William John Stevens, AKA Lyell McHardy, a single labourer from Cootamundra. He stated that he was born at Hay, NSW about 1894, however, I think he was born at Carlton, Victoria on 6 July, 1898. He enlists under his real name in WWII. He possibly died at Marrickville NSW in 1963. Both the man born at Carlton and the one that died at Marrickville had fathers named George. So, if I am correct, he was 6 days short of his 17th birthday when he enlisted on 30 June 1915. Bob Butterworth is Private, later Sergeant 1510 Robert Charles Butterworth, a single labourer from Waterfall, NSW. He was born in Adelaide about 1892 and was killed at Bullecourt in May 1917. Hatton is Sergeant, later Warrant Officer 932 William Berend Hatton, an original Anzac, born in 1892 at Melbourne, Victoria. He was a sleeper cutter on enlistment. He was wounded three times and returned each time, but on the 4th occasion he was not lucky, being killed at Passchendaele. He was awarded a MM on 19 April, 1917 for his work at Lone Pine and a DCM on 29 June 1917 for leading raids with Lieutenant Bulkeley and capturing prisoners at Pozieres. Arthur Leslie Hopper Elsie’s brother, Arthur Hopper is Private 11988 Arthur Leslie Hopper, a motor single driver born at Kempsey, NSW about 1894. He enlisted on 2 September, 1915 and served in the 8th and 9th Field Ambulance, 1st Motor Transport Company and the AAMC. He embarked on 2 May 1916, so he may have even been present when his sister drowned, who knows? He studied for a while at the Royal Academy of Music prior to returning home in late 1919 and passing away in 1955. Harrington is Private 3107 Edward Richard Harrington, a single law clerk from Redfern, NSW. Where he was born about 1890. Mr Lacey is 2nd Lieutenant John Leonard Lacey, real name Lickner. He was born at London, England on 17 October, 1886. On enlistment, he was a single commercial traveller from Nundah, QLD. He died of his shoulder wound on 9 July 1916 and is buried at Wimereux, France. Mr Bayley is Lieutenant Keith Bayley was born either in Calcutta or in Paddington, NSW on 3 February 1891. A marine engineer, from North Sydney, NSW, he had been in the AN&MEF going to New Guinea and re-enlisted in the AIF. He went AWL twice in 1917 and was court martialled in December 1917. He returned home in March 1918, served in WWII and passed away in 1947. R. Smith is most likely Private 1430 Reuben Smith, a single miner, born Emmaville, NSW about 1895. He is transferred to the Cyclists Corps in September 1916. He returned home and passed away at Kurri Kurri, NSW on 1 October 1945. Bob Matthews is Private 3157 Robert Matthews, a single labourer from Leichhardt, born at Chippendale, NSW about 1883. He returned home in June 1918. His movements after the war are unknown. Fitzgerald is Private 3763 James Augustine Fitzgerald, a single clerk from Homebush, NSW, born at nearby Concord about 1894. He rejoins the unit in late 1916 and returns home after the war. “Nugget” Byrne is Sergeant 1511 John Byrne , an original Anzac and a Military Medal recipient for bringing in two wounded men and gathering intelligence at Thilloy on 1 March 1917. (He was recommended for a DCM) He was born in Victoria about 1890. He was the first man in the 3rd Battalion to take a prisoner in France. Unfortunately Nugget does not make it home, dying from his third wound on 14 April, 1917. Perry is Private 4351 Clement Walter Perry, a single drilling machinist from Darlinghurst, NSW. He was born in Adelaide, SA about 1897. He returns home but not before he gets an accidental gunshot wound to the neck in 1919. Greenhalgh is Lance Corporal 2428 Edwin “Ted” Greenhalgh, a single farmer from Singleton, NSW. He was born in Sydney on 4 March 1891. Some of his letters are at the AWM. He was a keen tennis player. Ireland is Private 4491 James Alfred Ireland, a single clerk from Strathfield, NSW, born about 1898 at Homebush, NSW. His older brother was Horace Edward Arthur Ireland of the 19th Battalion who was returned home with shell shock in 1917, passing away in 1976. Green is Private 3766 Michael Green, a single labourer from Surry Hills, NSW. He was born in Ireland about 1891. Jack Pryor is Private 3189 John Herbert Pryor, being the younger of two brothers who enlisted together, is a single blacksmith from Gunnedah, NSW where he was born in 1894. He returns home after the war and passes away on 7 September, 1944 not long after he lost one of his two sons, an airman in the RAAF. The other Pryor is Private 3182 George Saywell Pryor, a single boilermaker born about 1892, also at Gunnedah. Both brothers transfer to the Motor Transport Corps in 1917 after Jack suffers from shell shock at Pozieres and George is wounded at Moquet Farm. George returned home and lived until 1985. Jack Simpson is most likely Corporal 1178 Stewart James Simpson an Engineer’s Assistant born in Scotland about 1890. He was a temporary Sergeant but he gets busted for being drunk and reduced back to Corporal. He is killed at Pozieres. Episode 2.19 “And should the Madonna fall” Listen Boniface is Private 3696 George Lawrence Boniface, a single farmer from Kiama, NSW where he was born about 1892. He will be wounded twice during the war and returns home afterwards. Of all things, George was a good marbles player! He passed away in 1974. Broom is Private 3026 Albert Edward Broom, a married bootmaker from Redfern, NSW, where he was born about 1894. He was wounded three times during the war, returns home and dies on 7 May 1943. Earp is Private 3752 Frederick Clarence Earp. He is a single shop assistant from Penrith, NSW, where he was born about 1893. He was killed at Bullecourt with no known grave. Giles is Private 924 Thomas Kinnitt (or Kenneth) Giles, a single railway fettler, born at Gulgong, NSW about 1888. An original Anzac, he claims that he was the 8th man to arrive for enlistment in August 1914. He was wounded three time during the war, returns home and passes away on 28 August 1967 at Cairns, Qld. Winder is Private 1852 Stanley Hamilton Winder, a single clerk, born at Lithgow, NSW about 1895. Holdsworth is Charles Holdsworth, real name, Horace Lancelot Parker, born Dunedin, NZ in about 1887. He was a single miner who apparently tried to enlist earlier under his real name but was rejected. Popoff is Private 1599 Alexander Popoff, a single seaman born at Smolensk, Russia in 1882. Another for the next episode. Hackett is Private 500 Leslie Hudson Hackett, a single miner born at Peak Hill, NSW on 7 May 1893. An original Anzac, he returns home in May 1918, He was wounded twice but re-enlists in WWII and passes away shortly after at his hometown of Peak Hill on 15 November 1948. He was married with five young children. Elliott is Lance Sergeant 717 Henry James Hamilton Elliott, a single school teacher, born at Tumbarumba, NSW on 28 September 1892. He was an original Anzac wounded on the day of the landing. His brother Corporal 316 John Joseph Elliott was also an original Anzac in this battalion and will be killed a couple months later. Fergusson is Sergeant 563 Rupert Donald Fergusson, a single bank clerk born at Melbourne, Victoria on 8 January 1894. He was wounded in September 1916, returns to Australia in March 1917 and was living at Merimbula, NSW in 1955. Bartlett is Private 3235 William Godfrey Bartlett, a single tailor from Gloucester, England, where he was born about 1888. He has no known grave. Episode 2.20 “The Battle of Pozieres” Listen Dunn is Private 3747 Archibald Borland Hannan Dunn, a single printer from Leichhardt, NSW, who put his age up three years to enlist. He was born on 10 August 1899 at Camperdown, NSW. He was not yet 17 when he was killed at Pozieres. His younger brother, Arthur, also tried to put his age up to enlist in 1918 but was caught. Dunn’s father is the father of Archibald Dunn. He is Private 2082 Arthur William Dunn, a married tram driver from Leichhardt, NSW, born at Hull, England in 1873. He was wounded at Gallipoli. He may also have been Colonel Howell-Price’s batman. He was sent home in March 1918 and discharged with premature senility. The 11th Battalion men are Privates 3705 Joseph Herbert Anderson and 4543 William Matthew Laidler. According to Private 2578 Charles Burrows of the 11th Battalion, those two and a sergeant named Ross were hit by a shell and wounded with another man while in a trench near Pozieres on 21 July 1916. The official records state that Anderson was shot in the left buttock and Laidler in the neck and suffered a fractured skull. Both were taken to the 1st/2nd South Midland Field Ambulance where they died of their wounds. They are buried in Warloy-Baillon Cemetery. Anderson was a single farmer from Dowerin, WA and was born at Kaniva, Victoria about 1891. Laidler was a single railway guard from York, WA and was born at Maryborough, Victoria about 1888. The only Sergeant Ross in that Battalion at the time does not appear to have been wounded but then Burrows’ information was second hand. Padre Wilson is the Reverend Bicton Clemence Wilson. The longest serving chaplain to the 3rd Battalion with two stints. He was born at Cassilis NSW on 12th January, 1881 and studied at Cambridge. On enlistment, he was an Anglican minister posted at Aberdeen, NSW. He was almost as fearless as Colonel Howell-Price, even giving sermons from a second line trench parapet while under shell fire. He was loved by the men for his direct style. For example, in one sermon he said, "Some of you here today wont be here next week. So say your prayers and stop swearing! Hockey is Private 3794 Thomas Hockey, a single labourer, born in England in 1889. He goes missing at Pozieres and is considered killed in action. Steer is Private 3204 George Edward Steer, a single labourer from Newtown, born at Erskineville, NSW in 1893. His leg was badly injured and he was repatriated home in September, 1916, dying at Randwick in December 1919. Kitchen is Private 2356 Thomas Henry Kitchen, a single labourer from Waterloo, NSW and born at nearby Surry Hills about 1892. Teddy Kitchen will be killed at Ligny Thilloy on 1 March 1917 and buried at nearby Warlencourt Cemetery. Morgan is Lance Corporal, later Lieutenant 3165 Reginald Roy Morgan, a single bank clerk from Boorowa NSW where he was born in 1892. He will “go west” at Bullecourt. Jagoe is Corporal 340 John Joseph Jagoe, an original Anzac and a single rail worker born at Bathurst NSW in 1894. If I had a major criticism of Lieutenant Colonel Howell-Price, it is that he seemed reluctant to put men up for decorations. If Percy’s description of this man’s actions are accurate you would think he would have got a DCM posthumously. Hollibon is Lance Corporal 2665 Ernest Hollibon, a single chemist, born at North Sydney in 1894. He returns home after the war and dies at North Sydney on 26 June 1935, leaving a wife, Amy, and four sons. Dave Lee is most likely Private 4512 Robert Edward Lee. This bloke was wounded in the left forearm at Pozieres, so he is my bet for the right man. He was born at Failford NSW in 1895 and was a single teamster on enlistment at the same time as his younger shop assistant brother, Private George Francis Lee. Unlike George, he does not make it home, getting killed in April 1917. Squires is Private 4077 Samuel Squires, a married baker from Burwood, NSW, where he was born about 1886. He had two children, Harry and Edith junior. Sergeant Wilson is 1851 Sergeant Ernest Alfred Wilson, a single ironmonger from Coonamble, born at Inverell in 1890. He did not rejoin the battalion and returned home on 29 September, 1917, dying 21 April 1945. Wren is Captain 1487 Eric William Gregg Wren, who was an original enlistment as a Corporal in 1914. He was a single clerk from Crookwell, NSW where he was born in July 1888. He was commissioned just before Lone Pine, which he survived but suffered his second wound. He lost his right arm at Pozieres and returned home in September, 1917 with a French Croix de Guerre. He was an important man in this Battalion’s history, in fact he wrote it with some help from Corporal Len Jones. He passed away on 24 June 1941 at Melbourne shortly after taking up a posting as Deputy Director of Ordinance at army headquarters, leaving a wife and two sons, one, David a Lieutenant in the 2nd AIF. He was a keen tennis player even after he lost the arm. Duprez is 2nd Lieutenant, later Lieutenant Arthur Otford Duprez, a single carpenter from Summer Hill, born at Bowral NSW in 1874. He was a police trooper in the Matabele War in 1896, where he was wounded saving a comrade, and also Boer War Veteran. He held the “Queen’s Scarf” amongst other decorations. He had intended to settle in South Africa and was a cattle grazier and diamond miner there for some time before returning to Australia before the Great War. He joined the 3rd Battalion just before Pozieres and was wounded three times, returning home after the war and passing away at Ben Buckler Point, Bondi, NSW on 24 October 1930. He remained single and was a public servant at the time of death. Tommy Smith is Private 3221 Thomas Cormack Smith, a single lead light glazier, born at Blackheath NSW in 1897. He rejoins this battalion in October 1917 a few days before he gets killed Agnew is Lieutenant, later Major, Rupert Reid Agnew. He was born on May 21, 1889. Rupe was a Tasmanian and becoame a grazier in that state after the war. He won a Military Cross at Pozieres and a bar to that in 1918. He ends the war as Brigade Major and re-enlists as a Lieutenant Colonel in WW2. Ormiston is Private, later Lieutenant 3108A Irving William Leonard Ormiston, a single wheat farmer from Cowra, born at Bathurst NSW on 19 June 1895. After returning home, he lives at Gunnedah, but dies in London in 1969. He may have called himself by his third name, “Leonard.” He played for NSW against the All Blacks on 24 July 1920. Unfortunately the All Blacks won 26:15. Graham is probably Private 2148 William George Graham, a single butcher from Artarmon, NSW. He was born in 1898 and put his age up to enlist with his older brother, Nichol Graham. He is killed at Bullecourt. Paddy Kelly is Private 1980 Patrick Fanahan Kelly, a single baker from beautiful Gerringong, NSW where he was born about 1889. He was mistakenly reported as killed at Lone Pine but really was wounded at Moquet Farm and sent home in late 1917. Paddy passed away at Burwood, NSW in 1959. Middleton is Captain Roy Oswald Middleton, an architect from Vaucluse, born at Bathurst NSW on 1 June 1891. Donovan is Private 4023 Richard Joseph Donovan, a married grocer from Redfern NSW in 1873. He was killed at Moquet Farm in August 1916. Brain is Private 580 Percy Sidney Raymond Brain, a single blacksmith born at Menangle NSW in 1894. Wiseman is Private 2971 Victor Mervyn Wiseman, a single grazier, born at Gundy NSW in 1895. Killed at Ypres in 1917. Leary enlisted as Private, later Corporal 3126 George Thomas Leary. His name is possibly Simon P Leary, born at Delegate NSW in 1898, or his birth was not registered in 1897. He will be wounded at Bullecourt and return home after the war. One interesting fact is he is accused of stealing a watch from a dead mate (Private Wadhurst) by the guy’s father. Buckley is Private 1098 William Thomas Buckley. He was born in Lancashire, England in 1887 and was an excellent singer. He was wounded three times in the war. C McK is Private 3340 Charles McKnight A single farmer from Bellingen, NSW, he was born at Burwood, about 1886. He has no known grave. Episode 2.22 “Snipers at Moquet Farm” Listen Mapstone is Private 2652 George Alfred Mapstone, a single carter from Banksia, born on 6 October, 1894 at nearby Rockdale, NSW. He was sent home in January 1917 and passed away on 23 July 1952, while living at North Bondi. George had a keen interest in rugby league, swimming and lawn bowls. Philpot is Private, later Lance Corporal 2770 Ernest Alfred Philpot, a single labourer from Tarago, NSW, born at South Hackney, London, England in 1886. He was not killed this time but gets wounded in September 1918, returning home after the war and dying at Bathurst NSW in 1942. Alby Watson is Private, later Lance Corporal, 3242 Albert William Watson, a single fitter from Croydon Park, born at Glebe NSW in 1892. He will be wounded twice and sent home in July 1917. Blake is Lieutenant, later Captain, 553 Giles Eyre Blake, an original 6th Light Horse enlistment and Anzac. Before the war he was a single station overseer, born at Killara, NSW about 1889. This man had been wounded at Gallipoli but sees the war out and passes away in 1952. He was mentioned in despatches in late 1918. White is Private 3496 Rupert White, a single grocer from Jerilderie, NSW, where he was born on 27 July 1895. Rupe returns home with a Military Medal with the following citation; "For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty during the attack near Dernancourt Ridge South West of Albert on 5th April, 1918. When his Officer was killed and all other N.C.O.'s were out of action he took charge of the platoon, rallied the men and led them to the attack. Although wounded in the shoulder he carried on and consolidated his platoon position. At nightfall he, in company with L/Corporal Ritchie went forward and located the position of the enemy so successfully and brought back such information as enabled his Company Commander to make his defensive position secure where it might have been dangerously weak." He re-enlisted for home defence in WW2 and passed away at Boxhill, Victoria in 1969. His wife Doris predeceased him and they had four children. Callaghan is Private, later Sergeant 1716 Alfred Callaghan and was born in Sydney in 1891. Also known as Mad Callaghan, he was a single sawyer from Bankstown on enlistment. Mr Shappere is 2nd Lieutenant, later Lieutenant Cyril Solomon Shappere, a single merchant from Blayney NSW, born at Paddington in 1892. He was very popular and the life of any party. He was killed on 28 December 1916 during heavy shelling at Flers/Guedecourt. Barber is Warrant Officer 90, Albert Edward Barber of the 1st Battalion, a married bookseller from Lidcombe NSW, born about 1883. He returned to Australia in March 1918 and passed away on 19 March 1942. Joe Hendy is Private 3103 Henry George Hendy, a single carter from Gloucestershire, England where he was born on 19 March, 1894. He may have been living at Chatswood, NSW when he enlisted. Joe was wounded at Flers in 1916 and Bullecourt, sent home in late 1917, dying at Lane Cove, NSW in 1962. Yorky is Sergeant 195 John Yorke , a labourer on enlistment. He was wounded a total of five times and was awarded a Military Medal. Murray is Lance Corporal 1145 Stanley Walter Murray, a single farmer, born at Tumut, NSW about 1894. He was wounded earlier at Gallipoli. Wackett is Private 2932 Charles William Wackett, a single labourer born at Plumstead in Kent, England about 1893. He rejoins the battalion and is wounded again in June 1918, being sent home a couple days before armistice. He died on 15 July 1958 at Auburn, NSW. Les Warner is Private, later Lieutenant 584 Leslie William Roy Warner of the 34th Battalion, a single jewellery salesman from Annandale, NSW, born at Sydney about 1895. He will die of wounds at Messines, Belgium on 8 June, 1917. He was battalion scout officer. Wotton is Private 2836 William Allan Wotton, a single miner from West Wallsend, born at Homebush, NSW about 1889. He returned home after the war and died at West Wallsend in 1961. Blumer is 2nd Lieutenant 1488 Colin Charles Blumer, an agricultural student from Grafton, NSW who was born at Mudgee on 25 November 1896. An original Anzac who put his age up to enlist. He was recommended for a Distinguished Conduct Medal at Pozieres, but was awarded the Military Medal. He was also Mentioned in Despatches in October 1916 at Ypres. Although he lost an eye and returned home in May 1917, he re-enlisted in WW2 as a Major and a veterinary surgeon. Blumer was chairman of the Tick Control Board after WW2 and died on 2 July 1973. Doctor Fitzpatrick is Captain Samuel Charles Fitzpatrick. He was born on at Heyfield North in Victoria on 20 November, 1892 and was a graduate of Melbourne University. Bill Graham is Lieutenant 2144 William Graham, a single clerk from Brunswick, Victoria. He was born at St Helens, Lancashire, England about 1894. This Military Cross winner was wounded at least twice during the war and returned home a couple days before the war ended. He won the MC at Warneton on March 13, 1918, for reconnaissance work retrieving papers from dead Germans in full view of the enemy. He died on 4 January 1955. Episode 2.23 “Hill 60 or Hell 60” Listen Waterhouse is Private 3261 Charles Waterhouse, a married builder from Moore Park, NSW, born at Geelong VIC about 1877. He is killed at Flers. Mr Pestell is Lieutenant 1303 Joseph Victor Pestell. He was born in 1893 at Lismore, NSW. Cox is most likely Private 3736 William George Cox, a single labourer from Milparinka NSW, born at Broken Hill about 1895. He returns to Australia. Barron is Sergeant 2566 Harley James Baron, a single farmer from Leeton or possibly Drummoyne, NSW where he was born about 1894. Fenton is one of three men, two being brothers and the third is the son of one of them. It is not certain which of the three Percy is referring to. All three were recently taken on strength to the Battalion together, only a few weeks earlier. Love is Corporal (temporary Sergeant) 466 Dallas Fairbairn Love, a single dairy expert, from Port Macquarie, born at Kogarah, NSW about 1892. He studied at the Hawkesbury Agricultural College before the war and was known to have been a good athlete. Bill ‘Hoojah’ Elliott is Lieutenant 5074 William Frederick Elliott. He was born in Ireland on 9 September, 1879 and his father was a professor at Trinity College in Dublin. He was a married farmer on enlistment. Whitby is Private 6398 George Edward Whitby, a single farm hand from Drummoyne, born at Glebe Point about 1897. He returns home in May 1917. Les Tanner is Leslie Frederick Tanner, born at Sydney on 28 September 1887, the fourth and youngest child of Edward and Matilda Tanner. His service number is 310040, but as yet I don’t know which ship he served on, what his rank was or if he actually did fight at the Battle of Jutland. Courtesy of Keith Hollick, of the Battle of Jutland facebook group, he is known to have enlisted in the Royal Marines on 21 April 1906, transferred to the Royal Navy shortly after but then inexplicably deserted on 3 July 1910. It is possible that he re-enlisted under a false name, but we can’t be sure. Les returned to Australia after the war and passed away at Bulli, NSW in the early hours of 13 May, 1934. At that stage, Les and his mate, John Joseph Finlay, were chimney sweeps who were camping in an unoccupied cottage in the local park. Both men had been drinking heavily the night before and his death was not considered to be suspicious. He is buried at Woronora Cemetery (Pbn W 0029) in a family grave with nothing to indicate that he was a sailor of the great war. Charlie Bodsworth is Sapper, later Sergent 9177 Charles William Thomas Bodsworth, a single clerk from Marrickville, NSW, born at South Brighton, VIC about 1889. Later in 3rd Division Signal Company, he returns to Australia in1919. Preston is Corporal later 2nd Lieutenant and later still Wing Commander 2774 Walter George Preston, a single clerk from Balmain, born at Toowong QLD in about 1893. He is discharged from the AIF to join the Royal Flying Corps in March 1917 and is posted to 210 or 101 Squadron. He flew FE 2d’s, BE12’s Avro 504J’s and A154 Nieuport 20’s, apparently. Walter returned home after the war with a Distinguished Flying Cross won for night bombing sorties. Bowling is Private 3348 Roy Bowling, a single labourer from Wongarbon, NSW, born at Ramornie about 1896. He returned home after the war and passed away in 1975. McBride is Private 3284 Patrick Raymond McBride, a single dairy farmer from Raymond Terrace, NSW, born in Sydney on 19 May, 1891. He was wounded at Passchendaele and sent home in early 1918. Episode 2.24 “Piano Man ” Listen Roy McPhee is Corporal, presumably acting Sergeant, and later Lieutenant 2249 George Roy McPhee, a single civil servant from Ryde, NSW, born at harbourside Double Bay in late 1889. Despite being wounded and gassed, he returns home after the war and passes away at Marrickville in 1964. The first “Colonel” is Major, with temporary rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, Richard Francis Fitzgerald who was in command of the Battalion from 23 September 1916 until the return of Colonel Watson. He was a married career soldier from Milson’s Point, NSW, born on 23 April 1880. He was later in the 51st, 52nd Battalions and the Australian Cyclist Corps. He was awarded a DSO and was mentioned in despatches. He returned home after the war. McIlroy is 571 Captain George Stanley McIlroy, a married optician from Melbourne, born at St Arnaud, Victoria about 1890. He won the Military Cross. He was sent home with Neurasthenia in March 1917. He was living at Ivanhoe, Victoria in 1946 and died on 24 October 1953. Hartley is Private, later Lance Corporal, 4432 James Hartley, a single fireman from Wonthaggi Victoria. He was born in 1890 at Homebush Victoria and returned home in November 1917 after being wounded in May. Hunter is Lance Corporal, later Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant (W.O. Class II), 1577 Lionel George Hunter, a single clerk from St Kilda, Victoria, born at Kensington Victoria about 1894. He returns home in 1919. Sergeant Henry is Corporal 208 Arthur Milton Henry, a single butcher from North Geelong Victoria. He was born at Corio Vic in 1893. He died at Passchendaele and he has no known grave. Mr Pittard is Lieutenant Edward James Pittard, a single clerk from Burnley, Victoria born on 3 October 1888. He won a Military Cross at Bullecourt on 12 May 1917 for conspicuous gallantry during an assault on enemy trenches when he continued to lead his men despite a severe wound to the right leg, until he collapsed. His unit achieved their objective. He did not return to active service and returned to Australia in early 1918. Jim Dawson is almost certainly Private later Lance corporal 4657 James Robb Dawson of the 13th and later 1st battalions, a single labourer from Epping, NSW, born in Wollongong in early 1894. He was wounded on the 30th August 1916. He was charged with desertion in September 1918 and convicted. He returns home after the war and passes away in 1977. Watson is Lieutenant-Colonel William Walker Russell Watson, a Boer War veteran born on 19 May 1875 at Balmain, NSW. A dentist on enlistment, he had been commissioned as a Lieutenant in the NSW Scottish Rifles and 4th Infantry Regiment in 1896 and finishing the war as a Captain. Amongst other things, he commanded the NSW detachment of the Coronation Corps at King George V’s coronation in 1912. He commanded the Infantry component of the AN&MEF in September 1914 and took part in the capture of Rabaul. Later he took command of the 24th just before Gallipoli and later in the war the 2nd Division Training School. He was wounded on 7 August 1916 and returned to the Battalion on 13 October 1916. He returned home in 1919 and died in Sydney of septicaemia resulting from influenza on 30 June 1924. He reportedly caught the ‘flu at another officer’s funeral. He was known to be a tough leader but well respected by his men. Episode 2.25 “About Fromelles and Devil’s Wood” Listen Campbell is Lance Corporal 127 Duncan Campbell, a single farmer from Inverness, Scotland, where he was born about 1893. Initially enlisted as a Sergeant, he reverted to private in June 1915, no reason given. He suffered shell shock twice during the war, returns to Australia in 1919 and moves to New Zealand for a period but was living at Main Ridge, Victoria in 1967. Gordon is most likely Private 770 Samuel Garner Gordon, a single groom from Ballarat, where he was born about 1896. Sam was wounded three times during the war. He returned home after the war. Dick Weales is Private 2227 Richard Arthur Weales, a single confectioner from Brunswick, Victoria and born about 1890 at London, England. He received a head wound at Passchendaele and got sent home in early 1918. Snadden is Corporal 270 Walter Snadden, a single engineer from Footscray, Victoria where he was born about 1880. He was wounded on 26 February 1917 and died of his wounds two weeks later. He is buried at St Sever Cemetery, Rouen, France. He had two brothers, James and Harold, also in the AIF. The family were well known around Footscray. Wally Smyth is Private 283 Walter Samuel Smyth, a single horticulturist from Nathalia Victoria, where he was born about 1894. He was a serial deserter, for three long periods in 1917 and 1918. He was sentenced to 21 days FP No.2 the first time and 2 years hard labour the second. He had been wounded twice, including at Moquet Farm, although by then he had already been AWL for a couple days. It appears he was killed in a motor vehicle accident about 1942. Jack Cooley is Private 2233 John Cooley, a single seaman from South Melbourne, born Zeehan, Tasmania about 1893. He returned home in early 1918 after he was wounded in the stomach at Passchendaele. He died on 6 May 1967. He was married to Dorothy and had been living at Heidelberg, Vic. Laidlaw is Private, later Sergeant 222 Robert Laidlaw, a single carpenter from Newcastle NSW but born at Corowa about 1893. He was wounded once only, at Gallipoli, and returns home with a Belgian Croix de Guerre. He dies sometime before 1967, leaving a wife, Florence. His Croix de Guerre was for several incidents between March and October 1918. Morcom is Company Sergeant Major 1733 Edmund John Morcom, a single draper from Bendigo Victoria, born at Sandhurst Victoria in 1893. He was wounded three times, and he also served in WW2. He passed away sometime before 1967, leaving a wife, Constance, who appears to have been his second wife, he having married an English girl named Doris Noble before he came home in 1919. Mr Selleck is 121 Francis Palmer Selleck , a single clerk from Numurkah, Victoria where he was born on 20 August 1895. He enlisted as a Quartermaster Sergeant and ended the war as a Captain. He was Battalion Adjutant and won his MC for scouting work in 1918. After the war, he became an accountant and business man and a significant figure in both Legacy and the forerunner to the RSL. Sir Frank Selleck KBE was the Lord Mayor of Melbourne from 1954, through the Olympic Games in 1956 and he passed away on 2 October 1976 at Armadale, Victoria. Burns is Lance Corporal 1120/2030 John Rogers Burns, a single storeman from Waratah Bay, Victoria, born South Melbourne about 1893. An original enlistment in 1914, he was sent overseas twice, first returned in April 1915 due to having a venereal disease, presumably treated and sent back in time to serve at Gallipoli from late October 1915. Corporal JM Collery sent the following note to his parents, “I feel as I should write you a few lines concerning the death of your son, Corporal J.R. Burns, at Bullecourt on the 3rd May last. He was in the same platoon as myself and was very well liked by all the boys, there was every prospect of him getting a commission should he survived that stunt.” He has no known grave. Canterbury is Private 164 Charles William Canterbury, single driver from Bendigo, Victoria, where he was born about 1894. He was wounded at Moquet Farm and again in 1917. He was promoted to Lance Corporal but lost his stripe after going AWL for 9 days at the end of 1917. He returned home with an English bride, Beatrice Benham. He dies on 17 April 1983, so a good innings for a man wounded twice in the Great War. Nicholas is Major George Matson Nicholas DSO, which he won at Pozieres with the following citation, “For conspicuous gallantry and initiative. having whilst on reconnaissance discovered a machine gun, Captain Nicholas went out again alone, and with great dash and initiative captured the gun”. He also had been personally acknowledged in a letter from General Birdwood. He was a single high school teacher and law student from Trafalgar, Victoria, born Coleraine on 3 March 1887. He enlisted a couple days after the Gallipoli landings. “Matson” as he was known, was the oldest of six brothers. He was wounded at Gallipoli. His brother Lieutenant Byron Fitzgerald Nicholas was also in the 24th and was killed at Passchendaele. Major Nicholas is buried in the Grass Lane Cemetery near Flers. The AWM holds a drawing of him by his new wife, Hilda “Rix” Nicholas, whom he married in England shortly before he was killed. Leoshkevitch is Private 3857 Faust Leoshkevitch , a single railway worker from Melbourne, born Kovno, Russia, now Grodno, Poland on 18 November 1896. His mother was living at Askhabad or Ashgabat, now in Turkmenistan during the war. Faust arrived in Australia with four other young blokes working as crew on the Gunda on 3 January 1915. He returned to Australia after being gassed twice. His father was a Colonel in the Imperial Guard and his brother an officer in the Russian army. He apparently had a great sense of humour, if asked whether he was a red Russian or a white Russian he would reply that he was a pink Russian. If called Ivan he would say “Yes, Ivan the Terrible”. Faust passed away on 26 August 1967, leaving a wife, Pauline and son Leon. Radley is Private, later Sergeant, 262 John Joseph Radley, a single labourer from South Melbourne where he was born in 1891. He won a MM at Broodseinde Ridge on 9 October 1917 where he organised a flanking manoeuvre around an enemy post. The Germans weren’t impressed though, they shot him in the butt and he was evacuated. He returns home and passes away on 10 September 1969. Mundell is Sergeant 1734 Arthur Mundell, a single marine engineer, born Newcastle England about 1885. He is buried at Beaulencourt Cemetery at Ligny Thilloy. He won his MM at Moquet Farm for holding a post during heavy shelling and counter attacks for nearly 2 days from 25 to 27 August 1916. Cumming is Private, later Sergeant 2232 John Cumming, a single grain buyer from Katunga, Victoria, and was born at Inglewood about 1890. He was wounded three times before being killed at Mont St Quentin on 2 September 1918 and buried at Peronne. Reg Gibbons is Lieutenant Reginald Leslie Alfred Gibbons of the 5th Field Artillery Brigade, a single auctioneer and stock agent from Ascot Vale Vic, where he was born about 1889. He returned home after the war. Alec Cameron is most likely Private 2804 Alexander Murdoch Cameron, a single stock and station agent, born at Albury NSW about 1892. Of the 5th Battalion, he was killed at Pozieres and has no known grave. Jack Wilson is probably Private, later Sergeant 885 John Wilson of the 1st Battalion, a single bootmaker from Corowa NSW, where he was born in 1891. He returned home after the war. Ernie White is Lieutenant Ernest Victor White, a single butcher from Dromana Victoria where he was born on 22 March 1894. His parents are Robert and Mary Hannah White (nee Roberts), these two having married in 1886. This Anzac enlisted in May 1915, arrived Gallipoli in late August that year and was later wounded at Bullecourt and Montbrehain. He won the DCM at Ville-sur-Ancre on 19 May 1918: "For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. During an attack this N.C.O. who was in charge of the advance party of his platoon, led them with great gallantry against a machine gun post, which he captured, taking the gun, and accounting for all the gunners. He then collected his party and proceeded, with the greatest dash, to occupy the objective which had been assigned to them. He brought up a Lewis gun, which he disposed with much judgment to help in overcoming the last elements of the enemy's resistance, and then went out under heavy rifle fire to help in selecting positions for the outposts. Throughout the day he showed fine qualities of judgment and cool determination, which inspired his men with great confidence." He returned to Australia and married Hazel Irene. He died on 5 October 1953 at Albury, NSW. Episode 2.26 “Plastered in mud” Listen Bird is Lance Corporal 102 Fred Bird, a woodworker from Mentone, Victoria, born at Reading, Berkshire, England born in January 1897 and died 19 November. Fred arrived in Melbourne age 16 years with his mother, Kate, and at least one sister, Ivy. He was young to get a stripe in September 1916. Burrows is Private 4077 Frederick Thomas Burrows, a single presser from Kensington Victoria. He was born at Northcote, about 1897. He returns home in January 1919 and was still alive in 1964. A Frederick Thomas Burrows was fined in 1935 for not keeping his property free of weeds! Edgerton is Sergeant, later lieutenant 1524 Eric Henry Drummond Edgerton MM + Bar and DSO, a single student on enlistment. He was born at Moonee Ponds, Victoria on 1 April, 1897. The MMs were won at Owen’s Gully Gallipoli in 1915 and at “Dinkum Spur” near Warlencourt on 26 February 1917, he was recommended for a VC in May 1918, receiving instead the DSO and a mention in despatches. He enlisted just after his 18th birthday and was commissioned at 20. Edgerton was killed in battle as recounted by a fellow officer. 'This Officer met his death during the advance of his Battalion near Raincourt on August 12 1918. He was in charge of a platoon and had just left his trench in order to visit one of his forward posts when he was struck by a bullet from an enemy machine gun which was active some distance in front. The bullet pierced his heart and he died immediately.' Raincourt is near Villers Bretonneux and he is buried at the VB Cemetery. Trew is Major William Merriman Trew, a married grazier from Mansfield, Victoria. This Boer War veteran was born at Stawell on 26 January 1880. He enlisted in February 1915 as a 2nd Lieutenant and rose to Major in November 1916. He was wounded in the hand and forearm in May 1917. It appears the wound never properly healed and he was sent home to Australia in March 1918. Major Trew was awarded the DSO and was mentioned in despatches. He died on 22 July 1934, leaving a wife, Constance. “Topsy” Turvey is Corporal 2693 Percival Turvey, DCM and MM, a single labourer from Rhylstone, NSW, who was born on 23 March 1892 at Wagga Wagga, NSW. He returned home after the war, served again in WW2 and died at Gosford, NSW in 1965. His DCM was awarded for an action at Mont de Merris on April 14, 1918. Rather than read the citation, this is how it happened in Topsy’s own words as reported in Reveille and the 3rd Battalion history by Captain Wren; “Reaching a position about 300 metres in the rear of “Gutzer” Farm, I was required to take out my company Lewis guns and act as a covering party, while new trenches were dug. The night was slipping away fast, and we knew Fritz would attack at dawn. While scouting for gun positions in the semi-darkness, I discovered the bodies of a young woman about 25 and a girl of 8. Evidently, they had been caught by enemy gun-fire during the day. At the sight of those poor souls, I saw ‘red’ and swore to take toll of Fritz if an opportunity came. Digging operations completed just before daybreak, my guns were withdrawn to the front line. But the position at “Gutzer” Farm appealed to me as an observation post, and I received permission from Lieutenant “Dad” Jarvis to take a Lewis gun out there. Four men readily volunteered to go with me and carry ammunition. We had scarcely got into position and were gazing towards the village of Merris, over the undulating country, when we saw miles of infantry, slowly, but surely, goose-stepping towards us. Officers on grey horses were riding up and down the column. It really was a wonderful sight. I sent one of my men back to headquarters with a message, and within a few minutes the most wonderful slaughter was going on. However, in spite of terrible losses, Fritz kept coming on, and was soon within point-blank range of my gun. So I decided to present him with 1,150 rounds of SAA. It was like firing into a haystack – one could not miss. The Germans were about six deep in places. They were very much unsettled in front, but kept creeping up on both flanks. I sent the other three men back to the line while I emptied the remaining magazines. As I finished, there were “Hocks” uncomfortably close, so I grabbed the gun and bolted across No-Man’s Land, followed by a hail of bullets. I reached the trench without a scratch, though one bullet tore a hole in the back of my tunic.” Mr Bishop is Lieutenant 197 Harold Mackay Bishop. He was born at Moruya, NSW in 1893 and was coachsmith on enlistment. McMaster is Sergeant, later Lieutenant 4530 Allan Stewart McMaster, a single bootmaker from Newcastle, born at Inverell NSW about 1895. He was killed at Hermies. MacDougall is CSM, later Lieutenant 3094 George Ross MacDougall, a bank clerk on enlistment and born at Bathurst NSW about 1884. “Ross” would be wounded twice during 1917, return home after the war and pass away on 22 January 1930. He was a good footballer. Episode 2.27 “Murdered in cold blood” Listen Tom Avery is Private 3004 Thomas Avery, a single liquor trader from Surry Hills, NSW, who was bornabout 1881 at nearby Pyrmont, his parents being Thomas and Mary Avery. During the Spring Offensive in 1918, the Germans pushed the British front back to the vicinity of Villers Bretoneux. A young refugee woman from Baillieul was separated from her family. While her father and brother tried to find her mother in hospital, she was asked to wait at a crossroad. The German advance guard cut her off from her family and she had to hide, watching the town and possibly her family being heavily shelled. The men of the 3rd Battalion found her in late April and the men provided her with money and food. Tom Avery took her to the refugee camp in the officer’s mess cart. (Wren P292). Tom was in the 7th Reinforcement of the 18th Battalion and like many of the men in that group he was taken on strength to the 3rd Battalion instead of the 18th Battalion. Tom was wounded at Moquet Farm, so he was not in the Battalion when Jimmy Voss was killed. Tom returned to Australia in 1919. Horatio Nelson is Private, 1668 Horatio John Nelson, a single clerk from Auburn, NSW, born at Redfern in 1887. He was wounded three times during the war and returned home afterwards, passing away on 19 September 1937 at Royal North Shore Hospital. He was a long time resident of Auburn, were his father had conducted a ham and beef store. Ernie and Alf Graham are Percy’s first cousins, their mother Clara being the sister of Percy’s dad. The older boy Private 3560 Ernest William Graham was born at Derby Tasmania, where he still lived, in about 1891. Private, later Driver, 3561 Alfred Edward Graham was about six years younger, born in 1897. The boys were in the 12th then 51st Battalions until the final stages of the war when they transferred to the 49th. Alf was wounded once in April 1918. Both boys were single farm labourers when they enlisted together in August 1915 and returned home after the war, Ernie passing away on 13 May 1972 and Alfie on 7 April 1974. At the time of their mum’s death in 1943, Alf was living in Queensland while Ernie was still living somewhere in Tasmania. Ernie Glover is Wireless Telegraphist Operator WTS204 Ernest Henry Glover of the Royal Navy Reserve. He was born at Sparkbrook, Birmingham on 29 September, 1882. He was invalided from HMS Peel Castle suffering from tuberculosis. He succumbed to his illness on 18 April 1917. Corporal McAdam is Corporal 3876 John Lachland Noble McAdam, a single clerk from Brunswick, Victoria, born at Castlemaine about July 1889. He was sick a couple of times during the war, including having “trench fever” but was not wounded and returned home after the war. Jack Thorpe is possibly 2817 John Thorpe, a single labourer from Brighton le Sands, NSW. Captain Ellwood is Captain, later Major, William Henry Ellwood, a married school teacher from South Gippsland, Victoria, born in Wunghnu, Victoria on 19 April 1889. He received the Military Cross for staying on duty at Bullecourt after leading his company in a charge and then securing the brigade’s flank against German counter-attacks. Wounded at Bullecourt, he recovered and returned home after the war. He went back to teaching while studying for his BA, Master of Education and MA. In 1937 he was appointed Assistant Chief Inspector of Primary Schools and in 1951 he was the Chairman of the Victorian Teacher's Tribunal. He was awarded the Queen’s Coronation Medal in 1953 and was alive and well, living in Glen Iris, Victoria in June 1967. Episode 2.28 “English and French” Listen Roser is most likely Private 4507, Reginald Ernest Roser of the 2nd Machine Gun Battalion, a single labourer from Tamworth, NSW, where he was born about 1893. He was at Perham Downs at the same time as Percy. He returns home after the war. General Murray probably refers to General Archibald Murray, formerly Chief of the Imperial General Staff and, at this stage the commander of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force. Although the date that Percy says this inspection happened is about 2 weeks before the First Battle of Gaza so it's not certain why he would have been in England . Doctor Hagen is Captain, later Major, Harry Alexander Hagen, real name, Henry Alexander Hagenauer, a widowed medical practitioner from Adelaide, SA, born at Traralgon, Victoria on 7 November 1878. He returned to Australia in November 1918. He suffered badly from arthritis throughout the war only doing one stint in France over the winter of 1916/17. Colonel Knox is Lieutenant Colonel George Hodges Knox, a married farmer from Melbourne, born at Armadale, Victoria on 17th December 1885. Previously CO of the 23rd Battalion, by this stage, he was commandant at the Base Depot there at Perham Downs. He was sent from the front due to recurring bronchitis and asthma and eventually repatriated home in June 1918. He re-enlisted in WW2, with the rank of Brigadier. Sir George Knox, Victorian Parliamentarian from 1927 until 1960, was the speaker of the house in the 1940s, was living at Ferntree Gully, Victoria and died on 24 October 1960. Lance Corporal Harrison is Lance Corporal 4592 Herbert William Harrison, a single clerk from Williamstown Victoria. He was born at Hawksburn, Victoria about 1896. Harrison was killed on 25 February 1917 at Warlencourt and has no known grave. Corporal Bruce is Corporal 806/1011 John Ernest Alexander Bruce, a carpenter and an original enlistment to the AN&MEF in August 1914. He was born at Wagga Wagga, NSW about 1886. Corporal Ellis is almost certainly Corporal 1353 Leo Anthony Ellis of the 3rd Battalion. He was a single sheet metal worker, born at Leichhardt, NSW in 1893. He was wounded at Pozieres and did not rejoin his unit until after Passchendaele. He returned home after the war, was living at Ingleburn, NSW in 1967 and passed away in 1971. Sergeant Carroll is Sergeant, later RQMS 2389 Gerald Carroll of the 3rd Battalion. He was a married labourer on enlistment, born in NZ about 1883. He returns home after the war and passes away on 3 August 1956 at Port Macquarie, NSW. Stan Martin is most likely Private 3376 Samuel Stanley Martin of the 3rd Battalion. H
2410	dbpedia	0	2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Moreton	en	Electoral district of Moreton	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2014-01-30T03:21:50+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Moreton	Australian electorate The electoral district of Moreton was a Legislative Assembly electorate in the state of Queensland. It was first created in a redistribution ahead of the 1878 colonial election, and existed until the 1912 state election.[1] Moreton replaced the former district of East Moreton, James Francis Garrick being the last member for East Moreton.[1][2] Moreton was abolished in 1912, replaced by the Electoral district of Murrumba. Members for Moreton [edit] Member Party Term James Garrick Nov 1878 – Nov 1883 Thomas Macdonald-Paterson Ministerialist Nov 1883 – Apr 1885 Hiram Wakefield Apr 1885 – May 1888 Matthew Battersby Ministerialist May 1888 – Mar 1899 John Campbell Ministerialist Apr 1899 – May 1909 James Forsyth Opposition Jun 1909 – Apr 1912 Forsyth went on to represent Murrumba from April 1912 to March 1918.[1] See also [edit] 1909 Moreton state by-election Electoral districts of Queensland Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by year Category:Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by name
2410	dbpedia	3	50	http://historichansard.net/hofreps/1974/19740709_reps_29_hor89/	en	House of Representatives, Debates, 9 July 1974 :: Historic Hansard	http://historichansard.net/images/historic-hansard.png	http://historichansard.net/images/historic-hansard.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	A record of debates in the Australian House of Representatives on the 9 July 1974, presented in an easily readable form.	en			http://historichansard.net/hofreps/1974/19740709_reps_29_hor89/	House of Representatives 9 July 1974 29th Parliament · 1st Session House of Representatives 29th Parliament 1974 PROCLAMATION OPENING OF THE PARLIAMENT Adermann, Albert Evan, Fisher, Queensland Anthony, John Douglas, Richmond, New South Wales Armitage, John Lindsay, Chifley, New South Wales Barnard, Lance Herbert, Bass, Tasmania Beazley, Kim Edward, Fremantle, Western Australia Berinson, Joseph Max, Perth, Western Australia Bonnett, Robert Noel, Herbert, Queensland Bourchier, John William, Bendigo, Victoria Bowen, Lionel Frost, Kingsford-Smith, New South Wales Bryant, Gordon Munro, Wills, Victoria Bungey, Melville Harold, Canning, Western Australia AUSTRALIA PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Hansard FIRST SESSION OF THE TWENTY-NINTH PARLIAMENT Cairns, Kevin Michael, Lilley, Queensland Calder, Stephen Edward, Northern Territory Cameron, Clyde Robert, Hindmarsh, South Australia Cameron, Donald Milner, Griffith, Queensland Chipp, Donald Leslie, Hotham, Victoria Cohen, Barry, Robertson, New South Wales Collard, Frederick Walter, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia Connolly, David Miles, Bradfield, New South Wales Connor, Reginald Francis Xavier, Cunningham, New South Wales Cope, James Francis, Sydney, New South Wales Corbett, James, Maranoa, Queensland Crean, Frank, Melbourne Ports, Victoria Cross, Manfred Douglas, Brisbane, Queensland Daly, Frederick Michael, Grayndler, New South Wales Davies, Ronald, Braddon, Tasmania Drury, Edward Nigel, Ryan, Queensland Duthie, Gilbert William Arthur, Wilmot, Tasmania Edwards, Harold Raymond, Berowra, New South Wales Ellicott, Robert James, Wentworth, New South Wales England, John Armstrong, Calare, New South Wales Erwin, George Dudley, Ballaarat, Victoria Fairbairn, David Eric, Farrer, New South Wales Fisher, Peter Stanley, Mallee, Victoria Fitzpatrick, John, Darling, New South Wales Forbes, Alexander James, Barker, South Australia Fraser, John Malcolm, Wannon, Victoria Fulton, William John, Leichhardt, Queensland Garland, Ransley Victor, Curtin, Western Australia Garrick, Horace James, Batman, Victoria Gorton, John Grey, Higgins, Victoria Hayden, William George, Oxley, Queensland Hodges, John Charles, Petrie, Queensland Howard, John Winston, Bennelong, New South Wales Hunt, Ralph James Dunnet, Gwydir, New South Wales Hurford, Christopher John, Adelaide, South Australia Hyde, John Martin, Moore, Western Australia Innes, Urquhart Edward, Melbourne, Victoria Jacobi, Ralph, Hawker, South Australia James, Albert William, Hunter, New South Wales Jarman, Alan William, Deakin, Victoria Jenkins, Henry Alfred, Scullin, Victoria Johnson, Leonard Keith, Burke, Victoria Johnson, Leslie Royston, Hughes, New South Wales Jones, Charles Keith, Newcastle, New South Wales Katter, Robert Cummin, Kennedy, Queensland Keating, Paul John, Blaxland, New South Wales Kelly, Charles Robert, Wakefield, South Australia Keogh, Leonard Joseph, Bowman, Queensland Kerin, John Charles, Macarthur, New South Wales Killen, Denis James, Moreton, Queensland King, Robert Shannon, Wimmera, Victoria Lloyd, Bruce, Murray, Victoria Luchetti, Anthony Sylvester, Macquarie, New South Wales Lucock, Philip Ernest, Lyne, New South Wales Lusher, Stephen Augustus, Hume, New South Wales Lynch, Phillip Reginald, Flinders, Victoria Martin, Vincent Joseph, Banks, New South Wales Millar, Percival Clarence, Wide Bay, Queensland Morris, Peter Frederick, Shortland, New South Wales Morrison, William Lawrence, St George, New South Wales Mulder, Allan William, Evans, New South Wales Nicholls, Martin Henry, Bonython, South Australia Nixon, Peter James, Gippsland, Victoria Oldmeadow, Maxwell Wilkinson, Holt, Victoria Patterson, Rex Alan, Dawson, Queensland Peacock, Andrew Sharp, Kooyong, Victoria Reynolds, Leonard James, Barton, New South Wales Riordan, Joseph Martin, Phillip, New South Wales Robinson, Ian Louis, Cowper, New South Wales Ruddock, Philip Maxwell, Parramatta, New South Wales Scholes, Gordon Glen Denton, Corio, Victoria Sherry, Raymond Henry, Franklin, Tasmania Snedden, Billy Mackie, Bruce, Victoria Staley, Anthony Allan, Chisholm, Victoria Stewart, Francis Eugene, Lang, New South Wales Street, Anthony Austin, Corangamite, Victoria Sullivan, John William, Riverina, New South Wales Thorburn, Ray William, Cook, New South Wales Viner, Robert Ian, Stirling, Western Australia Wentworth, William Charles, Mackellar, New South Wales Whan, Robert Bruce, Eden-Monaro, New South Wales Whitlam, Edward Gough, Werriwa, New South Wales Wilson, Ian Bonython Cameron, Sturt, South Australia Cairns, James Ford, Lalor, Victoria Cass, Moses Henry, Maribyrnong, Victoria Child, Gloria Joan Liles, Henty, Victoria Clayton, Gareth, Isaacs, Victoria Coates, John, Denison, Tasmania Dawkins, John Sydney, Tangney, Western Australia Enderby, Keppel Earl, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory Everingham, Douglas Nixon, Capricornia, Queensland Fry, Kenneth Lionel, Fraser, Australian Capital Territory Gun, Richard Townsend, Kingston, South Australia Klugman, Richard Emanuel, Prospect, New South Wales Lamb, Antony Hamilton, La Trobe, Victoria Mathews, Charles Race Thorson, Casey, Victoria Uren, Thomas, Reid, New South Wales Willis, Ralph, Gellibrand, Victoria Young, Michael Jerome, Port Adelaide, MR SPEAKER Election PRESENTATION TO GOVERNOR-GENERAL COMMISSION TO ADMINISTER OATH MEMBERS SWORN MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL MINISTERIAL ARRANGEMENTS Prime Minister - The Honourable E. G. Whitlam, Q.C Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Overseas Trade - The Honourable Jim Cairns Minister for Minerals and Energy - The Honourable R. F. X. Connor Minister for Social Security - The Honourable Bill Hayden Treasurer - The Honourable Frank Crean Minister for Defence - The Honourable L. H. Barnard Minister for Labor and Immigration - The Honourable Clyde R. Cameron Minister for Education - The Honourable Kim E. Beazley Minister for Urban and Regional Development - The Honourable Tom Uren Minister for Housing and Construction - The Honourable Les Johnson Minister for Transport - The Honourable Minister for Health - The Honourable Minister for Manufacturing Industry - The Honourable Kep Enderby, Q.C LEADERSHIP OF THE OPPOSITION LEADERSHIP OF THE AUSTRALIAN COUNTRY PARTY AUDIT BILL 1974 GOVERNOR-GENERAL’S SPEECH Mr President, Senators ADDRESS-IN-REPLY DEATH OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS, THE PRINCE HENRY, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER DEATH OF MR J. C. SEXTON CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEES ADJOURNMENT page 3 PROCLAMATION The House met at 10.30 a.m., pursuant to the proclamation of His Excellency the Governor-General. The Clerk read the proclamation. page 3 OPENING OF THE PARLIAMENT The Usher of the Black Rod, being announced, was admitted, and delivered the message that the Deputy of the GovernorGeneral for the Opening of the Parliament requested the attendance of honourable members in the Senate chamber forthwith. (Honourable members attended accordingly, and having returned) The Deputy authorised by the GovernorGeneral to administer the oath or affirmation entered the chamber. The Clerk read the commission authorising the Right Honourable Sir Douglas Ian Menzies, K.B.E., Justice of the High Court of Australia, to administer the oath or affirmation of allegiance to the Queen required by the Constitution to be taken or made by members of the House of Representatives. The Clerk laid on the table returns to 127 writs for the election of members of the House of Representatives held on 18th May 1974. The following honourable members, with the exception of Mr Adrian Frank Bennett, Mr Peter Hertford Drummond, Mr Henry Arthur Hewson, Mr Ian Malcolm Macphee, Mr Frank Lionel O’Keefe and Mr Laurie George Wallis who were not present, made and subscribed the oath of allegiance: Adermann, Albert Evan, Fisher, Queensland Anthony, John Douglas, Richmond, New South Wales Armitage, John Lindsay, Chifley, New South Wales Barnard, Lance Herbert, Bass, Tasmania Beazley, Kim Edward, Fremantle, Western Australia Berinson, Joseph Max, Perth, Western Australia Bonnett, Robert Noel, Herbert, Queensland Bourchier, John William, Bendigo, Victoria Bowen, Lionel Frost, Kingsford-Smith, New South Wales Bryant, Gordon Munro, Wills, Victoria Bungey, Melville Harold, Canning, Western Australia page 3 AUSTRALIA page 3 PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES page 3 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Hansard 1974 page 3 FIRST SESSION OF THE TWENTY-NINTH PARLIAMENT (First Period) The House of Representatives was, by proclamation, dissolved on 11 April 1974. The Twenty-ninth Parliament was convened for the dispatch of business on 9 July 1974, and the First Session commenced on that day. Cairns, Kevin Michael, Lilley, Queensland Calder, Stephen Edward, Northern Territory Cameron, Clyde Robert, Hindmarsh, South Australia Cameron, Donald Milner, Griffith, Queensland Chipp, Donald Leslie, Hotham, Victoria Cohen, Barry, Robertson, New South Wales Collard, Frederick Walter, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia Connolly, David Miles, Bradfield, New South Wales Connor, Reginald Francis Xavier, Cunningham, New South Wales Cope, James Francis, Sydney, New South Wales Corbett, James, Maranoa, Queensland Crean, Frank, Melbourne Ports, Victoria Cross, Manfred Douglas, Brisbane, Queensland Daly, Frederick Michael, Grayndler, New South Wales Davies, Ronald, Braddon, Tasmania Drury, Edward Nigel, Ryan, Queensland Duthie, Gilbert William Arthur, Wilmot, Tasmania Edwards, Harold Raymond, Berowra, New South Wales Ellicott, Robert James, Wentworth, New South Wales England, John Armstrong, Calare, New South Wales Erwin, George Dudley, Ballaarat, Victoria Fairbairn, David Eric, Farrer, New South Wales Fisher, Peter Stanley, Mallee, Victoria Fitzpatrick, John, Darling, New South Wales Forbes, Alexander James, Barker, South Australia Fraser, John Malcolm, Wannon, Victoria Fulton, William John, Leichhardt, Queensland Garland, Ransley Victor, Curtin, Western Australia Garrick, Horace James, Batman, Victoria Giles, Geoffrey O’Halloran, Angas, South Australia . Gorton, John Grey, Higgins, Victoria Hayden, William George, Oxley, Queensland Hodges, John Charles, Petrie, Queensland Holten, Rendle McNeilage, Indi, Victoria Howard, John Winston, Bennelong, New South Wales Hunt, Ralph James Dunnet, Gwydir, New South Wales Hurford, Christopher John, Adelaide, South Australia Hyde, John Martin, Moore, Western Australia Innes, Urquhart Edward, Melbourne, Victoria Jacobi, Ralph, Hawker, South Australia James, Albert William, Hunter, New South Wales Jarman, Alan William, Deakin, Victoria Jenkins, Henry Alfred, Scullin, Victoria Johnson, Leonard Keith, Burke, Victoria Johnson, Leslie Royston, Hughes, New South Wales Jones, Charles Keith, Newcastle, New South Wales Katter, Robert Cummin, Kennedy, Queensland Keating, Paul John, Blaxland, New South Wales Kelly, Charles Robert, Wakefield, South Australia Keogh, Leonard Joseph, Bowman, Queensland Kerin, John Charles, Macarthur, New South Wales Killen, Denis James, Moreton, Queensland King, Robert Shannon, Wimmera, Victoria Lloyd, Bruce, Murray, Victoria Luchetti, Anthony Sylvester, Macquarie, New South Wales Lucock, Philip Ernest, Lyne, New South Wales Lusher, Stephen Augustus, Hume, New South Wales Lynch, Phillip Reginald, Flinders, Victoria MacKellar, Michael John Randal, Warringah, New South Wales McKenzie, David Charles, Diamond Valley, Victoria 4 REPRESENTATIVES 9 July 1974 Members Sworn McLeay, John Elden, Boothby, South Australia McMahon, William, Lowe, New South Wales McVeigh, Daniel Thomas, Darling Downs, Queensland Martin, Vincent Joseph, Banks, New South Wales Millar, Percival Clarence, Wide Bay, Queensland Morris, Peter Frederick, Shortland, New South Wales Morrison, William Lawrence, St George, New South Wales Mulder, Allan William, Evans, New South Wales Nicholls, Martin Henry, Bonython, South Australia Nixon, Peter James, Gippsland, Victoria Oldmeadow, Maxwell Wilkinson, Holt, Victoria Patterson, Rex Alan, Dawson, Queensland Peacock, Andrew Sharp, Kooyong, Victoria Reynolds, Leonard James, Barton, New South Wales Riordan, Joseph Martin, Phillip, New South Wales Robinson, Eric Laidlaw, McPherson, Queensland Robinson, Ian Louis, Cowper, New South Wales Ruddock, Philip Maxwell, Parramatta, New South Wales Scholes, Gordon Glen Denton, Corio, Victoria Sherry, Raymond Henry, Franklin, Tasmania Sinclair, Ian McCahon, New England, New South Wales Snedden, Billy Mackie, Bruce, Victoria Staley, Anthony Allan, Chisholm, Victoria Stewart, Francis Eugene, Lang, New South Wales Street, Anthony Austin, Corangamite, Victoria Sullivan, John William, Riverina, New South Wales Thorburn, Ray William, Cook, New South Wales Viner, Robert Ian, Stirling, Western Australia Wentworth, William Charles, Mackellar, New South Wales Whan, Robert Bruce, Eden-Monaro, New South Wales Whitlam, Edward Gough, Werriwa, New South Wales Wilson, Ian Bonython Cameron, Sturt, South Australia The following honourable members made and subscribed an affirmation of allegiance: Cairns, James Ford, Lalor, Victoria Cass, Moses Henry, Maribyrnong, Victoria Child, Gloria Joan Liles, Henty, Victoria Clayton, Gareth, Isaacs, Victoria Coates, John, Denison, Tasmania Dawkins, John Sydney, Tangney, Western Australia Enderby, Keppel Earl, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory Everingham, Douglas Nixon, Capricornia, Queensland Fry, Kenneth Lionel, Fraser, Australian Capital Territory Gun, Richard Townsend, Kingston, South Australia Klugman, Richard Emanuel, Prospect, New South Wales Lamb, Antony Hamilton, La Trobe, Victoria Mathews, Charles Race Thorson, Casey, Victoria Uren, Thomas, Reid, New South Wales Willis, Ralph, Gellibrand, Victoria Young, Michael Jerome, Port Adelaide, page 5 MR SPEAKER Election The Clerk: – Honourable members, the next business of the House is the election of a member as Speaker. Mr RIORDAN: Phillip – I propose to the House for its Speaker,MrCope, and move: That the honourable member for Sydney (Mr Cope) do take the Chair of this House as Speaker. Mr Cross: – I second the nomination. Mr Cope: – I accept the nomination. Mr LYNCH: Flinders – I propose to the House for its Speaker, Mr Giles, and move: That the honourable member for Angas (Mr Giles) do take the Chair of this House as Speaker. Mr Sinclair: – I second the nomination. Mr Giles: – I accept the nomination. (The time for further proposals having expired) Mr RIORDAN (Phillip)- The honourable member for Sydney has been a member of this House for more than 19 years. During that time he has acquitted himself well in the important task of being Speaker of this House. Mr Cope has represented his electorate with dedication, sincerity and distinction during the whole of that period. He enjoys the massive support of the persons he represents in this place. He is, indeed, a worthy person to be proposed as the Speaker of this Parliament. He is one whose attitudes have not changed as a result of success he has achieved. He is one who has attempted to keep order in this House, particularly amongst some who do not appreciate or understand normal courtesies which are often practised in places of lesser importance in the community. He is one who has shown equal courtesy, in his application of his duties to the humble and exalted alike. Mr Cope was Speaker during the twenty-eighth Parliament and during that time he had many difficult tasks to perform. As one often looks across this chamber one often wonders where the courtesy has gone. The office of Speaker is not an easy position to occupy. I have great confidence that Mr Cope will again exert his best influence and his best efforts to ensure that the affairs of this Parliament and this House are conducted in a manner befitting the traditions of the honour which has been bestowed and the responsibility which has been imposed on every member who is elected to this House. Mr Cope occupied the position of Mr Speaker in the last Parliament with very great distinction. He showed great tolerance in many difficult situations. His knowledge of the Standing Orders and procedures of the House is beyond question. He conducted himself in the discharge of his duties in an impartial manner and was fair and just to every member from both sides of this House. In tense situations, he displayed an ability to act with firmness and good humour, his quick wit often taking the heat out of debates in this Parliament. The task of maintaining order in this House is a very difficult one. A particular ability is required - an ability which Mr Cope possesses. There is important work to be done in this Parliament. This House is the place where the people’s voice is to be heard; it is the cornerstone of democracy in Australia. The role of the Speaker is to ensure that rules of debate determined by this House for its own conduct are applied without fear or favour. In my view - and I believe in the collective opinion of this House - Mr Cope is the member best qualified for this important task. I unhesitatingly request this House to support the nomination made by me and seconded by my friend from Brisbane for the election of Mr Cope to be the Speaker of this House. The nomination should be carried unanimously. If it is dealt with on the basis of justice and equity it will be determined in that way. Mr LYNCH (Flinders)- The office of Speaker has evolved over 600 years of British parliamentary history. The first holder of this office was officially installed in 1377. The role of the Speaker has developed through history from the status of the Crown’s nominee to its present function which is characterised by an impartial commitment to the process of democratic government. The Speakership has been correctly described as the non-political embodiment of the House as a whole. Mr Clerk, all parties and all members in the national Parliament have a right to expect objectivity, fairness and independence from the Speaker of this House. At the commencement of the 28th Australian Parliament, the Opposition declined to put forward a nomination for the office of Speaker. We did so as a reflection of our confidence in the office of the Speakership and the precedents established by successive incumbents of that office in this Parliament. The Opposition parties today nominate the honourable member for Angas (Mr Giles) for 2 reasons. The first reason is his long and distinguished record in this House and his personal qualities which make him eminently fitted for the Speakership of this House. Secondly, Mr Clerk, we believe that the principles of impartiality and fairness have not been upheld since the commencement of the Twenty-eighth Parliament under the Speakership of the honourable member for Sydney whose nomination for Speaker of this new Parliament is now before us. May I say that the nomination of a member for the position of Speaker was not a matter on which members on the Government benches were unanimous. This fact must reflect the concern that a number of members of the Government Party have as regards the qualifications of the nominee now proposed. The honourable member for Angas was first elected to this House in 1964, having previously served 5 years in the Parliament of South Australia. Since that time, he has been re-elected at successive general elections in 1966, 1969, 1972 and 1974. Mr Clerk, he has given distinguished service to committees of the Parliament and on Australian parliamentary delegations in South East Asia, Europe and the United States of America. He is a former Deputy Opposition Whip and he carried out the requirements of that office in an exemplary fashion. Mr Philip Laundy, an authoritative writer on the role of Speaker in Parliament has said: It is parliamentary rather than legal experience which is the first requirement of a Speaker. The Speaker must have an intimate understanding of parliamentary life, of the problems of Members collectively and individually, of the moods and foibles of the House. This is an experience which can be acquired only from many years spent on the benches of the House itself. He must have a deep seated reverence for the institution of Parliament, an under-, standing of what lies behind the outward ceremony and a faith in democratic government. The writer goes on to describe those inimitable qualities which must grace the incumbent of the speakership of a great national Parliament such as this. Integrity, judgment, common sense, patience, tact, a sense of humour, presence of mind, and firmness tempered with kindliness are the qualities, in addition to impartiality, which are required. I put to the House today that these qualities are held in ample measures by the honourable member for Angas. We believe that the interests of this Parliament demand a return to the impartiality and dignity of the speakership exhibited by successive previous holders of this office. The honourable member for Angas has the unanimous support of members of the Opposition parties. I commend that nomination to the House. Mr CROSS: Brisbane - Mr Clerk, as the seconder of Mr Cope’s nomination I wish to speak in support of that nomination. Mr Cope, the honourable Member for Sydney, was the Speaker of this House in the last Parliament during which time he showed those qualities of impartiality and fairness to which the honourable member for Flinders (Mr Lynch) referred. The honourable member for Sydney is a man of wide parliamentary experience. He was elected to this House in 1955 as the member for Cook. On the abolition of that seat through redistribution he served as the member for Watson and again, following a further redistribution, as the member for Sydney. The Speaker, of course, not only presides over the debates in this House but also is associated, in conjunction with the Clerk, in the management of all other affairs of the House and of the Joint House Department which call for his day to day action. I think that honourable members would all agree that Mr Speaker Cope has been a very approachable person and has been assiduous in his attention to his duties. For 2 parliaments prior to his election to the high office of Speaker at the start of the last Parliament Mr Cope was a Deputy Chairman of Committees. If one looks at his record in the Parliamentary Handbook one finds reference to his attendance at conferences of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, the Inter-Parliamentary Union and parliamentary delegations to South East Asia, East Asia, and elsewhere. Attached to his experience is also an experience in local government. I think that members of this House in their wisdom will agree that these qualities well fit the honourable member for Sydney to discharge this high and important office. The point was made that there was a ballot .within the Government party for the position of Speaker. That reflects the democratic tradition of the Australian Labor Party and is a departure from the authoritarian system in force on the other side. Mr Cope in his words and deeds in the former Parliament showed his respect for that democratic tradition. I ask the House to uphold that tradition by supporting his candidature. Mr SINCLAIR: New England – On behalf of members of the Australian Country Party I would like to join with the Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party in saying that we believe that the honourable member for Angas has qualities which we see as eminently suiting him for the occupancy of the position of Speaker in this chamber. We are concerned at the fact that it is necessary, as we see it, for the Opposition parties to put up a nominee for this position. Honourable members who were here in the last Parliament will recall that after the December 1972 election the position of Speaker was not contested. But on this occasion the qualities which my colleague the honourable member for Flinders has expressed as being necessary in the person who is the Speaker in this chamber have been demonstrated to be lacking in many instances in him who is the Labor Government’s nominee. It is interesting that within the Labor Party Caucus obviously many felt that they did not have confidence in the honourable member for Sydney. The voting within Caucus was remarkably close. Of course, not only one person contested that position; there were a number of persons, all of whom obviously believed, as they offered themselves as candidates for election as Speaker, that either they had better qualities or that the man who is the nominee of the Government is unsuited to hold the position of Speaker. So today we have the farcical representation of apparently unanimous support from Government supporters for the honourable member for Sydney. Mr Snedden: – It will be interesting to see whether he has it. Mr SINCLAIR: – As my Leader says, it will be interesting to see whether he has it. As Speaker the honourable member for Sydney was responsible for putting out of this chamber more honourable members than any previous Labor Government Speaker. That of itself demonstrates his incapacity to hold the position for which he has been nominated today. But, Mr Clerk, in addition - I know that the Leader of the House (Mr Daly) has some responsibility for this - as Speaker, Mr Cope has let through more guillotine motions than any previous Speaker. In other words the man who is charged with the responsibility of custodian of parliamentary practice in this place has permitted that practice to be distorted and abbreviated in a manner which is. totally unacceptable to the normal practice of parliamentary democracy. In contrast the honourable member for Angas is a person eminently suited to exercise the wise and valid judgment which we believe is necessary in a Speaker in this chamber. He is a man with long experience in parliamentary procedures not only in the Federal Parliament but also in a State parliament. He is a man who in his attendance to the duties of Deputy Whip on our side of the Parliament, both in government and in opposition, has demonstrated a capacity to participate in parliamentary debate which puts him in a position of considerable distinction among all honourable members from both sides of the chamber. Finally, in relation to the honourable member for Angas, I refer to some qualities which Mr Philip Laundy in “The Office of Speaker’ states as being necessary in the occupant of that office. He states: There are many times when the good Speaker deems it judicious to turn a blind eye or a deaf ear to a breach of discipline, as when an impetuous remark is made in a flash of anger without being deliberately calculated to offend. He will not invoke the letter of the law at every opportunity. He will avoid a rigid application of the Standing Orders and will not allow an over-technical interpretation of the rules of procedure to restrict debate. Mr Clerk, those qualities are present in the honourable member for Angas. Regrettably they are not present in the honourable member for Sydney. I therefore have much pleasure in seconding the nomination of Mr Giles as Speaker of this chamber. Mr SCHOLES: Corio – The position of Speaker of this House as of the presiding officer in the other place, where Senator O’Byrne has just been elected President, is one of great difficulty and one which requires experience in chairmanship and in Parliament. Both these facts have been stated before by other speakers. Mr Cope has been a member of this Parliament since 1954. He is a very experienced chairman within this Parliament. During the past 18 months he has occupied the chair during a very difficult period in the life of this Parliament. Many of these difficulties have been created by the fact that certain members of the Opposition have found it very difficult to live with Standing Orders which they imposed on this House in order to give Ministers certain privileges in the House. It has now become apparent to them that life in Opposition is not the same as it was in Government. The Standing Orders have not been altered by this Government. The persons who framed Standing Orders to give privileges to Ministers have found that the frustrations of Opposition, which they did not expect to experience, are not in the best interests of the Parliament. The Speaker has presided in this Parliament during periods or organised and deliberate obstruction. The fact that so few honourable members were suspended from the service of this House is a tribute to the Speaker’s tolerance. Honourable members opposite have made much of the fact that some honourable members on this side of the House also sought the nomination for the position of Speaker and contested a ballot. One of the things that we on this side of the House are entitled to do is to choose the people who will represent us in the Ministry and the people who will stand for those offices in the Parliament for which they are elected by the members of the Parliament. No honourable member opposite has said whether a ballot was conducted to decide who would be the Opposition’s nominee for Speaker or whether he is the nominee of the Leader of the Opposition, who holds a dictatorial position in nominating all those honourable members who will hold office within his Party. With the exception of the Prime Minister and the Deputy Leader of the Government in the Senate, every member of the Australian Labor Party who stood for office was opposed for the office for which he was a candidate. Members are entitled to stand for election to an office. It would be surprising indeed if members forwent the opportunity to contest that position in this House. A number of honourable members did that. The fact is that when the votes were counted Mr Cope was the winner, and he won quite comfortably. I think that that is the important fact. When people are excluded from running for office that means that a party does not have enough confidence in its parliamentary members to allow them to choose the people who will sit on its front bench and not enough confidence in the party. To suggest that because they propose a ‘unanimous’ nominee of their Leader, that means that that person is the unanimous choice of their Party is, I would say, utter nonsense. I can see on the other side of the House honourable members of both Opposition Parties who are far more experienced than the present nominee for the Chair and who have far better qualities - known qualities, and I do not challenge the qualities of the honourable member for Angas - of chairmanship, tolerance and experience in this House than has the Opposition’s nominee. Had the Opposition seriously sought this position and seriously sought to put forward a person as Speaker it would have chosen a person who is known to have both those, skills and not a person who has never sat in the chair of this chamber even as a Deputy Chairman. I support the nomination of Mr Cope for Speaker. I believe that this House will serve itself ill if it does not support that nomination. Mr KILLEN: Moreton – I have no wish to hurt the feelings, as yet, of any honourable gentleman on the Government side, but I am bound to say to them, on behalf of the Opposition, that the Opposition cannot concede that the honourable member for Sydney is a latter day Solomon. One has only to look at his performance in the last Parliament and the manner in which the honourable gentleman summarily removed from our presence on a number of occasions members of the Opposition who had given but scant cause for offence. I can recall vividly the impeccable behaviour of my friend, the honourable member for Mackellar. He is possessed of no more than a very gentle spirit that seeks to express a point of view, and on several occasions that led to the honourable gentleman being removed from this place in a manner which hurt the feelings of us all. Also dealt with in this way was the honourable member for Barker. Who will forget the injured, the pained, look on the face of my friend, the honourable member for Barker, as he left the chamber? Another was the honourable member for Wannon. Mr Lynch: – What about the honourable member for Flinders? Mr KILLEN: – And the honourable member for Flinders (Mr Lynch). It is a quartet. Mr Nixon: – And the honourable member for Gippsland. Mr KILLEN: – And the honourable member for Gippsland. It rolls on. It is the role of melancholy behaviour; that is the only way to describe it. All of these honourable gentlemen have brought to the conduct of this Parliament a quiet, firm, insistent dignity. Another honourable member who was suspended was the honourable member for Kennedy. One only has to look at the countenance of the honourable member for Kennedy to realise that he is almost in a state of grace. Imagine him giving offence. Yet the honourable member for Sydney named him. It would hurt me, it would pain me, if I were to detail all of the blemishes that we have apprehended on the part of the honourable member for Sydney. Indeed, that would detain us in this place beyond the point of forbearance. On the other hand, we come to the splendid, lively qualities of the honourable member for Angas. He, in his own way, has brought to this Parliament a great feel for the parliamentary institution. He brings to parliamentary activity a quiet, insinuating sense of humour, but beyond that he brings to the Parliament a very profound understanding of what Parliament is all about. This is the judgment which will be made by all honourable members. Having regard to the massive sense of impartiality that pervades the Government side, I am quite sure that a number of honourable members on that side will join the Opposition when the vote is taken. Mr DALY: Minister for Services and Property and Leader of the House · Grayndler · ALP – I support the nomination of the honourable member for Sydney (Mr Cope) for the reasons that have been stated by the honourable members who proposed, seconded and supported his nomination. Undoubtedly, he is one of the outstanding Speakers that this Parliament has produced. I was interested today to hear the Deputy Leader of the Opposition go back to 1377, to the time of the choice of the first Speaker. He said that the honourable member for Angas is eminently fitted for the task of being Speaker. He said that the honourable member for Angas has judgment, tolerance, understanding and all those other abilities which are so necessary. He may have them but they are extremely well hidden. The honourable member evidently was not good enough to be promoted to the position of Whip, but the Opposition has decided that he should be the speaker. The honourable member for Lilley said in this Parliament on one occasion that he would not accept the lowly position of Deputy Whip if he had to serve under a former Prime Minister. This is the lowly position from which the honourable member from Angas has come. Now the Opposition seeks to put him in the exalted position of presiding over this House with all the tolerance, understanding and knowledge that are necessary. It would be almost ludicrous if it were not so serious. Who seconded the nomination of the honourable member for Angas? It was the most obstreperous member of the Parliament, the Deputy Leader of the Australian Country Party. He has broken more rules than anybody knows. He works under Rafferty’s rules exclusively and wonders why the Speaker calls him to order. I wonder whether a deal has been made. I wonder whether he will be allowed full rein should the honourable member for Angas be put in the position of Speaker. The Deputy Leader of the Opposition blamed the honourable member for Sydney for using the guillotine. Last session I was the one who was blamed. I congratulate the honourable member on his change of front, because it shows that he was not aware of all the facts. When I heard the honourable member for Morton defending the conduct of the honourable member for Mackellar when supporting the appointment of the honourable member for Angas as against the honourable member for Sydney, I thought we had reached the very heights. As honourable members know, the fact of the matter is that those honourable members who have been defended today - the honourable member for Sydney who is about to be appointed as Speaker of this chamber knows this - undoubtedly were the ones who caused him the most trouble in the last Parliament. Yet today they are the sponsors of the nominee whom they want to take his place. Let me remind the House that when the honourable member for Sydney was appointed as Speaker on 27 February 1973 he was appointed unanimously. He received congratulations and good wishes from members from both sides of the House, from the Leader of the Opposition and the Leader of the Australian Country Party. The Leader of the Opposition, who will find out shortly that he lost the election - I repeat it; and in another place they reckon that is right, too - said on the occasion of the honourable member for Sydney being elected as Mr Speaker: We know that you have served long in this Parliament; we know that you know the volatility of this House; we know your own periodic bad temper; and we know your ever ready flow of wit. What a compliment from the Leader of the Opposition. He went on to say: We on this side of the House will co-operate. We will not interject while you are speaking, provided that you do not speak for too long. We will be courteous at all times . . . The Leader of the Country Party said on that occasion: I congratulate you on your unanimous election to the position of the supreme office bearer of the House of Representatives … In the period in which you were a private member of the House of Representatives, members of the Country Party who were members of those earlier Parliaments knew you and liked you as a person. Why has there been this change of front? The Leader of the Country Party continued: They believed that you were a man of honour. We believe that you can fulfil the role that has been cast These are the types of things that honourable members opposite said. Let me say to the honourable member for Sydney - Mr Speakerelect - that you possess that rare quality, so valuable in your exalted position in this House as Speaker, of being able to divorce politics from the duties and responsibilities of that onerous office. You are unbiased and impartial, and I feel that in every way you will continue your illustrious career in that office following, as you say you do, the examples of previous Speakers appointed over the last 27 years by those opposite. I feel that no comparison at all can be made between the qualities of the honourable members seeking this position. I commend Mr Cope to the House, and I base that commendation, amongst other things, on his experience and the knowledge and the dignity with which he carried out those tasks previously. He received commendations from honourable members opposite until they decided that they would not obey the rules of this place and you had to take appropriate action. The record of the Opposition in the last Parliament was one ofwhich it could not be proud. Several members from that side of the chamber were suspended from time to time because of misconduct. Not one honourable member on this side had occasion to be called to order. Therefore I suggest that the honourable member for Sydney is the one to occupy the office of Mr Speaker. Mr WENTWORTH: Mackellar – In some ways we have departed from the practices followed by the House of Commons, and in one way which is relevant I am not certain that the Australian Parliament has acted wisely. It has been the custom in this Parliament for a speaker to be elected from the Government side. In the House of Commons the Speaker is believed to stand and generally does stand above the political maelstrom. I think there is a case to be made out for having a Speaker who is not elected from the Government side. In this respect perhaps we might return to the traditional wisdom of the House of Commons and adopt what has not been the Australian parliamentary practice but what does seem to be the practice in other parts of the world. It is very invidious for a Speaker who is elected from the Government side and is be The Speaker had invidious duties to perform in the past Parliament. When the verisimilitude of the Prime Minister was called into question and when we knew that the Prime Minister had been deliberately making false statements to this House, it was quite invidious to ask the Speaker, who came from the Government side, to bring the honourable gentleman to order. He had to defend the Prime Minister against charges of lying and use his position as Speaker in order to do Mr Speaker 9 July 1974 REPRESENTATIVES 11 {: #subdebate-6-0-s9 .speaker-JSU} ##### Mr BRYANT: Minister for the Capital Territory · Wills · ALP -- Honourable members from the other side told us earlier that the honourable member for Angas (Mr Giles) had been chosen unanimously as candidate for the Speakership of this House. Our friend, the honourable member for Mackellar (Mr Wentworth) has just spilled the beans: The honourable member for Angas was not chosen unanimously. We have heard a fine series of orations this morning from our friends opposite. I was not surpirsed at the tone of them because I understand that the honourable member for Angas is a noted breeder of bulls. We are here this morning to choose the man - or perhaps the woman - to preside over this House. Our friends opposite have chosen to place before us the bright product of an authoritarian system and I simply rise this morning to remind my colleagues of the parliamentary record of the honourable member for Angas. While he was Deputy Whip of the Government parties he used the guillotine and applied the gag more than anybody else in history could have done. I suggest that honourable members do as I have done and just take at random one series of the Hansard record for 1972, the last period in which the honourable member for Angas held that high and exalted office. My copy of Hansard fell open at page 2833 of 18 May, where it states: >Motion (by Mr Giles) put: > >That the question be now put. A flick through the pages will reveal the record of the honourable member for Angas for everybody to see. Honourable members can try it for themselves. They will see how the debate stops and is followed by lists of members voting. Let me quote from page 3005 of 24 May 1972. This was not just a weekly aberration; those who were here in 1972 will remember that it was almost an hourly aberration. This particular action was a sin of great magnitude. The Hansard record states: {: #subdebate-6-0-s10 .speaker-JSU} ##### Mr BRYANT: Wills · ALP - 'Mr Deputy Speaker- Motion (by Mr Giles) agreed to: That the question be now put. {: #subdebate-6-0-s11 .speaker-K5O} ##### Mr CORBETT: Maranoa -- It is interesting to hear the treatise of the Minister for the Capital Territory (Mr Bryant), who just sat down, and who has a record of defying parliamentary procedure by not leaving the House when he was suspended. This is the man who got up as the great proponent of the rights of the honourable members of this House. Although suspended he sat in his place with Australian Labor Party members around him. He would not go. He would not abide by the orders of the House until the Speaker had to suspend the sitting. That is the record of the Minister for the Capital Territory. So he certainly should not be speaking about who is to be the Speaker in this House when hehimself will not obey the Speaker. As my friend the honourable member for Mackellar (Mr Wentworth) asked: How much notice can one take of the Minister for Services and Property (Mr Daly) when he has said in this House that honourable members of the Australian Country Party have never been elected on the first ballot? It was proved to him that they have been. My friend said that the Minister tried to change Hansard, but in any case the Minister has never withdrawn that allegation and it still stands to his discredit. Those 2 Ministers are the people who are backing the Government nominee. How much 12 REPRESENTATIVES 9 July 1974 Mr Speaker notice can be taken of them? How much worse they are by comparison with the honourable member for Angas who has done his duty as Deputy Whip of his Party and has done it well. There are times, as everyone in this House would know, when the gag has to be moved, and it is moved by the Deputy Whip on so many occasions. To accuse the honourable member for Angas of being unfair because he did something which is generally accepted and which was necessary on occasions is unfair in the extreme. I think that the Minister for Services and Property said that the Government's nominee was the most outstanding Speaker. I think that he was just slightly out. He should have said that he was the most out-sending Speaker because he sent so many people out of this Parliament in the course of his time as Speaker. On at least one occasion he did not give a warning. I believe that to be tolerant and impartial a Speaker should give a warning to an honourable member before he is suspended unless the honourable member is acting completely irresponsibly in the circumstances. That did not apply on the occasion I have in mind. So there are reasons why we on this side of the House are nominating the honourable member for Angas, who we feel is eminently suited to fill this very responsible and honourable position. The fact that the Opposition did not nominate someone on the last occasion is not any indication that we, after having served in the previous Parliament under the previous Speaker, should not now nominate someone if we are not satisfied with the impartiality of the Speaker of the last Parliament. That is our right. That is our duty if we feel that it is necessary and I believe that in the nomination of the honourable member for Angas we have chosen someone who would be impartial and who would be able to fulfil the responsible position of Speaker of this House with credit to himself and to the great advantage of this Parliament. I have very much pleasure in supporting the nomination of the honourable member for Angas. {: .speaker-10000} ##### The Clerk: -- In accordance with the Standing Orders a ballot will be taken. Before proceeding to ballot, the bells will be rung for 2 minutes. (The bells having been rung.) {: .speaker-10000} ##### The Clerk: -- I have to announce the result of the ballot as follows: Mr Cope, 63 votes; Mr Giles, 57 votes. Mr Cope is therefore declared elected. {: #subdebate-6-0-s12 .speaker-10000} ##### MR SPEAKER: Hon. J. F. Cope -- I wish to express my grateful thanks for the high honour which the House has seen fit to confer upon me. (Mr Speaker having seated himself in the Chair.) {: .speaker-10000} ##### Mr SPEAKER: -- I call the Prime Minister. {: #subdebate-6-0-s13 .speaker-6U4} ##### Mr WHITLAM: Prime Minister · Werriwa · ALP -- Mr Speaker, you have had for the past 16 months the task of presiding over this House. When we congratulated you upon your attaining the great office of Speaker, barely 16 months ago, we scarcely thought that we would have the privilege of again electing you and of again congratulating you so shortly thereafter. You have presided over us during a momentous period in Australia's history and a stirring time in the history of this Parliament - a stirring time and, I fear, all too often, a turbulent parliament. You have been well and truly blooded. It may be - who knows - that you may soon have a larger task and that the good order of this chamber may be challenged by an infusion of others less obedient and less decorous. In such an event we look to you with confidence to preserve the same good order as you have preserved and will continue to preserve in our chamber. {: #subdebate-6-0-s14 .speaker-DQF} ##### Mr SNEDDEN: Leader of the Opposition · Bruce -- In 1973, Mr Speaker, I congratulated you on your unanimous appointment by this House as its speaker. At that time, I told you that we had no experience of you as a Speaker but that we admired you as a man and admired your characteristics as a man. We felt confident at that time that you would conduct the Chair in a manner which was suitable to the best traditions of Parliament. {: .speaker-SH4} ##### Dr Klugman: -- The last time you were right! {: .speaker-10000} ##### Mr SPEAKER: -- Interjections are out of order. I call the Leader of the Opposition. {: .speaker-DQF} ##### Mr SNEDDEN: -- We have now had experience of you, Mr Speaker. I must say to you that we would hope that in this coming parliamentary period you will be able to see that this is a volatile place, that people, on occasion, will want to defend their rights as strongly as they know how, and that you, Mr Speaker, have a responsibility to ensure that every member of this House has his rights assured through your agency. We look forward to your doing that. You must accept that when, in our judgment, you fail to do so we will draw your attention to it. We will use whatever means we can to redress any errors that we believe you have made in the interests of maintaining the freedom of action of the members on this side of the House. Having said that, Mr Speaker, I congratulate you on your return to office. It was said earlier today that there may be errors in the practice of this Parliament of selecting its Speaker from the majority of the House. I share that view. I would like to see the position of Speaker become superior to Party politics and a situation where a member with a safe seat occupying that Chair can continue uncontested and remain Speaker. That is not for tomorrow but it must be for the future if this Parliament is to have the dignity that it ought to have. I want to put that on record. The other thing that I say to you, Mr Speaker - I am sure you will accept it in the spirit in which it is said - is that I do hope you will be able to say that magical word 'order' with a slightly different intonation. {: .speaker-10000} ##### Mr SPEAKER: -- I say it every morning before breakfast. {: .speaker-DQF} ##### Mr SNEDDEN: -- It is good to know you practice it, Mr Speaker. I hope that when you do use the word 'order', as you must, you will apply it just as readily to members on the Government side of the House as to members on this side of the House. We will cooperate with you, and what we want from you, Mr Speaker, is your co-operation with and understanding of us and our role in this Parliament which we are determined to play and which we will play. {: #subdebate-6-0-s15 .speaker-BU4} ##### Mr ANTHONY: Leader of the Australian Country Party · Richmond -- Mr Speaker, on behalf of my Party I congratulate you on being re-elected to this august position, the supreme position in this House. Members of my Party along with all other members recognise the importance of maintaining law and order in this Parliament so that the proper procedures can be carried out. When you were first elected, I congratulated you. I made personal remarks about you as a person whom we liked and respected and who had a great sense of humour. I do not deviate from those remarks. It is a genuine feeling of my Party that we have a very likeable person as Speaker. I believe that you, Mr Speaker, have the qualities and the attributes to make a very talented Speaker of this Parliament. However, the experience of the previous 18 months did see a few lapses in your impartiality and those lapses caused considerable concern. It was this concern that caused the Opposition parties to contest the position today. You have won it, and we respect the fact that you now hold this very important position. The volatile reaction of the Opposition during the last Parliament was brought about largely by the provocative actions of the Leader of the House (Mr Daly). I know that it was difficult for you to give a ruling that did not discriminate against a Party colleague. There were also occasions when we felt that you had been influenced in your ruling by a previous disposition towards the Prime Minister (Mr Whitlam), your Party leader. We understand that Party loyalty is a necessary quality in one, but there must be no bias whatsoever in the Speaker. Provided that you can dispense rulings from that chair with completejustice and with complete impartiality you will have the complete support of the Opposition parties. I hope that there will be no occasion on which you will have to use a heavy hand against members of the Opposition. But if we see a repetition of the incidents that were created by the Leader of the House I can well imagine that there will be stirrings in our ranks and that you will find yourself in a difficult position. I hope that does not happen because the Opposition wants to see this House maintained in an orderly manner. I say again: Congratulations and best wishes in carrying out what is a very onerous and important position. {: .speaker-10000} ##### Mr SPEAKER: -- I should like to thank the Prime Minister (Mr Whitlam), the Leader of the Opposition (Mr Snedden) and the Leader of the Australian Country Party (Mr Anthony) for their words of eulogy and for their constructive criticism. I was the Speaker of this House for approximately 14 or 15 months during which time I served an apprenticeship. I think that I have learnt quite a lot from it. I hope to improve as all honourable members would hope to improve. That would apply even to the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition. There is always room for improvement. When I was elected to the position of Speaker in the last Parliament it was my aim to emulate the deeds of Sir John McLeay and Sir William Aston, who were my two immediate predecessors and who I believe carried out their duties in an impartial manner. At times they were faced with the same problems as I was faced with in the last Parliament, although I will admit not quite so many. If the honourable members would like to go through Hansard and check the rulings of the two gentlemen I have just mentioned they would see that my rulings are in conformity with the rulings made by them. So before any destructive criticism is made about some of my rulings I ask honourable members to peruse Hansard to see the rulings that were made by my predecessors. Again I would like to say thanks very much to the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition and the Leader of the Australian Country Party for their words of eulogy and congratulation. {: .page-start } page 15 {:#debate-7} ### PRESENTATION TO GOVERNOR-GENERAL {: #debate-7-s0 .speaker-6U4} ##### Mr WHITLAM: Prime Minister · Werriwa · ALP -- I have ascertained that it will be His Excellency's pleasure to receive the Speaker in the Library of the Parliament this day at 2.42 p.m. {: #debate-7-s1 .speaker-10000} ##### Mr SPEAKER: -- Prior to my presentation to His Excellency the Governor-General this afternoon, the bells will ring for 3 minutes so that honourable members may attend in the chamber and accompany the Speaker to the Library, when they may, if they so wish, be introduced to His Excellency. Sitting suspended from 12.33 to 2.41 p.m. (The House proceeded to the Library, and, being reassembled.) {: .speaker-10000} ##### Mr SPEAKER: -- I have to report that, accompanied by honourable members, I this day proceeded to the Library of the Parliament and presented myself to His Excellency the Governor-General as the choice of the House and that His Excellency was kind enough to congratulate me on my election as Speaker. {: .page-start } page 15 {:#debate-8} ### COMMISSION TO ADMINISTER OATH {: #debate-8-s0 .speaker-10000} ##### Mr SPEAKER: -- His Excellency also presented to me his commission authorising me to administer to members the oath or affirmation of allegiance. I now lay the commission on the table. {: .page-start } page 15 {:#debate-9} ### MEMBERS SWORN The following honourable member made and subscribed the oath of allegiance: Bennett, Adrian Frank, Swan, Western Australia. The following honourable member made and subscribed an affirmation of allegiance: Wallis, Laurie George, Grey, South Australia. {: .page-start } page 15 {:#debate-10} ### MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL The Usher of the Black Rod, being announced, was admitted, and delivered a message that His Excellency the GovernorGeneral desired the attendance of honourable members in the Senate chamber forthwith. (Mr Speaker and honourable members attended accordingly and, having returned) {: .page-start } page 15 {:#debate-11} ### MINISTERIAL ARRANGEMENTS {: #debate-11-s0 .speaker-6U4} ##### Mr WHITLAM: Prime Minister · Werriwa · ALP -- Mr Speaker, I have the honour to inform the House that the Ministry is as follows: {:#subdebate-11-0} #### Prime Minister - The Honourable E. G. Whitlam, Q.C {:#subdebate-11-1} #### Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Overseas Trade - The Honourable Jim Cairns {:#subdebate-11-2} #### Minister for Minerals and Energy - The Honourable R. F. X. Connor {:#subdebate-11-3} #### Minister for Social Security - The Honourable Bill Hayden Leader of the Government in the Senate, Attorney-General and Minister for Customs and Excise - Senator the Honourable Lionel Murphy, Q.C. Minister for Foreign Affairs - Senator the Honourable Don Willesee. {:#subdebate-11-4} #### Treasurer - The Honourable Frank Crean Minister for Services and Property and Leader of the House - The Honourable F. M. Daly. Minister for the Media and Manager of Government Business in the Senate - Senator the Honourable Douglas McClelland. {:#subdebate-11-5} #### Minister for Defence - The Honourable L. H. Barnard Minister for Agriculture - Senator the Honourable K. S. Wriedt. Minister for Northern Development and Minister for the Northern Territory - The Honourable Rex Patterson. {:#subdebate-11-6} #### Minister for Labor and Immigration - The Honourable Clyde R. Cameron {:#subdebate-11-7} #### Minister for Education - The Honourable Kim E. Beazley Special Minister of State and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister in Matters Relating to the Public Service - The Honourable Lionel F. Bowen. Minister for Repatriation and Compensation - Senator the Honourable J. M. Wheeldon. {:#subdebate-11-8} #### Minister for Urban and Regional Development - The Honourable Tom Uren Postmaster-General - Senator the Honourable R. Bishop. {:#subdebate-11-9} #### Minister for Housing and Construction - The Honourable Les Johnson {:#subdebate-11-10} #### Minister for Transport - The Honourable {: type="A" start="C"} 0. K. Jones. {:#subdebate-11-11} #### Minister for Health - The Honourable {: type="A" start="D"} 0. N. Everingham. {:#subdebate-11-12} #### Minister for Manufacturing Industry - The Honourable Kep Enderby, Q.C Minister for the Capital Territory - The Honourable Gordon Bryant, E.D. Minister for the Environment and Conservation - The Honourable Moss Cass. Minister for Aboriginal Affairs - Senator the Honourable J. L. Cavanagh. Minister for Science, Minister Assisting the Minister for Foreign Affairs in Matters Relating to Papua New Guinea and Minister Assisting the Minister for Defence - The Honourable W. L. Morrison. Minister for Tourism and Recreation, Vice-President of the Executive Council and Minister Assisting the Treasurer - The Honourable F. E. Stewart. Representation arrangements in the Senate are as follows: Senator Murphy will represent me and the Minister for Science; Senator Willesee will represent the Minister for Services and Property, the Special Minister of State and the Minister for the Capital Territory; Senator McClelland will represent the Minister for Education and the Minister for Tourism and Recreation; Senator Wriedt will represent the Minister for Overseas Trade, the Minister for Minerals and Energy, the Treasurer, the Minister for Northern Development and Minister for the Northern Territory, and the Minister for Manufacturing Industry; Senator Wheeldon will represent the Minister for Social Security, the Minister for Health and the Minister for the Environment and Conservation; Senator Bishop will -represent the Minister for Defence and the Minister for Labor and Immigration; Senator Cavanagh will represent the Minister for Urban and Regional Development, the Minister for Housing and Construction and the Minister for Transport. Senator Ministers will be represented as follows: I shall represent the Minister for Foreign Affairs; Dr Cairns will represent the Minister for Customs and Excise; Dr Patterson will represent the Minister for Agriculture; Mr Bowen will represent the Minister for Repatriation and Compensation and the Postmaster-General; Mr Enderby will represent the Attorney-General; Mr Bryant will represent the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs; and Mr Morrison will represent the Minister for the Media. The Government Whip is the honourable member for Bonython, Mr Nicholls, and the Deputy Whip is the honourable member for Hunter, Mr James. {: .page-start } page 16 {:#debate-12} ### LEADERSHIP OF THE OPPOSITION {: #debate-12-s0 .speaker-DQF} ##### Mr SNEDDEN: Leader of the Opposition · Bruce -- Mr Speaker, I desire to inform the House that the Parliamentary Liberal Party has elected me as its Leader and the honourable member for Flinders, Mr Lynch, as Deputy Leader. The honourable member for Curtin, Mr Garland, has been appointed Whip and the honourable member for Griffith, Mr Cameron, has been appointed Deputy Whip. {: .page-start } page 16 {:#debate-13} ### LEADERSHIP OF THE AUSTRALIAN COUNTRY PARTY {: #debate-13-s0 .speaker-BU4} ##### Mr ANTHONY: Leader of the Australian Country Party · Richmond -- Mr Speaker, I desire to inform the House that the Parliamentary Party of the Australian Country Party has elected me as its Leader, the honourable member for New England, Mr Sinclair, as its Deputy Leader and the honourable member for Calare, Mr England, as the Whip. {: .page-start } page 16 {:#debate-14} ### AUDIT BILL 1974 Bill presented by Mr Whitlam, and read a first time. {: .page-start } page 16 {:#debate-15} ### GOVERNOR-GENERAL'S SPEECH {: #debate-15-s0 .speaker-10000} ##### Mr SPEAKER: -- I have to report that the House this day attended His Excellency the Governor-General in the Senate chamber, when His Excellency was pleased to make a Speech to both Houses of the Parliament. The Speech will be included in Hansard for record purposes. (The Speech read as follows) - Senators and Members of the House of Representatives: In the elections for both Houses of Parliament on 18 May 1974, the people of Australia confirmed their decision of 2 December 1972. In preparing legislation for the 29th Parliament, my advisers have taken .the view that the first responsibility of the Government is to carry out, fully and promptly, the program for change twice endorsed by the Australian people. Developments at home and abroad have created new and, in some respects, difficult economic conditions. My advisers 'believe that this in no way lessens the obligations imposed on the Australian Government to continue and complete its program but rather heightens the sense of responsibility and challenge which it should bring during the next three years to the task of leading Australia in a time of rapid change throughout the world. The legislative burden of the session must necessarily be extremely heavy. There are certain legislative provisions which lapsed at the end of June and which should have been reenacted before then. There are agreements with the States and rural assistance programs which should have been enacted before the end of June. These measures must receive prompt attention. Further, the Government will again submit important measures put forward in fulfilment of undertakings given to the electors in 1972 and repeated by the Prime Minister during the May elections. These measures include the six Bills which were twice rejected by the Senate and whose Parliamentary history provided the grounds upon which I granted a dissolution of both Houses on 11 April. Those Bills provide for electoral reform, for Senate representation of the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory, for the implementation of the Government's undertakings on health insurance and for a Petroleum and Minerals Authority. My Government will proceed immediately with these Bills. My Government will continue vigorous efforts against inflation. Despite the world-wide nature of this problem, the Government is confident that its measures can protect the Australian economy and the Australian people from the most harmful economic and social effects of inflation. If this is to be achieved, however, it will call for restraint and responsibility on the part of all sections of the community. My Government acknowledges its duty to provide leadership in this direction. In determining priorities and in carrying out its program while continuing the fight against inflation, my Government will be guided by certain principles. These are: protection for the weaker sections of the community; a firm, commitment to the principle of full employment; equity in sharing sacrifices as well as prosperity; and the need to ensure that any deferment of expectations shall not be made at the expense of those for whom deferment could mean a lifetime of deprivation - for example, children at school and migrants. The Government will continue its measures to strengthen and modernise the Australian economy, to improve the quality of the Australian workforce, to expand Australian resources and to promote Australian control over those resources. The Government will amend the Prices Justification Act to strengthen the Prices Justification Tribunal and make its operations more effective. The Trade Practices Bill will be re-introduced to strengthen control of restrictive trade practices and to protect customers from unfair practices. Further steps will be taken to promote customer protection. There will be legislation for a Securities and Exchange Commission and a National Companies Act to achieve uniformity. The Government intends to re-introduce legislation to examine and, where needed, regulate activities of non-banking financial corporations. The Government will establish an Australian Government Insurance Office which will compete actively in all forms of insurance and which, in particular, will provide the widest possible cover for homes at the lowest possible premiums. The recommendations of the Committee on Taxation under the chairmanship of Mr Justice Asprey will toe taken into account in this year's Budget when my Government will give urgent consideration to the restructuring of the taxation system. The Government intends to extend the provisions of the income taxation laws governing deductions for dependants to provide that migrants maintaining dependant relatives oversesas shall be entitled to the taxation advantages which are already available to those maintaining dependant relatives in Australia. . A Relief Board will be set up to consider requests for relief from estate duty on grounds of serious hardship. Provision is to be made for exemptions of the matrimonial home from estate duty. The home-building industry remains overstretched despite efforts by my Government to bring about a moderate abatement in the level of activity. The Government will continue to maintain the closest watch on the position, but until balance is restored between demand and supply of resources, existing restraints must be maintained. The Government is determined to provide adequate finance for an expansion in welfare housing which has suffered severely because of inflationary conditions. This will be done as soon as circumstances permit. The Housing Agreement will be amended to permit a higher proportion of funds to be .allocated to the Home Builders' Account. Most Australian home owners and home buyers will receive relief from their interest repayment burdens through the provision of tax deductibility for mortgage interest repayments. Further measures will be taken to achieve sound industrial and resource development with the maximum Australian ownership and control. They will include reintroduction of legislation to expand the activities of the Australian Industry Development Corporation and to establish a national investment fund. The Petroleum and Minerals Authority will participate in the search for resources, assist Australian interests previously relying on foreign companies for development and progressively reduce foreign ownership and control of Australia's resources. To intensify surveillance of foreign investment, new legislation will be introduced to replace the Companies (Foreign Take-Overs) Act. A Structural Adjustment Board will be set up to supervise assistance for firms and individuals adversely affected by the Government's program of structural change in industry, in cluding the reduction of tariffs and the removal of subsidies. The Government is committed to the development of a coherent manpower policy to achieve the best possible use of the national workforce in social, economic and human terms. The reports of the Kangan Committee on Technical and Further Education and the Cochrane Committee on Adult Training and Retraining provide a valuable basis for the development of an integrated manpower strategy for Australia. There will be a Technical and Further Education Commission. Existing training schemes will be amalgamated into a single national employment and training program. Amendments to the Conciliation and Arbitration Act will be again introduced: to ensure effective observance by all parties to industrial agreements; to promote amalgamation of industrial organisations; and to rectify the problems created by conflicting and unco-ordinated Federal and State industrial laws, and urgently brought to the attention of the Australian, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australian and Western Australian Governments by the Australian Industrial Court as far back as February 1969. My Government is keenly aware of its responsibilities as Australia's largest employer. A Royal Commission has been appointed to inquire into the Australian Public Service. My Government has accepted the recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Post Office to establish an Australian Postal Commission and an Australian Telecommunications Commission (incorporating the Overseas Telecommunications Commission) and to give them control over the conditions of employment of their staffs. In recognition of the need for restraint on the growth of government spending, in the present inflationary situation, a ceiling of 2.6 per cent has been imposed on the growth of the Public Service and Government Authorities. The Australian Government seeks similar restraint on the part of State Governments. Among measures to assist the States to carry out their responsibilities, the Financial Agreement will be amended to provide for the formal take over of SI, 000m of State debts and an interest-free, non-repayable capital grant of almost $3 00m will be provided for the States' works program. Australia's sound overseas trading position is to be further enhanced by legislation: to establish an export bank; to expand the overseas investment insurance scheme; and to revise the export incentive scheme for the next five years of its operation. The Government will continue to negotiate trade agreements to provide a firm and enduring basis for increased trade with other countries. . The Government recognises the fundamental importance of the farm sector to Australia's trade and to the prosperity of the whole Australian community. The report of the working group on rural policy will greatly assist the Government, the Parliament, the Australian Department of Agriculture and the community in establishing the principles which should be adopted towards a sound rural policy for Australia. Important measures on matters affecting the farm sector will cover the new wheat stabilisation plan, financial support for wool research and promotion, adjustment assistance and marketing arrangements for the dairying industry, continuing financial assistance for major water projects in Queensland and for beef roads in Queensland and Western Australia. In co-operation with the Governments of Queensland and Western Australia, the Government will press ahead with studies of the potential of important regions in northern Australia, including the Burdekin and Bowen Basin, north-western Queensland and the Pilbara and the Kimberley regions. An Australian Science Council will be established to assist the Government, the Parliament and the community to develop a coherent national role for science and technology in our modern society. Better transport is needed for the efficient development and use of Australia's resources. The Government proposes to legislate this year for the re-establishment of the Inter-State Commission. The Commission will play a major part in the reform and co-ordination of our national transport. Legislation will be introduced on the Australian National Railways and to ratify agree ments with the States for the construction of new railway lines to Alice Springs and Adelaide and, subject to completion of the agreement, for a new urban railway line radiating from Parramatta. The Government will introduce legislation for a new Roads Assistance Scheme to provide assistance to the States over the next three years. The Australian Government will in future take responsibility for constructing and maintaining a national roads system in those areas which fall within the Government's own constitutional responsibility. It is proposed to legislate for a national authority on road safety and standards. The Government intends to introduce legislation for a rationalised system of road and urban transport assistance to the States. The Government will introduce legislation to ratify agreements with all State Governments for the provision of financial assistance for selected urban public transport projects. Participation by the national Government for the first time in Australia's history in the modernisation and reconstruction of the urban transport systems is an essential part of the participation by my Government in the modernisation and reconstruction of Australia's cities. Within the broad sweep of national priorities, my Government is determined to continue its commitments to rebuild our existing cities and to build new ones so that there will be more equal opportunities for all Australians wherever they choose to live or are obliged to live. My Government will promote these opportunities by continuing commitments to develop Land Commissions and new growth centres, the national sewerage program, area improvement programs, environment impact studies, and through the constant monitoring of resource allocation within our great urban areas. Parliament will be asked to approve legislation and administrative decisions reflecting the Government's view of the significance of the Australian Capital Territory as an area for initiatives in urban affairs and public participation in community affairs. Arising from the report of the Committee of Inquiry into the National Estate, my Government proposes to establish an Australian Heritage Commission. Legislation will be introduced to establish a National Parks and Wildlife Service. My Government regards the Great Barrier Reef as a precious part not only of Australia's heritage but of the world's heritage. The Great Barrier Reef will be reserved as a marine park. Legislation will be introduced to implement the Government's policy of ensuring that needs of the environment and the views of the public are fully considered in governmental decisions particularly in relation to projects under the control of, or funded by, the Australian Government. The Government is continuing to develop, in co-operation with the State Governments, an organisation to deal with natural disasters. The legislative program and the administrative decisions of the Australian Government represent the most concerted effort in Australia's history to promote, protect and preserve Australia's resources and to use those resources for the greatest benefit of all Australians. The primacy the Australian Government gives to our most precious resource - our children - remains undiminished. This finds special expression in the national Government's involvement in education. A major initiative in education during this Parliament will be the development and implementation of programs for the care and education of pre-school children. An Inquiry will be made into the place of the languages of major migrant groups in the school curriculum. Legislation will be introduced to establish a Curriculum Development Centre. During this Parliament the Government will be considering the Universities Commission's Report on Open Tertiary Education and the development of appropriate measures in this area. An Academic Salaries Tribunal will be established. My Government will continue its reconstruction of Australia's social security system. The National Rehabilitation and Compensation Committee under the chairmanship of Mr Justice Woodhouse of the New Zealand Court of Appeal has completed its report and it is now under consideration. An interim report of the National Superannuation Committee of Inquiry is also being studied. The next Budget will make further increases in social security and repatriation pension rates and take the next step in the abolition of the means test. It will also provide for increased assistance for the handicapped and disabled, further assistance for organisations conducting aged persons' homes and nursing homes and help for the homeless. Under new legislation, funds will be available through the Australian Assistance Plan for every region in Australia. The Government will continue to improve the health care of Australians in keeping with its constitutional responsibilities to provide hospital benefits and medical services. In addition to the two Health Insurance Bills twice rejected by the Senate during the 28th Parliament, a Bill will be introduced to regulate private health insurance associated with the Universal Health Insurance program. The Community Health Program will be further expanded. High priority will be given to a full examination of the Report on Hospitals prepared by the Hospitals and Health Services Commission. The Australian Government must play a greater role in the planning and organising of hospitals in Australia. If necessary, the Government itself will construct and operate hospitals in areas of need. The Medical Benefits scheme will be extended to cover consultations with optometrists. Legislation will be introduced to establish a Pharmaceutical Corporation to make, market and develop drugs. The Government recognises the link between the basic health and well-being of the Australian community and the opportunities for Australians to make better use of their increasing leisure. The Government will expand its program of grants to sporting and youth organisations and increase its assistance for the creation of community centres and for building of sport, recreation and tourist facilities. Bills will be introduced: to enable the Housing Loans Insurance Corporation to insure loans for tourist accommodation; to license travel agents; to provide financial assistance for tourist development projects through the Commonwealth Development Bank; and to enable the Australian Tourist Commission to undertake domestic tourist promotion. An Australian Film Commission will be established to foster and develop Australian film and television program making. The Broadcasting and Television Act will be amended to place beyond doubt the powers of the Broadcasting Control Board to expand opportunities for Australians to make their own radio and television programs. The introduction of frequency modulation broadcasting will also enhance these opportunities. The introduction of colour television on 1 March 1975 will increase opportunities for the sale of Australian-made programs overseas. The Government will re-introduce the Australia Council Bill and will bring forward legislation to establish the Australian National Gallery and the Australian Archives. Provision will also be made for a public lending right for Australian authors. My Government will submit to the Parliament a number of measures designed to reform the laws under which Australians live and to protect the rights of all Australians under those laws. The Family Law Bill will be re-submitted. The Australian Government is convinced that the High Court of Australia must become the final court in all matters pertaining to Australia and to the legal rights and obligations of its citizens. It will proceed with legislation to abolish appeals to the British Privy Council. Legislation will be re-introduced to create a Superior Court of Australia, a proposal initiated by the previous Government more than a decade ago. Legisation will be introduced to establish the office of Australian Ombudsman, together with Deputy Ombudsmen, having special responsibilities for the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory, and to establish a Defence Ombudsman. Legislation will be introduced for a Freedom of Information Act to give a right of access by members of the public to official documents, subject to appropriate safeguards. The Government will appoint a judicial inquiry into the security services. The Government proposes to legislate for the disclosure of the sources of funds passing to all Australian political parties and for the limitation of campaign spending by political parties and candidates. The partly nominated Legislative Council for the Northern Territory and Advisory Council for the Capital Territory will be replaced with wholly elected Assemblies. Legislation will be re-introduced to permit Australia to ratify the 1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which came into force in January 1969. Legislation will also be introduced to supersede certain provisions of the Queensland Aborigines Act and Torres Strait Islanders Act which are contrary to the principles embodied in the Racial Discrimination Convention and in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Australian Government will not allow the overwhelming decision of the Australian people in the referendum of 1967 to be any longer denied or disregarded. My Government has accepted in principle the recommendations contained in the Second Report of the Aboriginal Land Rights Commission and following consultation with Northern Territory Aboriginals will legislate to give effect to its policy on granting land rights to these Australians. An Aboriginal Land Fund Bill will also be introduced to establish a Commission to operate the program of land purchase for or by Aboriginal communities. By these measures my Government seeks to ensure that there is no inconsistency between the principles it pursues abroad and their practice at home. In its relations with other nations, my Government will consolidate and broaden the new priorities and directions it has given to Australia's, foreign policy since December 1972. It will develop and further diversify its new links in Asia, Africa, the South Pacific and Latin America while maintaining and maturing its traditional associations. Negotiations for the proposed Treaty of Nara - a basic treaty of friendship and cooperation with our major trading partner - are proceeding harmoniously and constructively with the Government of Japan. Regional co-operation, including defence co-operation, will remain a principal objective of my Government's policies, especially in the Asian and Pacific regions. My Government is committed by the clearest pledges to continue substantial aid to a united Papua New Guinea before and after independence. Since Papua New Guinea achieved self-government in December 1973, the relationship between the governments of Australia and of Papua New Guinea has been based on the principles of equality, mutual respect and mutual co-operation. Pending the final decision of the House of Assembly to declare independence for Papua New Guinea, the Australian Government will conduct its relations with the Government of Papua New Guinea as a government of an independent nation to which Australia has certain special and inescapable obligations. The Government will encourage and support measures designed to remove tension amongst all states' and welcomes the moves by the United States and the Soviet Union to stabilise their strategic relationship. It will pursue actively the objective of nuclear disarmament. At the same time it will continue to strengthen Australia's security. Under the direction of the Minister for Defence, my Government is creating the most effective, mobile and professional defence force in Australia's peace-time history: The Services are also being equipped to play a greater role in case of emergencies and natural disasters within Australia. The Parliament will be asked to deal with legislation to complete the amalgamation of the former Service Departments. My Government will strive to ensure that its development aid programs make the highest possible contribution to raising living standards in the developing world. Legislation introduced during the last Parliament for the creation of an Australian Development Assistance Agency will be re-introduced. Australia shall continue to do its best to play the part required by her wealth and prosperity to combat the scourges of hunger, disease, poverty and illiteracy, especially in this region where history and destiny place us. {:#subdebate-15-0} #### Mr President, Senators Mr Speaker, Members of the House of Representatives. The Government of Australia in no way seeks to conceal from the Parliament or the people the difficulties and complexities facing Australia at home and abroad in the years ahead. My Government is confident, however, that these can be surmounted, not only through the program I have outlined but by the endeavours of a strong united people and the efforts of a Parliament dedicated to the service of that people. I now leave the Australian Parliament of which I have been a part for a quarter of a century, as a member of the House of Representatives and then as the representative of the Queen of Australia. With a confidence born of long experience that you will fulfil to the utmost of your abilities the deep responsibility the Australian people have placed upon you, I leave you to carry out your high and important duties. {: .page-start } page 22 {:#debate-16} ### ADDRESS-IN-REPLY Motion (by Mr Whitlam) agreed to: >That a Committee consisting of Mr Young, Ms Child and myself be appointed to prepare an Address-in-Reply to the Speech delivered by His Excellency the Governor-General to both Houses of the Parliament and that the Committee do report at the next sitting. Sitting suspended from 3.54 to 5 p.m. {: .page-start } page 22 {:#debate-17} ### DEATH OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS, THE PRINCE HENRY, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER {: #debate-17-s0 .speaker-6U4} ##### Mr WHITLAM: Prime Minister · Werriwa · ALP -- His Royal Highness, the Prince Henry William Frederick Albert, the eleventh Governor-General of Australia, died on 10 June. Prince Henry was the last surviving child of King George V and Queen Mary. Their youngest son, Prince John, died in 1919. The House of Representatives has passed motions of condolence in 1942 on the death of Prince George, who had been designated as GovernorGeneral and whose wife, elder son and daughter have since made memorable visits to Australia; in 1953 on the death of King George VI, who had opened this Parliament House; in 1965 on the death of the Princess Royal, whose elder son contributes so much to the style and fortunes of the Australian Opera; and in 1972 on the death of the eldest member of the family, King Edward VIII, the most charismatic British prince since Bonny Prince Charlie. Prince Henry was created Duke of Gloucester in 1934. For 6 centuries kings of England have created their sons Dukes of Gloucester. None of them enjoyed the length of life of the prince whom we mourn today. Only one left an heir to succeed him. Thomas of Woodstock, the youngest son of Edward III, was murdered in custody. The good Duke Humphrey, the youngest son of Henry IV, died in custody soon after his mistress and second wife, who had been imprisoned for treachery and witchcraft. Richard III, the youngest brother of Edward IV, was slain at Bosworth in his thirty-third year. Henry, the youngest son of Charles I, scarcely survived the Restoration and lies in the vault of Mary, Queen of Scots, in Westminster Abbey, William, the heir to Princess Anne of Denmark, died a few days after his eleventh birthday. William Henry, the third son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and the first Royal field marshal, was the only Duke of Gloucester to reach his sixties and the first to leave a son, also a field-marshal. How fortunate, by contrast, was the king's son who was created Duke of Gloucester in 1934, who married a direct descendant of Charles II's eldest son, and who leaves a son. His Royal Highness was a professional soldier. He was Chief Liaison Officer with the British Expeditionary Force in France until Dunkirk and was mentioned in despatches. He was awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour. In 1955 he became the fifteenth and latest member of the British Royal Family to be appointed a field-marshal. The Prince's associations with Australia extended over 30 years. He represented his father at the one hundredth anniversary of the foundation of Melbourne. Through the happy inspiration of Prime Minister Curtin he served for two years as GovernorGeneral. He represented his family at the fiftieth anniversary of Anzac. The range of occasions on which he represented his father, his brothers and his niece is demonstrated by the knighthoods he received from the Emperors of Ethiopia and Japan, the Queen of the Netherlands, the Kings of the Belgians and of Norway, Denmark and Thailand and the former Kings of the Hellenes and of Romania, Egypt and Iraq. Throughout his long life he snowed a sense of duty worthy of his high station. The following message sent by Prince Henry's present successor as GovernorGeneral to the Queen on the death of her uncle will express, I am sure, the sentiments of honourable members: >On behalf of the people and Government of Australia I offer deep sympathy to your Majesty on the death of his Royal Highness the Duke of Gloucester. In Australia he is honoured and remembered with respect and affection as a former Governor-General. We also recall the service he gave and the close links he found with many Australians as a soldier, as Colonel-in-Chief of the Australian Light Horse, and the Royal Australian Army Service Corps, as President of the Royal Humane Society, Scout Association and National Rifle Association, and as Grand Prior of the Order of St John of Jerusalem. The encouragement and example he gave in these and other public duties in which your Australian subjects share, have become part of the noble tradition of the Royal Family in Australia.' I move: {: #debate-17-s1 .speaker-DQF} ##### Mr SNEDDEN: Leader of the Opposition · Bruce -- The Opposition supports the motion moved by the Prime Minister (Mr Whitlam). The Duke of Gloucester was the first and, so far, the only Royal Governor-General of Australia. He was by nature a soldier, having chosen that career, and he devoted himself to that career in a way which is not normally associated with soldierly duties by a member of the Royal Family. In fact, he served in France in 1940. He was there wounded by a bomb explosion. After the war he came to Australia and served, so I am informed, for 25 months as GovernorGeneral of Australia. He made another visit to Australia later on in 1965 to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of Anzac. He made a contribution to this country as Governor-General. He will be remembered by the older portion of the community; he will be known of by the younger. He will be remembered with respect for the contribution he made. As Governor-General he travelled in Australia very widely. He had his own aeroplane, which was called 'The Endeavour' after Cook's ship, which is a touching selection of name by a Governor-General of the Royal Family. He may not have had the charisma to which the Prime Minister referred. But amongst all the interesting pieces of history which the Prime Minister has strung together he mentioned Bonnie Prince Charlie. We might add the further bit of information that Bonnie Prince Charlie was a Jacobite who was born in Rome on 31 December 1720 and failed in a rebellion in Scotland in 1745. With those few pieces of disjointed history finding their way into the debate on the motion before this House expressing the condolences of the Australian Parliament and the people of Australia to the survivors of the Duke of Gloucester, and appreciation of the service he has given to Australia as Governor-General, I think it is appropriate that we should all concur in the motion moved by the Prime Minister. {: #debate-17-s2 .speaker-BU4} ##### Mr ANTHONY: Leader of the Australian Country Party · Richmond -- I would like to join with the Prime Minister (Mr Whitlam) and the Leader of the Opposition (Mr Snedden) in expressing the sympathy of the Australian Country Party at the death of our only Royal Governor-General. The Prime Minister is forwarding a message to Her Majesty the Queen, and I hope that mention will be made to the Duchess and Prince Richard of the sympathies of the Country Party. Prince Henry, along with the Duchess, carried out loyally his duties as GovernorGeneral during the latter part of the war and in the immediate post-ward period. He is remembered for his very exhaustive programs of meeting the Australian people. Obviously he liked the Australian people and the Australian people liked him. He managed to keep the morale of the people high and their optimism for the future bright. The Duke of Gloucester was the last surviving son of King George V, and so an era has ended with his death. He was a very uninhibited man, informal in his approach. I clearly remember when I was a schoolboy his visiting my area, meeting countless school children, going from one school to another and being happy to shake hands and to speak to as many people as possible. We express our appreciation for the loyal and dedicated way in which he fulfilled his task and we will remember him as our only Royal GovernorGeneral. {: #debate-17-s3 .speaker-MI4} ##### Mr PEACOCK: Kooyong - Mr Speaker, I wish to be associated directly but particularly briefly and personally in supporting this motion. My wife and I were friends of the Duke of Gloucester's eldest son and heir, Prince William, who died tragically in 1972. We shared many happy times together and the Duchess of Gloucester has graciously befriended my family on more than one occasion. I wish to express my sincere condolence to her and her family. Question resolved in the affirmative, honourable members standing in their places. DEATH OF FORMER SENATOR N. E. McKENNA Mr WHITLAM (Werriwa- Prime Minister) - The Honourable Nicholas Edward McKenna died on 22 April. He was a senator for Tasmania for 24 years from 1944, sitting for 20 of those years on the front bench. He had been successively an Australian public servant, an accountant and the law partner of a Premier and a Chief Justice of Tasmania. He quickly justified the great reputation which he brought to the Parliament. He was Minister for Health and Social Services from June 1946 to December 1949. During that period he acted as Treasurer, Attorney-General and Minister for the Interior. All these posts he held with great distinction. Indeed, he was for long affectionately known as Labor's man of distinction. His period as Minister for Health and Social Services was of particular importance to the Labor Government of the time and of particular significance for the welfare of the people of Australia. He was the first Minister to operate under the new powers achieved for this Parliament by the referendum of 1946. This, perhaps the most important of the few referendums to succeed, included in the powers of the Parliament: >The provision of maternity allowances, widows' pensions, child endowment, 'Unemployment, pharmaceutical, sickness and hospital benefits, medical and dental services (but not so as to authorise any form of civil conscription), benefits to students and family allowances. Accordingly, Senator McKenna had a pioneering role to play and he played it with success and compassion. He sponsored the Act and made the arrangements under which tuberculosis has been eliminated in Australia. He made arrangements with every State under which hospital treatment became free throughout Australia. Only now are we returning to his grand design. For over 3 years he and I served together on the Constitutional Review Committee. We formed an abiding trust and friendship. Without his support I would not have become Deputy Leader and later Leader of the Australian Labor Party. He said of himself when he retired from the Senate in 1968 that he departed with bitterness towards none. It was a feeling towards him unanimously reciprocated by the Parliament, his colleagues and his oppenents alike. Words like 'integrity' and 'loyalty' may be thought to be the cliches of condolence motions, but they are words which come immediately and sincerely to mind when thinking about Nick McKenna. He was a senator. He had a deep respect for that institution. He had, however, a deeper respect for the Constitution which establishes that institution. Jealous as he was of the proper powers of the Senate and its proper role, he was zealous that it should not abuse its powers or its role. In particular, in a record term of 15 years as Leader of the Opposition in the Senate, he acknowledged the total impropriety of action by the Senate which would have the effect of sending this House to the people without senators themselves facing re-election. He firmly opposed suggestions of such a course whenever they were made. He recognised that the Senate could only damage itself by such falsification of democracy. He was a loyal member of the party which he loved. I know of the deep happiness which he received from the return of the Australian Labor Party to office after the long years of opposition, frustration and bitterness which left him, however, without bitterness. He lived to see the Senate attempt to take the course which he had so long, firmly and consistently opposed. I deeply regret that he did not live to see the people of Australia reject that course. I move: >That the House expresses its deep regret at the death on 22 April 1974 of the Honourable Nicholas Edward McKenna a former senator for the State of Tasmania from 1944 to 1968, a Minister of the Crown from 1946 to 1949, Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Senate from 1949 to 195 1 and Leader of the Opposition in the Senate from 1951 to 1966, places on record its appreciation of his l
2410	dbpedia	2	0	https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/garrick-sir-james-francis-3597	en	Australian Dictionary of Biography			[ "https://adb.anu.edu.au/images/site/oa/siteIcon.jpg", "https://adb.anu.edu.au/images/site/pa/siteIcon.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "W. Ross Johnston" ]	1972-01-01T00:00:00			/images/site/adb/favicon.ico		null	Sir James Francis Garrick (1836-1907), politician and agent-general, was born on 10 January 1836 at Sydney, the second son of James Francis Garrick who migrated in the early 1830s to manage a flour-mill. Like his elder brother, James was articled to a Sydney solicitor. He was admitted to practise in December 1860 and his brother practised in Christchurch, New Zealand. In 1861 Garrick moved to Brisbane, where only four attorneys were then in practice. He went into partnership with Charles Lilley, built up a flourishing practice and became solicitor to the City Council. Garrick represented East Moreton in the Legislative Assembly in 1867-68. In 1869 the Lilley ministry appointed him to the Legislative Council but he soon left for London and after an absence of two sessions his seat was declared vacant. In London he resumed his legal studies and was called to the Bar of the Middle Temple in 1873. Next year he returned to Brisbane and was admitted to the Queensland Bar. He was crown prosecutor of the metropolitan district in 1874-75, the central district in 1875-76 and the southern district in 1877. In 1882 he was appointed Q.C. He re-entered politics in 1877 for East Moreton. In February 1878 he was appointed secretary for public lands and mines in the ministry of John Douglas; in December he became attorney-general and held office for two months before the government fell. From 1879 he was prominent in the Opposition led by (Sir) Samuel Griffith to the McIlwraith government until November 1883 when Griffith took over the administration and appointed Garrick temporarily as colonial treasurer. In 1883-84 he was postmaster-general, a post that customarily involved leadership of the government in the Legislative Council, to which he was duly appointed. He represented Queensland at the Intercolonial Conference of 1883. In June 1884 Griffith appointed him agent-general for immigration in London while still holding a seat in the Executive Council as minister without portfolio. Apart from an interruption from June 1888 to December 1890, Garrick held his post in London until October 1895. In his first term he sent to Queensland an average of 10,000 migrants each year, most from Britain but a few from Europe. When hopes of increased German migration were crushed in 1885 by German newspaper stories 'warning against Queensland', Garrick tried to counter them but with little success. In 1886 he unsuccessfully canvassed the possibility of other schemes of state-aided migration from Britain. He took part in settling the New Guinea question after Queensland's abortive annexation in 1883. With other Australasian agents-general he was involved in numerous conferences and private interviews with the secretary of state for the colonies. The latter rejected both Garrick's suggestions for more immediate and effective action in New Guinea and the South Pacific and his protest against the deportation of French criminals to New Caledonia. He arranged with the Admiralty for the Paluma to survey more accurately the Queensland coast and secured other ships for his government. He attended the Postal Union Conference at Lisbon in 1885 and the International Congress at Brussels on customs tariffs in 1888. As an executive commissioner, he prepared Queensland's court for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886, and was one of Queensland's representatives at the Colonial Conference in 1887. He was appointed C.M.G. in 1885 and K.C.M.G. in 1886. In his second term as agent-general in 1890-95 Garrick completed the details of a scheme to send Italians to the sugar areas of Bundaberg and the Herbert River as replacements for Kanaka labour. In 1891-92 he publicized a scheme of village settlement but deteriorating financial conditions in Queensland put an end to such plans. When the focus of attention in the agent-general's office switched to commerce and trade, Garrick helped to find and promote new markets for Queensland products and new products for Queensland to develop. The marketing of frozen beef was his main concern. With the War Office he helped to complete arrangements for the defence of Torres Strait, including armaments for Thursday Island. He was active in the Imperial Institute and a Queensland representative on its council. In 1890 he was invited but declined to stand for the House of Commons as a Unionist. In 1895 he was appointed a judge of the Queensland Supreme Court but did not assume office. He was a director of several companies and remained in London until he died at his home on 12 January 1907. He was survived by his wife Catherine, daughter of Dr J. J. Cadell, whom he had married on 3 January 1865, and by three children. His daughter, Katherine, endowed the James Francis Garrick chair of law at the University of Queensland. Described as a 'brilliant lawyer, a well set up handsome man, cultivated and of great personal charm', Garrick was also a fine speaker, very courtly and diplomatic. Although overshadowed in politics by his friend Griffith, as agent-general he was an active intermediary between his government and imperial officials and an ardent promoter of Queensland's advancement.
2410	dbpedia	1	28	https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DTS18900609.2.58.1	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
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"https://highgatehill-historical-vignettes.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/cropped-cropped-house-2012-small-version11.jpg?w=50", "https://highgatehill-historical-vignettes.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/cropped-cropped-house-2012-small-version11.jpg?w=50", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Paul's Blogs" ]	2023-06-30T00:00:00	While researching the early days of European settlement in South Brisbane, I came across numerous newspaper references to Mary Anne Williams. She was often in trouble with the police and became quite well known in the small community. Her story seemed poignant, and I decided to find out what I could about Mary. But first…	en	https://highgatehill-his…rsion11.jpg?w=32	Highgate Hill and Its History	https://highgatehill-historical-vignettes.com/2023/06/30/the-tragic-tale-of-mary-anne-williams/	While researching the early days of European settlement in South Brisbane, I came across numerous newspaper references to Mary Anne Williams. She was often in trouble with the police and became quite well known in the small community. Her story seemed poignant, and I decided to find out what I could about Mary. But first let’s have a look at the South Brisbane she lived in. Before free European settlement In 1824. Governor Brisbane decided to establish a settlement in the Moreton Bay area for reoffending convicts, and after a false start at Redcliffe, it was moved to where the City of Brisbane now stands. The south side of the river opposite the penal colony was largely what would be described now as wetlands. Extensive marshes were drained by a creek that flowed into the river near the location today of Southbank lagoon. This was a busy crossing area where large groups of people would swim across the river together or use communal canoes. On the southside, a pathway led to a habitual camping area along the ridge near today’s Vulture Street and on to the Woolloongabba ceremonial area and the western districts. Behind the swamps was a hunting area known as Kurilpa, the place of the fawn-footed mosaic-tailed rat, a native Australian rodent. The South Brisbane Mary knew By 1839, the decision had been made to close down the convict station and most convicts were taken to other locations, leaving only those thought needed to provide labour for the settlement. By this time, squatters had moved down from the Darling Downs and had settled the upper reaches of the Brisbane and Logan Rivers. While free settlers were not allowed within 50 miles (80km) of the Moreton Bay convict station, with the Governor’s permission ships could call at Moreton Bay and occasionally loads of wool were dispatched from the fledgling port at South Brisbane. In 1842, Moreton Bay was declared open to free European settlement and squatters’ men began arriving regularly at South Brisbane with bullock teams hauling bales of wool. The first sales of land on both sides of the river were held in Sydney in that year, with complaints about some of the South Brisbane lots being on swampy land, overrun with water at high tide. The commandant insisted that the squatters and their men stayed on the south side of the river to separate them from the remaining convicts on the north side. The sale of alcohol was banned, but it wasn’t long before sly grog began to be sold from the few shops established near the southside wharves. The ban was lifted in 1843, and from then the number of hotels increased as shipping and commerce grew. The German explorer Ludwig Leichhardt was clearly describing the south side of the river in his comment in a letter written in 1844. “Brisbane town, where the squatters meet at shearing time because they bring their wool there for shipment, is the recognised place for drinking, whoring and folly by night”. John Sweatman sailed on H.M.S. Bramble on its journeys surveying Torres Strait. The ship called into Moreton Bay in 1846. He wrote in his journal “South Brisbane I did not see much of, it is much more scattered and ill built and altogether “lower” than North Brisbane”. Another writer recalled his arrival in South Brisbane in the 1840s. “Passing up the road leading from the water side, in the direction of the accommodation house, we were at once in the midst, pell mell, of bullock bows and yokes wielded and hurled in fearful proximity to our persons. Yells of fiendish blasphemy were uttered on every side, whilst a woman, with her front teeth knocked out from the blow of a yoke, stood shrieking for help in the midst of this rum maddened throng. The Chief Constable, poor old White, in vain assayed to stop the murderous affray, assisted by his meagre staff of convict constables; and it was not until the military guard from the barracks reached the spot that the riot could be suppressed. These matters were far from infrequent occurrences.” This the South Brisbane that Mary knew. Mary’s early life It’s been difficult researching Mary’s origins, as records are scant and contradictory. It’s likely that she was born in Dublin in about 1820 and arrived in Sydney as a child in 1825 on board the convict ship Minstrel. The Minstrel passed through the heads into Port Jackson on the 22nd of August after a voyage from London lasting almost 5 months. On board were 121 male convicts and a detachment of the 57th Regiment. The newspaper report of the arrival doesn’t mention free passengers, but a handful arrived on board most convict transport ships in this period. Mary’s 1844 marriage record from Brisbane gives her details as Mary Ann McCann, widow, however I’ve been unable to definitively identify a matching earlier marriage and subsequent death of a first husband. The most promising records relate to the 1842 marriage of Mary Ann Gorman to Patrick McCann in Melbourne and the death of a Patrick McCann in Sydney in the same year. We know that Mary Ann was in Sydney in April 1843 from a newspaper report of the proceedings of the Sydney Police Court and the subsequent gaol admission register. “Mary Connor and Mary Ann McCann, two of the ladies who had been in custody for eight days, on a charge of stealing a watch from a young man whom they had inveigled into their brothel, in an alley at the bottom of Jamison-street, were both committed“. Mary was admitted to Darlinghurst Gaol, only to be released by proclamation some 3 months later. The sailor she was accused of robbing had left Australia, leaving the police with no witness. We have numerous and at times contradictory descriptions of Mary from prison admission registers, including the one from this occasion. She was around 5’2″ (157mm) tall and slender. Mary was variously described as having a fresh or ruddy complexion, her hair brown, red or sandy and her eyes grey or hazel. Moreton Bay In February of 1844 Mary married George Williams at St. John’s Anglican church in Brisbane. Brisbane was a very small remote settlement. The 1846 census recorded a European population of just 829, with 346 of these residing in South Brisbane. Some 40% were illiterate, including Mary who made her mark on the marriage certificate. There was a huge gender imbalance with just 30% female. George Williams has also been difficult to trace. In 1843, he purchased a 36 perch (910 square metre) block of land in Grey Street, in partnership with James Moyes, for £23. There are later mentions of a George Williams in Ipswich and Dalby, but it is not an uncommon name. The Brisbane police lock-up The Moreton Bay Courier was founded in June of 1846, and a few months later its report on the day’s proceedings in the Police Court mentions that Mary was arrested for being drunk and disorderly at South Brisbane. She was described as being ‘respectably dressed‘ but in the lock-up “she conducted herself in a manner quite unbecoming her sex, and the Bench, to mark their sense of the impropriety of her conduct, sentenced her to pay a fine of fifteen shillings and costs.” The lock-up utilised cells that had been built in 1828 to place offending convicts in solitary confinement. In 1847, it was described as “a dungeon indiscriminately used for the purposes of detention before trial and solitary confinement after conviction”. The dimensions of each cell were 7′ 9″ by 2′ 6″, or 2.4 metres long and just 760mm wide. The Brisbane police and the colonial justice system The “NSW Police in Town Act (Sydney)“ of 1833 created the position of Police Magistrate. A Police Magistrate was able to appoint police constables and their jurisdiction was defined by the Sydney town boundary. In 1838, a further Act extended the framework to other towns in NSW as required. Brisbane’s first Police Magistrate was John Wickham, who took up duty in 1843. The Brisbane town boundaries were surveyed in that year, but weren’t proclaimed until 1846, as described in my post “Vulture Street- From Dotted Line to Bitumen”. Amongst other roles, a police constable was granted powers to arrest any drunk person in a public place or on the street at any hour of the day and “all loose idle drunken or disorderly persons whom he shall find between sun-set and the hour of eight in the forenoon lying or loitering in any street highway yard or other place within the said towns and not giving a satisfactory account of themselves.” The various police forces in the colony remained under the control of local Police Magistrates until 1851, when the role of Inspector General of Police was established in Sydney along with district Provincial Inspectors. The Police Court, or Court of Petty Sessions, was headed by the Police Magistrate who was supported on the bench by a number of Justices of the Peace, acting as magistrates. They were usually drawn from the upper levels of colonial society. In 1840s Brisbane, for example, their number included wealthy squatter Francis Bigge, whose cousin Lord Stamfordham was private secretary to the Queen and John Balfour, also a squatter. Both were later appointed to Queensland’s new upper house of Parliament. Another was Brisbane’s doctor at the time of transition to free European settlement, David Keith Ballow. Mary attended the Police Court when charged with being drunk and disorderly or using obscene language. At the time, in all convictions under the Police and Licencing Acts, “informants”, that is the police constables, were given half the fine collected by the Court. For this reason, the handful of constables in South Brisbane were motivated to arrest people like Mary, as it offered the likelihood of a healthy remuneration, at least as long as the fine could be paid. In 1840, Governor Gipps proclaimed three Supreme Court districts “southern, western and northern ” each of which were to be visited twice a year. The Supreme Court on Circuit dealt with more serious cases. The first sitting in Brisbane was held in 1850 and presided by Judge Therry, who sentenced Mary at the October 1851 Brisbane Assizes to three months with hard labour for theft. More problems In September of 1847, in another reported appearance of Mary at the Police Court when she was fined a substantial 20 shillings, the writer commented that “her tippling propensities have made her a somewhat prominent character in Brisbane”. A few months later, her husband George placed an advertisement in the Moreton Bay Courier, warning that he wouldn’t be responsible for Mary’s debts, without actually naming her. One can’t help but wonder if George and Mary were among the couples referred to by the journalist writing shortly afterwards. “South Brisbane has long been notorious for the violence and frequency of matrimonial squabbles, scarcely a day or night passing without an exhibition as disgraceful to the parties immediately interested as it is annoying to the respectable portion of the inhabitants.” The article goes on to describe two incidents occurring one evening in houses a few doors apart. In the first row between spouses, “one woman, who is a reproach to her sex, forgetful of all sense of decency and feminine decorum, indulged in language which would have disgraced the lowest inmates of St. Giles” (a workhouse in London noted for its primitive conditions), setting all the dogs off barking. In the other, after a long argument, the husband shouted out “I am an honest man; I am an industrious man; I am a hard-working man; I am a loving man” and then knocked his wife to the ground after which they retired to their house. The trials of Mary In 1848, Mary was brought to trial before the Magistrates’ Court for the usual offence of being drunk and disorderly. In an article headed “A Disorderly Character”, the journalist adopted the typical mocking tone of these types of reports at the time. “The defendant had of late been rather given to truant wanderings and occasional fits of jollification at the public houses in South Brisbane, which were totally at variance with the vows she made when the conjugal knot was tied.” Adding to the severity of the approach of the magistrates was her use of obscene language, described as “some of the choicest epithets culled from Billingsgate phraseology“. She was sentenced to two months imprisonment under the Vagrancy Act and taken to Sydney for a second spell at Darlinghurst, as there was no gaol in Brisbane. Back in Brisbane there were more mentions of appearances in court. On Monday night last, Mary Ann Williams, being thereto instigated by sundry nobblers and deeper potations indulged in during the day troubled the inhabitants of South Brisbane with an exhibition of her jovial qualities, by “flaring up” rather extensively in the public streets, in company with four or five gentlemen of her acquaintance. The penalties were getting heavier – this time it was 21 shillings or 48 hours in the lock-up. The Brisbane Gaol With no gaol in Brisbane, prisoners with longer sentences were sent to Sydney, as Mary had been in 1848. In 1846, the New South Wales Legislative Council had approved the expenditure of £820 to rectify the situation, but it was to be another 4 years before the prison opened, despite the high cost of transporting prisoners to Sydney in the meantime. Captain Wickham decided that the best approach was to convert the Female Factory, where the Brisbane GPO was later built, into a prison. It was originally constructed in 1829 as the barracks for female convicts, but had not been used for that purpose since 1837. The building was inadequate for its new role, being too small and in poor condition with crumbling brickwork. The gaol opened on the 1st of January and continued in operation until 1860, when a new purpose-built prison was inaugurated on Petrie Terrace. The space assigned to female prisoners was limited. In 1850, the first year of operation, 9 women including Mary appear in the registration records out of a total of 181 prisoners. One woman, Sarah Rutherford, was accompanied by two young children for her two days stay. In July of 1850, Mary was being transported across the river from South Brisbane to the Queen Street lock-up. She jumped into the river and the two constables had some difficulty in getting her back into the dinghy. Her sentence for drunkenness and obscene language on this occasion was £5 or three months. This was to be Mary’s first stretch in the new Brisbane Gaol, as she was unable to pay the £5 fine. After two weeks, it seems her husband George relented as the fine was paid, and she was released. Over the next two years, Mary was to spend a total of 7 months in this prison, with individual periods ranging from one day to 4 months. From bad to worse In 1851, George placed another advertisement in the newspaper this time naming Mary. In October, Mary was in the lock-up, having been arrested for disorderly conduct. A constable heard a strange noise and found that Mary was attempting to strangle herself with a blanket wrapped around a bar of the cell. Doctor Swift (see my post All that glitters – Brisbane Gold Rushes) was called and copiously bled her. She was placed in a straitjacket. Later in the night, Mary pulled her arm out of the straitjacket and was found bleeding to death from where the doctor had used his lancet and she was taken to hospital. A few days later, Mary was charged with having stolen a counterpane (bedspread) and net toilet cover from a neighbour, Mrs. Kirkwood. She had left the items with a Mrs. McCann, who had given them to Mary’s husband George who then returned them to their owner. Margaret McCann was a relative of Mary’s, who bought her tea, sugar and other items when she was in prison. In November, Mary was sentenced at the Brisbane Circuit Court to 3 months hard labour to be served in Brisbane Gaol. Hard labour for female prisoners often meant long hours at the washtub. It’s chilling to see that both the entries before and after Mary’s are for prisoners condemned to death. Moggy-Moggy, also known as Ohongalee, was an Aboriginal man accused of murdering a sawyer at Pine River four years previously. Although found guilty by the jury, the judge had misgivings over the key witness’s identification of the accused man after so long a time, and Moggy-Moggy was released on the authority of the Governor of NSW. Angee was one of the many indentured Chinese workers brought to Moreton Bay to alleviate the shortage of labour. The overseer at the station where he had worked had been responsible for Angee serving a prison sentence for theft. He was sentenced to death for shooting the overseer dead in revenge after being released from prison. He was hung inside the prison walls, but in a location visible from Queen Street. The Moreton Bay Courier commented that “the crowd assembled to witness the awful spectacle was not large, and we observed only one Chinaman; but, disgraceful to say, a large proportion consisted of women and children.” Things come to a head By early 1852, George had instigated legal action to formally separate from Mary and pay her an allowance. In April, Mary was arrested for stealing linen that a neighbour had placed out to bleach on the grass. It was found at George’s house. He was out of town and Mary was staying there in his absence with a 6 year old girl whom she had adopted. Being unable to pay the 40 shilling fine, Mary was back in the Brisbane Gaol for a month. Mary had only been back out of prison for a few weeks when she landed in serious trouble. Arrested for drunkenness, she told the police that she had seen local fisherman Tim Duffy coming out of the house of solicitor Robert Little with a watch and scent bottle. She said that she had seen Duffy put them in a hiding place. When the police were unable to find the items, she nominated another location where again nothing was found. Mary then changed her story and said that Duffy had asked her to sell the watch and mentioned another location again in front of the hospital. Surprisingly, despite thinking that they were being made fools of, the police went there to search. This time they found the watch and bottle wrapped in a handkerchief which was proven to be Mary’s. Duffy was arrested but after some investigation he was released and Mary charged in his place. It transpired that Mary knew the house as Little had organised the marital separation for George. At the Brisbane May Circuit Court hearings, the jury found Mary guilty of theft after hearing evidence from various witnesses. Chief Justice Alfred Stephen’s summing up was lengthily reported in the Moreton Bay Courier. His sentencing was based not so much on the theft of a £5 watch and a bottle worth one penny, but more on her attempt to place the blame on Duffy. He was reported as saying: “However she might have hoped to deceive people in this world, there was a God above her who knew -as she herself knew- her deep guilt and whom it would be in vain to attempt to deceive.” He read out a list of her twenty convictions for drunkenness, obscene language, assaults, and robberies over the previous four years before sentencing her to three years with hard labour and the first fourteen days of each of the first four months to be passed in solitary confinement. Mary leaving the court “made some disgustingly offensive gestures to the police”. Solitary confinement was usually accompanied by a diet of bread and water or half rations. For female prisoners, hard labour often meant long hours at the wash tub. It was a harsh sentence. What happened next? Mary was once again incarcerated in Darlinghurst Gaol. Brisbane Gaol utilised dormitories shared by prisoners of the same gender, whereas Darlinghurst was built to the “separate system”. This was based on the idea that moral rehabilitation would come from keeping prisoners isolated from others for at least part of their sentence or daily routine. Darlinghurst allowed for the separation of prisoners into eight classes with separate individual cells. The women’s wing was built to hold 156, but would actually on occasion have over 400 female inmates. Mary’s life after she was released in 1855 is difficult to trace. There is no further mention of her in the Brisbane newspapers so presumably she remained in Sydney. There were several women with the same name who were mentioned from time to time in official records and newspapers. Some examples include the Mary Anne Williams who arrived as a convict in 1825 and was considered “useless at her work”, another who stole a policeman’s staff in 1853, the middle-aged Mary Anne Williams of “Humpty-dumpty” proportions who ended up in court for ” borrowing” an umbrella around the same time, and another woman of the same name who was given an 18 month sentence for theft in 1855. Perhaps it was our Mary Anne Williams who, freshly released from Darlinghurst, was sentenced to 48 hours jail in May of 1855 for singing an obscene song in Durand’s Alley. It was an infamous “rookery” known as “the haunt of layabouts and whores“. With little known of Mary’s early life, it’s difficult to speculate on the reasons for her behaviour during the time she spent in South Brisbane. However, it could only have been exacerbated and reinforced by the male dominated legal structures of the time, and the harsh judgement passed on women who strayed from what was considered acceptable social behavior. References Most references appear as hot links in the text. Register of male and female prisoners admitted – HM Gaol, Brisbane © P. Granville 2023
2410	dbpedia	1	69	http://www.chapelhill.homeip.net/FamilyHistory/Other/QueenslandHistory/browne2.htm	en	Introductory � At Townsville 1877 � Welsh Rabbit at the Queens � Louis Becke, author � Thaddeus O�Kane, Editor �			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "David Horton" ]	null					null	Chapter One -Introductory � At Townsville 1877 � Welsh Rabbit at the Queens � Louis Becke, author � Thaddeus O�Kane, Editor � Horses and Owners Having been for some years a reviewer I know the possible humiliations awaiting the man who sends out anything by way of a book; but here are my �Memories� with all their imperfections admitted in advance. The genesis of this volume was in a proposal by the Editor of the �Courier�, Mr. Sanderson Taylor, backed by the Associate Editor, Mr. Firmin McKinnon, that I should contribute a series of articles in the form of reminiscences. That loosened the floodgates, and the flow lasted for two years. Truthfully, I may say that the �Memories� are reprinted in response to many requests. Since the beginning of the series many changes have occurred. Some of the men and women mentioned have gone on the long journey; others have changed their abiding places, and there have been changes in the conditions of people, but in the main I give the material as originally printed. The book is not intended to be historical, but may have historical value. In no sense is it to be taken as covering the period 1877 � 1926. It is just a series of remembrances, impressions � personal and general, with opinions, my own opinions. The articles appeared under my name and with a characteristic spirit of tolerance the �Courier� allowed me to fulminate or praise regardless of its own particular policy. The Townsville �Herald� before my day at the end of 1877 had editors of note, men who left their mark on the history of the North, and one at least who has done much pioneering in the journalism, agriculture, and military life of Queensland. Major A. J. Boyd was a predecessor. He was a fine scholar, and not only a classicist, but a master of French, Italian and German. In much later years I heard him speak to an audience of Italians at a luncheon in the Brisbane Botanic Gardens that he lifted them to their feet, and to enthusiastic vivas. He spoke of Dante, and in the tongue in which Dante gave the world the great expressions of his genius. Major Boyd was of the days of the �Cleveland Bay Express,� and he left a standard of journalism in the north which made things rather strenuous for his successors. Later he was on the staff of the �Queenslander�, ran big schools at Milton and Nundah on public school lines, and, in turn, was head master of Toowoomba Grammar School, commanded the Garrison Artillery of Queensland, and edited the �Agricultural Journal.� Then there were Sigerson and Conroy. I took over from Conroy, and well remember the opening lines of his last leader in the �Herald.� They ran: �To use a colloquial though by no means elegant expression, we are literally �stumped� for news.� My journey from Sydney to Townsville was by the old Victoria, under Captain Thomas Lake, and shipmates included Victor Sellheim, NOW Major-General Sellheim, C.B., C.M.G., Adjutant-General of the Commonwealth Forces, and one of the most gallant and honest gentlemen that Australia has produced. Another was a chubby chap with yet the fat legs of babyhood. We know him now as Mr. E. Lissner, a well-known Brisbane business man, and a member of the Stock Exchange. Sellheim was aged 11, and I was 21, and Lissner probably about 6. The first named was going to Maytown to spend Christmas with his father, Mr. P. F. Sellheim, then police magistrate and warden on the Palmer, and later Under Secretary for Mines in Brisbane. Lissner was going to Charters Towers, under maternal protection, to the home of his father, Mr. Isidore Lissner, who later was Minister for Mines for Queensland. Sellheim not long ago told me � our friendship has been long and undimmed through all these years � that he remembered standing with me one night watching the phosphorescent glow in the water that broke from the sides of the old Victoria while I explained the natural history of the starry streams. The Townsville �Herald� was owned and run by Mr. James McManus, a practical printer, and a shrewd man of business, but it was rather a shock to hear him spoken of as �Jimmy� McManus. To the disrespectful I spoke of Mr. McManus, and make no mistake about the �mister.� The �Herald� was almost entirely a local paper � there was economy in the matters of telegrams, and only occasional letters from Charters Towers, and flickers from the dying light of the Palmer. The Hodgkinson was flourishing, and we had on the day I landed news of the opening of the new port, which later became Port Douglas, named in compliment to the Premier of the day, the Hon. John Douglas, who long since has gone to his rest, but leaving hostages to fortune in his distinguished sons, who are an honour to his name. One is Mr. Hugh Douglas (Elliott, Donaldson, and Douglas), formerly M.L.A. for Cook, and who held Ministerial rank in the State; Mr. E. A. Douglas, barrister; another, Mr. Justice Douglas, of the Northern Supreme Court; and another was Lieutenant. H. M. Douglas, one of the Queenslanders to give his life for his country in the Great War. On the �Herald� learning something about printing, was a tall, lean lad, Jack Mehan who later became one of the originators and owners of the Townsville �Bulletin,� which was built up from the �Herald,� that paper becoming a big weekly. Later came the amalgamation of the �Northern Miner� and the �North Queensland Register,� under Mr. Dave Green, and the �Miner� and the �herald� passed into the shades. These amalgamations were long before my time. I always associate Jack Mehan with another very dear old friend, John N. Parkes, who has filled practically every high position in the life of Townsville, having been for sixteen years President of the Chamber of Commerce, and the last fourteen years in an unbroken succession. Prosperous men they are, who have done the State some service. Three of Jack Mehan�s boys fought overseas, and he had the privilege to give one of them to his country, a bright, capable lad, above whose grave the poppies bloom in that great God�s Acre in Northern Europe, where so many thousands of Australians sleep. Both Mehan and Parkes were fine athletes, and specialised in sprint running. Parkes could get very near to evens over 100 yards. Jack Mehan probably was the first to try out Malone, when that great runner arrived as an immigrant with the inevitable Irish bundle. The �Bulletin� of Townsville had associated with it as editor-in-chief the late Dodd Clarke, and also �Beachcomber� Banfield, of Dunk Island. The books of �Beachcomber� are as beautiful in the literary sense as in their Nature revelations. Townsville in the late 1870s was beginning to grow. It aspired to be capital of the North. It was not content with the trade of Charters Towers and the Hughenden settlement, but Burns, Philp, and Co. despatched teams under Mr. Archie Forsyth to Winton, then better known as Western Creek. Those days were before the railways, and inland journeying was by coach or buggy, while goods transport was by bullock or horse wagons. The town had most excellent hotels, and the Queen�s, under Mr. Evans, the owner, was equal to anything in the land. A luncheon attraction was the �Welsh rabbit� prepared by Harry, the head waiter. One day Roger Sheaffe, Walter Hayes, Armstrong the inspector of police, and a Gulf squatter, quite a character, were lunching together, and the Gulf man was asked if he would take �Welsh rabbit.� His reply was a gruff negative. �Do have some,� said Walter Hayes, �it�s very good.� The Gulf man said, No; it�s too much like a (adjective) bandicoot!� Another whom I met at the Queen�s was a young Herbert River sugar planter, later Sir Alfred Cowley. He was quiet and cultured. Mr. Evans, the wise old landlord, said one day, �That is the cleverest man I have even known. He was sugar planting in Natal, and is teaching the people on the Herbert their business. But he is wonderfully learned.� I asked, �Why doesn�t he go in for politics?� Mr. Evans said, �Well, I suppose he�s too much of a gentleman for that game.� Yet the sugar planter became a politician, member for Herbert, the Parliamentary authority on the sugar industry, a member of the cabinet, and later Speaker of the Legislative Assembly with a knighthood. Louis Becke, of the Australian Joint Stock Bank, and Tom Kelleway were my special pals. Louis had two brothers in the North � Cecil and Alfred, both very proper young men, and rather doubtful about the brother, who as a lad had been supercargo with the notorious Bully Hayes in the South Seas. Louis was a caged eagle. He had an impediment in his speech, but was a wag. Once he complained that his conversational brilliance was too often spoiled by �his d� stutter.� He went on to say: �I start with a deucedly clever thing, but before I can get it out every one has seen the point, and the epigram is like a sodden damper.� In those days I heard much which afterwards went to make up �By Reef and Palm,� and other books. And Tom Kelleway also became a banker. He was physically one of the most perfect men I have ever seen. Both now sleep the long sleep. Good comrades, and ever to be held in affectionate remembrance. Of course, we quarreled with the other paper, which was edited by one Hughes, who had been a Church of England parson. He was a brilliant and incisive writer, and often held me squirming on his pen point. One day my friends suggested that I should hammer him, I was always in training, and was persuaded, and went to the office of the reptile contemporary seeing red, but Hughes politely invited me in, gave me a chair and a cigar, and talked to me like the good chap that he was. My friends outside waited in vain for �the thunder of the captains, and the shouting,� but it was a wilted youth who went out to them. Perhaps there was something which forbade chaffing. Hughes and I became quite good friends, and I no longer wrote of the �pariahs of the Press,� and he forebore to repeat his observations that an infant�s feeding bottle was more suited to me than an ink bottle, or that my paper reeked with a callow juvenility. Probably the most interesting figure in Northern journalism in my time was Thaddeus O�Kane, editor and proprietor of the �Northern Miner,� at Charters Towers. In those days �The Towers� was a stirring town. The field was rich, money was abundant, the consumption of strong beverages was enormous � partly a climatic and partly a social phenomenon � and the miner was the kingpin. Those were the days when the gigantic Warden Charters was the chief representative of the Government on the field. Looking back over all the intervening years, a long avenue of joys and sadnesses, the principal recurring thought is upon the wonderfully good order on �the field.� Charters Towers had seen some rousing and violent times, but ordinarily the miners looked to it that there was a general tone of decency and fair play. But to get back to Thaddy O�Kane, as he was called. A spare, grizzled man, as I remember him, about middle height, soft and cultured in speech, and with all the little touches of the Public School and University. But his eye was ever on the alert for an affront to himself or to public morals. It was a keen, aggressive, Irish eye. And his pen was vitriolic. Of course, he was �agin� the Government, but more particularly against all persons in authority, and every issue of the �Miner� revealed the wickedness and incompetence of Charters Towers officialdom � that is, as Mr. Thaddeus O�Kane saw it. Many stories were told of his earlier life. It was said that he had been a private secretary to Lord Palmerston; but my impression now is that he was a man of good Irish family, and had probably been a schoolmaster. A few years later I met him with Pritchard Morgan, when O�Kane was on the way to Bowen to battle for that electorate with the young barrister, Edward Chubb, later a K.C. and Justice of the Supreme Court. O�Kane was there at his best, and at his worst. A keen organiser, wonderful in the preparation of literature, but as a platform speaker a failure. His speeches were too carefully prepared, too loaded with �facts and figures,� while his young barrister opponent spoke form a generous and modest heart of the simple essentials of the country. It was the destructive critic failing when face to face with the constructive worker. Mr. O�Kane left a family, and his son, Jack, was for some years on the �Courier� in Brisbane. What an ark the old paper has been! Reference has been made to the excellence of John N. Parkes and Jack Mehan as sprint runners. Another in Townsville at the time was Robert Philp, after Sir Robert Philp, who was managing partner there of Burns, Philp, and Co. Our old friend Mr. Charles Melton, the doyen of the �Courier,� tells me that in his younger days Robert Philp was quite a fair boxer, but he starred in pedestrianism. A match was arranged in Townsville between Philp and Fred Symes, of the Customs. Symes was not an athlete by any means, and even an indifferent walker, but he could not resist a challenge from Philp, with an offer of 25 yards in a hundred. The event took place on the old racecourse, and created a great amount of interest. Symes showed a quite unexpected agility, and won by several yards amidst great cheering. It was not that Philp had lost his dash but the genial second officer of Customs � Hughes, afterwards Income Tax Commissioner in Brisbane, was the sub-collector � was quite a dark horse. Ross Creek was the south and south-east boundary of Flinders Street in those days, and in passing it may be said that Flinders Street was, and probably is, one of the hottest places I have experienced. The beach was delightfully cool, but Flinders Street, cut off from the sea breeze by Melton Hill and Castle Hill, and the slopes thereof, was very oppressive. On the town side of the creek there were only a few buildings � the A.S.N. Co.�s offices with Smith and Walker as agents, Burns, Philp, and Co., Clifton and Aplin Bros., and a few shacks further along. Later on my second visit, the �Standard� office, Tom Wright�s paper, with Henry Knapp, the solicitor, as editor, W. J. Castling�s butchery, formerly Johnston and Castling, and the Post Office had been built, and a few business places up towards the Newmarket Hotel. Ross Island was reached from Flinders Street by a ferry boat (very occasional), and over there we had a cricket ground, but some of the big matches were played out at a place known as the German Gardens, towards Kissing Point. There were crocodiles in Ross Creek. Some black kiddies were bathing one afternoon in the creek from Burns, Philp, and Co.�s wharf, when one of them about 8 years of age was �snapped.� The crocodile swam up the creek holding the little chap above water, while blacks frantically yelling and throwing stones ran along the bank. Then the crocodile disappeared with its victim, leaving just a swirl on the water, and all was over save the weird lamentations of the bereaved. From Burns, Philp�s wharf in 1880 I shot a 13ft crocodile with a Snider bullet, which ripped a good hole through the back from side to side. Smith and Walker in addition to the agency of the A.S.N. Co. had a general auctioneering and commission business. Mr. E. J. B. Wareham was one of the shipping office staff, and his son E. B. Wareham, was the office boy. The last-named stuck to the shipping business, and is now manager of the Adelaide Steamship co., and was well known when in Brisbane as the Queensland manager. In my days in Townsville, he was in knickerbockers. He married a daughter of the late J. G. Macdonald, P.M., and his only son made the supreme sacrifice in Gallipoli with the sons of many of Queensland�s best known men. Burns, Philp, and Co., was a young and enterprising firm, and the old established and chief warehouse was that of Clifton and Aplin Bros. Mr Clifton was of the courtly type, and was a good financial manager. Mr. William Aplin and Mr. Harry Aplin formed the second section of the firm. William Aplin later became a member of the Queensland Legislative Council. He was a cheery man, and had drifted into storekeeping on the Etheridge, I believe. In his heart he was always a bushman, with the love of the wide spaces, the brave horses, the flocks spreading over the open downs, or the dash to deal with rowdy cattle, or to cut off a small mob in a �moonlighting� expedition. Later the firm was joined by Mr. Villiers Brown, who had been a bank manager, and son of the Anthony Brown, so well known in the early life of the State. Some years after the retirement of Mr. Clifton, it became Aplin, Brown and Crayshaw Ltd., with headquarters in Brisbane. As Ducrow said: �Let us leave the cackle and come to the �osses.� The Hanrans, John and P. F. (later P. F. Hanran M.L.A.), and �Young Johnny,� Mr. Joe Hodel later on, and Dr. Frost were among the principal racing owners in Townsville. The Hanrans had the love of the horse and of the sport with their Irish blood, and in earlier days they were pretty well known at Ipswich and on the Downs. Dr. Frost had his own ideas of training. His formula was plenty of water, plenty of linseed (boiled), and plenty of work. A ribald youth published a screed descriptive of the methods, and referred to the probable protests of Jimmy � who had to train under the doctor�s directions � and part of it, as well as I remember, ran:- �Give �Exhibit Marking gallops and gallons of clear H�O Then more, mixed with limum, and then still more eau, Plus a bushel or more of solid torteau �The process,� says Jimmy, �deserves no laudo.� But the doctor says, �Jimmy, you vade retro!� That doggerel was a change from prosy municipal meetings and shipping reports, and the doctor�s anger soon passed, especially when the linseed fed �osses won a couple of races, and the sapient amongst us were covered with the contumely which falls to the false prophets of a provincial town. Racing in Townsville at the end of 1877 included hurdles. Brisbane saw hurdle racing, and even steeple chasing in earlier years. We had not then got to the full appreciation of the sprint as a means of providing big fields and profitable totalisators. The hurdle race at Townsville at Christmas, 1877, was won by one of the Mosman family, a younger brother of the late Hugh Mosman M.L.C., brother of Lady Palmer and of Lady McIlwraith. He was a hard goer to his fences, and with remarkably good hands. On going to Townsville I took letters of introduction to James Gordon, of Cluden, and to Andrew Ball, from an old friend, Henry Bohle, after whom the Bohle River was named when he was in the Queensland Government Service. James Gordon, who had been Sub-Collector of Customs, had retired. He was the father of a very good friend and comrade, Major �Bob� Gordon, who served with the Gordon Highlanders in the Tirah campaign, and with the First Queensland Contingent in the South African War. �Bob� or �Boomerang� Gordon, as he was known to the Scottish soldiers, commanded the Gordon Highlanders Mounted Infantry Company in South Africa, having been lent by the Queenslanders. Cluden and Stewart�s Creek were tip-top places for duck shooting, and many a good bag we scored there. Andrew Ball had been a station manager, but prior to my time had married and became a landlord of a Flinders Street hotel. He had done a lot of pioneering out Cloncurry way. The Police Magistrate at the end of 1877 was Gilbert Eliott, who had been well known in the Burnett district, where he had sheep country. His brother spelt his name �Elliot� � or it may have been the other way about. During my second stay in Townsville, the Police Magistrate was Charles Dicken, who later was Secretary the Agent-General in London and then Agent-General and C.M.G. A sister of Dicken married Henry Ulick Browne, the fifth Marquis of Sligo, and a brother was in the Harbours and Rivers Department in Brisbane. Succeeding Dicken as P.M. came Edmund Morey, a man of the �pure merino� school, who had been a station owner in Riverina and later owned Mitchell Downs. Morey, Mrs. Morey, Robert Logan Jack and Mrs. Jack, Hercules Coutts, of the Q.N. Bank, and Mrs. Coutts, Willie Stevenson, later a sugar grower at Innisfail, and Swiss Davies, later of Ipswich, both of the Q.N. Bank, lived with the C. J. Walkers at Eagle�s Nest when I was domiciled there. Mr. Morey was a widely read and cultured man, and though to many he seemed austere, I found him always a charming friend. Mr. E. Morey, of the Taxation Department in Queensland, is a son. Dr. Jack and I had met at Cooktown, and with Inspector Hervey Fitzgerald, of the Police, had gone out a little way on the beginning of his exploratory trip in Cape York Peninsula.. Many a profitable hour I spent in his little geological museum on Melton Hill. Mrs. Jack was a beautiful and accomplished woman. Her son James Love insisted on joining his step-father on the Cape York trip, though only a kiddie, but a strapping chap. He is now a well-known horse-breeder, owner of racing stuff, and a shipper to India, and he imported Chantemerle and other good ones. O last saw him judging the bloods and miscellaneous at the Royal National Exhibition at Bowen Park. It is impossible to recall the old days in Townsville without a thought of the bank managers. Halloran, of the Bank of New South Wales, was a son of the Sheriff of Queensland. He was of the splendid Viking type � about 6ft 3in., blue-eyed and with a long fair beard falling in (as it was then regarded) masculine beauty well over his great chest. Ferdinand Sachs was manager of the Australian Joint Stock Bank � musician, literateur, boxer, fencer, and wonderful shot with a rifle. He had his private bachelor home at Hermit Park, and the story runs that one night he gave his guest, Julian Thomas (�The Vagabond�), rather a shock. At dinner �The Vagabond� had been jeering at some of the stories of sharp shooting, and later, in the dark, was walking in the garden serenely puffing a cigar. Presently there was a crack and a splash, and the glowing end of the cigar was cut clean off by a bullet from Sach�s Winchester. �The Vagabond� didn�t afterwards question the daring of our sharpshooters. Shire, afterwards of the London office, was at the Queensland National Bank, and was succeeded by J. K. Cannan, a son of Dr. Kearsey Cannan, of Brisbane. J. K. Cannan gave Queensland some fine sons and daughters, including J. K., the lawyer, and General �Jim,� C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., and lots of other good things. Townsville was too conventional for me, and so I secured a job on the Cooktown �Herald� early in 1878, my successor on the Townsville �Herald� being Francis Hodson Nixon, who was an architect, an artist and a poet. He was a brilliant writer, and blessed in having his quiver full of �hostages to hazardry,� as Thomas Hardy puts it. A son of F. H. Nixon is Frank Nixon, , the secretary of the Timber Merchants Association in Brisbane and a well-known Press controversialist. After Nixon on the �Herald� was P. Dempsey, a gentle, scholarly man with a great fair beard. On my second stay in Townsville, I was writing for the �Standard�, edited by Henry Knapp, an English solicitor, and the proprietor Mr. Tom Wright, frequently lent me to my old chief, McManus to bring out the �Herald� on days when Dempsey was too ill for work. Another Townsville journalist was R. H. Pearce. �Gitano� was his pen name, a very brilliant man and a master of satirical jingle. For the �Standard� I wrote a semi-historical article about seven columns, including a report of the opening of the first section of the Townsville- Charters Towers Railway to the Reid River. The contractor was James McSharry, an engineer of the Brisbane Water and Sewerage Board who won great fame in Gallipoli and France, and a soldier�s grave in La Belle France. James McSharry was a great pioneer, warm hearted, and a wonderful handler of men. Once a strike threatened, and he went out and met 200 uproarious men. �We want so-and-so,� they kept yelling. It meant a considerable addition to the cost. �Well,� said McSharry, �if I give you that will you make it up to me in some other way?� There was an immediate cheer and cries for �Yes,� and then cheers for �McSharry.� The leader of the trouble stepped out and said: �Look here, McSharry, if you not think it a fair thing, say so, and we will get back to work. You�re white all through!� �No, men,� he said, �it�s right enough.� So the strike trouble ended. No striking for strike� sake. The white ant had not got into the Labour movement. There was no Labour movement then, but workers and employers in the North in those days dealt with a dispute on the man to man system. The Townsville �Herald� had another editor after Dempsey, a very clever chap from one of the Old Land universities, but he was not keen on the grind of a provincial newspaper. He was red-bearded, and stood about 6ft 3in. I forget his name. Later he became a Government Agent on the South Seas, and while on duty, was shot clean through the head. He was followed by my old friend, the incomparable Archibald Meston, who could swing an axe with the best of bushmen, take a turn with the gloves with the smartest professional, lift weights with a Sandow, spin out columns of vivid, glowing prose, write a little poem reminiscent of the sweet things we dullards read in the Greek Anthology, or lampoon in satirical verse an opponent in controversy. The �Herald� was for six months an arbiter on philology and politics in the North, and then Meston pushed off to Cairns with Horace Brinsmead to clear scrub and grow sugar, and to subdue the heights of Bellenden-Ker. I had succeeded him as editor of the �Observer�, then a Brisbane morning paper, and felt in a comparison just as a little peep of candlelight ought to feel when the heavens are ablaze with the glories of a tropical storm. As Mr. Pepys would have said: �And so to Cooktown�. [The Cooktown Chapters have been extracted separately as Part 1] Chapter VII -Off to Brisbane � Editing a Morning Paper � Joining the �Courier�- A Staff of Brilliant Men � The Francis Adams Tragedy � Lane and the Labour Movement � Politics and Politicians When John Flood was asked by the new owners of the �Observer� to recommend an editor he sent me a telegram to the North and definitely offered the job, asking me to sail by first steamer. It did not take long to get to a decision, and I took over from Mr. Archibald Meston towards the end of February 1881. Mr. Flood and I had been rival editors and close companions in Cooktown, and in my new work he was �guide, mentor and friend.� The proprietors were McIlwraith, Morehead and Perkins, three members of the Government, and McIlwraith was Premier. It was arranged a couple of days after I had taken over, that I should meet Messrs Morehead and Perkins, and the meeting took place at the office of Morehead and Co., in Mary Street, in the old stone buildings opposite the present headquarters of Moreheads Ltd. I had rather feared the first impressions, for I was slight and perhaps more juvenile looking than my years, for then I was nearly 25. �You are very young,� said B. D. Morehead, and the soft impeachment had to be admitted. We talked things over, politics especially, and the two big men seemed not a little concerned. It may be said that both Morehead and Perkins seemed to regard an editor, or a newspaper man of any sort, as a kind of retainer or hanger-on. Frankly, we never hit it. We did not exchange much in the way of courtesies. McIlwraith was different. A great big man, big-brained, big-hearted, generous, dominating, and brave. Queensland never sufficiently appreciated him. He was the peacemaker as between his colleagues and their editor. When he expressed a reasoned wish it was promptly observed. I have never known a man so free of littleness, even to his political opponents, and they were his only enemies. When my year with the �Observer� was up, and I was transferring to the �Courier� I said to him: �I�ll often come to you for advice�; and he said �Come and see me often.� The �Observer� office was at the corner of Edward and Adelaide Streets, where the Freeleagus restaurant now is. The manager was Mr. J. M. Black, still hale and well in Brisbane, who had a printing business of his own, and he also printed the �Observer�. He did not interfere much with the paper, but he was always available, and many, many times his sound judgment and wide knowledge saved us from slips. It was an evil day for the �Observer� when Mr. Black gave it up. He was succeeded by Mr. W. M. Crofton as manager, and that was the end of the agreement between the editorial and managerial sides. Crofton was a clever accountant, but was narrow, and entirely dominated in one sense by Mr. Perkins; but in another way he influenced the Perkins element in the directorate. The regular news staff, besides myself, was composed of R. J. Leigh and W. H. Qualtrough. Leigh was a wonderful worker, upon whose heart I am sure �Observer� was written. He had a failing, and his end was tragic and intensely sad. He could do anything on a paper, including good fighting leaders. Qualtrough was a big, handsome chap, who worked well, but who refused to take life seriously. Both were loyal, willing helpers. There were some �side issues�, as Leigh called them, including Theobald Vincent Wallace-Bushelle, a son of the famous Madame Bushelle and that great basso, her husband, who was at one time in England considered a rival of Lablache. �Toby� Bushelle was a nephew of Vincent Wallace, the composer of �Maritana� � his mother�s brother � and he did most of the musical and dramatic notices for the �Observer�, besides pursuing the elusive advertisement. He was a very fine singer, a basso, like his father and his brother John. The last-named old Sydneyites will remember. �Toby� had toured with a great many companies, including the Caradinis. He helped me a great deal in the matter of voice-training. The leader writers included Mr. J. G. Drake, of the �Hansard� staff, later a barrister, and later again a Crown Prosecutor with a long service in the Queensland Legislative Assembly and in the Federal Senate, a member of the Federal Government with the portfolio of Postmaster-General. Another was Mr. Robert Nall, also of the �Hansard� staff, and later one of the heads of the Sydney �Daily Telegraph�. Others were Mr. E. Thorne, and that very brilliant man, Mr. William Coote, who succeeded me when I went over to the �Courier�. Mr. Coote was the architect of the present Brisbane Town Hall, and did a history of Queensland, besides much pamphleteering. It was very hard to keep on the lines of policy which the directors, or a majority of them, desired, and to secure a measure of public confidence. Messrs Morehead and Perkins were extremists, and favoured violence in attack. McIlwraith favoured hard logic, or strong facts and mild language. But the �Observer� was bought for the purposes of strong party onslaughts, and there was not a little bitterness on both sides. The �Telegraph� was violently anti-McIlwraith, and supported the Opposition, led by Mr. Samuel Walker Griffith, later Sir. S. W. Griffith P.C., G.C.M.G., and Federal Chief Justice. That, I fancy, was before Mr. Brentnall became regularly associated with the �Telegraph�. Mr. Brentnall�s work I remember quite well � his short snappy sentences and �hammer it home� method of argument. The �Courier� had refused to become a violent partisan, and was never very keen on the Morehead-Perkins influence, and that had led to the purchase of another morning paper specially for party propaganda. Perhaps the occasion is not the only one in �Courier� history when its refusal to be complaisant led to an opposition to it being set up. Another violent factor in the Government ranks was Mr. Lumley Hill. On one occasion he brought a letter to the �Observer� which had been approved by McIlwraith, and reluctantly I published it, with a �ready-made� footnote, having been, as Mr. J. M. Black reminds me, held free of responsibility. It was an attack on Mr. Hemmant, formerly of Stewart and Hemmant, and Agent-General for Queensland under the Douglas Government. Mr. Hemmant behaved generously in the matter, and an apology was published, with a provision for a subscription to some institution. It was my second libel case, and my last. The directors had the grace to absolve me from blame. McIlwraith took all responsibility, and Lumley Hill laughed at him. I don�t think McIlwraith ever forgave it. It may be added that Dr. Carr Boyd, the father of �Potjostler� Carr Boyd, the explorer, was a writer for the paper until he quarreled with Mr. Perkins; and that W. J. Waldron for a long time did a Parliamentary summary. We formed a company to take over the �Observer� from McIlwraith, Morehead and Perkins. �10,000 capital, in 40 shares of �250, and the subscribers included many well-known pastoralists, one being James Tyson and another E. J. Stevens. As already said, Mr. J. M. Black resigned from the management and devoted himself to his own by, and that practically was the end of the �Observer� as a morning paper from a commercial point of view. Mr. Black knew all about the printing and publishing of a paper, and had many strong friends, even in the opposition camp. When Mr. Crofton took over the management and Mr. William Coote became editor, succeeded by Mr. P. J. Macnamara, the office was moved into a new brick building near the Town Hall, about where Edwards and Lamb, drapers, later established themselves. But the game was up. The paper lasted but a year under the new regime, when it was bought � lock, stock, and barrel � by Mr. C. H. Buzacott, then managing partner of the �Courier� and �Queenslander� � the Brisbane Newspaper Coy. Ltd. � and moved to the �Courier� office. Mr. Buzacott decided to publish the �Observer� as an evening newspaper, with a separate editorial staff, and he appointed me editor, and I selected Mr. Tom O�Carroll, son the editor of the �Courier�, as my assistant. The new evening paper was notable chiefly for its startling headlines and sensational leaders, and Mr. Buzacott introduced the �On Dit� column, which was always and quite wrongly attributed to me. The day came when the brilliant William O�Carroll, editor of the �Courier�, was to relinquish the strain of night work. Carl Feilberg took over from him, and Mr. Buzacott decided that I should go on to general work, including one or two really special features, and O�Carroll should take the editorship of the �Observer�. That was carried out and the �Observer�, I am sure, was very much improved. Mr. O�Carroll�s experience and wisdom much outweighed my exuberance and enthusiasm. In time he died. On the day of his funeral I was �down to it� with a very sharp attack of malaria, a legacy of New Guinea. O�Carroll had been a good worker. Like many other journalists he liked to be well away from his work, and he made his home at the Three-mile Scrub, on the road between Newmarket and Ashgrove, a delightful place with tress and ferns, some of the primeval scrub standing, a sanctuary for our sweetest song birds, and sloping down to a clear stream which in the wet season went tumbling and foaming over its bouldered bed. It was a paradise, restful and sweet, with the scents of wattle bloom and the near eucalyptus forest. At about 2 am after a strenuous night�s work, O�Carroll, when first I knew him, used to mount his old grey mare at the back of the office (which was in Queen Street) and plod quietly home. The next editor of the �Observer� was Walter J. Morley; and then our present chief of the Brisbane Newspaper Co, J. J. Knight, who specialised in municipal affairs, and who had a staff of good leader writers, including Mr. M�Mahon, formerly of the Sydney �Star�, and Mylne, one of the most scholarly and trenchant of journalists and myself, if it be not immodest to claim inclusion. Mr. Knight was the last of the separate editors, the �Observer� passing to the direction of a general editor or editor-in-chief, who of course was editor of the �Courier�. Now that is the correct story of the �Observer� from my first knowledge of it. When I joined the �Courier� in 1889 it had moved from the old offices to George Street � where the Johnsonian Club, with a certain fitness of succession, is now housed �to the new building in Queen Street, then lately erected by Mr. John Hardgrave, and adjoining what was then the British Empire Hotel. Mr. Charles Hardie Buzacott was the managing partner, and in the proprietary were also Mr. E. I. C. Browne (Little, Browne, and Ruthning of those days), and Mr. William Thornton, the Collector of Customs. Here I might say that Mr. Buzacott was a wonderfully capable journalist and a tremendous worker. In later years he did a great deal in the way of leader writing, and had a keen sense of humour. Those who did not know his work little suspected that the quiet, reserved and sometimes brusque man was the writer of articles of beautiful English and often with humour like that of Oliver Wendell Holmes. The editor was William O�Carroll, a good judge of work, an uncompromising critic, and a hater of shams. His strong point was foreign politics � not expecting the Crowned Heads and their Ministers to mend their ways under his suggestions, but so that the people had not time to read up foreign affairs in full should be given an intelligent bird�s-eye view of them. The sub-editor and then editor of a rather short-lived �Evening News,� was Carl Feilberg, who was good at the job, but who was better as a writer.. He had a turn as sub-editor on the �Argus� in Melbourne, but was glad to get back again to the �Courier,� on which he became editor. In addition to sub-editing he did the �Political Froth� in the �Queenslander,� having succeeded W. H. Traill in that special job, and I succeeded Feilberg. Richard, or �Dick� Newton was writing and reporting, and did most of the descriptive stuff, such as the Birthday Ball at Government House; and he also did, with remarkable insight, the theatres, though specialists did the big musical jobs. E. J. T. Barton, later sub-editor and then editor, did the cables and telegrams; and W. J. Morley, later editor of the �Observer,� did the law reports. Graham Haygarth, who was shot years after at Charters Towers, did the racing under the pen-name of �Hermit,� with an occasional jingle reminiscent of Whyte Melville, and was succeeded by E. A. Smith, �Pegasus,� a scholarly Englishman who in time raced some very good horses, and we often talked over the old days. There were some general and special writers, and a good many leaders came from �outside.� The �Courier� of those days was trenchant in the treatment of public affairs, careful in its treatment of the Queen�s English, and scrupulous in the correctness of its reports. My work was general, and in a little while very important, and the beginning with the �Courier� had some bearing on what I conceived to be a reporter�s duty to his paper. Brunton Stephens, during the Governorship of Sir Arthur Kennedy, was transferred from school teaching to be correspondence clerk at the Home Secretary�s Office. The Governor was a keen admirer of the poet�s more serious work, and so was Miss Kennedy, who was a great reader and a keen critic. Sir Arthur Kennedy had served at Cape Coast Castle and Hongkong, and on all his journeyings abroad he was accompanied by his daughter. They thought more of a fine poem, or even a good bit of prose, than of a fat bullock. Miss Kennedy once said: �It is by the art and literature of the place that people will judge Queensland of the �eighties.� In literature, to use a Brunton Stephens phrase, they knew �what�s what.� It seemed to the friends of the poet that in his letters to all and sundry from the Home Secretary�s Department he would �unconsciously slip into verse.� Was that not the obsession of Mr. Boffin�s friend, Silas Wegg? I sued the idea, and wrote for the �Queenslander� what purported to be a letter to �The worthy Mayor and aldermen of famous Wingeroo,� in reply to an application for the establishment of a pound. It was assumed that Brunton Stephens had been instructed to say that if the Mayor and aldermen would provide the material and build the yards a pound would be established. It was in the days when the singing of Swinburne was still a rage, and all our little rhymsters affected the alliteration done to death of Adam Lindsay Gordon. One verse rang:- �Let the swearing, swaggering splitter seek the silky she-oak shade; Cause the towering tree to totter till its thund�ring thud is made; Till it lies in sandy softness on the easy earth, and then, Let him cut, and split, and mortise � Mr. Mayor and aldermen.� It was the veriest doggerel, with only the redeeming grace of an idea, but it shook the Home Secretary�s Office and the Johnsonian Club to smithereens, and Brunton Stephens called me a villain � in a Pickwickian sense, of course � and told me I should very probably end up by being hanged. Who knows? At the �Courier� office in those days, and up to the time I went off to England in 1887, there was a sort of special room for contributors. I had a table in it, and met men, some of whom are well worth remembering. The first was John Douglas, the ex-Premier. He was a regular leader writer for the �Courier.� His work was bright and scholarly, as became a Rugby boy and a University man; there was the keen inside knowledge of one who had so lately been at the head of the Government, and there was a splendid breadth of treatment. Charles Hardie Buzacott and John Douglas had been on different sides in politics, but between them there was a deep mutual esteem. I think John Douglas continued to write �Courier� leaders until he was appointed Government Resident at Thursday Island. He was, in a sense, poor in the world�s goods,. He had been a Downs pastoralist, but had no regular profession, and had abstained from �making good� financially � which is a contradiction in terms, while he was Premier. He had a family of sons to educate and spared nothing for them, and it was necessary that he should use his brains and exercise his splendid administrative powers. Often at night we sat and talked when our work was done, and from John Douglas I learnt the duty of real service to my country. Whether the lesson was ever wisely applied is another question. Two men in those days were at the top of my mind, two Johns � John Douglas and John Flood. They were above small things in working for Queensland. �Where do I come in?� did not occur to either of them. John Douglas had the vision of a statesman, the soul of a patriot, and his honour always seemed to me something lustrous. When first I saw a great operatic artist, as Lohengrin, step from his swan-drawn skiff, �mystic, wonderful� in his shining armour, I caught breath and said, �He is like John Douglas.� And yet how few of our young people are taught who and what John Douglas was? Some loud-mouthed or subtle demagogue blooming into a sudden affluence is popular, but the men who served Queensland rather than themselves are almost forgotten. To me John Douglas ranks with the best of those who have led a Government in this land of ours for absolute purity of motive and loftiness of aspiration. He had absolutely nothing to gain from his political service � at any rate, he gained nothing in the monetary sense. It always seems to me a great tribute to a political leader in a young country that his friends should be able to say: �He died a poor man!� When H. E. King was defeated for Maryborough by our old friend, �Jack� Annear, he was on the unemployed list. He had been Speaker of the Parliament of which McIlwraith became the head in 1879. He, also, became a �Courier� leader writer. King was tall and sharply rounded at the shoulders, wore a very long brown beard, had very shaggy brows, a soft voice, and a very pleasant �way with him.� He was an Irishman of an old Church of England family � came from the West, and had all the best that education could give him. He was in the Imperial Army for some years, but threw up his commission to come to Australia. His sister, Catherine King, was a well-known writer, and her book, �Lost for Gold� is well known to Queenslanders. It is to an extent founded on fact, and deals with the life and death of Griffen, who was hanged at Rockhampton for the murder of his subordinates on the Peak Downs escort. H. E. King married a sister of Dr. Armstrong, of Toowoomba, thus an aunt of Mr. W. D. Armstrong (later M.L.A. and Speaker of the Legislative Assembly), of Adair, near Gatton, and he raised a big family of sons and daughters, all of whom I knew as youngsters. In the days when King was Speaker and I editor of the �Observer,� I was often a guest at Ivy Lodge, Toowong � Toowong was the fashionable suburb of those days. We had many jolly dances, and the family was musically inclined. On one occasion a very fine light baritone appeared, well trained and an artist. It was Lawford, a barrister, who had married one of the charming daughters of W. L. G. Drew, C.M.G., of Toowong, a sister of Mrs. J. O�N. Brenan, and of Mrs. (Major-General) Jackson, of the Royal Artillery. To get back to H. E. King �we were room mates for a time, but he did most of his work at home. King was a very polished and trenchant writer, but he did not talk much. In later years, and when over 60, he went for the Bar, passed with flying colours, and became a Crown Prosecutor. One of his sons became a journalist and did remarkably well in Brisbane and elsewhere. He was, I believe, formerly a partner in the Brisbane �Sunday Sun.� Francis Adams was for quite a long time one of the regular leader writers. He was a son of Mrs. Leith Adams, the English novelist, and before coming to Australia had published some rather striking essays and verse. The essays were very fine, but with a certain bitterness of spirit in them. Adams was a consumptive, and had a grievance against fate, which was often noticeable in his work. When in Brisbane he did a lot of verse writing, and published a couple of volumes. Some of the work was repulsive, some was delightful. Adams had an affectation with his verse. He would not have a capital for the initial letter of a line unless the preceding line closed with a full point. And on occasions, to show his unconventionality, he would have the Deity put with a little �g�. Adams was for a long time associated with Gresley Lukin, William Lane, and J. G. Drake, on the old �Boomerang,� a very bright, though truculent, paper, which had Monty Scott, and later, Cecil Gasking, as artists. Adams was a very brilliant man, and some of his �Courier� leaders were wonderful evidences of scholarly English and sustained energy. His strongest point was in the personal leader. Poor Adams! His health went from bad to worse. Years before we knew him on the �Courier� he had lost his wife, and married again to an Australian girl, a nurse � tall, strong, capable. The end of things for the handsome, brown-bearded Englishman was tragedy. He became very bad indeed � both lungs and throat affected � and he suffered very much. One night, late, he was having a bad time � choking, agonized. Yet his will was indomitable. He said to his wife, �Give me the revolver.� She gave it to him and turned away. There was a sharp, stinging report, for Adams had put the revolver to his head and fired. His wife turned to him, took the revolver away, composed his limbs, sponged his fatal wound, sent for the doctor, and the doctor sent for the police. The circumstances as I relate them were published at the time. Some blamed Mrs. Adams, some praised her. Those who praised her knew how greatly generous she had been, nursing the sick man with infinite tenderness, but always subject to his intensely masterful nature. Pace! Francis Adams. Hw rote his own epitaph, which, as closely as I can remember, ran:- �Bury me with clenched hands and eyes open wide, In storm and trouble I lived; in trouble and storm I died.� William Lane did occasional leaders for the �Courier,� but the bulk of his work was contributing sketchy articles and notes upon Labour ideals. He was a vivid and effective writer, though he was obviously a visionary, and his work was sometimes over-sentimentalised. Yet there was no mistake as to his earnestness. I had almost said fanaticism. And, as is so often the case, he was intolerant to a degree, and any condition of economic or social affairs which did not harmonise with his view was violently condemned. One recognises that reformers have often been fanatical, but quite as much good has been done in the world by solid and temperate reasoning as by strenuous and bitter advocacy. To speak of William Lane in his days of the Press in Queensland would have had an affected sound. It was always �Billy� Lane. He was a violent �dry� in the matter of liquor traffic, and a most violent pacifist. His reading was fairly wide on economic subjects, but he had very little knowledge of contemporary literature. From the �Boomerang� he went to the newly-established �Worker,� which was mainly his conception, and certainly was founded in the literary sense by him. He wrote always under a pen name of �John Miller,� yet his identity eventually leaked out, and in the shearers� huts in the West, on mustering camps and at those little meetings of �billabong whalers� where two or three were gathered together, the name of �Billy� Lane was reverenced. In the so-called Labour movement � the movement which his genius really brought into being � one never really hears his name. If the Trades Hall does not bar monuments there should be something there to educate the young to a knowledge of the real Moses of Labour in politics in Queensland. It may seem queer to outsiders that the promoter and leader of the New Australia settlement in Paraguay was a former leader writer and contributor to the �Courier.� It is not proposed to go into the history of this visionary Eden in South America, but just to mention a few of the points connected with it which were discussed by Lane in the �Courier� office. He had an intense faith in human nature, in the glorious gospel of mateship � not as we know those things today, but as they would be existent in a communal settlement where nothing was known of business competition, the struggle for food and shelter, and the cursed lust of gold. The �tall straight men of the West� the �Brave-eyed, deep-bosomed women of Australia� were to build up an ideal community in a land where there would be no taint of selfishness. The difficulties were pointed out over and over again, but Lane was intolerant even of the most friendly criticism. His was the glowing faith, the indomitable spirit. Now, apart from the general difficulties of pulling through a scheme of the kind with a purely secular basis, Lane was not the man for the job. Naturally he was a despot, just as Lenin was, and Trotsky. He had no experience of handling men. With a battalion of trained Australian soldiers, with all their fine sense of discipline, he would have had a mutiny in a week. And when he was personally known all the glamour of �John Miller� (his pen name) and of �Billy� Lane disappeared. He was rather small and badly crippled. His tone was always aggressive. It was another case of Caesar or nothing. Well we know what happened. Lane left Australia, and founded Cosme Colony, and then sick of it all, and probably disillusioned, he came out to New Zealand, and again earned good money on a capitalist paper. And in New Zealand he died. As I have said, he was intensely earnest; he dreamed his dreams up in the old �Courier� building, where Phillips and Sons, auctioneers, are now established, and he woke to find them dreams on the inhospitable Paraguayan settlements. P. J. Macnamara who had ventured on a �Bulletin� in Brisbane and had for a time been Editor of the �Observer� was one of Lane�s first fleeters in the Royal Oak for Paraguay, but soon had his fill of Communism and Socialism and all the other isms except patriotism, for he came back to Queensland a devoted Australian, an out and out Britisher, and an individualist of the most pronounced type. He went to Nanango ultimately, established a prosperous little paper there, bought an hotel, built a beautiful hall, and generally took on an air of affluence. I last saw him at the old Burnett town, and we had a very pleasant day together. He compared the conditions of the workers there and at Yarraman with the best that could be given in Paraguay, even had Lane realised all that he dreamed. His conclusion was characteristic: �Communists should find a congenial sphere in a black�s camp or at Woogaroo. In 1881, the Johnsonian Club had its home in the Belle Vue cottage adjoining Belle Vue Hotel. Once a month we had a supper, which was always an absolute delight. After supper we smoked our clays, the long churchwardens, with a jar of tobacco on the table free to all. Brunton Stephens, Carl Feilberg, Richard Newton, John Flood, �Bobby� Byrnes (whose Christian names ere John Edgar), A. J. Carter, Horace Earl, and other men of splendid comradeship and genius would be there, and we youngsters regarded them as veritable Gamaliels at whose feet we sat and drew in wisdom. There were many others, of course � artists like Clarke, lawyers like George Paul, and Granville Miller, and literary doctors like K. I. O�Doherty and Lyons; and the whole atmosphere was full of mental stimulation. But the literary, artistic, and scientific sides of things were not forgotten. The most delightful night that I spent at the Johnsonian was after the move into Elizabeth Street, and on the occasion of Brunton Stephens reading from manuscript his new poem, �Angela.� It was a long poem, and the motif was the love between a devoutly Christian maid and a chivalrous man who was an agnostic. I remember some of the poem- a sad and impassioned work. It has not been printed, so far as my remembrance goes, and no literary friend has been able to tell me what became of it. I do not know the poet�s family sufficiently well to ask questions of them. A mutual friend of Brunton Stephens and myself asked me about it in later years, another poet also sleeping the long sleep. He said: �Do you remember what happened to Burton�s translation of the Arabian Nights?� My own impression was that Brunton Stephens destroyed the manuscript. Some people, however liberal they may be, or however doubting, have an aversion from disturbing the settled religious beliefs of others. Brunton Stephens was intense in his spiritual sense, and that may have been a reason for the destruction of a poem of great beauty and depth of thought. He was hyper-sensitive in this regard for the spiritual leanings of others. The McIlwraith Government gained a majority in the 1879 elections, ousting the Government at the head of which was Mr. John Douglas. The colleagues of Mr. Douglas in various offices, and with changes from one department to the other, included S. W. Griffith, J. F. Garrick, J. R. Dickson � all of whom were raised in later days to knighthood � R. M. Stewart, William Miles, Geo. Thorn, Peter McLean, and Charles Stuart Mein. Of these I knew all very well, save Mr. Stewart, though they were not in office when I came to Brisbane in 1881. To Mr. Douglas reference was made in an earlier page. As then said, he was more of a statesman than a politician, and, though he could put up a good fight when he thought the occasion demanded it, he was always more concerned in the welfare of the country than in a small party advantage. S. W. Griffith was tall and spare, and he wore a long brown beard. The whole of the Douglas ministry was bearded. That was a fashion of the day. Nor had we got to the vulgarity and the petty mindedness which centred its zest for jocularity on a man�s personal appearance. Sir S. W. Griffith in my opinion was the greatest of the public men of the country, though not as a party politician. Sir J. F. Garrick was a brilliant lawyer, a well set up, handsome man, cultured, and of great personal charm He was a remarkably fine speaker, with a fine, ringing voice. Later, when he was Agent-General for Queensland, I saw a good deal of him, and knew more of his wonderfully sympathetic nature. Lovers of horseflesh will remember how sometimes he drove up to Parliament House with Mrs. and Miss Garrick in a covered phaeton and a spanking pair of bays. William Miles was the Jack Blunt of the Cabinet; a pastoralist, a strong man in financial matters, and to him was credited the origin of the �10,000,000 loan and the construction of the Cairns railway. Mr. Miles was one of the promoters also of the Royal Bank of Queensland. He had as a son-in-law Mr. Herbert Hunter, of Victoria Downs, the builder of Stanley Hall, near Clayfield, who was a director of the Royal Bank, and the owner of some first-class racehorses. Mr. Miles was the open enemy of McIlwraith and Palmer- not a vindictive enemy by any means, but a fighter. Probably it was a similarity of temperament which kept these fine old Queenslanders so far apart. Then there was James R. Dickson, later a Premier of Queensland, and our first member of the Federal Cabinet. Mr. Dickson (afterwards Sir James R. Dickson) was rather sententious in manner, but very capable, very courteous, and always the good friend of newspaper men. He made his home on the heights just beyond Breakfast Creek, a charming stone house known as Toorak, and from which Toorak Hill takes its name. Mr. Fred Dickson, Crown Prosecutor, is a son of Sir James. George Thorn had been Premier from June 5 to March 8, 1877. He graduated from Sydney University, where he had a distinguished career, and was a fine Latin scholar. Virgil was to him not only a great poet, but an agricultural authority. The �Bucolics� he specially admired, and would declaim page after page with more zest than he ever put into a political speech. George Thorn was very capable, but he was not taken altogether seriously, because he would not take himself seriously. Peter McLean was an earnest Scot, a Logan River farmer, a great reader, and the dominant star in the temperance firmament. Later he became Under Secretary for Agriculture, and did the State good service. He was a particularly good debater. Last on the list is Charles Stuart Mein, a well-known solicitor, and a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Defence Force. He was in later years raised to the Supreme Court Bench, and was a wise and capable judge. All of the Douglas Ministry are sleeping the long sleep, the last to go being Mr. Peter McLean � good, hearty, and hardy Scot. The party cemented up from more or less antithetical elements by Sir Thomas McIlwraith � who was plain Mr. McIlwraith then � gained a considerable victory, and took office in January, 1879. The party went to the country under a magnetic leadership, as well as with a popular programme. McIlwraith was a Scottish engineer who came to Australia in connection with the railway contracts and bridge building of Peto, Brassey and Betts. The Brassey of the firm afterwards was Lord Brassey. McIlwraith became interested in pastoral properties, and was socially very popular. He was big and florid, and pictures in 1881 showed that a few years earlier he had attended a fancy dress ball as �The Maranoa Baby,� with cape and long robe and the bottle usual with infants. It was a great joke. A salient of his policy was borrowing for reproductive works, such as railways and harbours. It may be explained that the policy of what was termed the Liberal Ministry in the matter of railway building finance, was to proclaim reserves, under the Railway Reserves Act, and to sell blocks, alternately or otherwise, devoting the receipts to construction. The McIlwraith alternative scheme was to borrow money, build the railways, and then sell the land. The idea caught the popular fancy, and especially when it was backed by a popular proposal to borrow �3,000,000 on the London market. The figure was sensational at the time, for we had not then become accustomed to financial plunging, laying up burdens by way of taxation to pay interest, and taking away from industrial production a very big proportion of the population to join the great army employed at �the Government stroke.� I had heard John Murtagh Macrossan expound the policy in Cooktown, and it struck me as likely to be good for a young country. It certainly was for a time, but the germ of borrowing has been ever since an acute influence in public affairs. The general trend of McIlwraith�s mind was to big, dramatic methods of development. He was obsessed by the glamour of Sir John Macdonald�s policy in Canada, though the Queensland movement came along rather earlier than the letting of the contract for the new Canadian-Pacific railway, which was in May, 1881. The development was towards land-grant railways, and chiefly the Transcontinental railway, north and south in Qld. But McIlwraith was not the father in Queensland of the land grant railway idea. The first public move was by John Douglas about a year after he had left responsible public life. In 1881, McIlwraith had a very strong team; men of affairs, capable in their way, and very big men in the public eye. His right hand man was Sir Arthur Palmer, with whom he was connected by marriage. They were married to two of the Mosman sisters � Lady Palmer was slight, dark, and very reserved, yet her intimates spoke of her always as a very sweet woman. Lady McIlwraith was robust, cheery, a delightful hostess, and very fond of the brighter side of life. But that is a digression, Sir Arthur Palmer had been Premier in 1870-74 of a pastoralist Government, and McIlwraith had been Secretary of Works and Mines in the Macalister Ministry, January to October, 1874. Arthur Hunter Palmer was of Irish birth, and he was soon after his arrival in Australia superintendent of the Dangar stations in New South Wales. He was masterful, quick to wrath, easily appeased, and those who knew him best said he had a heart of gold. He was a capable and conscientious administrator, and gave to Queensland many years of devoted service. He settled down at a charming home, Easton Gray, Toowong, and was a familiar figure for years on the River Road with his smart phaeton and speedy pair of ponies. He was a pastoralist of the purest Merino. He closed his political career as President of the Legislative Council. No man was more familiarly known in politics; and his blunt, brusque way came to be regarded as a matter of course. On one occasion I heard him give a well deserved rebuke to a number of his guests � while he was Lieutenant Governor � at a Queen�s birthday ball. During the supper, and just before Sir Arthur Palmer rose to propose the toast of �Her Majesty the Queen,� a number of the guests rose, and noisily left the supper room to dance some �extras.� It was a flagrantly ill-mannered thing to do, but probably was attributable to want of knowledge of the proprieties. Sir Arthur let out with characteristic frankness, and vainly Lady Palmer sought to quell the storm. The Lieutenant � Governor had his say, and it was just as well. He had the sympathy and support of the people generally. Next day a few of the offenders called at Government House, and sincerely apologised. �Well,� said the Lieutenant-Governor, �I didn�t know you were in it, but this I will say, that to call and apologise is a dam decent thing to do.� Sir Arthur Palmer on another occasion, and with less justification perhaps, appeared as a censor morum. A very fine distinguished actress was to appear at the Theatre Royal in Dumas� play of �The Lady of the Camellias.� Our Lieutenant Governor had heard of the play and decided that it was �nasty�; so under orders, his son and A.D.C., Willie Palmer, wrote declining the vice-regal patronage, and giving a frank reason. The letter halted a little grammatically, and the leading man at the theatre read it out to the audience. The episode created a laugh; but the letter, in its sense, was characteristic. Sir Arthur Palmer, rough of speech as he sometimes was, would not tolerate anything which he deemed indecent in literature or art. Which reminds me that on the occasion of a big exhibition in Brisbane certain beautiful specimens of French statuary were sent through the instrumentality of the secretary, Mr. Jules Joubert. The works were more French than a French bean, and shocked some of the people on the Exhibition Committee. It was said that in deference to the very forcibly expressed views of Sir Arthur, little calico coulottes were bestowed on the pale, unconscious marble. I cannot vouch for the truth of the whole of the story. These little incidents illustrate one side of the character of the man who was so conspicuous a figure in our public life, so great a pioneer, so earnest and clean handed a worker. Sir Arthur Palmer was at heart a Puritan, and who is there of us big enough to throw a flippant word at his memory? Not I, for one. Why are the memories of great men such as he not perpetuated in our public places? The first Minister for Justice with McIlwraith was John Malbon Thompson, an Ipswich solicitor, but he retired after about four months. Mr. Thompson was punctilious, courteous, and much esteemed. He had served as Lands Minister in the Palmer Government, 1870-73. I did not know him personally. He was succeeded by Mr. Ratcliffe Pring Q.C., afterwards Mr. Justice Pring, under the title of Attorney-General. Pring was a brilliant lawyer, with lots of Parliamentary experience, for he had been Attorney General in the Mackenzie Ministry in 1867 and in the Lilley Ministry in 1869. He was a fighter, and a very successful criminal law advocate. He went to the Supreme Court Bench before my arrival in Brisbane. I knew him, but not very well, and our private talks were mainly about horses. He had been the owner of some pretty good racing stuff, and usually rode about Brisbane on a good sort of roadster, a black about 15 hands being his best. Mrs. A. V. Drury was a sister of Mr. Pring. On his elevation to the Bench he was succeeded as Attorney General by Mr. Henry Rogers Beor, but that was before my time in Brisbane. Two men who were to play important parts in the Australian judiciary were in succession Attorneys General in the McIlwraith Government � Pope Alexander Cooper, later Sir Pope, the Chief Justice of Queensland; and Mr. Charles Edward Chubb, later Mr, Justice Chubb, of the Supreme Court. I had met them both in the North when they were on circuit. Cooper was born in New South Wales, had a distinguished school and University career, and went to the Bar in England. He was a nephew of Fred. Cooper, also a barrister, who was member for Cook in our Legislative Assembly. Pope Cooper succeeded Beor as member for Bowen. He was not at all keen on politics, though he did very well in Parliament, and as Attorney General having first call on the Supreme Court vacancy, he took it, and did much better on the Bench than was expected. He was much interested in art, and somewhat in music. His wife, who predeceased him by a good many years, was a very fine musician, and published some charming songs with her own words and music. On a few occasions Mrs. Pope Cooper did musical notices for the �Observer� when I edited it as a morning paper, and notably one very fine article on the Montague- Turner Opera Co. Mr. Justice Chubb, now retired, had always literary tastes, and knew a good picture. His father, a well-known solicitor, was a playwright and poet, with an inclination to the humorous. Succeeding Pope Cooper for Bowen, Mr. C. E. Chubb was a success in Parliament. He was an excellent debater, and had the very warm respect in the Assembly of the severe and somewhat bitter Griffith Opposition. He was sincere and tolerant and soon showed the qualities which made his appointment to the Bench later on a very popular one. In his quiet sober way he had quite a fund of whimsical humour, and it was said of him that in his younger days he was never at a loss for a botanical or Latin name for a plant. �Of course,� said Frederick Manson Bailey, the Government Botanist, �you may call a plant whatever you like, and so long as people do not understand they are quite satisfied.� Mr. Justice Chubb has retired from the bench after a long and very honourable service. He was born and schooled in England, but he has been a warm friend of his adopted State. Mrs. Chubb, who died some years ago, was a daughter of that very fine Queenslander, Sheriff McArthur, of the Northern Supreme Court. Charlie Hardie Buzacott was Postmaster-General in the first McIlwraith Government, and certainly, was the father of the Divisional Boards Act, which gave a remarkably good system of decentralization within the State. He remained in office for over a year, and then found his task as managing proprietor of the Brisbane Newspaper Co. demanded the whole of his time. It was remarkable that though Mr. Buzacott had in ordinary conversation an impediment in his speech he was quite fluent when on the platform or in Parliament. He was succeeded by Boyd Dunlop Morehead, who was Premier in 1888. Morehead as a wag � bright and really witty. On an occasion the law firm of Little and Browne (late Little, Browne and Ruthning) had done some work for the Government, and presented an account, which was certainly long and considered �pretty stiff.� Some talk was indulged in as to the capacity of lawyers. A few days later a Birds protection Bill was going through Parliament, and some one asked: �What is your definition of a snipe?� Morehead rapped back, �A little brown bird with a very long bill!� The after Morehead came F. T. Gregory, on the of the Gregory brothers, so well known as explorers. He was a surveyor, a man of much ability, but rather overshadowed by his brother, A. C. afterwards Sir A. C. Gregory. Macrossan and Perkins I have referred to in a previous chapter. Albert Norton succeeded Macrossan as Minister for Mines and Works. As already stated Mr. John Douglas was the first in Queensland to bring prominently to notice the question of land grant railways. The system later was bitterly opposed by S. W. Griffith, who had succeeded Mr. Douglas as leader of what was recognised as the Liberal or Radical Party; but Douglas was always favourable to it. Of course, when McIlwraith introduced his big scheme, termed by one of its leading active opponents, Mr. H. Hardacre (present member of the Land Court), �the gridiron scheme,� things had developed rather unfavourably in Canada. The scandals associated with the name of Sir John Macdonald (who was absolutely cleared by a Royal Commission) gave arguments against the �big syndicate� methods. It was on February 4, 1881, that John Douglas called a meeting in Brisbane to consider the land grant railway question. It was said then that American capital was available and that a Mr. McClure, who was in Sydney, was prepared to undertake to finance a scheme. Mr. Douglas suggested as a first proposition a line to Cunnamulla, which would open up the country and preserve the South-western trade to Brisbane. The scheme would be under what was known as the Railway Companies Preliminary Act, which contemplated alternative offers and conditions. Mr. Douglas explained that a line of 500 miles would require from a company a capital of �500,000, with �50,000 paid up. The company would then issue stock bearing interest, and the purchasers of the stock would then have the option of continuing to receive interest, taking land as collateral security, or of converting the stock into land. The �Courier� pointed out that there was no definite scheme, but Mr. Buzacott had favoured the land grant system at the conference, and mentioned that lines could be built at �2100 per mile. He saw no reason why land grant lines should not be constructed right through the country. Mr. Gresley Lukin, it may be mentioned, had been agitating the question in Melbourne, but he favoured a line opening up the country explored by the �Queenslander� expedition � Favenc and Briggs � and this agitation was really the genesis of the definite Transcontinental Railway, from the terminus at the Queensland Central Railway to Point Parker. It may be observed that had the railways been built on the land grant system, Queensland would have had only a tithe of her present public debt, and the land would still have been there for the purposes of taxation. And also, there would have been much closer settlement in the past 35 years over a great part of the State. Did we make a mistake when we loaded up the people generally with taxes, and as it seems for all time, by borrowing money for railway building? It may be observed that the idea of John Douglas was not to leave the workings of the railways to a private company, but to allow the company to build the lines and take land as payment The idea would shock the perpetual lease advocates, but they may not be quite so wise as they believe. At any rate our interest bills and our worry over conversion loans are not dreams. In 1881 the Duke of Manchester visited Queensland, and every one hastened to do him honour, to give him a hearty welcome. The Duke enjoyed his visit to the country places, he spied out land-grant railway matters, and became interested in some pastoral properties. He was a stranger, and we �took him in.� One story is told of his inspection of a far West property, where there was a charming host and a rally of the host�s pals, all real good sorts. The place was sparsely stocked, but the books didn�t show that, and as the Duke was taken out to see the cattle little mobs were deftly moved from place to place, and really Wingeroo, or whatever was the name of the run, seemed to carry about 50 head to the mile. Once the Duke stopped and said: �Mr. Blank, these cattle are wonderfully alike.� �Just a matter of breeding, your Grace,� was the ready reply. �We breed from the best Shorthorn strains in the country, and the stock varies little.� It is related that the cattle were �blacks, browns and brindles� and all other colours. I fancy the Duke did not buy the run. At another place he met R. W. Stuart, �Dick� Stuart, noted as an artist, horseman, and rough rider. Stuart had a few quiet bullocks, and on a camp to show how well cared for the cattle were, he caught an occasional beast and mounted it. On another occasion, to make up a four-in-hand team for a short run with the Duke, Stuart put a bullock in near side on the pole. Another story of the Duke was told me at Roma in the days when Mount Abundance was so hospitable a centre and �Jock� Robertson was cock-of-the-walk. Bridget was pressed into the service as housemaid and to wait at the table. She was very good, but a wee bit rough. It was explained to her very carefully, �Now Bridget, before you ask the Duke anything you must say �Your Grace� At table Bridget was handing round vegetables, and when she came to the Duke she said, �For what we are about to receive, etc will you have a spud?�
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2410	dbpedia	2	47	https://farmerofthoughts.co.uk/collected_pieces/plays-graves-and-automobiles/	en	Plays, graves and automobiles	https://farmerofthoughts…avicon-32x32.png	https://farmerofthoughts…avicon-32x32.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "Tom Shakespeare", "disability", "sociology", "broadcaster", "campaigner", "achondroplasia", "restricted growth", "bioethics", "University of East Anglia" ]	null	[ "Tom Shakespeare" ]	2017-09-07T07:44:07+01:00	“What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet.” Romeo and Juliet All my life, my name has preceded me. “What a lovely name”, people say, and sometimes I feel like replying: but would you really want to be called Shakespeare? Sometimes, it feels a bit… Read More from Plays, graves and automobiles	en	https://farmerofthoughts…e-touch-icon.png	Tom Shakespeare	https://farmerofthoughts.co.uk/collected_pieces/plays-graves-and-automobiles/	“What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet.” Romeo and Juliet All my life, my name has preceded me. “What a lovely name”, people say, and sometimes I feel like replying: but would you really want to be called Shakespeare? Sometimes, it feels a bit like having a disfigurement. You can’t escape such a surname. Everyone’s curious about you, anonymity becomes impossible, you don’t get forgotten. It makes a big difference to your everyday encounters to be the namesake of the most famous writer who ever lived. Being a Shakespeare does create unexpected openings. When Sam Wanamaker asked my father to sit on the Board of the Globe Theatre project, of course it was not just my father’s contacts and charm which he hoped to exploit, but mainly his name. I hope that when I was appointed to the Arts Council in 2004, being a Shakespeare was irrelevant. We all want to be wanted for ourselves, don’t we? Could anyone feel comfortable, progressing in life because of what they were called, or who their parents are, or because they tick a box on a form? I’m not sure whether it would be worse to be the token disabled person, or the token Shakespeare. Being a Shakespeare adds lustre to life, but can also be a liability. You gain recognition, but how can you live up to that name? It’s always there as an implicit comparison. When my grandfather made political speeches, more than once his rhetoric was described as Shakespearean. A 1936 Sunday Times profile described him as “a lean, sharp-featured youngish man of 43 who looks like Iago but laughs like Falstaff”. Later in life he turned his hand to writing plays. Plays! I can’t even begin to think what nerve it would take for someone called Shakespeare to write plays. Talk about setting yourself up for failure. Think of the audience reaction as they file out: “you’d have expected better, from a Shakespeare”. No wonder my cousin Nicholas, the most successful of my many writer relatives, sticks to novels. His grandfather – another William Shakespeare – was a published poet, his slim volumes containing rather fine war poetry in the Georgian style. Did they write because of some inner urge, or because if you bear the name, it seems unavoidable? When you’re called Shakespeare, that’s the first thing people ask you about, often because they don’t know how to spell it. I’m always amazed that anyone could not know, but perhaps I’m underestimating the general public. They probably know full well that there are 4000 possible variant spellings. The poet’s father John was an alderman in Stratford, and his name appears in the records on 66 different occasions, in a total of sixteen different versions, of which the most common was Shaxpeare. Most people have a relentless curiosity to know whether I can trace my family back to the poet. It’s the question that arises at some point in every conversation with a stranger: “are you related?” It gives you a celebrity which is entirely undeserved. And that’s just having the surname. But as far back as we can trace it, there have been William Shakespeares in our family. Since the seventeenth century, seven generations out of nine have included a William. Parents can’t seem to resist putting that burden on their child. Do people called Shelley or Dickens or Hardy get asked? Probably not, because few namesakes are as conspicuous as mine, although I’ve met a Michael Jackson and a Paul McCartney who must get bored of the jokes. As a child, I remember the day a medical researcher came to take samples for a study of restricted growth: William Shakespeare and Tom Shakespeare and James Shakespeare rolled up their sleeves as Dr Wordsworth collected their blood, but no photographer was on hand to register the coincidence. And only Shakespeare, perhaps, guarantees international recognition. Although of course legions of Americans and Japanese make pilgrimages to Haworth and Near Sawrey, as well as to Stratford. In San Francisco once I went to have my washing done, and the Chinese lady filling out the form asked for my surname. “Shakespeare”, I said. She barked impatiently: “What?” “Shakespeare”, I repeated. She looked blank. I remembered that my granny had brought me back a jade chop from Hong Kong, on which my surname was translated into Chinese, and tried again: “Sha Se Pay Ah” “Ohh!” – because admiration is the same tone in any language – “Sha Se Pay Ah!” At least the laundry came back safely. When my grandfather was in the United States visiting his sister Mary in Chicago in the 1950s, he sent some shirts to be washed. Several days later, a girl from the laundry phoned: “Is that you, Mr. Shakespeare? I ain’t returning your collars. I never seen one marked Shakespeare before. They are going in my collection.” By calling his firstborn William Shakespeare, my grandfather made it even harder for this rather introspective disabled person to remain anonymous. When my father was still a young man, he drove his car into a telegraph pole, was thrown out of the sun roof, and landed unconscious in the ditch. He was rescued by a passing cyclist who called the ambulance. When the ambulance driver got to Bedford Hospital, he told the nurses: “This poor chap is off his head. He must be badly concussed. He keeps telling me his name is William Shakespeare”. But my father obviously relished the attention his name caused, judging from the timing of his engagement announcement. Calling his son William and turning his hand to drama shows that my grandfather Geoffrey was never bashful about the purported connection. When I was a child, I remember being impressed with a leather-bound book at my grandfather’s house. It was large and red, like the one which Eamon Andrews carried on “This is your life”. The gold letters embossed on the cover read “The Shakespeare Pedigree”. We’d just got a King Charles Spaniel at the time, so this was a bit confusing to me. Dogs had pedigrees, which explained why ours was rather highly strung and aristocratic, not to say daft. But, I discovered, humans have pedigrees too (that word, pedigree by the way, comes from the Latin ped for foot, and grus for crane, referring to the way that the connecting lines make the shape of a bird’s claws). Geoffrey had always been proud of his surname, and after the war, when his political career came to an end, he had commissioned the College of Arms to compile the family tree. Undoubtedly, he hoped to prove, once and for all, a connection to the playwright. There are hundreds of Shakespeares in the Pedigree: about the vast majority, nothing is known. The same names recur through the centuries: William, Humphrey, Benjamin, Thomas, John, Ursula, Judith…. When I was a child, I felt rather privileged, having so many ancestors. Genealogy, and no pun is intended here, has a long history. The family tree was devised in medieval times, with the Biblical lineage of Jesus’ descent from King David one of the first examples. It is a potent image, even though the way it is usually pictured – ancestors in the upper branches, heir as the trunk – is nonsensical, given that trees grow from the trunk upwards. For centuries, genealogy was the preserve of the aristocracy, but in the modern era, it gradually became democratised. In 1915, Reverend Frederic W.Bailey patented his Family Ancestral Album, allowing the owner to record both paternal and maternal forebears, the ingenious design of the cutaway pages creating an early form of hypertext. As Bailey said at the time, “Every man living has many fathers and mothers great and grand, and he ought to keep a personal record of them and not trust it all to memory or to someone else to keep it for him.” Unlike my grandfather, most people these days do their genealogical research themselves. You don’t need to have a famous or a distinguished lineage anymore. The great leap forward for family history came with the advent of the internet. There are now an estimated 250,000 amateur historians in the UK, and tracing your origins is a major leisure activity. It is as if Britain was suffering a national identity crisis. Genealogy is the second commonest search term on the Internet, after sex. Digital technology is enabling a new generation of local historians and family detectives to trace their roots or become reunited with school friends or long lost relatives. When the 1901 Census was put online in January 2002, the site crashed after 1 million hits in the first three hours, and there were 150 million hits in the first week. A market has sprung up to service the demand: magazines, evening classes, and the BBC offering us “Who Do You Think You Are”, cleverly linking our obsession with celebrities to our fascination with our roots. Genealogy has become for many a good way to fill the long years of their retirement, which may be why the journey of discovery has become as important as the destination itself. There is literally no end to the avenues down which genealogical research can go. Some people follow one surname, others diversify into the families of the women who have married into the line. It becomes, for many people, an obsession. North Americans and Antipodeans trace their ancestors back to Ireland or Scotland or England, returning to get a sense of where they came from, often dismayed to find the locals are far less interested in the past than they are. To my grandfather’s disappointment, the pedigree research conducted for him in the 1940s was inconclusive. We certainly can’t be direct descendents, because Shakespeare’s last surviving relative, Elizabeth Shakespeare, died in 1670. We might, according to the professional genealogists, be very distant cousins. It all depends whether the Humphrey who is our ancestor and had a daughter called Ursula was related to another Humphrey who had a daughter called Ursula who was almost certainly part of the poet’s extended family. Back in the early 1500s, records are incomplete, the picture murky. We are certainly the only family called Shakespeare who can trace their origins back to the sixteenth century. That loose, unproven connection was good enough for my grandfather, and it was good enough for the College of Arms, who granted him the same coat of arms which had been given to Shakespeare in 1596 “Gold, on a bend sable a spear of the first, the point steeled proper; and for his crest or cognizance a falcon, his wings displayed, argent, standing on a wreath of his colours, supporting a spear gold, steeled as aforesaid, set upon a helmet with mantel and tassels, as hath been accustomed.” But, as Geoffrey Shakespeare wasn’t a verified descendent, to his shield was added a portcullis, symbol of his time in Parliament, and an anchor, because he had been Parliamentary Lord of the Admiralty. The motto remained non sans droict – not without reason – surely ironic given the doubts about our origins. Because, no matter how many times as a child I painstakingly copied and coloured in the heraldic emblems, as I grew up, it never seemed convincing to me, as if simply by bearing the name Shakespeare I was some sort of charlatan. When people asked about the family connection, I did not know how to answer. They wanted certainty, and I couldn’t give it. There was no definite relationship. But there might have been. We didn’t know. It was a mystery. So I decided to go back to Stratford, because one thing was certain. Our ancestors definitely came from Warwickshire. All Shakespeares come from the West Midlands. There were earlier Shakespeares in Gloucestershire from 1285, but that line seems to have died out. In the 1881 census, there were 1669 Shakespeares in Britain, of whom 680 lived in Warwickshire. In 1851, there had only been 300 Shakespeares in Warwickshire, which shows how the English population was increasing during this period. The College of Arms research proved that our own branch of the family lived in the county until about 1850 when my great great grandfather Benjamin Shakespeare moved to Kilham, Yorkshire to serve as its Baptist minister. Of course, I’d been to Stratford before. We’d had a family outing during my childhood. I remember my father giving his name at Holy Trinity Church, and all four us being waved through to see the grave without having to pay. I thought it was the least they could do really. And later, when I was at boarding school near Oxford, our English class had attended RSC productions several times. But I had not returned to the ancestral home for more than 20 years. It was time to discover the truth. Time to reclaim the inheritance. Time to find out why Shakespeare was so important anyway. In preparation for the trip I thought I should read some books about Shakespeare’s life and work. I was disturbed to find that the Newcastle University library listed 2,466 titles, which would surely take me ten years to read, assuming I did nothing else. The Amazon online bookshop claims that there are 21, 612 books by or about William Shakespeare in print, which would consume most of a lifetime. And then of course the articles and conference papers on Shakespeare would run into hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions. Even deciding which biography to read isn’t a simple task. It may feel like there has been a rich crop published recently, particularly Peter Ackroyd’s biography, and James Shapiro’s 2005 book covering just one of Shakespeare’s 53 years. But I discovered that since Nicholas Rowe wrote the first biographical sketch of Shakespeare in 1709, a daunting stream of authors have attempted to sum up the man. A quick search revealed Nathan Drake (1817) Augustine Skottowe (1824) Halliwell-Phillips (1848), Thomas Kenny (1864) Richard Grant White (1866) Edward Dowden (1875), Henry Norman-Hudson (1882), Federick Gard Fleay (1886) William Leighton (1879) Karl Elze (1888) Daniel Webster Wilder (1893) Sydney Lee (1898), John Masefield (1911) JQ Adams (1923) EK Chambers (1930) Peter Alexander (1939) Hazelton Spencer (1940) Hesketh Pearson (1949) Giles Dawson (1958) Frank Halliday (1961) Al Rowse (1963), Peter Levi (1988) Dennis Kay (1992), Park Honan (1998), Michael Wood (2003). When I got to fifty biographies, I stopped listing them – and I fear that there are dozens more out there, lurking in the libraries and second hand bookshops. Writing a life of Shakespeare appears to be a rite of passage for a man of letters, a kind of irresistible literary Haj for the self-respecting critic or historian. There are so many books about Shakespeare’s life that there’s even a book about books about Shakespeare’s life, entitled, unimaginatively, Shakespeare’s Lives[i] And all of this about a man whose 53 years are almost entirely shrouded in mystery. When it comes to the details of who he was, what he was like, where he went and how and why he managed to write those 37 plays, 154 sonnets and four long poems, we know pretty much nothing. There’s even a debate as to what he actually looked like and which, if any, of the portraits or busts might possibly offer an accurate representation. It’s lack of knowledge of Shakespeare which makes it both possible and tempting for so many people to add their own interpretations to the mix. The extraordinary status of Shakespeare both nationally and internationally, the constant production and reproduction of his plays and the ubiquity of his image – even on bank notes and credit cards – has become an industry, a self-perpetuating bandwagon of forest-destroying proportions (although that might also be a metaphor of which no true descendent of Shakespeare could possibly be proud). Graham Holderness has labelled this the Shakespeare myth, and detects sinister consequences arising from our bardolatory: “Shakespeare, it has always been claimed, can make us wise, and good, and free. On the contrary, ‘Shakespeare’ can, radical criticism is beginning to suggest, operate to delude, to corrupt and to enslave.” (1988, 5). Thankfully, this warning about the political dangers of ‘Shakespeare’ – the idealised English past, the cult of personality, the individualism of his drama – has not prevented Professor Holderness himself contributing more than 20 books to the pile of Shakespeare criticism Marxist criticism now seems more dated that the plays themselves, although when I realised that Amazon also lists 62 sports and leisure items relating to Shakespeare, and such household goods as the William Shakespeare money clip, William Shakespeare cufflinks, William Shakespeare stainless steel hipflasks and a pewter William Shakespeare bottle stopper, I felt that perhaps the commodification of my putative ancestor might have gone a bit too far. I also realised that my house is thankfully and remarkably devoid of Shakespeariana. Aside from the Collected Works, I have unaccountably failed to stock up on Bard bric-a-brac over the last forty years. Perhaps this journey to the motherlode would give me the chance to remedy my omission. Or alternatively, if taken by a critical mood, I could lambaste the naked commercialism of the Shakespeare industry, which apparently brings the town of Stratford an annual revenue of £240 million. Although, come to think of it, claiming my share of that inheritance might be more rewarding. I had plotted my week-long road trip through the heart of England carefully. I usually prefer to take the train than to drive long distances. I worry about breaking down, there’s my terrible sense of direction to worry about, and I try to avoid anything that might provoke one of my regular episodes of lower back pain. However, this time the car made sense. I had speaking engagements in Huddersfield, Warwick and Northampton, then an Arts Council meeting in Stratford, and in between, I planned to stay with my brother and my mother. Only the wettest summer on record stood between me and my origins. But apart from a long and scenic detour via the Peak District in order to avoid the temporarily submersible city of Sheffield, to my relief the journey began smoothly. After giving a sixth form lecture and enjoying the hospitality of Warwick School, which dates from the tenth century and claims to be the oldest school in England, I set off for Henley-in-Arden, after a frustrating hour spent going round in circles in Warwick town centre. I planned to save Stratford itself until later, because first I wanted to visit the places where my known relatives had lived and died. Eventually, I reached the birthplace of William Shakespeare (the one who was my great great great grandfather, baptized in 1778). I knew Henley would be a lovely place, as soon as I drove through the tunnel of trees at the eastern entrance to the town. People said hello when you passed them on the street, and there was a useful Heritage Centre which explained that a wealthy American had become the local benefactor, after purchasing the right to call himself Lord of the Manor. I told the old ladies at the counter that my ancestors had once lived in Henley, and they seemed surprised to hear that we had ever decided to leave. The Church of St John the Baptist was locked, but I discovered behind it the little Guildhall garden. It seemed to be a suitably historic oasis in which to eat my sandwiches. There were hanging baskets of fuchsias, washing hung out to dry and a very friendly chocolate Labrador which sat six inches from me staring hungrily at my lunch. I had the uncomfortable feeling I might be trespassing on private property, but when the householder returned he seemed unperturbed to see me there, and explained that I could always visit the other local church at Beaudesert. In times past, it had been divided from Henley by a river, making it a separate parish. If you have information about where your family originate, and it’s the sort of thing which interests you, perhaps it’s obvious that you’d go back to your roots. But when you drive up to the place, what do you do? Get out and walk around, imagining what it might have been like, without the four by fours and the executive homes, the telephone boxes and the Spar shop? Rural English villages have gone up in the world. Where once were uneducated yeomen, now are spendthrift commuters. So you go to the church, the one fixed place, the building of which at least some parts – according to Pevsner – date back from the days when your forebears worked the fields. You stand in the churchyard, where you know for certain your ancestors came most Sundays, and try to imagine a lineage into being. Other cultures have a stronger connection to their past, as I’ve found out on my speaking tours. In Japan, you don’t have to be alive to be counted as a family member. The job of the living is to ensure the ancestral line continues; the role of the dead is to provide spiritual guidance. The welfare of the living depends on the well-being of the dead, which is why every home has its shrine. In Iceland, it is the custom to visit the graves of your ancestors at Christmas Eve and New Year, and also at their birthdays. At the holidays, there is a traffic jam outside the main cemetery, as people drive up to put candles, Christmas wreathes, and three electric lights by each grave. It can take an hour to make the short journey, according to my friend Rannveig. In her view, Icelanders take more strength from their ancestors than they do from God. This most prosperous of European nations resembles native Americans or Australian aboriginal culture in the way that it venerates ancestors, lives close to nature, and has a strong sense of the closeness of the spirit world. But then I visited St Nicholas’, Beaudesert, a place where I know my ancestors once lived. I went down the lane in Henley, across a neat bridge over a river which was now much smaller than it must once have been. As named by the Normans, Beaudesert had literally been a wildness, somewhere to go for good hunting. It now seems to be a good place to go for smart new housing developments with ornamental iron gates and intercoms, more des res than desert. The church has a late Norman door with characteristic semi circle of chevrons. But in the graveyard, almost all the stones are twentieth century. My first reaction was scorn at the gradual decline of taste in funerary ornamentation and corresponding increase in sentimentality over the twentieth century. Then I noticed how every grave has become a tiny garden. Families have planted flowers, mostly rather blowsy, the yellows, pink, oranges and purples clashing horribly. Watering cans and trowels were secreted behind each headstone. As I wandered the churchyard, hoping for an ancient gravestone marking the presence of my own long lost relatives, I passed a mobility scooter parked on the path. An old man tended what I assumed was the grave of his wife. Work done, he sat on the nearby bench, his hands clasped. I imagined he was telling her about his week. In Britain, we may not have quite the same rituals, but for many the dead still live on, as they do in the spontaneous floral tributes that sprout at the site of roadside accidents. From Henley, where my people had been living in the late eighteen century, I drove on to Feckenham, just over the border in Worcestershire, where my earliest proven ancestor Humphrey Shakespeare died in 1689. It was another lovely English village, with little to jarr the first impression of deep age and permanence. The Queen Anne houses each had a well kept garden and a BMW outside. The church was once again the best place to look for my connections. It was next to the cricket pitch, with its neat white picket fence and boundary of trees. It was a sturdy building, with chancel arches dating from the mid thirteenth century, but repainted in strong medieval patterns around 1900. I found nothing Shakespearean, but as I signed the visitors book, I noticed that I was not the first to make the journey back. A few weeks previously, George P had visited from Queensland, tracing the descendents of the blacksmiths of Feckenham in the early 1800s. Mona H had returned because it was where her father’s family originated. Rebecca P was looking for clues about the Laights, her local ancestors. Someone else wanted to know about the Leigntons. Other visitors had come to see the grave of their father or their grandfather. One party had visited on a pilgrimage to the grave of their great grandfather, George Brown. This was very pleasing to me. I thought that knowing where you came from is a knowledge we had lost, but now it has been resurrected by the internet age. Increasingly we go in search of our origins: people copy out registers and photograph graves, creating an international web of names and dates and connections. Does anyone find what they are looking for? What are they looking for, anyway? Perhaps a better sense of who they are, a more secure lodging in a world that moves fast and changes daily. People move homes, marry and remarry, do different jobs… whereas our peasant ancestors stayed put, working the same fields, scarcely changing from century to century. They knew little of the next county, let alone London or Europe. Feckenham churchyard was well looked after, and the retro Victorian iron street lamps now all had low energy light bulbs. Although there were many seventeenth and eighteenth century gravestones, most were encrusted with moss and algae and so worn by age that the inscriptions were indecipherable. I was disappointed not to find Shakespeares, but cheered up by the fine monument to Phoebe Lee, Queen of the Gypsies. Apparently, when she died in 1861 there was a big gypsy gathering at which her caravan was ceremonially burned. As I climbed into my car to leave, I noticed the battered telephone directory in the call box, and got out to check. There are 31 Shakespeares in the Worcester telephone directory, but none now live in Feckenham. Earlier, standing in the Beaudesert churchyard, my mobile phone had rung. It was Steve, my mysterious genealogy connection. A few years previously he had emailed me out of the blue. He now confirmed that where I really wanted was Preston Bagot, so I went there next. It’s a tiny hamlet off the road to Stratford. I drove past a clutch of very smart houses and up a lane so narrow that when a Range Rover came towards me, I had to reverse back several hundred yards. Despite the cross on the Ordinance Survey map, there was no evidence of a church. As I sat there, stuck, a solitary walker passed by with her dog. She pointed through the trees. I was in the right place. All Saints, Preston Baggott is a small and charming Norman church, with an unusual wooden steeple topped by a weather cock instead of a tower, but I found it locked. By the porch there was a Cotinus, and then a rosemary bush – for remembrance – and then, success! I spotted the gravestones for John Shakespeare, who died January 13 1840 at the age of 80, and his wife Hannah who died the following year aged 70. Here, at last was material evidence of someone from my own family tree. John and Hannah were the uncle and aunt of the Henley-in-Arden William Shakespeare. Which made them, as far as I can work out, my great great great great uncle and aunt. The churchyard was the loveliest I had visited, full of plain and simple graves, with roses and views of rural Warwickshire. Their grave would have to stand for the dozens of my other relatives who had lived and died in Preston Bagot, in Ipsley, in Henley in Arden and in other villages around. Not for the first time on my travels, I wished I had brought flowers. Now I was almost done with rural churches, but as I turned towards Stratford I made one final detour, to Snittersfield. It was here that Richard Shakespeare had been a tenant farmer of the Arden family around 1525-1560. It was his son John who had moved to Stratford in 1581, married Mary Arden, and whose son William had later written all those plays. As I was passing anyway, I thought I should pop in, on the off-chance. As I stood there in the cold church, noticing the scallop shells to connote that the patron saint of the church was St James the pilgrim, my own journey suddenly felt rather stupid. What was the point of visiting places where people who may or may not have been my ancestors may or may not have lived? I was not exactly going to get a sense of the lives they lived. Anyway, what possible difference could it make if I did prove to be related to Shakespeare? In genetic terms, if we shared a common ancestor but no other subsequent intermarriage, we would share one thirty two thousandth of our DNA. In other words, I would be about as biologically close to the poet as I was to most of the other white inhabitants of the West Midlands. But I’d come a long way, and I was still determined to experience the Shakespeare industry at first hand, and so ten minutes later I finally entered Stratford itself, hoping anxiously that my new sat nav would direct me towards my B+B. It did, and having parked up, I was free to investigate a town which turned out to be easy to explore on foot, even for someone who finds it difficult to walk any distance. Nor was the place overrun by tourists and spoiled by the heritage industry. It was still, as a sixteenth century map-maker wrote, emporium non inelegans. Within ten minutes, I found myself opposite the Birthplace, the epicentre of the global Shakespeare conspiracy. I noted that Stanley Wells, chairman of the Birthplace Trust and noted Shakespeare scholar, was giving a talk that evening on myths about Shakespeare. In the attached bookshop, I could see his book, Is It True What They Say About Shakespeare?, nestling alongside titles such as Shakespeare’s Cats and Easy Reading Shakespeare (the Bard in bite-sized pieces) but it seemed better to hear the Professor in person, so I bought my ticket. If you ignore Shakespearience, “a new multi-sensory attraction that presents the life and legacy of William Shakespeare in a spectacular and exciting way never seen before” – and I certainly did – the town today is remarkably free of tacky Bardolatory. The As You Like It Café and Sandwich Bar may be competing with the Food of Love Café, but this seems fairly mild, given that half a million visitors now throng to Stratford every year. In most other ways, Stratford is a typical English town, albeit overstocked with roaming Japanese and hordes of visiting American teenagers. Walking down Bridge Street, where according to Steve P my ancestor Thomas the Shoemaker once lived, I spotted Marks and Spencers nestling next to Next, Laura Ashley, Boots the Chemist, Woolworth and Clinton Cards, but sadly there was no longer a shoe shop, let alone a medieval building. On my stroll to the Birthplace, I hadn’t seen anywhere serving food, but the kind lady who sold me my ticket had several suggestions. As I walked down the High Street, The Garrick Inn seemed most appropriate. With blackened beams and boasting three resident ghosts, it is the oldest pub in Stratford and would surely have been known to my ancestors. The menu promised Traditional English Fayre, but Traditional Lasagne or Gammon and Pineapple or Thai Red Prawn Curry hardly seemed authentic, so I opted for the Beef and Ruddles Pie, the basic principle of which would have been familiar to your average Tudor diner, and very nice it was too, washed down with a pint of IPA. In the fourteenth century, the pub had been called the Reindeer, and then the Greyhound and then the New Inn, but it was renamed The Garrick in 1769 to celebrate actor David Garrick’s famous Shakespeare celebration, the event which Professor Graeme Holderness has described as “the great formal inauguration of bardolatory as a national religion” (xi), England’s obsession with our national poet took time to develop. When he died in 1616, William Shakespeare was buried in Holy Trinity Church, Stratford, not in Westminster Abbey like his contemporary Ben Jonson. In his lifetime, it was his poems rather than his plays which were published, and during most of the seventeenth century he was just one of a number of Tudor and Jacobean playwrights who had gone out of fashion. Although Shakespeare’s plays began to be revived and appreciated again in the early 18th century, it was Garrick’s abortive Shakespeare Jubilee in 1769 which kickstarted the Shakespeare cult. Anticipating making a killing on the spectacle, the locals hiked prices for accommodation and labour. The opening ceremony was a success, with David Garrick presenting a statue and portrait, and in return being elected Honorary Burgess, before performing his Ode to Shakespeare. However, a subsequent deluge of rain prevented the grand pageant of Shakespearean characters, ruined the fireworks display, and flooded Shottery Meadows where a steeplechase was to have been held. The locals muttered about divine punishment for idolatory, but in retrospect it may have been unwise to have scheduled an outdoor spectacle in early September. Garrick returned to London in high dudgeon, having lost considerable sums of money. He promptly recouped the debt by writing and performing a satirical play lampooning both the Jubilee and the people of Stratford, and never returned to the town. A steady stream of visitors followed Garrick to Stratford, although the festival he inaugurated died out after six years. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, later to become the second and third Presidents of the United States of America, visited in 1786. By 1793, a Mrs Mary Hornby was acting as unofficial custodian of the Shakespeare “relics”, as well as producing extemporary verses extolling the virtues of the poet, which sadly failed to match his poetic standards. A more appropriate heir was John Keats, who made his pilgrimage in 1817, and was strongly influenced by Shakespeare. His letters are full of quotations and references to the plays, and his copy of the Collected Works is heavily annotated. There would already have been souvenirs to buy, had Keats been that way inclined. According to legend, Shakespeare himself planted the mulberry tree in the garden behind the house, New Place, where he lived from 1610 until his death in 1616. It was probably one of the young mulberry trees which a Frenchman named Veron had distributed throughout the Midlands in 1609, after King James I had decided that the area should become the centre of England’s silk industry. So many visitors liked to take a sprig from the tree that when Rev Francis Gaswell bought the house in 1756 he promptly chopped it down. Gaswell claimed that the tree made the house damp and gloomy, but quite clearly his real motivation was to discourage sightseers. Thomas Sharpe, an entrepreneurial local craftsman, then bought the lumber and proceeded to make mementos including boxes, goblets, pastry cutters, tobacco jar stoppers and the ubiquitous Shakespeare bust, anticipating Amazon bookshop by several centuries. Tourists still like to have a peek at where Shakespeare would have lived, except that the house that Shakespeare bought back in 1597 was demolished and rebuilt in 1702, so it’s not clear how authentic the previous house was anyway, had it been there, which unfortunately it isn’t. Francis Gaswell’s impressive iconoclasm continued in 1759, when he destroyed the house itself, apparently in a quarrel over a tax bill. All that remains is a very large hole in the ground, surrounded by some rather nice flowers, but it’s well worth a look if you’re in the area. Such caveats attend almost all the sites associated with Shakespeare and his family. For example, Shakespeare’s birthplace in Henley Street is two houses, subsequently knocked into one. A room in the western end is shown off as the bedroom where Shakespeare was born, although there is no evidence that his father John owned that building before 1575, and in any case only the cellar of the building remains as it was at the date of William’s birth. These unfortunate facts have not stopped it becoming a place of pilgrimage. The supposed window of the supposed bedroom in which William Shakespeare was supposedly born bears the scratched names of writers including Carlyle, Scott, Dickens, Tennyson, Longfellow, Hardy and Mark Twain and others that are likely to be forgeries. It seems that visitors to Stratford have been as likely to leave their mark, as to want to take something of the place away with them. PT Barnum was impressed enough to try and buy the window for his travelling exhibition. Commercial exploitation came to an end in 1847 when after a public subscription the Birthplace and associated relics were bought for the nation for £3000, with Charles Dickens taking a leading role in the fundraising efforts by giving public readings. As a result of all the publicity, by 1850, 2,500 visitors were visiting the Birthplace each year. Stratford is place of supposition and guesswork, because Shakespeare himself is such a shadowy figure. The ring discovered in Holy Trinity Churchyard with the initials WS may have been his – but then it’s just as likely to have belonged to someone else because “such an attribution cannot be proved”. As the displays carefully say, he may have attended the grammar school. He might have taken this route to London, but then again, he might have taken another route entirely. Nor can anybody prove what he did during his “lost years” between 1585 – 1592. He might have been sailing the high seas, poaching deer, becoming a Catholic or turning into Francis Bacon for all we know. What the Birthplace Trust now describe as Mary Arden’s farm may or may not have been where his mother originated. But none of this bothers me. The wonderful aspect of Stratford’s association with Shakespeare is that dozens of Tudor houses have been preserved, thanks to the hard work of the Birthplace Trust. It’s like the medieval house of John Knox on Edinburgh High Street. The Calvinist reformer may never have lived there, but the apocryphal link has ensured the survival of a marvellous building. All the Shakespeare properties are beautiful houses with peaceful gardens, lovingly preserved. Whatever the truth of their provenance, their mythical associations have guaranteed the survival of a vital slice of history, which in other English towns has been obliterated by short-sighted planners, architects and developers The next morning, before I completed my viewing of the Shakespearean properties, I had an important family reunion, with Steve the genealogist. He had promised to drive over from Birmingham to explain what he had found out after his thirty years of family history research. We agreed to meet outside the Birthplace, but when I arrived at the appointed time, he was nowhere to be seen. I looked with interest at every passer-by in case they were my mysterious informant. Forty five minutes later, he turned up, spectacles askew and out of breath, with a mysterious teenage girl in tow. He had got lost in the one way system. We clearly shared the same propensity for losing our way, if not the same reliance on satellite navigation. As we sat in a nearby tea shop, Steve told me about his quest while his monosyllabic teenage daughter, sent one text after another into the ether. Steve was a seasoned researcher, who become interested in genealogy as a teenager, before Alex Haley’s Roots, before the internet, even before microfilm. His grandmother had been a Shakespeare, and after he had traced his father’s ancestors around Dudley, he started out on the other side of the family, searching in the local archives in Dudley, Worcester, Stafford, Litchfield, as well as the Public Records Office in London. He was now in touch with more than 50 Shakespeare genealogists world wide. As he began to take papers, charts and notes out of his carrier bag, I began to realise that it was unusual for Steve to find a listener who was actually keen to hear about his research, and part of me began to wish I had never asked. He was a man with a passion, or more accurately, an obsession. He knew far more about my origins than I did myself, far more perhaps than was healthy. He told me about the Leicester Shakespeares. He explained that he’d met a woman called Shakespeare from Henley in Arden who knew about that branch – our branch – being Baptists and selling Bibles. He told me about long lost American cousins, and a Thomas Shakespeare who had died in South America. He told me about the piles of Shakespearean genealogical records which were sitting in a library in Philadelphia, and I agreed that if I ever went back to America, I would go and photocopy them for him. As he talked, I wondered to myself why someone would spend decades of their life tracing their roots: hours searching through records of births and deaths, looking at gravestones. I have great admiration for genealogists, who must have to have patience, dedication, ingenuity and a very high boredom threshhold to get anywhere, but I wonder why they do it: how is life improved by knowing about all your ancestors since the sixteenth century? But then I realised that I am on exactly the same journey, exploring how inheritance has shaped me in different ways. It’s about seeing yourself in historical context, and understanding how you came to be the way you are. Like most of us, I lack the patience to take the genealogical route. I felt relieved that there are people like Steve to do the hard work, so that the rest of us don’t have to. After giving his overview, Steve began to outline his theory. According to him, almost all the surviving Shakespeares were related. The key was a man called Thomas of Balsall, who was the son of Adam Shakespeare, who appropriately enough was the ancestor of us all, back in 1389. Later I was to read confirmation in a book of surname history that everyone called Shakespeare was probably descended from the same man. Whatever the finer details, this sounded like good news to me. Next time someone asked, I could say with confidence that I was definitely related to Shakespeare. Distantly. Very, very, very, distantly. Steve’s radical move came next. The supposition made by most writers on Shakespeare was that he was the son of the John Shakespeare who was the son of Richard Shakespeare of Snittersfield. But Steve believed he had discovered the will of that John Shakespeare, who had died in a village called Clifford Chambers and therefore could not have been the father of the poet. I need not have bothered with my side trip to Snittersfield after all. The famous William Shakespeare must therefore have been the son of another John Shakespeare. According to Steve, this John was the grandson of Thomas of Balsall. As John Aubrey said, he was a butcher (not a glover like the “wrong” John Shakespeare). This theory also explained the existence of William Shakespeare’s cousin, Thomas Green, who otherwise is hard to connect to the poet’s family tree. John’s brother was Thomas of Warwick, whose grandson Humphrey was the possible father or grandfather of my own ancestor, Humphrey Shakespeare of Feckenham. In other words, if all Steve’s ifs and buts and suppositions were right, the poet Shakespeare’s grandfather Thomas would be my direct ancestor, and he and I would be… well, cousins, albeit very many times removed. I liked what I was hearing. I could see that Steve was no fantasist. For a non-professional, he was certainly scrupulous. He had worked it all out by logical deduction, and if a connection was suspected, rather than proven, he was willing to acknowledge that. And if I concentrated very hard, I could just about understand it all, despite the Ursulas and Hezekiahs and Humphreys and ale tasters and shoemakers and butchers who were buzzing around my head. I suggested to him that he should write a book. He said that’s exactly what he was doing, only his day job as a nurse in an old people’s home got in the way, and he was better at researching than writing. By now, Steve’s daughter was looking very bored indeed. I felt I couldn’t keep her there listening to us talk genealogy any longer. In any case, I had more Shakespeare properties to visit. And although Steve’s investigations suggested that the three of us were very very distant cousins, once we had exhausted the possibilities of our relationship to the poet there was little more for us to discuss. So we parted on cordial terms. I really did feel very grateful to Steve for spending all that time in libraries and archives to work everything out, on behalf of me and all the other scattered Shakespeares of the world. A few hours later, I saw Steve and Emma walking past the site of New Place, map in hand. I only hope they found where he’d parked the car eventually. By the end of the day, I’d visited Shakespeare’s birthplace; the site of the house where he lived out his final years; his wife Anne Hathaway’s childhood home; his son-in-law’s house; and the church where he was buried, looking at them all with the eyes of someone who now felt confident calling himself a distant cousin a few dozen times removed. I learned that an estimated sixteen million people had visited Anne Hathaway’s Cottage since it was first opened to the public. At times, I felt like a slightly disgruntled former proprietor. On a bright sunny day in May, walking through one of these low ceiling half-timbered buildings with its leaded windows and creaking wooden floors was like entering a painting by Vermeer. In the brief intervals before the arrival of another crocodile of noisy school children, the gardens of the houses were beautifully peaceful, filled with larkspur and sweet peas and marigolds and roses. That evening, sated with Shakespeariana, I sat in the meeting room of the Birthplace Trust and listened as Professor Stanley Wells, doyen of Shakespeare scholars and chair of the Trust, set out to dispel the many myths that have attached themselves to the Bard. Was he gay, was he Catholic, was he a heavy drinker, was he in fact someone else entirely, whether Francis Bacon or the Earl of Oxford or one of the sixty or so other alternative candidates? On this final point, I was glad to hear that Shakespeare was, according to Wells at least, most definitely Shakespeare. The last thing I wanted, having only just established that I had a reasonable claim to call myself a relative of the great man, was to find him dispossessed of his literary oeuvre. When I put up my hand, the question I wanted answered was: why so many myths? Why does Shakespeare attract cranks and conspiracy theories? Professor Wells suggested that the authorship controversies were motivated by snobbery: how could an untravelled, scantily educated provincial actor generate works of such brilliance? He suspected other factors such as ignorance, self-promotion, and the desire to cut a great man down to size had also played a part. For me, the question of Shakespeare’s stature and achievement was the last and greatest mystery, and one which I was least qualified to answer. During the week that followed my visit to Stratford, I saw three productions by the Royal Shakespeare Company. I listened to Michael Boyd, the artistic director, talk about his plans for the company, and toured the RSC theatres which are the spiritual heart of Stratford. And after all this, the question that continued to buzz around my head was not about my own relationship to the playwright, but rather, the question of why Shakespeare, above any others, is the most renowned of all writers, English or foreign. It may be a shaming confession, but I have often sat through performances of Shakespeare – including the annual visits of the RSC to Newcastle – and questioned why, half a millennium on, we are still struggling to understand opaque iambic pentameters, why we should care about the bizarre decisions of misguided rulers, and whether these stories truly have anything to say to us now. But then, to see it done really well, to hear the lines declaimed not in actorly pomp, but in heart-touching emotion, to watch Lear falling apart again, or to be surprised by laughter at a four hundred year old joke, proves that there’s something which connects to audiences still, something which is not about heritage, but about shared humanity. You could think of Shakespeare in the same way as you think about genealogy. Genealogy can be a conservative and culturally defensive approach to history, a matter of boosting one’s own importance, promoting racial purity or reviving the hierarchies of an imagined past. Or genealogy can be far more open, dynamic and fluid, showing how everything and everyone interconnects, how many people are ethnically hybrid, how families rise and fall and change. Some scholars suggest that Shakespeare’s work has survived better than that of his contemporaries because he was concerned not with the details of Elizabethan society or morality, but with broader questions of identity, politics and relationships. As Coleridge pointed out, his plays are often set in distant times and places, which would have been as unfamiliar to his audience as they are to us. These features ensure that eternal human issues become the heart of the drama. As Ben Jonson said in his preface to the First Folio, “he was not of an age, but for all time”. Shakespeare’s relevance to modern audiences is proof, perhaps, of how little humans have changed over five centuries. If so, this is a point in favour of those who argue for a genetic basis to human nature. It suggests that people still behave in very much the same ways, although the context in which we live and make choices is very different. Because, cliché though it may sound, it’s not just me who has William Shakespeare as an ancestor, but all of us. * * * * * A few months ago, I was looking for my Wishlist, that convenient page on the Amazon online bookstore where you store the titles that you can’t bring yourself to buy right now, those ones which you hope your friend or lover might notice and buy for you. So there I was, typing “Shakespeare” into the search box, only to be taken aback, stopped right in my tracks, when the search engine came up with 178 separate wishlists. They were none of them family, although if Steve is right, maybe they’re all family. 178 different Shakespeares! So many namesakes, even in this little backwater of the internet. On Facebook, I even found another Tom Shakespeare. For people with a commoner name, it’s no surprise to find someone else has got there first. For a Shakespeare, it’s a rare experience. But perhaps I needed to be cut down to size. Because how important is this Shakespeare name anyway? Here I am making such a fuss about it, claiming that it’s had an impact on my life, but my own children don’t seem bothered. They don’t even want to be called Shakespeare. Because I was never married either to Ivy’s mother or Robert’s mother, neither of my offspring bear my surname. Ivy is a Broadhead, a good Yorkshire name, and Robert is a Brown. From time to time, when they’re changing school, I have gently raised the question of whether they might not prefer a more distinctive surname… like Shakespeare. So far, they have resisted, and I can’t see that changing. A name is part of your image of yourself. Unless it’s utterly stigmatising or humiliating, you stick with what you’re given. I have passed on my genes to my children, who have inherited my disability and maybe other echoes of my personality, but I am where this line of Shakespeares ends.
2410	dbpedia	2	51	https://www.police.qld.gov.au/museum/policing-queensland-timeline-1864-2014	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
2410	dbpedia	0	88	https://www.cypp.unsw.edu.au/node/139	en	Comparative Youth Penality Project	https://www.cypp.unsw.ed…files/banner.jpg		[ "https://www.cypp.unsw.edu.au/sites/all/themes/molniya/logo.png", "https://www.cypp.unsw.edu.au/sites/ypp.unsw.edu.au/files/banner.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			https://www.cypp.unsw.edu.au/sites/all/themes/molniya/favicon.ico		https://www.cypp.unsw.edu.au/node/139	2017 Youth justice system rules driving up Indigenous incarceration rate, commissioner says, Calla Wahlquist, The Guardian, 26 September 2017. Hopes resting on royal commission to recommend raising age of criminal responsibility, Stephanie Zillman, ABC News, 25 September 2017. Ten-year-old children should not be locked up, leading criminologist says, Jacqueline Maley, Sydney Morning Herald, 24 September 2017. ‘Urgent action’ needed to improve inmate safety in youth offender institutions, warn council leaders, The Independent, 22 September 2017. NT failed boy who said he sniffed inhalants to stop hunger, royal commission told, Helen Davidson, The Guardian, 21 September 2017. QLD LNP would scrap youth bail housing, Stuart Layt, The Australian, 21 September 2017. Don’t lock up young offenders – send them to top boarding schools instead, Afua Hirsch, The Guardian, 18 September 2017. Justice system in Wales ‘to be reviewed to suit Welsh needs’, Tom Davidson, Daily Post, 18 September 2017. More than $300,000 spent on call-outs to Victoria’s youth prisons in a year, Monique Hore, Herald Sun, 17 September 2017. Restorative justice is the way forward, Janet Fearnley, The Guardian, 16 September 2017. Our criminal justice system and prisons need radical reform, John Bird and Baroness Young, The Guardian, 12 September 2017. The racial bias in our justice system is creating a social timebomb, David Lammy, The Guardian, 8 September 2017. Exposed: ‘racial bias’ in England and Wales criminal justice system, Owen Bowcott and Vikram Dodd, The Guardian, 8 September 2017. G4S – a global security giant with a chequered record, BBC News, 1 September 2017. ‘Tough on crime’ created the prisons crisis. It’s time for justice to be rational, Polly Toynbee, The Guardian, 31 August 2017. Bailed Queensland youth to be accommodated in community homes, Felicity Caldwell, Brisbane Times, 15 September 2017. Jesuit Social Services wants targets for tackling youth crime, incarceration rates, Wes Hosking, Herald Sun, 28 August 2017. Britain is failing young people in custody, Deborah Coles, Joe Sim and Steve Tombs, The Guardian, 18 August 2017. Judges warns of ‘blood on our hands’ if suicidal girl is forced out of secure care, Kevin Rawlinson, Owen Bowcott and Denis Campbell, The Guardian, 4 August 2017. Prison crisis causing violence and death, Pamela Taylor and Mike Stein, The Guardian, 20 July 2017. Children locked in cells and security footage taped over at youth detention centre, Calla Wahlquist, The Guardian, 19 July 2017. Juvenile justice report calls for ‘volatile’ Banksia Hill centre to be repurposed, Jacob Kagi, ABC News, 17 July 2017. Dylan Voller’s family speaks out on juvenile justice, youth services, life after Don Dale, Luke Pearson, ABC News, 10 July 2017. Prison officers assaulted at Malmsbury Juvenile Justice Centre, Melissa Cunningham and Cameron Houston, The Age 15 May 2017. Treating young offenders harshly serves no purpose, Hugh de Kretser, Herald Sun, 14 May 2017. Children held in Barwon Prison illegally, Supreme Court rules, Rebekah Cavanagh, Herald Sun, 11 May 2017. Lack of Indigenous justice programs a ‘disgraceful honour’ for NT, commission told, Helen Davidson, The Guardian, 10 May 2017. NT royal commission: Judge criticises widespread ‘lack of expertise’ in youth justice system, Georgia Hitch, ABC News, 8 May 2017. NT govt too hesitant to remove abused kids, Lucy Hughes-Jones, Yahoo 7 News, 8 May 2017. Adam Giles tells royal commission he can’t recall key details of NT juvenile justice crisis, Helen Davidson, The Guardian, 28 April 2017. Child locked in cell for more than 23 hours a day at Feltham, high court told, Owen Bowcott, The Guardian, 26 April 2017. Young offenders locked up for nearly 24 hours in UK prisons in breach of human rights law, report reveals, May Bullman, The Independent, 19 April 2017. Juvenile justice system needs discretion to judge Apex and other Sudanese teenagers differently, John Silvester, The Age, 14 April 2017. Guards say youth detention teaches young offenders to become hardened criminals, Roanne Boldery, Townsville Bulletin, 5 April 2017. Australia’s rate of Indigenous child removal ‘unique’, UN investigator says, Calla Wahlquist, The Guardian, 4 April 2017. Lawyers to argue holding children in Barwon adult jail breaches human rights, Calla Wahlquist, The Guardian, 3 April 2017. New Vic youth justice probe, legal fight, APP, 9 News, 3 April 2017. Children in state care explain stigma, discrimination and not knowing who they are, Sarah Collard, ABC News, 1 April 2017. Royal commission finds juvenile justice leaves kids more damaged, Amos Aikman, The Australian, 1 April 2017. Indigenous youth incarceration rate is a national crisis and needs action, PM told, Calla Wahlquist, The Guardian, 31 March 2017. Agencies join forces to tackle young people’s harmful sexual behaviour, Mike Waites, The Guardian, 31 March 2017. NT royal commission into youth detention: A look at what’s happened so far, Stephanie Zillman, ABC News, 31 March 2017. Ethnic minorities ‘get tougher sentences due to distrust in courts’, Owen Bowcott, The Guardian, 28 March 2017. Beyond the blade: the truth about knife crime in Britain, Gary Younge, The Guardian, 28 March 2017. Calls for change were ‘ignored at highest level’, says former Don Dale assistant general manager, ABC News, 28 March 2017. Don Dale guards bribed kids with threats of isolation, soft drink to ‘fight for entertainment’, former detainees tell royal commission, Felicity James, ABC News, 28 March 2017. Don Dale: New training for youth justice officers underway in the Northern Territory, Georgia Hitch, ABC News, 26 March 2017. Don Dale detainee recounts journey from Australian bush childhood to Darwin adult jail, Ben Millington, ABC News, 24 March 2017. Don Dale: Snapchat videos show guard asking inmates for oral sex, Stephanie Zillman, ABC News, 20 March 2017. Former US juvenile jails chief urges Andrews to rethink approach to teen crime, Farrah Tomazin, The Age, 18 March 2017. Youth detention centre upgrade needed after 20 escapes, NT inquiry told, Helen Davidson, The Guardian, 15 March 2017. NT royal commission told detainee put in isolated cell after hearing of mother’s death, Helen Davidson, The Guardian, 14 March 2017. Violence and isolation used to punish young detainees, inquiry told, Helen Davidson, The Guardian, 13 March 2017. More than 2,200 Australians reported abuse in orphanages or children’s homes, Christopher Knaus, The Guardian, 7 March 2017. High court to hear legal challenge over boy kept in cell 23 hours a day, Alan Travis, The Guardian, 7 March 2017. Youth sentencing to take child’s upbringing into account, Owen Bowcott, The Guardian, 7 March 2017. A third of WA youth in detention have fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, according to research, Perth Now, 3 March 2017. How Eminem’s music is helping young offenders break the cycle of crime, Juliet Rix, The Guardian, 1 March 2017. Is brutal treatment of young offenders fuelling crime rates in Brazil?, Jo Griffin, The Guardian, 3 March 2017. ‘It really feels like we’re being punished too’: how the prison system locks out visitors’, Megan Williams, The Guardian, 3 March 2017. ‘I learnt a lot in juvie’: the Aboriginal boy who grew up in detention – video, The Guardian, 24 February 2017. Funding for communities, not prisons: the promise of justice reinvestment, Alistair Ferguson and Sarah Hopkins, The Guardian, 23 February 2017. The small town trying to shift spending from punishment to prevention, Marie McInerney, The Guardian, 23 February 2017. Australia’s ‘inconsistent approach’ to human rights could jeopardise UN seat bid, Amnesty warns, Calla Wahlquist, The Guardian, 22 February 2017. Keeping clear of the prison: ‘I can’t go back in there’, Calla Wahlquist, The Guardian, 21 February 2017. With its history, G4S should not be trusted to care for vulnerable children, Eric Allison and Simon Hattenstone, The Guardian, 20 February 2017. Indigenous incarceration: turning the tide on colonisation’s cruel third act, Call Wahlquist, The Guardian, 20 February 2017. Indigenous incarceration rates are not an intractable problem – we have the solutions, Shane Duffy and Antoinette Braybrook, The Guardian, 20 February 2017. Juvenile inmate ‘threatened to behead police officer’ at prison in Sydney’s west, Yahoo7 News, 19 February 2017. Northern Territory unveils measures to fix ‘broken’ youth justice system, Helen Davidson, The Guardian, 9 February 2017. Juvenile justice to face scrutiny after Australia ratifies torture treatment, Ben Doherty, Helen Davidson and Paul Karp, The Guardian, 9 February 2017. Inside WA’s juvenile detention centres, Kate Campbell, PerthNow, 7 February 2017. Victoria’s youth justice overhaul labelled a costly stunt, Rick Morton and Greg Brown, The Australian, 7 February 2017. Victorian youth justice centre deemed ‘appalling’ six years before riot crisis, former deputy ombudsman says, Loretta Florance and Jessica Longbottom, ABC News, 28 January 2017. Chilling poetry reveals Don Dale inmate Dylan Voller’s suffering, Kate Aubusson, Sydney Morning Herald, 27 January 2017. Children in group homes face criminal charges for breaking coffee cups, says report, Calla Wahlquist, The Guardian, 25 January 2017. Don Dale: NT Chief Justice denies judges sentencing fewer youth to detention after scandal, Alyssa Betts, ABC, 21 January 2017. Don Dale detainee says he told guards he was giving up before teargassing, Steven Schubert, ABC, 20 January 2017. Children as young as five suspended in NT, Children’s Commissioner ‘floored’ by numbers, Jano Gibson, ABC, 17 January 2017. Youth detention: Former detainees file class action against NT Government, seek compensation, James Oaten and Jane Bardon, ABC, 11 January 2017. Police quell riot at Melbourne youth detention centre, AAP, The Guardian, 8 January 2017. 2016 Man on Tas detention centre assault charge, Andrew Drummond, The Daily Telegraph, 30 December 2016. Vic govt loses youth prison appeal, Helen Velissaris and Genevieve Gannon, The Daily Telegraph, 28 December 2016. Doing HSC in Juvenile Justice: pen audits and no phones but ‘fewer distractions’, Patrick Begley, Sydney Morning Herald, 19 December 2016. Northern Territory juvenile detention royal commission given four-month extension, The Guardian, 16 December 2016. ‘Stop making Dylan Voller a martyr’, The Daily Telegraph, 14 December 2016. ‘Overwhelming lack of therapeutic support’ for Don Dale detainee: youth worker, Felicity James, ABC, 13 December 2016. Dylan Voller was set up to fail by the system, NT royal commission hears, Neda Vanovac, ABC, 13 December 2016. Parole Board rejected offer to rehabilitate teen at centre of NT royal commission, Allan Clarke, BuzzFeed News, 13 December 2016 Dylan Voller gives evidence before NT royal commission, says he felt like he was ‘going to die’, Neda Vanovac, ABC, 13 December 2016. Don Dale detention royal commission: Dylan Voller evidence vindicates PM’s decision, Michael Gordon, The Age, 12 December 2016. Is 2016 the year our leaders are shocked into action for Indigenous kids?, Rodney Dillon, The Guardian, 8 December 2016. We now have a Premier who makes no apologies for disregarding the human rights of children, Ruth Barson, Sydney Morning Herald, 6 December 2016. Children in detention have rights: keeping them in isolation compounds their problems, Megan Mitchell, Sydney Morning Herald, 2 December 2016. FASD: Record Indigenous incarceration rates could be avoided with early clinical assessment: experts, Russell Skelton, ABC, 28 November 2016. Teenage Barwon prisoners kept in their cells as concerns about conditions grow, Bianca Hall, The Age, 26 November 2016. Children in 20-hour lockdown at Barwon Prison: lawyer, Bianca Hall, The Age, 23 November 2016. Juvenile crime fears: Mentoring program that breaks chain of offending under risk from cuts, Jane Hansen, The Daily Telegraph, 13 November 2016. Australia failing to safeguard cultural connections for Aboriginal children in out-of-home-care, Alwin Chong and Fiona Arney, The Conversation, 9 November 2016. Kids self-harm in custody, launch legal action against government, Jacqueline Maley and Patrick Begley, Sydney Morning Herald, 4 November 2016. Northern Territory under pressure to close Don Dale after scathing report, Helen Davidson, The Guardian, 1 November 2016. Teenage boys are locked in cells for up to 23 hours a day and spend one hour of ‘recreation’ time wearing handcuffs in correctional centres, Ashleigh Davis, Daily Mail, 27 October 2016. Juvenile Justice: NSW to review youth detention centres amid detainee isolation claims, Sarah Gerathy, ABC, 27 October 2016. Teen in NT youth detention left naked for almost 11 hours, Children’s Commissioner report finds, Sara Everingham, ABC, 26 October 2016. Indigenous groups must be involved in policy that affects them, inquiry hears, Helen Davidson, The Guardian, 12 October 2016. Don Dale detainee ‘unfairly punished’ with teargas for actions of others, court told, Helen Davidson, The Guardian, 27 September 2016. A community program in a small NSW town could reform the justice system, Emily Brooks, The Huffington Post, 19 September 2016. ‘You’re just a face on a screen really’: the huge technology change in NSW courts, Rachael Olding, Sydney Morning Herald, 19 September 2016. Backing Bourke: How a radical new approach is saving young people from a life of crime, Geoff Thompson, Lisa McGregor and Anne Davies, Four Corners, 19 September 2016. Don Dale: Civil suit by teens tear-gassed at NT detention centre reaches court, Lucy Marks, ABC, 25 September 2016. Staff threatened in ‘serious riot incident’ at Melbourne Youth Justice Centre, prison guard union says, Emily Woods, The Age, 12 September 2016. Immediate action necessary to protect children in NT detention, Human Rights Law Centre, 5 September 2016. Indigenous-led youth diversion programs being overlooked in Queensland: Amnesty International, Annie Guest, ABC, 1 September 2016. Footage from inside Brisbane prison shows teen confronted by seven prison officers and put in spit mask, David Murray, Courier Mail, 30 August 2016. Pressure mounting to move along QLD youth justice reforms, Amy Remeikis, Brisbane Times, 23 August 2016. Former Queensland youth detention worker ‘took abuse concerns to government in April’, Alexandra Blucher and Sharnie Kim, ABC, 20 August 2016. Indigenous leaders plead for prison alternatives for NT youth ahead of Wave Hill walk-off anniversary, Elliana Lawford, ABC, 19 August 2016. Worker at Ashley Youth Detention Centre stood down amid inquiry, Blair Richards, Mercury, 18 August 2016. Cleveland detention centre: Former inmate tells of frequent bashings, racial abuse by guards, Ben Millington and Tierney Bonini, ABC, 18 August 2016. Images emerge of alleged mistreatment at Townsville’s Cleveland Youth Detention Centre, Michael Atkin and Sarah Whyte, ABC, 18 August 2016. Excessive force and prolonged isolation alleged at Queensland youth detention centre, Joshua Robertson, The Guardian, 18 August 2016. Ashley youth detention: Children’s Commissioner wants independent monitoring of Tasmanian centre, Richard Bines, ABC, 17 August 2016. Families, funding and Four Corners failed the kids of Don Dale, Marcia Langton, The Australian, 5 August 2016. Nigel Scullion ‘should consider quitting’ over Don Dale, Rosie Lewis and Jared Owens, The Australian, 4 August 2016. Nigel scullion admits receiving official briefing on Don Dale abuse claims last year, Peta Donald, ABC, 4 August 2016. Rethinking youth justice: there are alternatives to juvenile detention, Jodie O’Leary, The Conversation, 4 August 2016. Protestors confront Nigel Scullion over Don Dale response as Tom Calma calls for his resignation, Anna Henderson, ABC, 4 August 2016. Shut down Don Dale and all youth detention facilities, says US expert, Michael Koziol, The Sydney Morning Herald, 3 August 2016. Should we be locking people up in prisons at all? Rob Hulls, The Conversation, 1 August 2016. The tough-on-crime rhetoric led to cruel abuse in the Northern Territory, Peter O’Brien, Sydney Morning Herald, 1 August 2016. Youth offender Dylan Voller caught in vicious cycle, Verity Edwards, The Australian, 1 August 2016. How young is too young? Charged, tried and imprisoned at the age of 10, Kate Fitz-Gibbon and Wendy O’Brien, The Guardian, 1 August 2016. Shane Stone – as the blame game escalates, do we really need a Royal Commission? Shane Stone, Crikey, 1 August 2016. Four Corners: NT juvenile detention commissioner Brian Martin stands down, Chris Uhlmann and Stephanie Anderson, The Guardian, 1 August 2016. Scott Ryan rejects calls for Indigenous co-commissioners for NT detention inquiry, The Guardian, 31 July 2016. NT juvenile detention: commission needs indigenous input, Dodson says, Rachael Baxendale, The Australian, 31 July 2016. NT juvenile detention inquiry: Bill Shorten calls for Indigenous co-commissioners to be appointed, Nine News, 31 July 2016. Thousands take part in rallies across Australia calling for end to abuse of children in detention centres after shocking footage revealed teenage inmates being tear-gassed and stripped naked, Peter Devlin, Daily Mail Australia, 30 July. Australia’s youth detention facilities under spotlight, Megan Palin, News.com.au, 30 July 2016. Thousands rally in Aus over juvenile abuse, SBS, 30 July 2016. Bill Shorten calls for changes to NT juvenile justice royal commission, Damien Murphy, Sydney Morning Herald, 30 July 2016. UN ‘shocked’ by video footage of Don Dale youth abuse, Herald Sun, Ian Royall, 30 July 2016. Indigenous organisations reject Royal Commission terms, Phillippa Butt, NT News, 29 July 2016. Abuse breach of human rights law: Triggs, SBS, 29 July 2016. Four Corners: Northern Territory Indigenous groups not consulted on royal commission into juvenile detention, Timothy Fernandez, ABC, 29 July 2016. Brian Martin QC: Meet the man who will head the NT youth detention royal commission, ABC, Michael Coggan, 29 July 2016. The NT royal commission: it’s a good start but more leadership is needed, Wendy O’Brien, The Conversation, 29 July 2016. Grattan on Friday: Turnbull should move to add justice to Closing the Gap targets, The Conversation, 29 July 2016. Profile: NT inquiry head Brian Martin is no stranger to the toughest cases, Calla Wahlquist, The Guardian, 29 July 2016. Four Corners: why did the two previous investigations have no impact on changing this abuse? Brian Stout, The Conversation, 26 July 2016. Australia’s Shame, Caro Meldrum-Hanna, Four Corners, 25 July 2016. If we want to reduce crime, we need to break the rules, Gino Vumbaca and Sarah Hopkins, The Huffington Post, 12 July 2016. Car thefts double in Townsville amid high youth unemployment, Josh Bavas, ABC News, 10 July 2016 Indigenous Australians unfairly jailed due to racism in legal system – research, Melissa Davey, The Guardian, 7 July 2016. Report calls for overhaul of the way Indigenous people are dealt with in judiciary sentencing process, Natasha Robinson, ABC News, 7 July 2016 Police arrest teenagers over Darwin crime spree, ABC News, 5 July 2016 Prison not the answer for young gang members, Les Twentyman, Herald Sun, 3 July 2016. Teenage boy to be dealt with under Youth Justice Act over head lock incident at Currumbin school, Gold Coast Bulletin, 23 June 2016. Changes to Queensland’s youth justice laws welcome but not token, advocacy group says, Francis Tapim, ABC News, 19 June 2016. Queensland’s youth justice laws a ‘marshmallow’ approach, Opposition says, Gail Burke, ABC News, 18 June 2016. Crime is up in Dandenong but can the Apex gang be blamed?, Tom Cowie, The Age, 18 June 2016. Australian governments have failed children: UNICEF report, Rachael Browne, Sydney Morning Herald, 10 June 2016. The scandal in the Northern Territory is not youth crime but imprisonment rates, Frank Brennan, The Guardian, 31 May 2016. Canberra justice system needs more integration with Aboriginal community: Forum, Georgia Hitch, ABC News, 31 May 2016 WA kids on more than 50 homicide related charges since 2010, Heather McNeill, WA Today, 31 May 2016. Aurukun youths may be suffering foetal alcohol spectrum disorder and need help not punishment, Meg Perkins, The Courier Mail, 30 May 2016. Schools’ tough approach to bad behaviour isn’t working – and may escalate problems, Anna Sullivan, The Conversation, 27 May 2016. Restraint chairs with cable ties approved for youths in NT, James Oaten, ABC News, 26 May 2016. Juvenile justice expert surprised by Queensland’s low incarceration rate, Cameron Atfield, Brisbane Times, 26 May 2016. Saying sorry isn’t enough for Indigenous children, Judy Cashmore and Teresa Libesman, Sydney Morning Herald, 26 May 2016. Funding boost to fight youth crime, Samantha Healy, Townsville Bulletin, 25 May 2016. We’ve been silent on injustice for too long, Ruth Barson and Julia Cleary, The Age, 25 May 2016. $1 million from federal government for state PCYC program, Alistair Finlay, The Advocate, 25 May 2016. We must do more to help people with intellectual impairments stay out of prison, Frank Brennan, The Conversation, 24 May 2016. Townsville branded ‘crime capital’ of Queensland in parliament, Chris McMahon, Townsville Bulletin, 24 May 2016. Bail revoked for boy facing charges, Samantha Healy, Townsville Bulletin, 24 May 2016. NT govt and Labor vow crackdown on crime, 9 News, 23 May 2016. Supreme Court Chief Justice Chris Kourakis hits out at South Australia Indigenous jail toll, Andrew Dowdell, The Advertiser, 21 May 2016. Refusing young NT offenders bail would be human rights breach, says Amnesty, The Guardian, 20 May 2016. Victoria Police and the Herald Sun join forces on youth crime scourge, Herald Sun, 19 May 2016. Community police board to tackle crime, Samantha Healy, Townsville Bulletin, 18 May 2016. Police frustrated as young offenders lead even younger siblings astray, Chris McMahon, Townsville Bulletin, 10 May 2016. Psychologist Professor Tim Carey says youth offenders at risk of mental harm if forced into mechanical restraint chairs, Matt Garrick, NT News, 9 May 2016. Teenage terrorism suspects could be detained for two weeks under proposed NSW laws, Michael Safi, The Guardian, 4 May 2016 Victoria’s child bail changes slammed, Townsville Bulletin, 2 May 2016. Vic juvenile centre repair bill tops $141K, Nine News, 18 April 2016. Palaszczuk rolls back Newman’s youth justice reforms, Amy Remeikis, Brisbane Times, 18 April 2016. NSW prisons overcrowding: violent female inmates to be moved to juvenile detention centre, Linda Simalis, The Daily Telegraph, 17 April 2016. Freya’s heartbreaking story of homelessness and hope, Nathaneal Cooper, Brisbane Times, 17 April 2016. Deaths in Custody: Indigenous children 24 times more likely to be locked up, Julie Power, Sydney Morning Herald, 14 April 2016. How ‘tough on crime’ politics flouts death-in-custody recommendations, Chris Cunneen, The Conversation, 14 April 2016. Locking bad people up ‘works’: Minister for Justice rejects calls for prison overhaul, Sam Tomlin, ABC Online, 31 March 2016. Calls to change Queensland’s youth justice laws sending 17-year-olds to adult prisons, Courtney Wilson, ABC Online, 23 March 2016. Six teenagers armed with poles on roof of Melbourne Youth Justice Centre, ABC News Online, 7 March 2016. 503 criminal incidents in a year for juvenile care residents, David Barwell, The Coffs Coast Advocate, 27 February 2016. FactCheck Q&A: are Indigenous children ten times more likely to be living in out-of-home care? Judy Cashmore and Teresa Libesman, The Conversation, 15 February 2016 Queensland youth justice reforms don’t go far enough: legal and family groups, Amy Remeikis, Brisbane Times, 4 February 2016. G4S paid to look after empty beds at scandal-hit Medway youth jail, Eric Allison and Simone Hattenstone, The Guardian, 25 January 2016 Victoria youth detention centre serious incidents to be investigated by child safety watchdog, Alex White, Herald Sun, 25 January 2016. Aboriginal boy, 11, ‘bashed’ by guards in youth detention centre, say family, Calla Wahlquist, The Guardian, 22 January 2016. Institutional abuse: why we don’t listen to children behind bars, Jameel Hadi, The Conversation, 20 January 2016 MP proposes repurposing work camp to house youths as solution for Goldfields juvenile crime, Sam Tomlin, ABC News, 20 January 2016 The G4S-run Medway youth jail must be closed, Frances Cook, The Guardian, 13 January 2016 Four held over child neglect claims at G4S young offender centre, Alan Travis, The Guardian, 13 January 2016 Our collective shame: the treatment of children in custody, Mary O’Hara, The Guardian, 13 January 2016 Teenage Prison Abuse Exposed,BBC Panorama, 12 January 2016 Labour says all G4S prison must be put into special measures following allegations of ‘unnecessary force’ was used against children, Tim Sculthorpe, Daily Mail, 12 January 2016 Andy Burnham calls for G4S to be stripped of youth prisons contract, Eric Allison and Simon Hattenstone, The Guardian, 11 January 2016 Young offenders gain ‘maturity, responsibility’ training assistance dogs, Karl Hoerr, ABC News, 10 January 2016 Seven G4S staff suspended over abuse claims at youth institution, Alan Travis, The Guardian, 8 January 2016 WA police introduce pre-recorded cautions in Aboriginal languages, Calla Wahlquist, The Guardian, 7 January 2016 NT juvenile justice: “a blight on the entire Australia legal system”, Bob Gosford, Crikey, 7 January 2016 Mandatory sentencing leads to unjust, unfair outcomes – it doesn’t make us safe, Hilde Tubex, The Conversation, 5 January 2016 2015 Teen hooded and strapped to chair for two hours while in juvenile custody in Northern Territory, Kate Wild, ABC News, 13 November 2015 Bill Shorten: The injustice dealt to Indigenous people is a stain on our whole nation, Bill Shorten, The Guardian, 19 November 2015 ‘Victorian youths commit serious crimes despite rate of juvenile offending falling’ Nino Bucci, The Sydney Morning Herald, 5 April 2015 ‘Program to stop crime among Vic youth’ AAP, Sky News, 14 April 2015 ‘Change the Record: Plan to reduce Indigenous imprisonment rates’ Lindy Kerin, ABC News – The World Today, 30 April 2015 ‘NT Corrections 'embarrassed', vows action after latest in string of teenage breakouts’, Nadia Daly and Xavier La Canna, ABC News, 2 June ‘Parents, welfare to blame for children in NT custody, Attorney-General John Elferink says’ Kate Wild, ABC News, 3 June 2015 ‘Use of isolation, behaviour management in Darwin's Don Dale youth prison questioned’ Emilia Terzon, ABC News, 4 June 2015 ‘Queensland drops ‘expensive failure’ of boot camps for young people’ AAP, The Guardian, 20 August 2015 Boot camps to close across Queensland, Amy Remeikis, Brisbane Times, 20 August 2015. Briggs, rapper and role model for incarcerated Indigenous Youth, Fred McConnell, The Guardian, 10 September 2015 Teenage detainees hooded, gassed in Northern Territory adult prison, Kate Wild and Katherine Gregory, ABC, 18 September 2015 Northern Territory youth justice system risks breaching human rights, UN told, Helen Davidson, The Guardian, 21 September 2015 WA Chief Justice Wayne Martin fears language barriers putting innocent people behind bars, Courtney Bembridge, ABC, 27 September 2015. Law Council calls for urgent action over report into Don Dale youth detention in Darwin, Natasha Robinson, ABC, 9 October 2015. Young offenders must be screened for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders before sentencing, Elizabeth Elliott, The Conversation, 13 October 2015. Youth detention centres need immediate reform, says NT children’s commissioner, Malarndirri McCarthy, NITV, 16 October 2015. Young Indigenous imprisonment in NT: ‘You wouldn’t believe it in a modern-day society’, Helen Davidson, The Guardian, 22 October 2015 Calls to raise criminal age of responsibility to 12 years old, Rachael Brown, ABC Radio AM, 24 October 2015. Screening for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder could impact level of youth crime, experts say, Katherine Gregory, ABC, 26 October 2015 Why Aboriginal people with disabilities crowd Australia’s prisons, Eileen Baldry, Elizabeth McEntyre and Ruth McCausland, The Conversation, 2 November 2015. Indigenous imprisonment: money is better spent on prevention, expert says, Shalailah Medhora, The Guardian, 3 November 2015. Aboriginal people with disabilities get caught in a spiral of over-policing, Ruth McCausland, Eileen Baldry and Elizabeth McEntyre, The Conversation, 4 November 2015. Indigenous prisoners and FASD, Damien Carrick, ABC Radio National, 10 November 2015. ‘G4S-run youth jail criticised over degrading treatment of detainees’ Alan Travis, The Guardian, 20 May 2015 ‘Staff at G4S youth detention centre sacked for being ‘high on drugs’’ Richard Ford, The Times, 20 May 2015 ‘Criminal Justice Inspectorate: Under 18s prison care ‘needs change’’ BBC, 29 May 2015 ‘Sharp rise in the proportion of young black and ethnic minority prisoners’ Alastair Sloan and Eric Allison, The Guardian, 24 June 2015 ‘UN human rights body criticises police stop-and-search powers in Scotland’, Severin Carrell, The Guardian, 25 July 2015 2014 Concern over juveniles in jail (Chris Burns, The North West Star, Mount Isa (Qld), 24 March 2014, p. 5) Research project launches to keep young people out of jail (The Cowra Guardian, Cowra (NSW), 28 March 2014) Board to bring new focus on youth justice (Media release, Government of Western Australia, 2 April 2014) Youth boot camp gets first sentenced offenders (David Chen, ABC News (Qld), 4 April 2014) More inmates at Wandoo prison would reduce chances of rehabilitation (Stephanie Dalzell, ABC News (WA), 9 April 2014) State credited with dramatic cut in youth detention rate (James Robertson, Sydney Morning Herald, 18 April 2014, p. 8) WA juvenile detention 'a mess', Labor says, following new violence at Banksia Hill facility (ABC News, 22 April 2014) Extra $2m for Banksia Hill juvenile detention centre (Emily Moulton, Perth Now, 8 May 2014) Minister orders Ashley jobs review after 9-1 ratio revealed for juvenile detainees (ABC News (Tas), 9 May 2014) Budget cash saves innovative Geelong youth diversion program (Anthea Cannon, Geelong Advertiser, 10 May 2014, p. 23) Greens MP Adam Bandt warns young people will turn to crime because of brutal Budget (Jennifer Rajoa, The Courier-Mail, Brisbane (Qld), 15 May 2014) Fetal syndrome 'must be recognised as disability' (Michael Owen, The Australian, 22 May 2014, p. 5) $450,000 to help local youths at risk (Bruce Kalyeigh, Whyalla News, Whyalla (SA), 27 May 2014, p. 2) Teen killers of Janine Balding have received ‘cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment’: UN (Tom Allard, Sydney Morning Herald, 21 November 2014) Indigenous incarceration: Tony Abbott focuses on school attendance and jobs (Helen Davidson, The Guardian Australia, 5 December 2014) Juvenile Justice: Three young Australian men share their experience of life from the inside (ABC, 5 December 2014) Judge Slams Qld Child Offender Laws (AAP, Herald Sun, 15 December 2014) Children ‘likely serving excessive jail time’ after Queensland strips right to appeal against sentence (Joshua Robertson, The Guardian Australia, 17 December 2014) Guards who restrained and stripped boy in detention in Alice Springs backed by NT corrections boss (Anthony Stewart, ABC, 19 December 2014) 2013 Children's Commissioner declares Tasmania's juvenile detention centre an unlikely deterrent (ABC News, 27 August 2013) Girls gone wild (Sydney Morning Herald, Sayer 11 July 2013) High risk of death for young people after release from prison (University of Melbourne Newsroom, 31 July 2013) New figures on Indigenous kids in jail a national disgrace (SBS/NITV, Liddle 23 August 2013) State considers privatising juvenile detention centre (ABC News, 25 August 2013) WA report recommends creation of a youth justice agency (ARACY eBulletin, 9 August 2013) See full report ‘Directed Review into an Incident at Banksia Hill Juvenile Detention Centre on 20 January 2013’ here. WA teen prison riot ‘entirely predictable’ (The Australian, 7 August 2013) Children in custody pilot scheme could bring end to strip-searching (The Guardian, Allison 17 August 2013)
2410	dbpedia	1	93	https://alchetron.com/James-Robert-Dickson	en	James Robert Dickson	https://alchetron.com/cd…-resize-750.jpeg	https://alchetron.com/cd…-resize-750.jpeg	[ "https://alchetron.com/cdn/private_file_151723928088582394ef1-9ff5-43cc-8b2e-599edef9012.jpg", "https://alchetron.com/cdn/james-robert-dickson-b1bb7351-afc1-40ff-8dff-d5b0cd91361-resize-750.jpeg", "https://alchetron.com/cdn/james-robert-dickson-56ddbd8f-849a-4cf0-bb9a-83172556189-resize-750.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2017-08-18T08:30:48+00:00	Sir James Robert Dickson, (30 November 1832 10 January 1901) was an Australian politician and businessman, the 13th Premier of Queensland and a member of the first federal ministry. Dickson was born in Plymouth, Devon, and migrated initially to Victoria in 1854. He settled in Queensland in 1862, b	en	/favicon.ico	Alchetron.com	https://alchetron.com/James-Robert-Dickson	Biography Dickson was born in Plymouth, Devon, and migrated initially to Victoria in 1854. He settled in Queensland in 1862, becoming an auctioneer. A wealthy and influential businessman, he was elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Enoggera in 1873. He was made Secretary for Public Works and Mines in 1876 under Arthur Macalister, and was Treasurer 1876–79. In the absence of Sir Samuel Griffith he was briefly Opposition Leader, and was Treasurer again 1883–87 after Griffith became Premier. He lost his seat in 1888 but was again elected for Bulimba in 1892, supporting the importation of labourers from the South Pacific to work on the Queensland canefields. In the so-called Continuous Ministry of the late 1890s, Dickson attained the positions of Secretary for Railways in 1897, Postmaster-General and Home Secretary 1898–99. In September 1898, after the death of Thomas Byrnes he was made Premier. The Continuous Ministry by this stage was falling apart, and Dickson had only a brief period in office before Anderson Dawson gained the support of the Legislative Assembly to become the leader of the world's first Labour Party government. The Ministerialists regrouped a week later to vote Dawson out of office. Dickson lacked support to become Premier again, and that position instead went to Robert Philp, in whose government Dickson was Chief Secretary. Dickson was a leading supporter of federation in Queensland and was mainly responsible for winning a "yes" vote in the Queensland referendum on the proposed Constitution of Australia in 1900. As a result, Dickson was appointed Minister for Defence in the first federal ministry under Edmund Barton on 1 January 1901. He was intending to stand for election to the first Federal Parliament, but on 10 January he died after being taken ill at the Commonwealth's inaugural ceremonies in Sydney on 1 January. He was the first federal Minister to die in office. He was accorded a state funeral; it proceeded from Toorak, his residence at Hamilton, to the All Saints Anglican Church. After a short service it moved on to the Nundah Cemetery. Honours
2410	dbpedia	2	29	https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DTS18900609.2.58.1	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
2410	dbpedia	1	85	https://archive.org/stream/QueenslandBlueBookForTheYear1904/Queensland%2520Blue%2520Book%2520for%2520the%2520year%25201904_djvu.txt	en	Queensland Blue Book For The Year 1904 : Queensland. Public Service Board : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive	https://archive.org/services/img/QueenslandBlueBookForTheYear1904	https://archive.org/services/img/QueenslandBlueBookForTheYear1904	[ "https://archive.org/services/img/etree", "https://archive.org/services/img/librivoxaudio", "https://archive.org/services/img/metropolitanmuseumofart-gallery", "https://archive.org/services/img/clevelandart", "https://archive.org/services/img/internetarcade", "https://archive.org/services/img/consolelivingroom", "https://archive.org/images/book-lend.png", "https://archive.org/images/widgetOL.png", "https://archive.org/services/img/tv", "https://archive.org/services/img/911", "https://archive.org/images/cc/cc.png", "https://archive.org/images/cc/publicdomain.png", "https://archive.org/services/img/statelibraryofqueensland", "https://archive.org/services/img/additional_collections", "https://athena.archive.org/0.gif?kind=track_js&track_js_case=control&cache_bust=346188981", "https://athena.archive.org/0.gif?kind=track_js&track_js_case=disabled&cache_bust=2121864882" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	This Queensland Blue Book lists chronologies and details of the succession of Governors of Queensland, sessions of each Parliament, ministries, executive...	en	https://archive.org/images/glogo.jpg	Internet Archive	https://archive.org/details/QueenslandBlueBookForTheYear1904	Search the history of over 866 billion web pages on the Internet. Search the Wayback Machine Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass. Save Page Now Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. Please enter a valid web address
2410	dbpedia	3	6	https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5052619	en	SIR JAMES FRANCIS GARRICK.	http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page930169-t	http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page930169-t	[ "https://assets.nla.gov.au/logos/trove/trove-colour.svg", "https://assets.nla.gov.au/logos/trove/trove-colour.svg", "https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/assets/img/nla/ajax-loader-horizontal.gif", "https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/assets/img/nla/ajax-loader-horizontal.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Sir James Francis Garrick, formerly of Queensland, died yesterday at the age of 71 years. After practising as a barrister of the Middle Temple, ttie deceased migrated ...	en	https://assets.nla.gov.a…e/favicon-16.png	Trove	https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5052619	Sir James Francis Garrick, formerly of Queensland, died yesterday at the age of
2410	dbpedia	0	26	http://historichansard.net/hofreps/parliaments/29/	en	House of Representatives, Debates, 29th Parliament :: Historic Hansard	http://historichansard.net/images/historic-hansard.png	http://historichansard.net/images/historic-hansard.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	A list of sitting days in the Australian House of Representatives during the 29th Parliament.	en			http://historichansard.net/hofreps/parliaments/29/
2410	dbpedia	1	11	https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/Global/Search%3Fcurrent-member-name%3DJames%2520Sullivan%26index%3Dqps_speeches_index	en	Queensland Parliament	https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/images/icons/QPS.ico	https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/images/icons/QPS.ico	[ "https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/images/parliament-logo.png", "https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/images/error.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Queensland Parliament.		/images/icons/QPS.ico		null	404 Sorry, but the page your were looking for was either not found or doesn't exist. You might find what you were looking for on the homepage.
2410	dbpedia	1	4	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6134157	en	James Francis Garrick	https://upload.wikimedia…rick%2C_1875.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…rick%2C_1875.jpg	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/StateLibQld_1_54104_Sir_James_Francis_Garrick%2C_1875.jpg/220px-StateLibQld_1_54104_Sir_James_Francis_Garrick%2C_1875.jpg", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Australian politician	en	/static/apple-touch/wikidata.png		https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6134157	Australian politician Sir James Francis Garrick edit
2410	dbpedia	1	70	https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/what-we-do/Heritage-Conservation/heritage-register/ntaq-heritage-register	en	NTAQ Heritage Register	https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/files/3315/7662/5838/favicon.ico	https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/files/3315/7662/5838/favicon.ico	[ "https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/files/3415/7491/0386/NT-Queensland-Horizontal-White-Logo-compressed.png", "https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/themes/ntaq/images/membership-icon.png", "https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/themes/ntaq/images/donate-icon.png", "https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/themes/ntaq/images/membership-icon.png", "https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/themes/ntaq/images/donate-icon.png", "https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/files/1215/7464/0448/Page_Slider_Desktop_-__2488x730_HERITAGE_APPEALS.jpg", "https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/files/6115/7464/0466/Page_Slider_Mobile_-_1080x730_HERITAGE_APPEALS.jpg", "https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/files/3415/7491/0386/NT-Queensland-Horizontal-White-Logo-compressed.png", "https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/download_file/view_inline/3", "https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/activity;xsp=4365489;ord=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2020-12-21T09:56:33+10:00	The National Trust Register is an authoritative and recognised statement on a place’s heritage significance.	en	https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/files/3315/7662/5838/favicon.ico	National Trust of Australia (Queensland)	https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/what-we-do/Heritage-Conservation/heritage-register/ntaq-heritage-register	The table can be filtered via the search box below at right (above the table when it loads) using, for example, a specific word, local government authority (LGA) or suburb. You can also search then sort within the search results using any of the column headings. Please be aware that place names may have changed and that some addresses were entered in the 1970s and may not be as specific as addresses used today. AHD = Australian Heritage Database LGA = local government authority (shire council, regional council or city council) QHR = Queensland Heritage Register RNE = Register of the National Estate. This register was closed in 2007. It is searched through the Australian Heritage Database.
2410	dbpedia	2	33	https://www.referendum-voice.com.au/noresources.html	en	Resources and Opinions on No	https://www.referendum-v…/allan_orig.jpeg	https://www.referendum-v…/allan_orig.jpeg	[ "https://www.referendum-voice.com.au/uploads/1/4/6/3/146303838/published/thllp-logo-v1-master-crop.png?1689240830", "https://www.referendum-voice.com.au/uploads/1/4/6/3/146303838/allan_orig.jpeg", "https://www.weebly.com/weebly/images/file_icons/pdf.png", "https://www.referendum-voice.com.au/uploads/1/4/6/3/146303838/published/thllp-icon-v2-256.png?1689903433", "https://www.referendum-voice.com.au/uploads/1/4/6/3/146303838/published/unisa-new-portrait-white.png?1690253607" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The following pages pull together opinion pieces, published articles and other resources that may help people better understand the No case	en	//www.weebly.com/uploads/reseller/assets/1767874585-favicon.ico	Voice - Legal Education website	https://www.referendum-voice.com.au/noresources.html	The following pages pull together opinion pieces, published articles and other resources that may help people better understand the No case Opinion Pieces Chris Merritt The Voice: The Case for Voting No (2023) Rule of Law Institute David Wild, Free Voices: Nyunggai Warren Mundine AO: What does the Voice really mean for Australia (2023) Institute of Public Affairs, 30 April 2023 COMMISSIONED PIECES The VLLP has commissioned a number of writer, experts and parties to write pieces specifically for this site. These commissions either have been on the basis of authors reaching out to the VLLP, or the project reaching out to authors who have made public contributions. Authors for both Yes and No have been approached. (Note the VLLP has approached a number of authors from No about contributing - we are still seeking further contributions}
2410	dbpedia	1	66	https://co2coalition.org/about/	en	CO2 Coalition	https://co2coalition.org…21/11/og-img.png	https://co2coalition.org…21/11/og-img.png	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=3501042216875243&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://co2coalition.org/wp-content/themes/co2coalition/images/logo.svg", "https://co2coalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/profile1.jpg", "https://co2coalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Blaze-profile-image-Square-300x300.jpg", "https://co2coalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/11-1-296x300.png", "https://co2coalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Picture2-1-225x300.jpg", "https://co2coalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Picture3-300x200.jpg", "https://co2coalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Senate-Photo-200x300.jpg", "https://co2coalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Walton-Bill-and-Sarah.jpg", "https://co2coalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2022-02-02-Cover-scaled.jpg", "https://co2coalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Pat-Levin-1-300x168.jpg", "https://co2coalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/HLS-obituary-pic-300x200.jpeg", "https://co2coalition.org/wp-content/themes/co2coalition/images/logo.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2021-07-21T09:26:46+00:00		en	https://co2coalition.org/wp-content/themes/co2coalition/favicon.ico	CO2 Coalition	https://co2coalition.org/about/	Roger Cohen Ph.D. Physics Co-Founder of the CO2 Coalition, Roger W. Cohen was a highly regarded physicist with major contributions to materials science and industrial management. He passed away on September 10, 2016. After receiving his B.S. in Physics from MIT, Roger Cohen obtained MS and PhD in Physics from Rutgers and completed the Executive Program at the Harvard Business School. Dr. Cohen spent 16 years at GE (originally the RCA) Laboratories in Princeton where he successfully demonstrated the first germanium-silicon thermoelectric power generator. This technology subsequently powered a series of outer solar system exploration spacecraft: Voyager (launched 1977), Galileo (launched 1989), Cassini (launched 1999), and New Horizons Pluto Mission (launched 2006). The oldest power units in these spacecraft are approaching their 40th year of service. He was a member of the team that successfully developed and commercialized the world’s first commercial 100,000+ Gauss superconducting magnet, a major breakthrough in the industrial application of superconductivity. Collaborating with Dr. Curtis R. Carlson, he developed an information theoretic description of the human visual system and associated software that simulates the human ability to perceive differences in displayed images. This work led to many commercial pattern recognition and image quality applications, and several awards, including the first Otto Schade Prize for an outstanding scientific achievement in the advancement of functional performance and image quality of information displays, and a special Emmy award for improved high definition television. Moving to Exxon Corporate Research Laboratories in 1978, Dr. Cohen organized and built the first research laboratory in theory and modeling at Exxon Corporation. He became Laboratory Director and then Senior Director of Exxon Corporate Research in 1984, with responsibility for half of the basic research activities in the corporation. In the late 1980s Dr. Cohen turned to technology development. He formed and led an Innovation Group to develop and commercialize technology ideas for retail marketing. His team demonstrated the world’s first vehicle recognition/payment technology in a retail fuel setting, evolving into the current SpeedPass® system. Becoming Manager of Research Planning and Programs, Dr. Cohen initiated and deployed new strategies for key technology assets in energy, leading to the development of new high strength steels for gas pipelines, inter-corporate partnerships to advance fuel cells for transportation applications, novel technologies to find and produce hydrocarbon resources, and technologies for environmental bioremediation. He established and led the first-in-industry competitive technology intelligence function and developed and implemented program-planning systems for new science knowledge assets. While at Exxon, Dr. Cohen initiated and led the only industrial research activity in basic research on climate change. His Exxon team participated in the worldwide scientific efforts to understand climate better, and they were lead authors of key chapters of major IPCC reports. Having more time to study details of climate science after retirement, he became increasingly skeptical that increasing CO2 levels from human activities would be harmful. In the last few years of his life Dr. Cohen was convinced that more CO2 would benefit the Earth. He was a founding member of the CO2 Coalition and served on its Board. Dr. Cohen was a founding member of the APS Topical Group on the Physics of Climate (GPC). His work, as a member of GPC, demonstrated that he was a force for getting at the truth. A source of tremendous integrity, he was an uncompromising believer in the principle that “Honesty must be regarded as the cornerstone of ethics in science.” http://www.aps.org/policy/statements/02_2.cfm) Dr. Cohen had approximately 50 publications and five US patents in the areas of materials, electronic devices, energy, the human visual system, and technology management. He was a Fellow of the American Physical Society. He has served on Visiting Committees in the physics departments at the University of California at San Diego and the University of Texas at Austin. William Happer — Chair Ph.D. Co-Founder and Chair of the CO2 Coalition, Dr. William Happer, Professor Emeritus in the Department of Physics at Princeton University, is a specialist in modern optics, optical and radiofrequency spectroscopy of atoms and molecules, radiation propagation in the atmosphere, and spin-polarized atoms and nuclei. Dr. Happer received a B.S. degree in Physics from the University of North Carolina in 1960 and a Ph.D. degree in Physics from Princeton University in 1964. He began his academic career in 1964 at Columbia University as a member of the research and teaching staff of the Physics Department. While serving as a Professor of Physics, he also served as Co-Director of the Columbia Radiation Laboratory from 1971 to 1976, and Director from 1976 to 1979. In 1980 he joined the faculty at Princeton University. On August 5, 1991, he was appointed Director of Energy Research in the Department of Energy by President George Bush. While serving in that capacity under Secretary of Energy James Watkins, he oversaw a basic research budget of some $3 billion, which included much of the federal funding for high energy and nuclear physics, materials science, magnetic confinement fusion, environmental and climate science, the human genome project, and other areas. He remained at the DOE until May 31, 1993, to help the Clinton Administration during the transition period. He was reappointed Professor of Physics at Princeton University on June 1, 1993, and named Eugene Higgens Professor of Physics and Chair of the University Research Board from 1995 to 2005. From 2003 until his retirement in 2014, he held the Cyrus Fogg Brackett Chair of Physics. From 1987 to 1990 he served as Chairman of the Steering Committee of JASON, a group of scientists and engineers who advise agencies of the Federal Government on matters of defense, intelligence, energy policy and other technical problems. He was a trustee of the MITRE Corporation from 1993 to 2011, he is the Chair of the Board of the Richard Lounsbery Foundation, and the Chair of the Board of the Marshall Institute. From 2002 to 2006 he chaired of the National Research Council’s Standing Committee on Improvised Explosive Devices that supported the Joint Improvised Explosive Devices Defeat Organization of the Department of Defense. He was a co-founder in 1994 of Magnetic Imaging Technologies Incorporated (MITI), a small company specializing in the use of laser polarized noble gases for magnetic resonance imaging. He invented the sodium guide star that is used in astronomical adaptive optics to correct for the degrading effects of atmospheric turbulence. From September 2018 to September 2019, Dr. Happer served as Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director of Emerging Technologies on the National Security Council. He has published over 200 peer-reviewed scientific papers. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. He was awarded an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship in 1966, an Alexander von Humboldt Award in 1976, the 1997 Broida Prize and the 1999 Davisson-Germer Prize of the American Physical Society, and the Thomas Alva Edison Patent Award in 2000. Rodney W. Nichols Former Vice President and co-founder of the CO2 Coalition, Rodney W. Nichols was President and CEO of the New York Academy of Sciences (1992 to 2001), Scholar-in-Residence at the Carnegie Corporation of New York (1990-1992), and Vice President and Executive Vice President of The Rockefeller University (1970-1990), with physicist Frederick Seitz and geneticist Joshua Lederberg. Earlier he was an R&D manager in the aerospace industry and a special assistant in Office of the Secretary of Defense. He was appointed in 2013 to the Adjunct Faculty of Rockefeller University. A Harvard graduate and physicist, he was co-author of two books and many papers. He has written on: research strategy; national security; international scientific cooperation; K-12 education; economic development; philanthropy for S&T; and ethical issues in R&D. He spoke at the U.S.-Japan “Innovation Summit” (Nogoya 10/05), at India’s “R&D-Summit” (New Delhi 11/05), on “China, India, and US Science and Technology” (Bangalore 2008), and “Environment for Innovation” (Morocco 7/11). A National Sigma Xi Lecturer, he spoke at Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Penn, Duke, and Rockefeller Universities, and in Bangalore, Beijing, Delhi, Chennai, Shanghai, Lima, Rabat, and Osaka, among others, and interviewed by CBS, Fox, Time, NPR, and NY Times. Mr. Nichols led activities conducted in China, Japan, India, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America. He was on the Board of Advisors to Foreign Affairs, and co-chaired the Japan-U.S. Cooperative Science Program of the National Science Foundation. Mr. Nichols served on U.S. government delegations for negotiations on nuclear and chemical arms control, on technology transfer, and on capacity building in developing countries. Appointed to the Executive Committee of the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government (1989-1994), Mr. Nichols was principal author of the Commission’s January 1992 report entitled Science and Technology in U.S. International Affairs. He was vice chair and co-principal author for the Commission’s December 1992 report on Partnerships for Global Development. He co-authored chapters on “Science and Technology in North America” for UNESCO’s biennial World Science Report (1994, 1996, and 1998), prepared the entry on “Science and Technology” for Oxford’s Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations (1997), and chaired a project of the Council on Foreign Relations on Technology Policy in Managing Global Warming (2001). He co-edited, and wrote the closing analysis for Technology in Society on “S&T in China, India, and the US” (Aug 2008). He contributed chapters on S&T in Mapping the New World of American Philanthropy, Wiley, 2007, and co-authored “OSTP 2.0,” a study of the White House Science Office, Woodrow Wilson Center, Nov 2008. Mr. Nichols has advised the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy; State, Defense, and Energy Departments; NIH; NSF; Peace Corps; UN; Congressional Office of Technology Assessment; and the National Academies of Science and Engineering. He has given Congressional testimony on both civilian and defense R&D. His private sector consulting included the research laboratory of GTE, Shell Technology Ventures, and Gotham Orient LLC. He most recently served on The Rockefeller University Council, and on the boards of the Research Foundation of the City University of New York, CRDF Global, Manhattan Institute, Federation of American Scientists, and the Alliance For Global Good. Mr. Nichols gave invited testimony in 2007 to the bi-partisan HELP Commission recommending reforms for US foreign assistance. He was a founding judge on the selection panel for the Weizmann Institute’s Women in Science Award and served on the 2005-07 National Innovation Initiative of the Council on Competitiveness. Earlier he served on the boards of the American University of Beirut, Christopher Reeve Foundation, the Critical Technologies Institute (RAND), and ALS Association. He has been an advisor to the Lounsbery Foundation, Simons Foundation, Sloan Foundation, and Woodrow Wilson Center, among others. Elected a Fellow of the AAAS and of the New York Academy of Sciences, Mr. Nichols was a member of the American Physical Society. He was elected to the Council on Foreign Relations, Sigma Xi, and World Innovation Foundation. He was awarded the Secretary of Defense Medal for Distinguished and Meritorious Civilian Service (1970), the Distinguished Patriot Award of the Sons of the Revolution (1996), and an honorary Doctor of Science by Cedar Crest College (2001). He was a member of the Harvard Club, Century Association, and Cosmos Club. Mr. Nichols passed away in New York City on August 30, 2018. William Happer — Chair Ph.D. Co-Founder and Chair of the CO2 Coalition, Dr. William Happer, Professor Emeritus in the Department of Physics at Princeton University, is a specialist in modern optics, optical and radiofrequency spectroscopy of atoms and molecules, radiation propagation in the atmosphere, and spin-polarized atoms and nuclei. Dr. Happer received a B.S. degree in Physics from the University of North Carolina in 1960 and a Ph.D. degree in Physics from Princeton University in 1964. He began his academic career in 1964 at Columbia University as a member of the research and teaching staff of the Physics Department. While serving as a Professor of Physics, he also served as Co-Director of the Columbia Radiation Laboratory from 1971 to 1976, and Director from 1976 to 1979. In 1980 he joined the faculty at Princeton University. On August 5, 1991, he was appointed Director of Energy Research in the Department of Energy by President George Bush. While serving in that capacity under Secretary of Energy James Watkins, he oversaw a basic research budget of some $3 billion, which included much of the federal funding for high energy and nuclear physics, materials science, magnetic confinement fusion, environmental and climate science, the human genome project, and other areas. He remained at the DOE until May 31, 1993, to help the Clinton Administration during the transition period. He was reappointed Professor of Physics at Princeton University on June 1, 1993, and named Eugene Higgens Professor of Physics and Chair of the University Research Board from 1995 to 2005. From 2003 until his retirement in 2014, he held the Cyrus Fogg Brackett Chair of Physics. From 1987 to 1990 he served as Chairman of the Steering Committee of JASON, a group of scientists and engineers who advise agencies of the Federal Government on matters of defense, intelligence, energy policy and other technical problems. He was a trustee of the MITRE Corporation from 1993 to 2011, he is the Chair of the Board of the Richard Lounsbery Foundation, and the Chair of the Board of the Marshall Institute. From 2002 to 2006 he chaired of the National Research Council’s Standing Committee on Improvised Explosive Devices that supported the Joint Improvised Explosive Devices Defeat Organization of the Department of Defense. He was a co-founder in 1994 of Magnetic Imaging Technologies Incorporated (MITI), a small company specializing in the use of laser polarized noble gases for magnetic resonance imaging. He invented the sodium guide star that is used in astronomical adaptive optics to correct for the degrading effects of atmospheric turbulence. From September 2018 to September 2019, Dr. Happer served as Deputy Assistant to the President and Senior Director of Emerging Technologies on the National Security Council. He has published over 200 peer-reviewed scientific papers. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. He was awarded an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship in 1966, an Alexander von Humboldt Award in 1976, the 1997 Broida Prize and the 1999 Davisson-Germer Prize of the American Physical Society, and the Thomas Alva Edison Patent Award in 2000. Hugh Kendrick Ph.D. Dr. Kendrick has degrees in mechanical and nuclear engineering from the Imperial College of Science and Technology, the California Institute of Technology, and the University of Michigan. Later, he qualified as a Professional Engineer in the State of California. His interest in aircraft and engineering led him to become apprenticed to Vickers-Armstrongs (aircraft) where he helped build Scimitars—single-seat, twin-engine aircraft—for the Royal Navy. He realized a boyhood dream to learn to fly by joining the Royal Air Force (RAF) Volunteer Reserve from which, incidentally, the RAF drew many of its pilots for the Battle of Britain in WWII. His career later included conducting and managing research programs in pure and applied sciences in academia, the private sector, as well as service in the US Department of Energy. For example, research in condensed matter physics led to the co-discovery of the first order magnetic phase change in chromium. As senior manager at SAIC and while Director of Plans and Analysis in DOE’s Nuclear Reactor Research Programs, he developed innovative methods applied to nuclear materials safeguards and nuclear non- and counter-proliferation. He acted as point in USG for assessment of proliferation resistance of alternative nuclear fuel cycles, both in international meetings, and in the US. In the 10-volume report that he managed, pulling together results from research programs at 35 institutions including the National Laboratories and private companies, he wrote the volumes dealing with proliferation resistance and counter proliferation assessments. For example, one of his programs at Lawrence Livermore laboratory resulted in the conclusion that “there is no non weapons-usable plutonium.” His multi-disciplinary teams at SAIC conducted environmental impact, economic and cost-risk benefit analyses for many USG Agencies, including some that involved nuclear materials safeguards and proliferation risk assessment. For example, his team’s assessment of the DOE’s Light Water Breeder Program was published as Volume IV of ERDA-1541. He was a member of the Atomic Industrial Forum’s Safeguards Policy Committee. After his service in USG, he returned to SAIC, by then a multi-billion dollar corporation, as a member of the Executive Management team, where he held various positions, including Deputy Chief Operating Officer, that focused generally on all aspects of risk management. In addition, he managed the selection and conduct of a portfolio typically of 30-50 annual internal research programs in applied sciences. At Imperial College in London, he was awarded a First Class Honours degree, the Associateship of the City and Guilds of London Institute, and the Henrici Medal for mathematics. He won scholarships and fellowships throughout his academic career, and outstanding achievement awards and certificates during his USG service. He was a member of the Nuclear Safety Committee of the National Research Council, and of the Selection Committee for DOE’s Ernest O. Lawrence Award. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS), a member of the American Nuclear Society (ANS), and the American Chemical Society (ACS), a past member of the Institute for Nuclear Materials Management (INMM) and of the American Society for the Advancement of Science. He has authored and co-authored papers in refereed journals that include Physical Review Letters, Physical Review, Journal of Applied Physics, Nuclear Instruments and Methods, and publications of ANS and INMM. He has been an invited author, speaker, and panelist before public, professional, industry, and academic audiences. His subjects included energy alternatives and energy policy, the prospects for nuclear energy, US energy programs, the relationship between nuclear energy and international security, nuclear safety research, and nuclear non- and counter-proliferation. Patrick Baeuerle Ph.D. Patrick A. Baeuerle studied biology at the universities of Konstanz and Munich (LMU), Germany, and holds a M.Sc. from the University of Konstanz and a Ph.D. summa cum laude from the LMU. He trained at the Max-Planck Institute for Neurochemistry in Martinsried and at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany) with Prof. Wieland Huttner. Patrick’s graduate work was on tyrosine sulfation of proteins. From 1987-1989, he performed post-doctoral training with Nobel laureate Dr. David Baltimore at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) where he discovered IkappaB and RelA (p65) subunits of transcription factor NF-kappaB, a key regular of inflammation and immune defense. Back in Germany, Patrick led an independent research group at the GeneCenter of the LMU in Martinsried (Director: Prof. Ernst-Ludwig Winnacker) where he deciphered the canonical pathway of NF-kappaB activation and novel functions of the transcription factor. His habilitation at the LMU was in 1992. At the age of 34, Patrick was called as full Professor and Chairman of Biochemistry to the Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, Germany. After less than three years in Freiburg, he moved to California to head up small molecule drug discovery at Tularik, a biopharmaceutical start-up company based in South San Francisco. From California, Patrick moved back in 1998 to Martinsried, Germany, where he became Chief Scientific Officer of Micromet, a biopharmaceutical company at the Institute for Immunology of the LMU. Over the years, Micromet became a pioneer in the industry in the development of so-called T cell-engaging bispecific (BiTE) antibodies for cancer therapy. Its CD19/CD3-bispecific BiTE antibody blinatumomab and drug pipeline led to the acquisition of Micromet by AMGEN in 2012 for $1.12B. Blinatumomab was approved by the FDA in 2014 in less than three months as Blincyto®, a therapy for treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Patrick served for the following three years as Vice President of Research and General Manager of AMGEN Research Munich GmbH. In 2015, Patrick joined the Boston-based venture capital firm MPM Capital LLC as an Executive Partner. Since then, Patrick has co-founded at MPM a total of eight biotech companies developing novel cancer therapies: Harpoon, iOmx, Maverick, TCR², Werewolf, Aktis, Cullinan and Crossbow. At Cullinan, he currently serves as Chief Scientific Advisor and Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board. Patrick is also a scientific advisor to iOmx, Aktis and Crossbow. Four of Patrick’s companies went public on NASDAQ (TCR2, Harpoon, Cullinan and Werewolf), and three companies were acquired (Maverick, TCR2 and Harpoon). Two are still private (Aktis and Crossbow). Patrick is the recipient of Xconomy’s 2019 “Entrepreneur (“X”) of the Year” award, and of EMBL’s 2019 Lennart Philipson Award in recognition of his many contributions to the development of cancer immunotherapies. In 2021, he was elected by Endpoints News to be among the 20 most influential R&D executives in the US. To date, he has published 257 PubMed-listed papers that have been cited more than 87,000 times. He currently has a Hirsh index of 143 and was rated to be among the top 0.01% of most frequently cited scientists (Ioannides et al., 2019). Patrick Baeuerle is a member of the Leopoldina, Germany’s National Academy of Sciences. Patrick is a passionate scientist, which made him critically look at the current narrative and science behind climate change, the ensuing political actions and the highly biased depiction of climate change in the media. Robert Bauman Mechanical Engineering Mr. Bauman earned a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Wisconsin in 1969 and started with GE as programmer and sales engineer in process computers, eventually specializing in telecommunications and teleprinters. In 1973 he joined Hazeltine, a pioneer in video display terminals. After 8 years in Silicon Valley as their top salesman and regional manager, he left to start a rep and systems integration firm in Phoenix. His business expanded into distributed networks becoming a VAR for Sun Microsystems. In 1986, Mr. Bauman invented the “computer safe” for closed-door operation of online electronic devices. To promote the concept, he founded Trusted Systems, Inc., and in 1992 received the first Government approval for protecting classified networks. Since then, Mr. Bauman secured several patents while expanding Trusted Systems’ product line to incorporate a defense in-depth strategy to protect against kinetic attack, insider threat, and electromagnetic pulse (EMP) intrusion for Military, Intelligence, and Executive branch agencies, especially the Department of Energy. His focus on threats from an EMP attack drew his attention to the vulnerability of the power grid that could damage or destroy all electronics, such as HV transformers and SCADA systems in its path. Mr. Bauman’s response was to expand his company’s product line to include EMP-hardened shelters to shield critical electronics for classified networks or critical infrastructures like the power grid. His collaboration in the industry includes membership in the FBI-sponsored INFRAGARD and its EMP Special Interest Group and the Save-the-Grid Coalition. In addition, he was appointed as a technical advisor to the Congressional EMP Caucus Task Force on National and Homeland Security. Concurrent with his sense of urgency for protecting the grid from an EMP attack, Mr. Bauman turned his attention to grid resiliency as he recognized an EMP event is not the only threat. A self-inflicted threat exists from the demonization of fossil fuels and CO2 emissions, a naïve overindulgence in wind and solar, and the dismissal of the optimal long-term, base load power alternative, nuclear power. Mr. Bauman entered the arena of the climate debate by participating in the Heartland Institute’s 2011 ICCC-6 Conference, and subsequently, each conference since. In 2012, Mr. Bauman was invited to join The Right Climate Stuff (TRCS), an independent climate research group made up of retired NASA Apollo engineers. He is a strong supporter of the CO2 Coalition, CFACT, and other like organizations, to promote climate realism to counteract the religious fervor and misrepresentation of climate alarmists. From his early days as a programmer at GE working on process control systems for their Mark 40 nuclear reactor, Mr. Bauman applied his engineering skills and growing knowledge to advocate for advancing the next generation small modular reactors (SMRs) on Capitol Hill. His expertise and solutions-based approach was recognized in the aftermath of the Fukushima disaster, where he was called on as a Congressional technical advisor to senior leaders from Japan to explore explosion-proof alternatives. Mr. Bauman is a passionate proponent for educating Congress and the public on nuclear power, the fallacies of the climate change agenda, and the threats posed by an EMP attack that warrant a priority focus on grid resiliency. Samit Bhattacharyya Ph.D. About The Member Dr. Samit K. Bhattacharyya is President of RENMAR Enterprises, Inc, a Technical and Management Consulting Services Company. The company serves a broad portfolio of government and private sector clients in the area of advanced nuclear technology and applications. He has been a long time Advisor to NASA on its Space Nuclear power and propulsion activities, and to the USDOE on several projects. Bhattacharyya was born in India, where he did his schooling through his undergraduate work, receiving a B. Tech (honors) degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur. He came to the US for his graduate work and obtained master’s and doctoral degrees in Nuclear Engineering at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. Bhattacharyya joined Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) in Argonne, Illinois immediately after completing his Ph.D. work. He research work at ANL focused on advanced nuclear reactor technologies. He rose to the position of senior nuclear engineer and held several executive leadership positions in the Laboratory, including a five-year stint as director of the Technology Development Division. The division was a diversified organization with several technical programs, including advanced reactors, nuclear non-proliferation, nuclear fusion and fuel cycle assessments. One of his major accomplishments was the development of several significant new R&D programs for the Laboratory. He achieved international recognition for his technical work in advanced nuclear power systems for terrestrial and space applications. He has published widely (over 200 publications) and participated in national and international conferences as organizer, speaker and keynote presenter. During this period, he also earned a master’s degree in Business Administration from the University of Chicago as well as the Professional Engineer registration. Bhattacharyya left ANL in 2003 to operate RENMAR Enterprises, Inc. A highlight of his work was as the nuclear lead and one of the identified Key personnel for the Northrop Grumman team that won the major NASA contract (Project Prometheus) on the development of a nuclear powered probe to the moons of Jupiter. Bhattacharyya was recruited in 2007 to join the Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC team that bid for and won the operating contract for the DOE’s Savannah River Site. Bhattacharyya was one of the two Key personnel required in that proposal, and assumed the directorship of the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) located at the Savannah River Site. SRNL is one of DOE’s twelve National Laboratories, and is the Corporate Laboratory of the DOE’s Environmental Management Office. In this position, Bhattacharyya was responsible for the management, operations and planned growth of the Laboratory. The Laboratory had ~ 1000 employees and conducted R&D on a diversified portfolio of projects in the Environmental Management, National Security and Energy Security areas. Bhattacharyya served as Laboratory Director for two years, after which he returned to running RENMAR Enterprises. Dr. Bhattacharyya is a fellow of the American Nuclear Society and has won a number of Awards for his work. These include the University of Chicago Distinguished Performance Award, the University of Wisconsin College of Engineering Distinguished Achievement Award, and the Indian Institute of Technology (Kharagpur) Distinguished Alumnus Award. He has served on several Department of Energy, Department of Defense, NASA and University advisory boards. He also serves on a number of technical, corporate and civic boards. Edward Bohn Ph.D. About The Member Dr. Bohn’s early interest in science led him to a career first, as a research scientist, and later, as a technology entrepreneur. He attended the University of Illinois 1959-1968 receiving a BS in Engineering Physics and a Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering. He was a member of the Sigma Tau engineering honor society. For his Ph.D. thesis, Dr. Bohn was the first to make a three parameter measurement of the nuclear fission of Uranium-235 simultaneously recording the mass, energy and charge of the two particles in the splitting of the nucleus. This led to a more complete understanding of the nuclear fission process. Throughout his graduate studies he maintained his qualifications as an Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) licensed nuclear reactor operator. Dr. Bohn began his career as a nuclear reactor research scientist at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) where he gained international recognition for his work in reactor physics. He led the group conducting experimental studies of commercial scale, plutonium-fueled breeder reactors at the ANL Chicago site. Dr. Bohn was chosen by the AEC to chair the National Cross Section Working Evaluation Group, 1974-1976. This group, made up of nuclear scientists from the national laboratories and universities, was responsible for reviewing the latest basic nuclear reaction data and certifying its use for the design of both commercial and defense nuclear devices. I this capacity, he delivered the keynote presentation at the International Conference on Nuclear Cross Sections and Technology in Washington, D.C., 1975. He was selected as the outstanding engineering graduate by the University of Illinois Nuclear Engineering Department in 1977. Dr. Bohn had a keen interest in the field of economics especially as it applied to energy technologies and strategies. He enrolled in the University of Chicago evening program to pursue this interest, earning an MBA with majors in finance and economics in 1976. He qualified for University honors and was named to Beta Gamma Sigma business honor society. While at Chicago, he studied and worked closely with Professor Merton Miller (1990 Nobel Prize winner in Economics) to develop a macroeconomic computer simulation of energy use in the U.S. economy. This interest led to his appointment as Director, Energy Conservation programs at ANL (1977-1979) entailing the development of more efficient energy systems and technologies. Dr. Bohn followed his entrepreneurial bent when he joined TRW, Inc. in 1979 to participate in the start-up of their energy technology business. He became the Director, Company Planning and Director, New Business Venture for TRW’s $3.5 billion Space and Defense Sector. In this capacity, he supported the Sector’s operating units in the development of strategic business plans. In 1990, Dr. Bohn was recruited to run QUEST Integrated, Inc. of Kent, Washington, formerly the Flow Research Company. As President, he led the revival of the company, more than doubling its size and returning the company to a healthy, profitable enterprise with the development of advanced, high-pressure waterjet systems and laser-based measurement technologies for the government and commercial markets. In 1996, Dr. Bohn left QUEST to pursue his own interests. He taught a course in Strategic Business Planning to second-year MBA students at the University of Washington while developing plans for a start-up company. In 1997, with the backing of local investors, Dr. Bohn co-founded Tempress Technologies, Inc. (TTI) and served as its first President. TTI develops and produces high-pressure hydraulic drilling tools for the oil and gas industry. These tools proved to be highly efficient for hydrofracturing in shale formations. TTI was acquired by Oil States International of Houston, Texas, and operates today as a wholly-owned subsidiary. Dr. Bohn was recruited by the venture capital group of Battelle Memorial Institute to turn around Plasma Technology, Inc. (PTI). PTI was engaged in the development of large-scale, induction-coupled plasma reactors for conversion of wastes into clean energy fuels. As CEO, Dr. Bohn relocated the company to Seattle, renamed PTI to Thermal Conversion Corp. (TCC), acquired full-scale demonstration facilities and completed operational testing at which point TCC was acquired by Novatec. Dr. Bohn served on the Board of Directors for Quest, TTI and TTC. Howard Thomas Brady Ph.D. About The Member Memberships: Explorers Club New York; Australian Academy of Forensic Sciences Awards: Distinquished Alumnus Scientist of the Year, Northern Illinois University in 2011, for his contributions to Antarctic science and the community Dr Howard Thomas Brady has had a diverse career. Apart from his scientific degrees (M.Sc and Ph.D in Antarctic science), Howard has Diplomas in Philosophy and Theology. Howard was a Catholic priest with an interest in science and, after a short teaching career, was involved with the United States Office of Polar Programs as a scientist for two summers as the US Navy Chaplain to McMurdo Station and the South Pole Station. In the 1970s, Howard was on 4 mainland Antarctic expeditions and one short expedition to Macquarie Island. He specialised in using microscopic diatom fossils to trace the climate and geological history of Antarctica. He was involved in the first ever holes drilled: in rock on the Antarctic mainland: off the pack ice into the Ocean Floor of McMurdo Sound (The Dry Valley Drilling Project); and through the Ross Ice Shelf (The Ross Ice Shelf Project). In 1980, Howard entered ordinary life and the business world. In 1987, he co-founded a listed public oil company called Mosaic Oil. The Company explored for oil and gas in Papua New Guinea and Queensland, Australia. Between 1998 to 2000 Howard also managed a company with contracts from the Sydney City Council to repave the main plazas of Sydney in preparation for the 2000 Olympic Games. Howard returned to Academia in 2005 and was an Honorary Associate of Macquarie University until 2011. During this period he examined coastal processes and sea level rise along the south coast of New South Wales, Australia. This led to his interest in the broader subject of climate change, and in 2016 Howard published a book ‘Mirrors and Mazes: a guide through the climate debate’. The first edition sold out quickly, and in 2017 the 2nd edition was released. The book is available from the website in Australia and overseas through Amazon. The book was written in a popular style, so ordinary people would be given a framework to generally understand the climate debate. The book was also designed to be an introductory climate reader for students. Hobbies: Howard has had a long-term interests in cryptology and also in understanding human error in major accidents. Other interests include the piano and golf. Website: http://www.mirrorsandmazes.com.au/ Jim Buell PhD I received my B.A. (Biology) from Occidental College in 1966, and my Ph.D. (Biology; comparative physiology / biochemistry) from the University of Oregon in 1973. I have focused on the biology and ecology of salmonid and other freshwater and estuarine fishes. I worked for a private consulting firm from 1974 to 1977, when I left to start my own environmental consulting business. I am now mostly retired and reside in Portland, Oregon. Almost all my work has been in western North America: California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, British Columbia and Alaska. Clients have included large and small projects in the private sector (ports/marinas, small hydro, energy facility siting, timber interests, mills, large pipelines, mines, agricultural interests, permitting, etc.); various state and federal (US and Canadian) agencies; environmental groups and private individuals. For a few years in the mid-‘80s I was heavily involved in Bonneville Power Administration's Fish and Wildlife Program (emphasis on large and small energy development mitigation projects and aquatic habitat rehabilitation and enhancement); between 1995 and 2003 about a third of my time involved the California "water wars" and several other projects in Northern California. Since the early '80s, however, most of my consulting work has been in Alaska, and has mostly involved large projects (mines, ports, mills, pipelines, etc.). As an environmental consultant, I have had extensive (and mostly cordial) interactions with the regulatory world; these have nearly always been constructive and oriented toward problem-solving rather than problem perpetuation. Having specialized in anadromous fishes, I have long had an interest in climate systems and both shorter- and longer-term variations. When Al Gore first came out with his preposterous book, I immediately knew he had taken a wrong turn, and was engaged in a political, not a scientific campaign. Consequently, when climate hysteria became a very big business, I have found fellowship with the other side... this side. Naturally, the subject of marine systems' interactions with atmospheric systems is of particular interest to me, including the carbonate cycle and some of the kinetics of carbonate equilibria, and how these factors tend to help explain "rates, routes and reservoirs" of CO2 flux. Paleoclimatology is also of great interest to me. I try to keep up with the technical nature of the "climate debate" to the best of my abilities, but I'm not a physicist, nor a trained meteorologist, so I leave the very technical aspects to those who excel in these areas. Frits Buningh B.S. Computer Science Frits Buningh trained in the 1970s at Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) to become a mining engineer, specializing in ventilation. After working in a German coal mine in 1974, he worked in a Canadian copper mine in 1976-77—the Kid Creek Mine near Timmins, Ontario, one of the deepest underground mines in the world. Kid Creek’s #2 mine shaft was almost two miles deep (9800 feet = 1.85 Miles), and he experienced going down that deep when it was being developed. These experiences gave him a profound appreciation for geological time scales, something that seems lost amid the climate crisis hysteria of today. Later in life Mr. Buningh embarked on a successful career in data management for various US publishers, including the Washington Times Corporation, United Communications Group (UCG) and the Military Times Publishing/Gannett Company. Along the way he graduated cum laude with a BS in computer science from the University of Maryland. At Military Times he spent two years overhauling a COBOL program written in the early 1990s for a complicated co-palletization scheme for the four military titles—Army Times, Air Force Times, Navy Times, and Marine Times—translating it into the then (2009) newer SQL-DTS language. This work gave him the experience in data modeling that is useful for his recent focus on analyzing the Antarctica temperature data presentations—or rather, misrepresentation by the Climate Change Institute of the University of Maine. In the publishing industry, it is common to be subjected to rigorous audits for advertising purposes (conducted by the ABC or BPA audit bureaus) in order to justify ad rates, as well as postal audits to qualify for substantial discounts like second class postage or what is now called magazine rates. None of this auditing is present in the climate data claims realm. To provide accountability to their audiences, the data presented by the Climate Change Institute of the University of Maine, the NOAA Models (CFS and others), the UN IPCC, and the Copernicus Institute, ought to be subjected to a similar rigorous auditing procedure by an independent body. Mr. Buningh aims to make a contribution by helping to establish some accountability in this area, which is currently entirely lacking. Mr. Buningh as of October 2023 became a signatory to the There is No Climate Emergency petition by the Dutch CLINTEL foundation; he is listed under the USA as #56. Frits Buningh, Data Research Specialist. Edward C. Clukey Ph.D. Edward C. Clukey earned his master's and bachelor's degrees from Worcester Polytechnic Institute and his doctorate from Cornell University. He is a registered professional engineer in California and Texas, a member of the Society of Underwater Technology and a Fellow in the American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE) and a Diplomate (retired) in ASCE for both Geotechnical and Ocean Engineering. For the past 45 years, Dr. Clukey has focused on offshore geotechnical engineering for the development of oil and gas reserves. His research at Cornell and in the early part of his professional career addressed problems on wave-seafloor interaction. He was Geotechnical Advisor at BP America (1998-2015) and worked on deepwater foundations, geotechnical aspects of pipelines and risers, as well as geotechnical problems related to earthquake and arctic engineering. Previously, he helped initiate the marine geotechnical program for the U. S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park California (1976-78). Prior to his BP experience he worked for McClelland Engineers (1983-1985) and Exxon Production Research (1985-1998). During his time with Exxon, he was involved as a technical analyst during the Exxon Valdez litigation (1994-1995). He won an award for preparing the technical basis for the best cross examination during the trial. Since 1991 he has been actively involved with the development of suction caisson technology for deepwater applications. This work resulted in over ten publications on the topic and the installation of over hundreds of suction caissons throughout the world for BP. He chaired the API task group which developed industry guidelines for geotechnical aspects of conductors, risers and pipelines (2007-2019), now currently in both in API and ISO design documents. Throughout his career he has championed the use of centrifuge model testing and advanced numerical models to address complex offshore geotechnical technical issues. He managed ten centrifuge programs for problems related to ice gouging of the seafloor, suction caisson technology, piles capacity in Angolan soils, conductor and SCR fatigue, and the seismic response of steel jacket structures and subsea manifolds. Since his retirement from BP he formed his own company (GeoMaxEd), become an active committee member in ASCE’s COPRI division developing a standard practice for renewable energy as well as a member of the ASCE Geo-Institute developing guidelines for the risk and reliability of geotechnical structures and foundations. He was an invited lecturer at MIT from 2016 to 2019. Dr. Clukey is the author of 55 technical publications and his experience covers many regions of the world. He was selected and gave the distinguished fifth McClelland lecture in August 2022. During the past few years, he has become interested in the science behind climate change and has investigated the potential risks that will impact society regarding policy decisions on this issue. He has compiled a presentation that summarizes the impact of human activity on global warming and climate change, potential outcomes regarding policy decisions and costs for the proposed solutions. He has given this presentation to over 100 individual and several professional societies including C-CORE, SUT and the ASCE leadership committee. Recently he has been invited by the ASCE Energy Division to submit a paper summarizing his views on climate change. Raphael D’Alonzo Ph.D. Analytical Chemistry Raphael (Ray) P. D'Alonzo is retired from the Procter & Gamble Company (P&G) and a former University of Massachusetts Amherst visiting and adjunct professor and former University of Cincinnati Evening College instructor. Dr. D'Alonzo obtained a B.Sc. in chemistry with honors in 1974 from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy & Science (acquired by St. Joseph's University in 2022) and his Ph.D. in analytical chemistry in 1977 from the University of Massachusetts Amherst where he studied and developed a variety of atomic absorption and emission spectroscopic methods for quantifying trace organic compounds in food, pharmaceutical and environmental samples under Prof. Sidney Siggia. After receiving his Ph.D., he joined P&G's Foods Division where he applied a variety of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques for the determination of trace organics in food products and packaging materials. In 1982, he was appointed Director of Analytical Chemistry in P&G's Bar Soap & Household Cleaning Products Division and in 1983 was elected Chair of P&G's Worldwide Analytical Coordinating Committee, a body composed of 23 analytical organization leaders from around the world managing more than 200 Ph.D. analytical chemists. In 1984, he was transferred to P&G Pharmaceuticals where he managed the research program that discovered risedronate which successfully progressed to become Actonel®, a 1.7 billion dollar osteoporosis drug. He was appointed Senior Director in 1986 where he managed a variety of clinical research and operational departments for the next 22 years. Under his leadership, P&G Pharmaceuticals received patents for novel potent and broad-spectrum anti-infective compounds, regulatory approval for the first non-steroidal osteoporosis drug in the world (etidronate in France) and became the first pharmaceutical company in the world to implement a system for harvesting and validating clinical data using the Internet as documented in Harvard Business School case study #9-606-033. In 2006, he was appointed Senior Manager in P&G's R&D Administration organization with responsibility for worldwide university technical relations until he retired in 2008. Dr. D'Alonzo has been active in several professional organizations including the American Chemical Society (ACS), the Society for Applied Spectroscopy, the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, and the Chiari & Syringomyelia Patient Education Foundation. He has served as Chair of the ACS Cincinnati Section composed of 1,600 members and as President of the Cincinnati Section of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy. Dr. D'Alonzo's publications are diverse ranging from various topics in analytical chemistry to pharmacoeconomics. He has been invited to speak on various topics of analytical chemistry and drug research and development at over a dozen colleges and universities. In 1995, Dr. D'Alonzo was honored as the recipient of the University of Massachusetts Distinguished Alumni Award and later in 2000 with the University's highest award, the Chancellor's Medal. Since retirement, Dr. D'Alonzo has become the owner of several successful small startup businesses and has served on the board of directors of the Northern Cincinnati Community Foundation and the Joint Economic Development District I of Liberty Township, Ohio. David L. Debertin Ph.D. About The Member Degrees Received: BS (1969 Ag. Education-Agronomy ), MS (1970 Ag.Economics), North Dakota State University MS Thesis: Cost-Size-Quality Relationships Affecting North Dakota Schools (Thor Hertsgaard, director), 1970 PhD, Purdue, August, 1973, Ag. Economics Editor, Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 1993-1995 Volumes (with Angelos Pagoulatos and Barry Bobst) Editor, Review of Agricultural Economics for the 1997 and 1998 volumes. Co-founded the Review of Ag. Economics in the current format under AAEA sponsorship (with Angelos Pagoulatos) Books: Agricultural Production Economics (Second Edition, 2012). Agricultural Production Economics (Second Edition, 2012, ISBN ) is a revised edition of the Textbook Agricultural Production Economics published by Macmillan in 1986 (ISBN 0‐02‐328060‐3). This is intended primarily for adoption at the beginning graduate level. Agricultural Production Economics available in paper copy under ISBN 1469960648 and as a free e‐download at http://purl.umn.edu/158319 Agricultural Production Economics: The Art of Production Theory (2012). A 98 page companion book to Agricultural Production economics available in print as ISBN 1470129264 and as a free e-download at http://purl.umn.edu/158320 Applied Microeconomics: Consumption, Production and Markets (2012). Applied Microeconomics is a concise 250 page text intended for use in upper division undergraduate courses in applied microeconomics. It is available in print as ISBN 1475244347 or as a free e-download at http://purl.umn.edu/158321 Refereed Journal Articles: Debertin, David L. and John M. Huie. "What Can the Public School Do to Reduce Dropout Numbers." Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics 6:2, 1974. Debertin, David L., "Significance Tests of Regression Coefficients: An Additional Reminder," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 57:1, 1975. Debertin, David L., Gerald A. Harrison, Robert J. Rades and Lawrence P. Bohl, "Estimating the Return to Information: A Gaming Approach," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 57:2, May 1975. Debertin, David L., and R.J. Freund, "The Deletion of Variables from Regression Models Based on Tests of Significance: A Statistical and Moral Issue," Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics 7:1, 1975. Debertin, David L., and John M. Huie, "Projecting Economic Activity Within Individual Towns and Cities: An Exploratory Study," Journal of the Community Development Society 6:1, 1975. Debertin, D.L. and John M. Huie, "Secondary Education and Its Impact on the Performance of Purdue University Freshmen," Journal of Socioeconomic Planning Sciences, 9:3, 1975, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England. Debertin, D.L., and John M. Huie, "Factors Influencing the Demand and Supply of Public School Teachers: An Exploratory Analysis," Journal of Socioeconomic Planning Sciences, 9:6, 1975, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England. Freund, R.J., and D.L. Debertin, "Variable Selection and Statistical Significance," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 57:4, 1975. Debertin, D.L., and G.L. Bradford, "Conceptualizing and Quantifying Factors Influencing the Growth and Development of Rural Economies," Annals of Regional Sciences 10:1, 1976. Debertin, D.L., R.J. Rades and G.A. Harrison, "Returns to Information, An Addendum," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 58:2, 1976. Debertin, David L., "Estimating Education Production Functions in Rural and Urban Areas," Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics 8:2, 1976. Debertin, David L., Angelos Pagoulatos and Garnett L. Bradford, "Computer Graphics: An Educational Tool in Production Economics," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 59:4, 1977. Debertin, David L., "Impacts of Community Characteristics on the Attributes of Public Education," Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics 9:2, 1977. Debertin, David L., and John M. Huie, "Impacts of Socioeconomic Characteristics of a Community on the Availability of Resources for Public Education," Annals of Regional Sciences 12:1, 1978. Infanger, Craig, Lynn Robbins and David L. Debertin, "Interfacing Research and Extension in Information Delivery Systems," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 60:5, 1978. Pagoulatos, Angelos, David L. Debertin and Emilio Pagoulatos, "Impact of Selected Price Policies on the Demand for Crude Oil," Western Journal of Agricultural Economics, July, 1978. Pagoulatos, Emilio, David L. Debertin and Angelos Pagoulatos, "Effects of EEC Agricultural Policy on European Imports of Meat, Dairy Products and Eggs,"Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics, 10:l, 1978. Debertin, David L., Lynn Robbins and Larry Jones, "Kentucky's ANSER, Agricultural Network Serving Extension and Research," American Journal of Agricultural Economics. August, 1979. Debertin, David L. and Angelos Pagoulatos, "Impacts of Declining Enrollments on Educational Costs in Rural Areas" North Central Journal of Agricultural Economics 2:1, Jan., 1980. Debertin, David L. and Angelos Pagoulatos, "Energy Alternatives on Agriculture: Implications for the South," Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics 12:1, July, 1980. Debertin, David L., Angelos Pagoulatos and Eldon Smith, "Estimating Linear Probability Functions: A Comparison of Approaches," Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics 12:2, Dec., 1980. Debertin, David L., Charles L. Moore Sr., Larry D. Jones and Angelos Pagoulatos, "Impacts on Farmers of a Computerized Management Decisionmaking Model," American Journal Agricultural Economics 63:2, May, 1981. Debertin, David L., Angelos Pagoulatos, and Abdessalem Aoun, "Determinants of Farm Mechanization in Kentucky: An Econometric Analysis." North Central Journal of Agricultural Economics 4:2, July, 1982. Pagoulatos, Angelos, David L. Debertin, and William Johnson," An Econometric Analysis of Qualitative Choice Among Performance Characteristics of Agricultural Tractors." Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics 14:2, Dec. 1982. Luzar, E. Jane, D. L. Debertin and Angelos Pagoulatos, "Revenue Tradeoffs: Implications for State Government Finance." Socioeconomic Planning Sciences 18:1 1983. Debertin, David L. Review of "Value Judgments in Publicly Supported Research" Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics 15:1, 1983. Debertin, David L., Rodney L. Clouser and Angelos Pagoulatos, "Impacts of Property Tax Relief on Educational Expenditures in Rural Areas. North Central Journ. of Agricultural Economics 6:2, July, 1984. Debertin, David L. "Developing Realistic Agricultural Production Functions for Use in Undergraduate Classes." Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics 18:2, Dec. 1985. Debertin, David L., and Angelos Pagoulatos. "Optimal Management Strategies for Alfalfa Production within A Total Farm Plan." Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics 18:2 Dec. 1985. Bradford, Garnett L. and David L. Debertin. "Establishing Linkages between Economic Theory and Enterprise Budgeting for Teaching and Extension Programs." Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics 18: 2, Dec. 1985. Pagoulatos, Angelos, Kostas Mattas and David L. Debertin. "A Comparison of Some Alternatives to Input_Output Multipliers" Land Economics 62: 4, Nov. 1986. Debertin, David L., Rodney L. Clouser, and John M. Huie. "Rural Poverty and Funding for Education." Policy Studies 15:2, Dec., 1986. Pagoulatos, Angelos, Sylvie Marzin and David L. Debertin "Diversification and Farm Acreage Variation in Kentucky Counties." North Central Journal of Agricultural Economics 9:1 Jan., 1987 David L. and Garnett L. Bradford, "Agricultural Economics Research and the Experiment Station System." Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics 20:2, Dec. 1987. Shrestha, C. M., David L. Debertin, and Kurt R. Anschel. "Stochastic Efficiency versus Mean Variance Criteria as Predictors of Adoption of Reduced Tillage: Comment" American Journal of Agricultural Economics 68: 4, 1987. Debertin, David L. and Craig L. Infanger. "Welfare Programs, Farm Programs, and the Negative Income Tax." Policy Studies Review, 7:4 1988. Pagoulatos, Angelos, David L. Debertin and Fachurrozi Sjarkowi. "Soil Erosion, Intertemporal Decisionmaking, and the Soil Conservation Decision." Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics 22:2, 1989. Debertin, David L., Angelos Pagoulatos and Abdessalem Aoun. " Impacts of Technological Change on Factor Substitution in U.S. Agriculture: 1950-1979." Energy Economics 12:1 1990. Debertin, David L. and Angelos Pagoulatos. "Categorizing State Economies and Forecasting Differential Economic Growth Rates." Best Papers, Atlantic Economic Society. January, 1991 Debertin, David L., Angelos Pagoulatos and Garnett L. Bradford. "New Applications of Three-Dimensional Computer Graphics in Production Economics." Review of Agricultural Economics 13:1 January, 1991. Debertin, David L. and Larry D. Jones. "Applications of Computer Graphics to Undergraduate Instruction in Agricultural Economics." American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 73:1. Feb. 1991. Debertin, David L. and Angelos Pagoulatos. " Research in Agricultural Economics, 1919-1990: Seventy-two Years of Change." Review of Agricultural Economics 14:1 January, 1992. Goetz, Stephan J. and David L. Debertin, "Rural Areas and Educational Reform in Kentucky: an Early Assessment of Revenue Equalization," Journal of Educational Finance 18:2, Fall, 1992, 163-79. Debertin, David L. "An Animated Instructional Module for Teaching Production Economics with 3-D Graphics." American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 75:2. May, 1993 485-91. Goetz, Stephan J. and David L. Debertin. "Estimating County-Level Demands for Educational Attainment." Socioeconomic Planning Sciences Journal. 27: 1993 pp. 25-34. Debertin, David L. "Rural Development Issues for Agricultural Economists in the Year 2000: Discussion." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75:5 December, 1993. Gallacher, Marcos, Stephan J Goetz, and David L. Debertin Managerial Form, Ownership and Efficiency: A Case-Study of Argentine Agriculture. Agricultural Economics 11 (1994). Debertin, David L., E.Jane Luzar and Orlando D. Chambers. "A Protocol or a Set of Standards to Guide Agricultural Economics Research." Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 20(1): 82-95 (July, 1995) Mwana N. Mawampanga and David L. Debertin "Choosing Between Alternative Farming Systems:An Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process." Review of Agricultural Economics 18:3 September, 1996 pp. 385-401. Goetz, Stephan J. and David L. Debertin., "Rural Population Decline in the 1980s: Impacts of Farm Structure and Federal Farm Programs" American Journal of Agricultural Economics 78:3, August, 1996. Goetz, Stephan J. and David L. Debertin., "Rural-Urban Locational Choices of Medical Doctors:A County-Level Analysis. Review of Agricultural Economics 18:4 October, 1996 pp. 547-63. Debertin, David L. Review of Allan N. Rae, "Agricultural Management Analysis, Activity Analysis and Decisionmaking, American Journal of Agricultural Economics 77:3 (August, 1995) pp. 821-3 (Book Review) Goetz, S. J., D. Hu and D. L. Debertin, "A Structural Model of Human Capital and Manufacturing Sector Change,"International Advances in Economic Research 2:1996. Gallacher, Marcos, Stephan J. Goetz and David L. Debertin, “Efficiency Effects of Institutional Factors: Limited Resource Farms in Northeast Argentina,” in R.Ross, M. Bellamy and C. Tanner, eds., Issues in Agricultural Competitiveness: Markets and Policies, International Assoc. of Agricultural Economists, Occasional Paper #7, 1997, pp.68-76. Goetz, Stephan J. and David L. Debertin, “School Finance Reform”, in J.C. Lindle, J.M. Petrosko, and R.S. Pankratz, eds. 1996 Review of Research on the Kentucky Educational Reform Act.Univ of Ky/Univ. Of Louisville Center for the Study of Educational Policy, Lexington, KY, May, 1997, pp 271-286. Goetz, Stephan J., David L. Debertin and Angelos Pagoulatos, “Linkages Between Human Capital and the Environment: Implications for Sustainable Economic Development” in R.Ross, M. Bellamy and C. Tanner, eds., Issues in Agricultural Competitiveness: Markets and Policies, International Assoc. of Agricultural Economists, Occasional Paper #7, 1997, pp. 336-43 David L. Debertin and Stephan J. Goetz. “A Comparison of Social Capital in Rural and Urban Settings” in Proceedings: Using Housing Policy to Build Healthy Communities: A Response to Devolution and Welfare Reform, Fannie Mae Foundation, April, 1997 Housing Conference, Washington DC. Goetz, Stephan J., David L. Debertin and Angelos Pagoulatos, “Human Capital Income, and Environmental Quality: A State-Level Analysis.” Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 27:2, October, 1998. Ngarambé, Octavian, Stephan J. Goetz and David L. Debertin, “Regional Economic Growth and Income Distribution: County-Level Evidence from the US South,” Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 30 (December, 1998) :325-337. Debertin, David L. Review of Urban-Regional Economics, Social System Accounts and Eco-Behavioral Science: Selected Writings by Karl A. Fox. Ed. James R. Prescott, Paul Van Moeske, ans Jati K. Sengupta. Ames Iowa, Iowa State Univ Press (book review) Growth and Change 31, Summer, 2000, pp. 438-441. Debertin, David L. Review of Sydney C. James and Phillip R. Eberle, Economic & Business Principles in Farm Planning and Production. NACTA Journal (book review) March 2001. Pp. 57-8 Debertin, David L. “Are American Farmers Better Off as a Result of Technology Gains?” Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 33:2 2001 pp. 327-339. Debertin, David L., Corporate Strategy in the Tobacco Manufacturing Industry: The Case of Philip Morris Review of Agricultural Economics 23(2) Fall/Winter 2001 510-522. Goetz, Stephan J. and David L. Debertin. “Why Farmers Quit:A County-Level Analysis ” Amer . J. Agr. Econ 83(4) November, 2001 1010-1023. Debertin, David L. Review of Char Miller ed. Fluid Arguments: Five Centuries of Western Water Conflict Growth and Change 33, 2002. (book review). Pagoulatos, Angelos, Stephan J. Goetz, David L. Debertin and Tulin Johannson. Interactions Between Economic Growth and Environmental Quality in US Counties. Growth and Change 35(1) Winter, 2004 90-108. Rupasingha, Anil, Goetz, Stephan J., David L. Debertin and Angelos Pagoulatos. The Environmental Kuznets Curve for US Counties: A Spatial Econometric Analysis With Extensions.” Papers in Regional Science: Journal of the Regional Science Association International 83(2) April, 2004, 407-424 Debertin, David L. and Stephan J Goetz. “Rural Poverty, Amenities and Social Capital” Special issue of the Southern Business and Economics Journal 2005. Zimmerman, Julie, Stephan J. Goetz and David L. Debertin. “People and Places: Welfare Reform and the Separate Effect of Caseload Characteristics and the Local Conditions ” Sociological Spectrum, 2006. Recent Teaching AEC620 - ADVANCED PRODUCTION ECONOMICS I; Credits: 3 An advanced treatment of production economics with emphasis on flexible product and factor price situations, factor demand functions, multiple product production, and poly-periodic production theory. Prereq: ECO 601. (Fall) Taught each year from1974-2013 AEC 303 Section 001 - MICROECONOMIC CONCEPTS IN AG ECONOMICS Credit: 3.0 Prereq: ECO 201 and MA 113 or 123. Emphasis on the development of theoretical models of production and consumption economics and application of these models to problems. The importance of concepts of marginality to managers and consumers is emphasized. Role of risk and uncertainty in resource allocation is outlined. Taught each year from 2004-2013. Leslie P. Eastman About The Member Leslie P. Eastman is a senior consultant for Zoubek Consulting, LLC, a workplace safety solution consulting firm based in San Diego, CA. Leslie holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Geology and another in Chemistry from Wayne State University in Detroit, MI. Additionally, she has a Master of Science Degree in Chemistry (with a biochemistry/physical organic chemistry specialization) from the University of California, San Diego. She specializes in hazardous materials safety, chemical hazard communication, and laboratory-related environmental health and safety issues. Leslie, who is also a Certified Hazardous Materials Manager, has over twenty years of experience in the preparation of safety data sheets, labels, chemical hygiene plans, and other, detailed compliance documentation and permit applications required under safety and environmental health regulations. She has supported clients as they have conducted remediation projects that had specific Environmental Protection Agency requirements. Leslie overseen the removal of toxic waste materials from research laboratories, monitored employees for potential airborne exposures, and has responded to hazardous materials releases/biohazardous spills. Additionally, Leslie has given numerous training presentations on a wide array of hazardous materials and environmental compliance topics, including DOT Hazardous Materials Safety, IATA Dangerous Goods Code, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response, ISO 14001, and Exposure Control to Bloodborne Pathogens. Her most recent, formal presentation was given at the American Society of Safety Engineers in Atlanta (2016), which dealt with the practical application of the Globally Harmonized System of Chemical Classification rules now being implemented by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Leslie has extensive experience as a journalist, including work as a Science Writer for The South Endwhile she was a student at Wayne State University, and is currently a science and technical writer/contributor for a variety of media outlets. She is an author for Legal Insurrection, a nationally known news analysis site, and reviews climate change coverage as it impacts government policy. She has also provided a platform for whistleblowers, when they reveal data manipulation by bureaucrats and politicians (e.g., Dr. James Enstrom’s case against University of California, Los Angeles). She has been interview on the Fox News Channel, Fox Business Channel, KOGO AM 640, and other news and news analysis programs based on the articles she has written. Leslie is married to Benjamin G. Eastman, Assessment and Remediation Group Leader at AECOM’s San Diego offices. Benjamin has a Master of Science Degree in Geology from San Diego State University. Leslie is the mother of Blake C. Eastman, who is attending Serra High School and has an interest in physics and rocket science, and the step-mother of Michelle Eastman, who is working toward a Master’s Degree in Oriental Studies from University of Cambridge in Great Britain. Leslie, Ben, and Blake live in the small San Diego community of Tierrasanta with two cats, Venus and Jupiter. Brian Firth M.D. Brian G. Firth was born and raised in South Africa. He obtained a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MB,ChB., or MD equivalent) from the University of Cape Town. He was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship and proceeded to study at Oxford (Exeter College, South-Africa-at-Large, 1972). He completed his Doctor of Philosophy (D.Phil.) in fluid dynamics/hemodynamics as well as his physician specialist degree (MRCP) in three years and returned to Cape Town where he began his cardiology training at the famed Groote Schuur Hospital. He married his Irish wife Margaret and emigrated to the USA where he served as a Professor of Medicine (Cardiology), Director of the Coronary Care Unit, Director of the Cardiology Fellowship training program, and Associate Director of the Division of Cardiology at the University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX. He retired from this position in 1990 as a tenured full Professor of Medicine. During that period, he was elected a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology, a Fellow of the American Heart Association, a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and also obtained an MBA. He also served on the National Council of the American Federation for Clinical Research and chaired the Public Policy committee. From 1990-1992 he was Executive Director for Worldwide Cardiovascular Strategic Product Planning at Bristol Myers Squibb, and from 1992-1995 Chief Operating Officer and Executive Vice President, of GH Besselaar Associates, the largest worldwide Contract Research organization, with 650 employees at 4 locations in the US as well as Sydney, Australia. He joined Johnson and Johnson Interventional Systems in 1995 prior to its merger with Cordis Corporation. During the next 13 years he was directed clinical trials of the original coronary and peripheral arterial Palmaz stents, development and clinical trials of their successors, and ultimately development of the world’s first drug-eluting coronary stent, the CYPHER™ sirolimus eluting-stent. He served successively as Worldwide Vice President of Research and Development, Clinical Research, Health Economics and Reimbursement and played a central role in court over 10 years in defending the stent patents held by Johnson & Johnson (J&J), resulting in $3.6 billion cumulative payments to J&J. The clinical trials performed with these stents dramatically changed the treatment of coronary artery disease, and especially acute myocardial infarction (MI) or “heart attacks”, the leading cause of death in western societies. There are now estimated to be over 50 million people with stents worldwide. After retiring from J&J in 2008, he spent the next 9 years serving on multiple non-profit Boards, including Heritage Conservancy, a not-for-profit organization in Bucks County, Pennsylvania that specializes in land conservation and natural resource protection. From 2017 until early this year, he served on the Board and as Chief Scientific Officer for Thrombolex Inc. He was the Principal Investigator on an NIH grant that funded the pivotal RESCUE clinical trial for the treatment of patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE), using the BASHIR™ Endovascular Catheter. This trial showed best in class efficacy and safety with a device that has the potential to revolutionize the treatment of PE, as happened with coronary stents in the treatment of patients with acute MIs. PE is the third leading cause of cardiovascular death after acute MI and stroke worldwide. Michael Hogan Ph.D. C. Michael Hogan is a physicist with a B.S. from Princeton University and Ph.D. from Stanford University. An explorer at heart, he has conducted environmental research in 68 different countries. Hogan held graduate faculty positions at Santa Clara University and UC Davis. Early work at Princeton included the research team that published the first decoding of a Messenger RNA (sea urchin). He founded and led Earth Metrics Inc., a United States-based environmental science think tank that conducted over 3,600 original research studies for the U.S. EPA, FAA, US Army Corps of Engineers, USGS and 17 different State governmental agencies. With the CIA, he led teams for design of hardware and software for satellite foreign surveillance. His research is centered on atmospheric physics and chemistry, including such aspects as the urban heat island, greenhouse gas effects, and ocean dynamics. Dr. Hogan held a position with the National Academy of Sciences advising the U.S. President and Congress on environmental issues, notably in air and noise pollution, as well as water quality. In Hogan’s early work he led the design team for the NASA Apollo re-entry heat shield, and later focused on ferromagnetic spin-wave quantum mechanics, which is the basis of present day silicon chip manufacture. He also was project manager for the CIA first satellite system to attain high resolution video imagery that could be transmitted back to Earth in real time. He is currently conducting research on U.S. national energy policy and climate. Recent work includes a series of 90 publications developed in conjunction with the World Wildlife Fund on the forests of the world. Previously served a term as Editor-in-Chief of the Encyclopedia of Earth, a platform where 554 scientists published peer-reviewed articles on a global perspective. Hogan has served as Chairman and CEO of Earth Metrics Inc., the Humane Society of San Mateo County, and the California Arts and Sciences Institute. He has also served on the Board of the Encyclopedia of Earth, the California Association of Environmental Professionals, and the Monterey Museum of Art. Hogan has authored over 1210 scientific books and peer-reviewed articles in atmospheric physics, historic climate eras (e.g. Little Ice Age, Medieval Warm Period) terrestrial ecosystems, and U.S. energy policy. Example publications are agriculture environmental impacts in the Cengage Encyclopedia; development of the first line source model for air pollution dispersal (EPA); the first statistical model for meteorological prediction of thermal pollution from nuclear power plants (EPA); acoustical analyses for eight major U.S.A. airports (FAA); all cetacean profiles for the Encyclopedia of Earth (in conjunction with the World Wildlife Fund); new over the horizon electromagnetic missile detection hardware system (CIA); and the first pesticide runoff model for the U.S. EPA (Southeast Water Laboratory). Charles Hohenberg Ph.D. About this Member Charles Hohenberg has been a Professor of Physics at Washington University for 45 years. He received his BS in Physics from Princeton in 1962 and his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1967. He is an experimental physicist who designs and builds his own equipment, utilizing the sensitivity of noble gas mass spectrometry in a number of different fields. During the course of his research he developed new high-precision ion-counting noble gas mass spectrometer systems, and the associated ultra-low-blank auxiliary systems, capable of measuring noble gas isotope ratios at the thousand atom level. Studying the abundances of now extinct 129 I and 244 Pu, he developed early self-consistent models for galactic nucleosynthesis. Through a large, multi-year effort, he developed 129 I into a refined I-Xe dating method suitable for delineating early Solar System evolution with a resolution of 100,000 years or less. Necessary in his work was development of pulsed and CW laser systems for the extraction of noble gases from individual micron-sized grains. The precision of I-Xe dating and laser excision allows determination of cooling rates of iron meteorites. He discovered the first hard evidence for an early active (T-Tauri) sun by observing quantities of spallation-produced 21 Ne in individual meteoritic olivine grains which contained cosmogenic 21 Ne far in excess of that due to contemporary sources of energetic particles (solar and galactic cosmic rays and secondaries). Measured  decay half-lives by the accumulation of heavy noble gas daughter products, including the longest half-life ever experimentally measured (8.0 x 10 24 years for 128 Te, measured in 2 billion year old native Te). He refined the 81 Kr-Kr exposure age dating method and established the ages of many prominent lunar features (Tyco, North Ray crater and South Ray crater to precisions of a few percent), and studied meteorite exposure ages and lunar surface dynamics by the same method. He investigated the ancient natural spontaneous chain reactions in old uranium deposits Oklo (Gabon), a natural reactor) deposits. Recent work for the Stardust Mission led to the documentation of “anomalous adsorption” of heavy noble gases, a new mechanism for incorporation of heavy noble gases onto 2-D surfaces involving chemical rather than Van der Waals bonds. As a member of the Genesis and Stardust mission science teams, much recent activity has been in construction of multiple multiplier noble gas mass spectrometers in house, and collaborative design efforts with two commercial manufacturers: Nu-Instruments and GV Instruments. Results from the Genesis Mission has led to the highest precision determination of Kr and Xe isotope ratios in the solar wind, by inference the Sun, the starting composition of the solar system. He has been fully supported by NASA for all of his research activities. Dr. Hohenberg remained at Berkeley for two and a half years after receiving his PhD in 1967 to study the Apollo 11 samples. He then joined the Washington University Physics Department as an Assistant Professor in 1970, becoming Full Professor in 1978, where he was an active researcher for all Apollo Missions. However, he but spent much of his time studying noble gases in meteorites, the best preserved samples of the early solar system, where I-Xe dating has helped understand its early evolution. He has published approximately 320 reviewed publications, produced a dozen PhD physicists many are actively pursuing their own exciting work (5 university faculty, 4 national laboratories). Dr. Hohenberg is married to Victoria Marshall Hohenberg, the father of 4 children, and lives in St. Louis Missouri. John W. Jenkins MBA Finance & Marketing Texas A & M University 1952-1956 – BS Civil Engineering United States Air Force – 1956-1959 - Upon graduation from Texas A & M with his lieutenant’s commission, Jenkins entered the U.S. Air Force serving on active duty for three years. After completing his pilot flight training, Jenkins served at Barksdale AFB, Louisiana, Headquarters, Strategic Air Command 2nd Air Force. Harvard Business School 1961-1963 – MBA Finance & Marketing International Business Machine Corporation – 1963 – 1969 - After graduating from the Harvard Business School, Jenkins joined the IBM company in Dallas. John’s six years at IBM included a training period on computer systems concepts, programming, business processing, and marketing. He and his sales team installed the first computers in Dallas area hospitals and was named the outstanding medical sales team in the IBM company. Information Management Associates, Inc. 1969-1975 - Jenkins and his sales partner from IBM left IBM to establish Information Management Associates, Inc. (IMA). The company obtained a contract to set up a data center for the over thirty Texas Rural Electric Cooperatives in Austin and set up a second data center in Dallas. From this base, IMA expanded its business to provide software for clients of a growing international computer company. For that company, IMA established and managed a programming shop in Paris, France, to modify the software to European Common Market standards and the required language translations. IMA software was installed in companies on all six continents. Other Major Activities and Companies Clini-Therm Corporation, Inc., Dallas, Texas - After a successful sale of IMA, when recommended by a HBS classmate, Jenkins was approached by the Directors of development stage, public, high tech medical equipment company in Dallas to become its president and CEO replacing its founder. At Clini-Therm Corporation, Inc., Jenkins redesigned and enlarged the product line, obtained FDA approval in record time, completed a private placement of stock with United Kingdom institutional investors, and broadened the use of the technology into new medical uses. Jumpking Trampolines, Inc. – Dallas, Texas - A former IBM associate of Jenkins headed Jumpking Trampolines, a major Dallas division of Icon Health and Fitness, Inc. of Logan, Utah. Looking for growth opportunities beyond his U.S. market, he asked John to become Jumpking’s Director of International Sales. Jenkins established European dealers in Netherlands, Germany, Norway, Scandinavia, and England. He sold their product internationally to big box retailers Walmart, Sam’s Club, and Costco. Jenkins’ international sales provided Jumpking with 80 percent of its profit with just 20 percent of the company’s total sales volume. GSM International, Inc. – Dallas, Texas - The above years with Jumpking occurred from 1991 through 2004 when China was being welcomed into the world economy. China used this opportunity to destroy the profitability of Jumpking’s U.S. sales along with thousands of other American manufacturers. Icon shut down its Jumpking division in 2004. Following Jumpking’s closure, Jenkins started GSM International, Inc. For the next eighteen years, Jenkins became intimately involved with numerous Chinese manufacturing companies traveling there during China’s major expansion period. On various occasions, he represented them, competing against them, and even contracted with them to manufacture a patented, proprietary GSM product designed by Jenkins. Author – After selling his business operations in 2022, Jenkins finished writing “The Blessed Generation: Fifty Years on the Cutting Edge of Rapid Change”, recently published and now available on Amazon and Barnes & Noble. His new book, “Looking Through a Class Darkly: Divided America and the Gathering Storm”, should be available in September 2023. Payne Kilbourn Certified Nuclear Engineer Payne Kilbourn is now an independent consultant and writer after 28 years in the U.S. Navy Submarine Service and eight years in business. From 2004 to 2012 he was the CEO of Unmanned Ocean Vehicles. He started the company, attracted capital investment, and was the co-author of the international patent for the company’s unique autonomous, energy-scavenging, year-long endurance unmanned surface vessel for military applications and oceanographic research. The company demonstrated a fully operational prototype to the US Navy in 2010. The company’s assets were moved to Australia in 2011. He retired from the Navy as a Captain in 2003. During his career he served on five nuclear attack submarines, the last tour from 1993 to 1995 as Commanding Officer of USS Omaha (SSN 692). While on these submarines he spent more than half his time at sea and made eight 4-6 month deployments to the Atlantic, Mediterranean and the Pacific. Tours of duty ashore included two years as an instructor at a Navy nuclear power training unit, a two-year tour as an analyst and computer modeler of conventional warfare on the staff of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and two tours on the Navy staff in the Pentagon. He was the 1997 Navy Federal Executive Fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC, and from 1999 – 2001 he was the US Navy representative to the NATO Naval Board in Brussels, Belgium. He earned a M.A. in Political Science from George Washington University in 1989, a B.S. in Naval Architecture from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1976 and was Certified a Naval Nuclear Engineer in 1980 and Certified for Nuclear Submarine Command in 1994. He was an elected school board member in King George County, Virginia, for three years until 2010. He is the author of three novels, two screenplays, three non-fiction books on American government (“Gridlock: Why We Are In It,” “Modern Common Sense,” “Unsanity: Unthinking Acceptance of Assertions), non-fiction book “Elements of Climates,” and numerous articles and essays. Intrigued by the movie An Inconvenient Truth, he applied his education in nuclear physics to deeply research the scientific basis of the theory of global warming and then produced a number of papers and videos that describe the physics and chemistry that underlie it. These prompted the Board to invite him to join the CO2 Coalition. Selected Publications and Interviews: Crucial Conversations with our Members: Navy Veteran, CEO, author, and CO2 Coalition Member talks about his time as an officer on attack submarines, his company "Unmanned Ocean Vehicles", electricity generation, climate models, and the problem with using the term "climate science". Rob Louw M.Sc. Engineering Rob graduated at the University of Cape Town, South Africa with a B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering in 1969. In 1971 he completed an M.Sc. in Engineering at UCT. Rob worked briefly in a technical capacity in the petrochemical, nuclear and biomedical industries before joining the synthetic fibre industry where he worked for SANS Fibres in South Africa. Here he held senior technical, project and site management positions. He developed very good working relationships with their British and Japanese machinery and technology suppliers. He found great pleasure in learning Japanese culture, and particularly their quality management philosophy much of which he implemented at the SANS production sites. In 1988 Rob was seconded to Imperial Chemical Industries in London from where he managed the technical interface between ICI and its South African subsidiary AECI. It was in London where he first became aware of the nature of environmental alarmism with the big issue of the time being the impending ban on CFCs. Fortuitously, ICI had a solution to the problem. After three years in London, Rob returned to South Africa where he joined the titanium dioxide industry as Managing Director of Tioxide SA. In 1995 he transferred to the Tioxide Group in Teesside, NE England in a senior technical capacity. After the company was acquired by Huntsman in 1999, he became Senior Vice President Commercial. In this global role Rob spent much of his time travelling around the world to the nine countries where Huntsman had manufacturing and sales activities. Huntsman Pigments faced severe environmental scrutiny. By introducing detailed life cycle analyses and developing commercial outlets for the factories’ coproducts he was able to successfully defend Huntsman’s manufacturing record and keep the environmental activists at bay. Managing colleagues from many diverse cultural backgrounds was one of the most enjoyable aspects of working in a global business. Rob retired in 2005 and now lives in the market town of Stokesley in North Yorkshire, England. He still travels a lot, visiting family and friends around the world. In his retirement Rob has taken to lecturing physics to several U3A Science Groups in the UK and SA as well as to schools and to the UCT annual Summer School ever January. He is also a keen photographer. Rob is a sincere environmentalist. His roots keep him keenly interested in the wellbeing of African and other wildlife. He is keenly interested in real climate-related science which he has been studying for the past few years. His plans are to teach/lecture the subject to science groups and to spread the truth about carbon dioxide and its benefits to society as far and wide as he can. Gene McCall Ph.D. About The Member Dr. McCall completed an assignment as the Chief Scientist with Air Force Space Command at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado in 2003. He has now retired from Los Alamos National Laboratory as a Laboratory Fellow. As the AFSPC chief scientist, he provided information, advice and guidance on operations research and scientific matters and initiates, prosecutes and evaluates substantive programs on defending America through its space and intercontinental ballistic missile operations – vital force elements in projecting Global Reach and Global Power. The AFSPC mission areas include launching satellites and other high-value payloads into space and operating those satellites; ensuring friendly use of space by conducting counterspace operations encompassing surveillance, negation and protection; providing weather, communications, intelligence, missile warning and navigation, and maintaining and operating a rapid response, land-based ICBM force. At Los Alamos, he is a Laboratory Fellow of the Los Alamos National Laboratory of the University of California and is Past Chairman of the United States Air Force Scientific Advisory Board. He joined the Laboratory as a Staff Member in 1969. At Los Alamos he was one of the founders of the Inertial Fusion Program, and participated in laser and plasma physics research. He and a small group of collaborators designed and built the first high power Nd:Glass laser to be used for fusion research at Los Alamos. For a time that laser was the world’s highest power laser. From 1980-1982, he was leader of the Laser Division at Los Alamos. Dr. McCall was awarded the prestigious E. O. Lawrence Award for contributions to National Security in 1988. This award is given annually to five or fewer workers in the field of atomic energy by the U. S. Department of Energy. He has also received Distinguished Performance Awards from the Department of Energy for significant contributions to the Nuclear Weapons Program, and he has received Distinguished Performance awards from the Los Alamos National Laboratory for important technical achievements. Professional memberships and affiliations of Dr. McCall include: Former consultant to the Department of Energy on issues related to Inertial Fusion. Former member and chairman of the USAF SAB. Consultant to the Defense Science Board. Former member of the Senior Review Group to the Defense Airborne Reconnaissance Office (DARO). Former chairman of the Technology Assistance Panel for the DARO. Member of the American Physical Society. Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Visiting professor of physics at Imperial College(London) Visiting staff member of the UK Atomic Weapon Establishment. Associate fellow of the Royal Institute of Navigation. Member of Sigma Xi, The Institute of Navigation, and the honor societies of Phi Kappa Phi, Tau Beta Pi, and Eta Kappa Nu. Dr. McCall is the author of approximately 100 scientific papers, holds four patents, and he has given invited lectures around the world. In 1995 Dr. McCall directed the New World Vistas study requested by the Secretary and Chief of Staff of the Air Force. The study has received wide recognition in the defense technology community as a guide for the development of 21st century weapons for the Air Force. In recognition of his work on the study, the Air Force Association has awarded Dr. McCall their highest award for technical achievement, the 1996 Theodore von Karman Award. In 1997, the Secretary of Defense awarded Dr. McCall the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service, the department’s highest civilian award. Dr. McCall is an instrument-rated private pilot who flies for business and pleasure, a SCUBA diver, and a skier. John Parmentola Ph.D. Physics John Parmentola has had a highly distinguished career over four decades as an entrepreneur, inventor, innovator, a pioneer in the founding of new fields of research, and leader of complex research and development organizations with broad experience in the private sector, academia, and high-level positions within the federal government and defense community. Currently, Dr. Parmentola is a consultant to the RAND Corp., where he works on defense, energy, and science and technology assessment, strategy, and planning issues for government agencies, both domestic and foreign. He also does work for the National Academy of Sciences. As Senior Vice President at General Atomics, he led the California-based technology company's Energy and Advanced Concepts Group, focusing on energy, defense, advanced computing, and management of DIII-D National Fusion Facility, the largest such facility in the United States (US). The Group's innovations include a revolutionary waste-burning compact advanced reactor, meltdown proof nuclear fuel, setting new land-speed records with maglev systems, and fabricating the world's most powerful superconducting electromagnet for the largest fusion experiment in the world, ITER. While at GA, Dr. Parmentola invented a revolutionary new airship that could provide wireless communications for 1.4 billion people worldwide who need of this capability. As a distinguished senior executive in the Pentagon, Dr. Parmentola served as Director for Research and Laboratory Management for the US Army, directing lab management policy for 12,000 employees, infrastructure, and security for all 21 Army laboratories and research, development, and engineering centers, and led base realignment and closure efforts for the Army. He was responsible for a $1-billion combined budget for basic and applied research, manufacturing technologies, small business innovative research, and high-performance computing programs. During his tenure with the Army, Dr. Parmentola led the creation and development of several research centers, among them the Institute of Creative Technologies at USC., which won an Oscar for its technical contributions to cinematography, and the Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies at UCSB, which supported the work of Frances Arnold, who was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the 5th women in history to receive the prize. He also led the creation of the Institute for Nanotechnologies at MIT. Tasked by General Eric Shinseki, he led the creation of a new "Science Fair for the Nation," eCybermission, which has inspired middle and high school students nationwide (including US territories and possessions) in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education for the last two decades. Also, while serving in the Pentagon, Dr. Parmentola conceived and led the development of the world's first robotic dog that could see and sniff explosives. This unique robotic system saved soldiers' lives in Iraq and Afghanistan and is one of the Army's ten greatest inventions. As a Chief Scientist, Dr. Parmentola served as the science and technology advisor to the chief financial officer of the US Department of Energy (DOE), where he provided technical, budgetary, and programmatic advice to DOE leaders for more than $7B in science and technology investments. He also co-founded the Advanced Systems and Concepts Office of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency to address major national challenges concerning the threat of weapons of mass destruction. His work included a leadership role in conducting two significant studies on the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty for President Clinton. He received official confirmation from General John Shalikashvili that these studies contributed to the security of the nation. He has been on the faculty of MIT, West Virginia University, a Fellow of the John F. Kennedy School of Government, and a Principal Scientist for Strategic Command, Control, and Communications at the MITRE Corporation. While working for these organizations, he contributed to fundamental science in high-energy physics and nuclear physics, strategic nuclear operations and led the creation and development of the world's most sensitive mobile gravity gradiometer for arms control verification applications. This device is used today for oil and mineral exploration and the discovery of diamond deposits. His work in the private sector includes co-founding Travel Media Corp. (TMC), serving as TMC.'s chief financial officer and chief technology officer for over 20 years. TMC specialized in producing and distributing in-room magazines for leading hotels and resorts, including Marriott, Renaissance, Hyatt, Hilton, Radisson, and Westin throughout the Caribbean, Latin America, and Hawaii. TMC. also published a Spanish language version of Departures Magazine, Expressions, for American Express. Other TMC clients included Air Aruba Airlines and Copa Airlines of Panama. Born in the Bronx, New York, Dr. Parmentola earned a Bachelor of Science in physics cum laude from Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and his doctorate in physics from MIT. Dr. Parmentola received the 2007 Presidential Rank Award for Meritorious Executive from President George W. Bush for his service to the nation. He was also an Air Intelligence Agency nominee for the R.V. Jones Central Intelligence Agency award for his work in arms control verification and a recipient of the Outstanding Civilian Service Award and the Superior Civilian Service Award for his contributions to the US Army. Dr. Parmentola is an Honorary Member of the US Army STs. He is a recipient of the Alfred Raymond Prize and the Sigma XI Research Award and is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has presented and published more than 500 speeches, papers, and articles in science and technology and is the author of an authoritative book on space defense. Gregory Rummo M.S., Chemistry / M.B.A., Iona College Gregory J. Rummo earned a B.S. in chemistry and an M.B.A from Iona College. He also has an M.S. in chemistry from Fordham University. While a graduate student at Fordham University, Professor Rummo’s research involved the synthesis of penicillin-like molecules to block the activity of beta-lactamase enzymes responsible for antibiotic resistance in bacteria. He also taught several sections of undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory. After graduation, he taught organic chemistry as an adjunct professor at Nyack College of the Bible in Rockland County, NY. His industrial experience includes working for Dynamit Nobel as an environmental chemist, an organic chemist researching nickel-catalyzed cyanide addition to natural terpenes, and as a technical service representative for oil field chemicals. He co-authored a patent for a series of titanium and zirconium organometallic compounds used in hydraulic fracturing ("fracking"). In 1987 he became the CEO of New Chemic (US) Inc., which markets active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to the animal health industry. His other passion is writing, and before moving to Florida in 2017, he wrote a regular column and numerous feature-length articles for several North Jersey Media Group publications. He is currently a regular contributor to Baylor University's Christian Scholar's Review and a contributing writer for the Cornwall Alliance for the Stewardship of Creation, a network of evangelical Christian scholars – mostly natural scientists, economists, policy experts, theologians, philosophers, and religious leaders – dedicated to educating the public and policymakers about biblical earth stewardship. He leads an annual missionary trip to Peru, working together with members of Wycliffe Bible Translators and AWI, an indigenous Quechua evangelical group. Participants spend a week trekking in remote areas of the Andes Mountains, visiting villages where they show "The Jesus Film" and distribute bilingual New Testaments. Professor Rummo frequently weaves science and scripture together in his classes. In his own words, "It is noteworthy that the father of classical physics, Sir Isaac Newton, and the father of quantum physics, Max Planck, were both able to seamlessly integrate faith and science. Belief in God did not present a contradiction to thei
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I was suspicious about the circumstances of his death because of what Kevin Lee wrote to me which I have published below. Why did it take a year for me to publish it? Kevin wrote a lot of detailed personal information…	en	https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/168619c509e5f1394b226e0be86b9e9f6f37ee66c6890edc5678580d4c69d852?s=32	Frances Jones	https://francesjones.wordpress.com/2014/12/04/who-was-kevin-lee-with-when-he-died/	That is a question I have asked since Kevin Lee died a year ago. I was suspicious about the circumstances of his death because of what Kevin Lee wrote to me which I have published below. Why did it take a year for me to publish it? Kevin wrote a lot of detailed personal information about Ray King, who he felt deeply betrayed by. He wrote about his women and children and it weighed on my conscience. Do I cut it out? It’s not his children’s fault that he was a womaniser etc… I have published it because I want people to know that Kevin Lee felt scared of being killed. The emails and direct messages (DMs) he sent to me on Twitter have been published in chronological order, from when we first wrote to each other. It weighed on my conscience – do I or don’t I – for a year, partly because his family are obviously extremely private and devout Catholics. I don’t want to cause anyone any more pain or suffering. What made me decide to publish this, is that Kevin Lee reached out to a lot of people, including journalists. He wanted us to publish what he wrote, especially if he was killed. He asked me to. So I am doing it in honour of him, his wife Josefina and daughter Michelle. If they ever come to Australia I would like to meet them. Since his death I have happened to meet people who were in his congregation at Glenmore Park, people who are involved with Opus Dei schools, whose children he baptised and christened. Everyone I’ve met speaks highly of him, with great love and fondness. The catalyst for publishing this was two comments written on my WordPress site by Monica O’Brien and Sue, a year after his death. Honouring Father Kevin Lee Questions remain unanswered. May Kevin Lee rest in peace, but may we know the truth about how he died. Kevin Lee’s family and friends have been silent. Two of his brothers are police officers so I hoped they would investigate the circumstances of his death. Soon after his Memorial Mass, I rang St Mary’s police to speak with Terry but he was on leave. I asked for a message to be sent to him to ring me. He didn’t ring. They told me how I can contact him but I left it, I don’t want to push anyone. Were you a friend of Kevin Lee’s on Facebook? Somehow comments from before Kevin died were apparently removed after he died, but could be recovered from Facebook. At Kevin Lee’s Memorial Mass I sat next to a lovely woman who said she’s Kevin’s brother Terry Lee’s friend. The Lee family were on the other side of the church. I told her I published some of Kevin’s writing and that he was very scared of being killed because of who Ray King knows. She said he didn’t die in the typhoon, he died after it. I have never seen how close NSW police and the Catholic church are until Kevin’s memorial mass. Ray King was so prominent on the news and at the church. At the Memorial Mass, Ray King was with his partner, in the middle of the church near the aisle, in a prominent position. Being seen? Kevin had the inside information on all of them, having heard their confessions. He said they’d be scared of him revealing police information. I was stunned when I saw the first news story about Kevin’s death. Of all people, The ABC News story had an interview with Ray King, in which he said, “it was “fairly reckless” for Mr Lee to go swimming during the storm.” Whose idea was it to interview the man who betrayed him on ABC news? That was weird. “Kevin had a choice when he went into the surf,” he told the broadcaster. http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/2013/11/10/13/44/australian-among-philippines-storm-dead This article describes Kevin’s “falling out” with Ray King http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/federal-election-2013/priests-prove-a-bother-for-retired-police-chief-20130906-2tal2.html Kevin Lee felt deeply betrayed by Ray King, I published his writing about it on this WordPress site before he died. You can read more of Kevin’s thoughts below. After he died, I rang and wrote to DFAT to ask to speak to someone. From: Frances Jones Sent: Friday, 22 November 2013 10:42 AM To: Foreign Minister 2013 Subject: Father Kevin Lee I would like to speak with someone who knows about the circumstances of Kevin Lee’s death around the time of the typhoon in the Philippines. I was in close contact with him in the months before his death, so would appreciate talking with the person who knows the most about it. Kind regards, Frances Jones Foreign Minister 2013 To me 22 Nov 2013 Frances, I have been advised this is a consular issue. James, who is the advisor responsible for this, will not be back in the office until next week. I will ask he contact you then. Jeremy Leung Office of the Minister for Foreign Affairs The Hon. Julie Bishop MP P: +61 (0)2 6277 7500 I spoke to Jeremy Leung. A case officer was appointed from the DFAT consul staff, ‘Claire,’ and she rang me on 9 Dec. I told her that at least the embassy could request Filipino authorities to investigate Kevin’s death by interviewing eye witnesses, to put people’s minds at rest. She couldn’t give a guarantee but she said she would pass her concerns on to the Australian embassy. Her number is 02 62611111 if you want to follow up and call yourself. She said DFAT doesn’t investigate deaths overseas, you have to raise it with authorities in the country the person died in. Consular assistance updates families. “We don’t investigate deaths overseas. We refer people to family or you can go directly to the authorities. Go to the country the person died in.” Next I wrote to journalists at 4 Corners who made a program called ‘Unholy Silence’ about Father F, based on Kevin Lee’s book, which snowballed into the Royal Commission. Kevin Lee made enemies in the Liberal Party and the Catholic Church by speaking out. I sent journalists at 4 Corners all the emails and direct messages he’d written to me. Who was Kevin Lee with when he died? Below is an edited version of what Kevin Lee wrote to me before he died: Tony Abbott is Opus Dei make no mistake. I knew him from seminary.He was close friend of Fr John Nestor whom Abbott gave character ref for. 12:27 AM – 14 Jun 13 14 June 2013 I know Tony Abbott is connected at the hip with Opus Dei and they have money to back his campaign As I said I was considered a good chance of being a candidate poised for pre-selection for MacMahon (invited by Sen. Bill Heffernan to apply) and then told that Opus Dei people include Clarke said, “If he gets pre-selected we will veto or withdraw funding!!” I was not selected even though I delivered a flawless speech in exactly the 8 minute limit & answered all the questions I was given in twelve minutes while the other guy who was eventually chosen (my former best mate) stammered and stumbled for 12 mins in his presentation as well as messing up 2 questions! And also he is divorced with five kids to three women and they overlook that obvious morality flaw as well as other issues that will come back to bite them. As his best friend he told me about skeletons in his past such as Police Corruption allegation and AVO charge. He was asked the question (standard for Lib preselection) “Have you ever been charged with an AVO?” and rather than deny or lie he said, “I have charged many people with AVO breaches.. he he” He told me this himself. The Libs didn’t dig very deeply into his past but they put mine through the tea strainer. Just proves the duplicity to me.. Its not a case of spoilt grapes, its the injustice of what is going on in Australian politics that really annoys me. Someone close to me contacted me recently (well placed in Libs echelons) and he rang to empathise with me. He said, “Look Kevin, I know you are disappointed but its good you didn’t go into politics. It would destroy your ethical compass. You will sell your soul for votes..” While I don’t think I would have, I know I would have needed to.. Blessings! Kevin Lee Anyway, innocent or guilty he is Opus Dei and Abbott stuck his neck out to support an Opus Dei priest. How many others has he personally defended who are not? That would be.. none. I am not doing this to be malicious but responding now to constant critics of Opus Dei interference in politics which I am now convinced of (whereas before I was inclined to think is was based on misinformation). Even Ray King who now is running for Libs in MacMahon told me that I missed out because I attacked Pell. Little do they know, Ray hates Opus Dei with more passion than me and he will be doing his best to undermine them once he gets in. I will write something and send it to you, and you let me know what you think. Anyway, yes Josefina wants this to be my last comment on politics. Blessings! 14 Jun I agree on both points. By the way, did you see my other comments re: John Fahey and John Marsden? Tim Priest (whistle blower cop) was editing my book but he withdrew because he said he had been seconded to the Royal Commission and thought his collaboration with me might reflect some lack of impartiality but he told me some stories about John Marsden and other priests whom he had locked up which shocked me. I could not write about any of them because I did not know directly of the information he gave. All the people I wrote about, I have known personally or lived with. And all my informants were prepared to give testimony to the accounts they gave to a court should I be charged with libel (which has not yet happened!) By the way, I need to tell you (confidentially) I am not in the country & that’s why I didn’t call. Please do not tell anyone that because I have been threatened. Police are aware of death threats and suggested I take strict precautions as the threats are not some silly Catholic fruitcake but Bikies. The threats were not scary because I have always responded by offering to meet and talk with the person (who never responded). Anyway, I will write something and send to you soon. Blessings and thanks for believing in me. Reading your blogs has helped me to feel like I know you well and I trust you more than many other people who have spoken to me in recent times expressing support. Even some of the victims sound too much like they are ‘sussing me out’ to find out what I know.. you know, “fishing for info” rather than wanting to support me. I have had heaps of Fr Arthur’s scholarship recipients who have said I am “spot on’ about his interest in them sexually but they will not go on record saying anything because they took money. One is now a lawyer whom I knew as a kid. His parents are in touch with me and said they told Bishop Manning about what they believed was happening with Father Arthur and their son and he said he would investigate… Nothing happened. Now the lawyer said he doesn’t want to do anything about it, apart from confirm I am right. So many like that.. Anonymous comments on my blog, or just phone calls (prior to me turning off my phone). 15 Jun in my opinion Iverson was pure evil. I felt like I was in the presence of the devil each time I had to speak with him. He was an arch manipulator who studied psychology and hypnosis and employed both in discussions with people he was attempting to communicate with. There is so much more to his story that I didn’t write because he had so many disciples who would never accept that he was using priesthood to function undeterred as a predatory gay. He and Marsden were close. Marsden has so many skeletons. Being in the legal profession helped protect those secrets because everyone was scared of being sued even if they had true facts on him. Arthur Bridge is also part of that network. His biggest donors are legal firms (look on ARS Musical Australis website and you will find some pretty high level homos (not that there is anything wrong with that) who fund his enterprise, particularly his regular trips to the outback where he rips off the aborigines for their art and perhaps visits a few young boys whom he attempts to entice with scholarships. You see, the predators approach vulnerable people who will not be believed should they attempt to make an accusation. Imagine accusing a priest or a lawyer of paying you for sex when you’re an alcohol dependent indigenous Australian living in Alice Springs? But they had plenty of trips to the red centre when I was in the same house at Blacktown. As did other priests from overseas whom he invited. We even had foreign men who were not priests who stayed over in our guest rooms who were generously funded by him for no apparent reason. Anyway, I sound like a person who has a vendetta against him but the true fact of the matter is that they are the reason many young men killed themselves. If you were so poor that you would accept money to suck the penis of an ugly man, you would later start to experience feelings of self-recrimination. The satanic influence that surrounds these men who use Jesus’ message of love and peace to seduce vulnerable people to pleasure them for money, reeks of evil. The fact that these innocent victims end up killing themselves, (another ruse of Satan to convince a person to hate so much that they even hate themselves). Yes I do believe in satan and his influence in the church which is why I feel so much more inner peace being away from the religiousity that was based on externals (like pomp, ceremony, ritual and ‘bells & smells’) and feel greater connection with the Transcendent being alone in prayer in a place like Assisi or in the Blue Mountains. Sorry for rambling Frances, but thanks for allowing me to release all this suppressed frustration that has been building up while waiting for this Royal Commission to expose all the evil that lurks in institutional religion. Blessings to you on the part you are playing. … I prefer love stories to hate and hostility. I am writing a semi-autobiographical book at the moment which explains my romances and immaturity to make the decision for a life-long commitment to celibacy and then evades completing the story all together. I think its a good read. Much better than Unholy Silence because it will leave the reader feeling all warm and happy inside. Its called, “Being Good Enough”. Yes you are right. Peter Williams is the other Anglican pretending to be a Catholic. The worst gay misogynist I have encountered. You should hear the disgusting comments he made about women in the time I knew him. You would think that even if these men disdained women, they would at least respect them since they owe their existence to one. My story is taking me much further than I anticipated. It is now 12 A4 pages long and while its not all about Catholics & Opus Dei, it really is an insightful look at how the Liberal Party operates and why I am no longer supportive (despite my previous attempt to represent them). Anyway, I sent it earlier today from the other email address tonight I got some messages on FB that are quite revealing… serendipitously from someone who was in the pre selection and voted for me! I will send our correspondence minus his name: Just recently (16/6/13) I found a message among my Facebook messages that was unread: (in fact I was searching for another message and found I have 10 unread messages) Great speach tonight at the preselection. Very engaging, you had my vote don’t give up mate. March 14 10:22pm Then I wrote to the person: Hi xxxxxxxx, I don’t know why I only found this message today. Its amazing that so many people told me they had voted for me at the pre-selection but I only got one vote. So you must be the one who told the truth. I don’t remember seeing your name on the pre-selection list. So what did you think of Ray King’s speech? What did he say that so convinced the majority that he is the best man for the job? And this was his reply: “Hi Kevin. I sat in the second row on your left. I was baffled why Ray King received the winning number of votes. Your speech was without a doubt much better than Ray’s. Furthermore the other candidates speech ( jamal ) was so painful to watch I couldn’t bare it. He couldn’t even comprehend the questions that were asked of him. For example, one pre selector asked him about the proposed changes to superannuation laws, and his response to the question ( after asking to have the question repeated ) was quote “superannuation is for people to put money into for their retirement”. Completely did not understand the question. Following that response there was a muffled chatting among people in the room. Yet Jamal was closely behind Ray. The meeting was stacked with Assyrian pre selectors and they would of voted for Jamal no matter what he said. Earlier than day an sms circulated to me from an unknown number that “we all must support Jamal”. Anyway, after your speech the was a brief pause before questioning commenced, and your speech was much less scrutinized than Rays or Jamal. I thought that was an indication you were a clear winner. I was shocked when the chairperson of the meeting announced you only received one vote ( my vote ). Ray mainly discussed his time in the police and he emphasised integrity over and over. There was no smoking gun which made him the winner or better. Than your speech. He was reading a pre prepared speech also. And almost lost his cool with the questions. Whereas you were very calm and composed throughout the speech and questions. It was very well delivered, clear and precise Kevin. Even the guy sitting next to me said “you smashed it”, referring to the high calibre of your speech. Yet he voted for Jamal because he had to. I say keep trying, maybe even at a state level?” Is it worth including this too? 17 Jun Thanks Frances, I swear its true. And yes I know nobody who is going to be happy to have their personal conversations quoted without permission. I am trying not to make this sound like seeking sweet revenge but it does. If you can suggest edits that will not make it sound so hostile, I would appreciate them. I know this is going to be big news and I ran the idea past a friend in the Labor Party who even disagreed with publishing it. His comments, “it happens exactly like that in our party too! I don’t think the public would want to know that though” I also sent something to Ray King to see how he would react to my disclosures but he has not replied. He’s still not talking to me.. what do you think? From: Kevin Michael To: Frances Jones Sent: Friday, 21 June 2013 7:02 PM Subject: Re: Scared I was told he is hot favourite for Minister for Justice. No he wont go out of his way for anyone. He is all out for himself now. I was advised that the article is defamatory and needs to be toned down. Eg. remove Tony Abbott’s comment about trouble being faithful to his wife & Ray King’s girlfriends, current one not being divorced when they moved in etc. Can I just send you what I have now & See what you can do with it? I removed those potential defamatory phrases. Can I ask where you are thinking of publishing it? Is it just on your blog or anywhere else? I am hoping it gets greater exposure than just your blog. No offence but I hope it gets more readers… You know what I mean.. Blessings and thanks! Kevin Lee 22 Jun The Faceless Men of the Liberal Party ________________________________________ From: Kevin Michael To: Frances Jones Sent: Saturday, 22 June 2013 5:27 PM Subject: Re: Scared I told you Ive been on Lateline twice, didn’t I? Emma is always in my ear asking questions about who to speak to and asking who she can trust. She is Italian too you know? … She is open minded and fair. Not conceited but delights in exposing truths. I like her. As I like you. Blessings! ________________________________________ From: Kevin Michael To: Frances Jones Sent: Saturday, 22 June 2013 5:11 PM Subject: Re: Scared No his name is___ ___, he is another of Harmata’s victims. I spoke with Emma Alberici & put them in touch with each other and told her to put him on Lateline. She said she will. But he is hesitant of journalists. He thinks they just want a quick story and then forget about you. I was speaking about Bede Heather although I did tell Manning as well. ________________________________________ From: Kevin Michael ; To: Frances Jones Subject: Re: Scared Sent: Sat, Jun 22, 2013 2:59:44 AM OK I will leave it with you to publish on your blog. Although I used to get 1000 hits a day since I said it was my last blog and have not added anything, I’m down to between 80 – 200 hits. I left some of the stuff about Abbott et al in there but not the highly defamatory stuff.. What do you think? Should I take more out? Kevin Michael To Me 22 Jun Well I never want to be rich or famous Frances. I always figured myself to be a St Francis of Assisi type without the habit. I think people who aspire to recognition or rewards are sadly deluded. The world is a big place and the best we can hope for is to be big fish in a little pond. I just want my story told, I believe in the truth and want people to know it too. I used to believe the Catholic Church stood for truth and justice but now I think it stands for power and global domination. IT has strayed far from what Jesus aimed for His small community of disciples to aspire to & that leaves me sad. I know that God wants me to use the knowledge I have to show that politicians are weak people who yearn to be strong. I see Tony Abbott as a weak man looking for power. I read the signs when I met him but I put them aside in favour of seeking to be included. After they sidelined me then I looked back critically. Its like when you are in love with someone you overlook their flaws (even though you recognise them) becos you like to believe in the charade, the narcissism in us sees them as contributing to our happiness. When we finally finish eating all the icing we see that the cake is hollow. I am happy to be freed of the desire for human affection so in answer to your final comment, I knew I would never make money out of this story but some help for the family would have been good. Blessings and thanks for facilitating my message being heard. I expect it will spread pretty fast.. Me To Kevin Michael 22 Jun What you have just written there is what I wanted to put in. Could this be the first paragraph? “I used to believe the Catholic Church stood for truth and justice but now I think it stands for power and global domination. It has strayed far from what Jesus aimed for His small community of disciples to aspire to and that leaves me sad. I just want my story told, I believe in the truth and want people to know it too.” It’s a summary and people often want to read a summary before they wade in to the depths. Could you shape it how you want it? Kevin Michael To Me 22 Jun I think that’s what I would say Frances.. thank you.. I guess if I spend too much time thinking about ways of crafting the words they look their authenticity. I would be happy for you to use that as the opening, if you think it reads properly. Thank you! Me To Kevin Michael 22 Jun The Faceless Men of the Liberal Party Kevin Michael To Me 22 Jun it was good thanks for promoting Kevin Michael To Me 23 Jun Yes I notice Frances but please delete some of the opening pics of me and maybe remove the opening paragraph becos it slows down the interest for readers… I know when I read it objectively I thought the intro was too long.. Otherwise I’m impressed with how many hits you have received… Kevin Michael To Me 23 Jun yes im impressed how fast it got around. no one has contacted me yet. I expect on Monday to hear from people who are not going to be ringing to congratulate. in regsrds to thd pics I was thinking just one pic of me at Mass was enough. did you read my version on my blog? I just removed opening paragraph. Thank you. ive enjoyed reading responses on Facebook. lots of people antagonistic towards Abbott have seized it and reposted on their fb walls.. well done. Kevin Michael To Me 23 Jun need to correct spelling Dai Le not Di Le sorry.. Me To Kevin Michael 23 Jun OK I changed Dai. The link to your book is still there in the paragraph starting “I made a big mistake when I lived in the parish house” If you want me to make a more obvious spiel at the beginning or end, can you write it? I’m glad we took a week to think about it and I changed typos because it’s been reblogged so many times I couldn’t have made that many corrections. I need a break from the computer but lucky I have been able to retweet etc… I can’t believe this hasn’t been investigated by the media. Obeid, Thomson, all that effort spent … meanwhile the abused kids…. Kevin Michael To Me 23 Jun Yes I agree.. I was going to suggest to make it truly yours, why don’t you write something as an intro? Its going to get significantly more reads tomorrow when people get back to their offices and have to time to read it properly (on work time!) I am so amazed why its not picked up by the media so far.. maybe they are asking for permission to quote it, checking the facts, etc.. but it surely will get some reaction especially when Labor start digging into that allegation re Ray King’s investigation at Wood Royal Commission. He does have some things to hide… Kevin Michael To Me 25 Jun Just wondering, what is MSM? I have read it a few times on tweets. I did know about media bias, but I didn’t know it amounted to media censorship. Emma Alberici asked me to send her that story before I sent it to you. I did & she never replied (after promising to call me the next day to discuss). Also Caroline Overington.. went silent after being a daily communicator.. and, the number of followers I have from Opus Dei people has just increased amazingly. I have had 84,000 hits on my blog in one year but today was record numbers.. A thousand! Not sure why but the Bishop’s researcher just followed me today but I am already followed by the Australian Bishops Conference.. Well, good night Frances. I have been so amazed how we came in touch with each other and how your blog of my story has received so much interest (apart from mainstream media!) Blessings! Kevin Michael To Me 25 Jun Hi Frances, Thanks for your insights. I know Caroline was reluctant to write my story. her editor called her and said, “Find that priest and get his story’ (C.O. told me), Did you read it in the Weekend Australian? It was long too but every one read it although few commented (except those who want to destroy my credibility). But I convinced Caroline in the end and she now says, “You are one of the most beautiful people I know but I don’t want you to be destroyed by the pressure you put yourself under, nor turn into one of the people you criticise” so I try not to. She advised me NOT To publish this story (but I know she is a Lib. she gave a talk to a Liberal women’s forum last year). I know she is friends with Tony Abbott and said that what I put was highly defamatory (but I thought I took out that bit about having difficulty staying faithful to the one woman?) Anyway, I hate talking about the one topic (sexual abuse) but I keep on being contacted by new people who want to share their story, The latest today as I said on Twit. I worry that’s its an obsession so I will limit my time online. Anyway, must get the housework done. There is a pile of washing up in the sink and ants everywhere! Blessings on your day! Kevin Michael To Me 25 Jun I meant to say, the Bishop’s researcher just wants to stay abreast of what I am tweeting.. they are scared. And rightly so, especially after I alluded to the theft by a priest in the Cathedral presbytery. There is a long and great story there!!! He is worried I am gonna tell it.. I think Ray King’s credibility will rapidly wane, but no one will see it in print. I guess the days of newspapers as the preferred medium of information and opinion are coming to an end. People get all their news now for free on Twitter and FB. I know I do. Kevin Michael To Me 25 Jun You are right Frances, I hate the hypocrisy. The religious right are not righteous, they are like the Pharisees who condemned Jesus. They dress up and look proper and that’s why I wanted to tell the story. There’s much more I could have said about Ray King and who is backing him but they are dangerous people… even criminals. Let me just say this, Ray has many crims that he looked after. They didn’t go to gaol and they should have. He prevented them from being arrested. They gave him things in return, make no mistake about that. There are a lot of Assyrians who were loyal to Jamal who are now loyal to Ray. There is a factional split among them however so part of the group don’t want a police man (corrupt or not) being in power, they wanted one of their own. They are a dumb lot with no real education so Ray has then all fooled that he is intelligent and will get rid of Islamics (the enemy of these Christian fundamentalists). He is a total fraud. I knew that already but I was overcome with the whole political possibility to see it. He is also a dangerous man who has dangerous friends. The cops wont protect me. They are dirty on me for a few things too. There’s so much more to this story Frances that you and others will ever find out because in having that knowledge you endanger yourself. Ray is silent because he wont dare sue me.. as he knows I know so much more that will damage his whole life and family too. He is a womaniser and one of his girlfriends is an Opus Dei girl who has been poisoning him towards me (although he denied this for a long time). She was telling him stuff I was putting on FB and he was warning me not to put it.. I used to put pictures of him and me with one or more of his girlfriends and he was scared that another gf might see it. If I published even those pics, his career would be finished before it’s started. I am actually waiting for him to beg me to burn those pics… Its with his Filipina girlfriend, Edna Ledesma.. she is the celebrity judge on Shall we Dance which is the Philippines equivalent of “So you think you can dance”. Ray has been to Phils a number of times to be with her and he had her living with him in Glenmore Park while he was ‘technically going out’ with another woman.. the Assyrian woman he is living with now.. she was not divorced at the time he moved in with her.. Long story.. Me To Kevin Lee 25 Jun Is that why he was before the Wood RC? Kevin Michael To Me 25 Jun Amazing coincidence, while I was writing this to you I got a call here in the Philippines from an Assyrian friend of Ray’s who begged me to stop these attacks on Ray. He said, “Ray loves you, he respects you but what you are doing is very damaging” I said, “THanks for your call and for telling me” and then he said, “Promise me you will stop these attacks on him” and I hung up. He rang from an unknown number and would not know the number unless Ray gave it to him so I know it was Ray who put him up to it. It scares me that they know where I am and how to contact me but I wont be answering any phone calls now from the number +00 000. I have received calls from Ray when he was working and the same encrypted number came up. (that’s a weird number don’t you think?) Me To Kevin Lee 25 Jun You can always tweet that sort of stuff as protection. They’ll stop if you do. Kevin Michael To Me 25 Jun What do you mean by Tweet that stuff..? No he was at the RC because of allegations of corruption when he was a detective. He was given free meals (and drinks) paid for by crims at the Marconi Club. That should be on the public record. He was cleared but there was no innocence involved.. By the way, the reason he hates Opus Dei is becos that Filipina Opus Dei girlfriend who lives in Woollara wont have sex with him until he marries her but he couldn’t get married until he got an annulment by the Catholic Church so I forged one for him.. again I am telling you more than I have told anyone else but you cant publish any of it (please!!!!) Until we get someone willing to pay for it because I am realising now, its a story someone would want to pay for and to be honest, I need the money at the moment. I have no income and the book is just not selling.. One book a week at $10 a copy doesn’t go very far (but is enough here in Philippines).. Blessings! Kevin Michael To Me 25 Jun Look, i’m a bloke so I liked Ray in a blokey way. Also he was the police commander of the area I was chaplain so he opened some very big doors for me & I got a lot of respect I appreciated. but there were character flaws I saw and commented on, but at the end of the day, I am not his Dad and I was no longer seen by him as a priest with a right to criticise. He knew what I was up to.. but I did think he was like a teenager when it came to girls. Approaching his sixties he was trying to hold onto his appeal as long as he could. The Assyrian he lives with is 35 so it makes him feel younger.. she dies his moustache and treats him like a king.. (no pun intended). But he also wanted to have the wealthy widow who is only 49 on the side, and marrying her was just for the physical side. I don’t think he intended to live with her.. He is very childish in that regard. People say I am naïve too, to think a 26 year old would love a 45 year old (when we met) but I wanted to believe it so I made it happen. OK I am paranoid so I didn’t know whether you might want to publish those comments without my permission. There were a number of things I told Caroline when I thought she was not in reporter mode and she wrote them into her story. I never got to see it before she published and I regret some things that have upset my wife and family.. Anyway, I do believe in honesty and all I tell you is the truth (so help me God). I don’t think there should be protection for people who break the rules when they are in positions of authority.. no mercy, I say for the politicians. We expect a higher standard.. I better stop, I am raving. Blessings! Kevin Michael To Me 25 Jun She and Emma Alberici were the only ones I knew… I would be grateful if you could find anyone who would be interested in telling the story on MSM.. he he.. I haven’t heard from Caroline since you posted the story. She is fuming with me.. Can you speak to Hamish for me please? I don’t want to sound like I am selling myself.. if you know what I mean? Thanks Frances Kevin Michael To Me 26 Jun Yes you picked it Frances, he has PTSD, he drinks a lot, paranoids, and very OCD in cleanliness area. He was shot at one time and had a shotgun pointed in his face and he often has flashbacks etc.. You made a correct assessment. Not suited to public office. Which was what he agreed with me about.. She is fuming because I didn’t follow her MSM wisdom. Kevin Michael To Me 26 Jun I will do whatever I can to stop him. I am just wishing someone would publicise the story and make it bigger so the masses would know. Sadly I have been contacted by many Labor people who say, “IT happens the same here..” I guess the big Mass for Opus Dei tonight would have been an opportunity to make some mileage on the story but its gonna get lost in the resignations .. oh and a certain footy game.. I will do whatever I can though. Kevin Michael To Me 26 Jun I did. even Crikey didnt get back to me. no one did Kevin Michael To Me 26 Jun Well, interesting day in Aussie politics. I watched it all unfolding and you could pretty well see how things would work out from this morning. Maybe when the dust settles we can work on exposing these Liberal frauds. Yes I knew all that about Shorten. He is weak as water, sadly. No moral fibre and that’s why he wouldn’t support a Royal COmmission. To her credit Julia did and its only going to get stronger despite the attitude of the government of the day. Blessings on your day! Hello (12) Me To Kevin Lee 25 Jul Hi Kevin, I was reminded about your meeting with Paul Jacobs in the past few days. Do you want to publish that section on your blog. I think it would be great to sell it to a website which would pay you for it and have a wider audience, but I have no idea who you’d sell it to. It’s been very interesting hearing about Brian Lucas at the Inquiry. It’s interesting how Rudd is trying to get votes in the western suburbs with the asylum seeker policy. Did you do anything about Ray King’s background? Blessings, Frances Kevin Michael To Me 26 Jul Hi Frances, Yes I agree in fact, the whole story of Blacktown is worth publishing in a paid format. If you can facilitate that I would be extremely grateful. We are quite poor now with only 400 pesos (approx. $10) coming in two weeks. We sell coconut oil which we make (manually) in our land. Its all we get for 3 months until the next crop comes in. Anyway, that’s my problem. I was contacted by ABC who are interested in the fact that the Magistrate at Father F’s trial mentioned that my book names Father F & she was being pressured by lawyers for him to have me charged with contempt of court. My defence is that there are several websites that name him and Ray Hadley did it already on 2GB without repercussion. I know everything about Ray King’s background.. Whatever way that could be useful to publishing and making some income I am open to. Sorry if that sounds mercenary. I never contemplated this in the past but now I have other mouths to feed. Blessings and thanks.. Kevin Michael To Me 26 Jul Yes he asked me to write an article and submit, so I will do that. No I didn’t mention Ray King because he doesn’t follow so I cant DM him. If you want to suggest it to him, it might help me. Thanks Frances! Me To Kevin Lee 26 Jul I gave him your email address, after I asked you if that was OK, didn’t he email? Kevin Michael To Me 26 Jul Thanks he did. He told me a researcher named Ryan was going to contact me but he didn’t. That was over a week ago.. Kevin Michael To Me 26 Jul Yes IA editor said he will contact me.. thanks Frances. I wish I had more expertise in this monetising but I don’t and don’t have the interest in doing it at the moment. My time is limited on internet & I have so much practical things to attend to here (like pumping water from underground bore & carting sand to build retaining wall so our house doesn’t wash away in the heavy rain we are having right now..) Kevin Michael To Me 27 Jul You are right. I worked out how to do it on my website (which I put up myself) I suppose what I was asking was whether you knew of sites I could “sell” my story to. I wrote something for Independent Australia & hopefully David will publish.. we’ll see,, I was hoping you might be able to direct me to what section of that story about Paul Jacob you think would do a stand-alone story for my blog? Blessings and thanks! Me To Kevin Lee 27 Jul It’s the section called Internal Investigation. p170-174. I would use ‘Father F’ to save yourself any legal contempt of court issues. You’ve written so much in your book. Kevin Michael To Me 8 Aug I’m thinking the same thing. I was wondering when someone was going to ask me to elaborate. But as you have discovered in relation to Prime Minister’s lap dance.. its a men’s club in there and females who dare to criticise quickly find themselves on the outer. Its like the cops. When male police are talking about their sex life, showing videos even, the woman cops dare not comment or they look like they are not “one of the boys”. The culture in the cops used to be much worse before the Wood RC but its not much better. Its a little bit better.. it probably needs a Royal Commission into political rorts (eg. the guy taking a pic of his privates and sending to his GF). If she didn’t blow the whistle no one would ever have known but you can be sure these things are known. There are audits of each person’s expenditure. And hotels know. But they wont talk because they want the business. People in the cops and close to Ray King know about his rorting of the cops and the expense account he has..and the women.. it would not be easy to find out if they placed GPSs on cop cars but the cops refuse to use them!!! That’s why I say, its not much better. I could write a book on what I saw in my life as a police chaplain but I am sure I would be killed. There are too many people with too much to lose.. Kevin Michael To Me 10 Aug Thanks Frances when I said I am not going to write about politics or the church any more I wrote that for my wife’s benefit because she reads all my blogs and emails.. well she doesn’t read these anymore so I can tell you honestly, this is my mission so I cant stop. She is worried because she knows the threats are real. I expect any moment to be charged with defamation although its pointless because I have nothing that they can take and defamation does not carry a gaol term (it is always relegated to community service or some lesser bond). But I know that the public outcry from victims groups would be voluminous and help my cause if the pedophiles were ever successful in lodging a defamation case against me.. Yes they found me thru your blog so thanks to you the message was heard. They did a simple google search on Ray King and got your article.. He doesn’t know what is going to hit him and if you stop a fraud from getting into government you have already done a good thing. Direct messages on Twitter: Also btw Bishop Fisher appointed OD members to his new staff replacing everyone 04:26 PM – 15 Aug 13 You don’t realise how many of your readers are Opus Dei membrs who are very concerned that they dispel the truth of post 01:55 PM – 16 Aug 13 I can’t say at the moment sorry but just be satisfied that your blog has started an avalanche.. just watch it fall.. 03:28 PM – 16 Aug 13 I am thinner & poor but no one is offering money for the story & I’m too shy to ask. No problems I am writing another book, fiction 03:25 PM – 17 Aug 13 surprising too with all those reads, only two people came to my website and only ONE bought the book! 😦 03:28 PM – 17 Aug 13 All the evidence I have on King is from emails he sent me. If its unethical to use I have no proof of what I claim. So am I unable to send? 03:01 PM – 18 Aug 13 I do value your professional advice. Will King try to kill me when his emails become public. He has some very bad friends. 03:18 PM – 18 Aug 13 Sent emails that show his attempt to manipulate media perception with information he fabricates from council meetings & prove his infidelity 03:21 PM – 18 Aug 13 Don’t worry I have other fish to fry.. tilapia & bangus..Filipino fish for lunch. Enjoy your Sunday. Blessings Frances 03:42 PM – 18 Aug 13 I sent you an email. my blog it is called, Hell Hath No Fury like a pre-selection candidate scorned. 02:16 PM – 26 Aug 13 the AVO was by the man who was sleeping with King’s then wife. Journos are looking for it.. 02:17 PM – 26 Aug 13 Kevin Michael To Me 26 Aug This is the blog I have yet to finish & promised a few journos I would hold off until they’re done getting some others to confirm what I told them.. eg. Ray King was heard at the Candelori’s restaurant fundraiser on May 10 telling a largely Assyrian Christian crowd, “I believe that Burqa’s have no place in Australian society and that immigrant “dole bludgers” should be sent home to their country of origin…” Now I can agree with that but you don’t say it if you want to get elected! Add to that, his womanising as I have evidenced… And it spells disaster for his campaign. He knows what I am planning and I have been getting some scary phone calls that hang up. People sending me spam in bucket loads and abusive emails. All swearing that I am smearing Ray King and it wont be tolerated. I know he has some scary friends and I seriously believe he has everything to lose if this gets out that I tipped off the media which will embarrass Tony Abbott because he supported King without even knowing the facts (or believing me that I have the dirt that will bring him undone.. Anyway, if anything happens to me, you will know why.. please get this published if you don’t hear from me by election day. Me To Kevin Michael 27 Aug OK Kevin, I’ve read it … One tiny correction: I assure you, its enlightening.. should be “it’s” God help you. Kevin Michael To Me 27 Aug Why did you say “God help you” ? Me To Kevin Lee 27 Aug Because he obviously won’t be happy and I don’t know how he’ll react. Kevin Michael To Me 27 Aug I am certainly worried how Ray King will react. I have been informed (reliably) that Ray told the Exec that I still intended to publish my book even if I did get pre-selected and that was the reason they asked him to proceed and not pull out despite asking him questions about his corruption allegations (which are true by the way.. he did provide security services while on duty for $100 a time as well as free meals and alcohol at Marconi club). The Libs knew that and still preferred him to me because I was going to upset some senior party members (Opus Dei) by embarrassing George Pell and Anthony Fisher. One journo has told me he also has been spreading Islamophobia among branches by telling them that the Labor Party intend domiciling a number of Islamic refugees with questionable political interests as well as some they know to be carrying infectious diseases. He said he gained that information from his role as LIACON – (Officer in charge in the event of terrorist attack or environmental emergency).. not sure of the exact words for acronym, but that is what the role involved. He was taking notes from briefing meetings with council and fabricating facts that he was supposedly privy to. But it can be disputed. None of those things were actually discussed. He is trying to prove he is the only one really interested in protecting the community.. There is also evidence that he took information off police files that implicated some serious criminals. A journalist is working to unearth the evidence. I pointed him in the right direction to some cops who know Ray is dirty and don’t like him. But let me say, if you met Ray, you would like him. He is charismatic and smooth (especially with women). When I told Caroline Overington about Ray she refused to believe me. She fell in love with him I reckon from the few meetings she had to get his side of my earlier story. That is why he was able to have at least 5, maybe more, women going at the one time.. And that I believe is his biggest foible.. and more likely to bring him unstuck.. Kevin Michael To Me 28 Aug Its funny how the more I reflect on the sort of man he is, the more I resent his ability to manipulate me and everyone else in his life.. He made me think he was doing favours for me while he was actually getting me to be his personal trainer and counsellor.. he told me about all his women but only had time for me when he didn’t have some woman to be with.. that’s why I feel so nasty towards him now.. I resent being used.. and feel stupid for believing I had a best friend. This is why I feel so determined to stop him achieving his goal by treading on me and others. I directed so many needy people to see him in recent months (after I had left priesthood and didn’t have the same access to a support network) and he brushed them. One was a guy (old man) who had been accused of acting inappropriately with his own granddaughter by the mother who was angry with the mother in law of the child. I saw it as vindictive behaviour and asked him to give the guy some advice of his rights and maybe direct him to some legal advice. Ray King just ignored his phone calls and when I pressed him about it he was dismissive saying, “the man is a creep, I reckon he did it”. I asked him on what grounds he based his assessment and he said, “He looks like the sort of man who would rape his own grandkids”. I was shocked. Incident number two was a Vietnamese girl whose estranged husband had been arrested for drug possession & she just wanted to find out what gaol he was in because she speaks no English & wanted to get rid of some of his stuff she had in her house that she suspected might be drugs. After several attempts to get Ray to contact her or even send some cops around to check out the suspicious bag, he said, “Just tell her to toss it in a dumpster”.. All too hard for this political wannabe. Those situations happened and I was unable to help them and was disappointed that Ray has no time to help these people because as he would say, “They’re nobodies”.. Well, now he pretends to care about nobodies.. That’s why it gets to me.. Anyway, I was contacted today by Heath Aston and he has pretty much got the proof that Mr King has been doing some very underhanded things to get himself a job in ministry. May he be successful in getting someone who can corroborate it.. Blessings to you for reading all this Frances… Kevin Michael To Me 28 Aug I think you will find that they WILL tell the story when they realise the scope of the delusion that is Ray King. He has been incriminated in some activity which may end up with him being charged by his own police! It was police who have dobbed him in for fabricating evidence… should be very interesting in the coming days.. Me To Kevin Michael 31 Aug Have you heard from him lately? He must be wondering what you’ll come up with next. I’m pretty sure he would’ve scored some votes with the burqa article and today’s one. You sure you’re not trying to help him? Kevin Michael To Me 1 Sep I was wondering myself why people took those comments so positively (although I admit I find the Islamic dress code for women very male suppressionist) but the womanising article to come should put the proverbial (and over used) nail in his coffin.. I had a chat with A Brewster today who is surprised that I am miffed about why they didn’t credit me with giving them Ray Kings essay.. They told me that if they did the story would become about Kevin Lee rather than about Liberal losing the election because they have nutty candidates.. Apparently him and Heath discussed why they wouldn’t use my name .. lack of independent credibility of their source etc.. I must say I was disappointed.. Kevin Michael To Me 2 Sep I have to tell you Frances, Heath & Anthony have been hugely disappointing. I have put a lot on the line by telling those dark secrets of my former friend, but they have downplayed it & even yesterday (despite Heath claiming he had my name as a source in the original information he sent to sub-editors who cut it out) Anthony told me “We feel it best to keep your name out of this because you don’t have any credibility now that you are a disgraced priest who got married and embarrassed the profession”. I gave some suggestions about what Anthony can ask Ray eg. relationship status and he said his moral compass is not something that he as a journalist would like to dig deeply into. He worried for his family etc. if they became aware their Dad was a womaniser.. Sounds like something a person with a bit of personal guilt would say. Men don’t like to shine a light on another man’s transgressions when they live in glass houses. As I have alluded. I knew Abbott’s marriage was in difficulty from our conversation and that is why he didn’t mind that King is living with an Iraqi refugee. He has been told I am reliably informed and doesn’t have a problem with it. But I do. I have a problem with Ray King being rewarded for throwing more dirt into my grave of credibility. Anthony & Heath asked if Ray or I wrote the essay and he flat out lied & said he was the principal author while not disputing that I “helped”. I told Anthony :ask him a question, he wouldn’t have a clue how to answer anything in that document’s contents. But he shied away from digging it up. He said, He will just say you are suffering from spoilt grape syndrome. If we publish it, people will all just accuse you of lying and you are already on the record as lying about being a celibate man while you were in fact married. So that’s where its at. I don’t know what happens from now.. But it looks like Tony Abbott and his lying faceless men win Govt How about asking Hadley if King has been calling him & giving him information about private discussions with Liverpool council (inside info) 06:48 PM – 02 Sep 13 ask him whats his views on adultery 06:49 PM – 02 Sep 13 what about relationships with 35yr old policing students who were Iraqi refugees whose family he broke procedures to intervene to help 06:49 PM – 02 Sep 13 and what about his official caution for his public criticism of lesbians in the police force? 06:50 PM – 02 Sep 13 Kevin Michael To Me 3 Sep OK I am still wondering whether I should .. I am so hesitant about talking publicly about his personal relationships as the fall out will affect his family and his current relationship I am sure.. He has already resigned from the cops, if he loses Saturday (and its because his credibility will be shot to pieces over my blog) then his family will be shamed, his kids will feel disillusioned, he may even suicide… Can I have that on my conscience.. The alternative is he comes looking for me to kill me… very likely scenario endings.. Kevin Michael To Me 6 Sep I’m disappointed in Anthony Brewster.. and journalists in general.. he took heaps of information off me.. he has been insisting to talk to me on Skype three times each over an hour and picked my brains on heaps of things… And then only told me tonight after I notice nothing went into print that he has been feeding it to other journos who have made a little bit of hay with it.. He said he still intends to use it after tomorrow especially if King gets elected. It really annoys me.. my intention was to unseat him but they only want a sensational story.. Yes you are right. If he was in Labor they would have crucified him.. I got other journos (feminists) asking questions about his relationships but then apologised that no one would publish the story.. So many have contacted me since reading your blog but made me promise not to tell anyone .. I can list 6 people who promised I would get a story that would advance the cause of my book but one only resulted in bringing the book’s attention to the Magistrate in Armidale who has a gag order over the publication of the pedophile priest John Farrell’s name. Now I have been told that the Magistrate intends to take action against me! Just have to wait and see what happens. I’m only telling you all this Frances in case anything happens to me, you will know why and be able to tell the story. Anthony Brewster said I was “very courageous” to take on the Catholic mafia and said, I know you’re not scared of them Kev, but you should take precautions. I aksed for clarification and he just said, Just be careful, his press secretary (Kings) insinuated that its going to get a lot more dangerous for Kevin Lee. Lots of veiled threats have been received in emails and text messages and one Assyrian friends of Ray has been abusing me in phone calls. So I wonder what is ahead. ONe of my friends who is also a friend of Ray contacted me today by Facebook to ask me where they could send me a present for the baby. I have not told anyone my address but that was really suspicious to be asking suddenly when they never indicated any interest in staying in touch with me before. I may be getting paranoid for nothing but my wife tells me its easy for them to hire a person here to kill me because it happens quite often. About 3 months back an Australian from Perth who owned a resort was shot dead by a hit man & his death wasn’t even given a proper investigation. Anyway, I am raving on a bit. But just hope you would write something to expose it all if it should happen.. You have everything now and you are in the best position to draw lines between the dots. Blessings! Me To Kevin Michael 7 Sep oh well, you never know, maybe it’s for the best. Maybe he’ll lose today and you wouldn’t have exposed him which might be better for his kids. I don’t know if I could join all the dots – chronologically etc… but if anything happened I’d make all your emails available to journalists. Take care and enjoy your wife and baby when it arrives. Maybe people are genuine and you could ask them to send something via a post office. Best wishes to Josefina. It’s all very complicated for her… Have a good day. Kevin Michael To Me 7 Sep Thanks for your advice. I am nervous about the outcome for Australia if they stupidly elect Abbott. They don’t know what their real agenda is.. turn back the clock and put the foxes in charge of the hen house.. Looking at all the cases of pedophiles that were discovered and then released without charge ALL happened under Liberal Government.. Me To Kevin Lee 7 Sep Have you spoken to Kate McC? Kevin Michael To Me 7 Sep Yes but I refused to give her anything. I told her its all in my blogs. She was so evasive as to what she wanted to use information for and wouldn’t email just wanted to talk on the phone (so nothing recorded). Until I read her article I had forgotten that Tim Priest had put Ray into the Police Integrity Commission for abuse of police powers. I remember them as bitter rivals but as Liberal Party members they became suddenly reconciled. Tim Priest gives Ray King a surprising lauding in his recent book too. Me To Kevin Michael 7 Sep Congratulations. I’m sure your writing contributed towards Ray King not being elected. Kevin Michael To Me 8 Sep That’s what Anthony Brewster messaged me to say. He said he wants to do something about the Royal Commission. Apparently no one wanted to publish what he had to say about King even after he reckons he researched him for 2 months. I get the impression that Kate is Catholic based on the way she highlighted me being defrocked and saying I became adversarial towards King because he trounced me in pre-selection rather than admitting that he played dirty ball. None of them would be his fan if they knew his personal life but now that he lost I am glad I didn’t have to post the last blog. Keeps his family pride as he withdraws from the public gaze. Miranda Devine is a nasty piece who thinks the world wants to know her ignorant opinions. I don’t like her but she does write well… Kevin Michael To Me 9 Sep The most vehement critics of a subject were once indulgers. (e.g. strong anti-smokers used to smoke.) I’m currently writing a novel (nearly finished) which shines a light into the rugby league industry & its moral-less culture but it will be promoted by former and current players who wont even read it to know its parodying them. I have forward by Mark Geyer (Triple M) & preface by Luke Lewis and I describe real situations I saw but this time I say its a fiction story about an imaginary character (me). Trying to get the editing done as we speak. Got a great cover design and people in the industry willing to plug it so I do need to be careful who knows what I am really writing about until its ready to go into publication. I was thinking of people who might write kind reviews without giving away its sting in the tail.. Well I do worry for Ray’s mental health now. As I said he suffers from PTSD & drinks heavily. Not sure what he will do now without his job, his identity, an aim in life and his former best friend whom he didn’t know how much he depended on. His political mates and backers will soon drop off.. He will realise the other side of politics is quite painful emotionally. what about claiming to have brought up 5 kids while never living with them? 06:50 PM – 02 Sep 13 says he is a family man.. how many families? 06:50 PM – 02 Sep 13 total fraud 06:51 PM – 02 Sep 13 I sent you an email Frances. Told them everything. They’re men.. not a problem to be a womaniser.. 10:58 PM – 02 Sep 13 They followed me too. but hey get this, I feel quite flattered, I got UNFOLLOWED by Tony Abbott.. 07:36 PM – 03 Sep 13 I watched that 60 MIns episode & reading subtle body language it looked like she was acting the doting & supportive wife ala Hillary Clinton 01:04 PM – 05 Sep 13 I won’t quote but I thought it already.. 02:25 PM – 05 Sep 13 I feel sorry for Tony & Ray because I used to think a lot of them both before. I can imagine their pain… 02:25 PM – 05 Sep 13 I know Photias. He is a total womaniser..He left his first wife (Janice) then next wife (Mela) He is now on his 3rd wife. Just like Ray King 03:33 PM – 05 Sep 13 Did you like my picture I posted of me with long hair ? 03:07 PM – 06 Sep 13 That’s his Filipina girlfriend 04:44 PM – 06 Sep 13 Edna Ledesma, a famous dance instructor in the Philippines 04:49 PM – 06 Sep 13 im gonna make up I accidentally put that pic there 04:49 PM – 06 Sep 13 thought that was the best way to do it.. can google her. she is famous in Phils. He met her in a bar called Strums. She has lived in Aust. 04:50 PM – 06 Sep 13 I’m convinced the journos who have his story are holding onto it in the hope that he wins & they can break a bigger story: womaniser,antiGay 05:23 PM – 06 Sep 13 anti-Islam, xenophobic, PTSD suffering rabid Catholic cop makes it into Govt under a very tight media radar 05:24 PM – 06 Sep 13 Has some very Catholic friends, Mass every week & is in SVDP. One of his gf is Opus Dei & he made me forge annulment so she’s sleep with him 11:32 PM – 06 Sep 13 He’s cafeteria Catholic, chooses what he likes from the menu & rejects the rest. He rejects morality & confession (conveniently). 12:40 AM – 07 Sep 13 He was sleeping with a woman who came to him for police matters while she was married. She’s the one he cohabits with now 12:40 AM – 07 Sep 13 but a journo who tried to corner him at his Glenmore Park home to ask questions said the Libs have relocated him to a secret address 12:41 AM – 07 Sep 13 they were anticipating me tipping off media to his irregular relationships.His public status now has hampered his philandering significantly 12:42 AM – 07 Sep 13 Yes Iraqi refugee’s family were in a police matter and he kept on dropping over 12:42 AM – 07 Sep 13 next thing he is sleeping with their daughter. She was 32 12:43 AM – 07 Sep 13 Arranged wedding but she wanted to get into the cops so she slept with him and he wrote her application and did some assignmentsstill failed 12:43 AM – 07 Sep 13 Prior to that he was with another Assyrian woman who had recently separated. She dropped him & he was suicidal. enter Chaplain Lee 12:44 AM – 07 Sep 13 Heath didn’t know these things before he asked. He was more interested in scuttling him over the microchipping & burqua stuff.. Yes Anthony 12:45 AM – 07 Sep 13 I feel Anythony is holding back.. 12:46 AM – 07 Sep 13 That didn’t send right. I said I am no fan of Rudd’s but he came across as well coached on Q&A. Abbott was a no show. But he lied to everyon 12:49 AM – 07 Sep 13 saying he would not contest again.. but I felt Gillard had to go.. she was really on the nose.. 12:50 AM – 07 Sep 13 Blessings to you Frances. Lovely as usual to chat. So glad to have your support. Josefina is due soon so not sleeping well.. 12:51 AM – 07 Sep 13 Be careful of Tim Priest he is in the Royal Commission as an officer and he is gunning for me. He has my manuscript. Revenge for Ray? 06:35 PM – 11 Sep 13 Is has been given a govt appointment. He was editing my book & suddenly pulled out saying he had to distance himself becos of new role. 11:01 PM – 12 Sep 13 He was a police whistleblower who lost lots of friends including Ray when he dobbed them in for corruption at Cabra re drugs. Ray said he’s 11:01 PM – 12 Sep 13 a sneaky dirty rat who cant be trusted (which makes his comments all the more interesting). Ray warned me don’t get on his bad side becos he 11:02 PM – 12 Sep 13 will hunt you down and revenge will be painful. This was when we were still talking. Tim fobbed me off to Oz’s Peter Kelly who stuffed around 11:03 PM – 12 Sep 13
2410	dbpedia	0	1	https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_Francis_Garrick	en	Category:James Francis Garrick	https://upload.wikimedia…rick%2C_1875.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…rick%2C_1875.jpg	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/StateLibQld_1_54104_Sir_James_Francis_Garrick%2C_1875.jpg/230px-StateLibQld_1_54104_Sir_James_Francis_Garrick%2C_1875.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/16px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Australasian_Convention%2C_1883.jpg/120px-Australasian_Convention%2C_1883.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/StateLibQld_1_54104_Sir_James_Francis_Garrick%2C_1875.jpg/85px-StateLibQld_1_54104_Sir_James_Francis_Garrick%2C_1875.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Members_of_the_Federation_Conference_held_in_Sydney.jpg/120px-Members_of_the_Federation_Conference_held_in_Sydney.jpg", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://commons.wikimedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/static/apple-touch/commons.png		https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_Francis_Garrick	Media in category "James Francis Garrick" The following 3 files are in this category, out of 3 total.
2410	dbpedia	0	47	https://journals.lww.com/pain/fulltext/2022/11000/_listen_to_me,_learn_from_me___a_priority_setting.23.aspx	en	PAIN	https://images.journals.…00-00023.F1.jpeg	https://images.journals.…00-00023.F1.jpeg	[ "https://cdn.wolterskluwer.io/wk-logos/1.0.x/favicon.png?rev=43", "https://journals.lww.com/_layouts/15/images/spcommon.png?rev=43", "https://journals.lww.com/pain/PublishingImages/editors-choice-cci.jpg", "https://journals.lww.com/pain/PublishingImages/Video.jpg", "https://images.journals.lww.com/pain/ArticleViewerPreview.00006396-202211000-00023.F1.jpeg", "https://images.journals.lww.com/pain/ArticleViewerPreview.00006396-202211000-00023.F2.jpeg", "https://images.journals.lww.com/pain/XLargeThumb.00006396-202409000-00000.CV.jpeg", "https://journals.lww.com/_layouts/1033/IMAGES/OAKS.Journals/CAPrivacyPolicy.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	r pain care priorities (eDelphi, round 1). A coding framework was inductively derived from 842 pain care priorities (9 categories, 52 priorities), including validation; communication; multidisciplinary approaches; holistic care; partnerships; practitioner knowledge; self-management; medicines; and diagnosis. Phase 2: In eDelphi round 2, panellists (n = 170; valid responses) rated the importance (1 = less important; 9 = more important) of the represented framework. In parallel, cross-discipline health professionals (n = 267; 75% female) rated the importance of these same priorities. Applying the RAND-UCLA method (panel medians: 1-3: “not important,” 4-6: “equivocal,” or 7-9: “important”), “important” items were retained where the panel median score was >7 with panel agreement ≥70%, with 44 items (84.6%) retained. Specific workforce training targets included the following: empathic validation; effective, respectful, safe communication; and ensuring genuine partnerships in coplanning personalised care. Panellists and health professionals agreed or strongly agreed (95.7% and 95.2%, respectively) that this framework meaningfully reflected the importance in care seeking for pain. More than 74% of health professionals were fairly or extremely confident in their ability to support care priorities for 6 of 9 categories (66.7%). Phase 3: An interdisciplinary panel (n = 5) mapped an existing foundation-level workforce training program against the framework, identifying gaps and training targets. Recommendations were determined for framework adoption to genuinely shape, from a partnership perspective, Australian interdisciplinary pain training....	en	https://cdn.wolterskluwe….0.x/favicon.png	LWW	https://journals.lww.com/pain/fulltext/2022/11000/_listen_to_me,_learn_from_me___a_priority_setting.23.aspx	1. Introduction Australia's National Strategic Action Plan (NSAP) for Pain Management2 set out 8 key goals to achieve the overarching goal of improving the quality of life for people living with pain and minimising the pain burden for individuals and the community. One specific goal is to improve access to, and knowledge of, best-practice pain management by strengthening interdisciplinary health workforce pain management training. The NSAP is timely because a nationally consistent approach to pain training of emerging and current health workforces remains a challenge in Australia.3,12,18 While interdisciplinary pain training programs are currently conducted in Australia,30 challenges to implementing and scaling programs include difficult to sustain expensive face-to-face training models,68 insufficient skilled workforce to deliver training, limited opportunities to receive training,17 and geographic barriers to accessing training.68 Such factors rate-limit the reach, scalability, impact, and sustainability of training initiatives with potential downstream barriers to delivering effective clinical care. While not unique to Australia, addressing this challenge is vital given that interdisciplinary training is a key enabler to the implementation and adoption of a biopsychosocial approach to pain care.15,35,57 In the global context of interdisciplinary health workforce capacity building, seminal work has been undertaken by Fishman et al.,35 to develop core competencies that guide the training of prelicensure health professionals in pain care. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) Education Initiatives Working Group has subsequently adopted these core competencies across all curricula for both interprofessional and discipline-specific training (https://www.iasp-pain.org/Education/CurriculaList.aspx?navItemNumber=647). One area that needs to be more explicitly addressed in curricula is understanding what people living with chronic pain consider as their priorities when seeking care from health professionals and how that understanding might help to meaningfully shape training. This matters because identifying specific priorities for pain care is an important step toward genuine partnership in supporting better health care.62 Emerging pain literature points to the importance and value of people's lived experience of pain in guiding goals for treatment,37 care expectations,19 and preferences.16,20,41,67,70,71,73 Furthermore, the importance of addressing people's treatment goals,37 needs, and preferences for health information and services for musculoskeletal conditions4,25,50,55,63,74 is also highlighted as research priorities for musculoskeletal and paediatric pain.5,7 Beyond research priorities, codesigning pain training through in partnership creates an opportunity to jointly agree what competencies need to be targeted to strengthen interdisciplinary health workforce capabilities to deliver effective clinical pain care.66 Here, primary research is required to firstly identify the care priorities of Australian people living with chronic pain and carers, and secondly, to consider health professional perspectives on these priorities in building interdisciplinary workforce capabilities to support effective person-centred pain care.17 The overarching aim of this partnership research was to empirically derive a meaningful framework of pain care priorities that could be adopted as a blueprint to shape and strengthen Australian contemporary interdisciplinary health workforce pain training. This study forms part of a broader Australian Government–funded consortium of work designed to support implementation of the NSAP for Pain Management.2 2. Methods 2.1. Context for the study The broader consortium program of work is focused on enhancing and expanding training opportunities for Australian health practitioners in pain management in response to the NSAP for Pain Management.2 The project consortium is led by the Pain Management Research Institute (Sydney University) with members, including the Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, (Sydney University), Curtin University (Faculty of Health Sciences), the Australian Pain Society in partnership with the National Ageing Research Institute, and the University of South Australia (Pain Revolution). A 3-tiered approach to training is proposed, moving from foundation level (tier 1), to building skills (tier 2) and skills consolidation (tier 3). The team involved in this specific project was composed of people with lived chronic pain experience; cross-disciplinary clinician–researchers and health workforce pain educators (from pain medicine, medicine, clinical psychology, and physiotherapy disciplines); health services and systems researchers; and knowledge translation and implementation researchers from across Australia (Curtin University, the Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, Sydney University) and New Zealand (Auckland University of Technology). 2.2. Design Two Australian cohorts were involved in this study: (1) people living with chronic pain, and carers and (2) health professionals involved in the clinical care of people living with chronic pain. A priority setting partnership (PSP) approach aligned to the James Lind Alliance Guidebook priority setting process47 was adopted. This PSP represents a collective of key Australian stakeholders (here, people living with chronic pain, carers, and health professionals) as equal partners to identify specific priorities in a given area. The scope of priorities focused on any aspect of chronic pain management (prevention, assessment, treatment, self-care, and co-care) when seeking care from a health professional. A similar partnership approach has been used for identifying patient-oriented research priorities for paediatric chronic pain.5 The specific objectives were: (1) To identify the pain care priorities of people living with chronic pain and carers; (2) To rate the level of importance of these derived pain care priorities (by the same people who derived these priorities) and identify the concordance in ratings between people living with chronic pain and carers and health professionals; (3) To quantify health professionals' level of confidence in their ability to deliver care aligned to the derived pain care priorities; and (4) To translate the derived pain care priorities into a framework to guide foundation-level interdisciplinary pain training. The 3-phased design included the following phases: (1) Phase 1, an eDelphi (2 rounds) undertaken in Australia between March 2021 and July 2021, using Qualtrics (Provo, UT) software (objectives 1 and 2). (2) Phase 2, a priority rating survey that was conducted in parallel with the eDelphi (round 2), to identify health professionals' ratings of the level importance of the pain care priorities derived from the eDelphi (round 1) and their confidence in their ability to support these care priorities (objectives 2-3). (3) Phase 3, translation of pain care priorities into a framework for use as a blueprint to interdisciplinary pain training (objective 4). Approval to undertake the study was granted by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Curtin University, Australia, and it was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided informed consent. The reporting guideline for priority setting of health research (REPRISE) was adapted and used as a framework to guide the development and reporting of the study to ensure transparency and to strengthen legitimacy and credibility,72 along with The Recommendations for the Conducting and REporting of DElphi Studies (CREDES),48 and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement75 (for the parallel priority rating study with health professionals) (Supplementary file 1, supplemental digital content, available at https://links.lww.com/PAIN/B619). 2.3. Participants and setting The partnership involved Australian people aged 16 years and older living with chronic pain (defined as pain persisting for >3 months including cancer and noncancer pain) and carers (defined as “supporting someone living with chronic pain”). Exclusion criteria were required an English language interpreter, homeless, not an Australian resident, or the absence of chronic pain. The parallel priority rating study for health care workers included health (including medical) professionals who were registered at the time of the study with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) at any career stage, in any care setting, and across any Australian geographic area and who were involved in caring for people with chronic pain. 2.4. Sampling and recruitment 2.4.1. Sample size and sampling approach Sample sizes were established a priori in line with a recent study focused on paediatric pain research priorities using the PSP James Lind approach.5 The minimum sample sizes were set as follows: phases 1 (eDelphi), n = 200 for people with lived chronic pain experience and carers, and phase 2 (priority rating study), n = 200 for health professionals. For both phases 1 and 2, a maximum heterogeneity sampling approach was adopted to facilitate a balance across age bands, sex or gender, and geography (Australian states and territories). The sample was assessed at regular intervals over the recruitment period to monitor representation across sampling criteria determined “a priori,” to be of importance. For phase 2, to facilitate broad cross-disciplinary representation and to reflect a balance of core disciplines involved in interdisciplinary pain care, target quotas were set. Disciplines, with respective target quotas included, general practitioners (n = 30); medical specialists (n = 30); nurses and midwives (n = 50); occupational therapists (n = 20); pharmacists (n = 40); physiotherapists (n = 40); psychologists (n = 40); and others (dentists, chiropractors, osteopaths) (n = 20). Monitoring of sampling quotas was undertaken over the course of the data collection period. Some movement over target quotas was possible because monitoring was undertaken over a 24- to 48-hours period. When quotas were achieved, further attempts to enrol triggered a notification thanking potential participants and indicating that quotas had been met for their discipline, disallowing their participation. 2.4.2. Recruitment 2.4.2.1. People with lived pain experience and carer eDelphi panel (phase 1) Recruitment of people living with chronic pain and carers was approached in partnership with key nongovernment consumer organisations (eg, Painaustralia, Chronic Pain Australia), government and nongovernment health services, and leveraging social media (Twitter and Facebook). Members of an External Expert Advisory Group for the broader consortium program of research were also invited to assist with dissemination of the study via their organisations and clinical networks. 2.4.2.2. Health professional priority rating study (phase 2) Recruitment of health professionals was facilitated via the Australian Pain Society, the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (Faculty of Pain Medicine), the National Prescribing Service (NPS MedicineWise), and via peak medical and health professional organisations (eg, Australian Physiotherapy Association, Australian Clinical Psychology Association, The Pharmacy Guild of Australia, The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, The Australian College of Nursing, etc [see acknowledgements], and individual members of the External Expert Advisory Group). 2.5. Study protocols 2.5.1. People with lived pain experience and carer eDelphi survey (phase 1) 2.5.1.1. Pilot survey tool The round 1 eDelphi survey tool included demographic and clinical profile items and was designed with open, text-capped fields to allow respondents to describe pain care priorities from their perspective, without constraining responses to predefined categories or options. The tool was developed and piloted to ensure that the guidance was clear and comprehensible, that the tool elicited desired responses, and that the definition of a “pain care priority” resonated with people living with pain and carers. A “pain care priority” was defined as “what you think is the most important thing your health professional needs to be able to do to help you manage your chronic pain.” Participants involved in the pilot were identified via clinical networks and excluded people in any current clinical relationship with research team members. The convenience sample for the pilot was composed of 11 Australian people {age ranging from 32 to 84 years; mean [standard deviation]: 58.1 [19.1] years} living with chronic pain (duration range 2-48 years; mean [standard deviation]: 17.7 [17.5] years). Pain conditions included low back pain, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, postsurgical pain, inflammatory arthritis, whiplash-related neck pain, and complex regional pain syndrome. Based on feedback from the pilot, the survey pilot tool was revised and finalised (Supplementary file 2, supplemental digital content, available at https://links.lww.com/PAIN/B619). 2.5.1.2. eDelphi round 1 (phase 1) For round 1 of the eDelphi, consenting participants were provided with the following guidance: “In your own words, please tell us what your pain care priorities are: that is, what you think are the most important things your health professional needs to be able to do to help you manage your chronic pain. These might include aspects that cover assessment, treatments, management, planning and specific care for your pain condition. You may list up to 5 pain care priorities.” For carers, the question was modified to: “A pain care priority means what you think is the most important thing a health professional(s) needs to be able to do to help support a person with chronic pain.” Free text was limited to a 200-word count per pain care priority. Demographic variables included age, gender, geographic location, country of birth, and highest level of education completed. For people with lived chronic pain experience, validated clinical profile variables were aligned to the standard pain measures collected by Australasian electronic Persistent Pain Outcome Collaboration58 (round 1 survey tool is shown in Supplemental file 2, supplemental digital content, available at https://links.lww.com/PAIN/B619). Carers were asked the duration they had supported a person with chronic pain. 2.5.1.3. eDelphi round 2 (phase 2) Participants from round 1 were asked to rate the level of importance of each of the pain care priorities derived from round 1 (9-point numeric rating scale [1 = less important to 9 = more important]; see Data Analysis). For round 2, priorities derived from round 1 were block randomised (by category) to mitigate against response order bias (Supplemental file 3, supplemental digital content, available at https://links.lww.com/PAIN/B619). Participants were also asked to provide a rating of their overall level of agreement of the framework of priorities presented with the statement “Do you feel that the priorities listed here are a meaningful reflection of the most important things that health professionals need to be able to do to help individuals with chronic pain?” (Likert scale 1 [strongly disagree] to 5 [strongly agree]). 2.5.2. Health professional priority rating study (phase 2) Health professionals were asked to rate the level of importance (9-point numeric rating scale [1 = less important to 9 = more important]) of the pain care priorities derived from the eDelphi round 1, presented across 9 categories. Additionally, health professionals were asked to rate their confidence in their ability (knowledge and skills) to support the care priorities within a category using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all confident to 5 = extremely confident), using a previously developed confidence rating tool, for which adequate measurement properties have been established.34 Health professionals were asked to provide a rating of their overall level of agreement with the statement, “Do you feel that the priorities listed here are a meaningful reflection of the most important things that health professionals need to be able to do to help individuals with chronic pain?” (Likert scale from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). Free-text responses were invited in response to the question, “What pain education would you like to see included in any training modules for health professionals?” A short battery of questions to help characterise the health professional cohort included demographic (age, gender, postcode) and professional data (highest qualification including any specific postqualification pain training qualification; years of practice; main clinical care setting; percentage chronic pain case-mix per week) (Supplemental file 4, supplemental digital content, available at https://links.lww.com/PAIN/B619). 2.5.3. Deriving a framework to facilitate the translation and embedding of pain care priorities into interdisciplinary pain training programs (phase 3) To ensure a genuine partnership approach was adopted to explicitly position the empirically derived pain care priorities within and across the consortium's pain training programs, a translation framework was required. A cross-disciplinary panel (P.B.O.S., A.M.B., H.S., R.S., R.G.) composed of clinician–researchers and pain educators met, discussed, and devised an appropriate methodology for this purpose. To avoid retrospectively forcing the care priorities onto established pain training programs, a prospective approach was adopted whereby the final list of pain care priorities formed a framework for extant programs to map content against. For this mapping, each panel member was tasked with identifying which of the framework's 44 care priorities were deemed critical and feasible to incorporate into foundation-level pain training (ie, pain fundamentals). The identification of individual pain care priority items (vs categories) was considered a strategy to maximise sensitivity. This task involved 7 sequential steps: (1) All aggregated pain priorities were listed in a Microsoft Excel sheet, by row, under their respective parent categories. The top 20 priorities (by frequency count) were highlighted (no ranking of these 20 was provided). (2) As a preliminary validation step, pain care priorities were mapped against the International Association of Pain's (IASP) interprofessional curriculum (https://www.iasp-pain.org/education/curricula/iasp-interprofessional-pain-curriculum-outline/) by one of the research team with IASP curriculum development expertise (H.S.). (3) Panel members independently identified the pain priorities they considered critical for foundation-level (novice) pain training, and panel data were then collated. (4) Panel members met to discuss the collated findings and to reach consensus on the critical pain priorities to include in foundation-level training (using thresholds defined in Data Analysis). (5) To road test the operationalisation of the framework, using outcomes from step 4 re-presented in the same Excel sheet, panel members were tasked with independently mapping an existing Australian foundation-level pain training program (essential pain management (EPM); https://www.anzca.edu.au/safety-advocacy/global-health/essential-pain-management), against the agreed critical care priorities. (6) Data were collated and re-presented to panel members for discussion on where the extant foundation-level training content was aligned to the critical pain care priorities and where gaps were evident. (7) Panel members discussed how gaps could be explicitly addressed to meet the critical pain care priorities in foundation-level training. The panel formulated recommendations for how the framework of care priorities should be incorporated across the consortium's pain training programs. 2.6. Data analysis 2.6.1. Quantitative demographic data (phases 1 and 2) Data were analysed descriptively. Continuous data were summarized using mean and 95% confidence intervals. Categorical data were summarized using frequency distributions and compared with χ2 statistics. Data were analysed with IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26 (Armonk, NY), with people with lived chronic pain experience and carer and HCP data analysed separately. 2.6.2. Coding analysis of free-text content 2.6.2.1. eDelphi round 1 (phase 1) For round 1 (phase 1), free-text data were analysed using a summative content analysis approach,44 adopting the analytic framework published by Cunningham and Wells.28 Free-text data were content analysed using a multistep approach incorporating validation, with codes inductively derived to describe the content of the free-text responses and then counted to provide an indication of relative prominence of the code, consistent with established methods.13,28 First, for round 1 data, a primary senior analyst (J.E.J.) read 300 pain care priorities from 216 respondents and inductively derived a “base” coding framework describing overarching categories and related unique care priorities captured within each category. Second, using 2 randomly selected independent samples of 100 pain care priorities taken from the initial 300 coded by the primary analyst but without the primary analysts coding visible, 2 analysts (H.S., A.M.B.) independently coded these subsets. We identified <5% overall discordance for each analyst, demonstrating representative and reliable base coding framework. Third, to ensure the revisions undertaken after step 2 were still robust, an additional random sample of 50 of pain care priorities was externally verified (S.D.M.), by reviewing each pain priority and seeing if an appropriate code could be found to allocate. Fourth, coding was undertaken against the revised base framework and another 50 random independent sample of coded data was reverified by 2 researchers (J.E.J., H.S.). Fifth, the final base framework was then deductively applied to the residual responses (n = 792) for coding (J.E.J., H.S.). For this step, where a code was identified as missing, a new code was inductively created and applied to the framework. Sixth, as a final verification step, a random sample of 200 (50% of each coder) was performed (J.C.) to verify that all relevant codes for each pain priority were identified. Seventh, summary statements for each derived category in the coding framework were developed (J.E.J.) and wording of categories and priorities reviewed with minor iteration (H.S., A.M.B.). Through the comprehensive 7-step validation process, we were able to identify discrete concepts, ensuring that the final categories represented discrete and largely independent pain priority items. Code frequencies provided an indication of weighting of priorities and informed the hierarchy of priorities across and within each category. As far as possible, the wording used by participants to describe their pain care priorities was faithfully retained, with minor syntax revision. The coding framework was then presented in round 2 of the eDelphi. The framework consisted of categories and items within each category. The categories represented intuitive groupings for discrete pain care priority items. 2.6.2.2. Parallel priority rating study with health professionals, free-text analysis (phase 2) In phase 2, for the parallel priority rating study, a similar free-text content analysis was undertaken (J.E.J.) for health professional responses to the question, “From your perspective, what pain education would you like to see included in any training modules for health professionals?” with independent validation of n = 50 randomly selected responses (H.S.). 2.6.3. Quantitative analysis for eDelphi and parallel health professional priority rating study In phase 2, for both the eDelphi panel and parallel priority rating study, quantitative responses were analysed using the RAND-UCLA method.36 Across the items in round 2, the eDelphi panel median was categorised as 1 to 3: “not important,” 4 to 6: “equivocal,” or 7 to 9: “important.” An item was defined as “important” and retained where the overall panel median score was ≥7 with level of agreement of ≥70% by panellists within the band 7 to 9. An item with a panel median of 4 to 6, or another median band with a consensus of <70% within the same band, was defined as “uncertain.” An item with a panel median of 1 to 3 and a level of agreement of ≥70% by panellists within the band 1 to 3 was defined as “unimportant” and removed. In round 2, items were analysed in the same way, with frequencies used to analyse selections for essential items to be retained and for overall ratings for the framework. An item was retained where ≥70% of the panel ranked it as “important,” in line with established thresholds.10,14 2.6.4. Translation framework (phase 3) 2.6.4.1. Identification of critical pain care priorities for foundation-level training In phase 3, a traffic light system was adopted to illustrate concordance and discordance in panel members' ratings of what were deemed critical pain care priorities. Where all 5 panel members had rated a pain care priority as critical, the cell for that priority was highlighted in green and required no discussion; where 4 panel members agreed, the cell was highlighted as orange, and where 3 panel members agreed, the cell was highlighted in red. Where 2 or less panel members had nominated a care priority, cells were not highlighted. Pain care priorities identified as critical by ≥80% of the panel (orange and green) were included in the final framework for foundation-level training. Priorities identified by ≥60% but <80% (red) of the panel were further discussed to reach consensus on either inclusion or exclusion. 2.6.4.2. Road testing the framework For the final road testing of the framework task, for the pain care priorities where all 5 panel members (100%) agreed that the extant training content was explicitly aligned to a pain care priority deemed critical, the cell for that care priority was highlighted in green; where ≥60% but <80% panel members agreed, the cell was highlighted as orange; where <60% panel members agreed, the cell was highlighted in red. A count was then made of critical pain care priorities where all 5 panel members agreed that the foundation-level training content was explicitly aligned (green). The panel drafted recommendations for how this framework of empirically derived pain care priorities should be positioned as a blueprint to ensure coherence in training programs and to guide the embedding of care priorities within and across the consortium's interdisciplinary pain training programs. 3. Results 3.1. Study recruitment flow and sample characteristics (phases 1 and 2) 3.1.1. Study flow Figure 1 captures the recruitment and analysis flow for the eDelphi (phases 1 and 2, rounds 1 and 2) and for the parallel priority rating study undertaken with health professionals (phase 2). For round 1 of the eDelphi, 216 valid responses were recorded, and at the beginning of round 2, 187 (87%) of round 1 respondents participated, with 170 (79%) valid responses recorded. For the parallel priority rating study (health professionals), 267 valid responses were recorded. 3.1.2. Demographic characteristics for the eDelphi panel Table 1 provides a summary of demographic characteristics of the eDelphi panel for valid survey responses for both rounds, for both people living with chronic pain (round 1, n = 206; round 2, n = 160) and for carers (n = 10 both rounds). Across both rounds, the majority of respondents with chronic pain were female (90.3%-90.6%), whereas carers were predominantly male (60.0%). The mean age of round 1 respondents with chronic pain was 42 years (range, 16-93 years) and for carers, 51 years (range, 27-81 years). A majority of people living with chronic pain and carer respondents were Australian born, spoke English as a first language, and had graduated year 12 high school, with more than half having completed university degrees. All Australian states and territories were represented with the highest proportion of respondents living in the most populous states (Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland). Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander representation was low across both rounds (3.4%-3.8%) in approximate line with representation in the Australian population (3.3%). Table 1 - Demographics of people living with chronic pain and carers participating in eDelphi round 1 and round 2. Characteristic Round 1 Round 2 People with chronic pain Carers People with chronic pain Carers Representation, n (%) 206 (95.4) 10 (4.6) 160 (94.1) 10 (5.9) Female, n (%) 186 (90.3) 4 (40.0) 145 (90.6) 4 (40.0) Age, mean (95% CI), range (y) 42.1 (40.0-44.2), 16-93 51 (38.8-63.2), 27-81 43.1 (40.8-45.4), 16-81 51 (38.8-63.2), 27-81 Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent, n (%) 7 (3.4) 0 (0.0) 6 (3.8) 0 (0.0) Australian born, n (%) 170 (82.5) 9 (90.0) 131 (81.9) 9 (90.0) English spoken as first language at home 200 (97.1) 9 (90.0) 158 (98.8) 9 (90.0) Highest level of education, n (%) High school (year 7-9) 5 (2.4) 0 (0.0) 4 (2.5) 0 (0.0) High school (year 10) 10 (4.9) 1 (10.0) 7 (4.4) 1 (10.0) High school (year 12) 26 (12.6) 0 (0.0) 17 (10.6) 0 (0.0) TAFE 56 (27.2) 0 (0.0) 47 (29.4) 0 (0.0) University (bachelor degree) 66 (32.0) 3 (30.0) 48 (30.0) 3 (30.0) University (postgraduate) 43 (20.9) 6 (60.0) 37 (23.1) 6 (60.0) Place of residence, n (%) ACT 7 (3.4) 0 (0.0) 5 (3.1) 0 (0.0) NSW 42 (20.4) 3 (30.0) 34 (21.3) 3 (30.0) NT 2 (1.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.3) 0 (0.0) QLD 43 (20.9) 0 (0.0) 34 (21.3) 0 (0.0) SA 13 (6.3) 0 (0.0) 10 (6.3) 0 (0.0) TAS 5 (2.4) 0 (0.0) 4 (2.5) 0 (0.0) WA 35 (17.0) 5 (50.0) 31 (19.4) 5 (50.0) VIC 59 (28.6) 2 (20.0) 40 (25.0) 2 (20.0) Mean years living with chronic pain (95% CI) 12.9 (11.4-14.4) NA 13.3 (11.7-15.0) NA Mean years as a carer (95% CI) NA 13.1 (3.5-22.7) NA 13.1 (3.5-22.7) Data are presented as mean (95% CI) for continuous data and frequency count (%) for categorical data. ACT, Australian Capital Territory; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; NSW, New South Wales; NT, Northern Territory; QLD, Queensland; SA, South Australia; TAFE, technical and further education; TAS, Tasmania; VIC, Victoria; WA, Western Australia. 3.1.3. Clinical data for the eDelphi respondents living with chronic pain Data (n = 206 unless otherwise stated) are presented below, with a comprehensive summary of all clinical data provided in Supplemental file 5 (supplemental digital content, available at https://links.lww.com/PAIN/B619). Mean pain duration across the rounds was 12.9 years to 13.3 years, with multiple pain sites reported as being affected, including the low back (74.8%), hips (54.9%), shoulders (48.1%), neck (43.7%), and other (60.2%) (eg, gut), and 33.5% indicated pain all over (joints and muscles). A majority (64.1%) indicated a comorbid mental health condition, and various other comorbidities (eg, arthritis, digestive problems, high blood pressure [hypertension]). Mean pain intensity levels over the past week were rated as moderate (n = 205; 5.6, 0-10 visual analogue scale) and similarly, pain interference (n = 201; 5.4-6.5; 0-10 visual analogue scale) across a range of daily activities. Respondents (n = 201) sought health professional care most frequently from their GP (87.6%), medical specialist (66.2%), physiotherapist (53.7%), psychologist (37.3%), and pharmacist (35.8%). For medicine use in the past (n = 200), 73.0% had used opioids, 66.0% antidepressants, 89.5% paracetamol, 80.0% anti-inflammatories, and 44.5% anticonvulsants. For those responding (n = 200), a proportion were unemployed because of pain (13.5%) or working reduced hours because of pain (6.5%). 3.1.4. Demographic data for parallel priority rating study participants (phase 2) Table 2 shows the demographic characteristics for health professional participants (n = 267). The majority of respondents were female (75.3%) consistent with AHPRA workforce representation, Australian born (65.9%), with a representation (1.9%) from Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent, higher than relative AHPRA-registered health workforce representation (0.1%). Disciplines included GPs, medical specialists, nurses, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, psychologists, pharmacists, chiropractors, and “others,” with discipline representation reflective of quotas set to facilitate a balanced health professional sample. Respondents had practised clinically for a mean duration of 19 years, mostly in primary care (54.7%) or tertiary care (22.5%) with a chronic pain case-mix of 52.2%. For those responding (n = 226), a majority (94%) identified as “working with other health professionals, sometimes” to “most of the time” in their clinical care of people with chronic pain. Table 2 - Health professional demographics, n = 267 (unless specified otherwise) for the parallel priority rating study. 3.2. eDelphi round 1 pain care priorities (phase 1) From round 1 of the eDelphi, a total of 842 pain care priorities were recorded from survey respondents, and these were thematically analysed to derive a “base” coding framework. The coding framework comprised 9 categories to organise 52 pain care priorities. Summative descriptions of the 9 categories are presented in Table 3 (the pain care priorities are reported in phase 2 and incorporated into Table 4). Table 3 - Coding framework with summative descriptions for each of the 9 pain care priority categories. Table 4 - Delphi round 2, level of importance of pain care priorities as rated by people living with chronic pain and carers and health professionals expressed as median (IQR) and proportion of panel responses in the corresponding median band. Category 1: Validating, acknowledging, and respecting each individual's pain experience (5 priorities) People with chronic pain and carers (n = 167) Health professionals (n = 267) Median in 1-9, NRS (IQR) n (%) of responses in corresponding median band Median in 1-9, NRS (IQR) n (%) of responses in corresponding median band 1.1. Acknowledge and believe that my pain is real—do not be dismissive about my pain story or tell me it is all in my head 9 (0) 156 (93.4) 9 (0) 264 (98.9) 1.2. Acknowledge my feelings and my experiences, particularly how my pain impacts my physical, social, and mental well-being 9 (1) 151 (90.4) 9 (1) 262 (98.1) 1.3. Show empathy about my pain and situation 9 (2) 138 (82.6) 9 (1) 255 (95.5) 1.4. Trust or believe what I am telling you about my pain, current pain levels or ratings, my symptoms, my history, and my experiences 9 (0) 156 (93.4) 9 (1) 258 (96.6) 1.5. Respect my knowledge of my own body and experiences 9 (1) 153 (91.6) 9 (1) 245 (91.8) Category 2: Communication styles to ensure safe, respectful, and effective communication between health professionals and individuals (13 priorities) People with chronic pain and carers (n = 165)* Health professionals (n = 249)* Median in 1-9, NRS (IQR) n (%) of responses in corresponding median band Median in 1-9, NRS (IQR) n (%) of responses in corresponding median band 2.1. Ask me questions to understand my history and relationship with pain prior to the onset of chronic pain 8 (2) 137 (83.0) 8 (2) 210 (84.3) 2.2. Ask me questions about my pain to understand how it impacts my life 9 (1) 151 (91.5) 9 (1) 240 (96.4) 2.3. Be encouraging and provide hope where possible about managing my pain 8 (2) 133 (80.6) 9 (1) 237 (95.2) 2.4. Be honest with me if you don't have an answer or if you can't provide a diagnosis or find a specific reason for my pain 9 (1) 155 (93.9) 9 (1) 241 (96.8) 2.5. Be open minded to potential causes of my pain rather than trying to categorise me or attribute it to my weight or gender 9 (1) 147 (89.1) 9 (1) 237 (95.2) 2.6. Create a consultation space where I feel safe and respected to share details about my pain and not feel judged or dismissed 9 (1) 146 (88.5) 9 (1) 237 (95.2) 2.7. Listen to me, learn from me, and hear what I am telling you, so it makes me feel that my concerns have been understood 9 (2) 153 (92.7) 9 (1) 245 (98.4) 2.8. Do n't rush me in a consultation—it takes a lot of effort to come to an appointment 9 (2) 136 (82.4) 8 (2) 227 (91.2) 2.9. Provide me with specific, accurate, and meaningful answers or explanations about my chronic pain using words or terms that won't alarm me. 8 (2) 131 (79.4) 9 (1) 235 (94.4) 2.10. Take time to explain a new diagnosis or test results using simple language so I can understand 8 (2) 135 (81.8) 9 (1) 239 (96.0) 2.11. Communicate with me or follow-up with me outside of consultations when needed 8 (2) 129 (78.2) 8 (2) 190 (76.3) 2.12. Help my partner or carer or family members to understand more about my chronic pain and how best to support me 7 (3) 103 (62.4) 8 (2) 213 (85.5) 2.13. Provide documents or information (eg, medical certificate, letters) for my school, workplace, or insurance company 8 (3) 122 (73.9) 8 (2) 188 (75.5) Category 3: Multidisciplinary team approach (3 priorities) People with chronic pain and carers (n = 167) Health professionals (n = 246)* Median in 1-9, NRS (IQR) n (%) of responses in corresponding median band Median in 1-9, NRS (IQR) n (%) of responses in corresponding median band 3.1. Coordinate my healthcare needs by communicating and working with other health professionals, insurers, and others to ensure I get the right treatment or care 9 (2) 142 (85.0) 8 (2) 222 (90.2) 3.2. Provide timely on-referrals to support my pain management, functional ability, or activities of daily living including allied health and specialists, when needed 9 (2) 143 (85.6) 8 (2) 227 (92.3) 3.3. Refer me to receive appropriate support services including for my mental health 9 (2) 133 (79.6) 9 (1) 227 (92.3) Category 4: Holistic approach to care (6 priorities) People with chronic pain and carers (n = 164)* Health professionals (n = 244)* Median in 1-9, NRS (IQR) n (%) of responses in corresponding median band Median in 1-9, NRS (IQR) n (%) of responses in corresponding median band 4.1. Treat me as a whole person to help me to manage my pain condition(s) as well as other health issues that I live with 9 (1) 153 (93.3) 9 (1) 235 (96.3) 4.2. Provide a holistic approach to my care that is tailored and looks after my physical, mental, occupational, social, spiritual, and intellectual needs 9 (2) 139 (84.8) 9 (10) 231 (94.7) 4.3. Help me to prevent further joint damage from arthritis 8 (4) 106 (64.6) 7 (2) 156 (63.9) 4.4. Take a proactive approach to my pain care including education on diet and exercise 8 (3) 113 (68.9) 8 (2) 214 (87.7) 4.5. Understand that chronic pain can be complex and include different types of pain or multiple pain problems 9 (1) 153 (93.3) 9 (1) 235 (96.3) Category 5: Ensuring genuine partnership approaches with me for my pain care (13 priorities) People with chronic pain and carers (n = 162)* Health professionals (n = 234)* Median in 1-9, NRS (IQR) n (%) of responses in corresponding median band Median in 1-9, NRS (IQR) n (%) of responses in corresponding median band 5.1. Ask me questions about my pain to understand what my needs or goals or priorities are and how I want to deal with my pain 9 (1) 145 (89.5) 9 (1) 228 (97.4) 5.2. Be sensitive to my financial circumstances including compensation or insurance when considering treatment or management options 8 (3) 121 (74.7) 8 (2) 207 (88.5) 5.3. Explain the pain management options available to me, including possible risks (eg, side effects) and benefits, in a way that I can understand and make informed choices 9 (1) 148 (91.4) 9 (1) 225 (96.2) 5.4. Give me a range of pain management or treatment options as soon as possible—with and without medication 9 (1) 145 (89.5) 8 (1) 216 (92.3) 5.5. Help me to manage or reduce my pain so I can function, participate in day-to-day activities (ie, work, social, family, exercise, etc) as independently as possible and improve my quality of life 9 (1) 149 (92.0) 9 (1) 227 (97.0) 5.6. Help and support me when I have a pain flare-up 9 (1.25) 144 (88.9) 9 (1) 216 (92.3) 5.7. Involve me as an equal partner in actively making decisions or plans about my care or treatment options and ensure my preferences are included 9 (1) 148 (91.4) 9 (1) 227 (97.0) 5.8. Offer me the best treatment options for my condition regardless of my age 9 (1) 144 (88.9) 9 (1) 217 (92.7) 5.9. Develop a pain management plan with me that caters to my individual needs, and regularly review and adjust if some options don't work 9 (1) 149 (92.0) 9 (1) 219 (93.6) 5.10. Be flexible with treatment and care plans given limited access to health professionals and costs for those living in regional or rural areas 8.5 (2) 127 (78.4) 9 (1) 218 (93.2) 5.11. Listen and accept when I tell you I have tried suggested treatment options and they haven't worked for me 9 (1) 148 (91.4) 9 (1) 221 (94.4) 5.12. Offer me evidence-based treatments and strategies, including new or latest therapies 9 (1) 145 (89.5) 9 (1) 218 (93.2) 5.13. Support me in my decisions to use more natural ways to manage my pain (ie, not just medications) 8 (2) 132 (81.5) 9 (1) 219 (93.6) Category 6: Knowledge and experience of health professionals (2 priorities) People with chronic pain and carers (n = 165)* Health professionals (n = 232)* Median in 1-9, NRS (IQR) n (%) of responses in corresponding median band Median in 1-9, NRS (IQR) n (%) of responses in corresponding median band 6.1. Be knowledgeable about the different types of pain and why my pain is persisting 9 (1) 149 (90.3) 9 (1) 223 (96.1) 6.2. Be willing to undertake research to learn or better understand my condition(s) when you don't have the knowledge 9 (1) 150 (90.9) 9 (1) 221 (95.3) Category 7: Supporting my self-management (2 priorities) People with chronic pain and carers (n = 166)* Health professionals (n = 230)* Median in 1-9, NRS (IQR) n (%) of responses in corresponding median band Median in 1-9, NRS (IQR) n (%) of responses in corresponding median band 7.1. Be able to direct me to evidence-based pain management resources, give me practical strategies and basic information to guide and support self-management of my pain 8 (2) 142 (85.5) 9 (1) 224 (97.4) 7.2. Be able to direct me to patient support and advocacy groups 7 (3) 93 (56.0) 8 (2) 192 (84.5) Category 8: Safe use of medicines in my pain care (5 priorities) People with chronic pain and carers (n = 166)* Health professionals (n = 229)* Median in 1-9, NRS (IQR) n (%) of responses in corresponding median band Median in 1-9, NRS (IQR) n (%) of responses in corresponding median band 8.1. Give me access to the right medication(s) that help me function rather than challenge whether it is needed or treat me like I am a drug addict 9 (2) 140 (84.3) 8 (3) 164 (71.6) 8.2. Allow, and support me, to change my medication dosage based on my pain levels instead of dosage restrictions 9 (2) 127 (76.5) 7 (3) 132 (57.6) 8.3. Provide timely access to repeat prescription medicines 9 (1) 141 (84.9) 7 (3) 158 (69.0) 8.4. Support my decisions around medications, both what I choose and choose not to take, based on my experiences 9 (1) 142 (85.5) 7 (3) 163 (71.2) 8.5. Provide me with the safe prescription medications I need to be able to actively participate in my life (ie, parent, work, social life, community work, etc) 9 (1) 144 (86.7) 8 (2) 177 (77.3) Category 9: Diagnosis or looking for a cause (4 priorities) People with chronic pain and carers (n = 167) Health professionals (n = 228)* Median in 1-9, NRS (IQR) n (%) of responses in corresponding median band Median in 1-9, NRS (IQR) n (%) of responses in corresponding median band 9.1. Help me to find a diagnosis or cause for my pain without stigma 9 (2) 144 (86.2) 8 (2) 186 (81.6) 9.2. Continue to look for reasons or diagnosis for my pain, even when tests or scans are inconclusive 9 (2) 133 (79.6) 6 (4) 73 (32.0) 9.3. Provide a clear diagnosis quickly or provide me with a clear outline of how my pain will be investigated 8 (2) 138 (82.6) 7 (3) 151 (66.2) 9.4. Undertake a thorough clinical assessment 9 (1) 150 (89.8) 9 (1) 209 (91.7) Bolded scores represent those pain care priorities not meeting retention criteria (defined as median panel ≥7 with level of agreement of ≥70% by panellists within the 7-9 band). Participants rated the importance of pain care priorities in increasing order of importance from 1 to 9. *Defines total number of responses to question where different from overall N (total). IQR, interquartile range; NRS, numeric rating scale. 3.3. Rating level of importance of pain care priorities (phase 2) 3.3.1. eDelphi panel ratings For the eDephi panel, high overall panel median scores (7-9 band) for level of importance ratings of pain care priorities and levels of panel agreement (>70%) were demonstrated. There were 48 of 52 items (92.3%) meeting the threshold for retaining, 4 (7.7%) were classified as “uncertain” and none were excluded (Table 4). 3.3.2. Parallel priority rating study participant ratings Similar high overall panel median scores (7-9 band) and levels of agreement (>70%) were demonstrated from health professionals with 47 of 52 items (90.4%) meeting the threshold for retention, 5 (8.6%) classified as “uncertain,” and none were excluded (Table 4). Discipline-specific disaggregation is shown in Supplemental file 6 (supplemental digital content, available at https://links.lww.com/PAIN/B619). 3.3.3. Concordance in ratings of level of importance of pain priorities across studies High overall levels of concordance were demonstrated between the eDelphi panel and parallel priority rating cohort of health professionals, with an overall inclusion of 44 of 52 pain care priorities (84.6%) (Table 4), with one pain care priority (4.3) identified by both cohorts as not meeting the threshold for retention. 3.4. Framework as a meaningful reflection of pain care priorities (phase 2) 3.4.1. eDelphi panel (phase 2) A majority of panellists (95.7% [n = 162]), “strongly agreed” (75.3%) or “agreed” (20.4%) that the overall framework was a meaningful reflection of what is most important when seeking pain care from health professionals. 3.4.2. Priority rating study A majority of health professionals (95.2% [n = 228]), “strongly agreed” (47.4%) or “agreed” (47.8%) that the framework was a meaningful reflection of the most important things that “health professionals need to be able to do to help individuals with chronic pain.” 3.5. Health professionals' level of confidence in their ability to support pain care priorities and training needs (phase 2) 3.5.1. Health professionals' levels of confidence to support pain care priorities Health professionals' (pooled) ratings of confidence in their ability to provide pain care across each of 9 pain care priority categories are shown in Figure 2 (discipline-specific disaggregation of data is shown in Supplemental file 7, supplemental digital content, available at https://links.lww.com/PAIN/B619). A majority (>74%) of health professionals self-rated (pooled across disciplines) levels of confidence in their ability to support care as “fairly confident” or “extremely confident” for 6 of 9 categories (1-6) (66.7%), with category 1 (validation of each person's individual pain experience) showing the highest proportion of responses for ratings of “extremely confident” (44.2%). A lower proportion of overall levels of confidence (combined “fairly confident” or “extremely confident”) was evident for categories 7 (supportive self-management; 65.2%), 8 (safe medicines use; 48.5%), and 9 (diagnosis/pain cause; 57.9%). Discipline variability in confidence ratings was most evident for nonmedical and nursing disciplines in categories 8 (safe medicines use) and 9 (diagnosis/pain cause). 3.5.2. Health professional perceptions for what should be included in pain training programs Free-text summaries of what health professionals indicated should be covered in pain training programs aligned closely with the 9 pain care priority categories (Supplemental file 8, supplemental digital content, available at https://links.lww.com/PAIN/B619). Of note, summaries highlighted a need for upskilling health professionals on practical interpersonal and coaching “how to” skills that would better enable them to support care aligned to the pain care priorities. For example, enhancing therapeutic alliance through effective communication (shared understanding; helpful language; holistic care); communicating simply and effectively about pain when there is no diagnosis; communicating with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and other vulnerable groups in sensitive and appropriate ways; strategies to support and empower individuals to better self-manage (safely exercise; build mental health resilience); and medication harm minimisation strategies. 3.6. Translation of pain care priorities into a framework (phase 3) 3.6.1. Identification of critical pain care priorities for foundation-level training The interdisciplinary consensus panel deemed 25 (56.8%) of 44 pain care priorities critical for inclusion in foundation-level pain training (Table 5). For domain 9 (“Diagnosis/looking for a cause of pain”), the 60% cut off for inclusion as a critical pain priority was not reached. This triggered further panel discussion with a consensus decision reached for inclusion of 9.1 and 9.4 as critical priorities for foundation-level training. Table 5 - Critical pain care priorities identified by the panel for foundation-level pain training and alignment of an exemplar foundation-level training program (EPM) to those critical care priorities. 3.6.2. Road testing the framework When mapping an existing consortium foundation-level training program (EPM) against the framework, the panel identified 11 of 25 critical pain care priorities (44%) where content was explicitly aligned (Table 5). Training gaps that could be addressed by making foundation-level content more explicit were highlighted, and recommendations made for how content could be strengthened. For example, recommendations for the development of specific content to strengthen therapeutic alliance included: listening to individual's lived experience of pain, raising awareness of patient-centred care and promoting effective communication (eg, empathic validation); and, for use of specific language to intentionally position the person with lived pain experience, such as “the person with pain,” “the impact on the person with pain,” the “person with pain working in partnership with health professionals in shared decision making”; and case studies that explicitly embed pain care priorities within activities and create opportunities for discussion on how to appropriately target critical pain care priorities. 3.6.3. Recommendations for the application of the framework to pain training programs The consensus panel determined the following 5 recommendations to support the genuine adoption and embedding of the pain care priority framework within and across the broader consortium's interdisciplinary pain training programs: (1) Recommendation 1. A framework comprising all 44 empirically derived pain care priorities is represented “in toto” as a blueprint for guiding all consortium pain training content; (2) Recommendation 2. This framework is explicitly positioned within and across each pain training tier to reflect the genuine partnership approach adopted to inform the consortium's pain training content (that is, aligned to principles for person-centred, value-based care); (3) Recommendation 3. For each tier of consortium training, a standardized protocol is adopted to derive from the framework, those pain care priorities deemed critical for a specific tier or program or level of training; map extant content or newly proposed content against the pain care priorities identified as critical for that tier or program; and where content gaps are demonstrated, content contributors indicate where and how these gaps are addressed to ensure critical pain care priorities are explicitly and genuinely addressed. (4) Recommendation 4. Evaluation of the consortium's pain training programs includes specific measures to ensure learning outcomes have been attained and reflect specific capabilities related to critical pain care priorities. The evaluation framework for the broader consortium program of work should also consider appropriate measures to reflect the faithful embedding of these priorities in training programs. (5) Recommendation 5. The framework of pain care priorities forms a blueprint to guide future codesign of Australian health workforce pain training programs, including adopting the mapping, embedding, and evaluation processes proposed in recommendations 1 to 4. 4. Discussion 4.1. Main findings The “listen to me, learn from me” framework of 44 empirically derived pain care priorities reflects strong multistakeholder consensus for what is most important to Australian people living with chronic pain and those supporting them, when seeking pain care. The “listen to me, learn from me” framework creates new opportunities to reorient health workforce training and shift efforts towards better codesigned care models aligned to the framework. Through a partnership lens, and in response to the Australian NSAP for Pain Management,2 the framework is designed as a blueprint for shaping interdisciplinary pain training programs, with the overall aim of strengthening health workforce capabilities to support high-quality care of people living with chronic pain. 4.2. Strengths and limitations The James Lind PSP methodology47 provided an accepted research framework with our design extending the PSP, with multistakeholder engagement including lived pain experience and cross-disciplinary perspectives, jointly informing the empirically derived framework. The PSP principles of transparency, inclusivity and avoiding waste in research54 resonated with our objectives, while the overarching goals focused on improving chronic pain care in Australia, reflecting articles in the Declaration of Montreal.46 The broad sampling frame captured participants from all Australian states and territories and included Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' representation, life course representation (16-93 years) for the eDelphi panel, and purposively balanced cross-disciplinary representation for the priority rating study, including more than half from primary care settings. Despite a sampling frame designed to maximise heterogeneity, study cohorts were overly represented by females, primarily of middle age. Children (<16 years) were not captured in the eDelphi, nor non-AHPRA-registered health professionals (eg, accredited exercise physiologists, dietitians, social workers), indicating an area for future framework validation. 4.3. Shared and unique perspectives on pain care priorities Seeking to better understand people's priorities for chronic pain care is an important step towards genuine partnership in health care, yet lacking as a deliberate approach to health workforce training. From our study, high overall levels of concordance demonstrated across study populations on the most important priorities (median scores or agreement levels; proportion of retained survey items) indicates a strong shared understanding of what matters in real-world lived experience of chronic pain and care. This is unsurprising given the cohorts' demographics, with significant pain duration and impact for people living with chronic pain, experienced carers (years of support), and clinicians with substantial exposure (caseload) and experience (years of practice). The framework broadly reflects chronic pain care recommendations,51,56 capturing the multidimensionality of chronic pain, however, critically repositioning care through the lived experience lens. This inversion may have advantages in helping clinicians navigate chronic pain complexity57 and better support person-centred care.23,71 The essence of the framework was captured simply and poignantly by one priority in particular; “listen to me, learn from me and hear what I am telling you, so it makes me feel my concerns have been understood.” This priority articulates how listening carefully, validating, and acknowledging individual pain stories might be one of the most positive, safe, low-cost, and impactful aspects of care. Supporting care aligned to these priorities requires health professionals to take time, to develop reflective practices and understand how to strengthen communication, including how we can better deliver our messages so people want to listen and learn from care teams and partner in co-care planning and enable people with chronic pain to build self-efficacy.42 Particular foci for training highlighted by the total number of pain care priorities within categories, included validation of individual's pain experiences (my pain is real, acknowledge me, and my feelings; impact of pain on my whole self; show empathy; trust and believe me; respect my knowledge); safe, effective, and respectful communication; supporting holistic care planned in genuine partnership; supportive self-management tailored to individual's preferences; and acknowledgement of experiences for what worked and did not. Training needs to enhance capabilities in effective pain communication,32,52 empathic listening and validation,8,53 and shared decision making,40 in line with findings from phase 3 showing gaps in EPM content that require strengthening. Can these skills be trained? While health professionals showed high levels of self-rated confidence in their ability to support care aligned to priorities, evidence indicates challenges to adopting a biopsychosocial framework.42,57 Real-world applications need to extend beyond the “know how” to building practical competencies and capabilities, that is, the “doing.”16,66,68,69 Novel training interventions show this is possible,8,9,26,27,39,41–43,73 although sustainable implementation remains challenging31,65 with system and service reform critical to bypassing key constraints.17,42,57 Target skills are summarised in an elegant recent meta-ethnographic synthesis investigating what it means for a person to live with chronic pain.73 From this, recommendations for care interventions included effective communication (listening, hearing, and valuing individual pain stories); validation of pain experience with meaningful, acceptable explanations; encouraging patients to connect with a meaningful sense of self, showing self-compassion and kindness; identifying and exploring possibilities for future lives; and facilitating safe reconnection with social networks.73 These findings resonate with our framework, specifically communication, genuine partnership approaches and validating, acknowledging, and respecting individual pain experiences. Training health professionals in “how to” be validating may improve clinical encounters and outcomes.32 Training empathic validation is feasible and can improve communication, with validation timing and “dose,” and “whether or not a person feels validated by a listener's response,” considered important parameters.53 Others have raised the importance of helpful communication language to avoid stigma (negative empathy).24 Here, training in a collaborative and responsive style of verbal and nonverbal communication (soliciting, exploring, validating concerns) can facilitate a shared conversational agenda and safe consultation space for individuals to describe their pain-related concerns.27 Enduring clinical behaviour change requires system reform to better support person-centred care and fund care models.17 Very few items did not meet retention criteria for the final framework. Given this, coupled with high overall median scores and high levels of agreement across cohorts for a majority of items, an additional survey round was deemed unnecessary. From the eDelphi study (phase 2), unique nonretained items related to communication with family, carers, and friends; proactive care approaches (education, diet, exercise); and patient support and advocacy. Strategies may already be in place, an interpretation consistent with care data (Supplemental file 5, supplemental digital content, available at https://links.lww.com/PAIN/B619). For the priority rating study, unique nonretained items related to safe medicines use (timely access to repeat prescriptions or pain-contingent dosing) and diagnosis (looking for a pain cause or diagnosis), reflecting known care tensions. For example, regarding diagnostics, the tenuous relationship between chronic back pain and pathology (imaging)49 has implications for driving unnecessary, low-value care.59 Helping people make sense of their chronic pain from a biopsychosocial perspective and contextualising imaging findings against age- and sex-related normative data49 could be training targets. Reframing diagnosis towards identifying the multidimensional factors influencing a person's pain experience can help them make sense of their pain20–22,29 and identify modifiable factors to support self-management, while gently countering common pain misconceptions.60,61 Collectively, this can help people avoid being trapped in a diagnostic vacuum or within unhelpful reductionist diagnostic labels. 4.4. Application of the framework to interdisciplinary pain training programs Embedding this framework “in toto” (9 categories, 44 pain care priorities) within and across consortium training programs (novice to advanced) is an intentional systems' strengthening strategy,17 an approach endorsed by consortium members. Not all priorities will be adopted for all training programs. Rather, consortium members will systematically apply the framework across the suite of training programs, using our established methodologies. This systematised approach will enable critical foundation-level care priorities to be extended across more advanced training programs, thereby strengthening training consistency and coherence. Where training gaps are identified, new content will be derived to target care priorities by reinforcing and extending practical capabilities using established educational methodologies,30,33 with flexibility to adapt for discipline-specific training or population-specific training (eg, paediatric pain care). Pain training programs will be housed within a sophisticated digital ecosystem, in line with World Health Organisation recommendations for the use of digital interventions as a systems strengthening tool.76 Hybrid models will support flexible learning, with scope to scale and sustain.23,71 Planned implementation strategies involve partnerships with Australian universities and consumer advocacy and health professional bodies using methodologies we have previously described,11 and supported by an Australian Government-funded initiative led by the Faculty of Pain Medicine (Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists), to enhance capacity building in health workforce pain education.Pain training programs will be housed within a sophisticated digital ecosystem, in line with World Health Organisation recommendations for the use of digital interventions as a systems strengthening tool.76 Hybrid models will support flexible learning, with scope to scale and sustain.23,71 Planned implementation strategies involve partnerships with Australian universities and consumer advocacy and health professional bodies using methodologies we have previously described,11 and supported by an Australian Government-funded initiative led by the Faculty of Pain Medicine (Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists), to enhance capacity building in health workforce pain education. Applications of the IASP curriculum within Australia include interdisciplinary30 and discipline-specific health workforce pain training.45 Internationally, while discipline-specific training initiatives have been undertaken,38 widespread pain training gaps remain.64 The “listen to me, learn from me” framework provides an opportunity to revisit the IASP's curricula through the lens of lived experience, supporting the Global Alliance of Partners for Pain Advocacy Task Force mission. The IASP curriculum could be mapped against this framework to inform curricula adaptations contextualised to jurisdictional interdisciplinary health workforce training initiatives to promote better pain care for people living with chronic pain17 and to help arrest the global disability burden attributed by chronic pain.6 Opportunities for adapting the framework for health workforce capacity building to support person-centred care in other chronic noncommunicable conditions, such as arthritis, may also be of strategic interest.1,3,12,13 Conflict of interest statement The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Appendix A. Supplemental digital content Supplemental digital content associated with this article can be found online at https://links.lww.com/PAIN/B619 and https://links.lww.com/PAIN/B620. Supplemental video content A video abstract associated with this article can be found online at https://links.lww.com/PAIN/B620. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance and educational pain expertise and discussion provided by the Project Lead, Professor Michael Nicholas (Pain Management Research Institute, Sydney University), and consortium partners (Australian Pain Society and National Ageing Research Institute; University of South Australia (Pain Revolution); and the Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, University of Sydney). The authors acknowledge with permission the generosity and assistance from people living with chronic pain who contributed to the design and piloting of the eDelphi survey tool (Albert Victor Millard, Laurence O'Connor, Cass Milne, Brooke Fehily, Teresa Briggs, Ben Horgan, Frederick Lawrence, Tim Robertson, Allan Cunningham, Jan Weston) and the support of consumer pain advocacy and professional bodies in disseminating information about the study to their memberships (Painaustralia, Chronic Pain Australia and bodies of the AHPRA-registered health professionals who participated in the priority rating study). Individuals, including EEAG members, are also acknowledged for their assistance in disseminating the survey invitations through their clinical and professional networks. Individuals named as authors have participated in the research in the following ways: Conception and design: H. Slater, A. M. Briggs, P. B. O'Sullivan, J. E. Jordan, R. Schütze, A. Browne, S. De Morgan, and B. Horgan. Analysis and interpretation of the data: H. Slater, J. E. Jordan, J. Chua, P. B. O'Sullivan, R. Schütze, R. Goucke, S. De Morgan, and A. M. Briggs. Drafting of the article: H. Slater, J. E. Jordan, J. Chua, and A. M. Briggs. Final approval of the article: H. Slater, J. E. Jordan, P. B. O'Sullivan, R. Schütze, R. Goucke, J. Chua, A. Browne, B. Horgan, S. De Morgan, and A. M. Briggs. Data analysis expertise: H. Slater, J. E. Jordan, J. Chua, and A. M. Briggs. Obtaining of funding: H. Slater, A. M. Briggs, P. B. O'Sullivan, and R. Schütze. Administrative, technical, or logistic support, H. Slater, J. E. Jordan, J. Chua, A. Browne, and A. M. Briggs. Collection and assembly of data: H. Slater, J. E. Jordan, J. Chua, and A. M. Briggs. H. Slater ([email protected]) and A. M. Briggs ([email protected]) take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, from inception to finished article. Funding for the study was awarded by the Commonwealth Government of Australia (Grant GO2810). The funding organisation had no influence in the study design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data or in the writing of the manuscript and in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. J. Chua was supported by research funds from Curtin University. References [1]. Australian Government, Department of Health. National Strategic Action Plan for Arthritis. Canberra: Australian Government, 2019. [2]. Australian Government, Department of Health. National strategic action plan for pain management. Canberra: Australian Government, 2019. [3]. Australian Health Ministers' Advisory Council. National strategic framework for chronic conditions. Canberra: Australian Government, 2017. [4]. Beneciuk JM, Verstandig D, Taylor C, Scott D, Levin J, Osborne R, Bialosky JE, Lentz TA, Buck T, Davis AL, Harder C, Beneciuk MB, Wittmer V, Sylvester J, Rowe R, McInnes D, Fisher TP, McGarrie L. 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Speerin R, Needs C, Chua J, Woodhouse LJ, Nordin M, McGlasson R, Briggs AM. Implementing Models of Care for musculoskeletal conditions in health systems to support value-based care. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2020;34:101548. [72]. Tong A, Synnot A, Crowe S, Hill S, Matus A, Scholes-Robertson N, Oliver S, Cowan K, Nasser M, Bhaumik S, Gutman T, Baumgart A, Craig JC. Reporting guideline for priority setting of health research (REPRISE). BMC Med Res Methodol 2019;19:243. [73]. Toye F, Belton J, Hannink E, Seers K, Barker K. A healing journey with chronic pain: a meta-ethnography synthesizing 195 qualitative studies. Pain Med 2021;22:1333–44. [74]. Van Doornum S, Ackerman IN, Briggs AM. Sexual dysfunction: an often overlooked concern for people with inflammatory arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019;15:1235–7. [75]. von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP; STROBE Initiative. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet 2007;370:1453–7. [76]. World Health Organisation. WHO guideline: recommendations on digital interventions for health system strengthening. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2019.
2410	dbpedia	2	2	https://prabook.com/web/james.garrick/1858945	en	James Garrick	https://prabook.com/web/…o.jpg?id=2334056	https://prabook.com/web/…o.jpg?id=2334056	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=954281624993604&ev=PageView &noscript=1", "https://prabook.com/web/img/banner_top_green.gif", "https://prabook.com/web/img/veterans/veterans-logo.png", "https://prabook.com/web/show-photo-icon.jpg?id=2334056&width=220&cache=false", "https://prabook.com/web/assets/ajax-loader.gif", "https://prabook.com/web/img/loading.gif", "https://prabook.com/web/show-photo.jpg?id=2334056&cache=false", "https://prabook.com/web/show-photo-icon.jpg?id=2334056&width=220&cache=false", "https://prabook.com/web/img/map-stock.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "James Garrick profile Sydney", "New South Wales Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly" ]	null	[]	null	Sir James Francis Garrick Knight Commander of the Order of Street Michael and Saint George Queen's Counsel, was a politician and agent-general from Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.	en			https://prabook.com/web/james.garrick/1858945
2410	dbpedia	0	11	http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/heritage-places/1047	en	Moorooka Police Station	http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/favicon.png	http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/favicon.png	[ "http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/imported-images/1031P4200046.JPG", "http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/imported-images/1031P4200046.JPG", "http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/imported-images/1031P4200046.JPG" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2005-01-01T12:00:00+00:00	Constructed in 1915, this building has functioned as a combined police station and work residence for more than 90 years and is one of the few early twentieth century suburban police stations still remaining in Brisbane. Throughout the twentieth century, this building was altered and extended a number of times to accommodate growing staff numbers and changing requirements in policing. This building is therefore an excellent example of the principal characteristics of a suburban police station built in the early twentieth century with its evolution reflected in its physical fabric.	en	/sites/default/files/favicon.png		http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/heritage-places/1047	For both Cowlishaw and Garrick the land was an investment. An architect who arrived in Brisbane from Sydney in 1860, James Cowlishaw was connected with a number of organisations, notably the Brisbane Courier and the Brisbane Gas Company. From 1878 to 1922 he was a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly. His home, Montpelier, was located in Bowen Hills. Solicitor James Garrick (later Sir) arrived in Queensland soon after Separation. He served as a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly (1867–68 and 1877–83) and a member of the Legislative Council (1869–70 and 1883–94). Attorney-General in the Griffith Ministry, he was later Agent-General for Queensland in London. In the early 1880s Charles McGinty purchased approximately 38 acres from Cowlishaw and Garrick, selling it the following year to Gilbert Lang who in turn sold it to John Lloyd Bale in 1884. At the time the South Coast Railway was under construction and a station platform, completed in 1886, was proposed for Moorooka. From the opening of the line in 1885 it was possible to travel to and from the city conveniently each day. Surveyors Hamilton and Raff surveyed the land into residential allotments. Advertised as the ‘Rocklea Township Estate’, a sale by auction was held on 13 September 1884. At the time many other estates were also available to buyers and overall sales were slow. Jasper Bott purchased 1 rood 10.8 perches, consisting of resubdivisions 102,103 and 104 of subdivision 18, in June 1889. No record can been found of him living in Moorooka. A police presence at nearby Rocklea was established as early as 1885. Following the damage received during the 1893 flood the station at Rocklea was reported to have moved to a rented house on Ipswich Road until a permanent station and residence was constructed. Plans for the new building, drawn up by 4 March 1915, are attributed to Deputy Government Architect Thomas Pye (1861-1930). Born in Lancashire in England, Pye migrated to New South Wales circa 1882. He joined the Queensland Public Works Department two years later, resigning from and rejoining the Department on more than one occasion before being appointed Deputy Government Architect in September 1906. He retired in 1921. On 2 June 1914 Jasper Bott’s 1 rood 10.8 perches was transferred to the State of Queensland. Tenders for the Moorooka Police Station were called in the Queensland Government Gazette on 15 May 1915. The lowest tender, from H. Cannon for £659.10.0 for the construction of the station (which included residential accommodation), outbuildings consisting of a single cell lock-up with verandah, a stable with a stall and a fodder room, along with the necessary fencing, was accepted. Utility services to the office and residence were added only gradually. It was a decade before electricity replaced kerosene lighting. The first police officer to reside at the Hamilton Road station was Constable T. W. Devere. Mounted patrols took him as far afield as Coopers Plains, Runcorn and Yeronga. At the time the station’s outbuildings included a stall and fodder room in which Devere’s horse was stabled. Another police officer resident of the station was Constable Flori, who was appointed to Moorooka in 1926. As a consequence of the Police acting as relief agents for the unemployed during the Depression of the 1930s, office space was always in demand. The necessary alterations and construction of an additional office with new verandah and stairs were completed for a cost of £141 in 1932. A washhouse was constructed in 1935. Throughout the 1930s other requests were made for alterations to the station, considered too small to accommodate the increased numbers who passed through on relief days. In 1937 a feed room was converted for office use and a sleep-out enclosed. Space was still a problem in 1939 when officers made use of the nearby Oddfellows Hall for the payment of relief money each Friday. During the 1940s minor alterations also were made. In 1952 plans were drawn up by Chief Architect HJ Parr to extend the office. The station remained a police residence as well as station until land was purchased at the corner of Hamilton and Beaudesert Roads for a new residence in 1968. In 2004 the building still operates as the Moorooka Police Station.
2410	dbpedia	1	9	https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5052619	en	SIR JAMES FRANCIS GARRICK.	http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page930169-t	http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page930169-t	[ "https://assets.nla.gov.au/logos/trove/trove-colour.svg", "https://assets.nla.gov.au/logos/trove/trove-colour.svg", "https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/assets/img/nla/ajax-loader-horizontal.gif", "https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/assets/img/nla/ajax-loader-horizontal.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Sir James Francis Garrick, formerly of Queensland, died yesterday at the age of 71 years. After practising as a barrister of the Middle Temple, ttie deceased migrated ...	en	https://assets.nla.gov.a…e/favicon-16.png	Trove	https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5052619	Sir James Francis Garrick, formerly of Queensland, died yesterday at the age of
2410	dbpedia	2	49	https://blog-iacl-aidc.org/cili/2021/1/26/otherness-and-identity-politics-in-constitutional-law	en	‘Otherness’ and Identity Politics in Constitutional Law — IACL	http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5af3f84a4eddec846552ea29/5ff63dbf763af471c0994600/600f8b88798adf0f9c1ecfd8/1611890754433/Jim%2BALLAN.jpg?format=1500w	http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5af3f84a4eddec846552ea29/5ff63dbf763af471c0994600/600f8b88798adf0f9c1ecfd8/1611890754433/Jim%2BALLAN.jpg?format=1500w	[ "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af3f84a4eddec846552ea29/1525942721343-QBAHXLLWCMW0SLTZV0RT/Blog+Logo_test+%5Btransp%5D.png?format=1500w", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af3f84a4eddec846552ea29/1609973330630-4EM5E63I7XSI9UCNPX3C/ilya-lix-_aBSUUhqMoo-unsplash.jpg", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af3f84a4eddec846552ea29/1525942721343-QBAHXLLWCMW0SLTZV0RT/Blog+Logo_test+%5Btransp%5D.png?format=1500w", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af3f84a4eddec846552ea29/1525942721343-QBAHXLLWCMW0SLTZV0RT/Blog+Logo_test+%5Btransp%5D.png?format=1500w", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af3f84a4eddec846552ea29/1611631612375-OLUHBJ1V0XGNWHOWO087/Jim%2BALLAN.jpg", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af3f84a4eddec846552ea29/1527604250554-HL5DVEMVXBRWXTS2TN1N/Under_Gwanggyo_Bridge-_panoramio.jpg", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af3f84a4eddec846552ea29/1527604180449-IKBVXFTFJOV2XJYHLY19/1280px-KOCIS_Korea_YeonDeungHoe_20130511_26_%288734949132%29.jpg", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af3f84a4eddec846552ea29/1527487289994-98TS28P2RBR8U507X1X0/KOCIS_Korea_YeonDeungHoe_20130511_23_%288733833373%29.jpg", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af3f84a4eddec846552ea29/1527486925632-3VZP3ASLAHP1LJI0D9NJ/Xx1088_-_Seoul_city_nightscape_during_1988_Paralympics_-_3b_-_Scan+%5Btest%5D.jpg", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af3f84a4eddec846552ea29/1527505482101-UEWEEKLBVHW40BLP8SAP/1280px-Korea-Seoul-Cheonggyecheon-Winter-01.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "IACL-AIDC Blog" ]	2021-01-26T00:00:00	James ALLAN However one feels about the outcome of Love v Commonwealth of Australia , one of the most controversial High Court of Australia decisions in recent memory, there appears to be little doubt that the methods and legal reasoning used to get to where the judges ultimately got was unorthodo	en	https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5af3f84a4eddec846552ea29/1528947358822-62BAD4Q4RTZW95XG0Q0N/favicon.ico?format=100w	IACL-IADC Blog	https://blog-iacl-aidc.org/cili/2021/1/26/otherness-and-identity-politics-in-constitutional-law	However one feels about the outcome of Love v Commonwealth of Australia, one of the most controversial High Court of Australia decisions in recent memory, there appears to be little doubt that the methods and legal reasoning used to get to where the judges ultimately got was unorthodox. Each High Court Justice provided a separate judgment, and as I explore below, some of the concepts used within these judgments significantly muddle the boundaries between constitutional law and identity politics. In keeping with one of this blog’s themes – that ordinary citizens often remain largely unaware of what constitutions are interpreted to mean, especially when judges use them to perform other functions – readers might be interested in further analysing the case. In my view, it is one of the best examples of what is often characterised as judicial activism that you will ever come across. I have given a 30-minute talk on the case to the Samuel Griffith Society. Here’s my quick summary of the Love case: It was a case on the question of deporting plaintiffs who were born outside Australia, who are foreign citizens and who have not been naturalised or made Australian citizens, but who claim to be Aborigines. In a 4-3 decision, the case effectively constitutionalised identity politics. In a weird sort of way it elevated the common law – judge-made law to be clear – above the Constitution itself. It introduced a race-based limit on Parliament’s power. It looked very much to be a clear case of outcome-oriented judging, meaning you start with the conclusion you want and then struggle to find rationales to get you there. Moreover, the Love case more or less ignored or abandoned the established heads of powers interpretive methods – the ones that have been used by Australia’s top court to deliver the most pro-centre federalism case law in the world. Worse, it did so in a case where no Australian State actually benefitted from that abandonment of established federalism orthodoxy. Given the tools with which the judges had to work – remember, Australia has no national bill of rights – this case was a stunning example of judicial activism that has brought the task of constitutional interpretation to the widespread attention of the voting public, and indeed has influenced future judicial appointments. In providing a survey of Love I was tempted to take the reader through some of the key concepts that drove the thinking of the judges who were in the four-person majority. Here we would open up the constitutional law textbooks and delve into the meaning of such arcane legal concepts – and I am not making this up, I assure you – but concepts such as “otherness”; or “deeper truths”; or, when it comes to Australia, of “connections [that] are spiritual and metaphysical” – all these core legal precepts and more, then being combined together, as in some holistic alternative medicine brew, to claim that judge-made law now recognises “that Indigenous peoples can and do possess certain rights and duties that are not possessed by, and cannot be possessed by non-Indigenous peoples of Australia.” And that was just Justice Gordon. Consider, too, Justice Nettle who talks of how “different considerations apply … to … a person of Aboriginal descent”. (Now of course one wonders why different considerations would apply in a liberal democracy committed to the rule of law and to formal equality, as opposed to one committed to the sort of identity politics poison that the British author Douglas Murray skewers in his latest book.) Still, different considerations apparently apply for persons of Aboriginal descent because that is what this judge says. If you are sceptical about that Justice Nettle goes on to re-educate you by noting that the Commonwealth’s claims to the contrary “intuitively … appear at odds with the growing recognition of Aboriginal peoples as ‘the original inhabitants of Australia”’ and of their “essentially spiritual connection with ‘country”’. So our top judges, all unelected, now decide key constitutional law cases based on intuitions that provide them with some sort of ineffable expertise as far as discerning ‘growing recognitions’ is concerned – by whom we are not told, and to be frank I would have thought that if you were looking for the group of people least likely to have their fingers on the pulse of what the community does and does not recognise you would be hard-pressed to do better than choose a cocooned committee of ex-barrister top judges who are genuflected to day in and day out. But I defer to Justice Nettle here. These top unelected judges, continues Justice Nettle, are also able to discern ‘essential spiritual connections’. (And let me note, too, that Justice Nettle put ‘country’ in scare quotes. Not country, but ‘country’). The key takeaway here, though, is that we have yet more crucial constitutional law concepts being thrown into the mix; we have now got ‘essential spiritual connections with ‘country’ joining ‘otherness’ and ‘deeper truths’ as things that a committee of unelected ex-lawyers happen to have extra special expertise about, and which they are able to use to remove decision-making power away from the elected Parliament. By contrast, my view is that all issues related to identity ought to be left to the elected legislature, not 4 of 7 top judges. And yet there is more. Justice Edelman talks of “essential meaning[s]”, “metaphysical construct[s]”, “powerful personal attachment[s] to land” and then, remarkably I think, says “to treat differences as though they were alike is not equality. It is denial of community. Any tolerant view of community must recognise that community is based on difference”. I have no clear idea of what that means, but neither it, nor any of the other political ramblings, have anything to do with the judges’ assigned task, which is to interpret a Constitution. Moreover, if you want to talk about formal equality of the sort that underlies the rule of law then treating those claiming Aboriginal ancestry the same as you treat everyone else is not ‘denial of community’. It is how any decent jurisdiction committed to liberal democracy acts – because of course Justice Edelman’s political ramblings about community could justify any group getting special treatment. Does affording the Boers special treatment in the 1970s get a tick because you do not want to indulge in (and I quote) ‘denial of that community’ or because ‘community is based on difference’? Let me be blunt, all this Gordon/Nettle/Edelman stuff is just about the worst sort of mumbo jumbo ever used in a constitutional law judgment. And believe me, there is some amazingly tough competition for the prize of worst judicial mumbo jumbo – see, just staying in Australia, here. That was the temptation, which I could not wholly resist, namely to point out to readers some of the lunatic, post-modernist, steeped-in-identity-politics, blatantly activism-enhancing comments of these three Australian High Court judges, all appointed by the right-of-centre Liberal Party as it happens. That said, allow me briefly to provide a more orthodox account of the case, even though in many ways the most important criticism of it is the one I have just taken you through – namely, that supposed interpreters of our written constitution (one of the world’s oldest and most successful) decided to trade in their jobs as interpreters of legal text for the far more invigorating job of identity politics professors. (My view is that if we must give identity enhanced protections then it ought to be done by the branch that is accountable to the people, the elected legislature). This more orthodox account forces us to delve into federalism judicial review of legislation. In my native Canada, there is a two-list system of federalism and the approach to federalism interpretation is very different to that in Australia. In Canada, the approach came out of the Privy Council in London in the 19th Century and the test centres on what is known as a law’s ‘pith and substance’. You, as a judge, take a contested law and ask yourself what is that law’s ‘pith and substance’; what is its essential character. If you decide that some contested statute, in substance, relates to X (one of the heads of powers on one of the lists), but incidentally and less substantively touches on Y and Z (from the other heads of powers list), then the challenged law is intra vires the legislative competence of the X list, the one that contains head of power X. Or put differently, Canada in effect has a two-step process: (1) What is the pith and substance of the impugned law? and (2) Take that essential character, that pith and substance, and ask which head of power it most fully falls under. Does it fall under list one (s.91 in Canada, the powers of Ottawa) or list two (s.92, the Provinces’ listed powers)? Now compare that to Australia’s approach to federalism judicial review of legislation, sometimes labelled ‘interpretive literalism’. How does it work in Australia, which copied the US form of federalism and opted for a one-list system (so only the powers of the centre are listed, and everything not listed goes to the states)? Well, you look at the s.51 heads of powers and read them ‘as widely and liberally as the words used permit’. And then you ask if the contested statute can fit under any of the s.51 heads of powers, read in this wide and liberal way. If so, this is a matter for the Commonwealth. If not, it is for the States. Now it is pretty obvious that the Australian approach to federalism judicial review is remarkably friendly to the centre. It is why Australia has what is probably the world’s most pro-centre federalism jurisprudence. I bring that all up because, in theory, the Love case was a federalism heads of power case. So, one would assume the judges would be playing the interpretive literalism game (something along the lines of the same-sex marriage case where the ‘marriage’ head of power was read in a wide and liberal way so that it included marriages between persons of the same sex and the power was held to rest with the centre). That is the uber pro-centre, orthodox approach to federalism judicial review. Like it or lump it. And yet, when we turn to Love we see the majority implicitly reject federalism heads of power orthodoxy with nary a mention. Worse, this Love decision is a completely bizarre case to break away from orthodoxy because no State or Territory gets to benefit from the limit on the centre’s power. One would have expected the majority to look at the head of power in play, s.51 (xix) ‘aliens,’ and then read that in a broad, liberal, extremely-friendly-to-the-Commonwealth manner. As they always have done. Then, using anything remotely coming close to that orthodox approach to federalism judicial review it looks like a sure thing that the Commonwealth legislation regulating deportation will stand and these foreign citizens claiming to be Aborigines will be deported. Here is another point to bear in mind. Federalism judicial review is premised on the judges having to choose between two elected legislatures, central or State. Judges ‘doing federalism’ act as umpires between two democratically elected legislatures. If legislature X does not have the power to do what the statute is doing then legislature Y does. And vice versa. But in the Love case we are talking about a statutory power to deport non-citizens. There was never any chance at all that if the Commonwealth could not deport Messrs. Love and Thoms, then one of the States could do it. So, in effect, the High Court majority judges took this power away from all elected legislatures. They turned a heads of power federalism case into a sort of rights-related judicial review case – the sort of case you see under bills of rights where it is held that no elected body can do what the statute purports to do. And they did that in a country with no national bill of rights. Or put differently yet again, the implication in Love is that there is a sort of identity politics, bastardized race-based exception to one of the heads of powers – a judicially created limit on Parliament’s sovereignty that has nothing at all to do with federalism and no obvious connection to anything in the actual Constitution. So, how did Love happen? Well, it happened with a hefty dose of “otherness”, “deeper truths”, “different considerations for persons of Aboriginal descent”, the keen application of “intuitions”, discerning “essential spiritual connections” and “metaphysical constructs” – the list of dry, arcane constitutional concepts continuing on in that vein and none of which came from the legislature. James Allan is the Garrick Professor in Law at the TC Beirne School of Law at the University of Queensland Suggested Citation: James Allan, ‘Otherness and Identity Politics’ IACL-AIDC Blog (21 January 2021) https://blog-iacl-aidc.org/cili/2021/1/26/otherness-and-identity-politics-in-constitutional-law.
2410	dbpedia	0	0	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6134157	en	James Francis Garrick	https://upload.wikimedia…rick%2C_1875.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…rick%2C_1875.jpg	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/StateLibQld_1_54104_Sir_James_Francis_Garrick%2C_1875.jpg/220px-StateLibQld_1_54104_Sir_James_Francis_Garrick%2C_1875.jpg", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Australian politician	en	/static/apple-touch/wikidata.png		https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6134157	Australian politician Sir James Francis Garrick edit
2410	dbpedia	0	93	https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/parliamentary-activity/hansard/hansard-details/HANSARD-2145855009-18346	en	Hansard details	https://www.parliament.v…use_june2010.jpg	https://www.parliament.v…use_june2010.jpg	[ "https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/api/member-images/69", "https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/api/member-images/1775", "https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/api/member-images/1774", "https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/api/member-images/1779", "https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/api/member-images/1780", "https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/api/member-images/1773", "https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/api/member-images/1776", "https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/api/member-images/7" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/Static/assets/images/favicon.ico		https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/parliamentary-activity/hansard/hansard-details/hansard-2145855009-18346	Address to Parliament Governor’s speech Address-in-reply The SPEAKER (17:19): I report that today the house attended the Legislative Council chamber, where Her Excellency the Governor was pleased to make a speech to both houses of Parliament. I have obtained a copy for the Assembly’s records. The speech is available on the tabled documents database. Martha HAYLETT (Ripon) (17:19): I move: That the following address, in reply to the speech of the Governor to both houses of Parliament, be agreed to by this house. Governor: We, the Legislative Assembly of Victoria assembled in Parliament, wish to express our loyalty to our Sovereign and to thank you for the speech which you have made to the Parliament. It is a privilege to stand here today shoulder to shoulder with my friends in the Labor Party and those across the aisle and on the crossbench in the 60th Parliament of Victoria. I would like to begin by acknowledging those who came first to the lands that I live and work on and now represent, the Barengi Gadjin people, the Dja Dja Wurrung people, the Eastern Maar people and the Wadawurrung people. I pay my deepest respects to their elders past and present and the emerging leaders of the future. I would also like to extend that same respect to the Wurundjeri Woiwurrung people, the traditional owners of the land on which we meet today, to representatives of the First Peoples’ Assembly of Victoria, including co-chair Marcus Stewart, and to other First Nations people here today. I stand here honoured and humbled to be the member for Ripon, and I stand here as a proud country Victorian. I grew up on a dirt road in central Victoria in an old miners cottage overlooking one of the sites of the 1850s gold rush. As a family we were Labor through and through, but there is also some blue in my blood. My grandfather John was a spud farmer in England. He was also the town mayor and president of the local Conservative club. My dad Robin had joined the club at age 15 simply to play snooker. But as he grew older he became more and more appalled at the views and values surrounding him, so on his 18th birthday he wrote a letter to the club president resigning his membership. His own father, as the president of the club, had to accept that letter, which made for a very awkward birthday dinner. Dad worked in the local sugar factory and petrol station to save up enough money to travel. He met my mum Heather in a youth hostel in Sydney. They fell in love, and the rest is history. Mum came from a very different home. She grew up in the working-class suburb of Oxley in Brisbane’s south-west. Her dad Ned was a goldminer raised in Ballarat who had driven my grandma Joyce up on his Harley-Davidson in the 1950s to chase the Queensland sun. I come to this place filled with the love of my family – my parents Heather Holst and Robin Haylett, my sister Freda Haylett, my brother Joseph Haylett, my brothers-in-law Jon Jenkins and Shane Pacarada and my three nephews Leon, Eamon and Ronan Jenkins – and the love of my fiancé Sam Lynch and incredible in-laws Kieran Cumberlidge, Peter Lynch, Caitlin, Madeleine and Isabella Lynch. Thank you for giving me the strong foundations that have brought me here today and for teaching me the importance of the collective. My family, like many, relied on our public healthcare system. When I was a little girl I had significant hearing difficulties. It often meant I missed what people were saying, especially if I was not facing them. In the classroom it meant I ended up in the naughty corner more than I deserved. As a family we did not have a lot, and without our public healthcare system my parents would not have been able to afford the operation to fix my hearing. But because of our healthcare system and our incredible healthcare workers I was able to have surgery, and when I did it changed my whole life for the better. It is why I am so proud the Andrews Labor government is fighting to protect and improve our healthcare system for families just like mine. It is also why I carry with me a deep determination to fight for those kids who are not given the same opportunities to learn and grow. Growing up, my mum Heather worked in homelessness and family violence services for years. Women and children would arrive, fleeing violence, often with only the clothes on their backs. Even at a young age I would play with these kids and think about how unfair it was that they were sleeping in a car or on a friend’s couch – kids not so different from me and my brother or sister denied the right to a safe and secure place to call home. Those experiences lit a fire in my belly. It is the reason I went on to work in the housing sector, fighting to end homelessness and build more affordable housing across our state. And it is one of the driving reasons I am here today. I am so proud of this government’s commitment to improving tenants rights and building more than 12,000 new affordable homes, 25 per cent of them in rural and regional Victoria. But there is always more to do. Access to affordable housing remains one of the biggest issues facing communities in Ripon. There are no rental vacancies in Ararat and St Arnaud. Kids are living in shipping containers around Wedderburn. Older residents have no supported housing options in Dunolly, and too many people are sleeping in tents around Maryborough. Our local industries want to grow, but they do not have the housing to home their workers. This issue must be addressed by building more public housing and affordable private rentals and introducing inclusionary zoning, planning provisions and more. If a first speech is a yardstick by which we might come to measure our contributions in public life, I want to use this opportunity to be very clear: I believe that every family, every Victorian, deserves the shelter, safety and security of a home, and every day I am in this place that is what I will be fighting for. The Western Renewables Link is another significant and disruptive issue for my community. I want to take this opportunity to remove any doubt: I am not in the business of saying one thing in Smeaton before the election and another on Spring Street today. The project is a disgrace and must be fixed – not through grand statements or chucking money at the problem, but through hard work, genuine commitment and standing side by side with my community. A feature of rural and regional Victoria has always been overcoming natural disasters. The droughts and fires of the past seemed a distant memory as our streets flooded in January this year and again in October. In the days following I watched in awe as SES and CFA volunteers worked tirelessly and while hundreds more turned out to sweep mud and sewage from scout halls and football-netball clubs. I saw, as we often do, the very best of our community in the very worst of circumstances. As the waters recede, the mud is cleared and the news crews head home, I will be there for them always. I know this government will be too, to rebuild what was lost better and stronger than before, because we know the rains will come again, just as we know that the droughts and fires will come too. We need to ensure our communities and our incredible volunteers have the backing they need to keep responding and that we build back stronger and better every time. Now, there is a much longer list: investing in rural and regional transport, including the government’s commitment to making the V/Line fares truly fair. We need to ensure our roads are fixed and that we do more fulsome upgrades and less patch jobs. We must continue to support our farmers, their industries and their livelihoods, especially as they deal with the impacts of extreme weather on their harvests, and protect country Victoria’s much-loved pastimes, including camping, hunting, fishing and prospecting. We must boost access to mental health services and GPs in our rural communities, because still the further you are from Melbourne, the less likely you are to find care. And we must strengthen our support for veterans, because we owe it to those who fought and sacrificed their lives for our country. Now, a few lines in a first speech could never truly do justice to each of these issues, but please know that I will carry each of them with me every day in this place. And now the necessary thankyous: my first and foremost thanks are to the people of Ripon themselves. As a former member, the Honourable Joe Helper, once said, ‘Ripon is the most fantastic group of people anybody has ever drawn an electoral boundary around.’ The boundaries have changed quite a bit since then, but his point still remains. From the sheep graziers of St Arnaud to the spud farmers of Newlyn, the manufacturing workers of Ararat to the printers of Maryborough and the over 100 communities in between, Ripon is home to some of the most decent, hardworking, kind and generous people you will ever meet. I know this from experience, having talked and listened to thousands of locals on their doorsteps, over the phone, over cuppas and at market stalls across our region. To the people of Ripon, whether you saw fit to give me your vote or not, I promise you I intend on being a member who listens, who cares and who is your local voice first and always. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the former member Louise Staley and thank her for her service to our community over the last eight years. That same acknowledgement extends to every single candidate who put their hand up to serve the people of Ripon at this election. We may not agree on everything, but I will always admire those who seek to make our community a better place. The pursuit of gold has defined the many communities in Ripon since William Campbell first discovered it in Clunes back in 1850. That time in our history saw both triumph and tragedy, from the enormous wealth that famously branded Maryborough ‘a town attached to a train station’ – Jacinta Allan interjected. Martha HAYLETT: it is beautiful – to the horrors of the 1882 Australasian mining disaster in Creswick, the worst of its kind in our history. The most famous legacy of the gold rush era was of course the Eureka rebellion. My predecessor remarked in her first speech that the lesson from this historical event was clear – that individuals should have the right to go about their business without excessive tax or red tape. Now, this may be indeed true, but I believe there is a far more profound lesson, a lesson that rings true across the dockyards, construction sites and bus depots, a lesson that has defined the growth in character of our state and country for the better and a lesson that was as relevant in the 1850s as it is today: when the workers are united they can never be defeated. Every day that I stand in this place I stand with workers and their representatives across Ripon and beyond. I want to thank the mighty union movement, in particular Mike McNess and Mem Suleyman from the Transport Workers Union, for their unwavering support. I congratulate them on their richly deserved re-election. I would also like to thank Elizabeth Doidge, Ian Fullerton and Paddy Farrelly from the CFMEU for their tireless efforts to support the Ripon campaign; Michael Donovan and Dean D’Angelo from the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association; and Cassia Drever-Smith, Ross Kenna and Brett Edgington from Ballarat Trades Hall, the second oldest in the world. Now, none of us can claim to get here without the support of an army. At the heart of mine was my rock, my love, my fiancé Sam Lynch. He has been there with me every single step – during the tears, laughs and long days. Then there was Gabriella Dawson, a woman wise beyond her years and the best campaign manager in the business. Ours was a community campaign in the truest sense of the words. To the true believers of Ripon, many of whom are here today – the Ararat, Maryborough and Creswick-Clunes branches of the ALP: we turned Ripon red because of you. I stand on the shoulders of giants, including Hilary Hunt, Jeremy Harper, Jean Hart, Carole Hart, Thelma Herbertson, Bev Watkins, Alex Stoneman, Jenny Beales, John McDougall, Pat McAloon and Carmel Roads. Labor shines bright in Ripon because of you and the hundreds of local volunteers and supporters who turned up through it all. To Daniel McGlone and Sarah De Santis, who ran powerful campaigns in 2014 and 2018 and came so close, your contribution to our movement will never be forgotten. To my core campaign team, who rose to every challenge: Lorraine O’Dal, the matriarch of Maryborough; Mark Karlovic, the steady hand, wise counsel and jack-of-all-trades; Craig Fletcher, who despite what you may have read in Crikey put up hundreds of yard signs far and wide; Craig Otte, the man with a van and a solution for every problem; Mitchell Kingston, the wonder kid from Queensland; Alice Jordan-Baird, who brightens every room she enters; Caley McPherson, who called every person I had ever met to make sure they helped out – she really did; Bassel Tallal, who always is and I am sure always will be just a phone call away to do whatever needs to be done; and to so many others, including Nicola Castleman, Cam Petrie, Jett Fogarty, Jeff Hoober, Jenny and Bruce Mackay, Ash Bright, Susan Crebbin, Brody Viney, Wendy Podger, John Stewart, David Reeves, Frank Kitchen, Maree and John Murphy, Mary and Ian Bruce, Lis and Peter Humphries, David Morgan, Lesley Nelson, Warwick Stagg, Millie Page, James McDonald and Steve Cusworth, thank you for your endless energy and commitment. I would also like to thank those who were taken from us all too soon but who stood with me in spirit: the endlessly loyal former Senator Mehmet Tillem, to whom I owe so much, and the force of nature Clara Jordan-Baird, who would have been 34 today and whose presence I felt beside me on all those backroads. Happy birthday, my darling. We love you, we miss you always. I would also like to pay tribute to the Deputy Premier Jacinta Allan. You wrote the book on ensuring rural and regional voices are heard in this place. You paved the way for country women like me to put their hand up for Parliament, and I will always remember how prepared you were to seemingly drop everything with a moment’s notice to help in any way you could. I want to thank the Ballarat Labor family. To the federal member for Ballarat Catherine King, who took me under her wing and showed me the way, thank you, and to the member for Wendouree Juliana Addison, who gave me invaluable advice every single day; to the member for Eureka, who so generously introduced me to so many of the communities that were redistributed from her patch; to you, Speaker, for your friendship and support; to the member for Macedon Mary-Anne Thomas for cheering me on; and to the former member for Yan Yean Danielle Green for all the fun times. To the sisterhood 2022 group – nine strong, incredible women that are all entering Parliament this year – thank you for keeping me laughing along the way. To the former Premier and the man who rebuilt regional Victoria Steve Bracks, former member for Ripon Joe Helper, member for Niddrie Ben Carroll, member for Lara Ella George, former Speaker in this place Judy Maddigan, former member for Southern Metropolitan Region Philip Dalidakis and former senator Stephen Conroy, thank you for your support and for keeping me on track. To Zoe Edwards, whose sage advice at the very beginning of this journey to just jump off the cliff and hope for the best is the reason I am here today, and to the federal member for Hawke Sam Rae, the size of whose heart is only matched by the height of his hair, thank you for everything. To Chris Ford and your team at head office, Fordy, I thank you for the same reasons that all Labor members in this place thank you. You ran a brilliant campaign that has delivered Labor another four years in government, but I especially thank you for your loyalty, advice and friendship. Finally, my thanks to the Premier and all cabinet ministers and members for the last eight years of bold and courageous leadership. It is a privilege to stand amongst your ranks. I look forward to four more years of getting on with it. It will be the honour of my life to serve the people of Ripon in this place. It is why, as I close my opening remarks, it is to them that I make this promise: that I will not measure my success in this place by how many terms I serve or how high up the ladder I may climb; I will instead measure success by how strongly I amplify your voices and the voices of working people in rural and regional Victoria for your right to a safe and secure home, your access to quality health care and reliable transport, your safety and dignity at work and the opportunities that ensure your kids can reach their full potential. You have entrusted me with all of this and more. Rightfully it is a responsibility I take seriously, but I carry with me something much lighter too. I carry with me your unyielding optimism and aspiration, your deep belief in the power of community, your time-tested commitment in caring for one another and your willingness to back a young woman with an appetite for hard work. I will not let you down. Members applauded. Dylan WIGHT (Tarneit) (17:45): I am pleased to second the motion. I would like to begin by honouring the people of Tarneit for the trust that they have placed in me and honouring the Wurundjeri and the Boon Wurrung people as the traditional owners of the land. The 2022 Victorian election has taught us that many of the old theories, paradigms and equations must be abandoned. In November the electorate, in their eternal wisdom, punished those parties and candidates who tried to ignore the demographic shifts, who opposed the new way of thinking or who denied the reality of generational transformation. The electorate rewarded candidates who at least attempted to understand what was going on, candidates who reflected the community as it truly is and candidates who had a vision for modern Victoria. Amidst all the change, some immutable facts remain. Voters like governments who say what they mean and mean what they say. Voters like governments who put the community first. Voters like governments who stand for something, who aspire for transformational change. So it is with great joy that Victorians have supported the Andrews Labor government as part of the broader, mighty labour movement. For each of us there is a unique set of circumstances, motivations and idiosyncrasies that lead us to decide to run for Parliament. I want to talk about what drives me, but first I would like to acknowledge the fact that we all come here to try to help our communities and try to deliver a better Victoria for the next generation, so even when we are in heated disagreement I want you all to know that I respect the fact that you are prepared to stand up for your beliefs. I, like so many others, developed my core beliefs from a young age. As the son of a blue-collar union convener who retrained later in life to become a public school teacher and the grandson of a man who had nine brothers and sisters, I was told from a very young age, ‘There are three important lessons to take with you throughout your life: always vote Labor, always be in the union and never, ever cross a picket line.’ Whilst these words have stuck with me throughout my journey, it was more than this that created the values that I live by today. I went to school, caught the bus and played sport in a place that relied on Labor governments. I saw firsthand the difference Labor could make. I remember the public housing estate next to my primary school. I went to school with the kids who lived there. We played football and cricket together at the local club. We had play dates at each other’s homes. Those families were an integral part of our community, but without social welfare, without Medicare, without compassionate governments, many of them would have been homeless. That is why politics is so important. Politics can be a hard pursuit. There is a price to pay, and so often the ones that pay that price are the ones you love – your family and friends. To allow us to do what matters for Victorians in here we spend less time out there – less time at home, less time with those that love us. I am conscious of making sure that this is not one big thankyou note, but there are plenty to thank, so bear with me. To the two loves of my life, Koby and Kai: I know the last little bit on the journey to Dad’s new job has at times been tough, but the good news is Dad’s good red team won and the bad blue team lost. Watching you boys grow and develop, being part of your lives, is the biggest privilege that I have. Kai, you are smart, sensitive and caring. I have never met another little boy who makes a new friend literally everywhere they go. Some people in life will try and take advantage of those qualities, but never, ever change. Koby, you are dry, witty and inquisitive, always full of questions and always ready to argue with me about why my answers to those questions are wrong, a trait that would not be out of place in here. Boys, there are times over the next four years that will be tough, times that we will not get to see each other as much as we would like, but always remember: whatever I achieve in here pales in comparison to the pride that I get from being your dad. To the boys’ mum, Cassie, thank you for everything you do for Koby and Kai. I could not think of a better co-parent. To Dad Phil – Bartos: you are an educator, an activist, a confidant and at times an ATM. But above all that, you are my best friend. I consider my childhood to be one of privilege relative to many others. But things were not always easy. The love, support and downright patience that you showed Jarrod and me is the overwhelming reason that I am here. Dad was a Labor candidate in 1996 for Geelong – a campaign that unfortunately resulted in a re-elected Liberal government. During the campaign my mother Marie fell ill, diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumour. Mum, born and raised on a wheat farm in New South Wales, was as tough as they come, but by February of 1997 she was gone. Now a single parent, Dad put his political ambitions to the side to raise Jarrod and me and decided not to contest preselection for the 1999 state election. He instead supported a great friend to our family, the former member for Geelong Ian Trezise. Dad, you belonged in this place as much as anybody sitting in here this afternoon. You gave up that opportunity for Jarrod and me, and that is a debt that I can never repay. Although I was only seven when Mum passed away, her love and her care for us is permanently imprinted in my brain, and there is not a day that goes by that I do not think about her. Jarrod, my brother, carrying on the family business as a public school teacher, is a family man, a musician and a far better surfer than I am. You are everything that every husband and every father should aspire to be. Watching you raise your beautiful children, my nieces Lottie, Ines and Eleni, with Kylie has been nothing short of a gift. To Dad’s partner Mary, perhaps the most vital cog in the Wight machine – so often you play the role of carer to Koby and Kai whilst I am out beating the drum – you may not hear this enough, but thank you. And of course there is my partner Jess, a soldier, a serviceable volleyball player and an electrician looking after our state’s energy grid. You have been with me for almost the entire journey since being preselected 12 months ago. I could not have done it without you. You keep me grounded for so many reasons. But for the most part, how can you complain about anything to somebody who just got home covered in oil, waiting to return to work at midnight to repair a transformer or a breaker so that Victoria can keep the lights on? You are funny, sweet and supportive and all of the good things. I am looking forward to spending much more time with you and Odie in the months and years ahead. There are so many more to thank, some still with us and some not: Nan, Pa, Pop, Marie, Casey, Tori and the girls, Sharnee, Stef and the boys, Pam, Geoff, Bert and Ricco, Mitch and the old Thomson crew, the Geelong boys – you know who you are. To my union, the AMWU – Ian Jones, John Herbertson and Paul Difelice, I am eternally grateful for your support and guidance, as well as to Minister Gayle Tierney. Tony Mavromatis, Tony Piccolo, Lou Malgeri and Vince Pepi, thank you for the opportunity, the work we did together and the ongoing friendship and support. To Michael Watson and Troy Gray from the Electrical Trades Union, Lisa Darmanin from the ASU, Susie Byers from the CPSU, and the entire Victorian union movement, thank you. It is indeed a journey to get here, so to everybody that has been part of my journey – communications extraordinaire Hannah Dillon, my campaign manager Josh Spork, Casey Nunn, Clancy Dobbyn, Kos Samaras, Ros Spence, Michaela Settle, Josh Bull, Darren Cheeseman, Julijana Todorovic, Vicki Ward, Sam Rae, Alan Griffin, Mat Hilakari, Joanne Ryan, Nicola Castleman, Chris Ford, Sonja Terpstra, Raoul Wainwright and Kim Carr – you have all been part of my journey, and for that I am incredibly lucky. To all those involved in my campaign, Tina and David Garrick; Rosy Buchanan; Robert Szatkowski; Vincent Bellosi; Jas Sidu; Nusrat Islam; my predecessor in Tarneit and new member for Laverton, my friend Sarah Connolly; Tarneit Titans and Wyndham Suns football clubs; Tarneit Harmony Club; Club 60; Pritam Singh and the Tarneit gurdwara; Rifai Abdul Raheem and everybody at Melbourne Grand Mosque; Ravneet and the Hoppers Crossing gurdwara; Dr Rafiqul and Golden Wattle mosque; Sheikh Abdullah and Virgin Mary Mosque; and of course the legendary Mohamed Masood – my greatest thanks are reserved for all of you. I am grateful because it is an honour and a privilege to represent Tarneit in this Parliament. The spirit of the community is amazing. A statistician would look at the electorate and tell you that half the voters have a mortgage, half the voters were born overseas and half the voters were born after 1981. Two out of every five voters follow a religion other than Christianity. But our community is much more than a list of stats. We are much more than Hoppers Crossing, Mount Cottrell and Tarneit. There is a palpable sense that we are building a diverse, dynamic and caring community from the ground up. As the local member, I want to champion that new way of community building. One priority will be delivering the infrastructure the community needs that works the way the community wants. I will work hard to get a fair share of infrastructure investment. The Growth Areas Infrastructure Contribution Fund, for example, can and must do more for Tarneit. Another key focus area is public housing. Past generations have shown us how vital public housing infrastructure really is. Luminaries such as the Prime Minister, the head of the Business Council of Australia, the member for Melton and the member for Geelong all started their lives in public housing. Now we get to enjoy the benefit of their skills and their abilities. The question we need to ask is: what future leaders will we lose if we do not provide the same opportunities for the next generation? The estate I spoke about earlier, next to my primary school – I am proud to say that as a result of the Big Housing Build, it is currently receiving a $21.6 million upgrade. We have done a lot, but there is much more to do. In Victoria people are our key resource. Investment in public housing is an investment in that resource. Another investment in that resource is making sure Victorians are safe at work. From bitter experience I can tell you that there is an unequal distribution of risk among Victorian workers. Blue-collar workers face a higher risk of being killed or suffering serious physical injuries at work. Having seen what I have seen, I am convinced that there is much more that needs to be done to both prevent injuries and support those workers that have suffered an injury, and I plan to work hard on that for all of my days. I am excited about the rebirth of the SEC, not only because of the impact it will have on delivering energy responsibly, sustainably and affordably; I am also excited because of what the policy says about the apparatus of government. It says we can all come together under this umbrella called government to make things right. Of course the SEC will be all about jobs. We must aspire to a future based on high-skill, high-paid jobs. We cannot rely on the rest of the world; we need to make things here and be self-sufficient. Effective government procurement policies are vital in this endeavour. Victorian manufacturers and Victorian manufacturing workers can innovate, design and deliver what we need to be front and centre in this endeavour, and I look forward to working with the mighty AMWU in supporting manufacturing jobs in this state. For decades we were told, ‘We have 2000 level crossings around Victoria. We are stuck with them.’ This government has blown that old thinking out of the water. We must continue on in that spirit for the people of Tarneit and for all Victorians. Members applauded. The SPEAKER: I acknowledge Zoe McKenzie MP, member for Flinders, in the gallery. I acknowledge Aaron Violi MP, member for Casey, in the gallery, and I acknowledge the Honourable John Pandazopoulos, former minister, in the gallery. Sam GROTH (Nepean) (18:05): I rise today with the honour of delivering my first speech to this, the 60th Parliament of Victoria, proudly representing the district and constituents of Nepean. It is an incredible privilege to be elected to this place, representing my community. The southern Mornington Peninsula is a unique and special part of our great state. Sandwiched between Bass Strait, Western Port Bay and Port Phillip, it is an incredible part of the world. Sand beaches on the bay side, surf beaches on another as well as rolling hills filled with vineyards and orchards in between – quite amazing for so-called metropolitan Melbourne. I have asked myself numerous times in preparation for this moment how I ended up here as a member of the Victorian Parliament. Born in Narrandera, a small town in the Riverina, and growing up as the eldest of three children to my parents Phillip and Melinda, I had dreams to play footy for the Swans or play on the hallowed turf of the centre court at Wimbledon. We had a modest upbringing, my dad working six days a week to try and give his family a better life. But never, as a kid riding his bike to school in Corowa or to the local tennis courts or football ground at John Foord park, did I ever dream or envisage that I would be sitting as an elected member of this chamber. My family always made plenty of sacrifices for me to be able to travel and play tennis as a junior, and I know, looking back, it was a stretch for them, but I am forever grateful for that opportunity, and I worked hard every day to make sure that that sacrifice was not for nothing. It is that work ethic and mentality that I bring to this place as well. These first 35 years of my life have seen many a career change. Moving to London at just 17, a year after my parents moved their family from Albury to Templestowe, tennis was my passion. I was lucky enough to be a member of the Victorian Institute of Sport and later the Australian Institute of Sport. As a 17-year-old boy from the country away from home in a foreign land, you grow up quick. At 21 I played my first Australian Open singles and thought I knew it all. But 2½ years later I was playing suburban footy at Vermont in Melbourne’s eastern suburbs. After a year away and meeting my now wife Britt, I went back to tennis, and eventually I did walk onto that centre court at Wimbledon as well as the biggest stadiums my sport had to offer. I proudly represented Australia, just the 105th man to play in the Davis Cup for this country, and became an Olympian at Rio in 2016. But at 30 that career was over – and so I moved into the media. Tennis commentary of course was the natural move but what followed – hosting a travel show and writing opinion – all became part of the package. I thought, ‘This is me. Set for the future, commentating grand slam finals and helping showcase the very best our state has to offer.’ I remember when all that changed, on 13 March 2020. I was an ambassador for the 2020 Formula One Australian Grand Prix, and my brother was getting married on the Friday. We had taken a day away from the track for a round of golf before the ceremony, and I received a call that the event was being cancelled because of the coronavirus. A year later and after numerous lockdowns I made the call: ‘How do I help make a change?’ I joined the Liberal Party, contested preselection for the district of Nepean and now I stand here as the MP for my community. And while the change in government I had hoped would come a few weeks ago did not, I am here with a voice for the future of this state and for our party. With four years ahead of me representing Nepean, the state but also the Liberal Party, my mind turns to what the future may hold. For Nepean, I am committed to being the best local member possible. I made the move to the Mornington Peninsula with my wife Britt and our twins to give them the best start possible to life in a supportive community built on our mutual love for the unique environment and lifestyle. However, over the last eight years Nepean has been neglected by the Labor government – deprived of critical investment into facilities, services and infrastructure that we need to sustain our thriving communities. The southern peninsula is a global tourist destination and one of Victoria’s ecological jewels. Despite this, it has been forced to cope with a lack of health and transport opportunities. Nepean deserves its fair share of services and investment from the Victorian community, and I look forward to being a vocal, active and effective voice for my electorate in Parliament. I consistently campaigned for vital infrastructure, including the Rosebud Hospital and Jetty Road overpass, throughout the election period, and I will continue these campaigns as the local member, because my work as an MP should be focused on providing the best outcomes for the local community which has put its faith in me to advocate and deliver every day in service to them. The Mornington Peninsula is unique, and I am dedicated to preserving and protecting it from overdevelopment and environmental degradation. I will work hard to ensure the peninsula way of life is upheld and that government legislation is scrutinised for its impact on our local area. For the state of Victoria, I will be an active and involved member of the Victorian opposition, working alongside our leader and shadow cabinet to ensure that we put forward a constructive and positive plan for the future of Victoria. Following the re-election of the current government for its third term, it is more important than ever for Victoria to have an opposition of united focus, to ensure that accountability, transparency and integrity are upheld. In the Liberal Party we are faced with a choice, having only held government for four of the last 22 years – to rebuild for the future or continue offering more of the same. This election, the Victorian electorate again sent us a clear message. When my Liberal predecessor, the Honourable Martin Dixon, rose to deliver his first speech in 1996, he reflected on the Kennett government’s success and how the Liberal Party would be determined to listen to the people, to learn, to change and to evaluate its vision. This is the sentiment we must now refocus on for the next four years. Victorians expect a Liberal Party that represents the contemporary values of Victoria and reflects the diverse and modern community we are proud to have in this state. Clearly we did not satisfy this expectation, and that is something we must take meaningful and substantial steps towards changing and correcting. It is vital that we connect with our mainstream community through a fundamental re-evaluation of our platform while maintaining our core Liberal values on which the party has seen so much success in the past. There will be arguments after this election about whether we need to move right or left, but the reality is we need to move forward, and Victorian voters have made it clear that they will only accept a true Liberal Party representing a fiscally conservative and socially moderate agenda – a 21st century party for a modernised and cosmopolitan state. That is something I will work tirelessly to deliver for the Victorian electorate. I will always be enormously grateful to the Nepean constituents for supporting me to be their local member, but I would not be here without the support of a number of people in particular. Firstly, my parents Phillip and Melinda; my brother and sister Oliver and Sophie; and my in-laws Mitch, Trish and Jacinta. To my campaign manager Edward and electorate chairman Bryan, as well as Robb, Anthea, Gael, Brian and Marshall from my campaign team, I want to thank everyone who volunteered, giving up time to open the office, stand at shopping centres and markets and to man the booths during pre-polling and on election day. I would not be here without all the hard work that you all put in. Thank you to all the donors who contributed to the campaign. To my friend and the federal member for Flinders, Zoe McKenzie, I look forward to working alongside you to deliver the best outcomes for our Mornington Peninsula. I thank the Liberal Party members in Nepean for putting their trust in me as the candidate and the people of Nepean for electing me to represent them. I thank the members that I am now honoured to sit here beside and across from, knowing now the dedication and sacrifice it takes to sit in this place. Thank you to those that I have worked with over the last five years in the media – especially Emily, Ben and Brent – and to former member for Nepean Martin Dixon for his knowledge and always sound advice. I want to thank my two close friends and mentors: Josh Frydenberg for his political guidance over the last two years; and Todd Woodbridge both in my tennis days but especially in the last five years working alongside me and always being a guiding hand. Most importantly, to my wife Britt: you have always been the most amazing support to me, no matter what I do, and somehow never once questioned why I would take on this journey. I am doing this for the future of this state so that our twins Mason and Parker have the best opportunity in life. This is going to be different for our family, but I know you will be there with me every step of the way. Britt, I love you. So now, as I prepare for my first Australian summer without tennis for more than two decades, I look forward to being able to serve again, albeit in a different way. I thank the house for its indulgence. Members applauded. Daniela DE MARTINO (Monbulk) (18:19): Deputy Speaker, congratulations to you on your election to the position. I would like to begin by acknowledging the traditional owners of the land on which we gather, the Wurundjeri Woiwurrung people, and pay my respects to their elders past and present and to Aboriginal and Torres Strait people with us here today. I would like to begin by thanking the outgoing member for Monbulk the Honourable Mr James Merlino for 20 years of service to the electorate and to the wider state of Victoria. Mr Merlino most recently held the roles of Deputy Premier, Minister for Education and Minister for Mental Health. My thanks go to him for his two decades of dedication and for his friendship and mentoring of me. Thanks must also go to his wife Meagan and their children Sophie, Emma and Joshua in supporting him to undertake his important role. Mr Merlino certainly set a high bar for all of us in this place, not least of all me. It is not often one would describe a politician as beloved – sorry, fellow members – but after the thousands of conversations I have held across the electorate, where so many expressed to me just how well liked and respected he was, I believe I can safely make that claim here today. Victoria’s loss with his retirement is now Hawthorn Football Club’s gain as he takes his place on their board of directors. But I would please like it noted that Mr Merlino’s unwavering love for Hawthorn just proves that no-one is perfect. The electorate of Monbulk now takes in the majority of the Dandenong Ranges, located to the east of Melbourne. Its western border commences in parts of Ferntree Gully, Boronia and the Basin, and it extends east to the town of Gembrook. Thirty-five towns with their own proud histories line this district of hills, gullies, a multitude of waterways, temperate rainforest and an abundance of trees. It is a beautiful place. Monbulk has a thriving tourism industry, including the famous Puffing Billy Railway, the 1000 Steps and the Dandenong Ranges Botanic Garden. The soon-to-be opened Chelsea Australian Garden at Olinda is sure to become another Victorian if not Australian icon. This is all in addition to the natural beauty found across the ranges, to which tourists have been daytripping since the 1870s. The name Monbulk is believed to come from the local Indigenous word Monbolok, meaning ‘hiding place in the hills’, where it is thought that warriors would go to rest after battle. So it is clearly a place where people have gone to find peace for thousands of years. But for all its beauty the district of Monbulk is also vulnerable to bushfires, storms and landslips. The duality of the majestic and destructive force of nature is all too apparent across this electorate. The spectre of bushfires from years past still lingers for many. This coming 16 February will mark the 40th anniversary of the Ash Wednesday fires. The town of Cockatoo was devastated by the fire. They have not forgotten; nor should we. When storms hit, the power goes out, sometimes for days. In the case of last year’s storms, many were without power for weeks. Along with the loss of power comes the loss of telecommunications. These two issues are critical for all who live across the electorate. The solutions are unlikely to be simple, but I will work with all levels of government towards finding them. My story, like that of many others here in Victoria, started with immigration to this country. My father Paul and his parents and three siblings emigrated from Naples, Italy, in 1969. He was 17 years old – a year younger than my son is today – moving to a foreign country with a foreign language on the other side of the world. My mother Renata was born here just after her parents emigrated from the Veneto region of Italy in the late 1940s. When my nonna gave birth to my mum she could not understand the nurses speaking to her in English. I can only imagine how frightening and overwhelming that must have been for a young woman of 23, away from her family and community, birthing her first child with no clear understanding of what was happening to her. How brave she was. The courage my family had to start a new life in a completely different country is the story of many who form a part of the rich multicultural tapestry of our state of Victoria. Last year’s census found that 30.2 per cent of households in our state used a language other than English and both parents were born overseas for 41.3 per cent of Victorians. This is something of which we should be incredibly proud. For as long as we continue to welcome and support those who seek a better life here they will enrich our society with their culture, skills, different experiences and perspectives, not to mention the amazing food – speaking of which, my interest in politics started at our family dinner table in my early teens. It was a frequent topic of conversation. My parents were committed believers in social democracy and the Labor Party. They never voted any other way. The names of Whitlam, Hawke and Keating were hallowed in my house. Although they were small business owners from the time I turned four, my parents always identified with the social justice values for which the Labor Party stands – ultimately that no-one should be left behind. They believed that those who were less fortunate were deserving of support and that ensuring people could live decent lives would result in a better society for everyone within it. I also have a very good friend who now sits in the other place, Ms Lizzie Blandthorn, who would talk of politics with me on the bus, in class, before school, after school – anywhere and everywhere. Her connection to the Labor Party and the union movement was strong, as were her powers of persuasion, and I decided in my late teens that I should join the party too. It was and is the party for the people, for the workers, for those who are not fortunate enough to be born into privilege, for those who need a hand and for those who will lend one to them. My interest continued throughout my university years when I studied politics at the University of Melbourne through my bachelor of arts. I was fortunate enough to go on exchange for a semester overseas at the University of Manchester and found myself a job working in the local student pub. It was a dive. It is not uncommon when you are young to presume that the world as you know it is largely replicated across other countries. Whilst working in Manchester I learned that in the case of industrial relations our Australian system was quite special and certainly not the same as in the United Kingdom. In 1998 my hourly rate at the pub I worked in was £1.95. A few weeks into my new job I went to buy a toothbrush from a Boots pharmacy only to discover it cost me £2.50. My hour of work could not buy me a toothbrush. My indignation and fury were palpable. How was this possible? Wasn’t there a minimum wage like we had back at home? The short answer was no. In fact it was not until April 1999 that the United Kingdom’s first minimum wage was introduced. By contrast, we established a wages board in 1896 in Victoria, and the Harvester decision of 1908 set our first minimum wage. We beat the English by 91 years, but who is counting? If I was not already assured of the importance of the Labor Party and unions in this country, I was utterly convinced of it after experiencing the paltry wage many of us were subjected to back in the UK. A couple of years later I heard the calling to become a teacher and completed my diploma of education. I entered the classroom in 2002, teaching English, history and geography over the next seven years at Firbank Grammar School and Pembroke Secondary College. I loved it. It is one of the great privileges to be able to teach young people and guide them on their journey into the next stage of their lives. Some of the best people I know are teachers and educators. Indeed, most of my closest friends and my two sisters-in-law are or have been. They are selfless in their work and dedicated to the education and wellbeing of young people. We all owe them our gratitude. Alison, Sally, Kate, Jacinta, Jane, Michelle and Jenny: you are some of the best of us. Education is the great leveller, and this government has done so much already to ensure Victorian children get the best start in life. I will advocate strongly for schools so that staff have the best settings to deliver exceptional education for students. One of my proudest moments during the campaign was announcing the upgrading of Emerald Secondary College. I look forward to seeing this come to fruition. When my teaching schedule clashed with my capacity to secure child care, the plight of many a working primary carer, I found a new part-time role at the national office of the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association, where I worked as an industrial officer. With the memory of my experience in Manchester still fresh, I was full of passion for the work which unions do in securing better conditions and pay for workers. We defended a tax on penalty rates and won the case to change the adult rate from 21 to 20 years for workers in retail and fast food. Some of the most brilliant minds dedicated to improving the lives of others were in that office. Greta Brewin, Ian Blandthorn, Julia Fox, Sue-Anne Burnley, Therese Bryant, Katie Bittlestone and Matt Galbraith – I learned so much from all of you, and I bring that knowledge into this place with me now. The collective power of people working towards a common good should never be derided or diminished. We need only look to countries where minimum wages mean people barely subsist, conditions like annual or personal leave do not exist or are grossly limited, and occupational health and safety is largely ignored. They are places where unions have little presence, if any at all, and consequently workers are treated poorly. Unions give voice to the vulnerable, and I will always proudly support the important work they undertake. After five years of industrial relations work I decided that I needed a different direction and a job closer to home. Mike and I bought the local organic store, which turns 40 next year. Climate change and environmental issues more broadly are the biggest existential crises we face across the globe. In running this business, where we minimised waste and packaging and we championed sustainable chemical-free farming and food processing, I was able to live my values once again. We have only one planet, and as custodians of it we must do our utmost to mitigate the change which is occurring. It is the least we owe to our children and their children to come. Although I am the daughter of small business owners, it was only after managing my own for six years that I truly appreciated the hard work which goes into running a business and employing staff. Small businesses are the largest employer collectively in this state and across the country. I truly understand the challenges they face and will bring those experiences into this place. Thriving, stable businesses employ happy, well-treated staff. They are deserving of our support. To the staff we employed over the years, some of whom are here, my thanks to them all for being the best staff anyone could find. Some have become my friends, and I am so grateful to them for their work and friendship. It is through a desire to help others that I find myself here today – to give voice to those who do not have one or struggle to be heard over others. It has been said by those who know me well, and probably by most people who have been more than five minutes in my company, that I can talk underwater. I was even berated for talking and singing in class one day when I was not even present, so clearly my reputation preceded me. Well, I am here to put my capacity to speak to good use, but with the promise to always listen more and to listen carefully to what the constituents of Monbulk have to tell me and to bring their stories into this place with me in an effort to help those who need it most. Being elected to Parliament required the work of many wonderful people who gave of their time freely to support our campaign. I thank them all, including Amit; Andrew; Anne; Bev; Ian; Kate; Kara; Kelly; Maria; Mr Michael Galea, currently giving his inaugural speech in the other place – he has probably already given it; Michelle; Sophie; and Tricia. Thanks to you all. I must also make special note of Pam, our secretary, and Liam, our campaign director. Both are deserving of the highest thanks one can give. The work they undertook was demanding yet executed with precision and never a complaint. To the members and friends of the wonderful Monbulk branch of the Labor Party, thanks for climbing the mountain with me to knock on doors, for picking up the phone to talk with voters and for standing at street stalls and stations in the rain, hail, more rain and very little shine. Special mention must be made of Andrew, Tricia, Warwick, Rudy, Vander, Lynne, Adam, Pat, Ken, Di and Lucius – the amount of time they all gave up to help this campaign was extraordinary. Thank you also to Mr Michael Donovan, national president and secretary of the Victorian branch of the SDA, and Dean D’Angelo and the hardworking SDA young Labor crew, notably Ella Gvildys and Adam Steiner, for all their support and effort. To my dear friends and family here in the gallery today and those who could not make it, including my in-laws in the UK, Anne and David, Alison, Sally, Simon, Pete, Amelia, Tom and Sam, I am grateful to have them all in my life. My sister Laura and my old friends Jane, Connie, Michelle, Kate, Lucy, Louisa, Sarah, Matt and Sam, thank you for decades of friendship and for putting up with my political chatter over the decades. Now I have a position where I can talk politics all day long and possibly leave you all in some peace – possibly. To my mother and father, who is no longer with us, thank you for raising me and imbuing me with your values of social justice. Thanks for all your love and support. I know that wherever Dad is he is proud and he is loving this moment. To my husband Mike: when I went to study in Manchester, I travelled with the dream of exploring the United Kingdom and Europe and spreading my 20-year-old wings. I came back with a fiancé, almost giving my parents synchronised heart attacks. Here we are, 25 years later. I am so glad we found each other. Mike, you are my greatest supporter and defender but also the first to tell me when I need to pull my head in. I am blessed to have you, and I love you. My Alex and Bella: the resilience each of you has shown through the challenges you have had to endure in your short lives is remarkable. I stand in awe of you both and how you have coped with all that you have experienced. I could not be prouder, and I love you with all my heart. It is a true honour to stand here having been elected by the people of Monbulk – to represent them and give voice to their needs in the Parliament of Victoria is a privileged position. It is a responsibility which few have the chance to hold, and I will not take it for granted. Never in my wildest dreams, as the granddaughter of poor migrants and as a pub worker earning less than a toothbrush an hour, did I think I would be standing here in this place, a member of the most progressive government this great state of Victoria – indeed Australia – has ever seen. I am so very grateful and so very proud to be a part of it. I promise that every time I enter I will pause to remember the work I have to do for the people I represent, with a true desire to leave this place better than I found it. And I hope that when I leave these chambers for the final time, I will have made everyone proud. Members applauded. Jade BENHAM (Mildura) (18:42): First and foremost I wish to acknowledge the traditional owners of my electorate, the Ladji Ladji and Barkindji people, who have enriched and continue to enrich us with their culture, which will forever remain enshrined in our region. I also pay my respects to their elders past and present. Today I begin my journey to represent them and represent every man, woman and child within my entire community. For that I am forever grateful, and over the period of my term in office as the member for Mildura I will never take that for granted. I am indeed honoured and humbled by the support and comfort that the voters in my electorate in the far reaches of the great north-west of Victoria have afforded me. It has been overwhelming, yet it has given me a great sense of expectation that the work starts now. It was hard work that the Mallee was built on, and I have witnessed firsthand the triumphs and tragedies that have impacted this region, even now with a significant flooding event, with a potentially devastating disease that has ravaged our growers who produce the vast majority of our country’s dried fruit and table grape exports and with a sudden hailstorm which has wiped out cereal crops across the southern Mallee. They are part of my community. They are my friends. They are my neighbours. By representing them in this Parliament I hope they receive the support to get them through a wasted season – another one – with no income for another year. Just imagine for a minute in this chamber – or any of your constituents – living for one year with no pay, trying to put school shirts on your children’s backs, unable to provide them with sporting gear so they can enjoy the crisp Mallee air of a Saturday morning playing the sport of their choice, let alone have aspirations of greater education and career opportunities ahead. Ours is a region that faces these challenges over and over and over again. This is the reason I am here. This is the reason that I fought so hard to be in this Parliament: to fight for the people of the Mildura electorate. Now here I am, because in the Mallee we need to fight tooth and nail for everything we get. But too often something has to give: the crops fail, the floods come. Our socio-economic status is one of the lowest in the state; our unemployment rate is one of the highest in the state. And yet we fight on. That is what we do in the Mallee – we are full of fight. In year 11 I was told by a teacher – not one like you, Daniela – that I would never amount to anything, as are many in my community, whether it is because some believe that we will just end up blockies’ wives, I kid you not, or blockies ourselves. Or perhaps it is due to the perceived lack of opportunity or vision for something bigger. I hope now I can be that vision for young people who know their parents cannot afford to send them on to higher education or who are told over and over again they will amount to nothing. Guess what? Yes, you will –with just a little bit of fight. The opportunities are honestly endless in the great north-west; you just sometimes have to create them for yourself. I come from a long line of women who had a whole lot of fight in them and refused to stay quiet – shocking, I know – who refused to be the victim simply because of the place where they lived. My Italian grandmother emigrated out here to be with a man she did not even know in the 1950s. She could not cook – yeah, we got ripped off – but she had the fight in her. She fought to come out to this country because she knew there was a better life waiting for her future family here in Australia and the place that we now call home. Every day she worked so hard to grow her family the food they needed to survive and ultimately thrive. My maternal grandmother, daughter of a World War I hero, grew up on harsh Mallee country in the 1920s and would tell stories of the hut that they lived in and of the Natya school where she was educated. She went on to become the first A-grade netball umpire in our part of Victoria in the 1970s. Imagine the work, dedication and effort that must have taken in the 70s. But she had the fight in her. She was determined. She got there. Now my own mother, my sister and I carry that legacy today, although none of us have been able to reach the A-grade status that she did. But she fought for it, and she won. My mother at just 26 years old faced the prospect of having a nine-month-old baby and the fight of her life on her hands – to run a grape block as well as raising her new child, me, alone at 26. Where were you at 26? I bet it was not running a farm with a toddler on your hip. Now, fight or flight should have kicked in here, and it probably did. She chose fight. Whilst her husband – my dad – was booked for a course at Castlemaine college courtesy of Her Majesty, she fought every single day to make sure it was all there when he got home. She was there. The farm was there. Everything was there because of the fight in her. Under the most trying circumstances she refused to be a victim and walk away. She refused to give up. She knew that if she put her head down and her bum up, she could get through this, and then they could get through anything. Despite being wiped out with hail later on down the track and a few other ups and downs along the way, I am happy to say that they are still married and sitting over there after 47 years and still live on that same block that they bought together when they were first married – the one she ran while dad was on ‘holiday’. She fought. She won – and she is still winning. I am a second-generation Australian on my father’s side and a World War I soldier settler’s great-granddaughter on my mother’s. The Mallee is in my blood, and in the Mallee we fight. We always have. The entire Mildura electorate is a marvellous place – very, very different from end to end. It is probably the place where the last carrot you ate came from; in fact there is a 35 per cent chance it came from just up the road from my place. Smashed avo on toast – yes, we are growing that too. The avocados and the grains that go into your sourdough – that is coming from us. And the almond latte you order from your barista in the morning, that is us. In fact we are producing 60 per cent of Australia’s almonds in our region, and that is just the tip of the iceberg. Grapes, legumes, sultanas, oranges, Mallee prime lamb, asparagus, wheat, lentils, stone fruit – they are all grown right in my patch, and they will land on your plate without notice or consequence. You will enjoy them – you might even compliment the chef – but without our visionary, innovative and dedicated efforts in the far north-west, you would be missing out. Next time you do eat the glorious things we have grown for you, spare a thought for the fight that it took to get to your plate, fridge or fruit bowl. Think about the many families out on farms right now as we sit here – harvest wives making sure that the crews are fed in the hope that they can have Christmas Day off, or the families in the district who on the daily have to fight ever-growing numbers of trucks on roads with gaping potholes, crumbling shoulders and huge drop-offs, quite often having to leave the road entirely and come to a stop because there is no other choice if we want to stay alive on our country roads. Think about the school bus drivers that fear for their precious cargo’s lives every time they turn a corner that has not been maintained, or think about the fact that whilst your food is delicious the cost is far greater than the money you are paying for it. Thankfully, Mallee growers are full of fight. They have to be or none of us would ever eat. That lamb or granola, grapes, carrots or whatever it is has caused our growers incredible stress and heartache. It has cost them more to produce this year than it ever has before because of chemical prices, freight costs, labour issues, flood, hail, disease and so on. Think about the actual price of getting it to you. It is a lot more than $2 an avocado, I promise, but we fight on. We fight because we have a job to do, and that job is feeding your family. Whilst our growers are incredibly stressed – and I know this because I am married to one – seeking help for those health issues, both mental and physical, that manifest is getting increasingly harder in the Mildura district. Imagine being in a mental health crisis and being told a GP appointment for a mental health plan is at least eight weeks away or that your four-year-old requires antibiotics urgently but you have no idea where you might be able to get a script for that. Because of the recent closure of Tristar Medical and other issues surrounding rural medicine and GPs we cannot get a doctor’s appointment for three months or a telehealth appointment for at least 10 days now. Just this week I had a gentleman contact me who, in his mid-seventies, requires pain medication and who throughout COVID has become accustomed to telehealth. Imagine him, living alone, being told he would not be able to have his medication for Christmas because there are simply no appointments available. And imagine him being told that he should try going up to accident and emergency at our hospital. He does not want to do that, of course, because he knows the pressure that Mildura Base Public Hospital is under. He knows that he would have to sit outside for a RAT and wait times could be lengthy. Imagine being Mildura mum Katrina, wife of Scott who, with an undiagnosed heart condition, suddenly died because he could not get an angiogram in a regional city of over 40,000 people. When Scott’s heart condition took a turn, even though they lived only minutes from the hospital, ambulance services could not get him to life-saving treatment. Now she fights with every fibre of her being so that the people of our tri-state area of Mildura have access to specialist care and procedures like angiograms. The Umback family have just celebrated their fourth Christmas without their husband, dad, son, brother and uncle over the weekend. I plan to help Katrina fight. The great north-west of this state is just getting greater, but our roads and healthcare systems are failing us. I believe it is worth fighting for basic services for those that provide you with your family’s food every day. It does not seem like a huge trade-off, does it? Decent roads and transport infrastructure to get food to market and port, a doctor’s appointment when you need one and a rural healthcare model that grows with our region and does not force those who need support to move to larger centres where they can get it – these are just two of the issues that gave me the fight to run for the seat of Mildura. Now that I am here my intention is to follow them through. I have only ever wanted the best for my community, and my promise is to do that each and every day of the week. My family has been and continues to be my strength. To my husband Luke, who is the backbone and heart of this operation, words will not ever be able to thank you enough, but I will work so hard that the outcomes just might be. To my children and stepchildren Brooklyn, Scarlett, Peyton and Parker, your generation is why Mamma is always working. I will think of you every day that I am away for work. I love you to the moon and back and all the twinkle stars. To my mum and dad, who filled me with this fight in the first place by showing me exactly what it looked like, thank you. I hope I have made you proud despite the green boots. We are only just getting started. To my ride-or-die squad, Kel and Brylee, thank you. To the National Party dream team, Matt and the team at head office, and our campaign committee on the ground – Daniel Linklater, Jon Armstrong, Grace Walker, Brylee Neyland, Xavier Healy, Alan Malcolm, Gerry Leach and John Watson – you all have the fight in you and you are amazing. Thank you to the federal member for Mallee, Dr Anne Webster, for all your work – I cannot wait to work closely with you for the betterment of our community. To the volunteers who hung or hosted signs or handed out how-to-vote cards on polling day and over the course of pre-polling, I say thank you. It takes stamina and fight, and you had plenty. I welcome other new members of Parliament and look forward to working with the current government and other members to get a fair go for the Mildura electorate – the region that puts food on your plate and champions on racetracks, and punches above its weight every day. I invite all of you to come and see it for yourself. I am deeply humbled that my journey to represent the people of Mildura begins today. Thank you. Members applauded. Chris CREWTHER (Mornington) (19:03): It is an honour to be elected to serve as Mornington district’s representative, covering Mount Eliza, Mornington, Tuerong, most of Mount Martha and Moorooduc, and part of Baxter. We live in an amazing part of the world. To all I promise to be genuine, humble, compassionate and hardworking and to have courage of conviction, put myself in others’ shoes, stand up for justice and make a difference. Today I will outline my background, principles and changes needed. Grace and I live in Mount Eliza with our kids Yasmin and Edward, who attend a local child care and public primary school. Yasmin has missed her last day of grade 1 today, but what a learning experience! I grew up in Horsham with my three younger siblings Sara, Katrina and Lee. My dad Barry was born in Mildura. His mum tragically died at 23, and his sister at Kew Cottages years later. He moved in with Melbourne relatives, later moving back in with Grandpa when he remarried. At 16 Dad started in the army apprentice scheme at the old Balcombe army barracks in Mount Martha, now housing young people through Fusion. Dad then worked as a mechanic and a financial planner and recently ran the Wimmera’s community transport program. My mum Debbie was born in Jeparit, living on a farm at Ellam. After a family split she moved with her siblings to Melbourne with my nanna. In my early years Mum danced and taught ballet but, growing up, mostly worked as our mum. Now for a story. My nearly 95-year-old grandpa Bob McIntosh and his cousin Noel had neighbouring farms. They shared farm equipment and their kids played together, including Mum. Coincidentally endorsed on the same night last year, I am now privileged to serve in neighbouring chambers with Noel’s grandson, my third cousin Tom McIntosh, Labor’s member for Eastern Victoria, also covering Mornington. I was not born with a silver spoon in my mouth; nor was Grace, whose parents moved to western Sydney from South Korea when she was aged three. Seeing my parents work hard to create a better life, I followed their example, starting as a paper boy aged 11, then at BP and at Franklins supermarket. My spark to make a difference was lit seeing significant disadvantage growing up and doing YMCA’s Victorian and federal Youth Parliament over 20 years ago at Camp Manyung in Mount Eliza and this Victorian Parliament. After attending mainly public schools in Horsham and Murtoa, I completed a law degree and two masters degrees in international law and diplomacy, on break working in canola and wheat breeding. Professionally I have worked as a magistrate’s associate, lawyer, project manager, international lawyer through the UN in Kosovo, CEO of Mildura Development Corporation and head of strategic partnerships for the Global Fund to End Modern Slavery. I have been on several boards and committees, including Global Voices, Mt Eliza Woodland Residents Association, my daughter’s primary school’s parents and friends association, and Australia’s Modern Slavery Expert Advisory Group. I am also patron of the Tourette Syndrome Association of Australia. Previously I represented part of Mornington district as a federal MP from 2016 to 2019. Nationally I was chair of Parliament’s Foreign Affairs and Aid Subcommittee and the government’s home affairs and legal affairs policy committee, bringing about Australia’s Modern Slavery Act. With locals I delivered many projects, including Mornington Little Aths track, Mount Martha Soccer Club fields, Peninsula Home Hospice’s building, the National Centre for Healthy Ageing and more. I am perhaps the only MP to have stood now in four federal and state elections against the Nationals, the teals and Labor and to have served at federal and state level. But that is the past. I will use this experience to build for our future. From preselection on 9 December last year to declaration as Mornington’s MP on 9 December this year, I have worked hard, hand in hand with locals. For the next four years I will work with constituents, Liberal and National colleagues and parliamentarians to improve Mornington district and Victoria. Liberals must be different. Before the next election Liberals will have spent 23 out of 27 years in opposition and won one election in 30 years. So we must offer an alternative and stand up for what we believe in: aspiration, free enterprise, families, reward for effort, lean government and of course freedom, equality of opportunity, preserving our environment and justice, which I will now address. First, on freedom: Liberals and I believe in the basic freedoms of thought, worship, speech, association and choice. In my experience this campaign was the most others and I have been targeted for being or associating with people of faith – often not for what was said but on the basis of guilt by association. In saying that, anyone should be able to express their views and try to persuade others. It is not wrong to be a Christian or a person of faith. Under a secular democracy, one should not try to impose their world view or restrict the rights of others. Christians, atheists, Muslims and others applying these principles have more in common than those who do not. That does not mean, though, that one cannot express their faith or non-faith in politics or acknowledge God, as I do. Principles and values shaped by one’s faith, world view, experiences and upbringing are crucial. Importantly, we must value each person equally, strive for justice and treat everyone with kindness, not as ‘the other’. We must abandon generalised labels like ‘religious right’, ‘right-wing nut jobs’, ‘loony left’ and so on. This simplifies politics and humanity and enables ad hominem attacks based on group identity, whereas an individual can have views ranging from left through to right. So this term I will stand up for people of faith or non-faith to freely speak their mind and for private schools and organisations to freely associate and employ based on their values and beliefs. With the pandemic we have also seen a massive incursion into people’s freedoms to protest, express themselves, freely practise their faith or even go to the playground. We saw the power of state governments and the limited power of federal government. In my 2016 maiden speech to federal Parliament I noted that most freedoms are not guaranteed and can be whittled away with a simple parliamentary majority. I just did not see it happening in 2020. Thus basic freedoms and liberties should be included in Victoria’s constitution with special majority and/or referendum protection. On vaccinations, another topical subject: firstly, I support vaccinations. They have done a great job globally with measles, smallpox, polio and more. However, people should not be forced, coerced or pressured on vaccinations through mandates, job losses, financial losses or exclusion. Vaccination uptake should only be based on education, persuasion and positive incentives. For that reason, I do not support mandates. We need less-restrictive options that bring larger vaccination gains. On drug use, having worked in a Magistrates Court early in my career, I know that many of these cases take a lot of police and court time away from dealing with more serious matters, so on this point I also personally support decriminalisation of drug use and targeting dealers, not users. On social media, we need laws targeting algorithms that divide society, feed people different information on the same topic, create confirmation bias and echo chambers and connect similar people. Instead social media should be an open marketplace of ideas, feed people a variety of information, promote creative thinking and randomly connect people. Second, on equality of opportunity, we believe in equality of opportunity, ‘with all … having the opportunity to reach their full potential’. People should be able to follow their dreams and aspirations regardless of background, postcode, socio-economic situation, sexual orientation and so on. On education, schoolchildren are disadvantaged on school choice because of their postcode – particularly due to zoning – and socio-economic situation. This perpetuates advantage and disadvantage, and artificially inflates and deflates house prices. It does not increase school choice, particularly for disadvantaged kids, create school competition, incentivise improvements or intermix society. Thus we must look at the way we do zoning, if at all. We should also look to a HECS-based system for schools so children have maximum school choice no matter their socio-economic background. Further, we must increase child education levels, looking to places like Finland. There should be a high minimum tertiary entry standard for teaching while concurrently greatly increasing teacher pay and reducing administrative burdens. We must see, respect and reward teachers in the same bracket as doctors, as they are in, say, South Korea. Starting primary school, I recall seeing kids without uniforms being picked on. We need to expand up-front coverage for uniforms, excursions, music, dance, sports and more in schools and implement a post-school model, like in Iceland, to give young people positive alternatives. We must also invest in education infrastructure based on need, not on margins or politics. In Mornington district examples include Mount Eliza Secondary College, with nearly 50-year-old buildings, and Mornington Park Primary School. On connectivity infrastructure and services, we must decentralise and invest to attract industry, business, jobs, people and services, and grow opportunity no matter one’s postcode. This includes investing in public transport, rail, airport, port, road, power, freight, health, education, sport and communications nodes across Victoria. I will continue advocating for passenger rail to Baxter and Mornington plus to places like Mildura, Horsham, Koo Wee Rup and elsewhere; Hastings to Mornington with a bus service and a bus service to our local retirement villages; fixing potholed roads; redeveloping Rosebud Hospital; and upgrading reserves like Emil Madsen, Dallas Brooks, Narambi, Moorooduc and Ferrero. Much of the Mornington Peninsula is further than Geelong is from the city, but we get 10 times less investment. Like Geelong, we must be reclassified as regional while protecting our green wedge. With the growth of telework under COVID, more people can work from anywhere, so with connectivity infrastructure we can reduce urban sprawl, productive land loss and commutes; revive regional communities; improve people’s way of life; support farmers and miners; grow high-quality manufacturing; and enable energy investment. On public housing and homelessness, we must end grouped or concentrated public housing, which perpetuates disadvantage. Instead we must invest in distributed public housing across Victoria that intermixes society and improves support networks. Years ago I got funding for a Melbourne City Mission trial to match people needing a home or a room with those offering them. Such a program could be implemented across Victoria, with land tax, stamp duty and rate reductions to incentivise home owners to offer accommodation. Longer term stability can change lives, and there are more than enough under-utilised properties in Victoria to house every person experiencing homelessness. We must also fund and replicate proven holistic models like Fusion and Zoe Support Australia. On payroll tax and stamp duty, these should also be phased out and replaced. Payroll tax punishes employment. Stamp duty lowers first home ownership, disincentivises housing turnover and impacts house prices. Third, on the environment, we believe in preserving our environment for future generations. That is why Liberals like Alan Hunt pioneered the green wedge. This is a major issue for Mornington, including the old Reg Ansett land and mansion, the decommissioned South East Water reservoir and protecting our beaches from eroding due to human interference such as dredging, inadequate drainage and Mornington’s wave wall. We must stop inappropriate development, save sites like the old reservoir as wetlands and invest in long-term beach solutions. Fourth, on justice, we believe in a ‘just and humane society in which the importance of the family and the role of law and justice is maintained’. Enhancing justice is essential. Injustice begets injustice, but with justice comes a caring and humane society. And so I was honoured to be appointed as Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Justice and Corrections and today as Liberal Party Whip in the Legislative Assembly. Thank you, John and team. I will also have more to say on these roles, but I will strive to use my experience to bring about a better and fairer justice system, improve youth justice outcomes, tackle modern slavery and more. Without an incredible team of hundreds of volunteers I would not be standing here today, so thank you. Thank you to my executive and campaign committee: Mornington chair Stephen Batty, campaign chair Peter Rawlings, campaign manager Jackie Hammill, Anita Josefsson, Susanne La Fontaine, Linda and Robert Hicks, Colin and Dawn Fisher, Greg Dixon, Josiah Matthew, Lisa Francis, Sophie Stuart and Michael Stuart, James Balmer, Steve Perera, Dreena Gray and Emma Buchanan, and also Edward Burke as initial campaign chair. Everyone who donated, put up signs, encouraged me and volunteered – thank you. And to those who have gone above and beyond that I have not already named, including Emile Nicholas, Ruth Sutton, Sabe Saitta, Kerry Beard, Jan Strong, Renate Hadoway, Robin Amos, Britt Lloyd-Doughty, Di Goetz, Mark Burke, Louise Ashby, Judy Shearman, Amedeo Sacco, Colin and Linda Price, Michael and Jenny Hall, Travis Mitchell, Massimo Cannatelli, Ian Morrison, John and Pam Power, Amy Mitchell, Tom and Maree Shelton, Peter Royal, Dennis Gist, Wayne Gibbs, Rob Cook, Len Martin, Annie Neil, Monica Hughes, Jake Robison, John Healey, Victor Doree, Andrew Lennie, Robert Latimer, James Ludlow, Callum Carter and so many others – naming people is very dangerous, so I apologise if I have missed anyone. To driver Bayley Sacco, Matthew Baragwanath and Veuga Taviri, Jordie and Progress Signs and Dush and Snap Frankston, thank you. Thanks to MPs who have given me support, particularly Bev McArthur MP and shadow ministers who came out. Locally, thanks to Renee Heath MP, David Burgess, Zoe McKenzie MP, the Honourable Greg Hunt, Neale Burgess, Cathrine Burnett-Wake, Sam Groth MP, Ann-Marie Hermans MP plus amazing local candidates Briony Hutton, Bec Buchanan, Michael O’Reilly, Phillip Pease and Manju Hanumantharayappa– your time will come. I also acknowledge the 16-year service of my predecessor David Morris and his wife Linda. Thanks also to Liberal headquarters, members across the party who have supported me and all candidates for Mornington. Finally, thanks also to Neil King from Horsham College, who sparked my interest in politics; my parents Barry and Debbie and parents-in-law Justin and Sarah; my grandparents who could not be here, Grandpa Bob, Grandmas Verna and June; relatives; and those who are here in spirit. Lastly, thank you to my amazing wife Grace and our two young children, Yasmin and Edward, and every dedicated supporter who is here with me in the chamber today. Especially I would like to thank the people of Mornington. I will not let you down. Members applauded. Mary-Anne THOMAS (Macedon – Leader of the House, Minister for Health, Minister for Health Infrastructure, Minister for Medical Research) (19:22): I move: That the debate be now adjourned. Motion agreed to. Ordered that debate be adjourned until later this day.
2410	dbpedia	2	65	https://www.linkedin.com/posts/james-william-mortimer_sports-activity-6977887363427409920-wJML	en	James William de Mortimer on LinkedIn: #sports	https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/C4E22AQGokeyAYXtxXw/feedshare-shrink_2048_1536/feedshare-shrink_2048_1536/0/1663657988524?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=sB8G4EUbeXTW-L1Y2X4JxxTPdISp82c0vky63zmH4qw	https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/C4E22AQGokeyAYXtxXw/feedshare-shrink_2048_1536/feedshare-shrink_2048_1536/0/1663657988524?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=sB8G4EUbeXTW-L1Y2X4JxxTPdISp82c0vky63zmH4qw	[ "https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/D5616AQH0lTQVa5GBiQ/profile-displaybackgroundimage-shrink_200_800/0/1716426809323?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=R4yybsgo0cU3yxTQ8wg1NEojdk3bn4NQl0beEHADQ5s" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "James William de Mortimer" ]	2022-09-20T07:13:10.303000+00:00	"Well the real question is do you think you can become champion?" That's what I said to my partner Verona when she asked, just after I stepped down as Chief…	en	https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca		https://www.linkedin.com/posts/james-william-mortimer_sports-activity-6977887363427409920-wJML	This weekend the flagship international rugby competition in the Southern Hemisphere kicks off, with the All Blacks looking to continue their stranglehold on the tournament. However, Sir John Kirwan feels that “I personally believe that this is the hardest championship we’ve (NZ) played for a long time,” he said on The Breakdown. “How do you go to South Africa with a South Africa in such form and win twice over there?" The thirteenth edition of The Rugby Championship kicks off with New Zealand Rugby hosting Unión Argentina de Rugby for back-to-back Tests (in Wellington and Auckland) while Rugby Australia hosts the World Champions (in Brisbane and Perth). It continues the "mini-tour" format which will be in place until 2025. This is perhaps the most fascinating Rugby Championship in recent memory. The All Blacks open their title defence in Wellington, where they have not won in their last four Test matches. The vastly experienced Joe Schmidt, head coach role at the Wallabies, will play in his first Rugby Championship (TRC) and will look to bring a host of trophies back to Australia, having not won the TRC since 2015, the Freedom Cup and Puma Trophy since 2022 and the Bledisloe Cup for over two decades. The Wallabies open their account at Suncorp Stadium where they have won 10 of their last 11 games. This includes three wins over the South Africans, who have beaten the Australians only once in Brisbane since 1971. Hall of fame inductee Felipe Contempomi, who played 87-Tests for Argentina, will look to continue Los Pumas strong results over the last two years, with historic wins against the All Blacks (in NZ), the Wallabies and England in 2022 and a fourth placed finish at the Rugby World Cup last season. The Springboks, four-time and current World Champions and the No.1 ranked nation in the world, will look to hold their position at the top of the rankings - hosting the All Blacks in back-to-back Tests in what will potentially decide the 2024 title. Eben Etzebeth will play his 123rd Test this weekend, leaving him four appearances away from equalling Victor Matfield’s Springbok Test record while they boast the most experienced squad in the tournament by some margin. Meanwhile Scott Robertson will seek to defend a remarkable record for the All Blacks in the competition. - They have won ten of the 12 Rugby Championships including the last four - The have not lost the Bledisloe Cup (contested against Australia) since 2003 - They have held the Freedom Cup (played against South Africa) since 2010 - All-time (Tri-Nations 1996-2011, TRC 2012-2023) the All Blacks have won 100 Tests (from 133) with an astonishing +1,525 point's difference Next year's edition will coincide with The British & Irish Lions tour to Australia and is the last before a new broadcast deal which will take place from 2026. Brendan Morris Craig Fenton Leanne Bats ᵍᵐ Nick Riggall 🏉🤖 W C 👽David Robertson Matt Hymers Lee Radbourne David Algie Spoiler alert (and NSFW warning)... For now it seems Marvel Entertainment is back at the movies in a big way, with Deadpool & Wolverine on the verge of becoming the 55th movie to make $1B (USD) at the global box office. Astonishingly it will be the 11th Marvel movie in 12 years to hit the ten figure mark. It is a comeback for the biggest movie franchise in history with over $30 billion made across 34 movies? I'm not sure but as a lifetime Marvel fan I'm going to run with it. First, the movie is solid (I gave it 7/10). It is more of a fan film than a genuinely great work, but one that is so decisively not PC it will have great appeal. It also combines the comeback of Hugh Jackman's Wolverine and a host of others including Wesley Snipe's Blade, the teasing of Henry Cavill as Wolverine and the return of Chris Evan's Captain America which turns out to be a ruse. This, combined with the recent drop of the fourth installment of the Captain America series (Brave New World) trailer and the mega announcement that RDJ is returning to Marvel - sets us up nicely after a combination of average movies and superhero fatigue. The reveal of Downey Jr. as 'Doctor Doom' is interesting. Will he actually play Iron Man? (Geek alert: The 2016 comic Infamous Iron Man actually sees Von Doom assume the mantle of Iron man...) Captain America: Brave New World (Feb 2025) will see Marvel throw back to the very successful pseudo real world formula that worked for the previous CA films while tying in, without being a sequel, The Incredible Hulk in 2008. Harrison Ford plays Thaddeus E. "Thunderbolt" Ross who is also the Red Hulk - which he became to fight Edward Norton's Hulk released the same year as Iron Man. There is also, finally, a tie in to the Eternals Movie. Which of course debuted the MCU as we know it. The next big ensemble is Thunderbolts (May 2025), which ends phase five, welcoming back key characters like Bucky Barnes and numerous players from Black Widow. The inclusion of the Winter Soldier will be interesting as it's likely we will see hints of less CGI and more character development - which made the likes of CA: Winter Soldier and Civil War such critical, and financial, successes. They are not for everyone. Martin Scorsese says they are not cinema. Even Ford, notoriously honest, took a stab, saying it was a role he took without caring. Ouch. Me? They are my childhood. Hero movies. They often talk about comebacks... ...and that you can be the hero in your own story. Chasing Nothing
2410	dbpedia	3	68	https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/parliamentary-activity/hansard/hansard-details/HANSARD-2145855009-18346	en	Hansard details	https://www.parliament.v…use_june2010.jpg	https://www.parliament.v…use_june2010.jpg	[ "https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/api/member-images/69", "https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/api/member-images/1775", "https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/api/member-images/1774", "https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/api/member-images/1779", "https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/api/member-images/1780", "https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/api/member-images/1773", "https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/api/member-images/1776", "https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/api/member-images/7" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/Static/assets/images/favicon.ico		https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/parliamentary-activity/hansard/hansard-details/hansard-2145855009-18346	Address to Parliament Governor’s speech Address-in-reply The SPEAKER (17:19): I report that today the house attended the Legislative Council chamber, where Her Excellency the Governor was pleased to make a speech to both houses of Parliament. I have obtained a copy for the Assembly’s records. The speech is available on the tabled documents database. Martha HAYLETT (Ripon) (17:19): I move: That the following address, in reply to the speech of the Governor to both houses of Parliament, be agreed to by this house. Governor: We, the Legislative Assembly of Victoria assembled in Parliament, wish to express our loyalty to our Sovereign and to thank you for the speech which you have made to the Parliament. It is a privilege to stand here today shoulder to shoulder with my friends in the Labor Party and those across the aisle and on the crossbench in the 60th Parliament of Victoria. I would like to begin by acknowledging those who came first to the lands that I live and work on and now represent, the Barengi Gadjin people, the Dja Dja Wurrung people, the Eastern Maar people and the Wadawurrung people. I pay my deepest respects to their elders past and present and the emerging leaders of the future. I would also like to extend that same respect to the Wurundjeri Woiwurrung people, the traditional owners of the land on which we meet today, to representatives of the First Peoples’ Assembly of Victoria, including co-chair Marcus Stewart, and to other First Nations people here today. I stand here honoured and humbled to be the member for Ripon, and I stand here as a proud country Victorian. I grew up on a dirt road in central Victoria in an old miners cottage overlooking one of the sites of the 1850s gold rush. As a family we were Labor through and through, but there is also some blue in my blood. My grandfather John was a spud farmer in England. He was also the town mayor and president of the local Conservative club. My dad Robin had joined the club at age 15 simply to play snooker. But as he grew older he became more and more appalled at the views and values surrounding him, so on his 18th birthday he wrote a letter to the club president resigning his membership. His own father, as the president of the club, had to accept that letter, which made for a very awkward birthday dinner. Dad worked in the local sugar factory and petrol station to save up enough money to travel. He met my mum Heather in a youth hostel in Sydney. They fell in love, and the rest is history. Mum came from a very different home. She grew up in the working-class suburb of Oxley in Brisbane’s south-west. Her dad Ned was a goldminer raised in Ballarat who had driven my grandma Joyce up on his Harley-Davidson in the 1950s to chase the Queensland sun. I come to this place filled with the love of my family – my parents Heather Holst and Robin Haylett, my sister Freda Haylett, my brother Joseph Haylett, my brothers-in-law Jon Jenkins and Shane Pacarada and my three nephews Leon, Eamon and Ronan Jenkins – and the love of my fiancé Sam Lynch and incredible in-laws Kieran Cumberlidge, Peter Lynch, Caitlin, Madeleine and Isabella Lynch. Thank you for giving me the strong foundations that have brought me here today and for teaching me the importance of the collective. My family, like many, relied on our public healthcare system. When I was a little girl I had significant hearing difficulties. It often meant I missed what people were saying, especially if I was not facing them. In the classroom it meant I ended up in the naughty corner more than I deserved. As a family we did not have a lot, and without our public healthcare system my parents would not have been able to afford the operation to fix my hearing. But because of our healthcare system and our incredible healthcare workers I was able to have surgery, and when I did it changed my whole life for the better. It is why I am so proud the Andrews Labor government is fighting to protect and improve our healthcare system for families just like mine. It is also why I carry with me a deep determination to fight for those kids who are not given the same opportunities to learn and grow. Growing up, my mum Heather worked in homelessness and family violence services for years. Women and children would arrive, fleeing violence, often with only the clothes on their backs. Even at a young age I would play with these kids and think about how unfair it was that they were sleeping in a car or on a friend’s couch – kids not so different from me and my brother or sister denied the right to a safe and secure place to call home. Those experiences lit a fire in my belly. It is the reason I went on to work in the housing sector, fighting to end homelessness and build more affordable housing across our state. And it is one of the driving reasons I am here today. I am so proud of this government’s commitment to improving tenants rights and building more than 12,000 new affordable homes, 25 per cent of them in rural and regional Victoria. But there is always more to do. Access to affordable housing remains one of the biggest issues facing communities in Ripon. There are no rental vacancies in Ararat and St Arnaud. Kids are living in shipping containers around Wedderburn. Older residents have no supported housing options in Dunolly, and too many people are sleeping in tents around Maryborough. Our local industries want to grow, but they do not have the housing to home their workers. This issue must be addressed by building more public housing and affordable private rentals and introducing inclusionary zoning, planning provisions and more. If a first speech is a yardstick by which we might come to measure our contributions in public life, I want to use this opportunity to be very clear: I believe that every family, every Victorian, deserves the shelter, safety and security of a home, and every day I am in this place that is what I will be fighting for. The Western Renewables Link is another significant and disruptive issue for my community. I want to take this opportunity to remove any doubt: I am not in the business of saying one thing in Smeaton before the election and another on Spring Street today. The project is a disgrace and must be fixed – not through grand statements or chucking money at the problem, but through hard work, genuine commitment and standing side by side with my community. A feature of rural and regional Victoria has always been overcoming natural disasters. The droughts and fires of the past seemed a distant memory as our streets flooded in January this year and again in October. In the days following I watched in awe as SES and CFA volunteers worked tirelessly and while hundreds more turned out to sweep mud and sewage from scout halls and football-netball clubs. I saw, as we often do, the very best of our community in the very worst of circumstances. As the waters recede, the mud is cleared and the news crews head home, I will be there for them always. I know this government will be too, to rebuild what was lost better and stronger than before, because we know the rains will come again, just as we know that the droughts and fires will come too. We need to ensure our communities and our incredible volunteers have the backing they need to keep responding and that we build back stronger and better every time. Now, there is a much longer list: investing in rural and regional transport, including the government’s commitment to making the V/Line fares truly fair. We need to ensure our roads are fixed and that we do more fulsome upgrades and less patch jobs. We must continue to support our farmers, their industries and their livelihoods, especially as they deal with the impacts of extreme weather on their harvests, and protect country Victoria’s much-loved pastimes, including camping, hunting, fishing and prospecting. We must boost access to mental health services and GPs in our rural communities, because still the further you are from Melbourne, the less likely you are to find care. And we must strengthen our support for veterans, because we owe it to those who fought and sacrificed their lives for our country. Now, a few lines in a first speech could never truly do justice to each of these issues, but please know that I will carry each of them with me every day in this place. And now the necessary thankyous: my first and foremost thanks are to the people of Ripon themselves. As a former member, the Honourable Joe Helper, once said, ‘Ripon is the most fantastic group of people anybody has ever drawn an electoral boundary around.’ The boundaries have changed quite a bit since then, but his point still remains. From the sheep graziers of St Arnaud to the spud farmers of Newlyn, the manufacturing workers of Ararat to the printers of Maryborough and the over 100 communities in between, Ripon is home to some of the most decent, hardworking, kind and generous people you will ever meet. I know this from experience, having talked and listened to thousands of locals on their doorsteps, over the phone, over cuppas and at market stalls across our region. To the people of Ripon, whether you saw fit to give me your vote or not, I promise you I intend on being a member who listens, who cares and who is your local voice first and always. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the former member Louise Staley and thank her for her service to our community over the last eight years. That same acknowledgement extends to every single candidate who put their hand up to serve the people of Ripon at this election. We may not agree on everything, but I will always admire those who seek to make our community a better place. The pursuit of gold has defined the many communities in Ripon since William Campbell first discovered it in Clunes back in 1850. That time in our history saw both triumph and tragedy, from the enormous wealth that famously branded Maryborough ‘a town attached to a train station’ – Jacinta Allan interjected. Martha HAYLETT: it is beautiful – to the horrors of the 1882 Australasian mining disaster in Creswick, the worst of its kind in our history. The most famous legacy of the gold rush era was of course the Eureka rebellion. My predecessor remarked in her first speech that the lesson from this historical event was clear – that individuals should have the right to go about their business without excessive tax or red tape. Now, this may be indeed true, but I believe there is a far more profound lesson, a lesson that rings true across the dockyards, construction sites and bus depots, a lesson that has defined the growth in character of our state and country for the better and a lesson that was as relevant in the 1850s as it is today: when the workers are united they can never be defeated. Every day that I stand in this place I stand with workers and their representatives across Ripon and beyond. I want to thank the mighty union movement, in particular Mike McNess and Mem Suleyman from the Transport Workers Union, for their unwavering support. I congratulate them on their richly deserved re-election. I would also like to thank Elizabeth Doidge, Ian Fullerton and Paddy Farrelly from the CFMEU for their tireless efforts to support the Ripon campaign; Michael Donovan and Dean D’Angelo from the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association; and Cassia Drever-Smith, Ross Kenna and Brett Edgington from Ballarat Trades Hall, the second oldest in the world. Now, none of us can claim to get here without the support of an army. At the heart of mine was my rock, my love, my fiancé Sam Lynch. He has been there with me every single step – during the tears, laughs and long days. Then there was Gabriella Dawson, a woman wise beyond her years and the best campaign manager in the business. Ours was a community campaign in the truest sense of the words. To the true believers of Ripon, many of whom are here today – the Ararat, Maryborough and Creswick-Clunes branches of the ALP: we turned Ripon red because of you. I stand on the shoulders of giants, including Hilary Hunt, Jeremy Harper, Jean Hart, Carole Hart, Thelma Herbertson, Bev Watkins, Alex Stoneman, Jenny Beales, John McDougall, Pat McAloon and Carmel Roads. Labor shines bright in Ripon because of you and the hundreds of local volunteers and supporters who turned up through it all. To Daniel McGlone and Sarah De Santis, who ran powerful campaigns in 2014 and 2018 and came so close, your contribution to our movement will never be forgotten. To my core campaign team, who rose to every challenge: Lorraine O’Dal, the matriarch of Maryborough; Mark Karlovic, the steady hand, wise counsel and jack-of-all-trades; Craig Fletcher, who despite what you may have read in Crikey put up hundreds of yard signs far and wide; Craig Otte, the man with a van and a solution for every problem; Mitchell Kingston, the wonder kid from Queensland; Alice Jordan-Baird, who brightens every room she enters; Caley McPherson, who called every person I had ever met to make sure they helped out – she really did; Bassel Tallal, who always is and I am sure always will be just a phone call away to do whatever needs to be done; and to so many others, including Nicola Castleman, Cam Petrie, Jett Fogarty, Jeff Hoober, Jenny and Bruce Mackay, Ash Bright, Susan Crebbin, Brody Viney, Wendy Podger, John Stewart, David Reeves, Frank Kitchen, Maree and John Murphy, Mary and Ian Bruce, Lis and Peter Humphries, David Morgan, Lesley Nelson, Warwick Stagg, Millie Page, James McDonald and Steve Cusworth, thank you for your endless energy and commitment. I would also like to thank those who were taken from us all too soon but who stood with me in spirit: the endlessly loyal former Senator Mehmet Tillem, to whom I owe so much, and the force of nature Clara Jordan-Baird, who would have been 34 today and whose presence I felt beside me on all those backroads. Happy birthday, my darling. We love you, we miss you always. I would also like to pay tribute to the Deputy Premier Jacinta Allan. You wrote the book on ensuring rural and regional voices are heard in this place. You paved the way for country women like me to put their hand up for Parliament, and I will always remember how prepared you were to seemingly drop everything with a moment’s notice to help in any way you could. I want to thank the Ballarat Labor family. To the federal member for Ballarat Catherine King, who took me under her wing and showed me the way, thank you, and to the member for Wendouree Juliana Addison, who gave me invaluable advice every single day; to the member for Eureka, who so generously introduced me to so many of the communities that were redistributed from her patch; to you, Speaker, for your friendship and support; to the member for Macedon Mary-Anne Thomas for cheering me on; and to the former member for Yan Yean Danielle Green for all the fun times. To the sisterhood 2022 group – nine strong, incredible women that are all entering Parliament this year – thank you for keeping me laughing along the way. To the former Premier and the man who rebuilt regional Victoria Steve Bracks, former member for Ripon Joe Helper, member for Niddrie Ben Carroll, member for Lara Ella George, former Speaker in this place Judy Maddigan, former member for Southern Metropolitan Region Philip Dalidakis and former senator Stephen Conroy, thank you for your support and for keeping me on track. To Zoe Edwards, whose sage advice at the very beginning of this journey to just jump off the cliff and hope for the best is the reason I am here today, and to the federal member for Hawke Sam Rae, the size of whose heart is only matched by the height of his hair, thank you for everything. To Chris Ford and your team at head office, Fordy, I thank you for the same reasons that all Labor members in this place thank you. You ran a brilliant campaign that has delivered Labor another four years in government, but I especially thank you for your loyalty, advice and friendship. Finally, my thanks to the Premier and all cabinet ministers and members for the last eight years of bold and courageous leadership. It is a privilege to stand amongst your ranks. I look forward to four more years of getting on with it. It will be the honour of my life to serve the people of Ripon in this place. It is why, as I close my opening remarks, it is to them that I make this promise: that I will not measure my success in this place by how many terms I serve or how high up the ladder I may climb; I will instead measure success by how strongly I amplify your voices and the voices of working people in rural and regional Victoria for your right to a safe and secure home, your access to quality health care and reliable transport, your safety and dignity at work and the opportunities that ensure your kids can reach their full potential. You have entrusted me with all of this and more. Rightfully it is a responsibility I take seriously, but I carry with me something much lighter too. I carry with me your unyielding optimism and aspiration, your deep belief in the power of community, your time-tested commitment in caring for one another and your willingness to back a young woman with an appetite for hard work. I will not let you down. Members applauded. Dylan WIGHT (Tarneit) (17:45): I am pleased to second the motion. I would like to begin by honouring the people of Tarneit for the trust that they have placed in me and honouring the Wurundjeri and the Boon Wurrung people as the traditional owners of the land. The 2022 Victorian election has taught us that many of the old theories, paradigms and equations must be abandoned. In November the electorate, in their eternal wisdom, punished those parties and candidates who tried to ignore the demographic shifts, who opposed the new way of thinking or who denied the reality of generational transformation. The electorate rewarded candidates who at least attempted to understand what was going on, candidates who reflected the community as it truly is and candidates who had a vision for modern Victoria. Amidst all the change, some immutable facts remain. Voters like governments who say what they mean and mean what they say. Voters like governments who put the community first. Voters like governments who stand for something, who aspire for transformational change. So it is with great joy that Victorians have supported the Andrews Labor government as part of the broader, mighty labour movement. For each of us there is a unique set of circumstances, motivations and idiosyncrasies that lead us to decide to run for Parliament. I want to talk about what drives me, but first I would like to acknowledge the fact that we all come here to try to help our communities and try to deliver a better Victoria for the next generation, so even when we are in heated disagreement I want you all to know that I respect the fact that you are prepared to stand up for your beliefs. I, like so many others, developed my core beliefs from a young age. As the son of a blue-collar union convener who retrained later in life to become a public school teacher and the grandson of a man who had nine brothers and sisters, I was told from a very young age, ‘There are three important lessons to take with you throughout your life: always vote Labor, always be in the union and never, ever cross a picket line.’ Whilst these words have stuck with me throughout my journey, it was more than this that created the values that I live by today. I went to school, caught the bus and played sport in a place that relied on Labor governments. I saw firsthand the difference Labor could make. I remember the public housing estate next to my primary school. I went to school with the kids who lived there. We played football and cricket together at the local club. We had play dates at each other’s homes. Those families were an integral part of our community, but without social welfare, without Medicare, without compassionate governments, many of them would have been homeless. That is why politics is so important. Politics can be a hard pursuit. There is a price to pay, and so often the ones that pay that price are the ones you love – your family and friends. To allow us to do what matters for Victorians in here we spend less time out there – less time at home, less time with those that love us. I am conscious of making sure that this is not one big thankyou note, but there are plenty to thank, so bear with me. To the two loves of my life, Koby and Kai: I know the last little bit on the journey to Dad’s new job has at times been tough, but the good news is Dad’s good red team won and the bad blue team lost. Watching you boys grow and develop, being part of your lives, is the biggest privilege that I have. Kai, you are smart, sensitive and caring. I have never met another little boy who makes a new friend literally everywhere they go. Some people in life will try and take advantage of those qualities, but never, ever change. Koby, you are dry, witty and inquisitive, always full of questions and always ready to argue with me about why my answers to those questions are wrong, a trait that would not be out of place in here. Boys, there are times over the next four years that will be tough, times that we will not get to see each other as much as we would like, but always remember: whatever I achieve in here pales in comparison to the pride that I get from being your dad. To the boys’ mum, Cassie, thank you for everything you do for Koby and Kai. I could not think of a better co-parent. To Dad Phil – Bartos: you are an educator, an activist, a confidant and at times an ATM. But above all that, you are my best friend. I consider my childhood to be one of privilege relative to many others. But things were not always easy. The love, support and downright patience that you showed Jarrod and me is the overwhelming reason that I am here. Dad was a Labor candidate in 1996 for Geelong – a campaign that unfortunately resulted in a re-elected Liberal government. During the campaign my mother Marie fell ill, diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumour. Mum, born and raised on a wheat farm in New South Wales, was as tough as they come, but by February of 1997 she was gone. Now a single parent, Dad put his political ambitions to the side to raise Jarrod and me and decided not to contest preselection for the 1999 state election. He instead supported a great friend to our family, the former member for Geelong Ian Trezise. Dad, you belonged in this place as much as anybody sitting in here this afternoon. You gave up that opportunity for Jarrod and me, and that is a debt that I can never repay. Although I was only seven when Mum passed away, her love and her care for us is permanently imprinted in my brain, and there is not a day that goes by that I do not think about her. Jarrod, my brother, carrying on the family business as a public school teacher, is a family man, a musician and a far better surfer than I am. You are everything that every husband and every father should aspire to be. Watching you raise your beautiful children, my nieces Lottie, Ines and Eleni, with Kylie has been nothing short of a gift. To Dad’s partner Mary, perhaps the most vital cog in the Wight machine – so often you play the role of carer to Koby and Kai whilst I am out beating the drum – you may not hear this enough, but thank you. And of course there is my partner Jess, a soldier, a serviceable volleyball player and an electrician looking after our state’s energy grid. You have been with me for almost the entire journey since being preselected 12 months ago. I could not have done it without you. You keep me grounded for so many reasons. But for the most part, how can you complain about anything to somebody who just got home covered in oil, waiting to return to work at midnight to repair a transformer or a breaker so that Victoria can keep the lights on? You are funny, sweet and supportive and all of the good things. I am looking forward to spending much more time with you and Odie in the months and years ahead. There are so many more to thank, some still with us and some not: Nan, Pa, Pop, Marie, Casey, Tori and the girls, Sharnee, Stef and the boys, Pam, Geoff, Bert and Ricco, Mitch and the old Thomson crew, the Geelong boys – you know who you are. To my union, the AMWU – Ian Jones, John Herbertson and Paul Difelice, I am eternally grateful for your support and guidance, as well as to Minister Gayle Tierney. Tony Mavromatis, Tony Piccolo, Lou Malgeri and Vince Pepi, thank you for the opportunity, the work we did together and the ongoing friendship and support. To Michael Watson and Troy Gray from the Electrical Trades Union, Lisa Darmanin from the ASU, Susie Byers from the CPSU, and the entire Victorian union movement, thank you. It is indeed a journey to get here, so to everybody that has been part of my journey – communications extraordinaire Hannah Dillon, my campaign manager Josh Spork, Casey Nunn, Clancy Dobbyn, Kos Samaras, Ros Spence, Michaela Settle, Josh Bull, Darren Cheeseman, Julijana Todorovic, Vicki Ward, Sam Rae, Alan Griffin, Mat Hilakari, Joanne Ryan, Nicola Castleman, Chris Ford, Sonja Terpstra, Raoul Wainwright and Kim Carr – you have all been part of my journey, and for that I am incredibly lucky. To all those involved in my campaign, Tina and David Garrick; Rosy Buchanan; Robert Szatkowski; Vincent Bellosi; Jas Sidu; Nusrat Islam; my predecessor in Tarneit and new member for Laverton, my friend Sarah Connolly; Tarneit Titans and Wyndham Suns football clubs; Tarneit Harmony Club; Club 60; Pritam Singh and the Tarneit gurdwara; Rifai Abdul Raheem and everybody at Melbourne Grand Mosque; Ravneet and the Hoppers Crossing gurdwara; Dr Rafiqul and Golden Wattle mosque; Sheikh Abdullah and Virgin Mary Mosque; and of course the legendary Mohamed Masood – my greatest thanks are reserved for all of you. I am grateful because it is an honour and a privilege to represent Tarneit in this Parliament. The spirit of the community is amazing. A statistician would look at the electorate and tell you that half the voters have a mortgage, half the voters were born overseas and half the voters were born after 1981. Two out of every five voters follow a religion other than Christianity. But our community is much more than a list of stats. We are much more than Hoppers Crossing, Mount Cottrell and Tarneit. There is a palpable sense that we are building a diverse, dynamic and caring community from the ground up. As the local member, I want to champion that new way of community building. One priority will be delivering the infrastructure the community needs that works the way the community wants. I will work hard to get a fair share of infrastructure investment. The Growth Areas Infrastructure Contribution Fund, for example, can and must do more for Tarneit. Another key focus area is public housing. Past generations have shown us how vital public housing infrastructure really is. Luminaries such as the Prime Minister, the head of the Business Council of Australia, the member for Melton and the member for Geelong all started their lives in public housing. Now we get to enjoy the benefit of their skills and their abilities. The question we need to ask is: what future leaders will we lose if we do not provide the same opportunities for the next generation? The estate I spoke about earlier, next to my primary school – I am proud to say that as a result of the Big Housing Build, it is currently receiving a $21.6 million upgrade. We have done a lot, but there is much more to do. In Victoria people are our key resource. Investment in public housing is an investment in that resource. Another investment in that resource is making sure Victorians are safe at work. From bitter experience I can tell you that there is an unequal distribution of risk among Victorian workers. Blue-collar workers face a higher risk of being killed or suffering serious physical injuries at work. Having seen what I have seen, I am convinced that there is much more that needs to be done to both prevent injuries and support those workers that have suffered an injury, and I plan to work hard on that for all of my days. I am excited about the rebirth of the SEC, not only because of the impact it will have on delivering energy responsibly, sustainably and affordably; I am also excited because of what the policy says about the apparatus of government. It says we can all come together under this umbrella called government to make things right. Of course the SEC will be all about jobs. We must aspire to a future based on high-skill, high-paid jobs. We cannot rely on the rest of the world; we need to make things here and be self-sufficient. Effective government procurement policies are vital in this endeavour. Victorian manufacturers and Victorian manufacturing workers can innovate, design and deliver what we need to be front and centre in this endeavour, and I look forward to working with the mighty AMWU in supporting manufacturing jobs in this state. For decades we were told, ‘We have 2000 level crossings around Victoria. We are stuck with them.’ This government has blown that old thinking out of the water. We must continue on in that spirit for the people of Tarneit and for all Victorians. Members applauded. The SPEAKER: I acknowledge Zoe McKenzie MP, member for Flinders, in the gallery. I acknowledge Aaron Violi MP, member for Casey, in the gallery, and I acknowledge the Honourable John Pandazopoulos, former minister, in the gallery. Sam GROTH (Nepean) (18:05): I rise today with the honour of delivering my first speech to this, the 60th Parliament of Victoria, proudly representing the district and constituents of Nepean. It is an incredible privilege to be elected to this place, representing my community. The southern Mornington Peninsula is a unique and special part of our great state. Sandwiched between Bass Strait, Western Port Bay and Port Phillip, it is an incredible part of the world. Sand beaches on the bay side, surf beaches on another as well as rolling hills filled with vineyards and orchards in between – quite amazing for so-called metropolitan Melbourne. I have asked myself numerous times in preparation for this moment how I ended up here as a member of the Victorian Parliament. Born in Narrandera, a small town in the Riverina, and growing up as the eldest of three children to my parents Phillip and Melinda, I had dreams to play footy for the Swans or play on the hallowed turf of the centre court at Wimbledon. We had a modest upbringing, my dad working six days a week to try and give his family a better life. But never, as a kid riding his bike to school in Corowa or to the local tennis courts or football ground at John Foord park, did I ever dream or envisage that I would be sitting as an elected member of this chamber. My family always made plenty of sacrifices for me to be able to travel and play tennis as a junior, and I know, looking back, it was a stretch for them, but I am forever grateful for that opportunity, and I worked hard every day to make sure that that sacrifice was not for nothing. It is that work ethic and mentality that I bring to this place as well. These first 35 years of my life have seen many a career change. Moving to London at just 17, a year after my parents moved their family from Albury to Templestowe, tennis was my passion. I was lucky enough to be a member of the Victorian Institute of Sport and later the Australian Institute of Sport. As a 17-year-old boy from the country away from home in a foreign land, you grow up quick. At 21 I played my first Australian Open singles and thought I knew it all. But 2½ years later I was playing suburban footy at Vermont in Melbourne’s eastern suburbs. After a year away and meeting my now wife Britt, I went back to tennis, and eventually I did walk onto that centre court at Wimbledon as well as the biggest stadiums my sport had to offer. I proudly represented Australia, just the 105th man to play in the Davis Cup for this country, and became an Olympian at Rio in 2016. But at 30 that career was over – and so I moved into the media. Tennis commentary of course was the natural move but what followed – hosting a travel show and writing opinion – all became part of the package. I thought, ‘This is me. Set for the future, commentating grand slam finals and helping showcase the very best our state has to offer.’ I remember when all that changed, on 13 March 2020. I was an ambassador for the 2020 Formula One Australian Grand Prix, and my brother was getting married on the Friday. We had taken a day away from the track for a round of golf before the ceremony, and I received a call that the event was being cancelled because of the coronavirus. A year later and after numerous lockdowns I made the call: ‘How do I help make a change?’ I joined the Liberal Party, contested preselection for the district of Nepean and now I stand here as the MP for my community. And while the change in government I had hoped would come a few weeks ago did not, I am here with a voice for the future of this state and for our party. With four years ahead of me representing Nepean, the state but also the Liberal Party, my mind turns to what the future may hold. For Nepean, I am committed to being the best local member possible. I made the move to the Mornington Peninsula with my wife Britt and our twins to give them the best start possible to life in a supportive community built on our mutual love for the unique environment and lifestyle. However, over the last eight years Nepean has been neglected by the Labor government – deprived of critical investment into facilities, services and infrastructure that we need to sustain our thriving communities. The southern peninsula is a global tourist destination and one of Victoria’s ecological jewels. Despite this, it has been forced to cope with a lack of health and transport opportunities. Nepean deserves its fair share of services and investment from the Victorian community, and I look forward to being a vocal, active and effective voice for my electorate in Parliament. I consistently campaigned for vital infrastructure, including the Rosebud Hospital and Jetty Road overpass, throughout the election period, and I will continue these campaigns as the local member, because my work as an MP should be focused on providing the best outcomes for the local community which has put its faith in me to advocate and deliver every day in service to them. The Mornington Peninsula is unique, and I am dedicated to preserving and protecting it from overdevelopment and environmental degradation. I will work hard to ensure the peninsula way of life is upheld and that government legislation is scrutinised for its impact on our local area. For the state of Victoria, I will be an active and involved member of the Victorian opposition, working alongside our leader and shadow cabinet to ensure that we put forward a constructive and positive plan for the future of Victoria. Following the re-election of the current government for its third term, it is more important than ever for Victoria to have an opposition of united focus, to ensure that accountability, transparency and integrity are upheld. In the Liberal Party we are faced with a choice, having only held government for four of the last 22 years – to rebuild for the future or continue offering more of the same. This election, the Victorian electorate again sent us a clear message. When my Liberal predecessor, the Honourable Martin Dixon, rose to deliver his first speech in 1996, he reflected on the Kennett government’s success and how the Liberal Party would be determined to listen to the people, to learn, to change and to evaluate its vision. This is the sentiment we must now refocus on for the next four years. Victorians expect a Liberal Party that represents the contemporary values of Victoria and reflects the diverse and modern community we are proud to have in this state. Clearly we did not satisfy this expectation, and that is something we must take meaningful and substantial steps towards changing and correcting. It is vital that we connect with our mainstream community through a fundamental re-evaluation of our platform while maintaining our core Liberal values on which the party has seen so much success in the past. There will be arguments after this election about whether we need to move right or left, but the reality is we need to move forward, and Victorian voters have made it clear that they will only accept a true Liberal Party representing a fiscally conservative and socially moderate agenda – a 21st century party for a modernised and cosmopolitan state. That is something I will work tirelessly to deliver for the Victorian electorate. I will always be enormously grateful to the Nepean constituents for supporting me to be their local member, but I would not be here without the support of a number of people in particular. Firstly, my parents Phillip and Melinda; my brother and sister Oliver and Sophie; and my in-laws Mitch, Trish and Jacinta. To my campaign manager Edward and electorate chairman Bryan, as well as Robb, Anthea, Gael, Brian and Marshall from my campaign team, I want to thank everyone who volunteered, giving up time to open the office, stand at shopping centres and markets and to man the booths during pre-polling and on election day. I would not be here without all the hard work that you all put in. Thank you to all the donors who contributed to the campaign. To my friend and the federal member for Flinders, Zoe McKenzie, I look forward to working alongside you to deliver the best outcomes for our Mornington Peninsula. I thank the Liberal Party members in Nepean for putting their trust in me as the candidate and the people of Nepean for electing me to represent them. I thank the members that I am now honoured to sit here beside and across from, knowing now the dedication and sacrifice it takes to sit in this place. Thank you to those that I have worked with over the last five years in the media – especially Emily, Ben and Brent – and to former member for Nepean Martin Dixon for his knowledge and always sound advice. I want to thank my two close friends and mentors: Josh Frydenberg for his political guidance over the last two years; and Todd Woodbridge both in my tennis days but especially in the last five years working alongside me and always being a guiding hand. Most importantly, to my wife Britt: you have always been the most amazing support to me, no matter what I do, and somehow never once questioned why I would take on this journey. I am doing this for the future of this state so that our twins Mason and Parker have the best opportunity in life. This is going to be different for our family, but I know you will be there with me every step of the way. Britt, I love you. So now, as I prepare for my first Australian summer without tennis for more than two decades, I look forward to being able to serve again, albeit in a different way. I thank the house for its indulgence. Members applauded. Daniela DE MARTINO (Monbulk) (18:19): Deputy Speaker, congratulations to you on your election to the position. I would like to begin by acknowledging the traditional owners of the land on which we gather, the Wurundjeri Woiwurrung people, and pay my respects to their elders past and present and to Aboriginal and Torres Strait people with us here today. I would like to begin by thanking the outgoing member for Monbulk the Honourable Mr James Merlino for 20 years of service to the electorate and to the wider state of Victoria. Mr Merlino most recently held the roles of Deputy Premier, Minister for Education and Minister for Mental Health. My thanks go to him for his two decades of dedication and for his friendship and mentoring of me. Thanks must also go to his wife Meagan and their children Sophie, Emma and Joshua in supporting him to undertake his important role. Mr Merlino certainly set a high bar for all of us in this place, not least of all me. It is not often one would describe a politician as beloved – sorry, fellow members – but after the thousands of conversations I have held across the electorate, where so many expressed to me just how well liked and respected he was, I believe I can safely make that claim here today. Victoria’s loss with his retirement is now Hawthorn Football Club’s gain as he takes his place on their board of directors. But I would please like it noted that Mr Merlino’s unwavering love for Hawthorn just proves that no-one is perfect. The electorate of Monbulk now takes in the majority of the Dandenong Ranges, located to the east of Melbourne. Its western border commences in parts of Ferntree Gully, Boronia and the Basin, and it extends east to the town of Gembrook. Thirty-five towns with their own proud histories line this district of hills, gullies, a multitude of waterways, temperate rainforest and an abundance of trees. It is a beautiful place. Monbulk has a thriving tourism industry, including the famous Puffing Billy Railway, the 1000 Steps and the Dandenong Ranges Botanic Garden. The soon-to-be opened Chelsea Australian Garden at Olinda is sure to become another Victorian if not Australian icon. This is all in addition to the natural beauty found across the ranges, to which tourists have been daytripping since the 1870s. The name Monbulk is believed to come from the local Indigenous word Monbolok, meaning ‘hiding place in the hills’, where it is thought that warriors would go to rest after battle. So it is clearly a place where people have gone to find peace for thousands of years. But for all its beauty the district of Monbulk is also vulnerable to bushfires, storms and landslips. The duality of the majestic and destructive force of nature is all too apparent across this electorate. The spectre of bushfires from years past still lingers for many. This coming 16 February will mark the 40th anniversary of the Ash Wednesday fires. The town of Cockatoo was devastated by the fire. They have not forgotten; nor should we. When storms hit, the power goes out, sometimes for days. In the case of last year’s storms, many were without power for weeks. Along with the loss of power comes the loss of telecommunications. These two issues are critical for all who live across the electorate. The solutions are unlikely to be simple, but I will work with all levels of government towards finding them. My story, like that of many others here in Victoria, started with immigration to this country. My father Paul and his parents and three siblings emigrated from Naples, Italy, in 1969. He was 17 years old – a year younger than my son is today – moving to a foreign country with a foreign language on the other side of the world. My mother Renata was born here just after her parents emigrated from the Veneto region of Italy in the late 1940s. When my nonna gave birth to my mum she could not understand the nurses speaking to her in English. I can only imagine how frightening and overwhelming that must have been for a young woman of 23, away from her family and community, birthing her first child with no clear understanding of what was happening to her. How brave she was. The courage my family had to start a new life in a completely different country is the story of many who form a part of the rich multicultural tapestry of our state of Victoria. Last year’s census found that 30.2 per cent of households in our state used a language other than English and both parents were born overseas for 41.3 per cent of Victorians. This is something of which we should be incredibly proud. For as long as we continue to welcome and support those who seek a better life here they will enrich our society with their culture, skills, different experiences and perspectives, not to mention the amazing food – speaking of which, my interest in politics started at our family dinner table in my early teens. It was a frequent topic of conversation. My parents were committed believers in social democracy and the Labor Party. They never voted any other way. The names of Whitlam, Hawke and Keating were hallowed in my house. Although they were small business owners from the time I turned four, my parents always identified with the social justice values for which the Labor Party stands – ultimately that no-one should be left behind. They believed that those who were less fortunate were deserving of support and that ensuring people could live decent lives would result in a better society for everyone within it. I also have a very good friend who now sits in the other place, Ms Lizzie Blandthorn, who would talk of politics with me on the bus, in class, before school, after school – anywhere and everywhere. Her connection to the Labor Party and the union movement was strong, as were her powers of persuasion, and I decided in my late teens that I should join the party too. It was and is the party for the people, for the workers, for those who are not fortunate enough to be born into privilege, for those who need a hand and for those who will lend one to them. My interest continued throughout my university years when I studied politics at the University of Melbourne through my bachelor of arts. I was fortunate enough to go on exchange for a semester overseas at the University of Manchester and found myself a job working in the local student pub. It was a dive. It is not uncommon when you are young to presume that the world as you know it is largely replicated across other countries. Whilst working in Manchester I learned that in the case of industrial relations our Australian system was quite special and certainly not the same as in the United Kingdom. In 1998 my hourly rate at the pub I worked in was £1.95. A few weeks into my new job I went to buy a toothbrush from a Boots pharmacy only to discover it cost me £2.50. My hour of work could not buy me a toothbrush. My indignation and fury were palpable. How was this possible? Wasn’t there a minimum wage like we had back at home? The short answer was no. In fact it was not until April 1999 that the United Kingdom’s first minimum wage was introduced. By contrast, we established a wages board in 1896 in Victoria, and the Harvester decision of 1908 set our first minimum wage. We beat the English by 91 years, but who is counting? If I was not already assured of the importance of the Labor Party and unions in this country, I was utterly convinced of it after experiencing the paltry wage many of us were subjected to back in the UK. A couple of years later I heard the calling to become a teacher and completed my diploma of education. I entered the classroom in 2002, teaching English, history and geography over the next seven years at Firbank Grammar School and Pembroke Secondary College. I loved it. It is one of the great privileges to be able to teach young people and guide them on their journey into the next stage of their lives. Some of the best people I know are teachers and educators. Indeed, most of my closest friends and my two sisters-in-law are or have been. They are selfless in their work and dedicated to the education and wellbeing of young people. We all owe them our gratitude. Alison, Sally, Kate, Jacinta, Jane, Michelle and Jenny: you are some of the best of us. Education is the great leveller, and this government has done so much already to ensure Victorian children get the best start in life. I will advocate strongly for schools so that staff have the best settings to deliver exceptional education for students. One of my proudest moments during the campaign was announcing the upgrading of Emerald Secondary College. I look forward to seeing this come to fruition. When my teaching schedule clashed with my capacity to secure child care, the plight of many a working primary carer, I found a new part-time role at the national office of the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association, where I worked as an industrial officer. With the memory of my experience in Manchester still fresh, I was full of passion for the work which unions do in securing better conditions and pay for workers. We defended a tax on penalty rates and won the case to change the adult rate from 21 to 20 years for workers in retail and fast food. Some of the most brilliant minds dedicated to improving the lives of others were in that office. Greta Brewin, Ian Blandthorn, Julia Fox, Sue-Anne Burnley, Therese Bryant, Katie Bittlestone and Matt Galbraith – I learned so much from all of you, and I bring that knowledge into this place with me now. The collective power of people working towards a common good should never be derided or diminished. We need only look to countries where minimum wages mean people barely subsist, conditions like annual or personal leave do not exist or are grossly limited, and occupational health and safety is largely ignored. They are places where unions have little presence, if any at all, and consequently workers are treated poorly. Unions give voice to the vulnerable, and I will always proudly support the important work they undertake. After five years of industrial relations work I decided that I needed a different direction and a job closer to home. Mike and I bought the local organic store, which turns 40 next year. Climate change and environmental issues more broadly are the biggest existential crises we face across the globe. In running this business, where we minimised waste and packaging and we championed sustainable chemical-free farming and food processing, I was able to live my values once again. We have only one planet, and as custodians of it we must do our utmost to mitigate the change which is occurring. It is the least we owe to our children and their children to come. Although I am the daughter of small business owners, it was only after managing my own for six years that I truly appreciated the hard work which goes into running a business and employing staff. Small businesses are the largest employer collectively in this state and across the country. I truly understand the challenges they face and will bring those experiences into this place. Thriving, stable businesses employ happy, well-treated staff. They are deserving of our support. To the staff we employed over the years, some of whom are here, my thanks to them all for being the best staff anyone could find. Some have become my friends, and I am so grateful to them for their work and friendship. It is through a desire to help others that I find myself here today – to give voice to those who do not have one or struggle to be heard over others. It has been said by those who know me well, and probably by most people who have been more than five minutes in my company, that I can talk underwater. I was even berated for talking and singing in class one day when I was not even present, so clearly my reputation preceded me. Well, I am here to put my capacity to speak to good use, but with the promise to always listen more and to listen carefully to what the constituents of Monbulk have to tell me and to bring their stories into this place with me in an effort to help those who need it most. Being elected to Parliament required the work of many wonderful people who gave of their time freely to support our campaign. I thank them all, including Amit; Andrew; Anne; Bev; Ian; Kate; Kara; Kelly; Maria; Mr Michael Galea, currently giving his inaugural speech in the other place – he has probably already given it; Michelle; Sophie; and Tricia. Thanks to you all. I must also make special note of Pam, our secretary, and Liam, our campaign director. Both are deserving of the highest thanks one can give. The work they undertook was demanding yet executed with precision and never a complaint. To the members and friends of the wonderful Monbulk branch of the Labor Party, thanks for climbing the mountain with me to knock on doors, for picking up the phone to talk with voters and for standing at street stalls and stations in the rain, hail, more rain and very little shine. Special mention must be made of Andrew, Tricia, Warwick, Rudy, Vander, Lynne, Adam, Pat, Ken, Di and Lucius – the amount of time they all gave up to help this campaign was extraordinary. Thank you also to Mr Michael Donovan, national president and secretary of the Victorian branch of the SDA, and Dean D’Angelo and the hardworking SDA young Labor crew, notably Ella Gvildys and Adam Steiner, for all their support and effort. To my dear friends and family here in the gallery today and those who could not make it, including my in-laws in the UK, Anne and David, Alison, Sally, Simon, Pete, Amelia, Tom and Sam, I am grateful to have them all in my life. My sister Laura and my old friends Jane, Connie, Michelle, Kate, Lucy, Louisa, Sarah, Matt and Sam, thank you for decades of friendship and for putting up with my political chatter over the decades. Now I have a position where I can talk politics all day long and possibly leave you all in some peace – possibly. To my mother and father, who is no longer with us, thank you for raising me and imbuing me with your values of social justice. Thanks for all your love and support. I know that wherever Dad is he is proud and he is loving this moment. To my husband Mike: when I went to study in Manchester, I travelled with the dream of exploring the United Kingdom and Europe and spreading my 20-year-old wings. I came back with a fiancé, almost giving my parents synchronised heart attacks. Here we are, 25 years later. I am so glad we found each other. Mike, you are my greatest supporter and defender but also the first to tell me when I need to pull my head in. I am blessed to have you, and I love you. My Alex and Bella: the resilience each of you has shown through the challenges you have had to endure in your short lives is remarkable. I stand in awe of you both and how you have coped with all that you have experienced. I could not be prouder, and I love you with all my heart. It is a true honour to stand here having been elected by the people of Monbulk – to represent them and give voice to their needs in the Parliament of Victoria is a privileged position. It is a responsibility which few have the chance to hold, and I will not take it for granted. Never in my wildest dreams, as the granddaughter of poor migrants and as a pub worker earning less than a toothbrush an hour, did I think I would be standing here in this place, a member of the most progressive government this great state of Victoria – indeed Australia – has ever seen. I am so very grateful and so very proud to be a part of it. I promise that every time I enter I will pause to remember the work I have to do for the people I represent, with a true desire to leave this place better than I found it. And I hope that when I leave these chambers for the final time, I will have made everyone proud. Members applauded. Jade BENHAM (Mildura) (18:42): First and foremost I wish to acknowledge the traditional owners of my electorate, the Ladji Ladji and Barkindji people, who have enriched and continue to enrich us with their culture, which will forever remain enshrined in our region. I also pay my respects to their elders past and present. Today I begin my journey to represent them and represent every man, woman and child within my entire community. For that I am forever grateful, and over the period of my term in office as the member for Mildura I will never take that for granted. I am indeed honoured and humbled by the support and comfort that the voters in my electorate in the far reaches of the great north-west of Victoria have afforded me. It has been overwhelming, yet it has given me a great sense of expectation that the work starts now. It was hard work that the Mallee was built on, and I have witnessed firsthand the triumphs and tragedies that have impacted this region, even now with a significant flooding event, with a potentially devastating disease that has ravaged our growers who produce the vast majority of our country’s dried fruit and table grape exports and with a sudden hailstorm which has wiped out cereal crops across the southern Mallee. They are part of my community. They are my friends. They are my neighbours. By representing them in this Parliament I hope they receive the support to get them through a wasted season – another one – with no income for another year. Just imagine for a minute in this chamber – or any of your constituents – living for one year with no pay, trying to put school shirts on your children’s backs, unable to provide them with sporting gear so they can enjoy the crisp Mallee air of a Saturday morning playing the sport of their choice, let alone have aspirations of greater education and career opportunities ahead. Ours is a region that faces these challenges over and over and over again. This is the reason I am here. This is the reason that I fought so hard to be in this Parliament: to fight for the people of the Mildura electorate. Now here I am, because in the Mallee we need to fight tooth and nail for everything we get. But too often something has to give: the crops fail, the floods come. Our socio-economic status is one of the lowest in the state; our unemployment rate is one of the highest in the state. And yet we fight on. That is what we do in the Mallee – we are full of fight. In year 11 I was told by a teacher – not one like you, Daniela – that I would never amount to anything, as are many in my community, whether it is because some believe that we will just end up blockies’ wives, I kid you not, or blockies ourselves. Or perhaps it is due to the perceived lack of opportunity or vision for something bigger. I hope now I can be that vision for young people who know their parents cannot afford to send them on to higher education or who are told over and over again they will amount to nothing. Guess what? Yes, you will –with just a little bit of fight. The opportunities are honestly endless in the great north-west; you just sometimes have to create them for yourself. I come from a long line of women who had a whole lot of fight in them and refused to stay quiet – shocking, I know – who refused to be the victim simply because of the place where they lived. My Italian grandmother emigrated out here to be with a man she did not even know in the 1950s. She could not cook – yeah, we got ripped off – but she had the fight in her. She fought to come out to this country because she knew there was a better life waiting for her future family here in Australia and the place that we now call home. Every day she worked so hard to grow her family the food they needed to survive and ultimately thrive. My maternal grandmother, daughter of a World War I hero, grew up on harsh Mallee country in the 1920s and would tell stories of the hut that they lived in and of the Natya school where she was educated. She went on to become the first A-grade netball umpire in our part of Victoria in the 1970s. Imagine the work, dedication and effort that must have taken in the 70s. But she had the fight in her. She was determined. She got there. Now my own mother, my sister and I carry that legacy today, although none of us have been able to reach the A-grade status that she did. But she fought for it, and she won. My mother at just 26 years old faced the prospect of having a nine-month-old baby and the fight of her life on her hands – to run a grape block as well as raising her new child, me, alone at 26. Where were you at 26? I bet it was not running a farm with a toddler on your hip. Now, fight or flight should have kicked in here, and it probably did. She chose fight. Whilst her husband – my dad – was booked for a course at Castlemaine college courtesy of Her Majesty, she fought every single day to make sure it was all there when he got home. She was there. The farm was there. Everything was there because of the fight in her. Under the most trying circumstances she refused to be a victim and walk away. She refused to give up. She knew that if she put her head down and her bum up, she could get through this, and then they could get through anything. Despite being wiped out with hail later on down the track and a few other ups and downs along the way, I am happy to say that they are still married and sitting over there after 47 years and still live on that same block that they bought together when they were first married – the one she ran while dad was on ‘holiday’. She fought. She won – and she is still winning. I am a second-generation Australian on my father’s side and a World War I soldier settler’s great-granddaughter on my mother’s. The Mallee is in my blood, and in the Mallee we fight. We always have. The entire Mildura electorate is a marvellous place – very, very different from end to end. It is probably the place where the last carrot you ate came from; in fact there is a 35 per cent chance it came from just up the road from my place. Smashed avo on toast – yes, we are growing that too. The avocados and the grains that go into your sourdough – that is coming from us. And the almond latte you order from your barista in the morning, that is us. In fact we are producing 60 per cent of Australia’s almonds in our region, and that is just the tip of the iceberg. Grapes, legumes, sultanas, oranges, Mallee prime lamb, asparagus, wheat, lentils, stone fruit – they are all grown right in my patch, and they will land on your plate without notice or consequence. You will enjoy them – you might even compliment the chef – but without our visionary, innovative and dedicated efforts in the far north-west, you would be missing out. Next time you do eat the glorious things we have grown for you, spare a thought for the fight that it took to get to your plate, fridge or fruit bowl. Think about the many families out on farms right now as we sit here – harvest wives making sure that the crews are fed in the hope that they can have Christmas Day off, or the families in the district who on the daily have to fight ever-growing numbers of trucks on roads with gaping potholes, crumbling shoulders and huge drop-offs, quite often having to leave the road entirely and come to a stop because there is no other choice if we want to stay alive on our country roads. Think about the school bus drivers that fear for their precious cargo’s lives every time they turn a corner that has not been maintained, or think about the fact that whilst your food is delicious the cost is far greater than the money you are paying for it. Thankfully, Mallee growers are full of fight. They have to be or none of us would ever eat. That lamb or granola, grapes, carrots or whatever it is has caused our growers incredible stress and heartache. It has cost them more to produce this year than it ever has before because of chemical prices, freight costs, labour issues, flood, hail, disease and so on. Think about the actual price of getting it to you. It is a lot more than $2 an avocado, I promise, but we fight on. We fight because we have a job to do, and that job is feeding your family. Whilst our growers are incredibly stressed – and I know this because I am married to one – seeking help for those health issues, both mental and physical, that manifest is getting increasingly harder in the Mildura district. Imagine being in a mental health crisis and being told a GP appointment for a mental health plan is at least eight weeks away or that your four-year-old requires antibiotics urgently but you have no idea where you might be able to get a script for that. Because of the recent closure of Tristar Medical and other issues surrounding rural medicine and GPs we cannot get a doctor’s appointment for three months or a telehealth appointment for at least 10 days now. Just this week I had a gentleman contact me who, in his mid-seventies, requires pain medication and who throughout COVID has become accustomed to telehealth. Imagine him, living alone, being told he would not be able to have his medication for Christmas because there are simply no appointments available. And imagine him being told that he should try going up to accident and emergency at our hospital. He does not want to do that, of course, because he knows the pressure that Mildura Base Public Hospital is under. He knows that he would have to sit outside for a RAT and wait times could be lengthy. Imagine being Mildura mum Katrina, wife of Scott who, with an undiagnosed heart condition, suddenly died because he could not get an angiogram in a regional city of over 40,000 people. When Scott’s heart condition took a turn, even though they lived only minutes from the hospital, ambulance services could not get him to life-saving treatment. Now she fights with every fibre of her being so that the people of our tri-state area of Mildura have access to specialist care and procedures like angiograms. The Umback family have just celebrated their fourth Christmas without their husband, dad, son, brother and uncle over the weekend. I plan to help Katrina fight. The great north-west of this state is just getting greater, but our roads and healthcare systems are failing us. I believe it is worth fighting for basic services for those that provide you with your family’s food every day. It does not seem like a huge trade-off, does it? Decent roads and transport infrastructure to get food to market and port, a doctor’s appointment when you need one and a rural healthcare model that grows with our region and does not force those who need support to move to larger centres where they can get it – these are just two of the issues that gave me the fight to run for the seat of Mildura. Now that I am here my intention is to follow them through. I have only ever wanted the best for my community, and my promise is to do that each and every day of the week. My family has been and continues to be my strength. To my husband Luke, who is the backbone and heart of this operation, words will not ever be able to thank you enough, but I will work so hard that the outcomes just might be. To my children and stepchildren Brooklyn, Scarlett, Peyton and Parker, your generation is why Mamma is always working. I will think of you every day that I am away for work. I love you to the moon and back and all the twinkle stars. To my mum and dad, who filled me with this fight in the first place by showing me exactly what it looked like, thank you. I hope I have made you proud despite the green boots. We are only just getting started. To my ride-or-die squad, Kel and Brylee, thank you. To the National Party dream team, Matt and the team at head office, and our campaign committee on the ground – Daniel Linklater, Jon Armstrong, Grace Walker, Brylee Neyland, Xavier Healy, Alan Malcolm, Gerry Leach and John Watson – you all have the fight in you and you are amazing. Thank you to the federal member for Mallee, Dr Anne Webster, for all your work – I cannot wait to work closely with you for the betterment of our community. To the volunteers who hung or hosted signs or handed out how-to-vote cards on polling day and over the course of pre-polling, I say thank you. It takes stamina and fight, and you had plenty. I welcome other new members of Parliament and look forward to working with the current government and other members to get a fair go for the Mildura electorate – the region that puts food on your plate and champions on racetracks, and punches above its weight every day. I invite all of you to come and see it for yourself. I am deeply humbled that my journey to represent the people of Mildura begins today. Thank you. Members applauded. Chris CREWTHER (Mornington) (19:03): It is an honour to be elected to serve as Mornington district’s representative, covering Mount Eliza, Mornington, Tuerong, most of Mount Martha and Moorooduc, and part of Baxter. We live in an amazing part of the world. To all I promise to be genuine, humble, compassionate and hardworking and to have courage of conviction, put myself in others’ shoes, stand up for justice and make a difference. Today I will outline my background, principles and changes needed. Grace and I live in Mount Eliza with our kids Yasmin and Edward, who attend a local child care and public primary school. Yasmin has missed her last day of grade 1 today, but what a learning experience! I grew up in Horsham with my three younger siblings Sara, Katrina and Lee. My dad Barry was born in Mildura. His mum tragically died at 23, and his sister at Kew Cottages years later. He moved in with Melbourne relatives, later moving back in with Grandpa when he remarried. At 16 Dad started in the army apprentice scheme at the old Balcombe army barracks in Mount Martha, now housing young people through Fusion. Dad then worked as a mechanic and a financial planner and recently ran the Wimmera’s community transport program. My mum Debbie was born in Jeparit, living on a farm at Ellam. After a family split she moved with her siblings to Melbourne with my nanna. In my early years Mum danced and taught ballet but, growing up, mostly worked as our mum. Now for a story. My nearly 95-year-old grandpa Bob McIntosh and his cousin Noel had neighbouring farms. They shared farm equipment and their kids played together, including Mum. Coincidentally endorsed on the same night last year, I am now privileged to serve in neighbouring chambers with Noel’s grandson, my third cousin Tom McIntosh, Labor’s member for Eastern Victoria, also covering Mornington. I was not born with a silver spoon in my mouth; nor was Grace, whose parents moved to western Sydney from South Korea when she was aged three. Seeing my parents work hard to create a better life, I followed their example, starting as a paper boy aged 11, then at BP and at Franklins supermarket. My spark to make a difference was lit seeing significant disadvantage growing up and doing YMCA’s Victorian and federal Youth Parliament over 20 years ago at Camp Manyung in Mount Eliza and this Victorian Parliament. After attending mainly public schools in Horsham and Murtoa, I completed a law degree and two masters degrees in international law and diplomacy, on break working in canola and wheat breeding. Professionally I have worked as a magistrate’s associate, lawyer, project manager, international lawyer through the UN in Kosovo, CEO of Mildura Development Corporation and head of strategic partnerships for the Global Fund to End Modern Slavery. I have been on several boards and committees, including Global Voices, Mt Eliza Woodland Residents Association, my daughter’s primary school’s parents and friends association, and Australia’s Modern Slavery Expert Advisory Group. I am also patron of the Tourette Syndrome Association of Australia. Previously I represented part of Mornington district as a federal MP from 2016 to 2019. Nationally I was chair of Parliament’s Foreign Affairs and Aid Subcommittee and the government’s home affairs and legal affairs policy committee, bringing about Australia’s Modern Slavery Act. With locals I delivered many projects, including Mornington Little Aths track, Mount Martha Soccer Club fields, Peninsula Home Hospice’s building, the National Centre for Healthy Ageing and more. I am perhaps the only MP to have stood now in four federal and state elections against the Nationals, the teals and Labor and to have served at federal and state level. But that is the past. I will use this experience to build for our future. From preselection on 9 December last year to declaration as Mornington’s MP on 9 December this year, I have worked hard, hand in hand with locals. For the next four years I will work with constituents, Liberal and National colleagues and parliamentarians to improve Mornington district and Victoria. Liberals must be different. Before the next election Liberals will have spent 23 out of 27 years in opposition and won one election in 30 years. So we must offer an alternative and stand up for what we believe in: aspiration, free enterprise, families, reward for effort, lean government and of course freedom, equality of opportunity, preserving our environment and justice, which I will now address. First, on freedom: Liberals and I believe in the basic freedoms of thought, worship, speech, association and choice. In my experience this campaign was the most others and I have been targeted for being or associating with people of faith – often not for what was said but on the basis of guilt by association. In saying that, anyone should be able to express their views and try to persuade others. It is not wrong to be a Christian or a person of faith. Under a secular democracy, one should not try to impose their world view or restrict the rights of others. Christians, atheists, Muslims and others applying these principles have more in common than those who do not. That does not mean, though, that one cannot express their faith or non-faith in politics or acknowledge God, as I do. Principles and values shaped by one’s faith, world view, experiences and upbringing are crucial. Importantly, we must value each person equally, strive for justice and treat everyone with kindness, not as ‘the other’. We must abandon generalised labels like ‘religious right’, ‘right-wing nut jobs’, ‘loony left’ and so on. This simplifies politics and humanity and enables ad hominem attacks based on group identity, whereas an individual can have views ranging from left through to right. So this term I will stand up for people of faith or non-faith to freely speak their mind and for private schools and organisations to freely associate and employ based on their values and beliefs. With the pandemic we have also seen a massive incursion into people’s freedoms to protest, express themselves, freely practise their faith or even go to the playground. We saw the power of state governments and the limited power of federal government. In my 2016 maiden speech to federal Parliament I noted that most freedoms are not guaranteed and can be whittled away with a simple parliamentary majority. I just did not see it happening in 2020. Thus basic freedoms and liberties should be included in Victoria’s constitution with special majority and/or referendum protection. On vaccinations, another topical subject: firstly, I support vaccinations. They have done a great job globally with measles, smallpox, polio and more. However, people should not be forced, coerced or pressured on vaccinations through mandates, job losses, financial losses or exclusion. Vaccination uptake should only be based on education, persuasion and positive incentives. For that reason, I do not support mandates. We need less-restrictive options that bring larger vaccination gains. On drug use, having worked in a Magistrates Court early in my career, I know that many of these cases take a lot of police and court time away from dealing with more serious matters, so on this point I also personally support decriminalisation of drug use and targeting dealers, not users. On social media, we need laws targeting algorithms that divide society, feed people different information on the same topic, create confirmation bias and echo chambers and connect similar people. Instead social media should be an open marketplace of ideas, feed people a variety of information, promote creative thinking and randomly connect people. Second, on equality of opportunity, we believe in equality of opportunity, ‘with all … having the opportunity to reach their full potential’. People should be able to follow their dreams and aspirations regardless of background, postcode, socio-economic situation, sexual orientation and so on. On education, schoolchildren are disadvantaged on school choice because of their postcode – particularly due to zoning – and socio-economic situation. This perpetuates advantage and disadvantage, and artificially inflates and deflates house prices. It does not increase school choice, particularly for disadvantaged kids, create school competition, incentivise improvements or intermix society. Thus we must look at the way we do zoning, if at all. We should also look to a HECS-based system for schools so children have maximum school choice no matter their socio-economic background. Further, we must increase child education levels, looking to places like Finland. There should be a high minimum tertiary entry standard for teaching while concurrently greatly increasing teacher pay and reducing administrative burdens. We must see, respect and reward teachers in the same bracket as doctors, as they are in, say, South Korea. Starting primary school, I recall seeing kids without uniforms being picked on. We need to expand up-front coverage for uniforms, excursions, music, dance, sports and more in schools and implement a post-school model, like in Iceland, to give young people positive alternatives. We must also invest in education infrastructure based on need, not on margins or politics. In Mornington district examples include Mount Eliza Secondary College, with nearly 50-year-old buildings, and Mornington Park Primary School. On connectivity infrastructure and services, we must decentralise and invest to attract industry, business, jobs, people and services, and grow opportunity no matter one’s postcode. This includes investing in public transport, rail, airport, port, road, power, freight, health, education, sport and communications nodes across Victoria. I will continue advocating for passenger rail to Baxter and Mornington plus to places like Mildura, Horsham, Koo Wee Rup and elsewhere; Hastings to Mornington with a bus service and a bus service to our local retirement villages; fixing potholed roads; redeveloping Rosebud Hospital; and upgrading reserves like Emil Madsen, Dallas Brooks, Narambi, Moorooduc and Ferrero. Much of the Mornington Peninsula is further than Geelong is from the city, but we get 10 times less investment. Like Geelong, we must be reclassified as regional while protecting our green wedge. With the growth of telework under COVID, more people can work from anywhere, so with connectivity infrastructure we can reduce urban sprawl, productive land loss and commutes; revive regional communities; improve people’s way of life; support farmers and miners; grow high-quality manufacturing; and enable energy investment. On public housing and homelessness, we must end grouped or concentrated public housing, which perpetuates disadvantage. Instead we must invest in distributed public housing across Victoria that intermixes society and improves support networks. Years ago I got funding for a Melbourne City Mission trial to match people needing a home or a room with those offering them. Such a program could be implemented across Victoria, with land tax, stamp duty and rate reductions to incentivise home owners to offer accommodation. Longer term stability can change lives, and there are more than enough under-utilised properties in Victoria to house every person experiencing homelessness. We must also fund and replicate proven holistic models like Fusion and Zoe Support Australia. On payroll tax and stamp duty, these should also be phased out and replaced. Payroll tax punishes employment. Stamp duty lowers first home ownership, disincentivises housing turnover and impacts house prices. Third, on the environment, we believe in preserving our environment for future generations. That is why Liberals like Alan Hunt pioneered the green wedge. This is a major issue for Mornington, including the old Reg Ansett land and mansion, the decommissioned South East Water reservoir and protecting our beaches from eroding due to human interference such as dredging, inadequate drainage and Mornington’s wave wall. We must stop inappropriate development, save sites like the old reservoir as wetlands and invest in long-term beach solutions. Fourth, on justice, we believe in a ‘just and humane society in which the importance of the family and the role of law and justice is maintained’. Enhancing justice is essential. Injustice begets injustice, but with justice comes a caring and humane society. And so I was honoured to be appointed as Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Justice and Corrections and today as Liberal Party Whip in the Legislative Assembly. Thank you, John and team. I will also have more to say on these roles, but I will strive to use my experience to bring about a better and fairer justice system, improve youth justice outcomes, tackle modern slavery and more. Without an incredible team of hundreds of volunteers I would not be standing here today, so thank you. Thank you to my executive and campaign committee: Mornington chair Stephen Batty, campaign chair Peter Rawlings, campaign manager Jackie Hammill, Anita Josefsson, Susanne La Fontaine, Linda and Robert Hicks, Colin and Dawn Fisher, Greg Dixon, Josiah Matthew, Lisa Francis, Sophie Stuart and Michael Stuart, James Balmer, Steve Perera, Dreena Gray and Emma Buchanan, and also Edward Burke as initial campaign chair. Everyone who donated, put up signs, encouraged me and volunteered – thank you. And to those who have gone above and beyond that I have not already named, including Emile Nicholas, Ruth Sutton, Sabe Saitta, Kerry Beard, Jan Strong, Renate Hadoway, Robin Amos, Britt Lloyd-Doughty, Di Goetz, Mark Burke, Louise Ashby, Judy Shearman, Amedeo Sacco, Colin and Linda Price, Michael and Jenny Hall, Travis Mitchell, Massimo Cannatelli, Ian Morrison, John and Pam Power, Amy Mitchell, Tom and Maree Shelton, Peter Royal, Dennis Gist, Wayne Gibbs, Rob Cook, Len Martin, Annie Neil, Monica Hughes, Jake Robison, John Healey, Victor Doree, Andrew Lennie, Robert Latimer, James Ludlow, Callum Carter and so many others – naming people is very dangerous, so I apologise if I have missed anyone. To driver Bayley Sacco, Matthew Baragwanath and Veuga Taviri, Jordie and Progress Signs and Dush and Snap Frankston, thank you. Thanks to MPs who have given me support, particularly Bev McArthur MP and shadow ministers who came out. Locally, thanks to Renee Heath MP, David Burgess, Zoe McKenzie MP, the Honourable Greg Hunt, Neale Burgess, Cathrine Burnett-Wake, Sam Groth MP, Ann-Marie Hermans MP plus amazing local candidates Briony Hutton, Bec Buchanan, Michael O’Reilly, Phillip Pease and Manju Hanumantharayappa– your time will come. I also acknowledge the 16-year service of my predecessor David Morris and his wife Linda. Thanks also to Liberal headquarters, members across the party who have supported me and all candidates for Mornington. Finally, thanks also to Neil King from Horsham College, who sparked my interest in politics; my parents Barry and Debbie and parents-in-law Justin and Sarah; my grandparents who could not be here, Grandpa Bob, Grandmas Verna and June; relatives; and those who are here in spirit. Lastly, thank you to my amazing wife Grace and our two young children, Yasmin and Edward, and every dedicated supporter who is here with me in the chamber today. Especially I would like to thank the people of Mornington. I will not let you down. Members applauded. Mary-Anne THOMAS (Macedon – Leader of the House, Minister for Health, Minister for Health Infrastructure, Minister for Medical Research) (19:22): I move: That the debate be now adjourned. Motion agreed to. Ordered that debate be adjourned until later this day.
2410	dbpedia	2	73	https://quadrant.org.au/opinion/qed/2015/12/incoherent-signals-planet-janet/	en	Incoherent Signals From Planet Janet	https://quadrant.org.au/…ig-III-32x32.png	https://quadrant.org.au/…ig-III-32x32.png	[ "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/user.svg", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/cart.svg", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/search.svg", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/qandrant-white2x.png", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/mob-logo.png", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/cart-white.svg", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/user-white.svg", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/hamburger.svg", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/hamburger-close.svg", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/quadrant-q.png", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/user-white.svg", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/cart-white.svg", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/search-white.svg", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/chat.svg", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/author-placeholder.png", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/janet.jpg", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/172530_print_icon.svg", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/thumbnail_CtGR-Action-Plan-Advert-Quadrant-Landscape-1024x384.jpg", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/comment-q.png", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/100c510ccd8a2a12c7fa6592bfae17eb?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9d014f0afefd9b68ff1413cd10671c4d?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/791cb2b0ab726052fe04673d121a84ff?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b9e1ead23b76fe1e570f4ecd0569186e?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b654ab4711e6d1a48efd149a0193180e?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b970d4df704da4f3fbee77dfdb13bb51?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b970d4df704da4f3fbee77dfdb13bb51?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/adc75d5f8fa6a1796829834ae33770f6?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a24170ec11c967d05ef019fc9d824cd?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d359aa8d9c517cf891000404b4759b2d?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2bdb5bb2633c10993ab2bb2e3d8bcb27?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a24170ec11c967d05ef019fc9d824cd?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/60520ac3f0409cc3443d365f38ed50d7?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f9a62c4c64ea9e097fe51eed6b268e21?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6742578a34a38aff5f64328bb3dd6bc2?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c9d8921b2f948c4e0c64a73d1a6b87d0?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a24170ec11c967d05ef019fc9d824cd?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f9a62c4c64ea9e097fe51eed6b268e21?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a24170ec11c967d05ef019fc9d824cd?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f9a62c4c64ea9e097fe51eed6b268e21?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/25af0873a8538a7e786c02586e18e2a8?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2791da7c3819ea3dcc9fc779a2be4652?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/25af0873a8538a7e786c02586e18e2a8?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1d790eaf677fbe60fc750cae8e438fee?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/42b29a6b95be753c40becdf0ff927b2d?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1d790eaf677fbe60fc750cae8e438fee?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c9893b5c733564e6c3c92b74854eab70?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9aed032007dc253e355f2a2611b782e4?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ae65ab782835f295260944a00b043b67?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2ed4b239af171320d14cbf8b32e7c73f?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/95936ede9fff8b9a99e1f8398b1e882e?s=32&d=mm&r=g", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/chat.svg", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/chat.svg", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/chat.svg", "https://quadrant.org.au/wp-content/themes/Quadrant/images/qandrant-neg2x.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2015-12-18T13:42:27+10:00	This is a hard decision to admit, but I won't be voting for Malcolm Turnbull's party at the next election. And no amount of soft-soaping sophistry from The Australian's opinion columnists will change my mind, nor those of many others just like me	en	https://quadrant.org.au/…ig-III-32x32.png	Quadrant Online -	https://quadrant.org.au/opinion/qed/2015/12/incoherent-signals-planet-janet/	I have been reading Janet Albrechtsen’s columns in The Australian since I arrived here just over a decade ago. Over that period I figure I’ve agreed with her about 95% of the time – my agreeing-with-her hit rate has been like the result in some North Korean ‘election’. I agree with her strong free speech positions; I agree with her small government leanings; I agree with most of her social commentary. And I know, too, that Janet has a thick skin, having been the subject of plenty of ad hominem attacks over the years. In what follows I want to play the ball, not the woman, when it comes to Albrechtsen’s December 16 column in The Australian (it’s paywalled, so no point in linking). This is the one in which she graded the current government, and gave Malcolm Turnbull an ‘A’. Let me take you through that column because, in my view, it was the weakest thing of hers I’ve ever read. In fact it was laughably wrong-headed. Start with Turnbull. He gets an ‘A’ from Albrechtsen. Why? Remember, since taking office three months ago, the new PM has scrapped the Bjorn Lomborg Centre that had found a home in South Australia played lovey-dovey with Gillian Triggs forked out a billion dollars for overseas global warming projects… … plus another billion on “innovation” clearly and undeniably mischaracterised what former Prime Minister Abbott said about sending forces to fight ISIS decided to do nothing about amending Section 18C (which Abbott wimped out on changing, but Turnbull hinted to some he would alter –until he had the top job, that is) bumped up the pay offer to public servants by half a percent carefully orchestrated the mooting of a GST rise of 50%, from 10% to 15%. And that’s just some of the things Prime Minister Turnbull has perpetrated. There are more. What we can notice is that every single, solitary move has been to the left: bigger government (tick); less free speech, as broadly understood (tick); more policies in line with the desires of inner-city progressives’ (tick). Of all that Albrechtsen might have mentioned, only one of the above — the billion spent on innovation — figured in her column. She said the initiative contained plenty of fluff, but then excused it “because it’s bracing to hear a politician say they do not have all the answers and admit they may need to tweak a policy if there are mis-steps or unintended consequences.” Wow! That’s a pretty low threshold for holding a politician to account. But leave that aside. What is the real reason Albrechtsen gives Turnbull an ‘A’? As she puts it, “It’s the ‘simple measure of polls.'” So far so good is her line, but the case for the defence is close to incoherent. Is Obama an A-class president because he has won elections? No standard to bring to the table other than, ‘Can he win an election?’. OK, so by that measure, the premier of my state of Queensland also gets an ‘A’. Isn’t that right, Janet? Anna Palaszczuk has done absolutely nothing, other than watch as Queensland’s debt shoots through the roof. But “on the simple measure of polls” she’s a winner! Right, Janet? Same for Justin Trudeau in Canada, n’est-ce pas, Mademoiselle Albrechtsen? This is the winning-is-all-that-matters and the only-basis-on-which-you-measure-a-politician way of thinking. Did Ronald Reagan go from great politician to terrible when the polls turned against him? Did Maggie Thatcher do the same? Look, surely we bring substantive values to the table in any assessment of a politician and a political party. And anyway, why vote for someone whose positions you don’t like, even if 51% of your fellow voters will? One thing that Janet Albrechtsen has been consistently solid on over the years is her commitment to free speech. She was incensed when Tony Abbott sold out on attempts to repeal Section 18C. I was too. Fine. But the thing is that Malcolm is worse than Tony on free speech. Malcolm has doubled-down on doing nothing about 18C. Malcolm has canned the Lomborg Centre, which clearly can be seen in free-speech terms. Malcolm has banned the visit of an anti-abortion activist (again, with free-speech overtones). Malcolm wants us all to tone down criticisms of the Grand Mufti and Islam. So where were your usual standards on these issues, Janet? Does Malcolm get a free pass on all these because you were one of the people who supported dumping Abbott, free speech concerns be damned? Because it sure seems as though you are bringing different criteria to the table, at least that’s the way your column strikes me. What about the small government-liking Albrechtsen? Well, on this count the Abbott government – yes, they were unable to deal with the Senate, but at least they wanted to cut spending – again looks a lot better than Turnbull’s. Does she criticise Malcolm for more spending? Does she condemn the Turnbull team for doing a deal with the Greens to raise tax revenue? No! and No! again (And do note here that George Brandis, who on the Bolt Report, characterised that deal as helping to deal with this country’s spending problem. It helped to raise more government revenue, which might help with our deficit, but it is in no way a cut in spending. I urge all readers to watch out for this government’s spin and sleight-of-hand techniques by which new revenue is classed as helping with the spending problem.) Basically, the Albrechtsen who wrote that December 16 column seems to have jettisoned the criteria that I’ve seen her use these past ten years in favour of, well, I know not what. Heck, she was also wholly inconsistent within the walls of that same column. Ian Macfarlane got a “Fail” grade for “his craven political switch for self-aggrandisement”. Really? Isn’t that the same exact thing one could say about Turnbull? And Bishop? That self-aggrandisement drove disreputable behaviour? I thought Turnbull supporters thought that bad behaviour was OK, given that it proves successful. So maybe, once again, an ‘F’ grade is based on nothing at all substantive, simply reflecting that Macfarlane failed in his treachery where Turnbull’s succeeded, which it hardly requires a columnist to point out. And speaking of Julie Bishop, Janet gives her an ‘A’ too. But what of the foreign minister’s duplicity over months and months? Well, exclaims Albrechtsen, “exactly when did being a survivor in politics warrant a mark down?” So leaking and white-anting and being disloyal as deputy is all OK as long as you, yourself, survive the coup? Have I got that right, Janet? Now I’m not so naïve as to think we bring the same standards to the political game as we do to life in general, which sees most of value loyalty, honesty, and telling it to our faces, rather than back-stabbing treachery. Even in politics those qualities should count for something. House of Cards is not real life, at least I hope it isn’t. But this tempered lack of cynicism is sloughed off by Janet with a wave of her ‘I will survive’ pop-song hand. Personally, I doubt all of Ms. Bishop’s fellow Coalition MPs will be as quick to slough off her behaviour. But then, looking at a good many of those same MPs and their seeming lack of belief in anything, I am happy to concede I may be wrong. Then there is Albrechtsen’s ‘F’ grade for Abbott. Really, an ‘F’? Yep. You see “friends and colleagues alike warned him about the troubles facing his leadership, his office and his government [and] he ignored them all.” That’s just ex post facto rationalising, Janet. Lots of politicians over the years have been warned that their way of doing things was irking their parties. Go and look at Thatcher’s early years in office. Or Churchill’s for that matter. Or Stephen Harper’s in Canada. Things can turn around. Well, they can if the party that you took to a big election victory sticks with you. But even if not, do you get an ‘F’ without a single mention of anything substantive you accomplished, like stopping the boats, getting rid of the carbon tax and mining tax, taking on Gillian Triggs, getting almost all foreign policy matters spot-on? Sure, Abbott made plenty of errors, mostly by trying to appease the ABC types, not going head-on after the Senate, and in being too trusting (of Turnbull, and Bishop, and others). But on what possible planet does that get you an ‘F’? I suppose on the same planet where Arthur Sinodinos gets an ‘A’. OK, so maybe you think this is just my idiosyncratic take on things. Well, if you looked at the comments to Albrechtsen’s article, and I mean the comments on The Australian’s own online webpage, they ran at least 90% against her. Indeed, there was a good deal of apoplectic rage. And these remarks are from her own newspaper’s core readers. Which brings me to this final point. Let’s assume that about 40% of long-time Liberal voters are still unhappy about the coup. It may well be a good deal higher, but let’s understate things. (Disclosure: I put myself in this camp, if you haven’t already noticed.) Where are the writers on The Australian who offer views in line with what might be considered this core readership for what is, without a doubt, Australia’s best paper? I mean that question seriously. Since the coup, The Australian’s opinion pages have read like the Turnbull fan club. Nikki Sava has spent endless months writing nothing but bile about Abbott. A gushing Turnbull cheerleader, she should perhaps add a footnote to her articles stating that her husband was one of Turnbull’s first office hires. Peter van Onselen, anti-Abbott from the day he took over as Opposition leader, who tried his hardest to prop up Gillard, and who was even more vehemently anti-Abbott from day one of the ousted prime minister’s tenure. Ditto. (And did you notice Abbott’s letter to the editor on December 15 about van Onselen’s hatchet-job book, and how that missive was not given a prominent place on the letters page?) Paul Kelly. Ditto. Heck, let’s make this easy: Who has been the “Turnbull is not the answer” columnist on the paper? Maurice Newman, that’s who, and he is about as far as it goes. Let me be clear about my position. I don’t fear Mr. Turnbull losing the next election. I fear him winning. And I say that as someone with the same substantive positions that Janet Albrechtsen has defended — until recently at any rate. I can’t see a single conservative bone in Turnbull’s body. And I don’t much like anything he’s done since taking over. Indeed, I’m moving from my initial position of spoiling my ballot and voting informally at the next election to voting for Labor (for the House that is; for the Senate the Libs had no chance of me voting for them from the day of the coup). A tough call, I know. But what we small-government, pro-free speech, tough on national security Hobbesian types have to calculate is long-term versus short-term damage to this country. Both choices are bad. But give Turnbull a mandate of his own and God knows what he might do. You’d be voting for the most left wing leader of the Coalition possibly ever. Alright, strike the ‘possibly’. Three years of Shorten would get rid of Turnbull, and it couldn’t be any worse than three years of Rudd. And remember, in 2007 The Australian came out for Rudd over Howard, something just-retired editor Chris Mitchell says he now regrets. I’m not going to wait for more of the same regret about Turnbull. Yes, yes, yes — there is plenty of room for conservatives to disagree about whether to support Turnbull (while holding our noses). But the idea that he gets an ‘A’ so far is just plain ridiculous.
2410	dbpedia	2	45	http://historichansard.net/hofreps/1974/19740709_reps_29_hor89/	en	House of Representatives, Debates, 9 July 1974 :: Historic Hansard	http://historichansard.net/images/historic-hansard.png	http://historichansard.net/images/historic-hansard.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	A record of debates in the Australian House of Representatives on the 9 July 1974, presented in an easily readable form.	en			http://historichansard.net/hofreps/1974/19740709_reps_29_hor89/	House of Representatives 9 July 1974 29th Parliament · 1st Session House of Representatives 29th Parliament 1974 PROCLAMATION OPENING OF THE PARLIAMENT Adermann, Albert Evan, Fisher, Queensland Anthony, John Douglas, Richmond, New South Wales Armitage, John Lindsay, Chifley, New South Wales Barnard, Lance Herbert, Bass, Tasmania Beazley, Kim Edward, Fremantle, Western Australia Berinson, Joseph Max, Perth, Western Australia Bonnett, Robert Noel, Herbert, Queensland Bourchier, John William, Bendigo, Victoria Bowen, Lionel Frost, Kingsford-Smith, New South Wales Bryant, Gordon Munro, Wills, Victoria Bungey, Melville Harold, Canning, Western Australia AUSTRALIA PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Hansard FIRST SESSION OF THE TWENTY-NINTH PARLIAMENT Cairns, Kevin Michael, Lilley, Queensland Calder, Stephen Edward, Northern Territory Cameron, Clyde Robert, Hindmarsh, South Australia Cameron, Donald Milner, Griffith, Queensland Chipp, Donald Leslie, Hotham, Victoria Cohen, Barry, Robertson, New South Wales Collard, Frederick Walter, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia Connolly, David Miles, Bradfield, New South Wales Connor, Reginald Francis Xavier, Cunningham, New South Wales Cope, James Francis, Sydney, New South Wales Corbett, James, Maranoa, Queensland Crean, Frank, Melbourne Ports, Victoria Cross, Manfred Douglas, Brisbane, Queensland Daly, Frederick Michael, Grayndler, New South Wales Davies, Ronald, Braddon, Tasmania Drury, Edward Nigel, Ryan, Queensland Duthie, Gilbert William Arthur, Wilmot, Tasmania Edwards, Harold Raymond, Berowra, New South Wales Ellicott, Robert James, Wentworth, New South Wales England, John Armstrong, Calare, New South Wales Erwin, George Dudley, Ballaarat, Victoria Fairbairn, David Eric, Farrer, New South Wales Fisher, Peter Stanley, Mallee, Victoria Fitzpatrick, John, Darling, New South Wales Forbes, Alexander James, Barker, South Australia Fraser, John Malcolm, Wannon, Victoria Fulton, William John, Leichhardt, Queensland Garland, Ransley Victor, Curtin, Western Australia Garrick, Horace James, Batman, Victoria Gorton, John Grey, Higgins, Victoria Hayden, William George, Oxley, Queensland Hodges, John Charles, Petrie, Queensland Howard, John Winston, Bennelong, New South Wales Hunt, Ralph James Dunnet, Gwydir, New South Wales Hurford, Christopher John, Adelaide, South Australia Hyde, John Martin, Moore, Western Australia Innes, Urquhart Edward, Melbourne, Victoria Jacobi, Ralph, Hawker, South Australia James, Albert William, Hunter, New South Wales Jarman, Alan William, Deakin, Victoria Jenkins, Henry Alfred, Scullin, Victoria Johnson, Leonard Keith, Burke, Victoria Johnson, Leslie Royston, Hughes, New South Wales Jones, Charles Keith, Newcastle, New South Wales Katter, Robert Cummin, Kennedy, Queensland Keating, Paul John, Blaxland, New South Wales Kelly, Charles Robert, Wakefield, South Australia Keogh, Leonard Joseph, Bowman, Queensland Kerin, John Charles, Macarthur, New South Wales Killen, Denis James, Moreton, Queensland King, Robert Shannon, Wimmera, Victoria Lloyd, Bruce, Murray, Victoria Luchetti, Anthony Sylvester, Macquarie, New South Wales Lucock, Philip Ernest, Lyne, New South Wales Lusher, Stephen Augustus, Hume, New South Wales Lynch, Phillip Reginald, Flinders, Victoria Martin, Vincent Joseph, Banks, New South Wales Millar, Percival Clarence, Wide Bay, Queensland Morris, Peter Frederick, Shortland, New South Wales Morrison, William Lawrence, St George, New South Wales Mulder, Allan William, Evans, New South Wales Nicholls, Martin Henry, Bonython, South Australia Nixon, Peter James, Gippsland, Victoria Oldmeadow, Maxwell Wilkinson, Holt, Victoria Patterson, Rex Alan, Dawson, Queensland Peacock, Andrew Sharp, Kooyong, Victoria Reynolds, Leonard James, Barton, New South Wales Riordan, Joseph Martin, Phillip, New South Wales Robinson, Ian Louis, Cowper, New South Wales Ruddock, Philip Maxwell, Parramatta, New South Wales Scholes, Gordon Glen Denton, Corio, Victoria Sherry, Raymond Henry, Franklin, Tasmania Snedden, Billy Mackie, Bruce, Victoria Staley, Anthony Allan, Chisholm, Victoria Stewart, Francis Eugene, Lang, New South Wales Street, Anthony Austin, Corangamite, Victoria Sullivan, John William, Riverina, New South Wales Thorburn, Ray William, Cook, New South Wales Viner, Robert Ian, Stirling, Western Australia Wentworth, William Charles, Mackellar, New South Wales Whan, Robert Bruce, Eden-Monaro, New South Wales Whitlam, Edward Gough, Werriwa, New South Wales Wilson, Ian Bonython Cameron, Sturt, South Australia Cairns, James Ford, Lalor, Victoria Cass, Moses Henry, Maribyrnong, Victoria Child, Gloria Joan Liles, Henty, Victoria Clayton, Gareth, Isaacs, Victoria Coates, John, Denison, Tasmania Dawkins, John Sydney, Tangney, Western Australia Enderby, Keppel Earl, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory Everingham, Douglas Nixon, Capricornia, Queensland Fry, Kenneth Lionel, Fraser, Australian Capital Territory Gun, Richard Townsend, Kingston, South Australia Klugman, Richard Emanuel, Prospect, New South Wales Lamb, Antony Hamilton, La Trobe, Victoria Mathews, Charles Race Thorson, Casey, Victoria Uren, Thomas, Reid, New South Wales Willis, Ralph, Gellibrand, Victoria Young, Michael Jerome, Port Adelaide, MR SPEAKER Election PRESENTATION TO GOVERNOR-GENERAL COMMISSION TO ADMINISTER OATH MEMBERS SWORN MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL MINISTERIAL ARRANGEMENTS Prime Minister - The Honourable E. G. Whitlam, Q.C Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Overseas Trade - The Honourable Jim Cairns Minister for Minerals and Energy - The Honourable R. F. X. Connor Minister for Social Security - The Honourable Bill Hayden Treasurer - The Honourable Frank Crean Minister for Defence - The Honourable L. H. Barnard Minister for Labor and Immigration - The Honourable Clyde R. Cameron Minister for Education - The Honourable Kim E. Beazley Minister for Urban and Regional Development - The Honourable Tom Uren Minister for Housing and Construction - The Honourable Les Johnson Minister for Transport - The Honourable Minister for Health - The Honourable Minister for Manufacturing Industry - The Honourable Kep Enderby, Q.C LEADERSHIP OF THE OPPOSITION LEADERSHIP OF THE AUSTRALIAN COUNTRY PARTY AUDIT BILL 1974 GOVERNOR-GENERAL’S SPEECH Mr President, Senators ADDRESS-IN-REPLY DEATH OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS, THE PRINCE HENRY, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER DEATH OF MR J. C. SEXTON CHAIRMAN OF COMMITTEES ADJOURNMENT page 3 PROCLAMATION The House met at 10.30 a.m., pursuant to the proclamation of His Excellency the Governor-General. The Clerk read the proclamation. page 3 OPENING OF THE PARLIAMENT The Usher of the Black Rod, being announced, was admitted, and delivered the message that the Deputy of the GovernorGeneral for the Opening of the Parliament requested the attendance of honourable members in the Senate chamber forthwith. (Honourable members attended accordingly, and having returned) The Deputy authorised by the GovernorGeneral to administer the oath or affirmation entered the chamber. The Clerk read the commission authorising the Right Honourable Sir Douglas Ian Menzies, K.B.E., Justice of the High Court of Australia, to administer the oath or affirmation of allegiance to the Queen required by the Constitution to be taken or made by members of the House of Representatives. The Clerk laid on the table returns to 127 writs for the election of members of the House of Representatives held on 18th May 1974. The following honourable members, with the exception of Mr Adrian Frank Bennett, Mr Peter Hertford Drummond, Mr Henry Arthur Hewson, Mr Ian Malcolm Macphee, Mr Frank Lionel O’Keefe and Mr Laurie George Wallis who were not present, made and subscribed the oath of allegiance: Adermann, Albert Evan, Fisher, Queensland Anthony, John Douglas, Richmond, New South Wales Armitage, John Lindsay, Chifley, New South Wales Barnard, Lance Herbert, Bass, Tasmania Beazley, Kim Edward, Fremantle, Western Australia Berinson, Joseph Max, Perth, Western Australia Bonnett, Robert Noel, Herbert, Queensland Bourchier, John William, Bendigo, Victoria Bowen, Lionel Frost, Kingsford-Smith, New South Wales Bryant, Gordon Munro, Wills, Victoria Bungey, Melville Harold, Canning, Western Australia page 3 AUSTRALIA page 3 PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES page 3 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Hansard 1974 page 3 FIRST SESSION OF THE TWENTY-NINTH PARLIAMENT (First Period) The House of Representatives was, by proclamation, dissolved on 11 April 1974. The Twenty-ninth Parliament was convened for the dispatch of business on 9 July 1974, and the First Session commenced on that day. Cairns, Kevin Michael, Lilley, Queensland Calder, Stephen Edward, Northern Territory Cameron, Clyde Robert, Hindmarsh, South Australia Cameron, Donald Milner, Griffith, Queensland Chipp, Donald Leslie, Hotham, Victoria Cohen, Barry, Robertson, New South Wales Collard, Frederick Walter, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia Connolly, David Miles, Bradfield, New South Wales Connor, Reginald Francis Xavier, Cunningham, New South Wales Cope, James Francis, Sydney, New South Wales Corbett, James, Maranoa, Queensland Crean, Frank, Melbourne Ports, Victoria Cross, Manfred Douglas, Brisbane, Queensland Daly, Frederick Michael, Grayndler, New South Wales Davies, Ronald, Braddon, Tasmania Drury, Edward Nigel, Ryan, Queensland Duthie, Gilbert William Arthur, Wilmot, Tasmania Edwards, Harold Raymond, Berowra, New South Wales Ellicott, Robert James, Wentworth, New South Wales England, John Armstrong, Calare, New South Wales Erwin, George Dudley, Ballaarat, Victoria Fairbairn, David Eric, Farrer, New South Wales Fisher, Peter Stanley, Mallee, Victoria Fitzpatrick, John, Darling, New South Wales Forbes, Alexander James, Barker, South Australia Fraser, John Malcolm, Wannon, Victoria Fulton, William John, Leichhardt, Queensland Garland, Ransley Victor, Curtin, Western Australia Garrick, Horace James, Batman, Victoria Giles, Geoffrey O’Halloran, Angas, South Australia . Gorton, John Grey, Higgins, Victoria Hayden, William George, Oxley, Queensland Hodges, John Charles, Petrie, Queensland Holten, Rendle McNeilage, Indi, Victoria Howard, John Winston, Bennelong, New South Wales Hunt, Ralph James Dunnet, Gwydir, New South Wales Hurford, Christopher John, Adelaide, South Australia Hyde, John Martin, Moore, Western Australia Innes, Urquhart Edward, Melbourne, Victoria Jacobi, Ralph, Hawker, South Australia James, Albert William, Hunter, New South Wales Jarman, Alan William, Deakin, Victoria Jenkins, Henry Alfred, Scullin, Victoria Johnson, Leonard Keith, Burke, Victoria Johnson, Leslie Royston, Hughes, New South Wales Jones, Charles Keith, Newcastle, New South Wales Katter, Robert Cummin, Kennedy, Queensland Keating, Paul John, Blaxland, New South Wales Kelly, Charles Robert, Wakefield, South Australia Keogh, Leonard Joseph, Bowman, Queensland Kerin, John Charles, Macarthur, New South Wales Killen, Denis James, Moreton, Queensland King, Robert Shannon, Wimmera, Victoria Lloyd, Bruce, Murray, Victoria Luchetti, Anthony Sylvester, Macquarie, New South Wales Lucock, Philip Ernest, Lyne, New South Wales Lusher, Stephen Augustus, Hume, New South Wales Lynch, Phillip Reginald, Flinders, Victoria MacKellar, Michael John Randal, Warringah, New South Wales McKenzie, David Charles, Diamond Valley, Victoria 4 REPRESENTATIVES 9 July 1974 Members Sworn McLeay, John Elden, Boothby, South Australia McMahon, William, Lowe, New South Wales McVeigh, Daniel Thomas, Darling Downs, Queensland Martin, Vincent Joseph, Banks, New South Wales Millar, Percival Clarence, Wide Bay, Queensland Morris, Peter Frederick, Shortland, New South Wales Morrison, William Lawrence, St George, New South Wales Mulder, Allan William, Evans, New South Wales Nicholls, Martin Henry, Bonython, South Australia Nixon, Peter James, Gippsland, Victoria Oldmeadow, Maxwell Wilkinson, Holt, Victoria Patterson, Rex Alan, Dawson, Queensland Peacock, Andrew Sharp, Kooyong, Victoria Reynolds, Leonard James, Barton, New South Wales Riordan, Joseph Martin, Phillip, New South Wales Robinson, Eric Laidlaw, McPherson, Queensland Robinson, Ian Louis, Cowper, New South Wales Ruddock, Philip Maxwell, Parramatta, New South Wales Scholes, Gordon Glen Denton, Corio, Victoria Sherry, Raymond Henry, Franklin, Tasmania Sinclair, Ian McCahon, New England, New South Wales Snedden, Billy Mackie, Bruce, Victoria Staley, Anthony Allan, Chisholm, Victoria Stewart, Francis Eugene, Lang, New South Wales Street, Anthony Austin, Corangamite, Victoria Sullivan, John William, Riverina, New South Wales Thorburn, Ray William, Cook, New South Wales Viner, Robert Ian, Stirling, Western Australia Wentworth, William Charles, Mackellar, New South Wales Whan, Robert Bruce, Eden-Monaro, New South Wales Whitlam, Edward Gough, Werriwa, New South Wales Wilson, Ian Bonython Cameron, Sturt, South Australia The following honourable members made and subscribed an affirmation of allegiance: Cairns, James Ford, Lalor, Victoria Cass, Moses Henry, Maribyrnong, Victoria Child, Gloria Joan Liles, Henty, Victoria Clayton, Gareth, Isaacs, Victoria Coates, John, Denison, Tasmania Dawkins, John Sydney, Tangney, Western Australia Enderby, Keppel Earl, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory Everingham, Douglas Nixon, Capricornia, Queensland Fry, Kenneth Lionel, Fraser, Australian Capital Territory Gun, Richard Townsend, Kingston, South Australia Klugman, Richard Emanuel, Prospect, New South Wales Lamb, Antony Hamilton, La Trobe, Victoria Mathews, Charles Race Thorson, Casey, Victoria Uren, Thomas, Reid, New South Wales Willis, Ralph, Gellibrand, Victoria Young, Michael Jerome, Port Adelaide, page 5 MR SPEAKER Election The Clerk: – Honourable members, the next business of the House is the election of a member as Speaker. Mr RIORDAN: Phillip – I propose to the House for its Speaker,MrCope, and move: That the honourable member for Sydney (Mr Cope) do take the Chair of this House as Speaker. Mr Cross: – I second the nomination. Mr Cope: – I accept the nomination. Mr LYNCH: Flinders – I propose to the House for its Speaker, Mr Giles, and move: That the honourable member for Angas (Mr Giles) do take the Chair of this House as Speaker. Mr Sinclair: – I second the nomination. Mr Giles: – I accept the nomination. (The time for further proposals having expired) Mr RIORDAN (Phillip)- The honourable member for Sydney has been a member of this House for more than 19 years. During that time he has acquitted himself well in the important task of being Speaker of this House. Mr Cope has represented his electorate with dedication, sincerity and distinction during the whole of that period. He enjoys the massive support of the persons he represents in this place. He is, indeed, a worthy person to be proposed as the Speaker of this Parliament. He is one whose attitudes have not changed as a result of success he has achieved. He is one who has attempted to keep order in this House, particularly amongst some who do not appreciate or understand normal courtesies which are often practised in places of lesser importance in the community. He is one who has shown equal courtesy, in his application of his duties to the humble and exalted alike. Mr Cope was Speaker during the twenty-eighth Parliament and during that time he had many difficult tasks to perform. As one often looks across this chamber one often wonders where the courtesy has gone. The office of Speaker is not an easy position to occupy. I have great confidence that Mr Cope will again exert his best influence and his best efforts to ensure that the affairs of this Parliament and this House are conducted in a manner befitting the traditions of the honour which has been bestowed and the responsibility which has been imposed on every member who is elected to this House. Mr Cope occupied the position of Mr Speaker in the last Parliament with very great distinction. He showed great tolerance in many difficult situations. His knowledge of the Standing Orders and procedures of the House is beyond question. He conducted himself in the discharge of his duties in an impartial manner and was fair and just to every member from both sides of this House. In tense situations, he displayed an ability to act with firmness and good humour, his quick wit often taking the heat out of debates in this Parliament. The task of maintaining order in this House is a very difficult one. A particular ability is required - an ability which Mr Cope possesses. There is important work to be done in this Parliament. This House is the place where the people’s voice is to be heard; it is the cornerstone of democracy in Australia. The role of the Speaker is to ensure that rules of debate determined by this House for its own conduct are applied without fear or favour. In my view - and I believe in the collective opinion of this House - Mr Cope is the member best qualified for this important task. I unhesitatingly request this House to support the nomination made by me and seconded by my friend from Brisbane for the election of Mr Cope to be the Speaker of this House. The nomination should be carried unanimously. If it is dealt with on the basis of justice and equity it will be determined in that way. Mr LYNCH (Flinders)- The office of Speaker has evolved over 600 years of British parliamentary history. The first holder of this office was officially installed in 1377. The role of the Speaker has developed through history from the status of the Crown’s nominee to its present function which is characterised by an impartial commitment to the process of democratic government. The Speakership has been correctly described as the non-political embodiment of the House as a whole. Mr Clerk, all parties and all members in the national Parliament have a right to expect objectivity, fairness and independence from the Speaker of this House. At the commencement of the 28th Australian Parliament, the Opposition declined to put forward a nomination for the office of Speaker. We did so as a reflection of our confidence in the office of the Speakership and the precedents established by successive incumbents of that office in this Parliament. The Opposition parties today nominate the honourable member for Angas (Mr Giles) for 2 reasons. The first reason is his long and distinguished record in this House and his personal qualities which make him eminently fitted for the Speakership of this House. Secondly, Mr Clerk, we believe that the principles of impartiality and fairness have not been upheld since the commencement of the Twenty-eighth Parliament under the Speakership of the honourable member for Sydney whose nomination for Speaker of this new Parliament is now before us. May I say that the nomination of a member for the position of Speaker was not a matter on which members on the Government benches were unanimous. This fact must reflect the concern that a number of members of the Government Party have as regards the qualifications of the nominee now proposed. The honourable member for Angas was first elected to this House in 1964, having previously served 5 years in the Parliament of South Australia. Since that time, he has been re-elected at successive general elections in 1966, 1969, 1972 and 1974. Mr Clerk, he has given distinguished service to committees of the Parliament and on Australian parliamentary delegations in South East Asia, Europe and the United States of America. He is a former Deputy Opposition Whip and he carried out the requirements of that office in an exemplary fashion. Mr Philip Laundy, an authoritative writer on the role of Speaker in Parliament has said: It is parliamentary rather than legal experience which is the first requirement of a Speaker. The Speaker must have an intimate understanding of parliamentary life, of the problems of Members collectively and individually, of the moods and foibles of the House. This is an experience which can be acquired only from many years spent on the benches of the House itself. He must have a deep seated reverence for the institution of Parliament, an under-, standing of what lies behind the outward ceremony and a faith in democratic government. The writer goes on to describe those inimitable qualities which must grace the incumbent of the speakership of a great national Parliament such as this. Integrity, judgment, common sense, patience, tact, a sense of humour, presence of mind, and firmness tempered with kindliness are the qualities, in addition to impartiality, which are required. I put to the House today that these qualities are held in ample measures by the honourable member for Angas. We believe that the interests of this Parliament demand a return to the impartiality and dignity of the speakership exhibited by successive previous holders of this office. The honourable member for Angas has the unanimous support of members of the Opposition parties. I commend that nomination to the House. Mr CROSS: Brisbane - Mr Clerk, as the seconder of Mr Cope’s nomination I wish to speak in support of that nomination. Mr Cope, the honourable Member for Sydney, was the Speaker of this House in the last Parliament during which time he showed those qualities of impartiality and fairness to which the honourable member for Flinders (Mr Lynch) referred. The honourable member for Sydney is a man of wide parliamentary experience. He was elected to this House in 1955 as the member for Cook. On the abolition of that seat through redistribution he served as the member for Watson and again, following a further redistribution, as the member for Sydney. The Speaker, of course, not only presides over the debates in this House but also is associated, in conjunction with the Clerk, in the management of all other affairs of the House and of the Joint House Department which call for his day to day action. I think that honourable members would all agree that Mr Speaker Cope has been a very approachable person and has been assiduous in his attention to his duties. For 2 parliaments prior to his election to the high office of Speaker at the start of the last Parliament Mr Cope was a Deputy Chairman of Committees. If one looks at his record in the Parliamentary Handbook one finds reference to his attendance at conferences of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, the Inter-Parliamentary Union and parliamentary delegations to South East Asia, East Asia, and elsewhere. Attached to his experience is also an experience in local government. I think that members of this House in their wisdom will agree that these qualities well fit the honourable member for Sydney to discharge this high and important office. The point was made that there was a ballot .within the Government party for the position of Speaker. That reflects the democratic tradition of the Australian Labor Party and is a departure from the authoritarian system in force on the other side. Mr Cope in his words and deeds in the former Parliament showed his respect for that democratic tradition. I ask the House to uphold that tradition by supporting his candidature. Mr SINCLAIR: New England – On behalf of members of the Australian Country Party I would like to join with the Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party in saying that we believe that the honourable member for Angas has qualities which we see as eminently suiting him for the occupancy of the position of Speaker in this chamber. We are concerned at the fact that it is necessary, as we see it, for the Opposition parties to put up a nominee for this position. Honourable members who were here in the last Parliament will recall that after the December 1972 election the position of Speaker was not contested. But on this occasion the qualities which my colleague the honourable member for Flinders has expressed as being necessary in the person who is the Speaker in this chamber have been demonstrated to be lacking in many instances in him who is the Labor Government’s nominee. It is interesting that within the Labor Party Caucus obviously many felt that they did not have confidence in the honourable member for Sydney. The voting within Caucus was remarkably close. Of course, not only one person contested that position; there were a number of persons, all of whom obviously believed, as they offered themselves as candidates for election as Speaker, that either they had better qualities or that the man who is the nominee of the Government is unsuited to hold the position of Speaker. So today we have the farcical representation of apparently unanimous support from Government supporters for the honourable member for Sydney. Mr Snedden: – It will be interesting to see whether he has it. Mr SINCLAIR: – As my Leader says, it will be interesting to see whether he has it. As Speaker the honourable member for Sydney was responsible for putting out of this chamber more honourable members than any previous Labor Government Speaker. That of itself demonstrates his incapacity to hold the position for which he has been nominated today. But, Mr Clerk, in addition - I know that the Leader of the House (Mr Daly) has some responsibility for this - as Speaker, Mr Cope has let through more guillotine motions than any previous Speaker. In other words the man who is charged with the responsibility of custodian of parliamentary practice in this place has permitted that practice to be distorted and abbreviated in a manner which is. totally unacceptable to the normal practice of parliamentary democracy. In contrast the honourable member for Angas is a person eminently suited to exercise the wise and valid judgment which we believe is necessary in a Speaker in this chamber. He is a man with long experience in parliamentary procedures not only in the Federal Parliament but also in a State parliament. He is a man who in his attendance to the duties of Deputy Whip on our side of the Parliament, both in government and in opposition, has demonstrated a capacity to participate in parliamentary debate which puts him in a position of considerable distinction among all honourable members from both sides of the chamber. Finally, in relation to the honourable member for Angas, I refer to some qualities which Mr Philip Laundy in “The Office of Speaker’ states as being necessary in the occupant of that office. He states: There are many times when the good Speaker deems it judicious to turn a blind eye or a deaf ear to a breach of discipline, as when an impetuous remark is made in a flash of anger without being deliberately calculated to offend. He will not invoke the letter of the law at every opportunity. He will avoid a rigid application of the Standing Orders and will not allow an over-technical interpretation of the rules of procedure to restrict debate. Mr Clerk, those qualities are present in the honourable member for Angas. Regrettably they are not present in the honourable member for Sydney. I therefore have much pleasure in seconding the nomination of Mr Giles as Speaker of this chamber. Mr SCHOLES: Corio – The position of Speaker of this House as of the presiding officer in the other place, where Senator O’Byrne has just been elected President, is one of great difficulty and one which requires experience in chairmanship and in Parliament. Both these facts have been stated before by other speakers. Mr Cope has been a member of this Parliament since 1954. He is a very experienced chairman within this Parliament. During the past 18 months he has occupied the chair during a very difficult period in the life of this Parliament. Many of these difficulties have been created by the fact that certain members of the Opposition have found it very difficult to live with Standing Orders which they imposed on this House in order to give Ministers certain privileges in the House. It has now become apparent to them that life in Opposition is not the same as it was in Government. The Standing Orders have not been altered by this Government. The persons who framed Standing Orders to give privileges to Ministers have found that the frustrations of Opposition, which they did not expect to experience, are not in the best interests of the Parliament. The Speaker has presided in this Parliament during periods or organised and deliberate obstruction. The fact that so few honourable members were suspended from the service of this House is a tribute to the Speaker’s tolerance. Honourable members opposite have made much of the fact that some honourable members on this side of the House also sought the nomination for the position of Speaker and contested a ballot. One of the things that we on this side of the House are entitled to do is to choose the people who will represent us in the Ministry and the people who will stand for those offices in the Parliament for which they are elected by the members of the Parliament. No honourable member opposite has said whether a ballot was conducted to decide who would be the Opposition’s nominee for Speaker or whether he is the nominee of the Leader of the Opposition, who holds a dictatorial position in nominating all those honourable members who will hold office within his Party. With the exception of the Prime Minister and the Deputy Leader of the Government in the Senate, every member of the Australian Labor Party who stood for office was opposed for the office for which he was a candidate. Members are entitled to stand for election to an office. It would be surprising indeed if members forwent the opportunity to contest that position in this House. A number of honourable members did that. The fact is that when the votes were counted Mr Cope was the winner, and he won quite comfortably. I think that that is the important fact. When people are excluded from running for office that means that a party does not have enough confidence in its parliamentary members to allow them to choose the people who will sit on its front bench and not enough confidence in the party. To suggest that because they propose a ‘unanimous’ nominee of their Leader, that means that that person is the unanimous choice of their Party is, I would say, utter nonsense. I can see on the other side of the House honourable members of both Opposition Parties who are far more experienced than the present nominee for the Chair and who have far better qualities - known qualities, and I do not challenge the qualities of the honourable member for Angas - of chairmanship, tolerance and experience in this House than has the Opposition’s nominee. Had the Opposition seriously sought this position and seriously sought to put forward a person as Speaker it would have chosen a person who is known to have both those, skills and not a person who has never sat in the chair of this chamber even as a Deputy Chairman. I support the nomination of Mr Cope for Speaker. I believe that this House will serve itself ill if it does not support that nomination. Mr KILLEN: Moreton – I have no wish to hurt the feelings, as yet, of any honourable gentleman on the Government side, but I am bound to say to them, on behalf of the Opposition, that the Opposition cannot concede that the honourable member for Sydney is a latter day Solomon. One has only to look at his performance in the last Parliament and the manner in which the honourable gentleman summarily removed from our presence on a number of occasions members of the Opposition who had given but scant cause for offence. I can recall vividly the impeccable behaviour of my friend, the honourable member for Mackellar. He is possessed of no more than a very gentle spirit that seeks to express a point of view, and on several occasions that led to the honourable gentleman being removed from this place in a manner which hurt the feelings of us all. Also dealt with in this way was the honourable member for Barker. Who will forget the injured, the pained, look on the face of my friend, the honourable member for Barker, as he left the chamber? Another was the honourable member for Wannon. Mr Lynch: – What about the honourable member for Flinders? Mr KILLEN: – And the honourable member for Flinders (Mr Lynch). It is a quartet. Mr Nixon: – And the honourable member for Gippsland. Mr KILLEN: – And the honourable member for Gippsland. It rolls on. It is the role of melancholy behaviour; that is the only way to describe it. All of these honourable gentlemen have brought to the conduct of this Parliament a quiet, firm, insistent dignity. Another honourable member who was suspended was the honourable member for Kennedy. One only has to look at the countenance of the honourable member for Kennedy to realise that he is almost in a state of grace. Imagine him giving offence. Yet the honourable member for Sydney named him. It would hurt me, it would pain me, if I were to detail all of the blemishes that we have apprehended on the part of the honourable member for Sydney. Indeed, that would detain us in this place beyond the point of forbearance. On the other hand, we come to the splendid, lively qualities of the honourable member for Angas. He, in his own way, has brought to this Parliament a great feel for the parliamentary institution. He brings to parliamentary activity a quiet, insinuating sense of humour, but beyond that he brings to the Parliament a very profound understanding of what Parliament is all about. This is the judgment which will be made by all honourable members. Having regard to the massive sense of impartiality that pervades the Government side, I am quite sure that a number of honourable members on that side will join the Opposition when the vote is taken. Mr DALY: Minister for Services and Property and Leader of the House · Grayndler · ALP – I support the nomination of the honourable member for Sydney (Mr Cope) for the reasons that have been stated by the honourable members who proposed, seconded and supported his nomination. Undoubtedly, he is one of the outstanding Speakers that this Parliament has produced. I was interested today to hear the Deputy Leader of the Opposition go back to 1377, to the time of the choice of the first Speaker. He said that the honourable member for Angas is eminently fitted for the task of being Speaker. He said that the honourable member for Angas has judgment, tolerance, understanding and all those other abilities which are so necessary. He may have them but they are extremely well hidden. The honourable member evidently was not good enough to be promoted to the position of Whip, but the Opposition has decided that he should be the speaker. The honourable member for Lilley said in this Parliament on one occasion that he would not accept the lowly position of Deputy Whip if he had to serve under a former Prime Minister. This is the lowly position from which the honourable member from Angas has come. Now the Opposition seeks to put him in the exalted position of presiding over this House with all the tolerance, understanding and knowledge that are necessary. It would be almost ludicrous if it were not so serious. Who seconded the nomination of the honourable member for Angas? It was the most obstreperous member of the Parliament, the Deputy Leader of the Australian Country Party. He has broken more rules than anybody knows. He works under Rafferty’s rules exclusively and wonders why the Speaker calls him to order. I wonder whether a deal has been made. I wonder whether he will be allowed full rein should the honourable member for Angas be put in the position of Speaker. The Deputy Leader of the Opposition blamed the honourable member for Sydney for using the guillotine. Last session I was the one who was blamed. I congratulate the honourable member on his change of front, because it shows that he was not aware of all the facts. When I heard the honourable member for Morton defending the conduct of the honourable member for Mackellar when supporting the appointment of the honourable member for Angas as against the honourable member for Sydney, I thought we had reached the very heights. As honourable members know, the fact of the matter is that those honourable members who have been defended today - the honourable member for Sydney who is about to be appointed as Speaker of this chamber knows this - undoubtedly were the ones who caused him the most trouble in the last Parliament. Yet today they are the sponsors of the nominee whom they want to take his place. Let me remind the House that when the honourable member for Sydney was appointed as Speaker on 27 February 1973 he was appointed unanimously. He received congratulations and good wishes from members from both sides of the House, from the Leader of the Opposition and the Leader of the Australian Country Party. The Leader of the Opposition, who will find out shortly that he lost the election - I repeat it; and in another place they reckon that is right, too - said on the occasion of the honourable member for Sydney being elected as Mr Speaker: We know that you have served long in this Parliament; we know that you know the volatility of this House; we know your own periodic bad temper; and we know your ever ready flow of wit. What a compliment from the Leader of the Opposition. He went on to say: We on this side of the House will co-operate. We will not interject while you are speaking, provided that you do not speak for too long. We will be courteous at all times . . . The Leader of the Country Party said on that occasion: I congratulate you on your unanimous election to the position of the supreme office bearer of the House of Representatives … In the period in which you were a private member of the House of Representatives, members of the Country Party who were members of those earlier Parliaments knew you and liked you as a person. Why has there been this change of front? The Leader of the Country Party continued: They believed that you were a man of honour. We believe that you can fulfil the role that has been cast These are the types of things that honourable members opposite said. Let me say to the honourable member for Sydney - Mr Speakerelect - that you possess that rare quality, so valuable in your exalted position in this House as Speaker, of being able to divorce politics from the duties and responsibilities of that onerous office. You are unbiased and impartial, and I feel that in every way you will continue your illustrious career in that office following, as you say you do, the examples of previous Speakers appointed over the last 27 years by those opposite. I feel that no comparison at all can be made between the qualities of the honourable members seeking this position. I commend Mr Cope to the House, and I base that commendation, amongst other things, on his experience and the knowledge and the dignity with which he carried out those tasks previously. He received commendations from honourable members opposite until they decided that they would not obey the rules of this place and you had to take appropriate action. The record of the Opposition in the last Parliament was one ofwhich it could not be proud. Several members from that side of the chamber were suspended from time to time because of misconduct. Not one honourable member on this side had occasion to be called to order. Therefore I suggest that the honourable member for Sydney is the one to occupy the office of Mr Speaker. Mr WENTWORTH: Mackellar – In some ways we have departed from the practices followed by the House of Commons, and in one way which is relevant I am not certain that the Australian Parliament has acted wisely. It has been the custom in this Parliament for a speaker to be elected from the Government side. In the House of Commons the Speaker is believed to stand and generally does stand above the political maelstrom. I think there is a case to be made out for having a Speaker who is not elected from the Government side. In this respect perhaps we might return to the traditional wisdom of the House of Commons and adopt what has not been the Australian parliamentary practice but what does seem to be the practice in other parts of the world. It is very invidious for a Speaker who is elected from the Government side and is be The Speaker had invidious duties to perform in the past Parliament. When the verisimilitude of the Prime Minister was called into question and when we knew that the Prime Minister had been deliberately making false statements to this House, it was quite invidious to ask the Speaker, who came from the Government side, to bring the honourable gentleman to order. He had to defend the Prime Minister against charges of lying and use his position as Speaker in order to do Mr Speaker 9 July 1974 REPRESENTATIVES 11 {: #subdebate-6-0-s9 .speaker-JSU} ##### Mr BRYANT: Minister for the Capital Territory · Wills · ALP -- Honourable members from the other side told us earlier that the honourable member for Angas (Mr Giles) had been chosen unanimously as candidate for the Speakership of this House. Our friend, the honourable member for Mackellar (Mr Wentworth) has just spilled the beans: The honourable member for Angas was not chosen unanimously. We have heard a fine series of orations this morning from our friends opposite. I was not surpirsed at the tone of them because I understand that the honourable member for Angas is a noted breeder of bulls. We are here this morning to choose the man - or perhaps the woman - to preside over this House. Our friends opposite have chosen to place before us the bright product of an authoritarian system and I simply rise this morning to remind my colleagues of the parliamentary record of the honourable member for Angas. While he was Deputy Whip of the Government parties he used the guillotine and applied the gag more than anybody else in history could have done. I suggest that honourable members do as I have done and just take at random one series of the Hansard record for 1972, the last period in which the honourable member for Angas held that high and exalted office. My copy of Hansard fell open at page 2833 of 18 May, where it states: >Motion (by Mr Giles) put: > >That the question be now put. A flick through the pages will reveal the record of the honourable member for Angas for everybody to see. Honourable members can try it for themselves. They will see how the debate stops and is followed by lists of members voting. Let me quote from page 3005 of 24 May 1972. This was not just a weekly aberration; those who were here in 1972 will remember that it was almost an hourly aberration. This particular action was a sin of great magnitude. The Hansard record states: {: #subdebate-6-0-s10 .speaker-JSU} ##### Mr BRYANT: Wills · ALP - 'Mr Deputy Speaker- Motion (by Mr Giles) agreed to: That the question be now put. {: #subdebate-6-0-s11 .speaker-K5O} ##### Mr CORBETT: Maranoa -- It is interesting to hear the treatise of the Minister for the Capital Territory (Mr Bryant), who just sat down, and who has a record of defying parliamentary procedure by not leaving the House when he was suspended. This is the man who got up as the great proponent of the rights of the honourable members of this House. Although suspended he sat in his place with Australian Labor Party members around him. He would not go. He would not abide by the orders of the House until the Speaker had to suspend the sitting. That is the record of the Minister for the Capital Territory. So he certainly should not be speaking about who is to be the Speaker in this House when hehimself will not obey the Speaker. As my friend the honourable member for Mackellar (Mr Wentworth) asked: How much notice can one take of the Minister for Services and Property (Mr Daly) when he has said in this House that honourable members of the Australian Country Party have never been elected on the first ballot? It was proved to him that they have been. My friend said that the Minister tried to change Hansard, but in any case the Minister has never withdrawn that allegation and it still stands to his discredit. Those 2 Ministers are the people who are backing the Government nominee. How much 12 REPRESENTATIVES 9 July 1974 Mr Speaker notice can be taken of them? How much worse they are by comparison with the honourable member for Angas who has done his duty as Deputy Whip of his Party and has done it well. There are times, as everyone in this House would know, when the gag has to be moved, and it is moved by the Deputy Whip on so many occasions. To accuse the honourable member for Angas of being unfair because he did something which is generally accepted and which was necessary on occasions is unfair in the extreme. I think that the Minister for Services and Property said that the Government's nominee was the most outstanding Speaker. I think that he was just slightly out. He should have said that he was the most out-sending Speaker because he sent so many people out of this Parliament in the course of his time as Speaker. On at least one occasion he did not give a warning. I believe that to be tolerant and impartial a Speaker should give a warning to an honourable member before he is suspended unless the honourable member is acting completely irresponsibly in the circumstances. That did not apply on the occasion I have in mind. So there are reasons why we on this side of the House are nominating the honourable member for Angas, who we feel is eminently suited to fill this very responsible and honourable position. The fact that the Opposition did not nominate someone on the last occasion is not any indication that we, after having served in the previous Parliament under the previous Speaker, should not now nominate someone if we are not satisfied with the impartiality of the Speaker of the last Parliament. That is our right. That is our duty if we feel that it is necessary and I believe that in the nomination of the honourable member for Angas we have chosen someone who would be impartial and who would be able to fulfil the responsible position of Speaker of this House with credit to himself and to the great advantage of this Parliament. I have very much pleasure in supporting the nomination of the honourable member for Angas. {: .speaker-10000} ##### The Clerk: -- In accordance with the Standing Orders a ballot will be taken. Before proceeding to ballot, the bells will be rung for 2 minutes. (The bells having been rung.) {: .speaker-10000} ##### The Clerk: -- I have to announce the result of the ballot as follows: Mr Cope, 63 votes; Mr Giles, 57 votes. Mr Cope is therefore declared elected. {: #subdebate-6-0-s12 .speaker-10000} ##### MR SPEAKER: Hon. J. F. Cope -- I wish to express my grateful thanks for the high honour which the House has seen fit to confer upon me. (Mr Speaker having seated himself in the Chair.) {: .speaker-10000} ##### Mr SPEAKER: -- I call the Prime Minister. {: #subdebate-6-0-s13 .speaker-6U4} ##### Mr WHITLAM: Prime Minister · Werriwa · ALP -- Mr Speaker, you have had for the past 16 months the task of presiding over this House. When we congratulated you upon your attaining the great office of Speaker, barely 16 months ago, we scarcely thought that we would have the privilege of again electing you and of again congratulating you so shortly thereafter. You have presided over us during a momentous period in Australia's history and a stirring time in the history of this Parliament - a stirring time and, I fear, all too often, a turbulent parliament. You have been well and truly blooded. It may be - who knows - that you may soon have a larger task and that the good order of this chamber may be challenged by an infusion of others less obedient and less decorous. In such an event we look to you with confidence to preserve the same good order as you have preserved and will continue to preserve in our chamber. {: #subdebate-6-0-s14 .speaker-DQF} ##### Mr SNEDDEN: Leader of the Opposition · Bruce -- In 1973, Mr Speaker, I congratulated you on your unanimous appointment by this House as its speaker. At that time, I told you that we had no experience of you as a Speaker but that we admired you as a man and admired your characteristics as a man. We felt confident at that time that you would conduct the Chair in a manner which was suitable to the best traditions of Parliament. {: .speaker-SH4} ##### Dr Klugman: -- The last time you were right! {: .speaker-10000} ##### Mr SPEAKER: -- Interjections are out of order. I call the Leader of the Opposition. {: .speaker-DQF} ##### Mr SNEDDEN: -- We have now had experience of you, Mr Speaker. I must say to you that we would hope that in this coming parliamentary period you will be able to see that this is a volatile place, that people, on occasion, will want to defend their rights as strongly as they know how, and that you, Mr Speaker, have a responsibility to ensure that every member of this House has his rights assured through your agency. We look forward to your doing that. You must accept that when, in our judgment, you fail to do so we will draw your attention to it. We will use whatever means we can to redress any errors that we believe you have made in the interests of maintaining the freedom of action of the members on this side of the House. Having said that, Mr Speaker, I congratulate you on your return to office. It was said earlier today that there may be errors in the practice of this Parliament of selecting its Speaker from the majority of the House. I share that view. I would like to see the position of Speaker become superior to Party politics and a situation where a member with a safe seat occupying that Chair can continue uncontested and remain Speaker. That is not for tomorrow but it must be for the future if this Parliament is to have the dignity that it ought to have. I want to put that on record. The other thing that I say to you, Mr Speaker - I am sure you will accept it in the spirit in which it is said - is that I do hope you will be able to say that magical word 'order' with a slightly different intonation. {: .speaker-10000} ##### Mr SPEAKER: -- I say it every morning before breakfast. {: .speaker-DQF} ##### Mr SNEDDEN: -- It is good to know you practice it, Mr Speaker. I hope that when you do use the word 'order', as you must, you will apply it just as readily to members on the Government side of the House as to members on this side of the House. We will cooperate with you, and what we want from you, Mr Speaker, is your co-operation with and understanding of us and our role in this Parliament which we are determined to play and which we will play. {: #subdebate-6-0-s15 .speaker-BU4} ##### Mr ANTHONY: Leader of the Australian Country Party · Richmond -- Mr Speaker, on behalf of my Party I congratulate you on being re-elected to this august position, the supreme position in this House. Members of my Party along with all other members recognise the importance of maintaining law and order in this Parliament so that the proper procedures can be carried out. When you were first elected, I congratulated you. I made personal remarks about you as a person whom we liked and respected and who had a great sense of humour. I do not deviate from those remarks. It is a genuine feeling of my Party that we have a very likeable person as Speaker. I believe that you, Mr Speaker, have the qualities and the attributes to make a very talented Speaker of this Parliament. However, the experience of the previous 18 months did see a few lapses in your impartiality and those lapses caused considerable concern. It was this concern that caused the Opposition parties to contest the position today. You have won it, and we respect the fact that you now hold this very important position. The volatile reaction of the Opposition during the last Parliament was brought about largely by the provocative actions of the Leader of the House (Mr Daly). I know that it was difficult for you to give a ruling that did not discriminate against a Party colleague. There were also occasions when we felt that you had been influenced in your ruling by a previous disposition towards the Prime Minister (Mr Whitlam), your Party leader. We understand that Party loyalty is a necessary quality in one, but there must be no bias whatsoever in the Speaker. Provided that you can dispense rulings from that chair with completejustice and with complete impartiality you will have the complete support of the Opposition parties. I hope that there will be no occasion on which you will have to use a heavy hand against members of the Opposition. But if we see a repetition of the incidents that were created by the Leader of the House I can well imagine that there will be stirrings in our ranks and that you will find yourself in a difficult position. I hope that does not happen because the Opposition wants to see this House maintained in an orderly manner. I say again: Congratulations and best wishes in carrying out what is a very onerous and important position. {: .speaker-10000} ##### Mr SPEAKER: -- I should like to thank the Prime Minister (Mr Whitlam), the Leader of the Opposition (Mr Snedden) and the Leader of the Australian Country Party (Mr Anthony) for their words of eulogy and for their constructive criticism. I was the Speaker of this House for approximately 14 or 15 months during which time I served an apprenticeship. I think that I have learnt quite a lot from it. I hope to improve as all honourable members would hope to improve. That would apply even to the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition. There is always room for improvement. When I was elected to the position of Speaker in the last Parliament it was my aim to emulate the deeds of Sir John McLeay and Sir William Aston, who were my two immediate predecessors and who I believe carried out their duties in an impartial manner. At times they were faced with the same problems as I was faced with in the last Parliament, although I will admit not quite so many. If the honourable members would like to go through Hansard and check the rulings of the two gentlemen I have just mentioned they would see that my rulings are in conformity with the rulings made by them. So before any destructive criticism is made about some of my rulings I ask honourable members to peruse Hansard to see the rulings that were made by my predecessors. Again I would like to say thanks very much to the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition and the Leader of the Australian Country Party for their words of eulogy and congratulation. {: .page-start } page 15 {:#debate-7} ### PRESENTATION TO GOVERNOR-GENERAL {: #debate-7-s0 .speaker-6U4} ##### Mr WHITLAM: Prime Minister · Werriwa · ALP -- I have ascertained that it will be His Excellency's pleasure to receive the Speaker in the Library of the Parliament this day at 2.42 p.m. {: #debate-7-s1 .speaker-10000} ##### Mr SPEAKER: -- Prior to my presentation to His Excellency the Governor-General this afternoon, the bells will ring for 3 minutes so that honourable members may attend in the chamber and accompany the Speaker to the Library, when they may, if they so wish, be introduced to His Excellency. Sitting suspended from 12.33 to 2.41 p.m. (The House proceeded to the Library, and, being reassembled.) {: .speaker-10000} ##### Mr SPEAKER: -- I have to report that, accompanied by honourable members, I this day proceeded to the Library of the Parliament and presented myself to His Excellency the Governor-General as the choice of the House and that His Excellency was kind enough to congratulate me on my election as Speaker. {: .page-start } page 15 {:#debate-8} ### COMMISSION TO ADMINISTER OATH {: #debate-8-s0 .speaker-10000} ##### Mr SPEAKER: -- His Excellency also presented to me his commission authorising me to administer to members the oath or affirmation of allegiance. I now lay the commission on the table. {: .page-start } page 15 {:#debate-9} ### MEMBERS SWORN The following honourable member made and subscribed the oath of allegiance: Bennett, Adrian Frank, Swan, Western Australia. The following honourable member made and subscribed an affirmation of allegiance: Wallis, Laurie George, Grey, South Australia. {: .page-start } page 15 {:#debate-10} ### MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL The Usher of the Black Rod, being announced, was admitted, and delivered a message that His Excellency the GovernorGeneral desired the attendance of honourable members in the Senate chamber forthwith. (Mr Speaker and honourable members attended accordingly and, having returned) {: .page-start } page 15 {:#debate-11} ### MINISTERIAL ARRANGEMENTS {: #debate-11-s0 .speaker-6U4} ##### Mr WHITLAM: Prime Minister · Werriwa · ALP -- Mr Speaker, I have the honour to inform the House that the Ministry is as follows: {:#subdebate-11-0} #### Prime Minister - The Honourable E. G. Whitlam, Q.C {:#subdebate-11-1} #### Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Overseas Trade - The Honourable Jim Cairns {:#subdebate-11-2} #### Minister for Minerals and Energy - The Honourable R. F. X. Connor {:#subdebate-11-3} #### Minister for Social Security - The Honourable Bill Hayden Leader of the Government in the Senate, Attorney-General and Minister for Customs and Excise - Senator the Honourable Lionel Murphy, Q.C. Minister for Foreign Affairs - Senator the Honourable Don Willesee. {:#subdebate-11-4} #### Treasurer - The Honourable Frank Crean Minister for Services and Property and Leader of the House - The Honourable F. M. Daly. Minister for the Media and Manager of Government Business in the Senate - Senator the Honourable Douglas McClelland. {:#subdebate-11-5} #### Minister for Defence - The Honourable L. H. Barnard Minister for Agriculture - Senator the Honourable K. S. Wriedt. Minister for Northern Development and Minister for the Northern Territory - The Honourable Rex Patterson. {:#subdebate-11-6} #### Minister for Labor and Immigration - The Honourable Clyde R. Cameron {:#subdebate-11-7} #### Minister for Education - The Honourable Kim E. Beazley Special Minister of State and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister in Matters Relating to the Public Service - The Honourable Lionel F. Bowen. Minister for Repatriation and Compensation - Senator the Honourable J. M. Wheeldon. {:#subdebate-11-8} #### Minister for Urban and Regional Development - The Honourable Tom Uren Postmaster-General - Senator the Honourable R. Bishop. {:#subdebate-11-9} #### Minister for Housing and Construction - The Honourable Les Johnson {:#subdebate-11-10} #### Minister for Transport - The Honourable {: type="A" start="C"} 0. K. Jones. {:#subdebate-11-11} #### Minister for Health - The Honourable {: type="A" start="D"} 0. N. Everingham. {:#subdebate-11-12} #### Minister for Manufacturing Industry - The Honourable Kep Enderby, Q.C Minister for the Capital Territory - The Honourable Gordon Bryant, E.D. Minister for the Environment and Conservation - The Honourable Moss Cass. Minister for Aboriginal Affairs - Senator the Honourable J. L. Cavanagh. Minister for Science, Minister Assisting the Minister for Foreign Affairs in Matters Relating to Papua New Guinea and Minister Assisting the Minister for Defence - The Honourable W. L. Morrison. Minister for Tourism and Recreation, Vice-President of the Executive Council and Minister Assisting the Treasurer - The Honourable F. E. Stewart. Representation arrangements in the Senate are as follows: Senator Murphy will represent me and the Minister for Science; Senator Willesee will represent the Minister for Services and Property, the Special Minister of State and the Minister for the Capital Territory; Senator McClelland will represent the Minister for Education and the Minister for Tourism and Recreation; Senator Wriedt will represent the Minister for Overseas Trade, the Minister for Minerals and Energy, the Treasurer, the Minister for Northern Development and Minister for the Northern Territory, and the Minister for Manufacturing Industry; Senator Wheeldon will represent the Minister for Social Security, the Minister for Health and the Minister for the Environment and Conservation; Senator Bishop will -represent the Minister for Defence and the Minister for Labor and Immigration; Senator Cavanagh will represent the Minister for Urban and Regional Development, the Minister for Housing and Construction and the Minister for Transport. Senator Ministers will be represented as follows: I shall represent the Minister for Foreign Affairs; Dr Cairns will represent the Minister for Customs and Excise; Dr Patterson will represent the Minister for Agriculture; Mr Bowen will represent the Minister for Repatriation and Compensation and the Postmaster-General; Mr Enderby will represent the Attorney-General; Mr Bryant will represent the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs; and Mr Morrison will represent the Minister for the Media. The Government Whip is the honourable member for Bonython, Mr Nicholls, and the Deputy Whip is the honourable member for Hunter, Mr James. {: .page-start } page 16 {:#debate-12} ### LEADERSHIP OF THE OPPOSITION {: #debate-12-s0 .speaker-DQF} ##### Mr SNEDDEN: Leader of the Opposition · Bruce -- Mr Speaker, I desire to inform the House that the Parliamentary Liberal Party has elected me as its Leader and the honourable member for Flinders, Mr Lynch, as Deputy Leader. The honourable member for Curtin, Mr Garland, has been appointed Whip and the honourable member for Griffith, Mr Cameron, has been appointed Deputy Whip. {: .page-start } page 16 {:#debate-13} ### LEADERSHIP OF THE AUSTRALIAN COUNTRY PARTY {: #debate-13-s0 .speaker-BU4} ##### Mr ANTHONY: Leader of the Australian Country Party · Richmond -- Mr Speaker, I desire to inform the House that the Parliamentary Party of the Australian Country Party has elected me as its Leader, the honourable member for New England, Mr Sinclair, as its Deputy Leader and the honourable member for Calare, Mr England, as the Whip. {: .page-start } page 16 {:#debate-14} ### AUDIT BILL 1974 Bill presented by Mr Whitlam, and read a first time. {: .page-start } page 16 {:#debate-15} ### GOVERNOR-GENERAL'S SPEECH {: #debate-15-s0 .speaker-10000} ##### Mr SPEAKER: -- I have to report that the House this day attended His Excellency the Governor-General in the Senate chamber, when His Excellency was pleased to make a Speech to both Houses of the Parliament. The Speech will be included in Hansard for record purposes. (The Speech read as follows) - Senators and Members of the House of Representatives: In the elections for both Houses of Parliament on 18 May 1974, the people of Australia confirmed their decision of 2 December 1972. In preparing legislation for the 29th Parliament, my advisers have taken .the view that the first responsibility of the Government is to carry out, fully and promptly, the program for change twice endorsed by the Australian people. Developments at home and abroad have created new and, in some respects, difficult economic conditions. My advisers 'believe that this in no way lessens the obligations imposed on the Australian Government to continue and complete its program but rather heightens the sense of responsibility and challenge which it should bring during the next three years to the task of leading Australia in a time of rapid change throughout the world. The legislative burden of the session must necessarily be extremely heavy. There are certain legislative provisions which lapsed at the end of June and which should have been reenacted before then. There are agreements with the States and rural assistance programs which should have been enacted before the end of June. These measures must receive prompt attention. Further, the Government will again submit important measures put forward in fulfilment of undertakings given to the electors in 1972 and repeated by the Prime Minister during the May elections. These measures include the six Bills which were twice rejected by the Senate and whose Parliamentary history provided the grounds upon which I granted a dissolution of both Houses on 11 April. Those Bills provide for electoral reform, for Senate representation of the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory, for the implementation of the Government's undertakings on health insurance and for a Petroleum and Minerals Authority. My Government will proceed immediately with these Bills. My Government will continue vigorous efforts against inflation. Despite the world-wide nature of this problem, the Government is confident that its measures can protect the Australian economy and the Australian people from the most harmful economic and social effects of inflation. If this is to be achieved, however, it will call for restraint and responsibility on the part of all sections of the community. My Government acknowledges its duty to provide leadership in this direction. In determining priorities and in carrying out its program while continuing the fight against inflation, my Government will be guided by certain principles. These are: protection for the weaker sections of the community; a firm, commitment to the principle of full employment; equity in sharing sacrifices as well as prosperity; and the need to ensure that any deferment of expectations shall not be made at the expense of those for whom deferment could mean a lifetime of deprivation - for example, children at school and migrants. The Government will continue its measures to strengthen and modernise the Australian economy, to improve the quality of the Australian workforce, to expand Australian resources and to promote Australian control over those resources. The Government will amend the Prices Justification Act to strengthen the Prices Justification Tribunal and make its operations more effective. The Trade Practices Bill will be re-introduced to strengthen control of restrictive trade practices and to protect customers from unfair practices. Further steps will be taken to promote customer protection. There will be legislation for a Securities and Exchange Commission and a National Companies Act to achieve uniformity. The Government intends to re-introduce legislation to examine and, where needed, regulate activities of non-banking financial corporations. The Government will establish an Australian Government Insurance Office which will compete actively in all forms of insurance and which, in particular, will provide the widest possible cover for homes at the lowest possible premiums. The recommendations of the Committee on Taxation under the chairmanship of Mr Justice Asprey will toe taken into account in this year's Budget when my Government will give urgent consideration to the restructuring of the taxation system. The Government intends to extend the provisions of the income taxation laws governing deductions for dependants to provide that migrants maintaining dependant relatives oversesas shall be entitled to the taxation advantages which are already available to those maintaining dependant relatives in Australia. . A Relief Board will be set up to consider requests for relief from estate duty on grounds of serious hardship. Provision is to be made for exemptions of the matrimonial home from estate duty. The home-building industry remains overstretched despite efforts by my Government to bring about a moderate abatement in the level of activity. The Government will continue to maintain the closest watch on the position, but until balance is restored between demand and supply of resources, existing restraints must be maintained. The Government is determined to provide adequate finance for an expansion in welfare housing which has suffered severely because of inflationary conditions. This will be done as soon as circumstances permit. The Housing Agreement will be amended to permit a higher proportion of funds to be .allocated to the Home Builders' Account. Most Australian home owners and home buyers will receive relief from their interest repayment burdens through the provision of tax deductibility for mortgage interest repayments. Further measures will be taken to achieve sound industrial and resource development with the maximum Australian ownership and control. They will include reintroduction of legislation to expand the activities of the Australian Industry Development Corporation and to establish a national investment fund. The Petroleum and Minerals Authority will participate in the search for resources, assist Australian interests previously relying on foreign companies for development and progressively reduce foreign ownership and control of Australia's resources. To intensify surveillance of foreign investment, new legislation will be introduced to replace the Companies (Foreign Take-Overs) Act. A Structural Adjustment Board will be set up to supervise assistance for firms and individuals adversely affected by the Government's program of structural change in industry, in cluding the reduction of tariffs and the removal of subsidies. The Government is committed to the development of a coherent manpower policy to achieve the best possible use of the national workforce in social, economic and human terms. The reports of the Kangan Committee on Technical and Further Education and the Cochrane Committee on Adult Training and Retraining provide a valuable basis for the development of an integrated manpower strategy for Australia. There will be a Technical and Further Education Commission. Existing training schemes will be amalgamated into a single national employment and training program. Amendments to the Conciliation and Arbitration Act will be again introduced: to ensure effective observance by all parties to industrial agreements; to promote amalgamation of industrial organisations; and to rectify the problems created by conflicting and unco-ordinated Federal and State industrial laws, and urgently brought to the attention of the Australian, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australian and Western Australian Governments by the Australian Industrial Court as far back as February 1969. My Government is keenly aware of its responsibilities as Australia's largest employer. A Royal Commission has been appointed to inquire into the Australian Public Service. My Government has accepted the recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Post Office to establish an Australian Postal Commission and an Australian Telecommunications Commission (incorporating the Overseas Telecommunications Commission) and to give them control over the conditions of employment of their staffs. In recognition of the need for restraint on the growth of government spending, in the present inflationary situation, a ceiling of 2.6 per cent has been imposed on the growth of the Public Service and Government Authorities. The Australian Government seeks similar restraint on the part of State Governments. Among measures to assist the States to carry out their responsibilities, the Financial Agreement will be amended to provide for the formal take over of SI, 000m of State debts and an interest-free, non-repayable capital grant of almost $3 00m will be provided for the States' works program. Australia's sound overseas trading position is to be further enhanced by legislation: to establish an export bank; to expand the overseas investment insurance scheme; and to revise the export incentive scheme for the next five years of its operation. The Government will continue to negotiate trade agreements to provide a firm and enduring basis for increased trade with other countries. . The Government recognises the fundamental importance of the farm sector to Australia's trade and to the prosperity of the whole Australian community. The report of the working group on rural policy will greatly assist the Government, the Parliament, the Australian Department of Agriculture and the community in establishing the principles which should be adopted towards a sound rural policy for Australia. Important measures on matters affecting the farm sector will cover the new wheat stabilisation plan, financial support for wool research and promotion, adjustment assistance and marketing arrangements for the dairying industry, continuing financial assistance for major water projects in Queensland and for beef roads in Queensland and Western Australia. In co-operation with the Governments of Queensland and Western Australia, the Government will press ahead with studies of the potential of important regions in northern Australia, including the Burdekin and Bowen Basin, north-western Queensland and the Pilbara and the Kimberley regions. An Australian Science Council will be established to assist the Government, the Parliament and the community to develop a coherent national role for science and technology in our modern society. Better transport is needed for the efficient development and use of Australia's resources. The Government proposes to legislate this year for the re-establishment of the Inter-State Commission. The Commission will play a major part in the reform and co-ordination of our national transport. Legislation will be introduced on the Australian National Railways and to ratify agree ments with the States for the construction of new railway lines to Alice Springs and Adelaide and, subject to completion of the agreement, for a new urban railway line radiating from Parramatta. The Government will introduce legislation for a new Roads Assistance Scheme to provide assistance to the States over the next three years. The Australian Government will in future take responsibility for constructing and maintaining a national roads system in those areas which fall within the Government's own constitutional responsibility. It is proposed to legislate for a national authority on road safety and standards. The Government intends to introduce legislation for a rationalised system of road and urban transport assistance to the States. The Government will introduce legislation to ratify agreements with all State Governments for the provision of financial assistance for selected urban public transport projects. Participation by the national Government for the first time in Australia's history in the modernisation and reconstruction of the urban transport systems is an essential part of the participation by my Government in the modernisation and reconstruction of Australia's cities. Within the broad sweep of national priorities, my Government is determined to continue its commitments to rebuild our existing cities and to build new ones so that there will be more equal opportunities for all Australians wherever they choose to live or are obliged to live. My Government will promote these opportunities by continuing commitments to develop Land Commissions and new growth centres, the national sewerage program, area improvement programs, environment impact studies, and through the constant monitoring of resource allocation within our great urban areas. Parliament will be asked to approve legislation and administrative decisions reflecting the Government's view of the significance of the Australian Capital Territory as an area for initiatives in urban affairs and public participation in community affairs. Arising from the report of the Committee of Inquiry into the National Estate, my Government proposes to establish an Australian Heritage Commission. Legislation will be introduced to establish a National Parks and Wildlife Service. My Government regards the Great Barrier Reef as a precious part not only of Australia's heritage but of the world's heritage. The Great Barrier Reef will be reserved as a marine park. Legislation will be introduced to implement the Government's policy of ensuring that needs of the environment and the views of the public are fully considered in governmental decisions particularly in relation to projects under the control of, or funded by, the Australian Government. The Government is continuing to develop, in co-operation with the State Governments, an organisation to deal with natural disasters. The legislative program and the administrative decisions of the Australian Government represent the most concerted effort in Australia's history to promote, protect and preserve Australia's resources and to use those resources for the greatest benefit of all Australians. The primacy the Australian Government gives to our most precious resource - our children - remains undiminished. This finds special expression in the national Government's involvement in education. A major initiative in education during this Parliament will be the development and implementation of programs for the care and education of pre-school children. An Inquiry will be made into the place of the languages of major migrant groups in the school curriculum. Legislation will be introduced to establish a Curriculum Development Centre. During this Parliament the Government will be considering the Universities Commission's Report on Open Tertiary Education and the development of appropriate measures in this area. An Academic Salaries Tribunal will be established. My Government will continue its reconstruction of Australia's social security system. The National Rehabilitation and Compensation Committee under the chairmanship of Mr Justice Woodhouse of the New Zealand Court of Appeal has completed its report and it is now under consideration. An interim report of the National Superannuation Committee of Inquiry is also being studied. The next Budget will make further increases in social security and repatriation pension rates and take the next step in the abolition of the means test. It will also provide for increased assistance for the handicapped and disabled, further assistance for organisations conducting aged persons' homes and nursing homes and help for the homeless. Under new legislation, funds will be available through the Australian Assistance Plan for every region in Australia. The Government will continue to improve the health care of Australians in keeping with its constitutional responsibilities to provide hospital benefits and medical services. In addition to the two Health Insurance Bills twice rejected by the Senate during the 28th Parliament, a Bill will be introduced to regulate private health insurance associated with the Universal Health Insurance program. The Community Health Program will be further expanded. High priority will be given to a full examination of the Report on Hospitals prepared by the Hospitals and Health Services Commission. The Australian Government must play a greater role in the planning and organising of hospitals in Australia. If necessary, the Government itself will construct and operate hospitals in areas of need. The Medical Benefits scheme will be extended to cover consultations with optometrists. Legislation will be introduced to establish a Pharmaceutical Corporation to make, market and develop drugs. The Government recognises the link between the basic health and well-being of the Australian community and the opportunities for Australians to make better use of their increasing leisure. The Government will expand its program of grants to sporting and youth organisations and increase its assistance for the creation of community centres and for building of sport, recreation and tourist facilities. Bills will be introduced: to enable the Housing Loans Insurance Corporation to insure loans for tourist accommodation; to license travel agents; to provide financial assistance for tourist development projects through the Commonwealth Development Bank; and to enable the Australian Tourist Commission to undertake domestic tourist promotion. An Australian Film Commission will be established to foster and develop Australian film and television program making. The Broadcasting and Television Act will be amended to place beyond doubt the powers of the Broadcasting Control Board to expand opportunities for Australians to make their own radio and television programs. The introduction of frequency modulation broadcasting will also enhance these opportunities. The introduction of colour television on 1 March 1975 will increase opportunities for the sale of Australian-made programs overseas. The Government will re-introduce the Australia Council Bill and will bring forward legislation to establish the Australian National Gallery and the Australian Archives. Provision will also be made for a public lending right for Australian authors. My Government will submit to the Parliament a number of measures designed to reform the laws under which Australians live and to protect the rights of all Australians under those laws. The Family Law Bill will be re-submitted. The Australian Government is convinced that the High Court of Australia must become the final court in all matters pertaining to Australia and to the legal rights and obligations of its citizens. It will proceed with legislation to abolish appeals to the British Privy Council. Legislation will be re-introduced to create a Superior Court of Australia, a proposal initiated by the previous Government more than a decade ago. Legisation will be introduced to establish the office of Australian Ombudsman, together with Deputy Ombudsmen, having special responsibilities for the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory, and to establish a Defence Ombudsman. Legislation will be introduced for a Freedom of Information Act to give a right of access by members of the public to official documents, subject to appropriate safeguards. The Government will appoint a judicial inquiry into the security services. The Government proposes to legislate for the disclosure of the sources of funds passing to all Australian political parties and for the limitation of campaign spending by political parties and candidates. The partly nominated Legislative Council for the Northern Territory and Advisory Council for the Capital Territory will be replaced with wholly elected Assemblies. Legislation will be re-introduced to permit Australia to ratify the 1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which came into force in January 1969. Legislation will also be introduced to supersede certain provisions of the Queensland Aborigines Act and Torres Strait Islanders Act which are contrary to the principles embodied in the Racial Discrimination Convention and in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Australian Government will not allow the overwhelming decision of the Australian people in the referendum of 1967 to be any longer denied or disregarded. My Government has accepted in principle the recommendations contained in the Second Report of the Aboriginal Land Rights Commission and following consultation with Northern Territory Aboriginals will legislate to give effect to its policy on granting land rights to these Australians. An Aboriginal Land Fund Bill will also be introduced to establish a Commission to operate the program of land purchase for or by Aboriginal communities. By these measures my Government seeks to ensure that there is no inconsistency between the principles it pursues abroad and their practice at home. In its relations with other nations, my Government will consolidate and broaden the new priorities and directions it has given to Australia's, foreign policy since December 1972. It will develop and further diversify its new links in Asia, Africa, the South Pacific and Latin America while maintaining and maturing its traditional associations. Negotiations for the proposed Treaty of Nara - a basic treaty of friendship and cooperation with our major trading partner - are proceeding harmoniously and constructively with the Government of Japan. Regional co-operation, including defence co-operation, will remain a principal objective of my Government's policies, especially in the Asian and Pacific regions. My Government is committed by the clearest pledges to continue substantial aid to a united Papua New Guinea before and after independence. Since Papua New Guinea achieved self-government in December 1973, the relationship between the governments of Australia and of Papua New Guinea has been based on the principles of equality, mutual respect and mutual co-operation. Pending the final decision of the House of Assembly to declare independence for Papua New Guinea, the Australian Government will conduct its relations with the Government of Papua New Guinea as a government of an independent nation to which Australia has certain special and inescapable obligations. The Government will encourage and support measures designed to remove tension amongst all states' and welcomes the moves by the United States and the Soviet Union to stabilise their strategic relationship. It will pursue actively the objective of nuclear disarmament. At the same time it will continue to strengthen Australia's security. Under the direction of the Minister for Defence, my Government is creating the most effective, mobile and professional defence force in Australia's peace-time history: The Services are also being equipped to play a greater role in case of emergencies and natural disasters within Australia. The Parliament will be asked to deal with legislation to complete the amalgamation of the former Service Departments. My Government will strive to ensure that its development aid programs make the highest possible contribution to raising living standards in the developing world. Legislation introduced during the last Parliament for the creation of an Australian Development Assistance Agency will be re-introduced. Australia shall continue to do its best to play the part required by her wealth and prosperity to combat the scourges of hunger, disease, poverty and illiteracy, especially in this region where history and destiny place us. {:#subdebate-15-0} #### Mr President, Senators Mr Speaker, Members of the House of Representatives. The Government of Australia in no way seeks to conceal from the Parliament or the people the difficulties and complexities facing Australia at home and abroad in the years ahead. My Government is confident, however, that these can be surmounted, not only through the program I have outlined but by the endeavours of a strong united people and the efforts of a Parliament dedicated to the service of that people. I now leave the Australian Parliament of which I have been a part for a quarter of a century, as a member of the House of Representatives and then as the representative of the Queen of Australia. With a confidence born of long experience that you will fulfil to the utmost of your abilities the deep responsibility the Australian people have placed upon you, I leave you to carry out your high and important duties. {: .page-start } page 22 {:#debate-16} ### ADDRESS-IN-REPLY Motion (by Mr Whitlam) agreed to: >That a Committee consisting of Mr Young, Ms Child and myself be appointed to prepare an Address-in-Reply to the Speech delivered by His Excellency the Governor-General to both Houses of the Parliament and that the Committee do report at the next sitting. Sitting suspended from 3.54 to 5 p.m. {: .page-start } page 22 {:#debate-17} ### DEATH OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS, THE PRINCE HENRY, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER {: #debate-17-s0 .speaker-6U4} ##### Mr WHITLAM: Prime Minister · Werriwa · ALP -- His Royal Highness, the Prince Henry William Frederick Albert, the eleventh Governor-General of Australia, died on 10 June. Prince Henry was the last surviving child of King George V and Queen Mary. Their youngest son, Prince John, died in 1919. The House of Representatives has passed motions of condolence in 1942 on the death of Prince George, who had been designated as GovernorGeneral and whose wife, elder son and daughter have since made memorable visits to Australia; in 1953 on the death of King George VI, who had opened this Parliament House; in 1965 on the death of the Princess Royal, whose elder son contributes so much to the style and fortunes of the Australian Opera; and in 1972 on the death of the eldest member of the family, King Edward VIII, the most charismatic British prince since Bonny Prince Charlie. Prince Henry was created Duke of Gloucester in 1934. For 6 centuries kings of England have created their sons Dukes of Gloucester. None of them enjoyed the length of life of the prince whom we mourn today. Only one left an heir to succeed him. Thomas of Woodstock, the youngest son of Edward III, was murdered in custody. The good Duke Humphrey, the youngest son of Henry IV, died in custody soon after his mistress and second wife, who had been imprisoned for treachery and witchcraft. Richard III, the youngest brother of Edward IV, was slain at Bosworth in his thirty-third year. Henry, the youngest son of Charles I, scarcely survived the Restoration and lies in the vault of Mary, Queen of Scots, in Westminster Abbey, William, the heir to Princess Anne of Denmark, died a few days after his eleventh birthday. William Henry, the third son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and the first Royal field marshal, was the only Duke of Gloucester to reach his sixties and the first to leave a son, also a field-marshal. How fortunate, by contrast, was the king's son who was created Duke of Gloucester in 1934, who married a direct descendant of Charles II's eldest son, and who leaves a son. His Royal Highness was a professional soldier. He was Chief Liaison Officer with the British Expeditionary Force in France until Dunkirk and was mentioned in despatches. He was awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour. In 1955 he became the fifteenth and latest member of the British Royal Family to be appointed a field-marshal. The Prince's associations with Australia extended over 30 years. He represented his father at the one hundredth anniversary of the foundation of Melbourne. Through the happy inspiration of Prime Minister Curtin he served for two years as GovernorGeneral. He represented his family at the fiftieth anniversary of Anzac. The range of occasions on which he represented his father, his brothers and his niece is demonstrated by the knighthoods he received from the Emperors of Ethiopia and Japan, the Queen of the Netherlands, the Kings of the Belgians and of Norway, Denmark and Thailand and the former Kings of the Hellenes and of Romania, Egypt and Iraq. Throughout his long life he snowed a sense of duty worthy of his high station. The following message sent by Prince Henry's present successor as GovernorGeneral to the Queen on the death of her uncle will express, I am sure, the sentiments of honourable members: >On behalf of the people and Government of Australia I offer deep sympathy to your Majesty on the death of his Royal Highness the Duke of Gloucester. In Australia he is honoured and remembered with respect and affection as a former Governor-General. We also recall the service he gave and the close links he found with many Australians as a soldier, as Colonel-in-Chief of the Australian Light Horse, and the Royal Australian Army Service Corps, as President of the Royal Humane Society, Scout Association and National Rifle Association, and as Grand Prior of the Order of St John of Jerusalem. The encouragement and example he gave in these and other public duties in which your Australian subjects share, have become part of the noble tradition of the Royal Family in Australia.' I move: {: #debate-17-s1 .speaker-DQF} ##### Mr SNEDDEN: Leader of the Opposition · Bruce -- The Opposition supports the motion moved by the Prime Minister (Mr Whitlam). The Duke of Gloucester was the first and, so far, the only Royal Governor-General of Australia. He was by nature a soldier, having chosen that career, and he devoted himself to that career in a way which is not normally associated with soldierly duties by a member of the Royal Family. In fact, he served in France in 1940. He was there wounded by a bomb explosion. After the war he came to Australia and served, so I am informed, for 25 months as GovernorGeneral of Australia. He made another visit to Australia later on in 1965 to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of Anzac. He made a contribution to this country as Governor-General. He will be remembered by the older portion of the community; he will be known of by the younger. He will be remembered with respect for the contribution he made. As Governor-General he travelled in Australia very widely. He had his own aeroplane, which was called 'The Endeavour' after Cook's ship, which is a touching selection of name by a Governor-General of the Royal Family. He may not have had the charisma to which the Prime Minister referred. But amongst all the interesting pieces of history which the Prime Minister has strung together he mentioned Bonnie Prince Charlie. We might add the further bit of information that Bonnie Prince Charlie was a Jacobite who was born in Rome on 31 December 1720 and failed in a rebellion in Scotland in 1745. With those few pieces of disjointed history finding their way into the debate on the motion before this House expressing the condolences of the Australian Parliament and the people of Australia to the survivors of the Duke of Gloucester, and appreciation of the service he has given to Australia as Governor-General, I think it is appropriate that we should all concur in the motion moved by the Prime Minister. {: #debate-17-s2 .speaker-BU4} ##### Mr ANTHONY: Leader of the Australian Country Party · Richmond -- I would like to join with the Prime Minister (Mr Whitlam) and the Leader of the Opposition (Mr Snedden) in expressing the sympathy of the Australian Country Party at the death of our only Royal Governor-General. The Prime Minister is forwarding a message to Her Majesty the Queen, and I hope that mention will be made to the Duchess and Prince Richard of the sympathies of the Country Party. Prince Henry, along with the Duchess, carried out loyally his duties as GovernorGeneral during the latter part of the war and in the immediate post-ward period. He is remembered for his very exhaustive programs of meeting the Australian people. Obviously he liked the Australian people and the Australian people liked him. He managed to keep the morale of the people high and their optimism for the future bright. The Duke of Gloucester was the last surviving son of King George V, and so an era has ended with his death. He was a very uninhibited man, informal in his approach. I clearly remember when I was a schoolboy his visiting my area, meeting countless school children, going from one school to another and being happy to shake hands and to speak to as many people as possible. We express our appreciation for the loyal and dedicated way in which he fulfilled his task and we will remember him as our only Royal GovernorGeneral. {: #debate-17-s3 .speaker-MI4} ##### Mr PEACOCK: Kooyong - Mr Speaker, I wish to be associated directly but particularly briefly and personally in supporting this motion. My wife and I were friends of the Duke of Gloucester's eldest son and heir, Prince William, who died tragically in 1972. We shared many happy times together and the Duchess of Gloucester has graciously befriended my family on more than one occasion. I wish to express my sincere condolence to her and her family. Question resolved in the affirmative, honourable members standing in their places. DEATH OF FORMER SENATOR N. E. McKENNA Mr WHITLAM (Werriwa- Prime Minister) - The Honourable Nicholas Edward McKenna died on 22 April. He was a senator for Tasmania for 24 years from 1944, sitting for 20 of those years on the front bench. He had been successively an Australian public servant, an accountant and the law partner of a Premier and a Chief Justice of Tasmania. He quickly justified the great reputation which he brought to the Parliament. He was Minister for Health and Social Services from June 1946 to December 1949. During that period he acted as Treasurer, Attorney-General and Minister for the Interior. All these posts he held with great distinction. Indeed, he was for long affectionately known as Labor's man of distinction. His period as Minister for Health and Social Services was of particular importance to the Labor Government of the time and of particular significance for the welfare of the people of Australia. He was the first Minister to operate under the new powers achieved for this Parliament by the referendum of 1946. This, perhaps the most important of the few referendums to succeed, included in the powers of the Parliament: >The provision of maternity allowances, widows' pensions, child endowment, 'Unemployment, pharmaceutical, sickness and hospital benefits, medical and dental services (but not so as to authorise any form of civil conscription), benefits to students and family allowances. Accordingly, Senator McKenna had a pioneering role to play and he played it with success and compassion. He sponsored the Act and made the arrangements under which tuberculosis has been eliminated in Australia. He made arrangements with every State under which hospital treatment became free throughout Australia. Only now are we returning to his grand design. For over 3 years he and I served together on the Constitutional Review Committee. We formed an abiding trust and friendship. Without his support I would not have become Deputy Leader and later Leader of the Australian Labor Party. He said of himself when he retired from the Senate in 1968 that he departed with bitterness towards none. It was a feeling towards him unanimously reciprocated by the Parliament, his colleagues and his oppenents alike. Words like 'integrity' and 'loyalty' may be thought to be the cliches of condolence motions, but they are words which come immediately and sincerely to mind when thinking about Nick McKenna. He was a senator. He had a deep respect for that institution. He had, however, a deeper respect for the Constitution which establishes that institution. Jealous as he was of the proper powers of the Senate and its proper role, he was zealous that it should not abuse its powers or its role. In particular, in a record term of 15 years as Leader of the Opposition in the Senate, he acknowledged the total impropriety of action by the Senate which would have the effect of sending this House to the people without senators themselves facing re-election. He firmly opposed suggestions of such a course whenever they were made. He recognised that the Senate could only damage itself by such falsification of democracy. He was a loyal member of the party which he loved. I know of the deep happiness which he received from the return of the Australian Labor Party to office after the long years of opposition, frustration and bitterness which left him, however, without bitterness. He lived to see the Senate attempt to take the course which he had so long, firmly and consistently opposed. I deeply regret that he did not live to see the people of Australia reject that course. I move: >That the House expresses its deep regret at the death on 22 April 1974 of the Honourable Nicholas Edward McKenna a former senator for the State of Tasmania from 1944 to 1968, a Minister of the Crown from 1946 to 1949, Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Senate from 1949 to 195 1 and Leader of the Opposition in the Senate from 1951 to 1966, places on record its appreciation of his l
2410	dbpedia	2	12	http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/heritage-places/1047	en	Moorooka Police Station	http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/favicon.png	http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/favicon.png	[ "http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/imported-images/1031P4200046.JPG", "http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/imported-images/1031P4200046.JPG", "http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/imported-images/1031P4200046.JPG" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2005-01-01T12:00:00+00:00	Constructed in 1915, this building has functioned as a combined police station and work residence for more than 90 years and is one of the few early twentieth century suburban police stations still remaining in Brisbane. Throughout the twentieth century, this building was altered and extended a number of times to accommodate growing staff numbers and changing requirements in policing. This building is therefore an excellent example of the principal characteristics of a suburban police station built in the early twentieth century with its evolution reflected in its physical fabric.	en	/sites/default/files/favicon.png		http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/heritage-places/1047	For both Cowlishaw and Garrick the land was an investment. An architect who arrived in Brisbane from Sydney in 1860, James Cowlishaw was connected with a number of organisations, notably the Brisbane Courier and the Brisbane Gas Company. From 1878 to 1922 he was a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly. His home, Montpelier, was located in Bowen Hills. Solicitor James Garrick (later Sir) arrived in Queensland soon after Separation. He served as a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly (1867–68 and 1877–83) and a member of the Legislative Council (1869–70 and 1883–94). Attorney-General in the Griffith Ministry, he was later Agent-General for Queensland in London. In the early 1880s Charles McGinty purchased approximately 38 acres from Cowlishaw and Garrick, selling it the following year to Gilbert Lang who in turn sold it to John Lloyd Bale in 1884. At the time the South Coast Railway was under construction and a station platform, completed in 1886, was proposed for Moorooka. From the opening of the line in 1885 it was possible to travel to and from the city conveniently each day. Surveyors Hamilton and Raff surveyed the land into residential allotments. Advertised as the ‘Rocklea Township Estate’, a sale by auction was held on 13 September 1884. At the time many other estates were also available to buyers and overall sales were slow. Jasper Bott purchased 1 rood 10.8 perches, consisting of resubdivisions 102,103 and 104 of subdivision 18, in June 1889. No record can been found of him living in Moorooka. A police presence at nearby Rocklea was established as early as 1885. Following the damage received during the 1893 flood the station at Rocklea was reported to have moved to a rented house on Ipswich Road until a permanent station and residence was constructed. Plans for the new building, drawn up by 4 March 1915, are attributed to Deputy Government Architect Thomas Pye (1861-1930). Born in Lancashire in England, Pye migrated to New South Wales circa 1882. He joined the Queensland Public Works Department two years later, resigning from and rejoining the Department on more than one occasion before being appointed Deputy Government Architect in September 1906. He retired in 1921. On 2 June 1914 Jasper Bott’s 1 rood 10.8 perches was transferred to the State of Queensland. Tenders for the Moorooka Police Station were called in the Queensland Government Gazette on 15 May 1915. The lowest tender, from H. Cannon for £659.10.0 for the construction of the station (which included residential accommodation), outbuildings consisting of a single cell lock-up with verandah, a stable with a stall and a fodder room, along with the necessary fencing, was accepted. Utility services to the office and residence were added only gradually. It was a decade before electricity replaced kerosene lighting. The first police officer to reside at the Hamilton Road station was Constable T. W. Devere. Mounted patrols took him as far afield as Coopers Plains, Runcorn and Yeronga. At the time the station’s outbuildings included a stall and fodder room in which Devere’s horse was stabled. Another police officer resident of the station was Constable Flori, who was appointed to Moorooka in 1926. As a consequence of the Police acting as relief agents for the unemployed during the Depression of the 1930s, office space was always in demand. The necessary alterations and construction of an additional office with new verandah and stairs were completed for a cost of £141 in 1932. A washhouse was constructed in 1935. Throughout the 1930s other requests were made for alterations to the station, considered too small to accommodate the increased numbers who passed through on relief days. In 1937 a feed room was converted for office use and a sleep-out enclosed. Space was still a problem in 1939 when officers made use of the nearby Oddfellows Hall for the payment of relief money each Friday. During the 1940s minor alterations also were made. In 1952 plans were drawn up by Chief Architect HJ Parr to extend the office. The station remained a police residence as well as station until land was purchased at the corner of Hamilton and Beaudesert Roads for a new residence in 1968. In 2004 the building still operates as the Moorooka Police Station.
2410	dbpedia	0	70	https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/what-we-do/Heritage-Conservation/heritage-register/ntaq-heritage-register	en	NTAQ Heritage Register	https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/files/3315/7662/5838/favicon.ico	https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/files/3315/7662/5838/favicon.ico	[ "https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/files/3415/7491/0386/NT-Queensland-Horizontal-White-Logo-compressed.png", "https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/themes/ntaq/images/membership-icon.png", "https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/themes/ntaq/images/donate-icon.png", "https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/themes/ntaq/images/membership-icon.png", "https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/themes/ntaq/images/donate-icon.png", "https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/files/1215/7464/0448/Page_Slider_Desktop_-__2488x730_HERITAGE_APPEALS.jpg", "https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/files/6115/7464/0466/Page_Slider_Mobile_-_1080x730_HERITAGE_APPEALS.jpg", "https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/files/3415/7491/0386/NT-Queensland-Horizontal-White-Logo-compressed.png", "https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/download_file/view_inline/3", "https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/activity;xsp=4365489;ord=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2020-12-21T09:56:33+10:00	The National Trust Register is an authoritative and recognised statement on a place’s heritage significance.	en	https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/application/files/3315/7662/5838/favicon.ico	National Trust of Australia (Queensland)	https://nationaltrustqld.org.au/what-we-do/Heritage-Conservation/heritage-register/ntaq-heritage-register	The table can be filtered via the search box below at right (above the table when it loads) using, for example, a specific word, local government authority (LGA) or suburb. You can also search then sort within the search results using any of the column headings. Please be aware that place names may have changed and that some addresses were entered in the 1970s and may not be as specific as addresses used today. AHD = Australian Heritage Database LGA = local government authority (shire council, regional council or city council) QHR = Queensland Heritage Register RNE = Register of the National Estate. This register was closed in 2007. It is searched through the Australian Heritage Database.
2410	dbpedia	1	84	https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/a/A13532670	en	The London Archives: City of London	https://discovery.nation…ages/favicon.png	https://discovery.nation…ages/favicon.png	[ "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/Images/logo-white.png", "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/Images/basket.png", "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/Images/tna-square-white-logo.png", "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/images/socialIcons/twitter.png", "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/images/socialIcons/youtube.png", "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/images/socialIcons/flickr.png", "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/images/socialIcons/facebook.png", "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/images/socialIcons/rss.png", "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/images/govIcons/logo-ogl.png", "https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/Content/images/govIcons/gov-uk.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "government information", "archive", "history", "information management", "national archives", "public records", "manuscripts", "documents" ]	null	[ "The National Archives" ]	null	The official archive of the UK government. Our vision is to lead and transform information management, guarantee the survival of today's information for tomorrow and bring history to life for everyone.	en	/Content/images/favicon.png		null	This website uses cookies We place some essential cookies on your device to make this website work. We'd like to use additional cookies to remember your settings and understand how you use our services. This information will help us make improvements to the website. Set cookie preferences Accessions These are selected lists of new or additional collections that were acquired by this archive during a specific year. If a date is not displayed there are no accessions for that year.
2410	dbpedia	3	72	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/James_Robert_Dickson	en	James Robert Dickson	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/James_Robert_Dickson.jpg/180px-James_Robert_Dickson.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Robert_james_dickson_grave.JPG/220px-Robert_james_dickson_grave.JPG", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/military/images/b/bb/Commons-Logo.svg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/30?cb=20131022191840", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Military Wiki" ]	2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00	Sir James Robert Dickson, KCMG (30 November 1832 – 10 January 1901) was an Australian politician and businessman, the 13th Premier of Queensland and a member of the first federal ministry. Dickson was born in Plymouth, Devon, and migrated initially to Victoria in 1854. He settled in Queensland...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Military Wiki	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/James_Robert_Dickson	Sir James Robert Dickson, KCMG (30 November 1832 – 10 January 1901) was an Australian politician and businessman, the 13th Premier of Queensland and a member of the first federal ministry. Biography[] Dickson was born in Plymouth, Devon, and migrated initially to Victoria in 1854. He settled in Queensland in 1862, becoming an auctioneer. A wealthy and influential businessman, he was elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Enoggera in 1873. He was made Secretary for Public Works and Mines in 1876 under Arthur Macalister, and was Treasurer 1876–79. In the absence of Sir Samuel Griffith he was briefly Opposition Leader, and was Treasurer again 1883–87 after Griffith became Premier. He lost his seat in 1888 but was again elected for Bulimba in 1892, supporting the importation of labourers from the South Pacific to work on the Queensland canefields.[1][2] In the so-called Continuous Ministry of the late 1890s, Dickson attained the positions of Secretary for Railways in 1897, Postmaster-General and Home Secretary 1898–99. In September 1898, after the death of Thomas Byrnes he was made Premier. The Continuous Ministry by this stage was falling apart, and Dickson had only a brief period in office before Anderson Dawson gained the support of the Legislative Assembly to become the leader of the world's first Labour Party government. The Ministerialists regrouped a week later to vote Dawson out of office. Dickson lacked support to become Premier again, and that position instead went to Robert Philp, in whose government Dickson was Chief Secretary.[1] Dickson was a leading supporter of federation in Queensland and was mainly responsible for winning a "yes" vote in the Queensland referendum on the proposed Constitution of Australia in 1900. As a result, Dickson was appointed Minister for Defence in the first federal ministry under Edmund Barton on 1 January 1901. He was intending to stand for election to the first Federal Parliament, but on 10 January he died after being taken ill at the Commonwealth's inaugural ceremonies in Sydney on 1 January. He was the first federal Minister to die in office.[1][2] He was accorded a state funeral; it proceeded from Toorak, his residence at , to the All Saints Anglican Church. After a short service it moved on to the Nundah Cemetery.[3] Honours[] Only nine days before he died, Dickson was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in the New Years Honours List 1 January 1901, in recognition of services in connection with the Federation of Australian Colonies and the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia.[4] The federal electoral division of Dickson in Queensland, and the Canberra suburb of Dickson are named after him. References[] []
2410	dbpedia	3	7	http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/heritage-places/1047	en	Moorooka Police Station	http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/favicon.png	http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/favicon.png	[ "http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/imported-images/1031P4200046.JPG", "http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/imported-images/1031P4200046.JPG", "http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/imported-images/1031P4200046.JPG" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2005-01-01T12:00:00+00:00	Constructed in 1915, this building has functioned as a combined police station and work residence for more than 90 years and is one of the few early twentieth century suburban police stations still remaining in Brisbane. Throughout the twentieth century, this building was altered and extended a number of times to accommodate growing staff numbers and changing requirements in policing. This building is therefore an excellent example of the principal characteristics of a suburban police station built in the early twentieth century with its evolution reflected in its physical fabric.	en	/sites/default/files/favicon.png		http://heritage.brisbane.qld.gov.au/heritage-places/1047	For both Cowlishaw and Garrick the land was an investment. An architect who arrived in Brisbane from Sydney in 1860, James Cowlishaw was connected with a number of organisations, notably the Brisbane Courier and the Brisbane Gas Company. From 1878 to 1922 he was a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly. His home, Montpelier, was located in Bowen Hills. Solicitor James Garrick (later Sir) arrived in Queensland soon after Separation. He served as a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly (1867–68 and 1877–83) and a member of the Legislative Council (1869–70 and 1883–94). Attorney-General in the Griffith Ministry, he was later Agent-General for Queensland in London. In the early 1880s Charles McGinty purchased approximately 38 acres from Cowlishaw and Garrick, selling it the following year to Gilbert Lang who in turn sold it to John Lloyd Bale in 1884. At the time the South Coast Railway was under construction and a station platform, completed in 1886, was proposed for Moorooka. From the opening of the line in 1885 it was possible to travel to and from the city conveniently each day. Surveyors Hamilton and Raff surveyed the land into residential allotments. Advertised as the ‘Rocklea Township Estate’, a sale by auction was held on 13 September 1884. At the time many other estates were also available to buyers and overall sales were slow. Jasper Bott purchased 1 rood 10.8 perches, consisting of resubdivisions 102,103 and 104 of subdivision 18, in June 1889. No record can been found of him living in Moorooka. A police presence at nearby Rocklea was established as early as 1885. Following the damage received during the 1893 flood the station at Rocklea was reported to have moved to a rented house on Ipswich Road until a permanent station and residence was constructed. Plans for the new building, drawn up by 4 March 1915, are attributed to Deputy Government Architect Thomas Pye (1861-1930). Born in Lancashire in England, Pye migrated to New South Wales circa 1882. He joined the Queensland Public Works Department two years later, resigning from and rejoining the Department on more than one occasion before being appointed Deputy Government Architect in September 1906. He retired in 1921. On 2 June 1914 Jasper Bott’s 1 rood 10.8 perches was transferred to the State of Queensland. Tenders for the Moorooka Police Station were called in the Queensland Government Gazette on 15 May 1915. The lowest tender, from H. Cannon for £659.10.0 for the construction of the station (which included residential accommodation), outbuildings consisting of a single cell lock-up with verandah, a stable with a stall and a fodder room, along with the necessary fencing, was accepted. Utility services to the office and residence were added only gradually. It was a decade before electricity replaced kerosene lighting. The first police officer to reside at the Hamilton Road station was Constable T. W. Devere. Mounted patrols took him as far afield as Coopers Plains, Runcorn and Yeronga. At the time the station’s outbuildings included a stall and fodder room in which Devere’s horse was stabled. Another police officer resident of the station was Constable Flori, who was appointed to Moorooka in 1926. As a consequence of the Police acting as relief agents for the unemployed during the Depression of the 1930s, office space was always in demand. The necessary alterations and construction of an additional office with new verandah and stairs were completed for a cost of £141 in 1932. A washhouse was constructed in 1935. Throughout the 1930s other requests were made for alterations to the station, considered too small to accommodate the increased numbers who passed through on relief days. In 1937 a feed room was converted for office use and a sleep-out enclosed. Space was still a problem in 1939 when officers made use of the nearby Oddfellows Hall for the payment of relief money each Friday. During the 1940s minor alterations also were made. In 1952 plans were drawn up by Chief Architect HJ Parr to extend the office. The station remained a police residence as well as station until land was purchased at the corner of Hamilton and Beaudesert Roads for a new residence in 1968. In 2004 the building still operates as the Moorooka Police Station.
2410	dbpedia	0	31	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9200927/	en	River basin governance enabling pathways for sustainable management: A comparative study between Australia, Brazil, China and France	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih…rd-share.jpg?_=0	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih…rd-share.jpg?_=0	[ "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/logo-ambio.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/corrauth.gif", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/corrauth.gif", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9200927/bin/13280_2021_1699_Fig1_HTML.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9200927/bin/13280_2021_1699_Fig2_HTML.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9200927/bin/13280_2021_1699_Fig3_HTML.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9200927/bin/13280_2021_1699_Fig4_HTML.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9200927/bin/13280_2021_1699_Fig5_HTML.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9200927/bin/13280_2021_1699_Fig6_HTML.jpg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9200927/bin/13280_2021_1699_Fig7_HTML.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Frederick Willem Bouckaert", "Yongping Wei", "James Pittock", "Vitor Vasconcelos", "Ray Ison" ]	2022-08-27T00:00:00	Successful river basin governance is challenged by actor engagement in the various stages of planning and management. A governance approach for determining priorities for actors for sustainable management was developed, based on a river basin diagnostic ...	en	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.ico	PubMed Central (PMC)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9200927/	Ambio. 2022 Aug; 51(8): 1871–1888. PMCID: PMC9200927 PMID: 35316505 River basin governance enabling pathways for sustainable management: A comparative study between Australia, Brazil, China and France ,1,5 ,1 ,2 ,3 and 4 Frederick Willem Bouckaert 1School of Earth and Environmental Sciences,, St. Lucia Campus, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia 5123 Barclay Street, Deagon, QLD 4017 Australia Find articles by Frederick Willem Bouckaert Yongping Wei 1School of Earth and Environmental Sciences,, St. Lucia Campus, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia Find articles by Yongping Wei James Pittock 2Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, 48 Linnaeus Way, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2600 Australia Find articles by James Pittock Vitor Vasconcelos 3Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Santo André, SP Brazil Find articles by Vitor Vasconcelos Ray Ison 4Applied Systems Thinking in Practice (ASTiP) Program, School of Engineering & Innovation, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA UK Find articles by Ray Ison 1School of Earth and Environmental Sciences,, St. Lucia Campus, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia 2Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, 48 Linnaeus Way, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2600 Australia 3Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Santo André, SP Brazil 4Applied Systems Thinking in Practice (ASTiP) Program, School of Engineering & Innovation, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA UK 5123 Barclay Street, Deagon, QLD 4017 Australia Frederick Willem Bouckaert, Email: ua.ude.qu@treakcuob.f, Email: moc.liamg@75treakcuobkcirederf. 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Associated Data Supplementary Materials GUID: 924A831E-85AE-416A-913E-194E13FC0EFD Abstract Successful river basin governance is challenged by actor engagement in the various stages of planning and management. A governance approach for determining priorities for actors for sustainable management was developed, based on a river basin diagnostic framework consisting of four social-institutional and four biophysical indicators. It was applied in river basins in Australia, Brazil, China and France. Actors diagnosed current and target capacity for these indicators, and estimated synergistic influences of interacting indicators. The results reveal different priorities and transformative pathways to achieve basin plan outcomes, specific to each basin and actor groups. Priorities include biodiversity for the Murray-Darling, local water management needs for the São Francisco and Yellow rivers, and improved decision-making for the Adour-Garonne. This novel approach challenges entrenched views about key issues and actor engagement roles in co-implementation of the basin plan under existing prevailing governance models, with implications for engagement and international collaboration on basin governance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01699-4. Keywords: Actor engagement, Diagnostic framework, River basin governance, River basin management, Socio-ecological systems Introduction River basin governance is increasingly challenged around the world for management of droughts and floods, fair and equitable allocations, wastewater management, and apportioning environmental flows to maintain valuable ecosystem services (Garrick et al. 2014; Tilleard and Ford 2016). Climate change has compounded the problem by magnifying extreme events and introducing non-stationarity (Milly et al. 2008). Over allocation of water in many basins around the world has seen an alarming degradation of biophysical conditions, resulting in a focus on biophysical river restoration outcomes (Turak et al. 2016) and ecosystem services (Costanza et al. 2014; Costanza 2015). Paradigm shifts in river basin management have changed from a hydrocratic top-down command and control model to a decentralised participatory model (Huitema and Meyerinck 2014), recognising that collaborative governance of river basins is paramount (Ansell and Gash 2007). However, to date, actor engagement is often still conducted on case study analysis of specific contexts, but these findings are often not comparable; hence, the knowledge base is too fragmented to support more general insights at the global scale. Current actor engagement methods such as multicriteria decision analysis (Herath and Prato 2006; Marttunen and Hämäläinen 2008), analytical hierarchy process (Gallego-Ayala and Juizo 2012) and normative scenario approach (Bizikova et al. 2015; Brown et al. 2016) are limited by being highly technical, time consuming, set in a context of economic and utilitarian imperatives (Damiens et al. 2017; Berry et al. 2018) and relatively inaccessible for a wide and diverging actor audience. Strategic and accessible actor engagement in managing basins in a sustainable and equitable way (Daniell et al. 2010; Bos and Brown 2014; Barbosa et al. 2017) is hence limited, and a systemic approach to integrating social perspectives in water governance, is currently lacking, although some tools exist such as the Delphi method (Taylor and Ryder 2003) commonly applied in Brazil (Marrionetti and Santos Canada 2017; Oliveira Mota 2018). A diagnostic framework that can integrate governance and management performance and provide general and comparable insights across a diversity of river basins will hence contribute to global challenges of water security, biodiversity and impacts from climate change. This work builds on previously published research aimed at linking social institutional capacity and basin biophysical capacity in a diagnostic framework consisting of eight key indicators (Bouckaert et al. 2018). Indicators are useful tools to diagnose the current condition of a river system, providing summary information for managers to direct their attention to high priorities. Setting targets and mapping a trajectory and timeline for achieving them can follow. Moreover, to integrate indicator-based diagnostic capability of actors provides an opportunity for designing an enabling pathway for actor participation in co-implementation. This ensures multiple priorities emerging from the diagnostics can be considered in an integrated approach. In Brazil, the effectiveness of socio-institutional indicators was analysed (Bouckaert et al. 2020), whereas the interaction between socio-institutional and biophysical indicators was investigated in the Murray-Darling Basin (Bouckaert et al. 2021). Thus, this diagnostic framework could be used as a tool to enable diagnostic actor comparisons across basins with diverging social, ecological, and climate characteristics, and reveal how basin governance learnings from one river can be applied elsewhere to allow for greater collaboration, learning and adaptation at a time when global resource management is at crisis point (Neto et al. 2018). Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop an approach for determining priorities and enabling pathways for sustainable river basin governance and management with an indicator-based actor diagnostic framework at a global context, specifically, the Murray-Darling Basin in Australia, the São Francisco River Basin in Brazil, the Yellow River Basin in China, and the Adour-Garonne Basin in France. It will answer the following research questions: How do the diagnostic indicator priorities differ between actor groups and river basins? What strategies can be identified from these diagnostic priorities? How can actor priorities contribute to an enabling pathway within the constraints of the current governance model for each river basin? How do enabling pathways differ between basins? How do they differ from identified key challenges within each of the basins? The rest of this paper explains the diagnostic framework, case river basins, data collection and analysis, identified key challenges and indicator profiles, and emerging enabling pathways. The significance for enhanced actor participation and co-implementation is discussed and compared across governance settings associated with basin plans for each of the case basins. International significance and limitations of the method are considered, followed by conclusions. Theoretical framework The water governance approach needs to address the dual challenge of integrating social perspectives in natural resource management and dealing with uncertainties in complex and co-evolutionary socio-ecological systems (Rammel et al. 2007; Duit and Galaz 2008; Akamani 2016). The diagnostic framework developed by Bouckaert et al. (2018) was adopted in this study (Fig. ). In this framework, the RBO (river basin organisation) is positioned at the interface of two domains, because its function is to implement governance and respond to biophysical feedback mechanisms using adaptive management. The system is open ended, and subject to external drivers and context, over which it has limited control. Socio-ecological systems are driven by four key dynamic functions that are emerging system properties in continuous interaction. Connection is essential to transfer energy, materials, information and creates scalar dependencies and balance. Structure represents key components that are essential building blocks with inherent properties, functions and characteristics. Renewal ensures the continuity of the system, through reproduction and adaptation. Finally, Direction provides the trajectory by which the system adapts and modifies itself towards new ‘end’ points or targets, to maintain its key system functionality, without reaching a tipping point to an alternate state. The four functions are expressed by key indicators in the social domain (Collaboration, Institutions, Learning and Leadership respectively), and in the biophysical domain (River Flows, Biodiversity, Species Reproduction and Water Quality respectively). Note that Water Quality encompasses sedimentary processes shaping channel meandering changes of the river network and habitat niches providing Direction. Socio-institutional indicators are regarded as essential for good governance (Ansell and Gash 2007; Bos and Brown 2014), while biophysical indicators relate to biophysical condition influenced by river management and restoration plans (Davies et al. 2012; Lindenmeyer et al. 2012). The interactions between these indicators can be defined as the relative synergistic or antagonistic influence each indicator has on each of the others while progressing from current towards target condition (after Weitz et al. 2017). Interactions among biophysical indicators mean that changes in ecosystem components are interdependent. For example, River Flows will influence Species Reproduction by enhancing or diminishing favourable conditions, and over larger time scales affect Biodiversity. In addition, River Flows will propagate material cycling and hence influence Water Quality. But the reverse is also true; at the local scale, an increase in Biodiversity can influence River Flows and Water Quality with cumulative effects on larger spatio-temporal scales. Species Reproduction can also influence other biophysical indicators, by contributing or reducing (in the case of exotic species) Biodiversity or impacting Water Quality such as through blue green algal blooms. This is outlined in the hierarchy theory (McLoughlin and Thoms 2015), and can be used for synergistic management strategies. Similarly, governance indicators are interdependent. Strong Leadership will promote direction and can (dis)advantage Collaboration, depending on the circumstances. Efficient but nimble Institutions will assist in both long-term and short-term management, whereas Learning will foster data collection, information sharing and Collaboration. Governance indicators also influence biophysical indicators through policy settings, but do not fully control the biophysical world. Changes in biophysical conditions such as droughts, floods, storms can cause disaster vulnerability requiring short-term or long-term resilience strategic responses (Jackson et al. 2017). Long-term changes are often more difficult to diagnose, as they may not become apparent for decades, for example gradual loss in Biodiversity. The diagnostic ability of this conceptual framework lies in scoring indicators for current and target condition, and rating synergies in progress towards target. Aggregated actor scores can be used to design enabling pathways for engagement to achieve target condition objectives. Materials and methods Case river basins Four case river basins were selected based on the following principles: (a) the majority of river basins are embedded within the governance provenance of nation states, (b) each river basin represents a significant economic resource for the country, has a RBO or basin committee, and faces unsustainable resource management issues resulting in declining river health conditions, (c) governance settings range from elected representation of actors to centralised hierarchical institutions across four continents, (d) basins cross intra-federative borders, such as states or provinces, and (e) each river basin is part of significant water resource management reform. Additional considerations (travel, assistance with logistics and language barriers) resulted in the selection of the Murray-Darling Basin in Australia, the São Francisco River Basin in Brazil, the Yellow River Basin in China, and the Adour-Garonne Basin in France (Fig. ). The Murray-Darling Basin is one of the most significant river basins in Australia, covering an area greater than 1 000 000 km2 with 30 000 wetlands, 16 of which are internationally significant through Ramsar listing and providing an annual agricultural industry worth $2.4b and drinking water to over 3 m people (MDBA 2020). The southern basin is heavily regulated through major storage reservoirs and water is over allocated to irrigation (Wei et al. 2011). The Basin Plan (2012) legislated under the Water Act (2007) and implemented by the MDBA (Murray-Darling Basin Authority) aims to return 2,750GL of water to the environment through accredited water resource plans implemented by the state governments. Implementation has been controversial and politicised, under influence of powerful actors (Wentworth Group of Concerned Scientists 2018). In the northern basin, stewarding environmental flows in an unregulated system, where private property floodplain harvesting is inadequately regulated, has proved particularly challenging under drought conditions (Australian Academy of Science 2019; Vertessy et al. 2019). Institutionalised engagement with civil society is poorly structured, biased towards the private sector and does not allow for equitable actor representation (Grafton and Williams 2019). Tensions between state and federal governments and MDBA’s conflicting roles of regulation, implementation, and service provision instigated a call for additional institutional reform (Productivity Commission 2018). The new challenges arising during the Basin Plan implementation provide a useful case study. The São Francisco River Basin in Brazil has economic significance for agricultural irrigation (77% of water consumption), industry, mining, and hydropower, especially in the relatively wealthier upper basin state of Minas Gerais (Lee et al. 2014). The river has an average flow of 2,880 m3 and serves 19 million basin inhabitants. The main river is under the jurisdiction of the federal government, with subsidiary delegation of certain regulatory functions to a basin agency that follows the directions given by the CBHSF (São Francisco River Basin Committee). The CBHSF consists of 62 elected representative members from civil, public, and private sectors of society from each of the states, resulting in a highly complex governance structure. While the upper basin has abundant water resources, the middle, and lower states are much poorer with very few tributaries and a semi-arid savannah ecology. Three major dams (Três Marias, Sobradinho, and Itaparica) provide large reservoirs used for irrigation, hydropower, and a controversial water diversion project to the northern states of Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte, which caused a governance crisis between the CBHSF and the federal government (Empinotti et al. 2018). Despite opposition from the CBHSF, the ANA (National Water Agency) approved the water diversion project in 2007 (Roman 2017). Since then, the CBHSF has reconciled its position with ANA, but the basin management plan (CBHSF 2016) and the restoration program (MMA 2004) are still developed in parallel rather than being integrated. The decision-making power of the basin committees in Brazil is still conditional on obtaining federal funding thereby weakening the representative governance model and creating significant tension and distrust. The governance challenges between upper and lower basin states and between the federal government and the basin committee make it a suitable case study to test our proposed approach. The Yellow River is the second largest river in China (> 5400 km long), and often called the cradle of China’s civilisation, but also China’s sorrow, due to its history of massive floods that caused a lot of death and suffering. Its catchment contains around 9% of the population and 17% of the agricultural area of the whole nation (Giordano et al. 2004). The upper reach includes the river origin to Lanzhou, which contributes 56% of runoff (Song 2011). The middle reach runs through the Loess plateau, where a massive revegetation project has restored the riverbanks and significantly reduced the sediment loads, responsible for the river’s name. The lower reach is characterized by its unique suspended riverbed relative to the floodplain, which is the most populated area of the basin. Water allocation is under the authority of the Yellow River Conservancy Commission (YRCC) and remains challenging. In 1997 the river ceased flowing for over 700 km in 226 days, in part resulting from the revegetation project in the Loess plateau (Chen et al. 2020). Water governance is complex, being characterised by limited capacity for enforcement by the YRCC, and poor integration with local water affairs bureaus at county level responsible for water supply, urban water savings, flood management and wastewater treatment (Shen and Speed 2009). Economic priorities often prevail in a competition between district counties to attract investment. In an effort to control this problem, River Chiefs are being appointed for every river for better protection of water resources (Ministry of Water Resources 2018). Besides water quality issues, irrigation demand under drying conditions, sediment management and flood control, the additional drivers of urbanisation and rapid industrialisation (Webber et al. 2008) increasingly challenging basin governance, making it an interesting case study to examine actor perspectives. The Adour-Garonne Basin is one of seven river basins in mainland France, situated in the southwest of the country. The basin consists of a network of 120 000 km long streams and spanning an area of 117 650 km2, 400 km of coastline and three major estuaries and is home to 7.5 million people. Twenty percent of its territory is urban, passing through Toulouse in the region of Occitanie, midstream, and Bordeaux, in the region of Nouvelle Aquitaine, near Gironde, the estuary (République Française 2019). Agriculture uses 80% of all consumption, and the basin has the largest structural water deficit in France (Mazegga et al. 2014). The Comité Adour-Garonne (CAG), established under the French Water Law 1964 has 135 members and consists of 40% of elected local government officials, 40% of water users and 20% of State representatives (Colon et al. 2018). It is responsible for management and implementation of intervention programmes, and the basin-wide Master Plan for Water Development and Management (SDAGE) and sub-basin Plans for Water Development and Management (SAGE) for each of the major tributaries (Yang et al. 2013), which emerged under the new 1992 Water Act for sustainable development (Agence de l’Eau Adour-Garonne 2020). In 2006, the new norms from the European Water Framework Directive were incorporated in the revised Water Act; the emphasis is on ecosystem-based objectives, water quality targets and results oriented management. Conflicting agendas of different actor groups have often led to favouritism and have caused impasse in decision-making (Colon et al. 2018). Ongoing administrative reforms mean that the regions will get a greater say in streamlining the diverse SAGE catchment plans constituted by relevant council representatives. In addition, the quantified flow and ecological targets and deadlines under the EU Water Framework Directive allow each EU country to use its own programs for implementation, but appear difficult to comply with, not only within the Adour-Garonne Basin but also across many basins in European countries (Fernandez et al. 2014). This presents an interesting challenge for our fourth case study. Data collection Actors were interviewed in the upper, middle and lower parts of the basins, and location visits contributed also to a geographic understanding of the basin characteristics (Fig. ). Actor contacts were sourced from RBOs, internet searches and the snowballing method (Cohen and Arieli 2011). Participants self-identified with one of ten actor categories: decision-makers, irrigators, scientists, members of an NGO, RBO subsidiary (members of government responsible for water management not part of the RBO), hydropower/water supply, ecosystem beneficiaries (such as traditional fisherman and riverine small-farming communities), RBO staff, and members living in the basin (community groups). Only five categories had consistently more than one participant across four basins and were included in this study together with the mean of all five group scores (Table ). Obtaining informed consent was complemented by assuring anonymity of the results. Table 1 Actor groupsMurray-Darling Basin, AustraliaSão Francisco Basin, BrazilYellow River Basin, ChinaAdour-Garonne Basin, FranceDecision-makers3634Irrigators3422Scientists8542NGO5424RBO subsidiary4655Sum of all included23251617 After explaining the framework and purpose of the research, qualitative and quantitative data were obtained using semi-structured interviews with a standardized list of detailed questions (Table S1) except for the basin specific vision (Table S2) and question on major policy initiatives (Table S3). The qualitative data consisted of open-ended questions related to various aspects of how the RBO could implement the basin plan and perceived key challenges. These questions provided context and complementarity to the diagnostic assessment of the basin. For the eight key indicators, participants were asked to score on a five-point scale (Likert 1932) current and target capacity from Very Poor to Very Good, based on a descriptive rubric (Table S4). Target date for this assessment was aligned with year of completion for the relevant basin plan or policy (usually a period between 5 and 10 years). Diagnostic scores were aggregated by actor group. The difference in score between target and current (T–C) values was used to indicate distance (difficulty) to reach target (Fig. S1). Next, participants rated the synergistic or antagonistic influence of indicator progress towards target on other indicators (after Weitz et al. 2017) using a scale of Counteracting (− 2), Constraining (− 1), Consistent (0), Enabling (1) and Reinforcing (2). The aggregated scores were used to calculate priorities for constructing enabling pathways (Fig. S2). Data analysis Key challenges for actor groups were derived by summarizing individual qualitative responses in a thematic statement. These interview statements were grouped into thematic categories. For each group in each basin, a number of themes emerged that were identified as key challenges, which were then attributed to corresponding diagnostic indicators. Diagnostic and influencing scores were averaged by actor group to allow comparisons between basins. The results of averaged actor scores assume to express a collective view on basin diagnostics. This collective view provides a window on actor expectations vis-a-vis their own and other groups’ priorities and engagement. High (T–C) scores signify a large difference between target and current condition. This can result from high target expectations and moderate current conditions, or poor current conditions and moderate to high target expectations. Regardless, a larger value represents a larger distance between both, which makes it more challenging to achieve the target condition by the completion target date. Where (T–C) ≤ 0, progress towards target is either not possible or already achieved ((T–C) = 0) or will inevitably decline, despite best efforts, though perhaps at a slower rate than would have happened without management interventions ((T–C) < 0). Enabling pathways to complete indicator targets were developed using the following criteria in order of priority: Selecting the hardest target challenges, indicated by the three largest (T–C) difference values for indicators. The largest value is the starting priority for an actor group to focus on, descending towards the next hardest target indicator and the next. Three indicators provide a two-step pathway, although they are not always strongly connected by an influencing link in which case the next strongest priority may be discontinuous with the previous one (Data analysis Step 1, Fig. S2), or branch in two directions (two equal second largest values). The indicator exerting the strongest interactive positive influence (enabling and reinforcing) according to one or more actor groups is identified from the influence matrix using largest values. This indicator has a strategic advantage when designing the enabling pathway (Data analysis Step 2, Fig. S2). Cumulative strongest influences (largest values) of one indicator across all others by actor group were also determined (Data analysis Step 3, Fig. S2). The combination of Criteria 1, 2 and 3 was used to design primary and secondary influence links between indicators, denoted by thick and thin arrows respectively for each actor group, and combined in one enabling pathway schema for each basin. Indicator node boxes were coded by shape and colour to denote their influence by actor group (Fig. S2). Results Open-ended questions on key challenges for actor groups in each river basin The views of actor groups are closely linked to the basin plan objectives of each river basin, and therefore differ between basins despite an assumption that particular groups may pursue similar interests universally. They also differ from priorities emerging from diagnostic condition scoring. Actor views reflect the diversity of engagement of these groups and the way they identify key challenges, which are context specific. When comparing how challenges are assigned to indicators, the array of challenges for an indicator is wide-ranging across basins and actor groups (Table ). Hence, aligning challenges with indicators results in different emphasis by actor groups across basins. For example, in the Murray-Darling Basin, three groups emphasise mainly governance indicators as key challenges: decision-makers, NGOs and scientists. From those same groups in the São Francisco Basin, only scientists and NGOs identify Collaboration as a challenge; the rest are biophysical indicators, whereas in the Yellow River Basin only NGOs identify Collaboration and only decision-makers do in the Adour-Garonne. Table 2 ActorsIdentified challengesCorresponding indicatorsMurray-Darling BasinDecision-makersCompliance with the Basin Plan is critical and will require further institutional reform. Reform should also include broader catchment management objectives to complement the objectives of the Basin PlanInstitutionsIrrigatorsFurther implementation and tracking of results for environmental flows are the biggest challengesRiver FlowsNGOsBetter integration at all levels is required under a strong MDBA leadership; this is conditional on MDBA becoming truly independentLeadership CollaborationRBO subsidiariesFairer operating rules for water allocation balancing environmental and human water useRiver FlowsScientistsInstitutional reform is needed to better integrate local catchment management plans and foster better collaboration and the building of knowledge infrastructure for evidence-based decision-making and enforcement of compliance Learning Collaboration Institutions São Francisco River BasinDecision-makersA basin-wide strategy needs to integrate local water needs and water transfer projects, based on rational decisions. In the long term, increased water demands cannot be met; a paradigm shift is needed but the pathway is not clearRiver FlowsIrrigatorsWater payment needs strengthening by CBHSF and be made transparent in terms of allocation for river basin restoration projects. The latter will require better integration with local councilsRiver Flows Biodiversity InstitutionsNGOsCBHSF should reach out more to actors, to allow a bottom up and more decentralized approach. Social justice issues and environmental issues need much greater priority based on a diversity of localized needsCollaborationRBO subsidiariesBasin-wide understanding should be improved by quantifying water use and monitoring, and more actor representation is necessary River Flows Institutions ScientistsMultiple issues were mentioned: restoration versus irrigation; increase actor parities; social justice and ecological sustainability; institutional structure versus political interference, water allocation & interstate Water Pact, ensuring minimum flow between upstream and downstream statesRiver Flows Institutions CollaborationYellow River BasinDecision-makersMore efficient water allocation, enforcement of regulations and delineation of responsibilities are key priorities to manage floods (short-term) and sediment (long-term), and to integrate local versus system-wide planning, including Lower Yellow River ecology challenges River Flows Water Quality Biodiversity IrrigatorsFlexibility in water allocation and fees could assist in greater collaboration and meeting the YRCC objectivesRiver Flows CollaborationNGOsPursuing a uniform and fair approach to manage the difference between environmental and human use of water with better protection for wetlands and greater dialogue for management input by NGOsCollaboration BiodiversityRBO subsidiariesKey governance challenges include institutional reform for better integration at national, basin, regional and local level; water allocation and levies; monitoring and regulation Institutions River Flows ScientistsImplementing knowledge gained at the basin scale remains challenging, but also knowledge gaps and low awareness of localized needs and problems, such as water pollution Learning Water Quality Adour-Garonne River BasinDecision-makersDespite institutional reform to engage with regional authorities, there is a lack of strategic direction and lack of actor ownership of water governanceCollaborationIrrigatorsWater storage should be actively managed for dealing with climate change rather than trying to restore natural flows; we should adapt to changing ecological conditions, whilst maintaining irrigation water useRiver FlowsNGOsEconomic interests maintain and increase artificiality; we need to rethink agriculture to move to a much more sustainable paradigm, by using interdisciplinary science to develop predictive scenarios and options. Stronger regulation and connections with local authorities will be required to achieve this Biodiversity River Flows Leadership RBO subsidiariesSpecial interest groups (agriculture) are preventing the development of a common long-term vision, which aligns with the EU Water Framework Directives; this will also require integrating planning for the big water cycle with those of the small water cycle, over which CAG has no influence at present Collaboration Institutions ScientistsThere is a need to educate people about investing in conservation and biodiversity protection and to counter lobbying from agriculture Learning Biodiversity Basin indicator priority profiles for actor groups in each river basin Actor profiles for (T-C) scores are presented in different colours in a spider diagram for each river basin for visual comparison of scores (Fig. ); the black dotted profile indicates zero values for reference. The Murray-Darling is the only basin where all scores are greater than zero, meaning that improvement in all indicators is possible, unlike for some of the other basins. In the Murray-Darling diagram (upper left), there are large differences between actor profiles, with NGOs expressing the largest challenges for all indicators indicated by high scores. In contrast, decision-maker scores are some of the lowest, suggesting they have more confidence that challenges can be managed despite Biodiversity and Water Quality scoring higher than the others. Variation between scores is less prominent for other actor profiles, with the possible exception of higher scores for Leadership and Learning for RBO subsidiaries. Overall, large variability between actor profiles suggests that communication and shared values are lower compared to more similar profiles in other river basins. In the Yellow River, irrigators believe that for Species Reproduction, Biodiversity and Water Quality progress cannot improve (diagnostic scores for current and target are identical, see Fig. S1), whereas NGOs indicate no change for Leadership (zero difference between current and target score, both = 5). Irrigators and NGOs mark Collaboration higher than other groups, suggesting they identify this as a larger challenge. Overall, scores are slightly more similar between actors than those for the São Francisco Basin, with lower scores for biophysical indicators. This is due to current condition scores being moderate, with a modest target ambition of achieving good condition (one increment) for most biophysical indicators (Fig. S1). In the São Francisco Basin Leadership is scored as declining by NGOs (negative score), and Collaboration and Biodiversity as static. In the case of Collaboration, the diagnostic score is high (3.88) and remains the same for current and target, whereas for Biodiversity it remains low (2.00) (Fig. S1). Scores are lowest for NGOs compared to others except for Species Reproduction and River Flows where they align with others, and for Institutions where decision-makers score lower. Other profiles look more similar, except for the lower scores from decision-makers for Institutions, River Flows and Biodiversity, suggesting they are viewed as easier to achieve by this group. This contrasts with scientists’ scores for Institutions and Collaboration, harder to achieve for this group. Overall scores are lower than for the Murray-Darling Basin, with smaller variation between actors, suggesting a higher degree of agreement. The lower scores suggest that targets are easier to achieve, not because targets were set lower, but because the condition of the basin is assessed as less degraded. In the Adour-Garonne, the profile from decision-makers stands out, with higher scores for most indicators pointing to high challenges, in particular for biophysical indicators, and Collaboration. Irrigators score Species Reproduction, River Flows and Water Quality as declining despite best management efforts, but in contrast they see a minimal target improvement in Biodiversity. Scientists perceive no improvement in Learning (condition score 3—Modest, see Fig. S1) and identify Water Quality and River Flows as the largest challenges. Overall, actor views in this basin have the largest variability in scores (Table ), which may contribute to the perception of large challenges in Collaboration and Learning. Less uniformity in scores and larger value ranges, similar to the Murray-Darling Basin, will make water governance more challenging, as ‘accommodating differences’ under a shared vision (Ison et al. 2013) becomes more difficult. Table 3 SD across actor groupsMurray-Darling basinSão Francisco BasinYellow River BasinAdour-Garonne BasinSpecies reproduction0.320.340.420.80River flows0.460.230.200.99Biodiversity0.420.450.350.77Water quality0.420.310.370.94Leadership0.850.530.350.31Institutions0.500.520.190.31Collaboration0.450.450.290.50Learning0.570.330.470.63Across all0.160.110.100.27 Indicator profile scores reveal large variability between actors for some indicators, and closer alignment for others, both within and between river basins. Table summarises this information as standard deviation (SD) values for each indicator and river basin. Across all indicators, actor scores are much more similar in the Yellow River Basin and the São Francisco River Basin, despite their different governance settings. The Murray-Darling Basin ranks third, as a result of the wide divergence between NGO and decision-maker scores. In the Adour-Garonne, the SD is highest because of negative scores for River Flows by irrigators, and Biodiversity by NGOs. By indicator, the lowest value and hence greatest agreement is for Institutions in the Yellow River Basin (0.19) and the highest for River Flows, in the Adour-Garonne (0.99), attributable to the contrast in scores between decision-makers and irrigators in that basin. Enabling pathways Enabling pathways are based on challenges to reach indicator target condition, starting from current condition, as perceived by an actor group. The largest three challenges (T–C values) become the priority focus in descending value, creating an enabling pathway to achieve synergistic outcomes for each indicator. In the Murray-Darling Basin (Fig. ), Leadership and Learning are two governance indicators that interact to influence River Flows, although the latter also influences and is influenced by Species Reproduction and Water Quality. For scientists, Learning leads to improved River Flows, which further influences Leadership and Species Reproduction. NGOs focus on Leadership to influence River Flows and to enhance Collaboration, whereas RBO subsidiaries direct Leadership to Learning to improve Biodiversity. Restoration management of Biodiversity for ‘All groups’ will improve Learning, which will improve Water Quality. Decision-makers prioritise Biodiversity to influence Water Quality, which then affects River Flows, whereas irrigators follow the Biodiversity Species to Reproduction to River Flows pathway, but also use Learning for greater Collaboration. The pathway for São Francisco (Fig. ) focusses on interaction between Water Quality and River Flows, with spin-offs for Biodiversity and Species Reproduction, and connecting to governance indicators through Learning. For NGOs Species Reproduction has the strongest influence, for RBO subsidiaries it is Collaboration and for decision-makers Institutions. For NGOs, the focus is on improving Species Reproduction, enhancing River Flows and in turn Water Quality. Water Quality is the starting priority for ‘All groups’, scientists and irrigators. It also receives influence from Learning from decision-makers, with secondary priorities going to River Flows and Species Reproduction. Only three groups are prioritising governance indicators: decision-makers use Learning to improve Leadership and Collaboration; RBO subsidiaries use Institutions and Species Reproduction to enhance Learning and further influence Leadership; scientists are forging a two-way connection between Collaboration and Institutions to progress River Flows, and the interaction with Water Quality. The Yellow River pathway (Fig. ) centres on Learning as a key indicator, being the strongest influence on other indicators according to NGOs and RBO subsidiaries. Learning is the starting priority for NGOs and enhances Collaboration, and is directed as a secondary priority mainly towards all biophysical indicators by NGOs and to other governance indicators by irrigators and scientists. First priority for scientists directs Learning on Species Reproduction to inform improved targets for River Flows, whereas for ‘All groups’ and irrigators, Learning to River Flows take second priority. A condition for progressing Learning is stronger Collaboration, the first priority for ‘All groups’, irrigators and RBO subsidiaries. In contrast, decision-maker priorities start with Water Quality to enhance Biodiversity and Species Reproduction, but also to influence Collaboration. In the Adour-Garonne enabling pathway (Fig. ) the central indicator is Collaboration, which interacts in multiple ways for many groups with other governance indicators Institutions, Leadership and Learning. Learning is the critical connection point with biophysical indicators, three of which are of particular interest to decision-makers: Water Quality, Biodiversity and Species Reproduction, which in turn would influence improvement of River Flows. The focus on governance indicators is significant for ‘All groups’, which aim to improve Leadership to enhance Collaboration and consolidate this in enhanced Institutions, a pathway that is also significant for NGOs. For decision-makers improving Collaboration is the key to Learning from Biodiversity, Water Quality and Species Reproduction which may benefit River Flows. For ‘All Groups’ and NGOs in particular improvement starts with enhancing Leadership. For irrigators, the pathway follows the opposite direction, with Institutions improving Leadership and Collaboration, followed by Learning. RBO subsidiaries prioritise Learning also towards Water Quality, whereas scientists perceive improving Water Quality to influence River Flows, continuing to Species Reproduction and finally to Biodiversity. Discussion Diagnostic indicator priorities, key challenges and governance models [816] Diagnostic indicator priorities for the Murray-Darling Basin suggest that scores from decision-makers may underestimate the challenges to reach target, while the NGO group may overestimate the challenges ahead (Fig. ). Key challenges identified by decision-makers require institutional reform to improve compliance issues (Table ). However, institutional reform to improve compliance may ignore the complex relationship between over-allocation and climate change, overlooked in the Basin Plan (Pittock 2009; Alexandra 2017). The NGO group may base its diagnosis on its desire for better integration at all levels under MDBA coordination (Leadership and Collaboration, Table ). This may relate to feeling excluded from transparent decision-making and access to adequate information, explaining difficulty in reaching targets (high scores). The scoring profile of scientists shows a similar but consistently lower pattern across indicators, suggesting more informed views on effort required to reach targets. Hence, information bias can exist across different actor groups, influencing diagnosing problem definition and decision-making. In the Murray-Darling Basin’s centralised governance model, decision-makers have the power to arbitrarily consult with actors and therefore ignore views that may complicate, slow down, or inconvenience the timeline for implementation of the Basin Plan in which government has invested considerable resources and effort to reach social endorsement. As progress with implementation of the Basin Plan may not deliver the intended environmental outcomes, social legitimacy may increasingly be questioned by actors who feel excluded from co-implementation. In contrast to the Murray-Darling Basin, the NGO group of the São Francisco Basin has the lowest scores of all groups, including two ‘zero’ scores for Collaboration and Biodiversity and one negative score for Leadership (Fig. ), indicating that no improvement is expected for those indicators and even a potential decline for Leadership (the current score being 3.75, moderate to good, Fig. S1). Surprisingly, despite the ‘water parliament’ governance model where NGOs are represented on the RBO committee, this group feels powerless, as the key challenge identified a need to reach out to more actors and allowing a bottom-up approach (Table ), to give social justice and environmental issues greater prominence (Collaboration). Undoubtedly, this is the result of the legacy of the water transfer project, which was decided unilaterally by the federal government (Andrade et al. 2009), against opposing views of the RBO committee at the time. This illustrates that legal actor representation in itself provides no guarantee to avoid actor backlash and disengagement (Empinotti 2007). The Yellow River Basin has the lowest divergence in actor profiles of all river basins, with governance indicators rating as slightly more challenging than biophysical indicators. In particular, Learning has the widest range of views, with scientists and NGOs identifying this as a large challenge. In contrast, Institutions has the lowest SD value and low scores (Table , Fig. S1); this is not considered a priority despite RBO subsidiaries identifying it as a key challenge. Interestingly, low confidence of irrigators in improving Water Quality, Biodiversity and Species Reproduction contrasts with flexible water allocation seen as a key challenge (River Flows, Collaboration). Leadership is not regarded as a priority challenge, with most scores barely rating 0.5, except for scientists, who may be slightly more critical. The centralist top-down governance framework is viewed by most actor groups as the best way to achieve basin-wide outcomes, although there is a recognition that local water user needs remain problematic (Table ). This view stands in contrast with the diagnostic scores and the indicator priorities used for enabling pathways. The Adour-Garonne reveals a similar negative score by irrigators for Species Reproduction and Water Quality, but also River Flows (Fig. ). This reflects the key challenge of managing River Flows for climate change, where the expectation is that natural flows cannot be restored and adaptation strategies for a new ‘normal’ are required. Given the vision for the basin which includes improvement of Water Quality, restoration of wetlands and base flow levels (River Flows) (Table S2), this points to the lowest of all vision alignment scores of all actor groups (note: n = 2). The Adour-Garonne is the basin with the widest divergence of scores, significantly higher than any of the other river basins and indicator SD values being high for all but two indicators (Leadership and Institutions) (Table ). The key challenges identified by the various groups suggest that confidence in those two indicators remains high, but deficiencies in Collaboration and Learning result in a lack of alignment of strategic direction and widely diverging views, some which are more prevalent than others. The European Water Framework Directive (CEC 2000) also imposes an external regulation adding complexity to a governance framework that needs to integrate the big water cycle (river basin scale) with the small water cycle (over which the committee has no influence), according to the RBO subsidiary group (Table ). These problems are certainly recognised by decision-makers, who score the challenges for all indicators as one of the highest of all actor groups and of all basin profiles. Actor contributions to enabling pathways Designing an enabling pathway, based primarily on what actors consider indicator priorities and complemented by key challenges identified through qualitative questioning is a novel diagnostic approach, which opens new perspectives for co-implementation resulting from indicator interactions and synergies. The diagnosis of current and target condition is used to identify priority indicator targets which may differ for each group depending on their perspective, and how they view indicator interaction influences. By using actor knowledge to assess current and target condition of the basin, actors can be empowered to express a perspective, which sometimes differs from their identified key challenges. Indeed, different forms of knowledge may co-exist and be utilized depending on the context (Delfau 2018). Key challenges may be based on existing narratives, whereas diagnosing key indicators may instead be approached from a problem-solving perspective. Aggregation of responses may also result in differences between key challenges and indicator priorities. Broadening a conceptual understanding became particularly prominent when actors were asked to score influences resulting from indicator interactions. For most participants, influences among socio-institutional and on and among biophysical indicators were easy to articulate. However, scoring the influence of biophysical indicators on socio-institutional indicators was much more challenging, as it required people consider biophysical feedback loops on governance and policy. This is surprising, given that crisis management through policy tools is precisely a response to these biophysical feedback loops. Diagnosing indicator performance by actors changes the engagement from a purely rational, top-down approach decided by experts and managers to a broader view allowing ‘multiple ways of knowing’ (Barrett et al. 2017; Delfau 2018) and co-learning (Gilfillan et al. 2020). Co-learning changes the dialogue and power dynamics of basin actors in favour of a more egalitarian way in which interaction is no longer uniquely guided by preconceived ideas of users, providers, regulators and managers, but where social capacity aims for transformative sustainability learning (Barrett et al. 2017) and adaptive governance (Folke et al. 2005), requiring longer-term institutional reform (Sharma-Wallace et al. 2018). In this way, co-implementation becomes a concerted effort of all actors, increasing trust, accountability and transparency. It challenges existing governance concepts and compels actors to evaluate system dynamics and feedback loops that include their own position. This process facilitates double and triple loop learning, considered an essential requirement for an adaptive management framework (Pahl-Wostl 2009), which despite its attractiveness has failed to become the dominant framework to date (Connalin et al. 2018). Different enabling pathways for basin case studies The constructed enabling pathways have many implications for these four case study river basins. For the Murray-Darling Basin, the key premise is that priorities need to focus on end objectives of improving Biodiversity and Species Reproduction to inform targets for the driver indicator River Flows, which features prominently in the Basin Plan (2012). This may require broader strategies that consider environmental flows along other natural resource management levers. Institutional reform is an outcome that needs to be driven by end objectives of restoring environmental degradation. It should consolidate a praxis emphasising enhanced Learning and Collaboration, whilst ensuring effective mechanisms for this are formalised over time (Daniell 2011; Connalin et al. 2018). Accountability for the declining state of the basin has become a pressing issue at the core of evaluating the effectiveness of the Basin Plan and its water recovery for environmental flows (O’Donnell and Garrick 2017; Wentworth Group of Concerned Scientists 2017; Thom et al. 2019; Vertessy et al. 2019), particularly since the balance of societal values has evolved towards sustainable water use (Wei et al. 2017). In the São Francisco Basin, Learning, Water Quality and River Flows are the main interaction pathways that will bring about improvements to the basin, although only River Flows is identified as part of the key challenges (Table ). Better actor representation and payment for water services will allow many of the basin-wide planning issues to be resolved, and through this bottom-up approach provide for large scale, systemic quantified solutions for water use allocation, Water Pacts, and river basin restoration (Siegmundt-Schultze 2017; Bouckaert et al. 2020). Nevertheless, top-down systemic challenges remain, such as optimizing hydropower to improve biodiversity, a topic not captured in this analysis by absence of this actor group. The enabling pathway for the Yellow River Basin challenges the hierarchical top-down governance model, by identifying the need for greater Collaboration for collective Learning to address problems of River Flows and Water Quality. This pathway may require more inclusive Leadership and reform of Institutions. Achieving bottom-up horizontal integration where local decision-making feeds into a basin-wide planning framework is part of improved Collaboration. This is conveyed in the Collaboration to Learning to River Flows pathway for all actors. In the Adour-Garonne Basin, decision paralysis, coupled to clearer roles and responsibilities appears to be the constraining issue that challenges the consensus-based governance model (Colon et al. 2018); this was reflected in the answers of many respondents. Interestingly, decision-makers view the challenges for all indicators as much larger than the other groups, suggesting that the process of decision-making itself is the greatest obstacle to improve the indicators. Collectively, actors would require Leadership to focus on strategic direction and enhanced Collaboration, formalised through reform of Institutions in the longer term. Socio-institutional capacity issues dominate multiple pathways, requiring better integration at different levels (local—the small water cycle-, basin-wide -the large water cycle, and international—the EU Water Framework Directive). In all four river basins, parallels can be drawn between the tension of localised water user needs and top-down planning decisions. In most instances this tension arises from a poorly integrated planning process, where top-down management processes pay insufficient attention to local water requirements and fail to recognise the nested spatial scales requiring subsidiary decision making coupled to input from local actors. To address this issue, it will not be sufficient to simply consult on what actors perceive as shortcomings based on their immediate needs. Instead, actors will need to take on an increasingly proactive role, in which they use river basin diagnosis to look beyond their own agendas and be willing to take on a stronger role in co-implementation as part of a mutual obligation principle, while simultaneously challenging hierarchical decision-making. Indicators of Learning and Collaboration can be used to exchange information between the four basins on the process of actor basin diagnosis, if this method would become more widely adopted. Existing governance models and its history in each of the basins suggest that Institutions and Leadership will focus on basin-specific challenges. Nevertheless, relevant lessons can be shared, especially in the context of how external drivers affect a basin system. International relevance Having developed an integrated tool for diagnosing governance and management of river basins offers opportunities for cross-basin comparisons. It could initiate a process of cross-basin learning complementing the OECD principles on water governance in practice (Neto et al. 2018). The most obvious starting point is through connections formed between RBOs, but with the potential to expand it into much larger collaborative networks. In our study, two river basins have similar governance structures of representative actor membership: the São Francisco Basin and the Adour-Garonne Basin. Comparisons of enabling pathways, similarities and differences could provide valuable lessons with regard to actor representation and leadership direction. The other two basins, the Murray-Darling Basin and the Yellow River Basin, have a top-down governance structure, and both identify challenges with compliance issues. Further, comparisons between underrepresented indigenous actors in the Murray-Darling Basin and the São Francisco basin would benefit from the diagnostic approach but would require much larger representative samples of indigenous actors in a separate category. Cross-comparisons of different governance models would also inform how similar challenges are approached, and what could be learnings from legislated representation versus administrative governance accountabilities. This could also reveal some interesting findings on actor representation of the poor in the São Francisco and Yellow River basins in the context of trade-offs made for macroeconomic development. Tangible achievements such as large-scale riverbank revegetation in the Yellow River Basin could also be evaluated through the diagnostic approach, with valuable lessons for other river basins. In an international context, the diagnostic approach may offer a novel pathway for screening collaboration potential that differs from current conventional narratives of ‘north–south’ international collaboration. This could include comparisons between riparian countries of transboundary rivers, although these are inherently more complex and will need to consider multiple dimensions, including upstream–downstream dependencies, limited power of bilateral and multilateral agreements under international law, interests from donor countries, etc. (Milman et al. 2013; Tilleard and Ford 2016). In this study, the framework was applied at a nationally bounded basin scale, but it can be extended to applications at multiple nested spatial scales, including transboundary rivers. Limitations and perspectives Interviewing basin actors is resource intensive. It provided a wealth of information, yet at the same time limits the number of actors that could be interviewed in each of the basins. Hence results of actor diagnostic scores should be interpreted with caution with regard to representative views based on a small sample of a much larger actor group. The classification of actor groups could also be reviewed, to include indigenous participants and perhaps include a gender-based perspective. Nevertheless, the major contribution of this study is that actor diagnostics provide wider perspectives to discuss actor participation in co-implementation of basin governance and management, and provides comparable indicators across river basins. The suggested approach requires actors to broaden their perspectives on basin management and on their defined roles, be it as decision-maker, practitioner, beneficiary or investigator. Systemic comparisons across river basins of governance performance and its interaction with biophysical condition indicators can assist with a critical analysis of a basin governance framework for achieving sustainable management outcomes. In this study, only five of the ten identified actor groups had data for all four river basins. This excluded some actor groups which may have been important in the debate about implementing a river basin plan, and hence this comparison may have skewed some of the key issues for a basin. For example, in the São Francisco Basin the hydropower supply group was not included in this study (due to absence of comparable groups in other basins), despite a salient debate on hydropower security and its trade-off against improving biodiversity in the management of the basin (O’Hanley et al. 2020). In a broader sense, the influence of external drivers and context on a river system are included in the conceptual framework and evaluated through qualitative open-ended questions, but not assessed as part of the quantitative score diagnostic. Distinguishing what lies within the realm of influence of an RBO and its actors may need to be clarified, as well as agreeing on a strategy for longer term engagement and repeat diagnostics as part of regular evaluations. The transformation of diagnostics into enabling pathways for engagement would need to become the next step in a social learning process for getting buy-in from participants. Conclusions This research developed an actor diagnostic approach of four social-institutional and four biophysical functional indicators for designing an enabling pathway of river basin governance for sustainable management. The relative importance of functional indicators and their influence on others while progressing towards target perceived by actors was used to provide an interactive pathway for actor groups to engage in co-implementation of their basin plan. Constructing enabling pathways provides a methodology to encapsulate emerging properties of a social dynamic that otherwise may not be considered in the logical planning of a river basin. Using actor diagnostics provide insights into their own positioning in the prevalent governance framework, and an ability to reflect and compare this across basins. The next logical step is the enactment of these pathways to initiate a social learning process as a first step in co-implementation by multiple actor groups of a basin plan. Enactment of these pathways for co-implementation is beyond the scope of this study, but suggested mechanisms are prevalent in the literature, including collaborative governance, co-engineering, scenario praxis), and integrative learning. Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge valuable assistance with translations, linguistic and logistical support during actor interviews in the Yellow River Basin, China, by Jinghan Li, and in the São Francisco River Basin, Brazil, by Agência Peixe Vivo for providing actor contacts and invitations to the annual plenary meeting. This work was funded by an APA Scholarship Award, and supported by the University of Queensland School of Earth and Environmental Sciences. Profound thanks also go to all actor participants in Australia, Brazil, China and France for their contributions through the interviews. This research was made possible by APA scholarship 00025B/4220934 offered by the University of Queensland, Australia. Biographies Frederick Willem Bouckaert has a BSC (Hon) in freshwater ecology, Master in Integrated Water Management and a PhD in integrating river basin governance and management. Prior to completing his PhD, he had a successful career with the Murray-Darling Basin Authority, managing the Sustainable Rivers Audit, one of the largest river basin ecological monitoring programs in the world. He is currently a Research Fellow with the University of Queensland, Australia. Yongping Wei is Acting Head of School and ARC Future Fellow, School of Earth and Environmental Science, the University of Queensland. Before joining the University of Queensland in 2016, she was Principal Research fellow at the University of Melbourne. She obtained a Bachelor of Engineering and Master of Natural Resources Economics, and was awarded her PhD of Natural Resources Management at the University of Melbourne in 2007. James Pittock is Professor at the Fenner School of Environment and Society and Director of International Programs for the UNESCO Chair in Water Economics and Transboundary Water Governance at the Australian National University. His research considers how our societies can conserve biodiversity, respond to climate change, supply energy and food, and better manage increasingly scarce water resources with a focus on Africa, Australia and the Mekong regions. Vitor Vasconcelos is an Associate Professor of Ecosystem Dynamics at the Federal University of ABC (Brazil). Vitor’s career includes a period as visiting scholar in the University of Florida, postdoctoral position at the Stockholm Environment Institute, PhD in Natural Science, MSc in Geography, specialist degree in Soils and Environment, BS in Environmental Science, Geography, and Philosophy, and technical degrees in Environment and in Industrial Informatics. Ray Ison is Director of the Environmental Decision Making Program, and is involved in: (i) managing and presenting the post-graduate program in Systems Thinking in Practice (STiP) and undertaking associated Systems scholarship; (ii) contributing to Applied Systems Thinking in Practice (ASTiP) Group, including leading an initiative to create a Masters Apprenticeship for the Systems Thinking Practitioner based on the UK Apprenticeship Levy and (iii) undertaking international research. Funding Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions. Contributor Information Frederick Willem Bouckaert, Email: ua.ude.qu@treakcuob.f, Email: moc.liamg@75treakcuobkcirederf. Yongping Wei, Email: ua.ude.qu@ieW.gnipgnoY. James Pittock, Email: ua.ude.una@kcottiP.eimaJ. Vitor Vasconcelos, Email: moc.liamg@v.v.rotiv. Ray Ison, Email: ku.ca.nepo@nosi.yar. References Alexandra J. Risks, uncertainty and climate confusion in the Murray-Darling basin reforms. 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