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659
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dbpedia
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3
| 5
|
https://www.facebook.com/WestfieldHeritage/
|
en
|
Facebook
|
https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico
|
https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico
|
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[] | null |
Sieh dir auf Facebook Beiträge, Fotos und vieles mehr an.
|
de
|
https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico
|
https://www.facebook.com/login/
| ||||
659
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 70
|
https://whichmuseum.com/museum/stanley-park-westfield-33596
|
en
|
Visitor Information & Reviews
|
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Stanley Park is a museum in Westfield. View visitor information, information about the collection and read reviews.
|
en
|
/images/favicon.ico
|
https://whichmuseum.com/museum/stanley-park-westfield-33596
|
Stanley Park, located in Westfield, Massachusetts, is a non-profit privately owned park that includes an arboretum and botanical garden. The park is open to the public daily without charge from May to November, offering visitors the opportunity to explore its diverse flora and fauna.
Wildlife and Hiking Trails
In addition to its gardens, Stanley Park also boasts over 300 acres of protected woodland, complete with miles of hiking trails. Visitors may have the chance to spot wildlife such as wood ducks in the winter and great blue herons in the summer.
Operating Hours and Admission
Stanley Park operates from 7:00 am until nightfall every day. The park season begins on the first Saturday in May and ends on the last Sunday in November. Admission to the park is free, making it an accessible destination for all visitors.
|
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659
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 72
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Chatswood
|
en
|
Westfield Chatswood
|
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2006-06-19T10:10:25+00:00
|
en
|
/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Chatswood
|
Shopping mall in New South Wales, Australia
Westfield Chatswood is a large indoor shopping centre in the suburb of Chatswood in the Lower North Shore of Sydney.[1]
Transport
[edit]
The Metro North West and North Shore railway lines offer frequent services to Chatswood station which is a short walk from the centre.
Westfield Chatswood has bus connections operated by Busways, CDC NSW and Keolis Downer Northern Beaches services to the Sydney CBD, North Shore and Northern Sydney, as well as surrounding suburbs with bus stops on Victoria Avenue.
Westfield Chatswood also has a multi level car park with 2,831 spaces.
History
[edit]
Westfield Chatswood opened on 30 January 1986 and is the second major shopping centre to be built in Chatswood with the first being Chatswood Chase in 1983 and Wallace Way and Lemon Grove in the 1980s.[2] The centre was located next to the free standing Grace Bros store that opened in 1961 and featured Target (which was originally located at Wallace Way until 1986), Coles New World and Franklins (closed 2001 and renamed Food For Less). In 1999 it was redeveloped to incorporate a previously free standing Grace Bros store (later renamed Myer in 2004) and Toys "R" Us was added.[3]
In 2008 Aldi opened its store on the space vacated by Food For Less. Spanish clothing retailer Zara opened its store on 13 February 2014.[4]
In July 2014, as part of a restructure of the Westfield Group, it came under the control of the Scentre Group.[5]
Recent development
[edit]
In 2015 a $110 million upgrade to Westfield Chatswood commenced, with the centre increased from 77,000sqm to 80,000sqm of gross lettable area. The redevelopment was completed in November 2015 with H&M (opened on the space vacated by Toys "R" Us), Uniqlo, Mecca Maxima and a new relocated Rebel Sport all opened on 18 February 2016.[6][7][8]
This development consists of:
Forty new stores
Four new international fashion stores, as well as some local fashion stores (including Sydney's third H&M, Uniqlo, Topshop and Topman)
Two-level entrance on Victoria Avenue reconfigured into a five-level mall which included a two-level flagship Topshop and Topman (as of September 2017 the store is now closed)
Hawker Lane Asian dining restaurants precinct
A reduced regular food court
Tenants
[edit]
Westfield Chatswood has 81,093 m2 of floor space. The major retailers include Myer, Target, Aldi, Coles, Uniqlo, Zara, JB Hi-Fi, Rebel, Timezone and Hoyts Cinema.
Incidents and accidents
[edit]
24 September 2005, a 32-year-old woman fell from the sixth floor and straight onto a 42-year-old woman on the ground floor in an attempted suicide. Both women were taken to Royal North Shore Hospital and police are investigating.[9]
12 January 2016, A man fell from the fifth level and died. About 3:45 pm police were called to the centre following reports a man was standing on the wrong side of a railing. Police believe it was suicide.[10]
References
[edit]
|
||||||
659
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 10
|
https://historicplacesdays.ca/places/westfield-heritage-village/
|
en
|
Westfield Heritage Village
|
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[] |
[] |
[
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2021-07-09T18:47:53+00:00
|
Living History Museum with over 30 historic structures and Conservation Area.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
Historic Places Days
|
https://historicplacesdays.ca/places/westfield-heritage-village/
|
Westfield Heritage Village first opened to the public in 1964. Westfield is a collection of over 30 historical buildings that have been relocated to Westfield from throughout southern Ontario. Two teachers from Brantford, Glenn Kilmer and Goldie MacDonell, had a vision to recreate a Village setting that included a number of shops, homes and businesses bringing to life the historical past.
The backdrop to this Village includes over 204 hectares (503 acres) of land that features natural woodlands, plantation forests and provincially significant wetlands. Hidden in among the trees are two ruin sites of the old farms that once were in operation more than 100 years ago.
Westfield is a community project with over 250 active volunteers and numerous community groups helping to provide tours, events and educational programs. Volunteers are involved in every aspect of running the site including costumed interpreters, gardeners, maintenance workers, collection assistants, and costume committee members.
|
||||
659
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 47
|
https://www.hamiltonrasc.ca/programs/westfield-nights/
|
en
|
Westfield Nights
|
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2015-12-12T04:28:53+00:00
|
One of our most popular public outreach events is the Observing night series we do at Westfield Heritage Village. We take the opportunity to use vintage telescopes that are from… Continue reading
|
en
|
RASC Hamilton
|
https://www.hamiltonrasc.ca/programs/westfield-nights/
|
One of our most popular public outreach events is the Observing night series we do at Westfield Heritage Village.
We take the opportunity to use vintage telescopes that are from the period represented by Westfield to show people the wonders of the night sky.
We run this outreach event several times a year. Keep an eye on our website for information on when we will be out there next!
|
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659
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Massachusetts
|
en
|
List of museums in Massachusetts
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico
|
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2007-12-14T23:23:22+00:00
|
en
|
/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Massachusetts
|
Name Town/City County Region Type Notes 1749 Court House and Museum Plymouth Plymouth Plymouth County Local history Early Plymouth history, open seasonally Abbot Hall Marblehead Essex North Shore Maritime Operated by the Marblehead Historical Commission, includes cases with local history displays and the Maritime Room Museum Abigail Adams Birthplace Weymouth Norfolk Greater Boston Historic house website Adams National Historical Park Quincy Norfolk Greater Boston Historic house Preserves the homes of Presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams, of U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain Charles Francis Adams, Sr., and of the writers and historians Henry Adams and Brooks Adams house Addison Gallery of American Art Andover Essex Merrimack Valley Art American art, photography and decorative arts, part of Phillips Academy African Meeting House on Nantucket Nantucket Nantucket Nantucket African American website, part of Museum of Afro-American History Agawam Historical Fire House & Museum Agawam Hampden Pioneer Valley Fire website Alden House Historic Site Duxbury Plymouth Plymouth Historic house National Historic Landmark; Includes 1659 John Alden House and 1632 original Alden Homestead Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Springfield Hampden Pioneer Valley Children's Dedicated to the art of Dr. Seuss, opened in 2017 Amelia Park Children's Museum Westfield Hampden Pioneer Valley Children's website, formerly Discover Westfield Children's Museum American Heritage Museum Stow Middlesex Greater Boston Military history website, large collection of tanks and other military artifacts of the 20th and early 21st centuries Amesbury Carriage Museum Amesbury Essex Merrimack Valley Transportation website Amherst Center for Russian Culture Amherst Hampshire Pioneer Valley Art Includes gallery for the display of over 50 works of Russian art Amherst History Museum Amherst Hampshire Pioneer Valley History Operated by the Amherst Historical Society in the Simeon Strong House, includes decorative arts, paintings, household implements, agricultural tools and other historic items Amos Blanchard House and Barn Museum Andover Essex Merrimack Valley History website, recreates the life and times of a typical middle-class family of the early 19th century, operated by the Andover Historical Society Animagic Lee Berkshire The Berkshires Art website, museum of animation, special effects and art Aptucxet Trading Post Museum Bourne Barnstable Cape Cod Open air website, operated by the Bourne Historical Society, includes replica 17th-century trading post, Gray Gables Railroad Station, replica 19th-century saltworks, and a wooden windmill Aquinnah Cultural Center Aquinnah Dukes Martha's Vineyard Native American History and culture of the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head Armenian Library and Museum of America Watertown Middlesex Greater Boston Ethnic Arrowhead Pittsfield Berkshire The Berkshires Historic house Home of Herman Melville Art Complex Museum Duxbury Plymouth Plymouth Art Collections include American painting, prints, Shaker furniture and Asian art Arthur M. Sackler Museum Cambridge Middlesex Greater Boston Art Part of Harvard, ancient, Islamic, Asian, and later Indian art Ashfield Historical Society Museum Ashfield Franklin Pioneer Valley Local history website Athol Historical Society Museum Athol Worcester Blackstone Valley Local history Open on Sunday afternoons in June and July Attic Children's Museum Uxbridge Worcester Blackstone Valley Children's website, operated by Uxbridge Public Schools Attleboro Arts Museum Attleboro Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Art website, contemporary visual and performing arts Attleboro Area Industrial Museum Attleboro Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Industry website, refiner of gold, silver and copper by-products for jewelry Atwood House Museum Chatham Barnstable Cape Cod Historic house 18th-century house reflecting Cape Cod life, art, and culture of the 18th and 19th centuries, run by the Chatham Historical Society Auburn Historical Museum Auburn Worcester Blackstone Valley Local history Housed in a historic school building Bare Cove Fire Museum Hingham Plymouth Plymouth Fire website Barrett-Byam Homestead Chelmsford Middlesex Merrimack Valley Historic house Operated by the Chelmsford Historical Society Bartlett Museum Amesbury Essex Merrimack Valley Multiple Historic house with Amesbury history exhibits, replicas of a colonial kitchen and a Victorian parlor, a natural history room, a schoolroom and a carriage house Bartholomew's Cobble Sheffield Berkshire The Berkshires Natural history Basketball Hall of Fame Springfield Hampden Pioneer Valley Sports Battleship Cove Fall River Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Maritime Includes the World War II battleship USS Massachusetts, PT Boat Museum, destroyer USS Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., submarine USS Lionfish, German corvette Hiddensee Baxter Mill Yarmouth Barnstable Cape Cod Mill Restored grist mill, open seasonally Beauport, Sleeper-McCann House Gloucester Essex North Shore Historic house Owned by Historic New England, early 20th-century house with dozens of rooms decorated to evoke different historical and literary themes Beebe Estate Melrose Middlesex Greater Boston Art Features changing exhibits of local art Beer Can Museum East Taunton Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Collection Beer cans Belchertown Firefighters Museum Belchertown Hampshire Pioneer Valley Firefighting [1] Bell School Westport Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Local history website, operated by the Westport Historical Society Beneski Museum of Natural History Amherst Hampshire Pioneer Valley Natural history Part of Amherst College, large collection of dinosaur fossils, area minerals Benjamin Caryl House Dover Norfolk Greater Boston Historic house Operated by the Dover Historical Society, which also owns the Sawin Museum and Fisher Barn, late 18th-century period house Benjamin Nye Homestead East Sandwich Barnstable Cape Cod Historic house 18th-century period home Benjamin Thompson House-Count Rumford Birthplace Woburn Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house Birthplace of scientist and inventor Benjamin Thompson Berkshire Athenaeum Pittsfield Berkshire The Berkshires Library Library, literary, Herman Melville Collection Berkshire Museum Pittsfield Berkshire The Berkshires Multiple Art, natural history, culture of ancient civilizations, science, aquarium Berkshire Scenic Railway Museum Lenox Berkshire The Berkshires Railroad Museum and heritage railroad Bernardston Historical Society Museum Bernardston Franklin Pioneer Valley Local history [2] Bidwell House Museum Monterey Berkshire The Berkshires Historic house 18th-century period house, also has hiking trails Bisbee Mill Museum Chesterfield Hampshire Pioneer Valley History Reconstructed 19th-century grist mill, blacksmith shop, woodworking shop, historic artifacts Blackstone Historical Museum Blackstone Worcester Blackstone Valley Local history [3] Blanchard's Colonial Tavern Avon Norfolk Southeastern Massachusetts Historic house website, 18th-century tavern, also Captain Sam Robbins House Blue Hill Observatory & Science Center Milton Norfolk Greater Boston Science Blue Hills Trailside Museum Milton Norfolk Greater Boston Nature center Operated by the Massachusetts Audubon Society, natural history of the Blue Hills Reservation, live animals, programs Boardman House Saugus Essex North Shore Historic house Owned by Historic New England, open two days a year, late 17th-century saltbox Boylston Historical Society Museum Boylston Worcester Blackstone Valley Local history website, located in the former town hall Brewster Historical Society Museum Brewster Barnstable Cape Cod Local history website Briggs-McDermott House Bourne Barnstable Cape Cod Local history Operated by the Bourne Historical Society Brockton Historical Society Homestead Brockton Plymouth Plymouth History website, also see Brockton Historical Society other site, includes the Brockton Shoe Museum, Brockton Fire Museum, Rocky Marciano and Thomas Edison exhibits Brocklebank Museum Georgetown Essex Merrimack Valley Historic house 18th-century period house operated by the Georgetown Historical Society Brooks Academy Museum Harwich Barnstable Cape Cod Local history website, operated by the Harwich Historical Society Brooks Estate Medford Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house Victorian manor and carriage house Browne House Watertown Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house Open twice a year Buckland Historical Society Museum Buckland Franklin Pioneer Valley Local history website, open on a limited basis Buckman Tavern Lexington Middlesex Greater Boston Tavern 18th-century tavern Bullard House Berlin Worcester Blackstone Valley Historic house Open by the Berlin Art and Historical Society for special events Burlington Historic Museum Burlington Middlesex Greater Boston Local history website, operated by the Burlington Historical Commission Busch-Reisinger Museum Cambridge Middlesex Greater Boston Art Part of Harvard, art of Northern and Central Europe, focusing on German-speaking cultures Buttonwoods Museum Haverhill Essex Merrimack Valley History Operated by the Haverhill Historical Society, includes John Ward House, the Duncan House and the Daniel Hunkins Shoe Shop, collections include furniture, ceramics, clothing, photographs, paintings, tools, banners, books, documents and Native American artifacts Cahoon Museum of American Art Cotuit Barnstable Cape Cod Art American art Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library & Museum Northampton Hampshire Pioneer Valley Biographical Cape Ann Museum Gloucester Essex North Shore Multiple Fisheries & maritime, fine art, granite quarrying & decorative arts galleries Cape Cod Children's Museum Mashpee Barnstable Cape Cod Children's website Cape Cod Museum of Art Dennis Barnstable Cape Cod Art Collection of artists with regional association Cape Cod Museum of Natural History Brewster Barnstable Cape Cod Natural history Bird and wildlife mounts, Native American displays, aquariums, marsh trails Captain Bangs Hallet House Yarmouth Barnstable Cape Cod Historic house website, 19th-century period house, operated by the Historical Society of Old Yarmouth Captain John Wilson House Cohasset Norfolk Greater Boston Historic house 19th-century period house operated in the summer by the Cohasset Historical Society Carpenter Museum Rehoboth Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Local history Collections of the Rehoboth Antiquarian Society Castle Hill Ipswich Essex North Shore Historic house 59-room Stuart-style mansion and extensive grounds Centerville Historical Museum Centerville Barnstable Cape Cod Local history website, includes an 1840 house with historic costumes, maritime and military artifacts, quilts, 18th- and 19th-century decorative arts, paintings, tools, and children's toys and dolls Charles River Museum of Industry Waltham Middlesex Greater Boston Industry Area textile and watch industries, steam power, early transportation, recreated early 20th-century machine shop, antique machines Chatham Marconi Maritime Center Chatham Barnstable Cape Cod History History of maritime wireless communication Chatham Railroad Museum Chatham Barnstable Cape Cod Transportation 1887 railroad depot, features New York Central model locomotives used at the 1939 New York World’s Fair, HO model railroad Chesterwood Estate & Museum Stockbridge Berkshire The Berkshires Historic house Home of sculptor Daniel Chester French Children's Museum at Holyoke Holyoke Hampden Pioneer Valley Children's website Children's Museum in Easton Easton Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Children's Claflin-Richards House Wenham Essex North Shore Historic house Owned by Wenham Museum, open by appointment Clara Barton Birthplace Museum North Oxford Worcester Blackstone Valley Biographical 19th-century home of Clara Barton, founder of the Red Cross Clara Sexton House Billerica Middlesex Merrimack Valley Historic house website, operated by the Billerica Historical Society Clark Art Institute Williamstown Berkshire The Berkshires Art Also known as Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute Clinton Historical Society Museum Clinton Worcester North County Historic house website, open on Saturday morning by tour Coast Guard Heritage Museum Barnstable Barnstable Cape Cod Maritime History of the United States Coast Guard and its predecessor organizations, includes the Old Jail (Barnstable, Massachusetts) Codman House Lincoln Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house Owned by Historic New England, estate with furnishings from many periods, also gardens Coffin House Newbury Essex Merrimack Valley Historic house Owned by Historic New England, Colonial American house Cogswell's Grant Essex Essex North Shore Historic house Owned by Historic New England, 18th-century farmhouse with collection of American decorative arts Cohasset Historical Society Museum Cohasset Norfolk Greater Boston Local history Features textile collection, 19th-century furniture and decorative arts, ephemera capturing Cohasset's theatrical past and paintings depicting the town's seascapes, landscapes, people and places Cohasset Maritime Museum Cohasset Norfolk Greater Boston Maritime Operated in the summer by the Cohasset Historical Society Concord Museum Concord Middlesex Greater Boston Local history Includes collection of artifacts from authors Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, 17th, 18th, and 19th-century decorative arts Cooper-Frost-Austin House Cambridge Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house Owned by Historic New England, 17th-century Colonial American house, open twice a year Cottage Museum Oak Bluffs Dukes Martha's Vineyard Religious website, typical Campground cottage, operated by the Martha's Vineyard Campmeeting Association Crane Museum of Papermaking Dalton Berkshire The Berkshires Industry Paper-making and the history of Crane & Co. Crowninshield-Bentley House Salem Essex North Shore Historic house Owned by the Peabody Essex Museum, restored 1794 period Colonial house Crosby Mansion Brewster Barnstable Cape Cod Historic house website, late 19th-century mansion open for tours on specific dates Cushing House Museum and Garden Newburyport Essex Merrimack Valley Historic house 19th-century Federal mansion with collection of decorative arts Custom House Maritime Museum Newburyport Essex Merrimack Valley Maritime Operated by the Newburyport Maritime Society, maritime heritage of the Merrimack Valley and its role in American history Cyrus E. Dallin Art Museum Arlington Middlesex Greater Boston Art Many works by sculptor Cyrus Edwin Dallin Danforth Art Framingham Middlesex Greater Boston Art Collection of American art, changing exhibits of contemporary artists, classes and workshops Dan Raymond House Sheffield Berkshire The Berkshires Historic house website, operated by the Sheffield Historical Society Danvers Historical Society Danvers Essex North Shore History website, operates Page House, Tapley Memorial Hall, Glen Magna Farms and General Israel Putnam House Davis Museum and Cultural Center Wellesley Norfolk Greater Boston Art Part of Wellesley College, collections include ancient to contemporary sculptures, paintings, decorative objects, and works on paper DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park Lincoln Middlesex Greater Boston Art Modern and contemporary art, American sculpture and 35-acre (140,000 m2) sculpture park Dedham Historical Society Museum Dedham Norfolk Greater Boston History website, features collection of Dedham and Chelsea pottery, furnishings, Civil War artifacts and a number of important paintings Discovery Museums Acton Middlesex Greater Boston Children's, Science Two museums in separate facilities, Children's Discovery Museum and Science Discovery Museum Dole-Little House Newbury Essex Merrimack Valley Historic house Operated by Historic New England, 18th-century house Dwight-Derby House Medfield Norfolk Greater Boston Historic house Open by appointment, 17th-century house East Brookfield Historical Museum East Brookfield Worcester Blackstone Valley History website, operated by the East Brookfield Historical Commission in the Hodgkins School Eastham Windmill Eastham Barnstable Cape Cod Mill Windmill dating back to the late 17th century Easthampton Historical Society Museum Easthampton Hampshire Pioneer Valley History information EcoTarium Worcester Worcester Blackstone Valley Multiple Natural history, science, live animals Edmund Fowle House and Museum Watertown Middlesex Greater Boston History Operated by the Historical Society of Watertown, Edward Gorey House Yarmouth Barnstable Cape Cod Historic house Also known as Elephant House, home of illustrator Edward Gorey Edward Devotion House Brookline Norfolk Greater Boston Historic house Museum and home to the Brookline Historical Society, features 18th- and 19th-century furnishings and Brookline-related artifacts Edwards Memorial Museum Chesterfield Hampshire Pioneer Valley History website, operated by the Chesterfield Historical Society Eleanor Cabot Bradley Estate Canton Norfolk Greater Boston Historic house 1902 country house and garden belonging to the Cabot family Elizabeth Cassidy Folk Art Museum Peabody Essex North Shore Art website, operated by the Peabody Historical Society in the Osborne-Salata House, permanent and rotating folk art exhibits including architectural embellishments, funerary art, pottery, portraits and needlework Emily Dickinson Museum Amherst Hampshire Pioneer Valley Historic house Birthplace of 19th-century American poet Emily Dickinson and adjacent home of her brother, lawyer William Austin Dickinson E. N. Jenckes Store Museum Douglas Worcester Blackstone Valley History Operated by the Douglas Historical Society, photos[usurped] Eric Carle Museum of Picture Book Art Amherst Hampshire Pioneer Valley Art Art in picture books and children's books, works of Eric Carle Erving House Museum Erving Franklin Pioneer Valley Local history Housed in the former Erving Fire Station[4] Essex Shipbuilding Museum Essex Essex North Shore Industry Area shipbuilding, includes antique shipbuilding tools, photographs Eustis Estate Milton Norfolk Greater Boston Historic house Late Victorian house, operated by Historic New England Fred Holland Day House Norwood Norfolk Greater Boston History Operated by the Norwood Historical Society, Arts & Crafts-style home of photographer F. Holland Day Fairbanks House Dedham Norfolk Greater Boston Historic house built c. 1637, is the oldest wood-frame house in America Fall River Firefighters Memorial Museum Fall River Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Firefighting Facebook site Fall River Historical Society Museum Fall River Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Local history website, city history with an emphasis on 19th-century decorative arts Falls Fire Barn Museum Attleboro Falls Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Firefighting Located in a historic fire station Falmouth Museums on the Green Falmouth Barnstable Cape Cod Open air website, operated by the Falmouth Historical Society, includes 1790 Dr. Francis Wicks House, 1724 Conant House, Hallett Barn Faulkner House Acton Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house Operated by Iron Work Farm, 18th-century house with ties to the American Revolutionary War Field Farm Williamstown Berkshire The Berkshires Historic house The Folly, a Modernist house, designed by Ulrich Franzen in 1966 Fisher Barn Dover Norfolk Greater Boston Historic site website, tools and agriculture equipment, operated by the Dover Historical Society, which also owns the Benjamin Caryl House and Sawin Museum Fisher Museum Harvard Forest Petersham Worcester North County Natural history Located in Harvard Forest, 3,000 acres (12 km2) with trails, museum with 23 dioramas portraying the history, conservation and management of central New England forests Fisher School Westwood Norfolk Greater Boston History website, headquarters of the Westwood Historical Society Fitchburg Art Museum Fitchburg Worcester North County Art Includes American and European paintings, prints, and ceramics, Egyptian, Classical, and pre-Columbian antiquities Fitchburg Historical Society Museum Fitchburg Worcester North County History website Florence Higginbotham House Nantucket Nantucket Nantucket Historic house website, part of Museum of African American History Fogg Art Museum Cambridge Middlesex Greater Boston Art Part of Harvard University, history of western art from the Middle Ages to the present Forbes House Museum Milton Norfolk Greater Boston Historic house 19th-century period mansion Fort Warren Milton Norfolk Greater Boston Military 19th-century fort, located on Georges Island Fort Taber Historical Association Museum New Bedford Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Military Framingham History Center Framingham Middlesex Greater Boston History website, local history and culture Franklin Historical Museum Franklin Norfolk Greater Boston History website, operated by the Franklin Historical Commission Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site Brookline Norfolk Greater Boston Biographical Victorian home of landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted Freetown Historical Society Museum Assonet Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts History website French Cable Station Museum Orleans Barnstable Cape Cod History Collection of original Atlantic undersea telegraphic cables, instruments, maps and memorabilia Frelinghuysen Morris House and Studio Lenox Berkshire The Berkshires Historic house Home of American Abstract Artists George L.K. Morris and Suzy Frelinghuysen, collection of American and European Cubist Art Fruitlands Museum Harvard Worcester North County Multiple Historic house museum with exhibits about transcendentalism, buildings with Native American, Shaker and American art collections on 200 acres (0.81 km2) Fuller Craft Museum Brockton Plymouth Plymouth Art Contemporary crafts including furniture, glass, ceramics, jewelry, wood and textiles G.A.R. & Civil War Museum Marblehead Essex North Shore Military website The Gardner Museum (Gardner, Massachusetts) Gardner Worcester North County History website, local history, household artifacts, firefighting equipment, paintings by local artists, locally-made furniture and silver Gardner-Pingree House Salem Essex North Shore Historic house 19th-century period townhouse, operated by the Peabody Essex Museum Gedney House Salem Essex North Shore Historic house Owned by Historic New England, open two days a year, 17th-century home General Artemas Ward House Museum Shrewsbury Worcester Blackstone Valley Historic house 18th-century home of the First Commander-in-Chief of the American Revolution, owned by Harvard University General Gideon Foster House Peabody Essex North Shore Historic house Home to Peabody Historical Society which also operates Osborne - Salata House, Nathaniel Felton Houses, Peabody Historical Fire Museum which are open by appointment George A. Smith Museum Arlington Middlesex Greater Boston History website, operated by the Arlington Historical Society, local history, also 18th- and 19th-century period Jason Russell House George Walter Vincent Smith Art Museum Springfield Hampden Pioneer Valley Art Includes Japanese Samurai armor, Middle Eastern rugs, ceramics, an authentic Shinto shrine and Oriental cloissonné work George Peabody House Museum Peabody Essex North Shore Biographical Life of 19th-century U.S. entrepreneur and philanthropist George Peabody Gershom Bradford House Duxbury Plymouth Plymouth Historic house 1840s period house, operated by the Duxbury Rural & Historical Society Gilbert Bean Museum Braintree Norfolk Greater Boston Local history website, home to Braintree Historical Society, display of military artifacts of various periods of war, and includes artifacts, documents, manuscripts, and artwork from the estate of Thomas A. Watson, assistant to Alexander Graham Bell Gill Historical Commission Museum Gill Franklin Pioneer Valley Local history [5] Girl Scout Museum (Massachusetts) Waltham Middlesex Greater Boston History website, open to Girl Scout troops, also located in North Andover, Massachusetts and Middleboro, Massachusetts Glen Magna Farms Danvers Essex North Shore Historic house Historic country estate with grounds for touring Golden Ball Tavern Museum Weston Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house website Gore Place Waltham Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house Early 19th-century estate of Massachusetts Governor Christopher Gore, also small farm with animals Governor Bellingham-Cary House Chelsea Suffolk Greater Boston Historic house 17th-century mansion Grand Army of the Republic Museum Lynn Essex North Shore Military Artifacts and memorabilia from the Civil War and other wars Great Barrington Historical Society Museum at the Wheeler Family Farmstead Great Barrington Berkshire The Berkshires History Great Falls Discovery Center Turners Falls Franklin Pioneer Valley Multiple website, Connecticut River watershed's natural, cultural and industrial history Gropius House Lincoln Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house Owned by Historic New England, designed by and family home of architect Walter Gropius Groton Historical Society Museum Groton Middlesex Greater Boston History website Grout-Heard House Wayland Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house website, home to the Wayland Historical Society Hadley Farm Museum Hadley Hampshire Pioneer Valley History website, household tools, furnishings, vehicles and equipment used on New England farms and farmhouses from the late 1700s to the early 20th century Hadwen House Nantucket Nantucket Nantucket Historic house website, operated by the Nantucket Historical Association, 19th-century period mansion Hammond Castle Museum Gloucester Essex North Shore Historic house Homeand laboratory of inventor John Hays Hammond, Jr., features collection of Roman, medieval, and Renaissance artifacts, and exhibits about his life and inventions Hancock-Clarke House Lexington Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house 18th-century period home, played a prominent role in the Battle of Lexington and Concord Hancock Shaker Village Hancock Berkshire The Berkshires Religious Open air Shaker village with 20 historic buildings Handy House Westport Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts History Operated by the Westport Historical Society, 18th and 19th-century house Harlow Old Fort House Plymouth Plymouth Plymouth Historic house 17th-century period house Hart Nautical Museum Cambridge Middlesex Greater Boston Maritime Operated by the MIT Museum, includes drawings and ship models Harvard Historical Society Harvard Worcester North County History Town history including furniture, artifacts, and paintings Harvard Museum of Natural History Cambridge Middlesex Greater Boston Natural history Part of Harvard University, includes Harvard University Herbaria and Botanical Museum, Museum of Comparative Zoology and Harvard Mineralogical Museum Haverhill Fire Fighting Museum Haverhill Essex Merrimack Valley Firefighting website Heald House Carlisle Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house website, operated by the Carlisle Historical Society Heard House Museum Ipswich Essex North Shore Historic house website, operated by the Ipswich Historical Society, 19th-century period house Heath Historical Society Museum Heath Franklin Pioneer Valley Local history [6] Hedge House Plymouth Plymouth Plymouth Historic house Also known as Plymouth Antiquarian House, 19th-century period house Helen Bumpus Gallery Duxbury Plymouth Plymouth Art website, art gallery at the Duxbury Free Library Heritage Museums and Gardens Sandwich Barnstable Cape Cod Multiple History, industry, art, automobiles and horticulture, featuring J. K. Lilly III Antique Automobile Collection, American History Museum with military miniatures, antique toys, Native American artifacts and the Cape Cod Baseball League Hall of Fame and exhibit, and the Art Museum with folk art, carvings, collectibles and American fine art, as well as an operating hand-carved carousel Highland House Museum Truro Barnstable Cape Cod History Operated by the Truro Historical Society Historic Deerfield Deerfield Franklin Pioneer Valley Open air Includes seven historic house museums and a modern museum with changing exhibits Highfield Hall Falmouth Barnstable Cape Cod Multiple website, late 19th-century mansion, features art exhibits, culture and nature programs Historic Northampton Northampton Hampshire Pioneer Valley History website, Northampton and Connecticut Valley history Historical Society of Phillipston Museum Phillipston Worcester North County History website, located in a 19th-century church Holden Historical Society Holden Worcester Blackstone Valley History website, housed in Hendrick's House Holyoke Heritage State Park Holyoke Hampden Pioneer Valley Industry Exhibits about area paper and textile industry, local cultural heritage Hooper-Lee-Nichols House Cambridge Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house Colonial American house, operated by the Cambridge Historical Society Hopkinton Center for the Arts Hopkinton Middlesex Greater Boston Art website, art gallery, performing arts, arts education Hose Cart House Nantucket Nantucket Nantucket Fire website, operated by the Nantucket Historical Association, vintage 19th-century hose carts and pumpers Hosmer House Acton Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house website, operated by the Acton Historical Society, restored mid-18th-century house, open for special events House of the Seven Gables Salem Essex North Shore Historic house Colonial mansion, property includes Nathaniel Hawthorne Birthplace Hoxie House Sandwich Barnstable Cape Cod Historic house 17th-century saltbox house, open seasonally Hull Lifesaving Museum Hull Plymouth Plymouth Maritime 1889 Point Allerton U.S. Lifesaving Station with exhibits about the maritime history of Boston Harbor Imagine: A Center for Community & the Arts Cambridge Middlesex Greater Boston Children's website, Children's Museum; Indoor Playground; Art Gallery; Party & Event Venue Indian House Children’s Museum Deerfield Franklin Pioneer Valley Children's website, operated by Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, focuses on history International Paper Museum Brookline Norfolk Greater Boston Industry website, active papermaking studio, history of paper making, books, operated by the Research Institute of Paper History and Technology Isaac Winslow House Marshfield Plymouth Plymouth Historic house Early 18th-century period house and Daniel Webster Law Office Jabez Howland House Plymouth Plymouth Plymouth Historic house 17th-century period house Jacob Thompson House Monson Hampden Pioneer Valley Historic house website, operated by the Monson Historical Society, 18th-century period house Jason Holbrook Homestead Weymouth Norfolk Greater Boston Historic house website, operated by the Weymouth Historical Society, includes antiques, a shoe shop, military room, carriage house with antique sleighs, ice harvesting tools and antique farm tools Jason Russell House Arlington Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house 18th- and 19th-century period house Jenney Grist Mill Plymouth Plymouth Plymouth Mill Working grist mill Jeremiah Lee Mansion Marblehead Essex North Shore Historic house 18th-century period mansion with early American furniture and decorations, Jericho Historical Center West Dennis Barnstable Cape Cod Historic house website, operated by the Dennis Historical Society, features exhibits of antiques, glassware, costumes Job Lane House Bedford Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house 18th-century period house John Adams Birthplace Quincy Norfolk Greater Boston Historic house Part of Adams National Historical Park, next door to John Quincy Adams Birthplace Colonel John Ashley House Sheffield Berkshire The Berkshires Historic house 18th-century house with 18th- and early-19th-century furnishings John Balch House Beverly Essex North Shore Historic house Operated by the Beverly Historical Society, 17th-century house John Cabot House Beverly Essex North Shore Historic house Operated by the Beverly Historical Society, 18th-century house with rotating exhibits Rev. John Hale Farm Beverly Essex North Shore Historic house Operated by the Beverly Historical Society, early 17th-century house with room containing witchcraft-related artifacts, also called John Hale House John F. Kennedy Hyannis Museum Hyannis Barnstable Cape Cod Biographical Collection of photographs relating to the Kennedy family and the times they spent vacationing nearby John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Boston Suffolk Greater Boston History Official repository for original papers and correspondence of the Kennedy Administration, as well as special bodies of published and unpublished materials, such as books and papers by and about Ernest Hemingway. John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site Brookline Norfolk Greater Boston Historic house Birthplace and childhood home of President John F. Kennedy restored to 1917 appearance John Greenleaf Whittier Home Amesbury Essex Merrimack Valley Historic house Home of poet John Greenleaf Whittier John Greenleaf Whittier Homestead Haverhill Essex Merrimack Valley Historic house Birthplace of John Greenleaf Whittier John Quincy Adams Birthplace Quincy Norfolk Greater Boston Historic house Next door to John Adams Birthplace, part of Adams National Historical Park John Ward House Salem Essex North Shore Historic house 17th-century period house, operated by the Peabody Essex Museum Jonathan Bourne Historical Center Bourne Barnstable Cape Cod Local history website, operated by the Bourne Historical Society Jones Tavern Acton Middlesex Greater Boston Tavern Operated by Iron Work Farm, 18th-century home and tavern Joseph Allen Skinner Museum South Hadley Hampshire Pioneer Valley Multiple website, owned by Mount Holyoke College, collection of American and European furniture, decorative arts, crafts, tools, and geological specimens Josiah Day House West Springfield Hampden Pioneer Valley Historic house 18th-century house with artifacts from 1754–1902 Josiah Dennis Manse Museum Dennis Barnstable Cape Cod Historic house 18th-century period house, open in the summer, operated by the Dennis Historical Society Josiah Quincy House Quincy Norfolk Greater Boston Historic house Owned by Historic New England, 18th-century home open 5 days a year Judge Samuel Holten House Danvers Essex North Shore Historic house Open by appointment, 17th-century house Keep Homestead Museum Monson Hampden Pioneer Valley History website, known for its button collection Kemp-McCarthy Memorial Museum Rowe Franklin Pioneer Valley History website, operated by the Rowe Historical Society, includes antique quilts, 19th-century dolls, period costumes, china and glassware, sleighs, furniture, photographs, cookware, tools, farm implements King Caesar House Duxbury Plymouth Plymouth Historic house Early 19th-century period home, operated by the Duxbury Rural & Historical Society Kingman Tavern Historical Museum Cummington Hampshire Pioneer Valley Historic house website, includes early 19th-century house, replica of a 1900 country store, a two-story barn, a carriage shed and an 1840s cider mill Lafayette-Durfee House Fall River Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Historic house 18th-century period house Larz Anderson Auto Museum Brookline Norfolk Greater Boston Automotive Early automobiles and horse-drawn vehicles Lawrence Heritage State Park Lawrence Essex Merrimack Valley Industry Exhibits include life of 19th-century textile mill workers and the industrial history of Lawrence Lawrence History Center Lawrence Essex Merrimack Valley History website Leominster Historical Society Museum Leominster Worcester North County History website Lesley University Galleries Cambridge Middlesex Greater Boston Art website, includes the Roberts Gallery and Raizes Gallery in the Lunder Arts Center, VanDernoot Gallery in University Hall, Marran Gallery Leverett Family Museum Leverett Franklin Pioneer Valley Local history website, operated by the Leverett Historical Society, also operates the Moore’s Corner Schoolhouse List Visual Arts Center Cambridge Middlesex Greater Boston Art Contemporary art gallery of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Little Red Schoolhouse Museum Brockton Plymouth Plymouth Local history Operated by the Little Red Schoolhouse Association in the two-story schoolhouse on the grounds of Brockton High School Little Red Shop Museum Hopedale Worcester Blackstone Valley Local history website, exhibits of local history, area textile company looms Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site Cambridge Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house Home of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and former headquarters of George Washington during the Siege of Boston Long Plain Friends Meetinghouse Acushnet Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Religious 18th-century Quaker meetinghouse with exhibits about Quakers Long Plain Museum Acushnet Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Local history website, operated by the Acushnet Historical Society Longyear Museum Chestnut Hill Suffolk Greater Boston Biographical website, life and work of Mary Baker Eddy, founder of Christian Science Lowell National Historical Park Lowell Middlesex Merrimack Valley Industry Includes visitor center, Boott Cotton Mills Museum, Patrick J. Mogan Cultural Center, Mill Girls and Immigrants Exhibit Lura Woodside Watkins Museum Middleton Essex North Shore History Home of Middleton Historical Society[7][8] Luther Museum Swansea Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts History photos, home to Swansea Historical Society Lynn Heritage State Park Lynn Essex North Shore Local history Exhibits on area shoe manufacturing, pioneering developments in electronics, 19th-century reformers, Lydia Pinkham's medicinals Lynn Museum & Historical Society Lynn Essex North Shore Multiple website, art, history, library, collections of art, tools, decorative arts & textiles Macy-Colby House Amesbury Essex Merrimack Valley Historic house 18th-century period saltbox house Major John Bradford Homestead Kingston Plymouth Plymouth Historic house Home to Jones River Village Historical Society Manchester Historical Museum Manchester-by-the-Sea Essex North Shore Historic house website, includes the 19th-century period Trask House and the Seaside No. 1 Fire House Marblehead Arts Association Marblehead Essex North Shore Art Located in historic Robert "King" Hooper Mansion, features four galleries for changing art exhibits Marblehead Museum Marblehead Essex North Shore Multiple website, local history, Frost Folk Art Gallery, operates the Jeremiah Lee Mansion and G.A.R. & Civil War Museum Marine Museum at Fall River Fall River Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Maritime Memorabilia, artifacts, and ship models of the Fall River Line and RMS Titanic Marion Natural History Museum Marion Plymouth Plymouth Natural history website, located on the 2nd floor of the town library Martha's Vineyard Museum Edgartown Dukes Martha's Vineyard Local history website, island's history, art and culture Martin House and Farm Swansea Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Historic house Run by the National Society of Colonial Dames of America, early 18th-century house and early 19th-century farm Mary Baker Eddy Historic House Stoughton Norfolk Greater Boston Historic house Owned by Longyear Museum, one of several homes associated with Mary Baker Eddy, founder of the Church of Christ, Scientist Mary Baker Eddy Historic House Swampscott Essex North Shore Historic house Owned by Longyear Museum, one of several homes associated with Mary Baker Eddy, founder of the Church of Christ, Scientist Mashpee Wampanoag Indian Museum Mashpee Barnstable Cape Cod Native American History and culture of the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe Massachusetts Air and Space Museum Hyannis Barnstable Cape Cod Air and space Its collection includes aircraft, aerospace systems, space craft, photographs, and artifacts MassArt Art Museum Boston Suffolk Longwood Medical Area/Fenway Contemporary and visual performing arts website, Boston's newest and only free contemporary art museum. The teaching museum for Massachusetts College of Art and Design, referred to as MAAM Massachusetts Golf Museum Norton Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Sports website, operated by the Massachusetts Golf Association Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art North Adams Berkshire The Berkshires Art Contemporary visual and performing arts, commonly referred to as MASS MoCA Massachusetts National Guard Museum Concord Middlesex Greater Boston Military website, history of the Massachusetts National Guard Mattapoisett Historical Society Museum Mattapoisett Plymouth Plymouth Local history website Mayflower House Museum Plymouth Plymouth Plymouth Historic house 18th-century period mansion McMullen Museum of Art Chestnut Hill Suffolk Greater Boston Art Part of Boston College Mead Art Museum Amherst Hampshire Pioneer Valley Art Part of Amherst College, collection includes American art, Russian Modernist works, decorative arts Meeting House Museum Orleans Barnstable Cape Cod History Local history, operated by the Orleans Historical Society in a 19th-century meeting house Memorial Hall Museum Deerfield Franklin Pioneer Valley History website, operated by Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, includes furnishings, paintings, textiles and Indian artifacts Mendon Historical Museum Mendon Worcester Blackstone Valley Local history Operated by the Honeoye Falls-Town of Mendon Historical Society[9] Merwin House Stockbridge Berkshire The Berkshires Historic house Owned by Historic New England, 19th-century period home Michele & Donald D'Amour Museum of Fine Arts Springfield Hampden Pioneer Valley Art Includes American art, contemporary art glass, lithographs of Currier & Ives, fine European art Middleborough Historical Museum Middleborough Plymouth Plymouth Local history Features collection on Tom Thumb Middlesex Canal Museum North Billerica Middlesex Merrimack Valley Transportation website, history of the Middlesex Canal Milford Historical Museum Milford Worcester Blackstone Valley History Local history, operated by the Milford Historical Commission Milton Art Museum Milton Norfolk Greater Boston Art website, collections include fine art, limited prints, sculpture, photography and Asian art, located at Massasoit Community College Minute Man National Historical Park Lexington Middlesex Greater Boston History Visitor center exhibits and several famous historic sites of the American Revolutionary War Mission House Stockbridge Berkshire The Berkshires Historic house 18th-century period home Mitchell House Nantucket Nantucket Nantucket Historic house 19th-century period home of astronomer Maria Mitchell MIT Museum Cambridge Middlesex Greater Boston Science Part of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ongoing and changing exhibitions on science and technology, holography, artificial intelligence, robotics and history of MIT The Mount Lenox Berkshire The Berkshires Historic house Early 20th-century mansion and gardens, home of author Edith Wharton Mount Holyoke College Art Museum South Hadley Hampshire Pioneer Valley Art Collections include ancient Egypt, China, Peru, contemporary American art Munroe Tavern Lexington Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house 18th-century tavern that played a prominent role in the Battle of Lexington and Concord Murdoch-Whitney House Museum Winchendon Worcester North County Historic house website, home of Winchendon Historical Society, Victorian-period house Museum of Antiquated Technology Hanson Plymouth Plymouth Technology website, open by appointment, includes antique telephones, radios, antique cars and miscellaneous household items Museum of American Bird Art at Mass Audubon Canton Norfolk Greater Boston Art website, museum and nature center with collections of natural history art and photography Museum of Bad Art Dedham Norfolk Greater Boston Art "art too bad to be ignored", location currently closed Museum of Bad Art Somerville Middlesex Greater Boston Art "art too bad to be ignored" Museum of Fairhaven History Fairhaven Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Local history website, operated by the Fairhaven Historical Society Museum of Lenox History Lenox Berkshire The Berkshires History website, operated by the Lenox Historical Society Museum of Our Industrial Heritage Greenfield Franklin Pioneer Valley Industry website, area industrial history and impact Museum of Madeiran Heritage New Bedford Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Ethnic website, dedicated to the history and heritage of the islands of Madeira that lie 600 miles (970 km) southwest of Portugal Museum of Printing North Andover Essex Merrimack Valley Industry History of printing technologies and practices Museum of Springfield History Springfield Hampden Pioneer Valley History City's history and culture, includes Indian motorcycles from the former Indian Motorcycle Museum Museum of Russian Icons Clinton Worcester North County Art Includes Russian icons from the 13th century to the present Museum of World War II Natick Middlesex Greater Boston Military World War II history, photos, documents and memorabilia Nahant Historical Society Nahant Essex North Shore Local history website, located in the Nahant Community Center Nantucket Life-Saving Museum Nantucket Nantucket Nantucket Maritime History of shipwrecks off the Nantucket coast and in Nantucket Sound Nantucket Lightship Basket Museum Nantucket Nantucket Nantucket Decorative arts History of Nantucket lightship baskets Narragansett Historical Society Templeton Worcester North County Local history website Nash Dinosaur Track Site and Rock Shop South Hadley Hampshire Pioneer Valley Paleontology website, features dinosaur tracks and dinosaur fossils Nathaniel Felton Houses Peabody Essex North Shore Historic house Colonial period houses, operated by the Peabody Historical Society Natick Historical Society Museum Natick Middlesex Greater Boston Local history website, housed on the lower level of the Bacon Free Library National Heritage Museum Lexington Middlesex Greater Boston Multiple American and Massachusetts history, culture, decorative arts and Freemasons National Streetcar Museum Lowell Middlesex Merrimack Valley Transportation Historic streetcars, influence of street railways on the development of cities National Yiddish Book Center Amherst Hampshire Pioneer Valley Ethnic Yiddish and Jewish culture Natural Science Museum in Hinchman House Nantucket Nantucket Nantucket Natural history Part of the Maria Mitchell Association museums, Nantucket animals, insects, plants Naumkeag Stockbridge Berkshire The Berkshires Historic house Turn-of-the-century mansion and grounds New Bedford Art Museum New Bedford Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Art website, changing exhibits of art, no permanent collections New Bedford Fire Museum New Bedford Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Firefighting New Bedford Museum of Glass New Bedford Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Multiple Glass from ancient Mediterranean to contemporary with a special focus on the glass of New Bedford New Bedford Whaling Museum New Bedford Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Multiple Exhibits include whaling industry, local history, local fine art and decorative arts, maritime history New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park New Bedford Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Multiple Partner sites include the New Bedford Whaling Museum, Rotch-Jones-Duff House and Garden Museum, Seamen's Bethel, Waterfront Visitor Center and Schooner Ernestina New Braintree Historical Society New Braintree Worcester Blackstone Valley Local history website, operates the 1939 Grade School as a town post office and schoolroom museum that is open by appointment New England Pirate Museum Salem Essex North Shore Pirate website, famous pirates who operated in New England including Captains Kidd and Blackbeard New England Quilt Museum Lowell Middlesex Merrimack Valley Textile Art and craft of quilting Newton History Museum at the Jackson Homestead Newton Middlesex Greater Boston Local history Norman Rockwell Museum Stockbridge Berkshire The Berkshires Art Features largest collection of art by Norman Rockwell, also his painter's studio North Adams Museum of History and Science North Adams Berkshire The Berkshires Multiple Located in building 5A at Western Gateway Heritage State Park, area cultural history and industry North Andover Historical Society Museum North Andover Essex Merrimack Valley Local history website, also tours of the 18th-century period Parson Barnard House on a seasonal basis Oakham Historical Museum Oakham Worcester Blackstone Valley Local history website, operated by the Oakham Historical Association Old Bridgewater Historical Society Museum West Bridgewater Plymouth Plymouth History website, also Keith House Parsonage is open by appointment Old Castle Rockport Essex North Shore Historic house Open on Saturdays in July and August, 18th-century house Old Chelmsford Garrison House Chelmsford Middlesex Merrimack Valley Historic house Includes Colonial period house, barn with tools and farm implements, blacksmith shop, Colonial summer kitchen and craft demonstration house Old Colony Train Station North Easton Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts History website, operated by the Easton Historical Society Old Colony Historical Society Taunton Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Local history Oldest House Nantucket Nantucket Nantucket Historic house Also known as the Jethro Coffin House, 17th-century saltbox house, operated by the Nantucket Historical Association Old Firehouse Museum South Hadley Hampshire Pioneer Valley Local history website, operated by the South Hadley Historical Society, history of the people and industries of South Hadley, firefighting gear Old Gaol (Nantucket, Massachusetts) Nantucket Nantucket Nantucket Prison website, operated by the Nantucket Historical Association Old Greenfield Village Greenfield Franklin Pioneer Valley Open air website, replica turn-of-the-century village with a general store, church, school house, drugstore, blacksmith, tin shop, ice cream shop, medical offices and more The Old Manse Concord Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house 18th- and 19th-century period home with links to authors Nathaniel Hawthorne and Ralph Waldo Emerson Old Meeting House Museum Wilbraham Hampden Pioneer Valley History website, operated by the Atheneum Society of Wilbraham Old Mill Nantucket Nantucket Nantucket Mill Operated by the Nantucket Historical Association Old Ordinary Hingham Plymouth Plymouth Historic house website, operated by the Hingham Historical Society, Colonial tavern dating to 1688 Old Red Carriage House Gill Franklin Pioneer Valley Collection website, baby and children's memorabilia, carriages, dolls, toys, and clothing from the 18th century through the present Old Schwamb Mill Arlington Middlesex Greater Boston Industry Working 19th-century woodworking factory Old Sturbridge Village Sturbridge Worcester Blackstone Valley Living 1790 to 1830 period village Orange Historical Society Museum Orange Franklin Pioneer Valley Local history website Orchard House Concord Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house 19th-century home of Louisa May Alcott family Osterville Historical Museum Barnstable Barnstable Cape Cod Open air website, operated by the Osterville Historical Society, includes Captain Jonathan Parker House, circa 1824, the Cammett House, circa 1730, and the Herbert F. Crosby Boat Shop, circa 1855 Pan-African Historical Museum Springfield Hampden Pioneer Valley Cultural website, African culture and African-American history Paper House Rockport Essex North Shore Historic house website, house made entirely of paper Parker Tavern Reading Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house 17th-century period tavern house, owned by the Reading Antiquarian Society Parson Capen House Topsfield Essex North Shore Historic house 17th-century Colonial house Peabody Essex Museum Salem Essex North Shore Multiple Includes Asian, Native American and folk art, maritime artifacts, collection, folk art and other art, 24 historic structures and gardens, and Yin Yu Tang House, an authentic Chinese merchant's house Peabody Historical Fire Museum Peabody Essex North Shore Fire website, open by appointment Peabody Leather Museum Peabody Essex North Shore Industry website Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Cambridge Middlesex Greater Boston Multiple Archaeology and culture Peacefield Quincy Norfolk Greater Boston Historic house Part of the Adams National Historical Park, 18th-century home and farm of President John Adams Peter Rice Homestead and Museum Marlborough Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house website, 18th-century period house, home of Marlborough Historical Society Pickering House Salem Essex North Shore Historic house Owned by one family for over three centuries Pilgrim Hall Museum Plymouth Plymouth Plymouth Local history Pilgrim Monument and Provincetown Museum Provincetown Barnstable Cape Cod Local history 252-foot-tall monument to climb and a museum of the town's history at its base Pioneer Village Salem Essex North Shore Living 1630 period village of Salem's settlers Platts-Bradstreet House Rowley Essex Merrimack Valley Historic house Home of the Rowley Historical Society, 17th-century house open for events and tours Plimoth Patuxet (formerly Plimoth Plantation) Plymouth Plymouth Plymouth Living Reconstructs the original 17th-century settlement of the Plymouth Colony The Plumbing Museum Watertown Middlesex Greater Boston Technology website, features early examples of plumbing equipment with modern fixtures and techniques Polish Center of Discovery and Learning Chicopee Hampden Pioneer Valley Multiple website, galleries with Polish folk art, local history, music collection, Polish-American exhibits, and a period Polish cottage Porter-Phelps-Huntington House Museum Hadley Hampshire Pioneer Valley Historic house 18th-century period house Provincetown Art Association and Museum Provincetown Barnstable Cape Cod Art Art by local artists Public Health Museum Tewksbury Middlesex Merrimack Valley Medical website, located on the historic grounds of Tewksbury Hospital General Israel Putnam House Danvers Essex North Shore Historic house Open for tours by appointment with the Danvers Historical Society, house dating back to the late 17th century Putterham School Brookline Norfolk Greater Boston School One room schoolhouse Quaboag Historical Museum West Brookfield Worcester Blackstone Valley Local history website, operated by the Quaboag Historical Society in the former West Brookfield railroad station Quaker Meetinghouse (Nantucket, Massachusetts) Nantucket Nantucket Nantucket Religious website, operated by the Nantucket Historical Association Ralph Waldo Emerson House Concord Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house 19th-century period home of American philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson Rebecca Nurse Homestead Danvers Essex North Shore Historic house 17th-century period home Reed Homestead Townsend Middlesex North County Historic house 19th-century period home Rider Tavern Charlton Worcester Blackstone Valley Historic tavern Operated by the Charlton Historical Society Robert S. Peabody Museum of Archaeology Andover Essex Merrimack Valley Native American Part of Phillips Academy, paleo-Indian and Native American archeological artifacts Rocky Hill Meeting House Amesbury Essex Merrimack Valley Historic church Owned by Historic New England, open twice a year, 18th-century meeting house Ropes Mansion Salem Essex North Shore Historic house Owned by Peabody Essex Museum Rose Art Museum Waltham Middlesex Greater Boston Art Part of Brandeis University Rotch-Jones-Duff House and Garden Museum New Bedford Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Historic house 19th-century whaling family period mansion Royalston Historical Museum Royalston Worcester Blackstone Valley Local history website, operated by the Royalston Historical Society in a historic schoolhouse Royall House and Slave Quarters Medford Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house 18th-century period house and slave quarters Rutland Historical Society Rutland Worcester Blackstone Valley Local history website Salem Athenaeum Salem Essex North Shore Library Exhibits of art, history and literary topics from its collections Salem Wax Museum Salem Essex North Shore Wax website Salem Maritime National Historic Site Salem Essex North Shore Maritime Tours of a replica late 18th-century ship, several houses and a customs house Salem Witch Museum Salem Essex North Shore History website, life-size dioramas of the Salem witch trials Salem Witch Village Salem Essex North Shore Culture website, indoor guided tour through a maze containing sets about the history of witchcraft Salisbury Mansion Worcester Worcester Blackstone Valley Historic house 1830s period mansion and changing exhibits Samuel Slater Experience Webster Worcester The Last Green Valley History website, interactive and immersive 4-D exhibits Sanborn House Historical & Cultural Center Winchester Middlesex Greater Boston Multiple Being restored by the Winchester Historical Society a historical and cultural center Sandwich Glass Museum Sandwich Barnstable Cape Cod Glass Glass from the Boston and Sandwich Glass Company and around the world Sargent House Museum Gloucester Essex North Shore Historic house Late 18th-century period house, also known as Sargent-Murray-Gilman-Hough House Saugus Historical Society Museum Saugus Essex North Shore History website Saugus Iron Works Saugus Essex North Shore Industry Includes the reconstructed blast furnace, forge, rolling mill, and a restored 17th-century house Sawin Museum Dover Norfolk Greater Boston Local history website, operated by the Dover Historical Society, which also owns the Benjamin Caryl House and Fisher Barn Schoolhouse Museum Eastham Barnstable Cape Cod School website, operated by the Eastham Historical Society, restored 19th-century schoolhouse, includes local history displays Schooner Ernestina New Bedford Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Maritime Part of the New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park, museum ship Scituate Maritime and Irish Mossing Museum Scituate Plymouth Plymouth Maritime website, operated by the Scituate Historical Society Semitic Museum at Harvard Cambridge Middlesex Greater Boston Archaeology Archaeological materials from the Ancient Near East Sewall Scripture Museum Rockport Essex North Shore History Operated by the Sandy Bay Historical Society, local history Sharon Historical Society Museum Sharon Norfolk Southeastern Massachusetts Local history website, also known as the Yellow Schoolhouse Museum Sheffield Historical Society Sheffield Berkshire The Berkshires History website, includes the late 18th-century Dan Raymond House Museum, a carriage barn with agriculture and household equipment Shelburne Falls Trolley Museum Shelburne Falls Franklin Pioneer Valley Railroad Shelburne Historical Society Museum Shelburne Falls Franklin Pioneer Valley History Located in old Arms Academy[10] Shirley Historical Society Museum Shirley Middlesex North County Local history website Sippican Historical Society Marion Plymouth Plymouth Local history website Smith College Museum of Art Northampton Hampshire Pioneer Valley Art Collections include paintings, sculptures, works on paper (prints, drawings, photographs, and books), antiquities, decorative arts, and non-Western art Somerset Historical Society Somerset Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Local history website Somerville Museum Somerville Middlesex Greater Boston Multiple website, exhibitions featuring local visual arts, history and culture in the context of neighborhoods and community Southborough Historical Society Museum Southborough Worcester Blackstone Valley History website South Shore Natural Science Center Norwell Plymouth Plymouth Nature center website, live native animals, ecozone exhibits, located on 30 acres surrounded by 200 acres of town conservation/recreation land Sparrow House Plymouth Plymouth Plymouth Historic house 17th-century house and art gallery Spellman Museum of Stamps & Postal History Weston Middlesex Greater Boston Philatelic Located at Regis College, stamps and postal history Spencer-Peirce-Little Farm Newbury Essex Merrimack Valley Historic house Owned by Historic New England, Colonial farm and house Spooner House Plymouth Plymouth Plymouth Historic house website, operated by the Plymouth Antiquarian Society, mid-18th-century house reflecting 200 years of ownership Springfield Armory National Historic Site Springfield Hampden Pioneer Valley Military Springfield Science Museum Springfield Hampden Pioneer Valley Natural history Natural history dioramas, dinosaurs, science Stephen Phillips House Salem Essex North Shore Historic house Operated by Historic New England, contains a family collection that spans five generations Stevens-Coolidge Place North Andover Essex Merrimack Valley Historic house Operated by The Trustees of Reservations, early 20th-century house with Asian artifacts including Chinese porcelain, American furniture, European decorative arts and gardens Stoneham Historical Society Museum Stoneham Middlesex Greater Boston Local history website Stone House Museum Belchertown Hampshire Pioneer Valley Historic house website, home of the Belchertown Historical Association, features mid-17th- and 18th-century American furniture, china and decorative accessories Stony Brook Grist Mill and Museum Brewster Barnstable Cape Cod History Working grist mill, exhibits include weaving demonstrations, Native American stone tools, artifacts from 19th-century Cape Cod life, open seasonally[11] Storrowton Village Museum West Springfield Hampden Pioneer Valley Open air Recreated village of 18th- and 19th-century buildings assembled around a traditional town green, open seasonally Storrs House Longmeadow Hampden Pioneer Valley Historic house website, operated by the Longmeadow Historical Society, mid-18th-century house Stoughton Historical Society Stoughton Norfolk Southeastern Massachusetts Local history website, Society's home hosts exhibits of manuscripts, art, period clothing and artifacts from its archives Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum Adams Berkshire The Berkshires Historic house Home of Susan B. Anthony Sutton Historical Society Museum Sutton Worcester Blackstone Valley Local history website, located in the General Rufus Putnam Hall, includes antique clothing, tools, household items Swett-Ilsley House Newbury Essex Merrimack Valley Historic house Operated by Historic New England as a study museum Swift-Daley House Eastham Barnstable Cape Cod Historic house website, includes Chester Ranlett Tool Museum behind the house, 18th-century period house, operated by the Eastham Historical Society Swift River Valley Historical Society Museum New Salem Franklin Pioneer Valley Local history website, includes the Whitaker Clary House and Prescott Museum Sylvanus Thayer Birthplace Braintree Norfolk Greater Boston Historic house Operated by the Braintree Historical Society, 17th-century period house Titanic Museum Springfield Hampden Pioneer Valley Maritime Artifacts and history of the Titanic Toad Hall Classic Sports Car Museum Hyannis Port Barnstable Cape Cod Automotive website, private collection of over 50 classic sports cars Top Fun Aviation Toy Museum Fitchburg Worcester North County Toy website, aviation-related toys Tsongas Industrial History Center Lowell Middlesex Merrimack Valley Industry website, part of Lowell National Historical Park, American Industrial Revolution through hands-on history and science programs for students Turn Park Art Space West Stockbridge Berkshire The Berkshires Art Sculpture park and gallery of Soviet Nonconformist art. United States Naval Shipbuilding Museum Quincy Norfolk Greater Boston Maritime Home to USS Salem (CA-139), world's only preserved Heavy Cruiser Ventfort Hall Mansion and Gilded Age Museum Lenox Berkshire The Berkshires Historic house Late 19th-century period mansion Vincent House (Edgartown, Massachusetts) Edgartown Dukes Martha's Vineyard Historic house website, operated by Martha’s Vineyard Preservation Trust, 17th-century house depicts Island life throughout the last four centuries Volleyball Hall of Fame Holyoke Hampden Pioneer Valley Sports The Waltham Museum Waltham Middlesex Greater Boston Local History History of Waltham. Wakefield Historical Society Museum Wakefield Middlesex Greater Boston Local history website Warwick Historical Society Museum Warwick Franklin Pioneer Valley Local history http://www.whs.steamkite.com/ website] Waters Farm Sutton Worcester Blackstone Valley Farm 19th-century period farm, open for special events Waterworks Museum Chestnut Hill Suffolk Greater Boston Technology website, Site of the original Chestnut Hill Reservoir and pumping station, housing three historic, steam-powered pumping engines. Exhibits about technology, local history and public health. The Wayside Concord Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house Part of Minute Man National Historical Park, home to authors Louisa May Alcott, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Margaret Sidney Wayside Inn Sudbury Middlesex Greater Boston Historic house property includes several historic buildings: the Old Grist Mill, the Martha-Mary Chapel and the Redstone Schoolhouse, reputed to be the school in nursery rhyme Mary Had a Little Lamb Webster-Dudley Historical Society Museum Webster Worcester Blackstone Valley Local history Located in a historic school building Wellfleet Historical Society Museum Wellfleet Barnstable Cape Cod Local history website, whaling, fishing, oystering, farming, shipping (and wrecking), surf lifesaving, salt making, and the worldwide voyages of its residents Wenham Museum Wenham Essex North Shore Multiple Local history, doll and toy collection, model train gallery, costumes & textiles, photographs, historic Claflin-Richards House West Barnstable Railway Station and Museum West Barnstable Barnstable Cape Cod Railway Heritage railroad and restored early 20th-century railroad station West Dennis Graded School House West Dennis Barnstable Cape Cod Historic house Operated by the Dennis Historical Society, open in summer, historic school house Western Gateway Heritage State Park North Adams Berkshire The Berkshires Multiple History, science, industry, Hoosac Tunnel, location of North Adams Museum of History and Science Westfield Athenaeum Library Museum Westfield Hampden Pioneer Valley Multiple Includes Jasper Rand Art Museum and Edwin Smith Historical Museum Westford Museum Westford Middlesex Merrimack Valley Local history website, operated by the Westford Historical Society Weymouth Historical Museum Weymouth Norfolk Greater Boston Local history website, operated by the Weymouth Historical Society Whaling Museum Nantucket Nantucket Nantucket Industry Includes restored 1847 candle factory, whaling industry artifacts, local maritime and historic artifacts, operated by the Nantucket Historical Association Whately Historical Society Museum Whately Franklin Pioneer Valley Local history website Whipple House Museum Ipswich Essex North Shore Historic house Operated by the Ipswich Historical Society, 17th- and 18th-century period house Whistler House Museum of Art Lowell Middlesex Merrimack Valley Art Birthplace of James McNeill Whistler Whydah Pirate Museum Provincetown Barnstable Cape Cod Maritime website, collection from the excavated shipwreck of the pirate ship Whydah Gally, which sank with 4.5 tons of pirate treasure in 1717 Wilder House Buckland Franklin Pioneer Valley Historic house Operated by the Buckland Historical Society on open house days Willard House and Clock Museum North Grafton Worcester Blackstone Valley Horology Clock museum and 18th-century farm homestead William Cullen Bryant Homestead Cummington Hampshire Pioneer Valley Historic house 19th-century period summer home of poet and newspaper editor William Cullen Bryant Williams College Museum of Art Williamstown Berkshire The Berkshires Art Wilmington Town Museum Wilmington Middlesex Merrimack Valley History 18th-century tavern Winslow Crocker House Yarmouth Barnstable Cape Cod Historic house Operated by Historic New England, 18th-century house with hooked rugs, ceramics, and pewter, and furniture from many early American styles, from Jacobean, William and Mary, and Queen Anne to Chippendale Wistariahurst Museum Holyoke Hampden Pioneer Valley Historic house Late 19th-century house, reflects owners through the 1950s, exhibits of local history, art, culture Witch Dungeon Museum Salem Essex North Shore History website Witch History Museum Salem Essex North Shore History History of the area witch hysteria in 1692 The Witch House Salem Essex North Shore Historic house 17th-century home of Judge Jonathan Corwin, with direct ties to the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 Women at Work Museum Attleboro Bristol Southeastern Massachusetts Women's website Woods Hole Historical Museum Falmouth Barnstable Cape Cod Local history website Worcester Art Museum Worcester Worcester Blackstone Valley Art Collections include American and European art, Asian art, Greek and Roman sculpture and mosaics, and Contemporary art Worcester Center for Crafts Worcester Worcester Blackstone Valley Art Gallery of crafts and center for craft education
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https://www.choosechq.com/live-chq/blog/chq-attractions-drone-tour-mcclurg-museum-in-westfield-ny/
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CHQ Attractions Drone Tour: McClurg Museum in Westfield, NY
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2024-05-22T19:55:28+00:00
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There are countless reasons to enjoy living in Chautauqua County. This week we are sharing a virtual tour of the McClurg Museum.
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Choose CHQ
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There are countless reasons to enjoy living in Chautauqua County, including the many attractions found within our various communities. This week we are sharing a virtual tour of the McClurg Museum – home of the Chautauqua County Historical Society – in Westfield, NY. Footage courtesy of our partners at the Chautauqua County Visitors Bureau.
The Chautauqua County Historical Society (CCHS) was founded in 1883, making it the oldest historical society in Western New York. CCHS stands as a preserver of the rich and diverse history of Chautauqua County. This esteemed institution, dedicated to preserving and sharing the stories of the region, offers visitors a fascinating journey through time, showing the lives and events that have shaped the community. It’s proven to be an invaluable education resource for residents of all ages.
At the forefront of CCHS is the McClurg Museum, located in the Village of Westfield. The museum is a former mansion that dates back to the 19th century and is now over 200 years old, making it a piece of county history. When stepping through its doors, visitors are immediately immersed in a bygone era, surrounded by period furnishings, vintage photographs and portraits, and preserved exhibits that reflect the diverse heritage of Chautauqua County.
Exhibits at the McClurg span a wide range of topics, offering something for everyone. Whether visitors are interested in the regions Native American roots, the impact of the European settlers, or the evolution of local industries, there’s a wealth of information to discover. Highlights include “The Earliest Settlers” exhibit, showcasing the tools, clothing and everyday items used by the county’s first inhabitants. As well as a Research Library, located in the museum, that contains several important collections, including the Elial T. Foote Collection, the Cushing Family Papers, the Albion W. Tourgee Collection and the John O. Bowman Photographic Collection. This library has been used by both local residents and visitors from not only across the country, but also from around the world.
The museum also features rotating exhibits that delve into specific aspects of Chautauqua County history. Recent displays have included an exploration of the county’s role in the Underground Railroad and a celebration of local artists and craftsmen. These always changing exhibits make sure that there is always something new to learn, which allows for each visit to provide a fresh and welcoming experience.
The McClurg is more than just a museum, it’s also a social center. Throughout the year, the society hosts a variety of programs and events designed to engage and educate. All the way from historical lectures and workshops to walking tours and family friendly activities. These events allow for a deeper understanding of the county’s history and offer opportunities for community members to connect and share their own stories.
This not-for-profit organization is able to thrive thanks to the support and involvement of the local community. There are always opportunities to get involved, whether through volunteering time, contributing skills, serving on the board of trustees, or simply making a tax-deductible donation. Volunteers play a crucial role in daily operations, from assisting with exhibits and events to helping with the archives. Serving on the board of trustees offers an opportunity to shape the future of the CCHS.
By volunteering or serving on the board, individuals can make an impact, ensuring to preserve Chautauqua County history and the legacies of the women and men who shaped communities, culture, and industry. The society welcomes individuals with a passion for history and their community to join in their efforts.
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Luther (TV series)
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2010-05-01T20:43:20+00:00
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Luther is a British psychological crime thriller television series starring Idris Elba as DCI John Luther and Ruth Wilson as Alice Morgan,[1] written by Neil Cross. The detective Luther must make cases against criminals while the murderer Morgan has a complicated relationship with him. The first series is composed of six episodes which ran in May and June 2010. A second series of four episodes aired on BBC One in June and July 2011, and a third was commissioned in 2012 composed of four episodes which aired in July 2013.[2] A two-episode fourth series was broadcast in December 2015, and a fifth series of four episodes premiered on 1 January 2019.[3] BBC Studios handled distribution for the TV series.[4]
LutherGenreCreated byNeil CrossWritten byNeil CrossStarringOpening theme"Paradise Circus" by Massive AttackComposerPaul EnglishbyCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series5No. of episodes20 (list of episodes)ProductionProducerKatie SwindenRunning time51–63 minutesProduction companyBBC Studios Drama ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkBBC OneRelease4 May 2010 ( ) –
4 January 2019 (2019-01-04)RelatedLuther: The Fallen Sun
A feature film continuation, Luther: The Fallen Sun, was released in select cinemas on 24 February 2023, before its streaming release on 10 March 2023, by Netflix. Starring Elba, Andy Serkis and Cynthia Erivo, the film was written by Cross.
Elba has been awarded a Critics' Choice Television Award, Golden Globe Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award for his performance as John Luther.[5][6] The series has also received eleven Primetime Emmy Award nominations in various categories, including four nominations of Elba for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie.
Plot
edit
John Luther is a Detective Chief Inspector (DCI) working for the Serious Crime Unit in series one, and the new "Serious and Serial" unit from series two.[7] A dedicated police officer, Luther is obsessive, possessed, and sometimes violent. However, Luther has paid a heavy price for his dedication; he has never been able to prevent himself from being consumed by the darkness of the crimes with which he deals.
For Luther, the job always comes first. His dedication is a curse and a blessing, both for him and those close to him. In the first episode of the series, he investigates brilliant psychopath and murderer Alice Morgan. Ultimately, he is unable to arrest her due to lack of evidence, but as the series progresses, she becomes both his nemesis and unlikely companion. As she pursues her infatuation with him, he gradually relents as he is able to glean insight from her about some of the cunning criminals he pursues. After Alice helps Luther avenge the death of his estranged wife Zoe, Luther aids her escape from a secure facility and she flees the country. In Alice's absence, Luther's life is dominated by his police work once again, culminating in the murder of his partner and protégé Justin Ripley in the third series. Alice reappears following Ripley's death, and finally convinces Luther to leave London with her.
When the fourth series begins, Luther is living a reclusive life on the English coast. After learning of Alice's apparent death in mysterious circumstances, he is persuaded to return to London and resume his role as a DCI. It ultimately transpires that Alice faked her own death after her life with Luther did not match their expectations. Two years later she returns to extort money from organised crime boss George Cornelius, who sabotaged her previous diamond exchange. Embroiled in her schemes again, Luther's relationship with Alice heads towards its destructive climax.
Cast and characters
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Main article: List of Luther characters
Character Portrayed by Series Film 1 2 3 4 5 DCI John Luther Idris Elba Main Alice Morgan Ruth Wilson Main Featured Does not appear Main Does not appear DCI Ian Reed Steven Mackintosh Main Does not appear Zoe Luther Indira Varma Main Does not appear Mark North Paul McGann Main Does not appear Recurring Does not appear DSU Rose Teller Saskia Reeves Main Does not appear DS Justin Ripley Warren Brown Main Featured Does not appear DCI/DSU Martin Schenk Dermot Crowley Main DS/DCI Erin Gray Nikki Amuka-Bird Does not appear Main Does not appear Jenny Jones Aimee-Ffion Edwards Does not appear Main Does not appear Baba Pam Ferris Does not appear Main Does not appear Toby Kent David Dawson Does not appear Main Does not appear Mary Day Sienna Guillory Does not appear Main Does not appear DSU George Stark David O'Hara Does not appear Main Does not appear DS Benny Silver Michael Smiley Recurring Main Does not appear DCI Theo Bloom Darren Boyd Does not appear Featured Does not appear DS Emma Lane Rose Leslie Does not appear Main Does not appear Megan Cantor Laura Haddock Does not appear Main Does not appear George Cornelius Patrick Malahide Does not appear Main Does not appear DS Catherine Halliday Wunmi Mosaku Does not appear Main Does not appear Jeremy Lake Enzo Cilenti Does not appear Main Does not appear Vivien Lake Hermione Norris Does not appear Main Does not appear DCI Odette Raine Cynthia Erivo Does not appear Main David Robey Andy Serkis Does not appear Main
Episodes
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Main article: List of Luther episodes
SeriesEpisodesOriginally airedAvg. UK viewers
(millions)First airedLast aired164 May 2010 ( )8 June 2010 (2010-06-08)4.832414 June 2011 ( )5 July 2011 (2011-07-05)6.43342 July 2013 ( )23 July 2013 (2013-07-23)5.984215 December 2015 ( )22 December 2015 (2015-12-22)7.92541 January 2019 ( )4 January 2019 (2019-01-04)9.45Film24 February 2023 ( )–
Series 1 (2010)
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The first series of Luther aired in 2010 and received positive reviews from critics, getting an average of 5.9 million viewers per episode.[citation needed]
Series 2 (2011)
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In August 2010, the BBC announced that it had commissioned a second series for 2011. Filming started in late September/early October 2010. Originally planned to be broadcast as two two-hour episodes,[8] it was shown as four one-hour episodes. The first episode was shown on BBC One on 14 June 2011.[9]
Series 3 (2013)
edit
In August 2011, the BBC One controller announced that a third series had been commissioned.[10][11]
Filming of the four-episode series started in November 2012.[12][13][non-primary source needed] Sienna Guillory was cast as Luther's new love interest. Other guest stars included Lucian Msamati and Ned Dennehy.[14] The third series began airing on 2 July 2013[15] and concluded on 23 July.[16]
Series 4 (2015)
edit
On 19 November 2014, it was announced that a two-episode special would be aired on the BBC in 2015.[17] Filming began in March 2015[18] and ended April 2015.[19][non-primary source needed] BBC Home Entertainment later confirmed that the Region 1 version of the Series 4 DVD would be released on 15 December 2015, coinciding with the air date of the fourth series.[20] On 24 October 2015, BBC One confirmed via their Facebook page that series 4 of Luther would air in December 2015 on BBC One.[21]
In November 2015, it was announced that Luther was confirmed to air in the United States on BBC America for a three-hour one-night event on 17 December 2015.[22]
The first episode of the fourth series aired on BBC One on 15 December 2015.[23]
Series 5 (2019)
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The BBC announced a fifth series composed of four episodes on 12 June 2017. Filming started in early 2018.[24] Ruth Wilson was confirmed to be returning as Alice Morgan for series five.[25] Series 5 directed by Jamie Payne[26] premiered on 1 January 2019, and was broadcast over consecutive nights through to 4 January.[3]
Film (2023)
edit
Main article: Luther: The Fallen Sun
In September 2021, Netflix announced a feature film continuation of Luther with Elba reprising his role and Cross writing. Andy Serkis and Cynthia Erivo also joined the cast.[27] The film, Luther: The Fallen Sun, was released in select cinemas on 24 February 2023, before its streaming release on 10 March 2023, by Netflix.[29][30]
Production
edit
Creator Neil Cross conceived the series under the working title of The Calling, which was later used as the title of the novel prequel.[31] Cross has said that Luther is influenced by both Sherlock Holmes and Columbo; the nature of Luther's intellect and its application to solving crimes is comparable to Holmes's, whereas the show's use of the inverted detective format was inspired by Columbo.[32]
The first series was filmed in and around London, England, and produced by BBC Drama Productions. Brian Kirk, Sam Miller and Stefan Schwartz each directed two episodes and show creator Neil Cross wrote all six of the episodes. Leila Kirkpatrick was the line producer for the entire program and Katie Swinden was the producer for a number of episodes. Tim Fleming provided cinematography for two episodes. Katie Weiland and Victoria Boydell were involved in film editing, with Weiland editing two episodes. Andy Morgan was responsible for all casting, Paul Cross provided production design and Adam A. Makin was behind the show's art direction.[citation needed]
The show is filmed in various locations around Central, North, West and East London including the Barbican Estate, Elephant and Castle, Westfield Shopping Centre (Shepherd's Bush), Renaissance Hotel (Heathrow Airport), Ealing Hospital, Cranbrook Estate (Bethnal Green), Victoria Park, Waterloo station, Holloway, Shoreditch and the Docklands.
Critical reception
edit
Series one was met with positive reviews, according to aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes, where it holds a 91% approval rating, based on 23 reviews. The site's consensus reads: "Gritty and ambiguous, Luther is a captivating drama bolstered by a powerhouse performance from Idris Elba in the title role."[33] It holds a Metacritic score of 82 out of 100, based on 11 collected reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[34] However, The Guardian's Stuart Heritage was initially critical of the show,[35] and compared it to the American series FlashForward, in that both series arrived with a large amount of hype but delivered an anticlimactic end product. However, by the fifth episode, Heritage had changed his views and called it Idris Elba's best work since The Wire.[36]
The show's second series was met with equally positive reviews and holds a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 13 reviews. The site's consensus reads: "Luther delves into darker territory in its second series, and Idris Elba's outstanding performance makes this a police procedural of uncommon weight and heft."[37] It holds a Metacritic score of 78 out of 100, based on 9 collected reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".[38] Variety and The Hollywood Reporter admiringly highlighted the darker tone, Elba's performance, and the production.[39] In the third quarter of 2011, the top-rated shows on BBC America were Doctor Who, Top Gear, and Luther, which together gained the network its highest quarterly ratings ever.[40]
Series three was again met with positive reviews and holds an 88% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 25 reviews. The site's consensus reads: "Idris Elba shines in the title role of Luther despite familiar circumstances that benefit from the shortened season."[41] It holds a Metacritic score of 76 out of 100, based on 19 collected reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".[42]
Series four received positive reviews, with a 79% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 14 reviews. The site's consensus reads: "Idris Elba remains the best thing about Luther in an all-too-brief season which packs a lot of plot into a short time frame."[43] It holds a Metacritic score of 68 out of 100, based on 11 reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".[44]
After a four-year hiatus, the Series five broadcast in 2019 met with positive reviews, garnering an 85% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 40 reviews. The site's consensus reads: "Luther returns in fine form from its extended exodus with a grisly mystery and the welcome reappearance of Ruth Wilson's psychotic villain, Alice Morgan."[45]
Broadcast outside of the United Kingdom
edit
The first series of the show premiered in Australia on ABC1 on 15 October 2010 and in the United States on BBC America two days later. The second series debuted in the United States on BBC America on 29 September 2011 and Australia on ABC1 on 24 February 2012. The third series ran in the United States on BBC America on four consecutive nights beginning 3 September 2013.[47][48] The fifth series premiered in the United States on BBC America on 2 June 2019.[49] The deal also includes the network to show the first six seasons of another series produced by the BBC, Death in Paradise, airing on Thursdays at 7 pm and airing on Fridays at 8 am ET part of the "Morning Mysteries" morning mystery crime drama block.
Soundtrack
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Paul Englishby composed Luther's soundtrack. He incorporated many pop and rock songs into the soundtrack, using these generally in the end credits. A CD titled Luther – Songs and Score From Series 1, 2 and 3 was released on 19 August 2013 and contains many of the themes and songs used in the television series.[50] The opening theme song is a shorter version of "Paradise Circus" by Massive Attack from the album Heligoland (2010) with vocals provided by Hope Sandoval.
Awards and nominations
edit
Year Association Category Nominee(s) Result 2010 Crime Thriller Awards Best Supporting Actress Saskia Reeves Nominated Satellite Awards Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Idris Elba Nominated Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film Ruth Wilson Nominated Royal Television Society Craft & Design Awards Graphic Design - Titles Momoco Nominated 2011 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Idris Elba Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series, or Dramatic Special Idris Elba Won Outstanding Television Movie, Mini-Series, or Dramatic Special Luther Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Idris Elba Nominated 2012 Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Movie/Miniseries Idris Elba Nominated Best Movie/Miniseries Luther Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Idris Elba Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series, or Dramatic Special Idris Elba Nominated Outstanding Television Movie, Mini-Series, or Dramatic Special Luther Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special Sam Miller Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Idris Elba Nominated Outstanding Miniseries or Movie Luther Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special Neil Cross Nominated Royal Television Society Awards Drama Series Luther Won Satellite Awards Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Idris Elba Nominated Best Miniseries or Television Film Luther Nominated 2013 Crime Thriller Awards Best TV Drama Luther Nominated Best Leading Actor Idris Elba Nominated Best Supporting Actor Warren Brown Nominated Best Supporting Actress Ruth Wilson Nominated Royal Television Society Craft & Design Awards Tape & Film Editing - Drama Katie Welland Won 2014 Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Movie/Miniseries Luther Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries Warren Brown Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Idris Elba Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series, or Dramatic Special Idris Elba Won Outstanding Television Movie, Mini-Series, or Dramatic Special Luther Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Idris Elba Nominated Outstanding Miniseries Luther Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special Neil Cross Nominated Royal Television Society Awards Actor: Male Idris Elba Won 2016 BAFTA Television Awards Best Actor Idris Elba Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Idris Elba Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Television Movie, Mini-Series, or Dramatic Special[51] Luther Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series, or Dramatic Special[51] Idris Elba Nominated Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Movie/Miniseries Idris Elba Won Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Idris Elba Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie Idris Elba Nominated Outstanding Television Movie Luther Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Limited Series or Movie Luther Nominated
Adaptations
edit
American version
edit
In 2014, Fox started developing an American TV series version of Luther, with Cross writing and executive producing the series, and Elba, Peter Chernin (of the Chernin company), Katherine Pope, and BBC Worldwide Prods' Jane Tranter and Julie Gardner as executive producers. The project was helmed by 20th Century Fox TV, Chernin Entertainment, and BBC Worldwide Prods.[52] The project was formally dropped in 2017.[53]
Russian version
edit
Main article: Klim (TV series)
In 2014, Channel One Russia was developing a Russian TV series version of Luther, with Konstantin Lavronenko, starring as Klim. The series was first broadcast on 31 January 2016.
Korean version
edit
Main article: Less Than Evil
On 5 February 2018, South Korean TV network Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) announced that it will broadcast a Korean version of Luther. The adaptation will be broadcast in November 2018 and is produced by the MBC Drama Production Group.[54] In August 2018, Shin Ha-kyun was cast as male lead.[55]
The series title was changed later into Less Than Evil (나쁜 형사, lit. "Bad Detective"). It aired on MBC on 3 December 2018.[56]
Indian version
edit
Indian actor Ajay Devgan announced that he'll be starring in the Indian adaptation of Luther, titled Rudra: The Edge Of Darkness. The first season of the series premiered on 4 March 2022 on Disney+ Hotstar.
French version
edit
The French television channel TF1 has ordered a remake of the British television series which is filmed in the city of Paris and its suburbs.[57] The first episode of the French version gained 4.8 million viewers.[58][non-primary source needed]
Novel
edit
Main article: Luther: The Calling
In August 2011, Cross released a tie-in prequel novel Luther: The Calling following the broadcast of the second season. Two further novels were ordered, but were never released.[59][60]
References
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https://www.google.com/travel/hotels/entity/ChUImKWTwKbgstcDGgkvbS8wYmY5NGoQBA
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Before you continue
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https://www.fanwoodbackrelief.com/history-westfield-nj/
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A Brief History Of Westfield New Jersey Learn More About Westfield
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2018-12-26T15:40:43+00:00
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If you are moving to Westfield you should spend a little time getting to know more about this great city. Here is a quick history lesson about Westfield NJ.
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Fanwood Back Relief Center
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https://www.fanwoodbackrelief.com/history-westfield-nj/
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The 18th Century Still Exists in Westfield
Traveling down Mountain Avenue in Westfield, NJ, beautiful, well-cared for homes can be viewed on either side of the busy street. Nestled among the various styled residential houses sits a historical treasure. Tucked just off of the main street, standing on its original location, is the Miller-Cory House Museum.
Dubbed a "living history museum" on it's website
The farmhouse, which dates back to about 1740, is a testament to the rich history of the area. In modern day, Westfield is a picturesque, suburban New Jersey town complete with a bustling downtown district filled with shops and restaurants. However, at one time not so long ago, the area was rural farmlands. The thoroughfare of Mountain Avenue was actually an old Indian Trail that led to the Watchung Hills. Westfield began as the West Fields of Elizabeth Town. And a prominent family of Elizabeth Town, the Millers, owned approximately 100 acres of land in the area.
On that land
Samuel Miller had the clapboard home built in 1740 for his wife, Sabra Clark. Comprised of a story and a half, the farmhouse is a example of a typical 18th century NJ homestead. It has a shingled roof and pine floors.
The dwelling remained part of the Miller family until 1784
Just after Samuel's death. At that time Jesse Miller, Samuel's son, sold the home to Joseph Cory. It remained part of that locally prominent family for many years, even after Joseph's death. Descendants of the Cory family were either living in the farmhouse or renting it out until 1921.
In 1962
Donald and Isobel Jones purchased the house and began the hard, but rewarding work of restoration. In effort to return the structure to it's 18th century state, the couple had the Victorian Era changes removed. A false ceiling was taken down to expose maple beams, sliding doors were removed and various other details were attended to.
Refurbishment of the house
The last time the farmhouse came under new ownership was in 1972 when the Westfield Historical Society purchased the property. Since then it has been completely restored. In an attempt to recreate the farmhouse to look as though a family is still living there in the 18th century, all the furnishings are pieces from that period as well. In fact, an inventory taken by Joseph Cory was used to guide refurbishment of the house.
Today the Miller-Cory Museum
Is listed on the National and State Registers of Historic Places and is a site on the New Jersey Women's Heritage Trail. Visitors can come to 614 Mountain Avenue, Westfield to get a glimpse of what life was like on a New Jersey farm in the 18th century. The grounds contain the farmhouse itself along with gardens with early American plantings, an outhouse, a corn crib, and a cookhouse known as the Frazee Building. Volunteer docents wear costumes of clothes typical to the time period as they guide visitors through the farmhouse and grounds. They introduce certain skills that would have been necessary to have during everyday life on a farm in 18th century rural New Jersey.The open-hearth cooking program includes members of the cooking committee who prepare dishes on the open-hearth using authentic 18th century recipes.
Open
The Miller-Cory House Museum is open September through June every other Sunday between 2 -4 or by appointment. Educational programs are available for groups and school visits.
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The Pullman History Site : The Pullman Company
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https://ontarioconservationareas.ca/conservation-areas/category/heritage-museum/page/3/
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Ontario’s Conservation Areas
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Ontario’s Conservation Areas
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https://ontarioconservationareas.ca/conservation-areas/category/heritage-museum/page/3/
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King’s Mill
Site of former grist mill, mill still standing, Squires Creek and wetland
Lighthouse
Outlet of Thames River at Lake St. Clair, 200 year old historic lighthouse, dayuse, picnic, fish.
Motts Mills
Wetland view, ruins of historic damn and short hike to a small babbling creek and stepping...
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http://www.westfieldnj.com/history/facts.htm
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Westfield, New Jersey * Westfield Historical Society * Events
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WESTFIELD HISTORICAL SOCIETY has pledged itself to preserving, interpreting and encouraging interest in Westfield's history.
| null |
Fact Sheet
We're Proud of What We've Accomplished Since 1969
1. The Museum and Archives - Located on the second floor of the Town Hall we have established the Town's only repository of Westfield lore. We have an extensive collection of thousands of artifacts and memorabilia, including books, documents, letters, photographs and slides, maps and newspapers, postcards, scrapbooks, architectural drawings, posters, flags, historic uniforms and attire, and tools. We also have Museum exhibits on topics of Westfield history, recent exhibits included the history of Westfield Schools, an overview of Westfield's participation in the World Wars and Lost Westfield-photographs of buildings no longer existent.
2. We sponsor or co-sponsor six evening speaker programs annually. Some of the topics of past meetings have been:
· Westfield's First Residents The Lenni Lenape
· The Lord Stirling Manor Archaeological Dig
· The Pine Barrens
· 18th and 19th Century American Furniture and Decorative Arts at Auction
· A Music Program of Early American Folksongs
· The Folklore of Historical New Jersey
· Let's Look at Union County
· Colonial Life at the Founding of the USA
· Historic Preservation in New Jersey
· The Robinson Plantation
· The Black Community in Westfield
· An Armchair Tour of the Miller-Cory House Museum
· Portraits of American Architecture
· How the Central Railroad of New Jersey Affected Westfield's Growth
· The Renovation of Westfield's Old Houses from an Architects Viewpoint
· John List: The Mind of a Murderer
· The Effects of Changing Town Boundaries
· The Homes and Libraries of the Presidents
· Kings and Queens and Soup Tureens
· Some Women from Westfield present "I Remember When "
· Charles Addams
· Ninety Years in the Forefront of New Jersey Golf
· Monuments and Historic Plaques in Union County
· What Remains of Colonial New Jersey
· The Formation of Westfield Township
· Our Town in the World Wars
· Thomas Edison
· The Jigsaw Line between Mountainside and Westfield
· Westfield in the Turbulent 1720's
· Westfield Township 1794-1903
· The Battle of Fort Washington in 1776
· The Flying Aces and their Airplanes During the First World War
· Garden and Landscape History
· Historical Dress and Fashion
· The History of New Jersey Domestic Architecture
· The History of Newspapers in the United States
· The Asa Packer Mansion
· The Sinking of the Titanic
· Old Westfield Postcards
· Washington's Battles in New Jersey
· Queens County Farm Museum
· The Morgan Explosion of 1918
3. We sponsor a series of lunch time speaker programs on historical and other topics of general interest. Some of the topics of past meetings have been:
· New Jersey Folklore
· NJ Canal Society
· The Musical Club of Westfield
· The Beautification of Downtown Westfield
· Colonial Taverns and their Uses
· History of Baseball in New Jersey
· History of Cranford
· An Armchair Tour of the Newark Museum
· Trends in Historic Preservation
· History and Demonstration of Dulcimers
· Alice Paul
· The Trouble with Maps
· The History of Aviation in NJ.
· What's Happening on Westfield's Main Street?
· The History of the Westfield Police Department
· Highlighted more than 50 years of town beautification of Westfield.
· The Final Journey of a Northern Confederate Hero.
· Historical Perspectives to the Proiblems of Educating Westfield Children in the 21st Century
· The History and Function of the Union County Sheriff's Office
· The Story of Revolutionary War General William Maxwell
· "The Angles of Broad Street"
· The Battle of the Monitor and the Merrimac
· The influence of Frederick Law Olmstead on the Union County Parks
· The History of Stock Brokerage in Westfield
· The Battle of New Orleans
· A Citizen's Trip to Iran in 1943
· The History of Trolleys
· "By Industry We Thrive-Educating Children in Early 19th Century NJ
· The Life of Confederate General Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson
· Genealogy
· Elizabethtown's Early Industry 1664-1873
· The History and Operations of the Westfield Airport
4. We sponsor inexpensive field trips in the spring and fall to a wide variety of interesting historic sites. Some of our past field trips have been to
· Philadelphia - Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, House of Betsy Ross
· Brooklyn - Birthplace of Jenny Jerome, Revolutionary soldiers monument, Brownstones, Tiffany glass windows
· Brandywine Valley - Brandywine River Museum, Winterthur, Longwood Gardens
· Jersey Shore - Esplanade District and St. Mary's Church in Deal, historic homes in Spring Lake and a walking tour of Ocean Grove
· Hudson Valley - Boscobel and Lyndhurst
· Newark - The Newark Museum and Ballantine House
· Burlington - Walking tour of old Burlington, the Captain James Lawrence house, James Fennimore Cooper House and Pierson-Howe House
· Historic Wheaton Village and the Museum of American Glass
· Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania - The Asa Packer Mansion
· The Bronx - The Old Italian Section, Barton Pell Mansion & City Island
· The Bronx - Poe Cottage, Valentine-Varian House, Wave Hill and Van Cortlandt House
· Kykuit - The ancestral estate of the Rockefeller family
5. Instilling a sense of local heritage and roots to Westfield residents and school children is a major focus of our education initiative. We assist the schools in preparing a prospectus and textbook on local history for third graders, provide speakers to school classes, conduct historic tours, host visits to the museum and archives, and produce programs for the public to highlight local history in an accurate, yet entertaining, manner.
6. Support for important historic activities. One of the earliest accomplishments of the Society was to assist the Miller-Cory Volunteers with its purchase of the historic Miller-Cory House at 614 Mountain Avenue. The circa-1740 house is operated as a living museum. The Westfield Historical Society has also made contributions to the rehabilitation of the Revolutionary Cemetery, the restoration of the Town Clock, the structural restoration of the Presbyterian Church steeple, and the replacement of the Boulevard areas historic mosaic street signs. We also oversee the storage and maintenance of the Town Bell which the Society arranges to display at all important Town functions and parades. Additionally, the Society played a key role in the Town's gala Bicentennial Celebration throughout 1994 and assisted the group which provided a memorial plaque for those from Westfield who lost their lives fighting in World War II. Our role in that effort will continue as we maintain the records in our archives.
7. The Society has supported the Town's historic preservation movement, lobbying both to get an ordinance passed in 1982 and later strengthened. Members of the Society serve on Westfield's Historic Preservation Commission.
8. The Society has been responsible for a variety of publications related to the history of the Town (books, historical maps, aerial sketches and a series of postcards of old Westfield) all of which are available for purchase at various places around town.
· Guide to the Colonial Cemetery of the Presbyterian Church in Westfield, New Jersey by Herbert A. Halsey, 1987.
· "The Olde Town, 1740-1800," a map showing locations and original owners of Westfield's 18th century houses.
· "Aerial sketch of Westfield circa 1882," drawn by T.M. Fowler.
· "Aerial sketch of Westfield, N.J. in 1903," drawn by T.J. Hughes.
· "Aerial sketch of Westfield, N.J. in 1929," drawn by Hughes and Cinquin.
· "Map of Westfield circa 1906," by Jacob Bauer, Union County engineer.
· Set of six postcards - photographs of old Westfield
9. We are particularly proud of the birthday gift we presented to the Town when we sponsored Westfield Heritage Day for the Town of Westfield to commemorate the 20th Anniversary of the founding of the Westfield Historical Society. Activities included demonstrations of tinsmithing and colonial cooking at the Miller-Cory House Museum, walking tours of Stoneleigh Park, antique cars on view, a series of walking tours (1. Presbyterian Green and Revolutionary Cemetery, 2. Elm Street, and 3. Broad Street), two Civil War Military units that provided drilling and musket firing demonstrations, continuous musical entertainment, and horse drawn carriage rides.
We Look Forward to An Exciting and Productive Future
Although we do not know exactly what future items we will produce or what activities we will be supporting, we do know that the challenges of encouraging community interest, collecting and preserving artifacts and information, perpetuating the memory of prior Westfielders and instilling pride will lead us to add to the foregoing accomplishments.
Permanent Home - One of the most exciting possibilities for us to contemplate is that at some future date we have been promised that the Reeve House (at the entrance to Mindowaskin Park on Mountain Avenue) will become the permanent home of the Historical Society. When that happens our ability to serve the Town of Westfield will increase dramatically.
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2004-07-06T21:31:32+00:00
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en
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/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superdrug#Superdrug_Mobile
|
Origins and expansion
edit
In 1964, Superdrug was incorporated under the name Leading Supermarkets Limited by the Goldstein brothers in London, both of whom had experience working in the groceries retail industry. Later that year the business adopted the present name. The first Superdrug shop opened in Putney, London on 26 April 1966.
By 1968, there were three shops trading in Putney, Croydon and Streatham. In the same year Superdrug acquired its first distribution centre, in Wimbledon. The chain grew rapidly, and expanded to a chain of forty shops by the beginning of the 1970s. In 1971, The Rite Aid Corporation, an American chemist chain, acquired 49% of the business.
By 1981, there were three hundred Superdrug shops in the United Kingdom, and they opened their 11,148 m2 (120,000 ft2) distribution centre and office complex at Beddington Lane near Croydon, Superdrug's head office is still based in Croydon having recently moved to a more central location. This centre closed in July 2007, and the southern distribution operation moved to Dunstable, with the head office moving to new offices in central Croydon in 2017. The northern distribution operates from South Elmsall, Pontefract, West Yorkshire.
In 1983, the business was floated on London's Unlisted Securities Market.[5]
In March 1987, Superdrug was sold to Woolworth Holdings (now known as Kingfisher plc) for £57 million.[5] The sale allowed accelerated growth of the brand through utilisation of Kingfisher's surplus high street property portfolio and substantial financial assets.
In January 1988, Superdrug acquired Tip-Top, a discount chemist chain which had a large presence in the north of England and Scotland, and Share Drug Stores plc, a southern-based chain. These acquisitions and an aggressive expansion programme saw the chain grow to six hundred outlets throughout the United Kingdom.
Superdrug continued to grow over the next eight years, increasing profitability and market share. The Goldstein brothers would retire from the company by 1990, shortly after its 25th anniversary In 1989, with Alan Smith heading up day-to-day operations shortly thereafter.
In 1995, the company began a rebranding programme, which saw it leave behind its discount heritage and move upmarket, with a new corporate identity (including the introduction of a new star symbol as its logo) – under the banner "the real beauty is the price" – and new larger shops in prime retail locations.
Superdrug decided to relocate their head office in 2017, having spent more than 40 years at Beddington Lane. The company relocated to a more central location in Croydon having declared their love for the town, securing their future in the town, with a bigger and more modern head office to develop the future of the business.[6]
Acquisition
edit
Facing increasing pressure from supermarkets and new discount chains, and following Kingfisher's failed merger attempt with Asda (which resulted in Walmart acquiring the latter chain), in July 2001, Superdrug was sold to Kruidvat, a chemist operator from continental Europe, to allow Kingfisher to focus on its DIY and electrical chains. It was restructured as a public limited company on 24 July, becoming Superdrug Stores plc,[7] and Kruidvat was subsequently sold to A.S. Watson, the retail and manufacturing business of the Hong Kong conglomerate CK Hutchison Holdings, formally Hutchison Whampoa, in November 2002.
A.S. Watson is also the parent company of Savers, the United Kingdom's number three chemist chain.[citation needed] Subsequently, several of Superdrug's smaller shops were converted into Savers, and approximately three hundred Savers shops were converted into branches of Superdrug. In 2004, during the company's 40th anniversary, the current logo was introduced, retaining the star motif from the previous logo, but modernising it with the addition of a new cursive wordmark. Signage was also changed with the introduction of the new logo, with stores being branded as "Superdrug HealthBeauty", and the website gaining the tagline "Health & Beauty from A.S. Watson", to signify its new ownership.
In April 2006, Superdrug entered the Republic of Ireland, and in Britain began rolling out its "next generation" shops, the first of which opened in Uxbridge. These focused on cosmetics and fragrance above all else and used plasma screens throughout the shop. Superdrug announced their intention to create 150 more next generation shops in 2008.[8] Since arriving in Ireland, the brand is now also represented in Douglas on the Isle of Man and St Helier on Jersey.
Since 2010
edit
In February 2010, Superdrug became a BUAV approved retailer,[9] joining several other high street chains in pledging its own brand products will be free from animal testing. All Superdrug own label products carry the leaping bunny cruelty free logo. This does not, however, cover products made by other brands that are sold in the shop.
During 2010, Superdrug went into partnership with sister company The Perfume Shop by trialling shop-in-shop concessions. The partnership was tried in eleven shops of Superdrug, including; Aylesbury, Milton Keynes, Bury, Glasgow, Westfield London and Kensington High Street.[10] In January 2018, Superdrug were recognised by the Institute of Customer Service, placing fourth in the United Kingdom for Customer Satisfaction (UKCSI), with Yorkshire Bank in third, First Direct second, and Amazon first.
In September 2015, Superdrug announced the launch of a new app for customers to track their Superdrug Loyalty Points.[11] This app eventually became the Superdrug Shopping App, which allows customers to order retail items from Superdrug branches online.[12][13]
On 22 March 2018, Superdrug opened their first vegan only pop-up shop at Shoreditch’s Boxpark. Superdrug said it was in response to increased demand for plant based and cruelty free beauty products. The shop showcases Superdrug's own brand beauty and cosmetic products, and also exclusive branded products that are friendly to vegans.[14]
In August 2018, Superdrug was the subject of a blackmail attempt using data obtained from its website via credential stuffing.[15]
Superdrug lost a court case in December 2019 resulting from words in an email issued by the company's buyer, "Please go ahead with the below", referring to supplier Athena Brand's proposals to supply a minimum quantity of Nature's Alchemist products. The words were interpreted as creating a contract between the two parties, and by inference appeared to mean that the buyer had authority to enter into such a contract.[16]
In April 2020, it was announced that Superdrug was rolling out a new Pharmacy app to its stores across the UK, in partnership with Healthera.[17] The app allows Superdrug patients to order prescriptions and book services online.[18][19]
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659
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dbpedia
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https://suncruisermedia.com/Home/rv-travel/meet-the-past-at-westfield-heritage-village-on/
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en
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Meet the past at Westfield Heritage Village - ON
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You don’t need a time machine to see what life was like for Ontario’s first settlers more than 200 years ago. You simply have to walk through the gates of time at Westfield Heritage ...
|
en
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SunCruiser
|
https://suncruisermedia.com/Home/rv-travel/meet-the-past-at-westfield-heritage-village-on/
|
Story & photos courtesy Lisa Hunter, Westfield Village
You don’t need a time machine to see what life was like for Ontario’s first settlers more than 200 years ago. You simply have to walk through the gates of time at Westfield Heritage Village! When you pass through those gates, you’ll meet all kinds of interesting characters - blacksmiths, musicians, farmers, cabinetmakers, shopkeepers, printers, innkeepers, boot makers and more, all living and working in Westfield’s village of homes, shops and public buildings. There is always something going on, and it’s a magnificent way to experience the thrills and trials of Ontario’s pioneers and founders.
Westfield Heritage Village is a 465-acre property within the City of Hamilton, midway between Cambridge and Hamilton, near Rockton, Ontario. The property was purchased in 1960 and in 1964 was officially opened with seven relocated and restored heritage buildings from Southern Ontario. It began as a community project initiated by Glenn Kilmer and Goldie MacDonell, two Brantford high school teachers, and it is managed by the Hamilton Conservation Authority. Operated year round as a living history museum, the Village provides special events for the general public, educational programs for students, unique heritage activities and wedding, business rentals and filming opportunities.
An average of 40,000 visitors come to Westfield each year for a wide range of programs, including nearly 12,000 students coming for specialized educational experiences. More than 400 volunteers make a range of valuable contributions to Westfield year-round, with several hundred more volunteers participating in special events and projects.
Westfield’s unparalleled collection of architectural holdings makes it a unique destination and resource for the large and diverse audience it serves. Nearly forty historic structures, including rare historic homes, businesses, agricultural and manufacturing buildings ranging from the late 1700s through to the early 1900s, have been preserved at the museum. The rich artifact collection used to furnish these buildings is from throughout Southern Ontario, and serves to vividly illustrate the environments of early Ontario. Visitors are able to enter these buildings and immerse themselves in the sights, smells, sounds and tastes of earlier times. Authentically dressed interpreters in these buildings illustrate historical themes through period activities and demonstrations. Historic buildings of note include the 1793 Queen’s Rangers log cabin, believed to be one of the oldest preserved log structures in Ontario, and the c1810 Westbrook Home, historically significant in that it was originally situated at the site of the 1814 Battle of Malcolm’s Mills, the last land battle of the War of 1812.
Westfield is open every Sunday and holiday in July and August from 12:30 – 4:00 p.m. with a unique historical Fashion Show daily at 2:00 p.m. Visit the heritage buildings to see demonstrations such as blacksmithing, printing and woodworking. Enjoy the trails, gardens and picnic area. The beautiful rural setting of Westfield Heritage Village is the ideal place to escape to on a summer day. Canada Day, July 1st, will be a great opportunity for new Canadians to experience the history of Canada. Free Canada pins will be available for all visitors on this day.
Ice Cream Carnival is a favourite event for all visitors. During this popular event, the costumed interpreters of the village will be cranking out many, many batches of delicious, cool, hand-churned ice cream, and visitors are encouraged to help turn those cranks. If you’ve never tasted ice cream made with real cream, fresh fruit and other delicious ingredients, you are in for a wonderful surprise! There will be lots to see and do during this special event. Enjoy an old fashioned Edwardian Carnival with lots of skill testing games and activities. Traditional carnival foods will add to the fun, with cool lemonade, bottled soda, baked goods and old-fashioned candy at the General Store. Families are always welcome to bring their own picnic to enjoy under a shady tree. Cool off with come delicious summer treats, take in the carnival, and enjoy a day with your family and friends tasting a little history.
Fibre Day is in August as well. Come to the village and enjoy learning about how different types of textile fibres are produced and used. Watch the labour-intensive process that transforms the coarse flax plant into a material that can be used to make lovely linen fabric. Discover the interesting process of spinning and dyeing wool and see what the weaver is making on the loom.
Enjoy the beautiful autumn colours in the fall at Westfield. Bring your camera and capture the amazing fall colours that form a vibrant backdrop to Westfield’s period architecture and costumed interpreters. Telling Tales, held in September, is a day for celebrating stories. Over twenty-five of Canada’s leading children’s writers, illustrators, musicians and storytellers will present to children of all ages. Parking for this event only is at Rockton Fairgrounds with a free shuttle service to Westfield. More information can be found at the Telling Tales website.
Westfield has good roads and a large parking lot that easily accommodates RV’s and other large vehicles for access and parking. There is a lovely shaded picnic area and walking trails through our Teaching Forest and much more. Don’t forget to bring your camera!
For more information, visit www.westfieldheritage.ca or call (519) 621-8851.
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659
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https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/westfield-village.html
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Find the perfect westfield village stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.
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Alamy and its logo are trademarks of Alamy Ltd. and are registered in certain countries. Copyright © 10/08/2024 Alamy Ltd. All rights reserved.
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https://www.lennar.com/new-homes/indiana/indianapolis/westfield/westgate/westgate-heritage
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Westgate New Home Community - Westfield - Indianapolis, IN
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] |
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[] |
[
"quality",
"new homes",
"home builder"
] | null |
[] | null |
See the newest homes for sale in Westgate. Everything’s Included by Lennar, the leading homebuilder of new homes in Indianapolis, IN.
|
en
|
/apple-icon-57x57.png
| null |
No, you do not need a realtor to purchase a Lennar home. We have knowledgeable Lennar consultants who will be with you every step of the way, ensuring your smooth transition into homeownership. Of course, you are welcome to work with an independent realtor but not all communities offer a broker co-op commission.
|
|||||
659
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporium_Centre_San_Francisco
|
en
|
Emporium Centre San Francisco
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico
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https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico
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[
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[
"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
] |
2006-03-12T10:47:42+00:00
|
en
|
/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporium_Centre_San_Francisco
|
Shopping mall
Emporium Centre San Francisco is a shopping mall located in San Francisco, California, United States. It is anchored by Bloomingdale's. It connects directly to the Powell Street station via an underground entrance on the concourse floor.
History
[edit]
Early years
[edit]
Originally developed by Sheldon Gordon (co-developer of The Forum Shops at Caesars and Beverly Center), the nine-story mall opened in October 1988 as San Francisco Shopping Centre with approximately 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2) of space, the then-largest Nordstrom store (350,000 square feet (33,000 m2)) on the top several floors, the first spiral escalator in the United States, and a connector to the adjoining Emporium-Capwell flagship store.[3]
After a slow start, it soon became one of the top-performing shopping centers in the country. In 1996, the adjoining Emporium (it had dropped the Capwell name by then) was shuttered in the wake of Federated Department Stores' buyout of its parent, Broadway Stores. The vacated store was temporarily used as a Macy's furniture store while it renovated its Union Square flagship in 1997.
In May 1997, Urban Shopping Centers, Inc., a real estate investment trust, acquired a half-interest and management of the center. This was followed by Urban's own buyout by Rodamco North America N.V. (a European property firm primarily invested in the United States) in October 2000 and Rodamco's subsequent sale to a consortium including the Westfield Group in January 2002. Westfield acquired its initial 50% stake in the center at this time and soon bought the rest.
Expansion
[edit]
In February 2003, Forest City, which had acquired redevelopment rights to the long-vacant Emporium store from Federated, reached an agreement with Westfield to jointly redevelop the two properties.[4]
The newly expanded mixed-use Westfield San Francisco Centre opened on September 28, 2006.[5] Designed by the Kohn Pedersen Fox architectural firm, with Kevin Kennon as the Design Principal, the mall included Bloomingdale's West Coast flagship store, a nine-screen Century Theatres multiplex theater featuring 2 XD screens, a 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2) Bristol Farms gourmet supermarket, and the Downtown Campus for San Francisco State University in its 1.5 million+ ft² of space.
The redevelopment cost $440 million. Only the front façade and landmark dome of the original structure were preserved; the rest of the structure was completely gutted and replaced.[6] Upon completion of the project, Forest City became an equity partner and along with Westfield assumed responsibility for day-to-day management.[7] In March 2009, it was announced that Westfield San Francisco Centre shopping center was named as one of nine finalists vying for the title of “World’s Best Shopping Center” as part of the International Council of Shopping Centers Inc.’s inaugural “Best-of-the-Best” awards. Westfield San Francisco Centre ended up winning the "Best-of-the-Best" award for design and development; it was one of only four shopping centers in the world to win.[8]
In 2011, the San Francisco Police Department considered putting a substation in the mall to prevent rampant shoplifting.[9]
The Bristol Farms store closed on January 27, 2017.[10] In the summer of 2021, a Shake Shack opened in the former Bristol Farms space.[11][12]
Decline
[edit]
In June 2023, Westfield and Brookfield announced that, due to plunging post-pandemic sales, occupancy and foot traffic at the mall, they would stop making loan payments and cede the property to their lenders.[13][14] The Century Theatres multiplex closed on June 15, 2023.[15] In July 2023, the Westfield branding was removed from the mall, which was renamed San Francisco Centre.[16] Nordstrom closed on August 27, 2023,[17] leaving Bloomingdale's as the only anchor store, at which point the mall's occupancy level had fallen to 55%.[18][19] Mayor London Breed suggested that the mall could be redeveloped for another use, such as a soccer stadium,[20] while others suggested it be used as food halls, pickleball courts, and animal shelters.[21]
In September 2023, the owners of the American Eagle store filed a lawsuit claiming mall management had failed to "maintain the Common Areas at the mall which has poisoned public opinion" about safety.[22]
In October 2023, Gregg Williams, the principal receiver of Trident Pacific[23] (a receivership firm), was appointed by a judge to take possession, custody, and control of the mall.[24]
On November 30, 2023, the LEGO Store closed permanently.[25] The 2-story Adidas store closed permanently on January 13, 2024.[26] The Hollister store closed permanently on January 8, 2024.[27] Aldo closed permanently on January 21, 2024.[28] Madewell and sister chain J. Crew both closed permanently on January 22, 2024.[29] The mall's Lucky Brand store closed on January 29, 2024. By that point, the mall's occupancy level was only 25%,[30] and its valuation had plunged 75% from its 2016 level of $1.2 billion to only $290 million.[31]
On February 29, 2024, San Francisco Centre was renamed Emporium Centre San Francisco.[32]
In March 2024, it was announced that L'Occitane had closed and that Sephora would close too, as a result of decline.[33]
In May 2024, American Eagle[34] and Ted Baker[35] announced that they would also be closing their stores.[36]
Layout
[edit]
The shopping center is nine stories tall and is integrated into nearby buildings anchored by Bloomingdale's, with one vacant anchor previously occupied by Nordstrom, which closed in late August 2023.[37] The basement level is directly connected to two entrances for Powell Street station, which is served by Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) and Muni Metro trains. The mall's owners paid $750,000 annually to BART to maintain access to the station.[38]
Anchors and major tenants
[edit]
Bloomingdale's (338,000 ft²; opened 2006)
Former anchors and major tenants
[edit]
San Francisco State University Downtown Campus[39] (107,000 ft²; opened 2006, closed 2021)[40]
Nordstrom (350,000 ft²; opened 1988, closed August 27, 2023)
Century Theatres & XD 9-screen multiplex (53,000 ft², closed June 15, 2023)
Gallery
[edit]
845 Market Street, anchored by Bloomingdale's
The entrance to 845 Market Street
The entrance to 865 Market Street
865 Market Street, anchored by the former Nordstrom
Mall interior three weeks after redevelopment and reopening, 2006
The dome within the shopping center
Interior atrium of Nordstrom store with curved escalators, 2011
See also
[edit]
San Francisco Bay Area portal
References
[edit]
Notes
Sources
Westfield San Francisco Centre Opening Fact Sheet
Westfield San Francisco Centre Press Release
International Council of Shopping Centers
|
||||
659
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 49
|
https://montgomeryparks.org/montgomery-parks-and-westfield-montgomery-mall-honor-black-history-month-with-free-entry-to-josiah-henson-museum-and-park/
|
en
|
Montgomery Parks and Westfield Montgomery Mall honor Black History Month with free entry to Josiah Henson Museum and Park
|
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[] |
[
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[] |
2024-02-28T15:45:44+00:00
|
Museum will be open for free entry on March 9 and 10, 2024.
|
en
|
Montgomery Parks
|
https://montgomeryparks.org/montgomery-parks-and-westfield-montgomery-mall-honor-black-history-month-with-free-entry-to-josiah-henson-museum-and-park/
|
The museum will be open free of charge on Saturday, March 9, and Sunday, March 10, 2024.
WHEATON, Md. – Montgomery Parks, and Westfield Montgomery Mall are partnering to honor Black History Month by offering free entry to the Josiah Henson Museum and Park, which is located on the former plantation of Isaac Riley where Reverend Josiah Henson was enslaved. The museum and park will be open free of charge on Saturday, March 9, between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., and on Sunday, March 10, from 12 to 4 p.m. Reservations are not required.
The museum is a historic resource of local, state, national, and international significance because of its association with Reverend Henson, whose 1849 autobiography, The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe’s landmark novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
“We appreciate the partnership with Westfield Montgomery Mall and encourage people to come out and visit the museum and learn about the incredible life and story of Reverend Josiah Henson,” said Mark Thorne, Historic Site Manager at Josiah Henson Museum and Park.
“Westfield Montgomery is proud to partner with Montgomery Parks and the Josiah Henson Museum and Park to use our platform to help share the inspiring story of Reverend Henson with our community,” said Stuart Amos, senior general manager of Westfield Montgomery.
About Josiah Henson Museum & Park
The Josiah Henson Museum & Park, located at 11410 Old Georgetown Road in North Bethesda, is the first museum in the United States dedicated to Reverend Josiah Henson. Situated on the grounds of the former plantation where Henson was enslaved prior to self-emancipating to Canada, the site includes a Visitor Center, a historic house with an attached log kitchen dating to 1850, and a 4-acre landscaped park with accessible walking paths. Indoor and outdoor interpretive exhibits throughout the property detail Henson’s inspirational life story, enslavement in Maryland, and the ongoing struggles for racial equality and justice. The Josiah Henson Museum & Park is part of the National Park Service National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom program.
Born into slavery, Henson defied the odds to become an influential author, Methodist minister, abolitionist, public speaker, and world-renowned figure. Among Henson’s many accomplishments was his 1849 autobiography, The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, which inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe’s landmark anti-slavery novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
About Montgomery Parks
Montgomery Parks manages more than 37,000 acres of parkland, consisting of 419 parks. Montgomery Parks is focused on promoting physical activity, social connectivity, and environmental stewardship, especially in diverse and urbanizing areas, with an emphasis on teens, working-age adults, and seniors. Montgomery Parks is a department of The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission (M-NCPPC), a bi-county agency established in 1927 to steward public land. M-NCPPC has been nationally recognized for its high-quality parks and recreation services and is regarded as a national model by other parks systems. MontgomeryParks.org
About Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield Montgomery
Westfield Montgomery is a 1.1-million-square-foot retail flagship and citymaking destination located minutes away from Washington D.C. off Interstate 270 in Montgomery County, Maryland. The center is the preferred shopping destination for communities in Bethesda, Potomac, Chevy Chase and across the wider DMV region. Currently home to top brands such as Nordstrom, Apple, Tesla, Arhaus, L’Occitane, Tumi, Lululemon, Lilly Pulitzer, Vineyard Vines, Kiehl’s, Sephora, Zara, Urban Outfitters, LEGO, Nespresso, Madewell, Bonobos, Tommy Bahama, Liljenquest & Beckstead, Rolex and the critically acclaimed Lucky Strike gastropub/bowling alley concept, the shopping mall also hosts popular dining options such as The Cheesecake Factory, Shake Shack, Frank Pepe’s Pizza and CAVA.
Accessibility
Montgomery Parks, part of The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission, encourages and supports the participation of individuals with disabilities. Please contact the Program Access Office at 301-495-2581 (Voice/TTY), MD Relay 7-1-1 or 800-552-7724 or Program Access to request a disability modification. Visit Montgomery Parks Accessibility for more information.
###
|
|||||
659
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 33
|
https://voxtour.ai/poi%3FpoiName%3DWestfield%2BHeritage%2BVillage%26poiId%3Dcc1358b6-6da3-4237-8c4d-4d5af6cbc8ba%26language-code%3Den-US
|
en
|
Guided Audio Tour App
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Self-guided tour app",
"Walking tours",
"City walks",
"Self-guided walking tours",
"Tour Maps",
"AI-guided tours",
"Virtual tour assistant",
"Automated audio tours",
"Voice-guided exploration",
"Interactive tour experiences",
"AI narrated sightseeing",
"Smart tour companion",
"Narration-driven tours",
"GPS-guided audio tours",
"Augmented reality tours",
"Digital guidebook app",
"AI-powered travel companion",
"Intelligent audio guides",
"Location-based storytelling",
"Voice-enabled travel app",
"Self-paced audio tours",
"Text-to-speech travel guides",
"Personalized tour narration",
"AI storyteller for travel",
"Speech synthesis tours"
] | null |
[] | null |
Discover the world through our cutting-edge self-guided audio tour app. Immerse in AI-driven narratives, personalized voice tours, and uncover hidden treasures.
|
icons/logo-apple-touch.png
|
VoxTour.ai
|
https://voxtour.ai
| ||||||
659
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_London
|
en
|
Westfield London
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"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
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2006-11-30T20:49:05+00:00
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en
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/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_London
|
Shopping centre in White City, London
Not to be confused with Westfield College or Westfield Stratford City.
Westfield London is a large shopping centre in White City, west London, England, developed by the Westfield Group at a cost of £1.6bn,[3][4] on a brownfield site formerly the home of the 1908 Franco-British Exhibition. The site is bounded by the West Cross Route (A3220), the Westway (A40) and Wood Lane (A219). It opened on 30 October 2008 and became the largest covered shopping development in the capital;[5] originally a retail floor area of 1,600,000 sq ft (150,000 m2),[6] further investment and expansion led to it becoming the largest shopping centre in the UK and Europe by March 2018, an area of 2,600,000 sq ft (240,000 m2).[7]
The mall is anchored by department stores John Lewis and Marks & Spencer, as well as multi brand retailer Next and large fast fashion brand Primark. Former anchor retailers include House of Fraser and Debenhams.
History
[edit]
The development is on a large brownfield site, part of which was once the location of the 1908 Franco-British Exhibition. The initial site clearance demolished the set of halls still remaining from the exhibition (their cheap-to-build, white-painted blank facades are said to be the origin of the name White City). There were also considerable precautions needed during demolition due to the expectation of finding unexploded bombs from raids on a local munitions factory during the World War II blitz.
Elsewhere on the site was a London Underground railway depot, which had to be kept fully operational while a new depot was built underground to allow the new shopping centre to be built above both the new depot, and on the old depot site. The old depot was then demolished.[8]
The initial plan for a shopping centre at this location was developed by a consortium, the largest company involved being the UK division of Australian property company Multiplex. However, due to heavy financial losses in other ventures, including the construction of the new Wembley Stadium, Multiplex was forced to sell its stake to the Westfield Group.[9]
The development was built by Westfield Construction, the developer's own construction arm and was delivered on schedule.[10] Robert Bird Group were the structural engineers for the job.[11] The roof was designed by Knippers Helbig Advanced Engineering (Stuttgart, Germany).[12] The project took five years to build, employing 8,000 people.[13]
On the 7 July 2015, Mohammed Rehman and Sana Ahmed Khan planned to explode a bomb which consisted of 10 kg of urea nitrate inside the shopping centre. The attack was set to occur on the 10 year anniversary of the 7 July 2005 London bombings, but was thwarted by police.[14]
Opening
[edit]
The centre was opened to the public on 30 October 2008 by Frank Lowy, CEO of Westfield Group, in an event also attended by Mayor Boris Johnson, with a retail floor area of 1,600,000 sq ft (150,000 m2).[3][6] It became the largest covered shopping centre in London having overtaken the Whitgift Centre in Croydon.[6] Amid great hype, two million shoppers visited the centre in its first three weeks, despite the ongoing credit crunch in the UK.[15]
However the financial crisis of the time did cause a swift fall in shoppers and some shops forcing to close in 2009. While some commentators suspected Westfield London to fail during the economic gloom, the centre reported increased sales in 2010 following an unexpectedly large number of tourist shoppers.[16][17]
Extension
[edit]
On 16 February 2012, Hammersmith & Fulham Council approved a 700,000 sq ft extension to the north of the existing site. Building work began in 2014,[18] and the extension opened in three phases. The first phase opened in March 2018, and the final phase opened in October 2018. Once the extension was completed, Westfield London's size increased to 2.6 million square feet (240,000 m2), making it the largest shopping centre in Europe.[19]
The north side of the extension is bounded by a railway viaduct, and the south side of the extension is adjunct to the original shopping centre. The extension replaces an industrial estate which previously occupied the area, divided by Ariel Way. The extension includes 51,000 square metres (550,000 sq ft) of retail space including a 70,000 sq ft Primark store, offices, new streets, public spaces, and approximately 1,522 new homes. The development ranges from four to twelve storeys high with one building of 20 storeys.
The work also includes modifications to Shepherd's Bush railway station, relocation of the White City bus station and reuse of the Dimco Buildings, and pedestrian links on the east side of the site connecting Hammersmith & Fulham with Kensington & Chelsea.[20][21][22]
The department store John Lewis is the occupant of an 'anchor store' within the extension. Kidzania, a part of the extension, opened in 2015.[23][24][25]
COVID-19
[edit]
On 28 April 2020 it was announced that Debenhams Westfield London store had closed permanently due to the COVID-19 lockdown and entering administration.[26][27] On 28 July Hammersmith & Fulham Council's Planning Committee approved Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield's planning application on transforming two-thirds of House of Fraser's space into office spaces and two separate retail units that will face the inside of the centre.[28][29][30] The former Debenhams space was occupied by a Harrods Outlet for a time.[31][32] In 2023, It was confirmed that TK Maxx would be taking over much of the former Debenhams anchor unit space.[33]
Constituent sections
[edit]
Retail area
[edit]
It has a retail floor area of 2.6 million square feet (240,000 m2).[19] The centre features around 320 stores, including AllSaints, Apple, Bershka, Boots, Bose, Cotton On (includes RUBI and Factorie), Dwell, Early Learning Centre, Ernest Jones, Gerry Weber, Hackett, Hollister Co, House of Fraser, H.Samuel, Jaeger, Kurt Geiger, Lego, Mamas & Papas, Mango, Marks & Spencer, Next, Nomination, Oakley, Reiss, River Island, schuh, Starbucks Coffee, Tesla, Topshop, Uniqlo, the multiplex cinema Vue, Waitrose and Zara.
The development also includes a high-end retail area called The Village. The area includes brands Burberry, De Beers, Georg Jensen, Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Miu Miu, Mulberry, Myla, Tiffany & Co and Versace.
'The Village'
Food Court
Food Court
Main Atrium
Interior
The Loft
Vue digital cinema
[edit]
Vue opened a seventeen-screen cinema on 12 February 2010,[34] including five 3-D-enabled screens, with a seating capacity of almost 3,000.
Transport connections
[edit]
As part of the planning permission for the shopping centre, Westfield Group contributed £170m towards local transport improvements, with Transport for London contributing a further £30m.[35] These transport improvements now serve the shopping centre, as well as the surrounding area.
London Underground: Two Underground stations serve the centre - a newly built Wood Lane station (Circle and Hammersmith & City lines) on the western side,[36] and the rebuilt Shepherd's Bush station (Central line) on the southern side.[37] There are also two other stations close by; White City and Shepherd's Bush Market.
London Overground/Southern: Shepherd's Bush railway station is a newly constructed station on the West London Line. The station, which opened on 28 September 2008, is located on the southern side of the Westfield centre, next to the Central line tube station.[38] The opening of the station was delayed by several months when the finished platform was found to be 18 inches narrower than the required width.[39]
Bus and taxi: The Shepherd's Bush Interchange is located to the south of the centre next to the Overground station and includes a bus station and a taxi rank.[40] Close to Wood Lane tube station is the White City bus station on Ariel Way.[41] The red brick, Grade II listed Dimco Buildings, which were originally built in 1898 as an electricity generating station for the Central London Railway, was used to stable buses as the current White City bus station.[42][43] The Dimco buildings were used as a filming location for the ‘Acme Factory’ in the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit.[44]
Cycle improvements: The development includes four new cycle routes, as well as 570 cycle parking spaces.[41] However, advocates consider the new cycle routes woefully inadequate.[45]
Road links: A grade-separated junction connects to the West Cross Route (A3220), which runs alongside the development site.
Impact and criticism
[edit]
Before opening, the centre was expected to attract trade that otherwise might have gone to the already busy West End, as well as having a potentially negative impact on nearby Kensington High Street.[46] The development has also pushed up rents in the Shepherds Bush area, which is expected to impact on the value retail offer in the area, with many businesses as well as the Shepherds Bush Market expected to suffer.[47] Others have criticised the centre's "clone stores".[48]
See also
[edit]
List of shopping centres in the United Kingdom
List of shopping centres in the United Kingdom by size
Westfield Stratford City – a similar development in east London
Brent Cross Shopping Centre – a similar major shopping centre in north London
References
[edit]
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dbpedia
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| 64
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https://www.trulia.com/builder-community-plan/Stoney-Point-Westfield-Heritage-2076867148
|
en
|
Westfield - Heritage - Stoney Point - Cedar Rapids, IA
|
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Westfield - Heritage Plan in Stoney Point, Cedar Rapids, IA 52404 is a 1,471 sqft, 3 bed, 2 bath single-family home listed for $340,000. Open concept ranch. Ample cabinet space in L-shaped kitchen. Modified stairway options....
|
en
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//www.trulia.com/images/icons/app/app-icon-120.png
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Trulia Real Estate Search
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https://www.trulia.com/builder-community-plan/Stoney-Point-Westfield-Heritage-2076867148
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| 28
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https://savingplaces.org/distinctive-destinations/reeve-history-and-cultural-resource-center
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en
|
Reeve History & Cultural Resource Center
|
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The Reeve History & Cultural Resource Center, a Distinctive Destination of the National Trust, has been dedicated to preserving Westfield history since 1720.
|
en
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/apple-touch-icon.png
|
https://savingplaces.org/distinctive-destinations/reeve-history-and-cultural-resource-center
|
The Reeve History & Cultural Resource Center is home to the Westfield Historical Society, an organization preserving Westfield, New Jersey's history since the town was settled in 1720. Built in 1870, this magnificent Italianate structure situated on 1.62 acres was recently restored and rehabilitated by the Westfield Historical Society. Donated in 1985 by Ralph Tichenor Reeve and his brother Edgar in memory of their father, William Edgar Reeve. William lived in the house from 1906–1963 and contributed greatly to the development of Westfield. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Archive center open Tuesdays; house tours available by appointment.
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https://elliemrozdesign.com/westfield
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en
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Service Area: Westfield, NJ — Ellie Mroz Design
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Westfield, New Jersey is a classic town for modern families. Noted for its beautiful downtown area, excellent school system, and convenient commute to New York City, it offers the attractions of suburban living within close proximity to New York City.
|
en
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https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5762c9e38419c23857ce2737/1531756249996-T4PSGZ8M5BBGHTEPKDUS/favicon.ico?format=100w
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Ellie Mroz Design
|
https://elliemrozdesign.com/westfield
|
Westfield, New Jersey is a classic town for modern families. Noted for its beautiful downtown area, excellent school system, and convenient commute to New York City, it offers the attractions of suburban living within close proximity to New York City. This central Union County town offers many characteristics typically associated with urban living — a bustling downtown, a vibrant cultural scene and good transportation options — along with many benefits of suburban living, like attractive homes, well-regarded schools and a sense of community.
History
Settled by immigrants from Europe in 1720, Westfield was once a popular trail for the Lenni-Lenape Indians whose heritage remains in the names of many existing streets and parks and residential areas such as Mindowaskin Park, Tamaques Park, Lenape Park, and the Indian Forest residential section.Originally known as the West Fields of Elizabethtown, the community gradually took its own identity and finally, in 1903 was incorporated as the Town of Westfield. It is a developed community of 6.29 miles with 211 acres devoted to parks.
Westfield has been able to sustain the residential tradition begun in the late 19th century, with several areas officially designates as historic.
Today Westfield is a town in Union County, New Jersey. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the town population was 30,316. The population increased by 672 (+2.3%) from the 29,644 counted in the 2000 Census. The town has an active Historical Society, which owns and operated two historic sites in Westfield – The Reeve History and Cultural Resource Center and the Miller-Cory House Museum, both located on Mountain Avenue Westfield is proud of its history and the historic sites.
Homes
This 6.7-square-mile town of around 30,300 is divided by train tracks, with historical and classic homes on both the North and South side of Westfield. Houses range from small Cape Cods and ranches to grand estates on expansive, tree-lined properties. Renovations and additions are common in the house-proud town. The Victorian and Colonial-style homes that reflect the town’s rich historical character and complement the broad, tree-lined streets of the community.
Proximity to NYC
A large segment of its residents commute daily to business in New York and Newark. Convenient train and bus service combined with easy access to the metropolitan highway network provides commuters with fast and efficient transportation.
Downtown
Westfield boasts an Great American Main Street award-winning walkable downtown with unique shops, boutiques, and upscale and casual eating establishments. Downtown Westfield is a vibrant shopping and dining destination
Arts/Culture
The town has a community theater, a movie house, an orchestra, and many other musical and arts events, like a summer jazz series where live bands play in five downtown locations on Tuesday nights. There are nine parks in town as well as the Westfield Memorial Pool, where many residents spend summer.
Links/Sources:
https://www.westfieldnj.gov/
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https://murdochmysteries.fandom.com/wiki/Hamilton
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Hamilton
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Hamilton, known as Steeltown, has been a favorite film location since Season 1 for Murdoch Mysteries (2008) because of the historical buildings, parks, train stations, churches and museums in the city and in the surrounding Hamilton area, which help recreate the visual backdrops of...
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en
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https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/murdochmysteries/images/4/4a/Site-favicon.ico/revision/latest?cb=20211007164116
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Murdoch Mysteries Wiki
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https://murdochmysteries.fandom.com/wiki/Hamilton
|
Hamilton, known as Steeltown, has been a favorite film location since Season 1 for Murdoch Mysteries (2008) because of the historical buildings, parks, train stations, churches and museums in the city and in the surrounding Hamilton area, which help recreate the visual backdrops of turn-of-the-20th-century Toronto.
The original establishing shots used for the City Morgue and Station House No. 4 buildings in Cabbagetown is actually the 1859 Victorian pump house at the Hamilton Museum of Steam and Technology on Woodward Avenue.
Appearances and Mentions
Season 1
Elementary, My Dear Murdoch
Murdoch meets Sir Arthur Conan Doyle out front of the Duke Hotel — Whitehern (now a museum in Hamilton, Ontario)
'Til Death Do Us Part
Filmed at St. Paul's Presbyterian Church on James Street.
The Annoying Red Planet
It was filmed at Westfield Heritage Village and was written especially to use its 30 historical buildings
Season 2
Houdini Whodunit
Murdoch meets escape artist Harry Houdini and attends his show, filmed in the Cathedral (a theatre-in-the-round) at the Scottish Rite Club of Hamilton.
Season 3
The Tesla Effect
Filmed at Westfield Heritage Village.
Season 4
The Black Hand
Opening crime scene filmed at the Halton County Radial Railway Museum in Milton
Murdoch in Wonderland
Lewis Carroll party filmed at Ruthven Park near Cayuga
Season 5
Back and to the Left
Filmed at 270 Sherman, a creative arts centre and budding film studio housed in the former Imperial Cotton mill that was built in 1900.
Season 6
Lovers in a Murderous Time
Filmed at Whitehern.
Invention Convention
Filmed at 270 Sherman.
Season 7
The Filmed Adventures of Detective William Murdoch
Filmed in the Cathedral at the Scottish Rite Club.
Blast of Silence
Filmed at 270 Sherman and the Scottish Rite.
Season 8
On the Waterfront Part 1
Filmed at 270 Sherman.
Glory Days
Station House No. 4 throws a stag party for Murdoch, filmed upstairs of Slainte Irish Pub and additional filming at 270 Sherman.
Murdoch Takes Manhattan
Filmed on Melville St. in Dundas and the car chase was also filmed in the Dundas area.
The Keystone Constables
Filmed in the Cathedral at the Scottish Rite Club.
All That Glitters
It was filmed at Westfield Heritage Village
The Devil Wears Whalebone
Filmed at Heirlooms Bridal Shoppe in downtown Dundas.
Crabtree Mania
Filmed at 65 Hatt St. in Dundas, the proposed site for a new craft beer operation.
Season 9
Nolo Contendere
Filmed near the Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral of St. Vladimir and the old Main Plant of Dofasco, a steel company based in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Marked Twain
Filmed at The Hamilton Club.
Barenaked Ladies
Filmed in Ayr, Gage Park, and Hamilton area.
Unlucky In Love
Filmed on location at Chedoke Estate in Hamilton, Ontario.
Season 10
Bend It Like Brackenreid
Filmed in McMaster University, a public research university.
A Murdog Mystery
Filmed in the theatre at the Scottish Rite Club.
Season 11
21 Murdoch Street
Filmed in McMaster University.
Brackenreid Boudoir
Season 12
Murdoch Without Borders
Filmed at Lawson Lumber for Copley Construction.
The Spy Who Loved Murdoch
Filmed at The Scottish Rite.
Drowning in Money (mentioned)
Annabella Cinderella
Filmed at Westfield Heritage Village.
Manual for Murder
Season 13
Bad Pennies
Filmed at The Cotton Factory.
Prodigal Father
Filmed at The Scottish Rite.
Season 14
Murdoch and the Tramp
Filmed at Gage Park.
Season 15
Murdoch Knows Best
Filmed at Victoria Street, Dundas.
Season 16
Season 17
Mrs. Crabtree's Neighborhood
Trivia
"When a production crew goes into a community to film an episode of Murdoch Mysteries, people are employed, apartments rented, caterers hired, sets built — hundreds of small businesses benefit. In more than 16 seasons of Murdoch Mysteries, nearly 10,000 full-time jobs have been created," states executive producer Christina Jennings.
Gallery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_City,_London
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White City, London
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_City,_London
|
District in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, England
For other uses, see White City (disambiguation).
Human settlement in England
White City is a district of London, England, in the northern part of Shepherd's Bush in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, 5 miles (8 km) west-northwest of Charing Cross. White City is home to Television Centre, White City Place, Westfield London and Loftus Road, the home stadium of Queens Park Rangers F.C. The district got its name from the white marble cladding used on buildings during several exhibitions when the area was first developed, between 1908 and 1914.
History
[edit]
The area now called White City was level arable farmland until 1908, when it was used as the site of the Franco-British Exhibition and the 1908 Summer Olympics. In 1909 the exhibition site hosted the Imperial International Exhibition and in 1910, the Japan–British Exhibition. The final two exhibitions to be held there were the Latin-British Exhibition (1912) and the Anglo-American Exposition (1914), which was brought to a premature end by the outbreak of the First World War. During this period it was known as the Great White City due to the white marble cladding used on the exhibition pavilions, and hence gave its name to this part of Shepherd's Bush.[2][3] Apartments blocks for lower income residents were constructed in the 1930s.[4]
White City Stadium, BBC White City, and White City Place
[edit]
White City Stadium, in the northern section of the district, also known as the Great Stadium and seating 66,000, was officially opened by King Edward VII on 27 April 1908 for the 1908 Summer Olympics. The starting point of the marathon race at the 1908 Summer Olympics was at Windsor Castle creating a distance of 42.195 km (26.219 mi) or 26 miles 385 yards to the finishing line at White City stadium. In 1921, this was adopted as the standard distance for marathon races; previously the distance varied slightly. After the Olympics, the stadium continued to be used for athletics until 1914, and, in 1927, it was turned into a greyhound racing track, although it was also used for short periods by Queens Park Rangers football club, and for other sports.[5] In 1931, a 440-yard running track was installed for the Amateur Athletic Association Championships, held there from 1932 to 1970. It also hosted the match between Uruguay and France during the 1966 FIFA World Cup. In 1934, American rodeo promoter Tex Austin staged the World's Championship Rodeo at White City Stadium. Champion cowboys and cowgirls from Canada and the United States participated including Pete Knight, Weldon Bascom, Clark Lund, Ted Elder, and Vera McGinnis. The world's most famous rodeo bucking horse, Midnight, was brought out of retirement for one last rodeo.[6] The month-long rodeo was held from 9 June to 6 July with ten shows per week. Pathé News filmed some of the events.[7] The Stadium was home to the White City Rebels motorcycle speedway team, part of the inaugural British League in 1929 and from 1976 to 1978. Speedway was run first in 1928 and occasional meetings were run from 1953 to 1958, 1961 and 1979 to 1983. The stadium was demolished starting in late 1984 to make way for the BBC White City building.[5] The athletes of the 1908 Summer Olympics are commemorated with a list inscribed on the side of the BBC Broadcast Centre Building, and the athletics finish line is marked in the paving outside the building.
In 1960, BBC Television Centre was built at the former site of the White City Stadium. It was damaged by the Real IRA in the 2001 BBC bombing. The bomb went off on Wood Lane, in front of the Television Centre news building.[8] In October 2007, BBC announced plans to sell Television Centre as part of a cost-cutting programme.[9] In June 2008, English Heritage announced its recommendation to list parts of Television Centre as a grade II listed building.[10] In July 2012, BBC sold Television Centre to a partnership consisting of Stanhope plc, Mitsui Fudosan and AIMCo for £200 million.[11] It was redeveloped but original features of the buildings including the "doughnut", atomic dot wall and Helios statue were retained.[12] The redeveloped Television Centre was opened to the public and will offer entertainment and leisure facilities, including a new branch of members' club Soho House, offices aimed at the creative sector and approximately 1,000 new homes, together with pedestrian access through the site providing connectivity with the local area, including Hammersmith Park.[13] BBC Studioworks (formerly BBC S&PP) moved back to Television Centre in 2017 to operate Studios 1, 2 and 3. BBC Worldwide moved into office space in the Stage 6 building following extensive refurbishment in 2015.[14]
Landowners in the area, including White City Living by St James, Westfield London, Stanhope and Imperial College London are in the process of redeveloping the site into White City Place, which will provide 5,000+ new homes, 2 million square feet of commercial office space, 30 acres of public space, and 19,000 jobs.[15][16]
White City Estate
[edit]
To house the growing population of Shepherd's Bush, a five-storey housing estate was built in the late 1930s and after World War II, which also took the name of the White City. Streets were named after countries that had featured in the exhibitions.
The estate is served by an Anglican church, St Michael and St George (1955) on Commonwealth Avenue.
Westfield London
[edit]
On 30 October 2008, Westfield London opened.[17]
In July 2015, terrorists tried to blow up the Westfield London but they were stopped by police. They wanted the bombing to be around the same day as the 10th anniversary of the 7 July 2005 London bombings.[18]
Transport
[edit]
Two stations were built to serve the centre close to the sites of closed former London Underground stations:
Wood Lane on the Circle line and the Hammersmith & City line, located to provide a walking distance connection with the Central line station at White City.
Shepherd's Bush on the West London line, to the east of the site adjacent to the Holland Park roundabout and served by London Overground trains. It is also a short walking distance from Shepherd's Bush tube station served by the Central line.
Education
[edit]
Imperial College London purchased the BBC Woodlands site for 28 million pounds in 2009 and demolished it the following year. Sections of this second major campus started opening in most notably an "innovation hub" for the college, including research facilities and commercialisation space, as well as postgraduate accommodation.[19] The chemistry department moved much of its research to the new Molecular Sciences Research Hub on the campus in 2018,[20] with further departments and industry partners moving to the campus and surrounding area over the coming years.[21] The campus is also home to the Invention Rooms, a college hackerspace and community outreach centre.[22]
Schools in the area include Ark Burlington Danes Academy and Phoenix Academy
Nearest places
[edit]
Wormwood Scrubs
Notting Hill
Kensal Green
Bayswater
Harlesden
North Kensington
Acton
West Kensington
Shepherd's Bush
Nearest tube stations
[edit]
East Acton
Goldhawk Road
Latimer Road
Shepherd's Bush Market
Shepherd's Bush
White City
Wood Lane
Nearest railway stations
[edit]
Shepherd's Bush
People
[edit]
Daisy Waugh[23]
In art and literature
[edit]
Pete Townshend, a former resident of Shepherd's Bush, released a solo album entitled White City: A Novel in November 1985 on Atco. The title refers to a story which accompanies the album and which takes place in the London area of White City. A related film was also produced.[24]
North of the Westfield shopping centre itself, the grade II listed Dimco Buildings (1898), now refurbished as a bus depot[25][26] were used as the location for the 'Acme Factory' in the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit.[27]
The Bill Slider Novels of Cynthia Harrod-Eagles are set in Shepherd's Bush and the first title, Orchestrated Death, begins with a body found in a White City flat.
See also
[edit]
History of Shepherd's Bush
Gallery
[edit]
BBC Television Centre
The BBC Media Village, on the site of the Olympic Stadium
BBC TV centre, seen from Shepherd's Bush Market tube station
White City tube station
The White City Stadium in 1908
Imperial College London campus
References
[edit]
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Smithsonian Institution
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Smithsonian Institution
|
https://www.si.edu/about/history
|
The Smithsonian Institution was established with funds from James Smithson (1765–1829), a British scientist who left his estate to the United States to found “at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge.” On August 10, 1846, the U.S. Senate passed the act organizing the Smithsonian Institution, which was signed into law by President James K. Polk.
Congress authorized acceptance of the Smithson bequest on July 1, 1836, but it took another ten years of debate before the Smithsonian was founded. Once established, the Smithsonian became part of the process of developing an American national identity—an identity rooted in exploration, innovation, and a unique American style. That process continues today as the Smithsonian looks toward the future.
James Smithson and the Founding of the Smithsonian
Smithson, the illegitimate child of a wealthy Englishman, had traveled much during his life, but had never once set foot on American soil. Why, then, would he decide to give the entirety of his sizable estate—which totaled half a million dollars, or 1/66 of the United States' entire federal budget at the time—to a country that was foreign to him?
Some speculate it was because he was denied his father's legacy. Others argue that he was inspired by the United States' experiment with democracy. Some attribute his philanthropy to ideals inspired by such organizations as the Royal Institution, which was dedicated to using scientific knowledge to improve human conditions. Smithson never wrote about or discussed his bequest with friends or colleagues, so we are left to speculate on the ideals and motivations of a gift that has had such significant impact on the arts, humanities, and sciences in the United States.
Visitors can pay homage to Smithson with a visit to his crypt, located on the first floor of the Smithsonian Castle.
Learn more about James Smithson »
Smithsonian Institution General History
Smithson died in 1829, and six years later, President Andrew Jackson announced the bequest to Congress. On July 1, 1836, Congress accepted the legacy bequeathed to the nation and pledged the faith of the United States to the charitable trust. In September 1838, Smithson's legacy, which amounted to more than 100,000 gold sovereigns, was delivered to the mint at Philadelphia. Recoined in U.S. currency, the gift amounted to more than $500,000.
After eight years of sometimes heated debate, an Act of Congress signed by President James K. Polk on Aug. 10, 1846, established the Smithsonian Institution as a trust to be administered by a Board of Regents and a Secretary of the Smithsonian. Since its founding, more than 175 years ago, the Smithsonian has become the world's largest museum, education, and research complex, with 21 museums, the National Zoo, and nine research facilities.
Learn more about our history from Smithsonian Institution Archives »
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https://hollandmuseum.org/
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Holland Museum
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2018-05-23T16:46:38-04:00
|
CURRENT EXHIBITS Events Calendar VENUES - COME VISIT US! Hours and Admission What our visitors are saying about their experience
|
en
|
Holland Museum -
|
https://hollandmuseum.org/
|
31 W. 10th Street, Holland, MI 49423
616-796-3329
Museum Hours
Open Monday, Friday, and Saturday:
10:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m.
Spark!Lab Hours
Monday, Friday, Saturday
11:00–3:00 p.m.
Free Second Mondays* from
4:00-7:00 p.m.
Spark!Lab is included with
Museum admission.
|
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659
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Native and Western Art
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2021-12-09T19:38:41+00:00
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The Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art is the place to hear America's stories through art and cultural objects.
|
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|
Eiteljorg
|
https://eiteljorg.org/
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Heritage_Centre
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Westfield Heritage Centre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico
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2006-02-12T07:44:17+00:00
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Heritage_Centre
|
Open-air museum in Ontario, Canada.
The Westfield Heritage Village is a heritage centre located just west of Rockton, Ontario, Canada. The village contains over 30 historic buildings on a 3.4-square-kilometre (840-acre) site. It is operated by the Hamilton Conservation Authority.[1]
In 1961, the Westfield Pioneer Village Association was established by two Brantford high school teachers, D. Glenn Kilmer and Golden Macdonnell, who purchased land near Rockton, Ontario, using their own money. Doreen Kilmer, a teacher and wife of Glenn Kilmer wasn't part of the Association. However, she participated equally in the development and management of Westfield. It acquired the original 30 acres (120,000 m2) of land. Their goal was to save heritage buildings that were in danger of being destroyed and also to create a hands-on educational facility to teach pioneer life. Glenn Kilmer's father had been a builder and owner of Kilmer Lumber Company in Aylmer Ontario (subsequently sold to Beaver Lumber Co). Golden Macdonnell was a science teacher who had a keen interest in the history of Ontario. Both men were able to reconstruct the donated buildings which arrived at Westfield. Golden built the forges from fieldstone on the site and Doreen managed the General Store. The original name of the facility was the Westfield Pioneer Village. The Village unofficially opened in June 1963 and officially opened in 1964. Westfield Village was open to the public on weekends in June, September and October and during the summer holidays, seven days a week from 10:00 a.m to 5:00 pm. It provided jobs for students as well as ladies in the area who operated school tours. There were 12 buildings open at this time staffed by students.
In May 1968 the former Wentworth County purchased the village for CAD $32,700. Ownership transferred to the Wentworth County on November 1, 1968.
The name was changed to Wentworth Heritage Village in 1981 because much of the collection was not of the pioneer era.
The village ceased operation on September 3, 1984 due to a financial crisis. Over the next few years various ideas were discuss ranging from moving the facility to creating a theme park.
Starting in 1985, several scenes from the Anne of Green Gables movie series were shot in the village. Including buildings such as the saw mill, church, train station and general store.
A five-year redevelopment began in 1990. The goal was to create a "special events theme centre" and the facility was renamed the Westfield Heritage Centre.
In 2010 the village received a substantial grant from the TD (Toronto Dominion) bank to plant several groves of fruit trees and construct two beehives. As of May 2010 one was in operation and awaiting the arrival of more bees to enlarge the colony. A second beehive is being planned. The aim of the apiary program is to illustrate the importance of the European honey bee (Apius Mellifera ) to the settlers and to raise awareness for Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) .
The Museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada.
List of tourist attractions in Hamilton, Ontario
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_railway_station
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Westfield railway station
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2005-10-10T04:27:35+00:00
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_railway_station
|
Defunct railway station in New Zealand
Westfield railway station was a station of the Auckland railway network in New Zealand. The station closed to all services on 12 March 2017, following an announcement by Auckland Transport on 17 January 2017, because fewer than 330 passengers used it daily and it required a costly upgrade.[3]
The station was 640 metres south of Westfield Junction, where the Eastern and Southern Lines converge.[4] It therefore served both lines. It had an island platform layout and was reached from a pedestrian overbridge at the end of Portage Road. The overbridge also spanned the adjacent Westfield marshalling yards and gives access to KiwiRail's operations centre and locomotive facility.
History
[edit]
Westfield station was opened during the expansion of Auckland's suburban railway network; on June 1875 for goods and on 29 August 1887 for passengers.[5] The original station building was just a wooden shelter on the platform. Mount Richmond Domain is nearby. The new station gave access to a shallow bay on Manukau Harbour, which became a popular picnic spot. In 1904 the station was at the western end of Portage Road, Otahuhu; which marks the narrowest point of the Auckland isthmus.
Westfield became a junction station between the North Island Main Trunk and the North Auckland Line when the Westfield deviation (Eastern Line) was completed in 1930. [6] The station building was replaced with a newer shelter in the 1960s, whilst the adjacent Westfield Marshalling Yards were being built.
Both the platform and the footbridge were demolished in 2021.
Locomotive dump
[edit]
During the 1920s, obsolete locomotives were often dumped in areas where the railway line was subject to erosion or soft ground, the value of scrap iron being minimal at the time. Unlike locomotives dumped at other sites, such as Branxholme, Omoto and Oamaru, where the locomotives remained for decades, the locomotives at Westfield were retrieved and sold for scrap.
Known locomotives dumped at Westfield
[edit]
Class and
road number Type Builder Builder's
number Notes K93 2-4-2 Rogers 2469 Frame and wheels only; boiler subsequently used at Newmarket Railway Workshops. K96 2-4-2 Rogers 2473 Frame and wheels only; boiler subsequently used at Paekakariki and later dumped on the coast south of Paekakariki N351 2-6-2 Baldwin 19270 N352 2-6-2 Baldwin 19271 N353 2-6-2 Baldwin 19272 N354 2-6-2 Baldwin 19273 L264 4-4-2T NZR Newmarket 40 L267 4-4-2T NZR Newmarket 31 T102 2-8-0 Baldwin 4661
Other locomotive dumps
[edit]
Bealey River
Branxholme
Mōkihinui River
Oamaru
Omoto
Waimakariri River
Westfield marshalling yard
[edit]
This facility, built in the 1960s on reclaimed land brought together the freight train marshalling and sorting from several other yards in the Auckland area. Prior to its opening, freight trains were made up at either Auckland or Otahuhu stations. The traffic offices in other stations in the Auckland area were centred at Westfield during the 1970s and 1980s. The locomotive and wagon repair facilities saw steam-era engine sheds and servicing facilities at Auckland, Otahuhu, Papakura, Helensville and Mercer all close as well as the 1950s-era Parnell Diesel Depot.
The Westfield marshalling yard is used by the Te Huia Auckland-Hamilton train to hold empty trains during the day.
Industrial sidings
[edit]
Westfield grew over time as a freight station. Sidings once served Kempthorne Prosser's fertiliser works, Westfield Freezing Works and Auckland City Abattoir. Modern day sidings serve various transport companies, as well as the Southdown Freight Terminal and Metroport.
Patronage
[edit]
During its latter period of service, the station had one of the lowest patronages of stations on the Auckland network, in part due to the decrepit nature of its facilities and its remote location, far from any main centres. The shelter structure was in poor condition, yet still provided some protection from the driving wind and rain which comes off the Manukau Harbour. In April 2010, the shelter was torn down and replaced with shelters formerly used at the temporary Newmarket stations.[citation needed]
Future
[edit]
A future Third Main Line is envisaged as part of the Wiri to Quay Park project announced in 2017, which is to start in 2020 and be completed in 2024.[7]
It is expected to ease congestion on Auckland rail lines, improve rail freight access from the Port of Auckland to the Westfield yards and allow more frequent passenger and freight services.[8] The new line would be between Westfield and Wiri or Wiri and Papakura.
See also
[edit]
Westfield Junction
List of Auckland railway stations
|
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659
|
dbpedia
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3
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|
https://www.doorsopenontario.on.ca/hamilton-1/westfield-heritage-village
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Westfield Heritage Village
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Westfield Heritage Village, a living history museum, consists of over 35 restored historical buildings dating from the early 1800s. Various building types…
|
en
|
Doors Open Ontario
|
https://www.doorsopenontario.on.ca/hamilton-1/westfield-heritage-village
|
Westfield Heritage Village, a living history museum, consists of over 35 restored historical buildings dating from the early 1800s. Various building types are positioned as a small village within a natural conservation area of over 202 hectares (500 acres). The village was started by two high school teachers – D. Glenn Kilmer and Golden L. MacDonell – who purchased the original 12-hectare (30-acre) site to create an outdoor museum preserving 19th-century rural life. They purchased their first building, the Jerseyville Train Station, outbidding a local farmer who wanted it for his farm as an outbuilding. Six more buildings were added before it was officially opened in 1964. Some 30 buildings later, the village is a thriving cultural centre that features educational programs and events year-round. Take a virtual tour of this spectacular site in the video below.
|
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659
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Skyscanner
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream_Keeper
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Langston Hughes
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2002-03-06T22:52:28+00:00
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For other uses, see Langston Hughes (disambiguation).
James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1901[1] – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. One of the earliest innovators of the literary art form called jazz poetry, Hughes is best known as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance. He famously wrote about the period that "the Negro was in vogue", which was later paraphrased as "when Harlem was in vogue."[2]
Growing up in a series of Midwestern towns, Hughes became a prolific writer at an early age. He moved to New York City as a young man, where he made his career. He graduated from high school in Cleveland, Ohio, and soon began studies at Columbia University in New York City. Although he dropped out, he gained notice from New York publishers, first in The Crisis magazine and then from book publishers, and became known in the creative community in Harlem. His first poetry collection, The Weary Blues, was published in 1926. Hughes eventually graduated from Lincoln University.
In addition to poetry, Hughes wrote plays and published short story collections, novels, and several nonfiction works. From 1942 to 1962, as the civil rights movement gained traction, Hughes wrote an in-depth weekly opinion column in a leading black newspaper, The Chicago Defender.
Biography
Ancestry and childhood
Like many African-Americans, Hughes was of mixed ancestry. Both of Hughes' paternal great-grandmothers were enslaved Africans, and both of his paternal great-grandfathers were white slave owners in Kentucky. According to Hughes, one of these men was Sam Clay, a Scottish-American whiskey distiller of Henry County, said to be a relative of statesman Henry Clay. The other putative paternal ancestor whom Hughes named was Silas Cushenberry, a slave trader of Clark County, who Hughes claimed to be Jewish.[4][5] Hughes's maternal grandmother, Mary Patterson, was of African-American, French, English and Native American descent. One of the first women to attend Oberlin College, she married Lewis Sheridan Leary, also of mixed-race descent, before her studies. In 1859, Lewis Leary joined John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in West Virginia, where he was fatally wounded.[4]
Ten years later, in 1869, the widow Mary Patterson Leary married again, into the elite, politically active Langston family. Her second husband was Charles Henry Langston, of African-American, Euro-American and Native American ancestry.[6][7] He and his younger brother, John Mercer Langston, worked for the abolitionist cause and helped lead the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society in 1858.[8]
After their marriage, Charles Langston moved with his family to Kansas, where he was active as an educator and activist for voting and rights for African Americans.[6] His and Mary's daughter Caroline (known as Carrie) became a schoolteacher and married James Nathaniel Hughes (1871–1934). They had two children; the second was Langston Hughes, by most sources born in 1901 in Joplin, Missouri[9][10] (though Hughes himself claims in his autobiography to have been born in 1902).
Langston Hughes grew up in a series of Midwestern small towns. His father left the family soon after the boy was born and later divorced Carrie. The senior Hughes traveled to Cuba and then Mexico, seeking to escape the enduring racism in the United States.[12]
After the separation, Hughes's mother traveled, seeking employment. Langston was raised mainly in Lawrence, Kansas, by his maternal grandmother, Mary Patterson Langston. Through the black American oral tradition and drawing from the activist experiences of her generation, Mary Langston instilled in her grandson a lasting sense of racial pride.[13][14] Imbued by his grandmother with a duty to help his race, Hughes identified with neglected and downtrodden black people all his life, and glorified them in his work.[15] He lived most of his childhood in Lawrence. In his 1940 autobiography The Big Sea, he wrote: "I was unhappy for a long time, and very lonesome, living with my grandmother. Then it was that books began to happen to me, and I began to believe in nothing but books and the wonderful world in books—where if people suffered, they suffered in beautiful language, not in monosyllables, as we did in Kansas."[16]
After the death of his grandmother, Hughes went to live with family friends, James and Auntie Mary Reed, for two years. Later, Hughes lived again with his mother Carrie in Lincoln, Illinois. She had remarried when he was an adolescent. The family moved to the Fairfax neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, where he attended Central High School[17] and was taught by Helen Maria Chesnutt, whom he found inspiring.[18]
His writing experiments began when he was young. While in grammar school in Lincoln, Hughes was elected class poet. He stated that in retrospect he thought it was because of the stereotype about African Americans having rhythm.[19]
I was a victim of a stereotype. There were only two of us Negro kids in the whole class and our English teacher was always stressing the importance of rhythm in poetry. Well, everyone knows, except us, that all Negroes have rhythm, so they elected me as class poet.[20]
During high school in Cleveland, Hughes wrote for the school newspaper, edited the yearbook, and began to write his first short stories, poetry,[21] and dramatic plays. His first piece of jazz poetry, "When Sue Wears Red", was written while he was in high school.[22]
Relationship with father
Hughes had a very poor relationship with his father, whom he seldom saw when a child. He lived briefly with his father in Mexico in 1919. Upon graduating from high school in June 1920, Hughes returned to Mexico to live with his father, hoping to convince him to support his plan to attend Columbia University. Hughes later said that, prior to arriving in Mexico, "I had been thinking about my father and his strange dislike of his own people. I didn't understand it, because I was a Negro, and I liked Negroes very much."[24] His father had hoped Hughes would choose to study at a university abroad and train for a career in engineering. He was willing to provide financial assistance to his son on these grounds, but did not support his desire to be a writer. Eventually, Hughes and his father came to a compromise: Hughes would study engineering, so long as he could attend Columbia. His tuition provided, Hughes left his father after more than a year.
While at Columbia in 1921, Hughes managed to maintain a B+ grade average. He published poetry in the Columbia Daily Spectator under a pen name.[25] He left in 1922 because of racial prejudice among students and teachers. He was denied a room on campus because he was black.[26] Eventually he settled in Hartley Hall, but he still suffered from racism among his classmates, who seemed hostile to anyone who did not fit into a WASP category.[27] He was attracted more to the African-American people and neighborhood of Harlem than to his studies, but he continued writing poetry.[28] Harlem was a center of vibrant cultural life.
Adulthood
Hughes worked at various odd jobs before serving a brief tenure as a crewman aboard the S.S. Malone in 1923, spending six months traveling to West Africa and Europe.[29] In Europe, Hughes left the S.S. Malone for a temporary stay in Paris.[30] There he met and had a romance with Anne Marie Coussey, a British-educated African from a well-to-do Gold Coast family; they subsequently corresponded, but she eventually married Hugh Wooding, a promising Trinidadian lawyer.[31][32] Wooding later served as chancellor of the University of the West Indies.[33]
During his time in England in the early 1920s, Hughes became part of the black expatriate community. In November 1924, he returned to the U.S. to live with his mother in Washington, D.C. After assorted odd jobs, he gained white-collar employment in 1925 as a personal assistant to historian Carter G. Woodson at the Association for the Study of African American Life and History. As the work demands limited his time for writing, Hughes quit the position to work as a busboy at the Wardman Park Hotel. Hughes's earlier work had been published in magazines and was about to be collected into his first book of poetry when he encountered poet Vachel Lindsay, with whom he shared some poems. Impressed, Lindsay publicized his discovery of a new black poet.
The following year, Hughes enrolled in Lincoln University, a historically black university in Chester County, Pennsylvania. He joined the Omega Psi Phi fraternity.[34][35]
After Hughes earned a B.A. degree from Lincoln University in 1929, he returned to New York. Except for travels to the Soviet Union and parts of the Caribbean, he lived in Harlem as his primary home for the remainder of his life. During the 1930s, he became a resident of Westfield, New Jersey for a time, sponsored by his patron Charlotte Osgood Mason.[36][37]
Sexuality
Some academics and biographers believe that Hughes was homosexual and included homosexual codes in many of his poems, as did Walt Whitman, who, Hughes said, influenced his poetry. Hughes's story "Blessed Assurance" deals with a father's anger over his son's effeminacy and "queerness". [39][41][42][43] The biographer Aldrich argues that, in order to retain the respect and support of black churches and organizations and avoid exacerbating his precarious financial situation, Hughes remained closeted.[44]
Arnold Rampersad, the primary biographer of Hughes, determined that Hughes exhibited a preference for African-American men in his work and life.[45] But, in his biography Rampersad denies Hughes's homosexuality,[46] and concludes that Hughes was probably asexual and passive in his sexual relationships. Hughes did, however, show a respect and love for his fellow black man (and woman). Other scholars argue for his homosexuality: his love of black men is evidenced in a number of reported unpublished poems to an alleged black male lover.[47]
Career
from "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" (1920)
...
My soul has grown deep like the rivers.
I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young.
I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep.
I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it.
I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln
—went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy
—bosom turn all golden in the sunset. ...
—in The Weary Blues (1926)[48]
First published in 1921 in The Crisis, the official magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" became Hughes's signature poem and was collected in his first book of poetry, The Weary Blues (1926).[49] Hughes's first and last published poems appeared in The Crisis; more of his poems were published in The Crisis than in any other journal.[50] Hughes' life and work were enormously influential during the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, alongside those of his contemporaries: Zora Neale Hurston,[51] Wallace Thurman, Claude McKay, Countee Cullen, Richard Bruce Nugent, and Aaron Douglas. Except for McKay, they worked together also to create the short-lived magazine Fire!! Devoted to Younger Negro Artists.
Hughes and his contemporaries had different goals and aspirations than the black middle class. Hughes and his fellows tried to depict the "low-life" in their art, that is, the real lives of blacks in the lower social-economic strata. They criticized the divisions and prejudices within the black community based on skin color.[52] Hughes wrote what would be considered their manifesto, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain", published in The Nation in 1926:
The younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, it doesn't matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly, too. The tom-tom cries, and the tom-tom laughs. If colored people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure doesn't matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain free within ourselves.[53]
His poetry and fiction portrayed the lives of the working-class blacks in America, lives he portrayed as full of struggle, joy, laughter, and music. Permeating his work is pride in the African-American identity and its diverse culture. "My seeking has been to explain and illuminate the Negro condition in America and obliquely that of all human kind",[54] Hughes is quoted as saying. He confronted racial stereotypes, protested social conditions, and expanded African America's image of itself; a "people's poet" who sought to reeducate both audience and artist by lifting the theory of the black aesthetic into reality.[55]
The night is beautiful,
So the faces of my people.
The stars are beautiful,
So the eyes of my people
Beautiful, also, is the sun.
Beautiful, also, are the souls of my people.
—"My People" in The Crisis (October 1923)[56]
Hughes stressed a racial consciousness and cultural nationalism devoid of self-hate. His thought united people of African descent and Africa across the globe to encourage pride in their diverse black folk culture and black aesthetic. Hughes was one of the few prominent black writers to champion racial consciousness as a source of inspiration for black artists.[57] His African-American race consciousness and cultural nationalism would influence many foreign black writers, including Jacques Roumain, Nicolás Guillén, Léopold Sédar Senghor, and Aimé Césaire. Along with the works of Senghor, Césaire, and other French-speaking writers of Africa and of African descent from the Caribbean, such as René Maran from Martinique and Léon Damas from French Guiana in South America, the works of Hughes helped to inspire the Négritude movement in France. A radical black self-examination was emphasized in the face of European colonialism.[58][59] In addition to his example in social attitudes, Hughes had an important technical influence by his emphasis on folk and jazz rhythms as the basis of his poetry of racial pride.[60]
In 1930, his first novel, Not Without Laughter, won the Harmon Gold Medal for literature. At a time before widespread arts grants, Hughes gained the support of private patrons and he was supported for two years prior to publishing this novel.[61] The protagonist of the story is a boy named Sandy, whose family must deal with a variety of struggles due to their race and class, in addition to relating to one another.
In 1931, Hughes helped form the "New York Suitcase Theater" with playwright Paul Peters, artist Jacob Burck, and writer (soon-to-be underground spy) Whittaker Chambers, an acquaintance from Columbia.[62] In 1932, he was part of a board to produce a Soviet film on "Negro Life" with Malcolm Cowley, Floyd Dell, and Chambers.[62]
In 1931, Prentiss Taylor and Langston Hughes created the Golden Stair Press, issuing broadsides and books featuring the artwork of Prentiss Taylor and the texts of Langston Hughes. In 1932 they issued The Scottsboro Limited based on the trial of the Scottsboro Boys.[63]
In 1932, Hughes and Ellen Winter wrote a pageant to Caroline Decker in an attempt to celebrate her work with the striking coal miners of the Harlan County War, but it was never performed. It was judged to be a "long, artificial propaganda vehicle too complicated and too cumbersome to be performed."[64]
Maxim Lieber became his literary agent, 1933–1945 and 1949–1950. (Chambers and Lieber worked in the underground together around 1934–1935.)[65]
Hughes' first collection of short stories was published in 1934 with The Ways of White Folks. He finished the book at "Ennesfree" a Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, cottage provided for a year by Noel Sullivan, another patron since 1933.[66] These stories are a series of vignettes revealing the humorous and tragic interactions between whites and blacks. Overall, they are marked by a general pessimism about race relations, as well as a sardonic realism.[66]: p207
He also became an advisory board member to the (then) newly formed San Francisco Workers' School (later the California Labor School). In 1935, Hughes received a Guggenheim Fellowship. The same year that Hughes established his theatre troupe in Los Angeles, he realized an ambition related to films by co-writing the screenplay for Way Down South, co-written with Clarence Muse, African-American Hollywood actor and musician.[66]: p366-369 Hughes believed his failure to gain more work in the lucrative movie trade was due to racial discrimination within the industry.
In 1937 Hughes wrote the long poem, Madrid, his reaction to an assignment to write about black Americans volunteering in the Spanish Civil War. His poem, accompanied by 9 etchings evoking the pathos of the Spanish Civil War by Canadian artist Dalla Husband, was published in 1939 as a hardcover book Madrid 1937, printed by Gonzalo Moré, Paris, intended to be an edition of 50. One example of the book, Madrid 37, signed in pencil and annotated as II [Roman numeral two] has appeared on the rare book market.[67]
In Chicago, Hughes founded The Skyloft Players in 1941, which sought to nurture black playwrights and offer theatre "from the black perspective."[68] Soon thereafter, he was hired to write a column for the Chicago Defender, in which he presented some of his "most powerful and relevant work", giving voice to black people. The column ran for twenty years. Hughes also mentored writer Richard Durham[69] who would later produce a sequence about Hughes in the radio series Destination Freedom.[70] In 1943, Hughes began publishing stories about a character he called Jesse B. Semple, often referred to and spelled "Simple", the everyday black man in Harlem who offered musings on topical issues of the day.[68] Although Hughes seldom responded to requests to teach at colleges, in 1947 he taught at Atlanta University. In 1949, he spent three months at the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools as a visiting lecturer. Between 1942 and 1949, Hughes was a frequent writer and served on the editorial board of Common Ground, a literary magazine focused on cultural pluralism in the United States published by the Common Council for American Unity (CCAU).
He wrote novels, short stories, plays, poetry, operas, essays, and works for children. With the encouragement of his best friend and writer, Arna Bontemps, and patron and friend, Carl Van Vechten, he wrote two volumes of autobiography, The Big Sea and I Wonder as I Wander, as well as translating several works of literature into English. With Bontemps, Hughes co-edited the 1949 anthology The Poetry of the Negro, described by The New York Times as "a stimulating cross-section of the imaginative writing of the Negro" that demonstrates "talent to the point where one questions the necessity (other than for its social evidence) of the specialization of 'Negro' in the title".[71]
From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, Hughes' popularity among the younger generation of black writers varied even as his reputation increased worldwide. With the gradual advance toward racial integration, many black writers considered his writings of black pride and its corresponding subject matter out of date. They considered him a racial chauvinist.[72] He found some new writers, among them James Baldwin, lacking in such pride, over-intellectual in their work, and occasionally vulgar.[73][74][75]
Hughes wanted young black writers to be objective about their race, but not to scorn it or flee it.[57] He understood the main points of the Black Power movement of the 1960s, but believed that some of the younger black writers who supported it were too angry in their work. Hughes's work Panther and the Lash, posthumously published in 1967, was intended to show solidarity with these writers, but with more skill and devoid of the most virulent anger and racial chauvinism some showed toward whites.[76][77] Hughes continued to have admirers among the larger younger generation of black writers. He often helped writers by offering advice and introducing them to other influential persons in the literature and publishing communities. This latter group, including Alice Walker, whom Hughes discovered, looked upon Hughes as a hero and an example to be emulated within their own work. One of these young black writers (Loften Mitchell) observed of Hughes:
Langston set a tone, a standard of brotherhood and friendship and cooperation, for all of us to follow. You never got from him, 'I am the Negro writer,' but only 'I am a Negro writer.' He never stopped thinking about the rest of us.[78]
Political views
Hughes was drawn to Communism as an alternative to a segregated America.[79] Many of his lesser-known political writings have been collected in two volumes published by the University of Missouri Press and reflect his attraction to Communism. An example is the poem "A New Song".[80][original research?]
In 1932, Hughes became part of a group of black people who went to the Soviet Union to make a film depicting the plight of African Americans in the United States. Hughes was hired to write the English dialogue for the film. The film was never made, but Hughes was given the opportunity to travel extensively through the Soviet Union and to the Soviet-controlled regions in Central Asia, the latter parts usually closed to Westerners. While there, he met Robert Robinson, an African American living in Moscow and unable to leave. In Turkmenistan, Hughes met and befriended the Hungarian author Arthur Koestler, then a Communist who was given permission to travel there.[81]
As later noted in Koestler's autobiography, Hughes, together with some forty other Black Americans, had originally been invited to the Soviet Union to produce a Soviet film on "Negro Life",[82] but the Soviets dropped the film idea because of their 1933 success in getting the US to recognize the Soviet Union and establish an embassy in Moscow. This entailed a toning down of Soviet propaganda on racial segregation in America. Hughes and his fellow Blacks were not informed of the reasons for the cancellation, but he and Koestler worked it out for themselves.[83]
Hughes also managed to travel to China,[84] Japan,[85] and Korea[86] before returning to the States.
Hughes's poetry was frequently published in the CPUSA newspaper and he was involved in initiatives supported by Communist organizations, such as the drive to free the Scottsboro Boys. Partly as a show of support for the Republican faction during the Spanish Civil War,[87] in 1937 Hughes traveled to Spain[88] as a correspondent for the Baltimore Afro-American and other various African-American newspapers. In August 1937, he broadcast live from Madrid alongside Harry Haywood and Walter Benjamin Garland. When Hughes was in Spain a Spanish Republican cultural magazine, El Mono Azul, featured Spanish translations of his poems.[87] On 29 August 1937, Hughes wrote a poem titled Roar, China! which called for China's resistance to the full-scale invasion which Japan had launched less than two months earlier.[89]: 237 Hughes used China as a metonym for the "global colour line."[90] According to academic Gao Yunxiang, Hughes' poem was integral to the global circulation of Roar, China! as an artistic theme.[89]: 237 In November 1937 Hughes departed Spain for which El Mono Azul published a brief farewell message entitled "el gran poeta de raza negra" ("the great poet of the black race").[87]
Hughes was also involved in other Communist-led organizations such as the John Reed Clubs and the League of Struggle for Negro Rights. He was more of a sympathizer than an active participant. He signed a 1938 statement supporting Joseph Stalin's purges and joined the American Peace Mobilization in 1940 working to keep the U.S. from participating in World War II.
Hughes initially did not favor black American involvement in the war because of the persistence of discriminatory U.S. Jim Crow laws and racial segregation and disfranchisement throughout the South. He came to support the war effort and black American participation after deciding that war service would aid their struggle for civil rights at home.[92] The scholar Anthony Pinn has noted that Hughes, together with Lorraine Hansberry and Richard Wright, was a humanist "critical of belief in God. They provided a foundation for nontheistic participation in social struggle." Pinn has found that such writers are sometimes ignored in the narrative of American history that chiefly credits the civil rights movement to the work of affiliated Christian people.[93] During World War II, Hughes became a proponent of the Double V campaign; the double Vs referred to victory over Hitler abroad and victory over Jim Crow domestically.[89]: 276
Hughes was accused of being a Communist by many on the political right, but he always denied it. When asked why he never joined the Communist Party, he wrote, "it was based on strict discipline and the acceptance of directives that I, as a writer, did not wish to accept." In 1953, he was called before the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. He stated, "I never read the theoretical books of socialism or communism or the Democratic or Republican parties for that matter, and so my interest in whatever may be considered political has been non-theoretical, non-sectarian, and largely emotional and born out of my own need to find some way of thinking about this whole problem of myself."[94] Following his testimony, Hughes distanced himself from Communism.[95] He was rebuked by some on the Radical Left who had previously supported him. He moved away from overtly political poems and towards more lyric subjects. When selecting his poetry for his Selected Poems (1959) he excluded all his radical socialist verse from the 1930s.[95] These critics on the Left were unaware of the secret interrogation that took place days before the televised hearing.[96]
Death
On May 22, 1967, Hughes died in the Stuyvesant Polyclinic in New York City at the age of 66 from complications after abdominal surgery related to prostate cancer. His ashes are interred beneath a floor medallion in the middle of the foyer in the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem.[97] It is the entrance to an auditorium named for him.[98] The design on the floor is an African cosmogram entitled Rivers. The title is taken from his poem "The Negro Speaks of Rivers". Within the center of the cosmogram is the line: "My soul has grown deep like the rivers".
Representation in other media
Hughes was featured reciting his poetry on the album Weary Blues (MGM, 1959), with music by Charles Mingus and Leonard Feather, and he also contributed lyrics to Randy Weston's Uhuru Afrika (Roulette, 1960).
Harry Burleigh set the poem "Lovely, dark, and lonely one" from the 1932 collection The Dream Keeper and Other Poems[99] to music in 1935,[100] his last art song. Italian composer Mira Sulpizi set Hughes' text to music in her 1968 song "Lyrics".[101]
Hughes' life has been portrayed in film and stage productions since the late 20th century. In Looking for Langston (1989), British filmmaker Isaac Julien claimed him as a black gay icon—Julien thought that Hughes' sexuality had historically been ignored or downplayed. Film portrayals of Hughes include Gary LeRoi Gray's role as a teenage Hughes in the short subject film Salvation (2003) (based on a portion of his autobiography The Big Sea), and Daniel Sunjata as Hughes in the Brother to Brother (2004). Hughes' Dream Harlem, a documentary by Jamal Joseph, examines Hughes' works and environment.
Paper Armor (1999) by Eisa Davis and Hannibal of the Alps (2005)[102] by Michael Dinwiddie are plays by African-American playwrights that address Hughes's sexuality. Spike Lee's 1996 film Get on the Bus, included a black gay character, played by Isaiah Washington, who invokes the name of Hughes and punches a homophobic character, saying: "This is for James Baldwin and Langston Hughes."
Hughes was also featured prominently in a national campaign sponsored by the Center for Inquiry (CFI) known as African Americans for Humanism.[103]
Hughes' Ask Your Mama: 12 Moods for Jazz, written in 1960, was performed for the first time in March 2009 with specially composed music by Laura Karpman at Carnegie Hall, at the Honor festival curated by Jessye Norman in celebration of the African-American cultural legacy.[104] Ask Your Mama is the centerpiece of "The Langston Hughes Project",[105] a multimedia concert performance directed by Ron McCurdy, professor of music in the Thornton School of Music at the University of Southern California.[106] The European premiere of The Langston Hughes Project, featuring Ice-T and McCurdy, took place at the Barbican Centre, London, on November 21, 2015, as part of the London Jazz Festival mounted by music producers Serious.[107][108]
The novel Harlem Mosaics (2012) by Whit Frazier depicts the friendship between Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston, and tells the story of how their friendship fell apart during their collaboration on the play Mule Bone.[109]
On September 22, 2016, his poem "I, Too" was printed on a full page of The New York Times in response to the riots of the previous day in Charlotte, North Carolina.[110]
Literary archives
The Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Yale University holds the Langston Hughes papers (1862–1980) and the Langston Hughes collection (1924–1969) containing letters, manuscripts, personal items, photographs, clippings, artworks, and objects that document the life of Hughes. The Langston Hughes Memorial Library on the campus of Lincoln University, as well as at the James Weldon Johnson Collection within the Yale University also hold archives of Hughes' work.[111] The Moorland–Spingarn Research Center at Howard University includes materials acquired from his travels and contacts through the work of Dorothy B. Porter.[112]
Honors and awards
Living
1926: Hughes won the Witter Bynner Undergraduate Poetry Prize.[113]
1935: Hughes was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship, which allowed him to travel to Spain and Russia.
1941: Hughes was awarded a fellowship from the Rosenwald Fund.
1943: Lincoln University awarded Hughes an honorary Litt.D.
1954: Hughes won the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award.
1960: the NAACP awarded Hughes the Spingarn Medal for distinguished achievements by an African American.
1961: National Institute of Arts and Letters.[114]
1963: Howard University awarded Hughes an honorary doctorate.
1964: Western Reserve University awarded Hughes an honorary Litt.D.
Memorial
Hughes' work continues to have a major readership in contemporary China.[89]: 294
1978: the first Langston Hughes Medal was awarded by the City College of New York. [115]
1979: Langston Hughes Middle School was created in Reston, Virginia.
1981: New York City Landmark status was given to the Harlem home of Langston Hughes at 20 East 127th Street ( ) by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission and 127th Street was renamed "Langston Hughes Place".[116] The Langston Hughes House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.[117]
2002: The United States Postal Service added the image of Langston Hughes to its Black Heritage series of postage stamps.
2002: scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Langston Hughes on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.[118]
2009: Langston Hughes High School was created in Fairburn, Georgia.
2012: inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.[119]
2015: Google Doodle commemorated his 113th birthday.[120]
Published works
Poetry collections
The Weary Blues, Knopf, 1926
Fine Clothes to the Jew, Knopf, 1927
The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations, 1931
Dear Lovely Death, 1931
The Dream Keeper and Other Poems, Knopf, 1932
Scottsboro Limited: Four Poems and a Play, Golden Stair Press, N.Y., 1932
A New Song (1938, incl. the poem "Let America be America Again")
Madrid 1937 with etchings by Dalla Husband, Gonzalo More, Paris, 1939
Note on Commercial Theatre, 1940
Shakespeare in Harlem, Knopf, 1942
Freedom's Plow, New York: Musette Publishers, 1943
Jim Crow's Last Stand, Atlanta: Negro Publication Society of America, 1943
Lament for Dark Peoples and Other Poems, 1944
Lenin, 1946
Fields of Wonder, Knopf, 1947
One-Way Ticket, 1949
Montage of a Dream Deferred, Holt, 1951
Selected Poems of Langston Hughes, 1958
Ask Your Mama: 12 Moods for Jazz, Hill & Wang, 1961
The Panther and the Lash: Poems of Our Times, 1967
The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, Knopf, 1994
Novels and short story collections
Not Without Laughter. Knopf, 1930
The Ways of White Folks, Knopf, 1934
Simple Speaks His Mind, 1950
Laughing to Keep from Crying, Holt, 1952
Simple Takes a Wife, 1953
The Sweet Flypaper of Life, photographs by Roy DeCarava. 1955
Simple Stakes a Claim, 1957
Tambourines to Glory, 1958
The Best of Simple, 1961
Simple's Uncle Sam, 1965
Something in Common and Other Stories, Hill & Wang, 1963
Short Stories of Langston Hughes, Hill & Wang, 1996
Non-fiction books
The Big Sea, New York: Knopf, 1940
Famous American Negroes, 1954
Famous Negro Music Makers, New York: Dodd, Mead, 1955
I Wonder as I Wander, New York: Rinehart & Co., 1956
A Pictorial History of the Negro in America, with Milton Meltzer. 1956
Famous Negro Heroes of America, 1958
Fight for Freedom: The Story of the NAACP. 1962
Black Magic: A Pictorial History of the Negro in American Entertainment, with Milton Meltzer, 1967
Major plays
Mule Bone, with Zora Neale Hurston, 1931
Mulatto, 1935 (renamed The Barrier, an opera, in 1950)
Troubled Island, with William Grant Still, 1936
Little Ham, 1936
Emperor of Haiti, 1936
Don't You Want to be Free?, 1938
Street Scene, contributed lyrics, 1947
Tambourines to Glory, 1956
Simply Heavenly, 1957
Black Nativity, 1961
Five Plays by Langston Hughes, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1963
Jerico-Jim Crow, 1964
Books for children
Popo and Fifina, with Arna Bontemps, 1932
The First Book of Negroes, 1952
The First Book of Jazz, 1954
Marian Anderson: Famous Concert Singer, with Steven C. Tracy, 1954
The First Book of Rhythms, 1954
The First Book of the West Indies, 1956
First Book of Africa, 1964
Black Misery, illustrated by Arouni, 1969; reprinted 1994, Oxford University Press.
As editor
The Poetry of the Negro, 1746–1949: an anthology, edited with Arna Bontemps, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1949.
An African Treasury: Articles, essays, stories, poems by Black Africans, Pyramid, 1960.
Poems from Black Africa, Indiana University Press, 1963.
Other writings
The Langston Hughes Reader, New York: Braziller, 1958.
Good Morning Revolution: Uncollected Social Protest Writings by Langston Hughes, Lawrence Hill, 1973.
The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2001.
The Selected Letters of Langston Hughes, edited by Arnold Rampersad and David Roessel. Knopf, 2014.
"My Adventures as a Social Poet" (essay), Phylon, 3rd Quarter 1947.
"The Negro Artist and The Racial Mountain" (article), The Nation, June 23, 1926.
See also
Poetry portal
United States portal
Children's literature portal
African-American literature
Langston Hughes Society
Pan-Africanism
References
Citations
^ Schuessler, Jennifer (August 9, 2018). "Langston Hughes Just Got a Year Older". The New York Times .
^ Francis, Ted (2002). Realism in the Novels of the Harlem Renaissance.
^ a b Faith Berry, Langston Hughes, Before and Beyond Harlem, Westport, Connecticut: Lawrence Hill & Co., 1983; reprint, Citadel Press, 1992, p. 1.
^ "Langston Hughes on his racial and ethnic background". Kansas History .
^ a b Richard B. Sheridan, "Charles Henry Langston and the African American Struggle in Kansas", Kansas State History, Winter 1999. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
^ Laurie F. Leach, Langston Hughes: A Biography, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, pp. 2–4. ISBN 978-0313324970,
^ "Ohio Anti-Slavery Society – Ohio History Central". ohiohistorycentral.org.
^ "African-Native American Scholars". African-Native American Scholars. 2008. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018 .
^ William and Aimee Lee Cheek, "John Mercer Langston: Principle and Politics", in Leon F. Litwack and August Meier (eds), Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century, University of Illinois Press, 1991, pp. 106–111.
^ West, Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance, 2003, p. 160.
^ Hughes recalled his maternal grandmother's stories: "Through my grandmother's stories life always moved, moved heroically toward an end. Nobody ever cried in my grandmother's stories. They worked, schemed, or fought. But no crying." Rampersad, Arnold, & David Roessel (2002). The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, Knopf, p. 620.
^ The poem "Aunt Sues's Stories" (1921) is an oblique tribute to his grandmother and his loving "Auntie" Mary Reed, a close family friend. Rampersad, vol. 1, 1986, p. 43.
^ Brooks, Gwendolyn (October 12, 1986), "The Darker Brother", The New York Times.
^ Arnold Rampersad, The Life of Langston Hughes: Volume II: 1914–1967, I Dream a World, Oxford University Press, p. 11. ISBN 978-0195146431
^ Central High School (Cleveland, Ohio); Wirth, Thomas H.; Hughes, Langston; Thomas H. Wirth Collection (Emory University. MARBL) (February 1, 2019). "The Central High School monthly". Central High – via Hathi Trust.
^ "Ronnick: Within CAMWS Territory: Helen M. Chesnutt (1880–1969), Black Latinist". Camws.org .
^ Langston Hughes Reads His Poetry, with commentary, audiotape from Caedmon Audio
^ "Langston Hughes, Writer, 65, Dead". The New York Times. May 23, 1967.
^ "Langston Hughes | Scholastic". www.scholastic.com .
^ "Langston Hughes biography: African-American history: Crossing Boundaries: Kansas Humanities Council". www.kansasheritage.org .
^ Brooks, Gwendolyn (October 12, 1986). "Review of The Darker Brother". The New York Times. And the father, Hughes said, 'hated Negroes. I think he hated himself, too, for being a Negro. He disliked all of his family because they were Negroes.' James Hughes was tightfisted, uncharitable, cold.
^ Wallace, Maurice Orlando (2008). Langston Hughes: The Harlem Renaissance. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0761425915.
^ "Write Columbia's History". c250.columbia.edu .
^ "Open and Closed Doors at the University: Two Giants of the Harlem Renaissance | Columbia University and Slavery". columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu .
^ Rampersad, vol. 1, 1986, p. 56.
^ "Poem" or "To F.S." first appeared in The Crisis in May 1925 and was reprinted in The Weary Blues and The Dream Keeper. Hughes never publicly identified "F.S.", but it is conjectured he was Ferdinand Smith, a merchant seaman whom the poet first met in New York in the early 1920s. Nine years older than Hughes, Smith influenced the poet to go to sea. Born in Jamaica in 1893, Smith spent most of his life as a ship steward and political activist at sea—and later in New York as a resident of Harlem. Smith was deported in 1951 to Jamaica for alleged Communist activities and illegal alien status. Hughes corresponded with Smith up until the latter's death in 1961. Berry, p. 347.
^ "Langston Hughes". Biography.com .
^ Leach, Langston Hughes: A Biography (2004), pp. xvi, 153.
^ Rampersad, Vol. 1, pp. 86–87, 89–90.
^ "History – Hugh Wooding Law School". Hwls.edu.tt. Archived from the original on March 2, 2019 .
^ In 1926, Amy Spingarn, wife of Joel Elias Spingarn, who was president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), served as patron for Hughes and provided the funds ($300) for him to attend Lincoln University. Rampersad, vol. 1, 1986, pp. 122–123.
^ In November 1927, Charlotte Osgood Mason ("Godmother" as she liked to be called), became Hughes's major patron. Rampersad. vol. 1, 1986, p. 156.
^ "Mule Bone: Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston's Dream Deferred of an African-American Theatre of the Black Word.", African American Review, March 22, 2001. Retrieved March 7, 2008. "In February 1930, Hurston headed north, settling in Westfield, New Jersey. Godmother Mason (Mrs. Rufus Osgood Mason, their white protector) had selected Westfield, safely removed from the distractions of New York City, as a suitable place for both Hurston and Hughes to work."
^ "J. L. Hughes Will Depart After Questioning as to Communism", The New York Times, July 25, 1933.
^ Yale Symposium, Was Langston Gay? commemorating the 100th birthday of Hughes in 2002.
^ "Cafe 3 A.M." was against gay bashing by police, and "Poem for F.S." was about his friend Ferdinand Smith (Nero 1999, p. 500).
^ Jean Blackwell Hutson, former chief of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, said: "He was always eluding marriage. He said marriage and career didn't work. ... It wasn't until his later years that I became convinced he was homosexual." Hutson & Nelson, Essence, February 1992, p. 96.
^ McClatchy, J. D. (2002). Langston Hughes: Voice of the Poet. New York: Random House Audio. p. 12. ISBN 978-0553714913. Though there were infrequent and half-hearted affairs with women, most people considered Hughes asexual, insistent on a skittish, carefree 'innocence.' In fact, he was a closeted homosexual.
^ Aldrich (2001), p. 200.
^ Referring to men of African descent, Rampersad writes: "... Hughes found some young men, especially dark-skinned men, appealing and sexually fascinating. (Both in his various artistic representations, in fiction especially, and in his life, he appears to have found young white men of little sexual appeal.) Virile young men of very dark complexion fascinated him." Rampersad, vol. 2, 1988, p. 336.
^ "His fatalism was well placed. Under such pressure, Hughes's sexual desire, such as it was, became not so much sublimated as vaporized. He governed his sexual desires to an extent rare in a normal adult male; whether his appetite was normal and adult is impossible to say. He understood, however, that Cullen and Locke offered him nothing he wanted, or nothing that promised much for him or his poetry. If certain of his responses to Locke seemed like teasing (a habit Hughes would never quite lose with women, or, perhaps, men) they were not therefore necessarily signs of sexual desire; more likely, they showed the lack of it. Nor should one infer quickly that Hughes was held back by a greater fear of public exposure as a homosexual than his friends had; of the three men, he was the only one ready, indeed eager, to be perceived as disreputable." "Rampersad, The Life of Langston Hughes, Vol. I, p. 69.
^ Sandra West states: Hughes's "apparent love for black men as evidenced through a series of unpublished poems he wrote to a black male lover named 'Beauty'." West, 2003, p. 162.
^ "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" Archived July 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Audio file, Hughes reading. Poem information from Poets.org.
^ "The Negro Speaks of Rivers": first published in The Crisis (June 1921), p. 17. Included in The New Negro (1925), The Weary Blues, Langston Hughes Reader, and Selected Poems. The poem is dedicated to W. E. B. Du Bois in The Weary Blues, but it is printed without dedication in later versions. – Rampersad & Roessel (2002). In The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, pp. 23, 620.
^ Rampersad & Roessel (2002), The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, pp. 23, 620.
^ Hoelscher, Stephen (2019). "A Lost Work by Langston Hughes". Smithsonian .
^ Hughes "disdained the rigid class and color differences the 'best people' drew between themselves and Afro-Americans of darker complexion, of smaller means and lesser formal education." – Berry, 1983 & 1992, p. 60.
^ "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain" (June 1926), The Nation.
^ Rampersad, 1988, vol. 2, p. 418.
^ West, 2003, p. 162.
^ "My People" First published as "Poem" in The Crisis (October 1923), p. 162, and The Weary Blues (1926). The title poem "My People" was collected in The Dream Keeper (1932) and the Selected Poems of Langston Hughes (1959). Rampersad & Roessel (2002), The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, pp. 36, 623.
^ a b Rampersad. vol. 2, 1988, p. 297.
^ Rampersad. vol. 1, 1986, p. 91.
^ Mercer Cook, African-American scholar of French culture wrote: "His (Langston Hughes) work had a lot to do with the famous concept of Négritude, of black soul and feeling, that they were beginning to develop." Rampersad, vol. 1, 1986, p. 343.
^ Rampersad. vol. 1, 1986, p. 343.
^ Charlotte Mason generously supported Hughes for two years. She supervised his writing his first novel, Not Without Laughter (1930). Her patronage of Hughes ended about the time the novel appeared. Rampersad. "Langston Hughes", in The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature, 2001, p. 207.
^ a b Tanenhaus, Sam (1997). Whittaker Chambers: A Biography. Random House. ISBN 978-0307789266.
^ millersvillearchives Golden Stair Press
^ Anne Loftis (1998), Witnesses to the Struggle, p. 46, University of Nevada Press, ISBN 978-0874173055.
^ Chambers, Whittaker (1952). Witness. New York: Random House. pp. 44–45 (includes description of Lieber), 203, 266fn, 355, 365–366, 376–377, 377fn, 388, 394, 397, 401, 408, 410. LCCN 52005149.
^ a b c Rampersad, Arnold (2001). The Life of Langston Hughes. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-19-988227-4 .
^ Hughes, Langston; Husband, Dalla. "Madrid 1937". www.abebooks.com .
^ a b "Langston Hughes". Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. Chicago Writers Association. Archived from the original on September 8, 2013 .
^ Word Warrior: Richard Durham, Radio & Freedom – video presentation from the Library of Congress featuring author Sonja D. Williams
^ "Shakespeare of Harlem", a presentation from Destination Freedom
^ Creekmore, Hubert (January 30, 1949). "Two Rewarding Volumes of Verse; One-way Ticket. By Langston Hughes. Illustrated by Jacob Lawrence. 136 pp. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. The Poetry of the Negro: 1746–1949. Edited by Arna Bontemps and Langston Hughes. 429 pp. New York: Doubleday & Co". The New York Times. p. 19.
^ Rampersad, 1988, vol. 2, p. 207.
^ Langston's misgivings about the new black writing were because of its emphasis on black criminality and frequent use of profanity. – Rampersad, vol. 2, p. 207.
^ Hughes said: "There are millions of blacks who never murder anyone, or rape or get raped or want to rape, who never lust after white bodies, or cringe before white stupidity, or Uncle Tom, or go crazy with race, or off-balance with frustration." – Rampersad, vol. 2, p. 119.
^ Langston eagerly looked to the day when the gifted young writers of his race would go beyond the clamor of civil rights and integration and take a genuine pride in being black ... he found this latter quality starkly absent in even the best of them. – Rampersad, vol. 2, p. 310.
^ "As for whites in general, Hughes did not like them ... He felt he had been exploited and humiliated by them." – Rampersad, 1988, vol. 2, p. 338.
^ Hughes's advice on how to deal with racists was, "'Always be polite to them ... be over-polite. Kill them with kindness.' But, he insisted on recognizing that all whites are not racist, and definitely enjoyed the company of those who sought him out in friendship and with respect." – Rampersad, 1988, vol. 2, p. 368.
^ Rampersad, 1988, vol. 2, p. 409.
^ Fountain, James (June 2009). "The notion of crusade in British and American literary responses to the Spanish Civil War". Journal of Transatlantic Studies. 7 (2): 133–147. doi:10.1080/14794010902868298. S2CID 145749786.
^ The end of "A New Song" was substantially changed when it was included in A New Song (New York: International Workers Order, 1938).
^ Scammell, Michael (June 29, 1989). "Langston Hughes in the USSR". New York Review of Books. 36 (11). ISSN 0028-7504 .
^ Tanenhaus, Sam (1997). Whittaker Chambers: A Biography. Random House. ISBN 978-0307789266. Malcolm Cowley, Floyd Dell, and Chambers were also involved in this intended film.
^ Arthur Koestler, "The Invisible Writing", Ch. 10.
^ Lai-Henderson, Selina (2020). "Color around the Globe: Langston Hughes and Black Internationalism in China". MELUS. 45 (2): 88–107. doi:10.1093/melus/mlaa016.
^ Kiuchi, Toru (2008). "The Critical Response in Japan to Langston Hughes" (PDF). Nihon daigaku seisan kōgakubu kenkyū hōkoku B 日本大学生産工学部研究報告B. 41: 1–14.
^ Huh, Jang Wook (2021). " 'Our Temples for Tomorrow': Langston Hughes and the Making of a Democratic Korea". The Langston Hughes Review. 27 (2): 115–136. doi:10.5325/langhughrevi.27.2.0115.
^ a b c Juan Ignacio Guijarro González (September 2021). " "I looked upon the Nile"—and the Ebro: Reconstructing the History of Langston Hughes Translations in Spain (1930–1975)". The Langston Hughes Review. 27 (2): 144–145. doi:10.5325/langhughrevi.27.2.0137. S2CID 240529722.
^ "Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives". Alba-valb.org .
^ a b c d Gao, Yunxiang (2021). Arise, Africa! Roar, China! Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9781469664606.
^ Huang, Kun (July 25, 2024). "Afro-Asian Parallax: The Harlem Renaissance, Literary Blackness, and Chinese Left-Wing Translations". Made in China Journal .
^ Rampersad, Arnold (2002). The Life of Langston Hughes: Volume II: 1941–1967, I Dream a World. Oxford University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0199882274.
^ Winston, Kimberly (February 22, 2012). "Blacks say atheists were unseen civil rights heroes". The Washington Post. Religion News Service.
^ Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, Volume 2, Volume 107, Issue 84 of S. prt, Beth Bolling, ISBN 978-0160513626. Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Publisher: U.S. GPO. Original from the University of Michigan p. 988. Archived March 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Leach, Langston Hughes: A Biography (2004), pp. 118–119.
^ Sharf, James C. (1981). Testimony of Richard T. Seymour, before the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Senate Committee on the Judiciary. doi:10.1037/e578982009-004.[full citation needed]
^ Wilson, Scott (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 359. ISBN 978-0786479924.
^ Whitaker, Charles, "Langston Hughes: 100th birthday celebration of the poet of Black America", Ebony, April 2002.
^ "Song". The Dream Keeper and Other Poems. The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, vol. 11. University of Missouri Press. 2001. p. 65. ISBN 9780826214980.
^ "Lovely, dark, and lonely one" by Langston Hughes (text), Harry Burleigh (music), lieder.net
^ Cohen, Aaron I. (1987). International Encyclopedia of Women Composers. Books & Music. ISBN 978-0961748524.
^ Donald V. Calamia, "Review: 'Hannibal of the Alps'". Archived November 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Pride Source, from Between The Lines, June 9, 2005.
^ "We are African Americans for Humanism". African Americans for Humanism .
^ Jeff Lunden, "'Ask Your Mama': A Music And Poetry Premiere", NPR.
^ "The Langston Hughes Project". Ronmccurdy.com. November 24, 2021.
^ "Ronald C. McCurdy, Ph.D." Biography.
^ "Ice-T and Ron McCurdy – the Langston Hughes Project". Archived November 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Artform press releases.
^ "The Langston Hughes Project, Thursday 24 September 2015" Archived August 3, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Serious. Article by Margaret Busby, first published in the Barbican November 2015 Guide.
^ "Fiction Book Review: Harlem Mosaics". Publishers Weekly. April 28, 2018.
^ Maddie Crum (September 22, 2016). "Powerful Poem about Race Gets a Full Page in The New York Times". Huffington Post.
^ "Langston Hughes Memorial Library". Lincoln University. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013 .
^ Nunes, Zita Cristina (November 20, 2018). "Cataloging Black Knowledge: How Dorothy Porter Assembled and Organized a Premier Africana Research Collection". Perspectives on History .
^ "Langston Hughes, Poet". Los Angeles Times. September 26, 1926. p. 66 – via newspapers.com. The Witter Bynner undergraduate poetry prize for 1926 was awarded to Langston Hughes, Lincoln University, whom Carl Van Vechten ranks with among the best of the younger American poets.
^ "Langston Hughes – Poet". h2g2: The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. April 14, 2008 .
^ "Medallion Recipients". The City College of New YOrk. July 4, 2015 .
^ Jen Carlson (June 18, 2007)."Langston Hughes Lives On In Harlem", Archived February 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Gothamist. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1573929638.
^ "Langston Hughes". Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. 2012 .
^ "Langston Hughes' 113th Birthday". Google.com.
General and cited references
Aldrich, Robert (2001). Who's Who in Gay & Lesbian History. Routledge. ISBN 041522974X.
Bernard, Emily (2001). Remember Me to Harlem: The Letters of Langston Hughes and Carl Van Vechten, 1925–1964. Knopf. ISBN 0679451137.
Berry, Faith (1992) [1983]. Chapter 10: "On the Cross of the South" and chapter 13: "Zero Hour". Langston Hughes: Before and Beyond Harlem. New York: Citadel Press, p. 150; and pp. 185–186. ISBN 0517147696. OCLC 489620236.
Chenrow, Fred; Chenrow, Carol (1973). Reading Exercises in Black History. Volume 1. Elizabethtown, PA: The Continental Press, Inc. p. 36. ISBN 0845421077.
DeSantis, Christopher C. (2001). Introduction. Fight for Freedom and Other Writings on Civil Rights. By Hughes, Langston. The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, vol. 10. University of Missouri Press. p. 9. ISBN 0826213715.
Hughes, Langston (2001) [1940]. The Big Sea. The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, vol. 13. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 9780826214102.
Hutson, Jean Blackwell; & Jill Nelson (February 1992). "Remembering Langston". Essence. p. 96.
Joyce, Joyce A. (2004). "A Historical Guide to Langston Hughes". In Steven C. Tracy (ed.). Hughes and Twentieth-Century Genderracial Issues, Oxford University Press, p. 136. ISBN 0195144341.
Nero, Charles I. (1997). "Re/Membering Langston: Homphobic Textuality and Arnold Rampersad's Life of Langston Hughes". In Martin Duberman (ed.). Queer Representations: Reading Lives, Reading Cultures. New York University Press. ISBN 0814718841.
Nero, Charles I. (1999). "Free Speech or Hate Speech: Pornography and its Means of Production". In Larry P. Gross; James D. Woods (eds.). Columbia Reader on Lesbians and Gay Men in Media, Society, and Politics. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231104472.
Nichols, Charles H. (1980). Arna Bontempts-Langston Hughes Letters, 1925–1967. Dodd, Mead & Company. ISBN 0396076874.
Ostrom, Hans (1993). Langston Hughes: A Study of the Short Fiction. New York: Twayne. ISBN 0805783431
Ostrom, Hans (2002). A Langston Hughes Encyclopedia, Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313303924.
Rampersad, Arnold (1986). The Life of Langston Hughes, Volume 1: I, Too, Sing America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195146425
Rampersad, Arnold (1988). The Life of Langston Hughes, Volume 2: I Dream a World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195146433.
Schwarz, Christa A. B. (2003). "Langston Hughes: A True 'People's Poet' ". Gay Voices of the Harlem Renaissance. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253216079.
West, Sandra L. (2003). "Langston Hughes". In Aberjhani & Sandra West (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance. Checkmark Press. p. 162. ISBN 0816045402.
Further reading
Alexander, Margaret Walker, and William R. Ferris, "'My Idol Was Langston Hughes': The Poet, the Renaissance, and Their Enduring Influence", Southern Cultures, Vol. 16, No. 2, Southern lives (Summer 2010), pp. 53–71. University of North Carolina Press.
Baldwin, James, and Clayton Riley, "James Baldwin on Langston Hughes", The Langston Hughes Review, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Winter 1997), pp. 125–137. Langston Hughes Society: Penn state University Press.
Davis, Arthur P., "The Harlem of Langston Hughes' Poetry", Phylon (1940–1956), Vl. 13, No. 4 (4th Qtr 1952), pp. 276–283.
Dawahare, Anthony, "Langston Hughes's Radical Poetry and the 'End of Race'", MELUS, Vol. 23, No. 3, Poetry and Poetics (Autumn 1998), pp. 21–41.
Deck, Alice A. "Introduction: Langston Hughes and the African Diaspora", The Langston Hughes Review, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring 1986), pp. iv–vi. Langston Hughes Society: Penn State University Press.
Farrison, W. Edward, "Langston Hughes: Poet of the Harlem Renaissance", CLA Journal, June 1972, Vol. 15, No. 4 (June 1972), pp. 401–410.
Johnson, Patricia A., and Walter C. Farrell, Jr., "How Langston Used the Blues", MELUS, Vol. 6, No. 1, Oppression and Ethnic Literature (Spring 1979), pp. 55–63.
Vogel, Shane, "Closing Time: Langston Hughes and the Queer Poetics of Harlem Nightlife", Criticism, Vol. 48, No. 3 (Summer 2006), pp. 397–425. Wayne State University Press.
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Creation, Science, Bible History, & Dinosaurs
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Bible history comes to life at the Creation Museum! This family-friendly attraction near Cincinnati explores creation science with stunning exhibits, dinosaur bones, fossils, botanical gardens, a planetarium, zoo, zip line course, and more.
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Creation Museum
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https://creationmuseum.org/
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query_builder Current Hours
Now Through August 10, 2024
Monday to Saturday: 9:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m.
Sunday: 1:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m.
Check all Dates & Hours before visiting.
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https://toipa.org/item/Q7988688/Westfield%2520Heritage%2520Centre
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phonetic transcription of Westfield Heritage Centre
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The description of Westfield Heritage Centre: open-air museum in Ontario, Canada.
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Westfield War Memorial Village
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_War_Memorial_Village
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Westfield War Memorial Village (established 1924) is a residence in the City of Lancaster, England. Initially created for ex-service men, women and families after World War I, it continues to provide accommodation for 189 residents.
After the Great War, a national debate was ignited concerning how disabled servicemen from the Great War would support themselves and their families if they could not return to their former trade because of their disabilities. Local newspapers also promoted the idea that 'the nation owes a debt it should be eager to discharge as far as that is possible'.
It was from a strong backing of public support, including financial help and assistance in erecting the Westfield village, that a Committee for the promotion of a memorial village upon the Westfield site was appointed at Lancaster Town Hall in 1918, using the ideas of Thomas Mawson. In 1919 the Westfield Committee obtained charity status for the project, and published a brochure advertising their intentions, appealing for funds and organising an inaugural ceremony. The brochure explained the benefits and aims of the Westfield scheme, which were to erect a memorial, build cottages for the married disabled ex-servicemen, found a hostel for the unmarried men, and provide workshops and social amenities. It also claimed the village would not just meet difficulties of 'social reconstruction – the problem of the hour' but also provide a model of town planning on a small scale for the imitation of other towns. The local connection of the village is reflected in the proposed allocation system – Disabled veterans of the Kings Own Royal Regiment would have first refusal, followed by those of Lancaster District, with all overtones of charity to be strictly avoided. Herbert Storey believed that this memorial village should stand as a tribute to the gallantry and devotion of the men of this regiment and of Lancaster men and women of other branches and services.
Within three weeks of the Armistice, 11 November 1918, Ashton Hall hosted a crowded meeting to decide how Lancaster should commemorate those who served in the Great War. Its concluding resolutions were that a permanent memorial should be established in Lancaster to those who had fallen. The Westfield War memorial village grand opening was 27 November 1924, with the war memorial statue being unveiled two years later; 4 August 1926. It commemorated all those who gave their lives or limbs for their country in the Great War, in particular the men of Lancaster, who served in the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster). Thomas Mawson, a renowned Landscape Architect born in Scorton, near Lancaster, derived the idea of memorial villages to commemorate the fallen in war from an article he read by William Hill, and expanded on this basic principle to include not just housing for the disabled ex-servicemen returning from the war, but also to give them employment in specially built workshops. This was a key addition, due to it being likely in a number of cases that the injuries sustained from war would hinder the ex-servicemen returning to their old occupations, and in some cases make it impossible.
Two key criticisms had arisen from the idea of a village for returning servicemen. The first was that 'inevitably a time would come when there would be no disabled people to live in the village, which may then become derelict'. The other was that the disabled ex-servicemen would not want to be segregated, nor wish to be placed in surroundings which would remind them daily of the Great War. This criticism in particular was taken up by the Ministry of Pensions, who had been unenthusiastic about Mawson's idea from its beginning.
However, after overwhelming support and offers of assistance, the Westfield Committee was set up, and it soon became clear these two criticisms were not going to stand in the way of the erection of the village. This committee was made up of members such as the Mayor and Mayoress, councillors, Lords and Ladies, prominent local businessmen, members of the armed forces, reverends and doctors. This strong committee guaranteed the success of the scheme in Lancaster because they were able and willing to give financial support to the scheme. The Westfield Committee was also able to gain the support of such women as Mrs Lyell who had the time to dedicate to fundraising for the village. Mrs Lyell organised fundraising events such as what became known as 'The Lyell Golden Ballot', that raised over £20,000 for the village, which funded the erection of 31 cottages, including Lyell Terrace.
The bodies that did prove hindrances to the Westfield Committee were the government, the Ministry of Labour and Trade Unions. The government's refusal of finance for the erection of the village, which was one of Thomas Mawson's 'must haves' was the main issue for the Westfield memorial village to go ahead. However, funding by donation proved to be enough to combat this problem. The Ministry of Labour began in the mid-1920s to restrict the output of the workshops to the promotion of building related skills, as opposed to making such things as watches, pipes and umbrellas which had been progressing steadily. Then, when hostility from local businesses and Trade Unions hit the workshops, they eventually had to be closed down. Local newspapers were constantly in support of the Westfield village; regularly publishing articles promoting the idea, such as one in the Lancashire Daily Post in November 1918 entitled "The Nation owes a debt it should be eager to discharge as far as that is possible".
The Second World War had an effect on the Westfield Village, as interest was once again renewed in it, and also a few extra tenants were placed on waiting list from that war.
The statue memorial in the centre of the village illustrates one soldier giving water to a wounded comrade, illustrating Lancaster's recognition of the efforts and sacrifices made by the men of Lancaster serving in the King's Own Royal Regiment. The sculpture is by the local artist and teacher Jennie Delahunt and was unveiled in 1926.[1][2]
The Westfield war memorial village still exists today, with a waiting list of people wishing to move into the houses in the village; the war memorial statue still stands prominently in the centre of the village. Funding for the erection and maintenance of the village stems completely from donations made by the public. The village was leased in 1987 to a housing association for finance to modernise the houses. Priority is still given to those families of war victims.
Each house in the village has today a plaque outside the front door with information regarding a particular battle or an individual who fought in the war, or a group of fundraisers who paid for the house to be built; in particular the first house built bears the name of Herbert Storey, who gave the Westfield land so that the project could go ahead. The greenery that is present all throughout the village, including the trees which line the streets, each of the gardens owned by their respective houses, and the bowling green signifies healing and rehabilitation, to which it was hoped would aid the recovery of the ex-servicemen living there, as planned by Thomas Mawson. Finally, facilities such as the bowling green and the social club were established as a sign of the effort made to help reconstruct the lives of the ex-servicemen, and also as a gesture of thanks from the people of Lancaster.
Mawson, Thomas Hayton, An Imperial Obligation: Industrial Villages for Partially Disabled Soldiers & Sailors (London, Grant Richards Ltd, 1917)
Mawson, Thomas Hayton, The Life and Work of a Landscape Architect – An Autobiography of T.H. Mawson (London, The Richards Press, 1927)
List of tenants, former unit, date of entry, rent paid & number of children. (Westfield War Memorial Village, Lancaster, 2 August 1930)
"The War Memorial Village, Westfield Lancaster", Lancashire Daily Post, 14 November 1919
"At the going down of the sun...", Lancashire Life, October 1958, pp. 52–71
"Memorial Village offered new start for war injured", Lancaster Guardian, 15 November 2002, p. 3
The War Memorial Village Lancaster: To the Officers: Non-commissioned Officers & Men of the Kings Own (Royal Lancaster) Regiment and to all those men and women of Lancaster and District who gave their lives in the Service of King and Country during the Great War 1914-1918 (Lancaster, The War Memorial Village Committee, 1918)
Lancaster VE 2005: "A Community Remembers" (Lancaster, 2005)
The War Memorial Village, Lancaster, (Lancaster, 1943)
Stretch, M, "The War Memorial Village Lancaster", 2001.
|
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https://globalnews.ca/news/7669183/no-maple-syrup-festival-this-spring-at-westfield-heritage-village-due-to-pandemic/
|
en
|
No maple syrup festival this spring at Westfield Heritage Village due to pandemic - Hamilton
|
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"Hamilton COVID-19",
"Hamilton maple syrup",
"HCA",
"Rockton",
"westfield heritage village",
"Lifestyle"
] | null |
[
"Ken Mann"
] |
2021-03-01T11:49:32-05:00
|
It's the second event cancellation involving the Hamilton Conservation Authority in as many weeks. Last Tuesday, it cancelled the Christie Antique and Vintage Show for this year.
|
en
|
https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/134ef81f5668dc78080f6bd19ca2310b?s=32
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900 CHML
|
https://globalnews.ca/news/7669183/no-maple-syrup-festival-this-spring-at-westfield-heritage-village-due-to-pandemic/
|
Another spring tradition has been wiped out by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Hamilton Conservation Authority (HCA) says it will not be hosting its Maple Syrup Festival and related activities at Westfield Heritage Village.
A statement released by the HCA says that in light of the ongoing pandemic and after reviewing the current provincial restrictions, it has decided that offering those activities this year would not be “in the best interest of the public, staff and volunteers.”
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It’s the second event cancellation involving the HCA in as many weeks.
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Last Tuesday, the conservation authority confirmed that the spring Christie Antique & Vintage Show has been cancelled.
Advertisement
© 2021 Global News, a division of Corus Entertainment Inc.
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https://www.choosechq.com/live-chq/blog/chq-attractions-drone-tour-mcclurg-museum-in-westfield-ny/
|
en
|
CHQ Attractions Drone Tour: McClurg Museum in Westfield, NY
|
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2024-05-22T19:55:28+00:00
|
There are countless reasons to enjoy living in Chautauqua County. This week we are sharing a virtual tour of the McClurg Museum.
|
en
|
Choose CHQ
|
https://www.choosechq.com/live-chq/blog/chq-attractions-drone-tour-mcclurg-museum-in-westfield-ny/
|
There are countless reasons to enjoy living in Chautauqua County, including the many attractions found within our various communities. This week we are sharing a virtual tour of the McClurg Museum – home of the Chautauqua County Historical Society – in Westfield, NY. Footage courtesy of our partners at the Chautauqua County Visitors Bureau.
The Chautauqua County Historical Society (CCHS) was founded in 1883, making it the oldest historical society in Western New York. CCHS stands as a preserver of the rich and diverse history of Chautauqua County. This esteemed institution, dedicated to preserving and sharing the stories of the region, offers visitors a fascinating journey through time, showing the lives and events that have shaped the community. It’s proven to be an invaluable education resource for residents of all ages.
At the forefront of CCHS is the McClurg Museum, located in the Village of Westfield. The museum is a former mansion that dates back to the 19th century and is now over 200 years old, making it a piece of county history. When stepping through its doors, visitors are immediately immersed in a bygone era, surrounded by period furnishings, vintage photographs and portraits, and preserved exhibits that reflect the diverse heritage of Chautauqua County.
Exhibits at the McClurg span a wide range of topics, offering something for everyone. Whether visitors are interested in the regions Native American roots, the impact of the European settlers, or the evolution of local industries, there’s a wealth of information to discover. Highlights include “The Earliest Settlers” exhibit, showcasing the tools, clothing and everyday items used by the county’s first inhabitants. As well as a Research Library, located in the museum, that contains several important collections, including the Elial T. Foote Collection, the Cushing Family Papers, the Albion W. Tourgee Collection and the John O. Bowman Photographic Collection. This library has been used by both local residents and visitors from not only across the country, but also from around the world.
The museum also features rotating exhibits that delve into specific aspects of Chautauqua County history. Recent displays have included an exploration of the county’s role in the Underground Railroad and a celebration of local artists and craftsmen. These always changing exhibits make sure that there is always something new to learn, which allows for each visit to provide a fresh and welcoming experience.
The McClurg is more than just a museum, it’s also a social center. Throughout the year, the society hosts a variety of programs and events designed to engage and educate. All the way from historical lectures and workshops to walking tours and family friendly activities. These events allow for a deeper understanding of the county’s history and offer opportunities for community members to connect and share their own stories.
This not-for-profit organization is able to thrive thanks to the support and involvement of the local community. There are always opportunities to get involved, whether through volunteering time, contributing skills, serving on the board of trustees, or simply making a tax-deductible donation. Volunteers play a crucial role in daily operations, from assisting with exhibits and events to helping with the archives. Serving on the board of trustees offers an opportunity to shape the future of the CCHS.
By volunteering or serving on the board, individuals can make an impact, ensuring to preserve Chautauqua County history and the legacies of the women and men who shaped communities, culture, and industry. The society welcomes individuals with a passion for history and their community to join in their efforts.
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https://www.maah.org/boston-location
|
en
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Museum of African American History
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African Meeting House and Abiel Smith School on Beacon Hill were built in the early 1800's and are two of the Museum's most valuable assets
|
en
|
https://www.maah.org/boston-location
|
Abiel Smith School
When you arrive at our Boston Location, the Abiel Smith School is your first stop. Here you can purchase tickets at the front desk, visit exhibitions, and shop at the museum store.
The Abiel Smith School (1835) is the oldest public school in the United States that was built for the sole purpose of educating African American children. Its walls tell the story of abolition and equal education. Located steps away from the Massachusetts State House, the Abiel Smith School currently houses first-class exhibit galleries, education programs, and a museum store filled with books and inspired gifts.
Reserve your ticket now for entrance at 10am, 12pm, or 2pm Tuesday through Sunday.
African Meeting House
The African Meeting House (1806) is the oldest extant black church building in the nation. Built by free African American artisans, the Meeting House is the last stop on the Black Heritage Trail®. Once a church, a school, and vital community meeting place, the African Meeting House has been returned to its 1855 appearance through historic restoration and is open to the public for talks and tours, our events and yours.
--
Winner of NTHP award
Black Heritage Trail®
Take a walking tour of the largest collection of historic sites in the country relating to the life of a free African American community prior to the Civil War. Discover this important history as you stroll through the north slope of Beacon Hill. Come into the Museum, the last stop on the Trail , and discover the missing pages of America's history.
The Black Heritage Trail® consists of 14 sites and begins at the Robert Gould Shaw Memorial on Beacon Street. Self-guided tours can be conducted at any time, Monday through Sunday. Maps and site brochures can be obtained at the Abiel Smith School.
From the South:
Take I-93 North, take exit 23 (old exit 25) toward Government Center. Stay in the left lane. Keep left at the fork and toward Financial District/Government Center. Merge onto North St. Turn right onto Congress St. Turn slight left onto New Chardon St. New Chardon St becomes Bowdoin St. Turn slightly right onto Derne St. Turn left onto Hancock St. Turn right onto Mount Vernon St. Take the 1st right onto Joy St. The Museum of African American History is on the left.
From the East
Take 1A South, towards I-93N towards Sumner Tunnel/Government Center. Use the left lane towards Government Center. Keep left follow sign for Government Center. Keep left onto New Chardon Street. New Chardon St becomes Bowdoin St. Turn slightly right onto Derne St. Turn left onto Hancock St. Turn right onto Mount Vernon St. Take the 1st right onto Joy St. The Museum of African American History is on the left.
From the West
Take I-90 East towards Logan Airport. Take exit 131 on the left towards Cambridge. Merge onto Cambridge Street. Turn right on the ramp to Downtown Boston/Storrow Drive. Keep left and merge onto Soldiers Field Road. Continue onto M-28 N/Storrow Drive. Take exit to the right towards Government Center/Mass General. Continue onto Cambridge Street. Turn right onto S. Russell Street. Turn left onto Myrtle Street. Turn left onto Joy Street. The Museum is on the left.
Public Transit
Take the Red or Green Line to Park Street. Walk up Park toward the State House (gold dome) to Beacon Street. Turn left onto Beacon and right onto Joy Street. The Museum is located at 46 Joy Street.
Take the Blue Line to Bowdoin Street Monday-Friday only 6:30 am to 6:30 pm. Cross Cambridge Street, Turn right and walk one block and turn left on Joy Street.
Checkout MBTA Trip Planner or train and bus schedules, and other transportation options.
|
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| 53
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Westfield_Heritage_Village
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en
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Category:Westfield Heritage Village
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield,_Somerset
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Human settlement in England
Westfield is a village and civil parish in Bath and North East Somerset in the ceremonial county of Somerset, England. The village lies on the Fosse Way between the towns of Radstock and Midsomer Norton.
It is 11 miles (17.7 km) south-west of Bath, 12 miles (19 km) north-east of Wells, 12 miles (19 km) west of Trowbridge, 9 miles (14 km) north-west of Frome, and 17 miles (27 km) south-east of Bristol.
Its geographical location on the A367 south of Bath has resulted in it being an important base for services for the population centres of the old Somerset Coalfield area, for which it hosts the police and fire stations and the local further education college. For many years it hosted the annual winter carnival, until in 2014 the carnival route was changed.
History
[edit]
The Fosse Way Roman road originally ran through this area, between what is now Radstock and Midsomer Norton. Westfield is not mentioned in the Domesday Book.[2] By the early nineteenth century Westfield still consisted mostly of rural land and coal mining works, with little residential development. It was with the building of large numbers of terraced miners' cottages along the Fosse Way in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that the area developed into a more populous area in its own right, with Westfield starting to appear on maps [3] and being recognized as a settlement.[4] Modern housing estates were developed on land on both sides of the Fosse Way in the 1970s.[5]
For many years, Westfield hosted the Midsomer Norton carnival every November, the only unofficial carnival on the Somerset circuit. The route was moved to Westfield when traffic improvements to Midsomer Norton High Street made the original route prohibitive for the large vehicles. However, in 2014, a new route was established travelling through Midsomer Norton, Radstock and Westfield.
Westfield is the site of the 2011 Somerset hot air balloon crash in which two hot-air balloonists who had been attempting to make a high-altitude ascent were killed when their balloon crashed at the Prattens Bowls Club.[6]
Industry
[edit]
As in the neighbouring towns and villages, coal mining was an important industry, with the largest mine at Norton Hill in Westfield.[7][8][9] In total there were three mines in Westfield, two at Norton Hill and a third at Wells Way.[5]
In 1839, the Wells Way pit was the scene of a disaster in which twelve miners died when the rope snapped when they were descending into the pit. A monument recording this event can be found in the cemetery of the Church of St John the Baptist, Midsomer Norton, with an inscription recording the popular belief that that rope was maliciously cut, although nobody was ever apprehended for the alleged act.[10]
The seams of coal were thin, and because of the geology they were not easy to work.[11] The Wells Way pit closed in 1920, and the Norton Hill pit in 1966.[12] Despite modernisation in the early 1960s, the pit lapsed into unprofitability due to local geological difficulties and manpower shortages.[13] The Norton Hill colliery at Westfield was owned by the Beauchamp family who owned many of the other collieries and related works on the Somerset Coalfield at various times. It was known as "Beauchamp's Goldmine", as it was the most productive mine in the whole coalfield.[14]
Westfield is the location of a former Clark's Shoes factory,[15][16] and the disused Westfield Quarry lies a short distance to the west of the main built-up area of the parish.[17] It was also the location of the Prattens factory that manufactured temporary prefabricated classrooms.
The Westfield Trading Estate is home to many national and local businesses, including Dickies, Jones Convenience Stores and the Midsomer Norton, Radstock & District Journal.
Governance
[edit]
Westfield forms part of the North East Somerset constituency, which elects a Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.[18] Prior to Brexit in 2020, it was part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament.
Westfield was formerly part of the parish of Norton Radstock, along with Radstock and Midsomer Norton until May 2011, when it became a parish in its own right.[19] However, The name Westfield was used for a ward of the former Wansdyke District Council, abolished in 1996. In 1988 it was described as "a distinct district on the outer edge of Norton-Radstock".[15]
Almost all significant local government functions are carried out by Bath and North East Somerset, a unitary authority, but Westfield also has its own parish council, with mostly consultative functions. The parish council is based in the Oval Office in St Peter's Business Park in Westfield.[20]
There is one electoral ward in Westfield. The area and population are the same as quoted above for the parish.
Geography
[edit]
The northern parish boundary with Midsomer Norton is formed by the disused Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway line that ran between Midsomer Norton South and Bath Green Park stations. This was converted in 2011 into the Five Arches Greenway cycle path that connects Radstock with Norton Hill School, in partnership with Sustrans.[21]
Most of the parish consists of residential and industrial development, but at the southern end of the parish below Westfield Trading Estate lies Waterside Valley, where a stream runs through an area of farmland, scrub and an overgrown coal tip north-west of the village of Haydon.[22]
Education
[edit]
There is one first school in Westfield, Westfield Primary School and a school for pupils age 3–19 with complex learning difficulties, Fosseway School.[23] Just outside the Westfield parish boundary lies St Benedict's primary school, actually part of Somerset.
There are no mainstream secondary schools within Westfield, but it is served by Norton Hill School and Somervale School in Midsomer Norton and by Writhlington School in Radstock.
Westfield has a further education college, the Somer Valley campus of Bath College, which also serves Midsomer Norton, Radstock, Keynsham and surrounding districts. By 2013 the college, then operating independently as Norton Radstock College, had 1,000 full-time students and 5,000 part-time students, having expanded steadily since it opened in the 1940s.[24] A merger with Bath College, which has its main campus in Bath city centre, was completed in 2015.[25]
Religious sites
[edit]
The first Methodist hall in Westfield was built in 1869. It is now used as the Sunday school. The present church building opened in 1898.[26]
St Hugh's Roman Catholic Church on Wells Hill was housed in the former Purnell's printing works but closed as a church in 2015.[27] The church acquired the building after the First World War.[28]
St Peter's Church of England parish church was built in 1988.[26]
Notable buildings
[edit]
Westfield House, on the Wells Road, was built around 1830 and later in the nineteenth century was used as an isolation hospital for smallpox patients.[29] It has been designated as a Grade II listed building.[30]
A corrugated iron Edwardian reading room, later used as a snooker hall, was demolished in 2014 to make way for housing.[31]
Sport
[edit]
Westfield F.C. were founded in 1976 and play in the Somerset County Football League.
Notable people
[edit]
Frank Pratten (1886-1941), founder of Prattens, manufacturer of prefabricated buildings.[32]
References
[edit]
Westfield Parish Council
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Westfield Heritage Village, a living history museum, consists of over 35 restored historical buildings dating from the early 1800s. Various building types…
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Doors Open Ontario
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https://www.doorsopenontario.on.ca/hamilton-1/westfield-heritage-village
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Westfield Heritage Village, a living history museum, consists of over 35 restored historical buildings dating from the early 1800s. Various building types are positioned as a small village within a natural conservation area of over 202 hectares (500 acres). The village was started by two high school teachers – D. Glenn Kilmer and Golden L. MacDonell – who purchased the original 12-hectare (30-acre) site to create an outdoor museum preserving 19th-century rural life. They purchased their first building, the Jerseyville Train Station, outbidding a local farmer who wanted it for his farm as an outbuilding. Six more buildings were added before it was officially opened in 1964. Some 30 buildings later, the village is a thriving cultural centre that features educational programs and events year-round. Take a virtual tour of this spectacular site in the video below.
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open-air museum in Ontario, Canada.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion#Fashion_industry
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For other uses, see Fashion (disambiguation). "Menswear" redirects here. For the music group, see Menswear (band).
Fashion is a term used interchangeably to describe the creation of clothing, footwear, accessories, cosmetics, and jewellery of different cultural aesthetics and their mix and match into outfits that depict distinctive ways of dressing (styles and trends) as signifiers of social status, self-expression, and group belonging. As a multifaceted term, fashion describes an industry, styles, aesthetics, and trends.
The term 'fashion' originates from the Latin word 'Facere,' which means 'to make,' and describes the manufacturing, mixing, and wearing of outfits adorned with specific cultural aesthetics, patterns, motifs, shapes, and cuts, allowing people to showcase their group belonging, values, meanings, beliefs, and ways of life. Given the rise in mass production of commodities and clothing at lower prices and global reach, reducing fashion's environmental impact and improving sustainability has become an urgent issue among politicians, brands, and consumers.[1][2]
Definitions
The French word mode, meaning "fashion", dates as far back as 1482, while the English word denoting something "in style" dates only to the 16th century. Other words exist related to concepts of style and appeal that precede mode. In the 12th and 13th century Old French the concept of elegance begins to appear in the context of aristocratic preferences to enhance beauty and display refinement, and cointerie, the idea of making oneself more attractive to others by style or artifice in grooming and dress, appears in a 13th-century poem by Guillaume de Lorris advising men that "handsome clothes and handsome accessories improve a man a great deal".[3]
Fashion scholar Susan B. Kaiser states that everyone is "forced to appear", unmediated before others.[4] Everyone is evaluated by their attire, and evaluation includes the consideration of colors, materials, silhouette, and how garments appear on the body. Garments identical in style and material also appear different depending on the wearer's body shape, or whether the garment has been washed, folded, mended, or is new.
Fashion is defined in a number of different ways, and its application can be sometimes unclear. Though the term fashion connotes difference, as in "the new fashions of the season", it can also connote sameness, for example in reference to "the fashions of the 1960s", implying a general uniformity. Fashion can signify the latest trends, but may often reference fashions of a previous era, leading to the reappearance of fashions from a different time period. While what is fashionable can be defined by a relatively insular, esteemed and often rich aesthetic elite who make a look exclusive, such as fashion houses and haute couturiers, this 'look' is often designed by pulling references from subcultures and social groups who are not considered elite, and are thus excluded from making the distinction of what is fashion themselves.
Whereas a trend often connotes a peculiar aesthetic expression, often lasting shorter than a season and being identifiable by visual extremes, fashion is a distinctive and industry-supported expression traditionally tied to the fashion season and collections.[5] Style is an expression that lasts over many seasons and is often connected to cultural movements and social markers, symbols, class, and culture (such as Baroque and Rococo). According to sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, fashion connotes "the latest difference."[6]
Even though the terms fashion, clothing and costume are often used together, fashion differs from both. Clothing describes the material and the technical garment, devoid of any social meaning or connections; costume has come to mean fancy dress or masquerade wear. Fashion, by contrast, describes the social and temporal system that influences and "activates" dress as a social signifier in a certain time and context. Philosopher Giorgio Agamben connects fashion to the qualitative Ancient Greek concept of kairos, meaning "the right, critical, or opportune moment", and clothing to the quantitative concept of chronos, the personification of chronological or sequential time.[7]
While some exclusive brands may claim the label haute couture, in France, the term is technically limited to members of the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture[8] in Paris.[5] Haute couture is more aspirational; inspired by art and culture, and in most cases, reserved for the economic elite. However, New York's fashion calendar hosts Couture Fashion Week, which strives for a more equitable and inclusive mission.[9]
Fashion is also a source of art, allowing people to display their unique tastes, sensibilities, and styles.[10] Different fashion designers are influenced by outside stimuli and reflect this inspiration in their work. For example, Gucci's 'stained green' jeans[11] may look like a grass stain, but to others, they display purity, freshness, and summer.[12]
Fashion is unique, self-fulfilling and may be a key part of someone's identity. Similarly to art, the aims of a person's choices in fashion are not necessarily to be liked by everyone, but instead to be an expression of personal taste.[10] A person's personal style functions as a "societal formation always combining two opposite principles. It is a socially acceptable and secure way to distinguish oneself from others and, at the same time, it satisfies the individual's need for social adaptation and imitation."[13] While philosopher Immanuel Kant believed that fashion "has nothing to do with genuine judgements of taste", and was instead "a case of unreflected and 'blind' imitation",[13] sociologist Georg Simmel[14] thought of fashion as something that "helped overcome the distance between an individual and his society".[13] American sociologist Diana Crane also mentioned in her book that fashion is closely intertwined with personal and group identity, serving as a means of expressing cultural, social, and political affiliations.[15]
History of fashion
See also: History of fashion design
Changes in clothing often took place at times of economic or social change, as occurred in ancient Rome and the medieval Caliphate, followed by a long period without significant changes. In eighth-century Moorish Spain, the musician Ziryab introduced to Córdoba[16][unreliable source][17] sophisticated clothing styles based on seasonal and daily fashions from his native Baghdad, modified by his inspiration. Similar changes in fashion occurred in the 11th century in the Middle East following the arrival of the Turks, who introduced clothing styles from Central Asia and the Far East.[18]
Alleged Western distinctiveness
Early Western travellers who visited India, Persia, Turkey, or China, would frequently remark on the absence of change in fashion in those countries. In 1609, the secretary of the Japanese shōgun bragged inaccurately to a Spanish visitor that Japanese clothing had not changed in over a thousand years.[19]: 312–313 However, these conceptions of non-Western clothing undergoing little, if any, evolution are generally held to be untrue; for instance, there is considerable evidence in Ming China of rapidly changing fashions in Chinese clothing.[20] In imperial China, clothing were not only an embodiment of freedom and comfort or used to cover the body or protect against the cold or used for decorative purposes; it was also regulated by strong sumptuary laws which was based on strict social hierarchy system and the ritual system of the Chinese society.[21]: 14–15 It was expected for people to be dressed accordingly to their gender, social status and occupation; the Chinese clothing system had cleared evolution and varied in appearance in each period of history.[21]: 14–15 However, ancient Chinese fashion, like in other cultures, was an indicator of the socioeconomic conditions of its population; for Confucian scholars, however, changing fashion was often associated with social disorder which was brought by rapid commercialization.[22]: 204 Clothing which experienced fast changing fashion in ancient China was recorded in ancient Chinese texts, where it was sometimes referred as shiyang, "contemporary-styles", and was associated with the concept of fuyao, "outrageous dress",[23]: 44 which typically holds a negative connotation. Similar changes in clothing can be seen in Japanese clothing between the Genroku period and the later centuries of the Edo period (1603–1867), during which a time clothing trends switched from flashy and expensive displays of wealth to subdued and subverted ones.
The myth on the lack of fashion in what was considered the Orient was related to Western Imperialism also often accompanied Orientalism, and European imperialism was especially at its highest in the 19th century.[24]: 10 In the 19th century time, Europeans described China in binary opposition to Europe, describing China as "lacking in fashion" among many other things, while Europeans deliberately placed themselves in a superior position when they would compare themselves to the Chinese[24]: 10 as well as to other countries in Asia:[24]: 166
Latent orientalism is an unconscious, untouchable certainty about what the Orient is, static and unanimous, separate, eccentric, backward, silently different, sensual, and passive. It has a tendency towards despotism and away from progress. [...] Its progress and value are judged in comparison to the West, so it is the Other. Many rigorous scholars [...] saw the Orient as a locale requiring Western attention, reconstruction, even redemption.
— Laura Fantone quoted Said (1979), Local Invisibility, Postcolonial Feminisms Asian American Contemporary Artists in California, page 166
Similar ideas were also applied to other countries in the East Asia, in India, and Middle East, where the perceived lack of fashion were associated with offensive remarks on the Asian social and political systems:[25]: 187
I confess that the unchanging fashions of the Turks and other Eastern peoples do not attract me. It seems that their fashions tend to preserve their stupid despotism.
Africa
Additionally, there is a long history of fashion in West Africa.[26] Cloth was used as a form of currency in trade with the Portuguese and Dutch as early as the 16th century,[26] and locally produced cloth and cheaper European imports were assembled into new styles to accommodate the growing elite class of West Africans and resident gold and slave traders.[26] There was an exceptionally strong tradition of weaving in the Oyo Empire, and the areas inhabited by the Igbo people.[26]
Fashion in the Western world
The beginning in Europe of continual and accelerating change in clothing styles can be fairly reliably dated to late medieval times. Historians, including James Laver and Fernand Braudel, date the start of Western fashion in clothing to the middle of the 14th century,[19]: 317 [28]: 62 though they tend to rely heavily on contemporary imagery,[29] as illuminated manuscripts were not common before the 14th century.[30] The most dramatic early change in fashion was a sudden drastic shortening and tightening of the male over-garment from calf-length to barely covering the buttocks,[31] sometimes accompanied with stuffing in the chest to make it look bigger. This created the distinctive Western outline of a tailored top worn over leggings or trousers.
The pace of change accelerated considerably in the following century, and women's and men's fashion, especially in the dressing and adorning of the hair, became equally complex. Art historians are, therefore, able to use fashion with confidence and precision to date images, often to within five years, particularly in the case of images from the 15th century. Initially, changes in fashion led to a fragmentation across the upper classes of Europe of what had previously been a very similar style of dressing and the subsequent development of distinctive national styles. These national styles remained very different until a counter-movement in the 17th to 18th centuries imposed similar styles once again, mostly originating from Ancien Régime France.[19]: 317–324 Though the rich usually led fashion, the increasing affluence of early modern Europe led to the bourgeoisie and even peasants following trends at a distance, but still uncomfortably close for the elites – a factor that Fernand Braudel regards as one of the main motors of changing fashion.[19]: 313–315
In the 16th century, national differences were at their most pronounced. Ten 16th century portraits of German or Italian gentlemen may show ten entirely different hats. Albrecht Dürer illustrated the differences in his actual (or composite) contrast of Nuremberg and Venetian fashions at the close of the 15th century (illustration, right). The "Spanish style" of the late 16th century began the move back to synchronicity among upper-class Europeans, and after a struggle in the mid-17th century, French styles decisively took over leadership, a process completed in the 18th century.[19]: 317–321
Though different textile colors and patterns changed from year to year,[32] the cut of a gentleman's coat and the length of his waistcoat, or the pattern to which a lady's dress was cut, changed more slowly. Men's fashions were primarily derived from military models, and changes in a European male silhouette were galvanized in theaters of European war where gentleman officers had opportunities to make notes of different styles such as the "Steinkirk" cravat or necktie. Both parties wore shirts under their clothing, the cut and style of which had little cause to change over a number of centuries.
Though there had been distribution of dressed dolls from France since the 16th century and Abraham Bosse had produced engravings of fashion in the 1620s, the pace of change picked up in the 1780s with increased publication of French engravings illustrating the latest Paris styles. By 1800, all Western Europeans were dressing alike (or thought they were); local variation became first a sign of provincial culture and later a badge of the conservative peasant.[19]: 317 [28]: 62
Although tailors and dressmakers were no doubt responsible for many innovations, and the textile industry indeed led many trends, the history of fashion design is generally understood to date from 1858 when the English-born Charles Frederick Worth opened the first authentic haute couture house in Paris. The Haute house was the name established by the government for the fashion houses that met the standards of the industry. These fashion houses continue to adhere to standards such as keeping at least twenty employees engaged in making the clothes, showing two collections per year at fashion shows, and presenting a certain number of patterns to costumers.[33] Since then, the idea of the fashion designer as a celebrity in their own right has become increasingly dominant.[34]
Although fashion can be feminine or masculine, additional trends are androgynous.[35] The idea of unisex dressing originated in the 1960s, when designers such as Pierre Cardin and Rudi Gernreich created garments, such as stretch jersey tunics or leggings, meant to be worn by both males and females. The impact of unisex wearability expanded more broadly to encompass various themes in fashion, including androgyny, mass-market retail, and conceptual clothing.[36] The fashion trends of the 1970s, such as sheepskin jackets, flight jackets, duffel coats, and unstructured clothing, influenced men to attend social gatherings without a dinner jacket and to accessorize in new ways. Some men's styles blended the sensuality and expressiveness, and the growing gay-rights movement and an emphasis on youth allowed for a new freedom to experiment with style and with fabrics such as wool crepe, which had previously been associated with women's attire.[37]
The four major current fashion capitals are acknowledged to be New York City (Manhattan), Paris, Milan, and London, which are all headquarters to the most significant fashion companies and are renowned for their major influence on global fashion. Fashion weeks are held in these cities, where designers exhibit their new clothing collections to audiences. A study demonstrated that general proximity to New York's Garment District was important to participate in the American fashion ecosystem.[38] Haute couture has now largely been subsidized by the sale of ready-to-wear collections and perfume using the same branding.
Modern Westerners have a vast number of choices in the selection of their clothes. What a person chooses to wear can reflect their personality or interests. When people who have high cultural status start to wear new or different styles, they may inspire a new fashion trend. People who like or respect these people are influenced by their style and begin wearing similarly styled clothes.
Fashions may vary considerably within a society according to age, social class, generation, occupation, and geography, and may also vary over time. The terms fashionista and fashion victim refer to someone who slavishly follows current fashions.
Asia
In the early 2000s, Asian fashion influences became increasingly significant in local and global markets. Countries such as China, Japan, India, and Pakistan have traditionally had large textile industries with a number of rich traditions; though these were often drawn upon by Western designers, Asian clothing styles gained considerable influence in the early- to mid-2000s.[39]
China
Main articles: Chinese fashion and Clothing in ancient China
Chinese fashion remained constantly changing over the centuries. In China, throughout the Tang Dynasty (618–907), women wore extravagant attire to demonstrate prosperity. Mongol men of the Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368) wore loose robes; horsemen sported shorter robes, trousers, and boots to provide ease when horseback riding. The leaders of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) maintained Manchu dress, while establishing new garments for officials; while foot binding—originally introduced in the 10th century—was not preserved, women of this era were expected to wear particular heels that pushed them to take on a ladylike walk.[40]
Then, in the 1920s, qipao was in vogue and the style consisted of stand collars, trumpet sleeves, straight silhouettes and short side slits. Since then, designers started to move into Western fashion like fur coats and cloaks and body-hugging dresses with long side slits as qipao became more popular. In the 1950s and 60s, ‘Lenin coats’ with double lines of buttons, slanting pockets and a belt came into vogue among Chinese men.[41]
India
Main article: History of Indian clothing
In India, it has been common for followers of different religions to wear corresponding pieces of clothing.[42] During the 15th century, Muslim and Hindu women wore notably different articles of clothing. This is also seen in many other Eastern world countries.
In the Victorian era, most women did not wear blouses under their saris, which did not suit the Victorian society; however, British and Indian fashion would be influenced by each other in following decades. In the 1920s, the nationalists adopted Khadi cloth as a symbol of resistance; here, Gandhi became the face of the resistance which made people spin, weave, and wear their Khadi. Today, the salwaar-kameez is recognized as the national dress of India.
Japan
Main article: Japanese clothing
For Japan, the people during the Meiji period (1868–1912) widely incorporated Western styles into Japanese fashion, which is considered to be a remarkable transformation for the Japanese vogue.[43] They extensively adopted the style and practices of Western cultures.The upper classes wore more extravagant pieces of clothing like luxurious patterned silks and adorned themselves with fancy sashes. Women also started wearing Western dresses in public instead of their traditional Kimono. Most of the officials were also required to wear Western suits. In this way, the Japanese slowly adopted into Western fashion. Moreover, like India, different Japanese religions wear different pieces of clothing.
Fashion industry
In its most common use, the term fashion refers to the current expressions on sale through the fashion industry. The global fashion industry is a product of the modern age.[44] In the Western world, tailoring has since medieval times been controlled by guilds, but with the emergence of industrialism, the power of the guilds was undermined. Before the mid-19th century, most clothing was custom-made. It was handmade for individuals, either as home production or on order from dressmakers and tailors. By the beginning of the 20th century, with the rise of new technologies such as the sewing machine, the rise of global trade, the development of the factory system of production, and the proliferation of retail outlets such as department stores, clothing became increasingly mass-produced in standard sizes and sold at fixed prices.
Although the fashion industry developed first in Europe and America, as of 2017 , it is an international and highly globalized industry, with clothing often designed in one country, manufactured in another, and sold worldwide. For example, an American fashion company might source fabric in China and have the clothes manufactured in Vietnam, finished in Italy, and shipped to a warehouse in the United States for distribution to retail outlets internationally.
The fashion industry has for a long time been one of the largest employers in the United States,[44] and it remains so in the 21st century. However, U.S. employment in fashion began to decline considerably as production increasingly moved overseas, especially to China. Because data regarding the fashion industry typically are reported for national economies and expressed in terms of the industry's many separate sectors, aggregate figures for the world production of textiles and clothing are difficult to obtain. However, by any measure, the clothing industry accounts for a significant share of world economic output.[45] The fashion industry consists of four levels:
The production of raw materials, principally fiber, and textiles but also leather and fur.
The production of fashion goods by designers, manufacturers, contractors, and others.
Retail sales.
Various forms of advertising and promotion.
The levels of focus in the fashion industry consist of many separate but interdependent sectors. These sectors include textile design and production, fashion design and manufacturing, fashion retailing, marketing and merchandising, fashion shows, and media and marketing. Each sector is devoted to the goal of satisfying consumer demand for apparel under conditions that enable participants in the industry to operate at a profit.[44]
Fashion trends
Main article: Fashion trend
A fashion trend signifies a specific look or expression that is spread across a population at a specific time and place. A trend is considered a more ephemeral look, not defined by the seasons when collections are released by the fashion industry. A trend can thus emerge from street style, across cultures, and from influencers and other celebrities.
Fashion trends are influenced by several factors, including cinema, celebrities, climate, creative explorations, innovations, designs, political, economic, social, and technological. Examining these factors is called a PEST analysis. Fashion forecasters can use this information to help determine the growth or decline of a particular trend.
People's minds as well as their perceptions and consciousness are constantly changing. Fads are inherently social, are constantly evolving in a contradiction between the old and the new, and are in a sense easily influenced by those around them, and therefore also begin to imitate constantly.[46]
Continuing on from the maximalist and 1980s influences of the early 2020s, vibrant coloured clothing had made a comeback for women in America, France, China, Korea, and the Ukraine[47] by the spring of 2023.[48] This style, sometimes referred to as "dopamine dressing", featured long skirts and belted maxi dresses with thigh splits, lots of gold and pearl jewelry, oversized striped cardigan sweaters, multicoloured silk skirts with seashell or floral print, strappy sandals, pants with a contrasting stripe down the leg, ugg boots,[49] floral print maxi skirts, Y2K inspired platform shoes, chunky red rain boots,[50] shimmery jumpsuits,[51] knitted dresses, leather pilot jackets with faux fur collars,[52] skirts with bold contrasting vertical stripes, trouser suits with bootcut legs, jeans with glittery heart or star-shaped details, chunky white or black sandals, and zebra print tote bags.[53][54]
Big, oversized garments were often made from translucent materials and featured cutouts intended to expose the wearer's bare shoulder, thigh, or midriff, such as low-cut waists on the pants or tops with strappy necklines intended to be worn braless.[55] Desirable colours included neon green, watermelon green, coral pink, orange, salmon pink, magenta, gold, electric blue, aquamarine, cyan, turquoise, and royal blue.[56][57]
In 2023, the predominant colours in Britain, France and America were red, white and blue. As in the mid to late 1970s, Western shirts with pearl snaps in denim or bright madras plaid made a comeback, and sometimes featured contrasting yokes and cuffs with intricate embroidery.[58][59] Moccasins, stonewash denim waistcoats with decorative fringes, preppy loafers, navy blue suits and sportcoats, straight leg jeans instead of the skinny jeans fashionable from the late 2000s until the early 2020s,[60] stetsons, white baseball jerseys with bold red or blue pinstripes, striped blue neckties, baggy white pants, Union Jack motifs, flared jeans, duster coats as worn in the Yellowstone TV series,[61] preppy style college sweaters, retro blue and white striped football shirts,[62] chelsea boots with cowboy boot styling, two-button blazers with red and blue boating stripes, V-neck sweater vests, royal blue baseball jackets with white sleeves, Howler Brothers gilets,[63] shirts and suits worn open to expose the chest,[64] and boxy leather reefer jackets were popular on both sides of the Atlantic.[65][66][67]
Social influences
Further information: Music and fashion
Fashion is inherently a social phenomenon. A person cannot have a fashion by oneself, but for something to be defined as fashion, there needs to be dissemination and followers. This dissemination can take several forms; from the top-down ("trickle-down") to bottom-up ("bubble up/trickle-up"), or transversally across cultures and through viral memes and media ("trickle-across").
Fashion relates to the social and cultural context of an environment. According to Matika,[68] "Elements of popular culture become fused when a person's trend is associated with a preference for a genre of music […] like music, news, or literature, fashion has been fused into everyday lives." Fashion is not only seen as purely aesthetic; fashion is also a medium for people to create an overall effect and express their opinions and overall art.
This mirrors what performers frequently accomplish through music videos. In the music video 'Formation' by Beyoncé, according to Carlos,[69] The annual or seasonal runway show is a reflection of fashion trends and a designer's inspirations. For designers like Vivienne Westwood, runway shows are a platform for her voice on politics and current events. For her AW15 menswear show, according to Water,[70] "where models with severely bruised faces channeled eco-warriors on a mission to save the planet." Another recent example is a staged feminist protest march for Chanel's SS15 show, rioting models chanting words of empowerment using signs like "Feminist but feminine" and "Ladies first." According to Water,[70] "The show tapped into Chanel's long history of championing female independence: founder Coco Chanel was a trailblazer for liberating the female body in the post-WWI era, introducing silhouettes that countered the restrictive corsets then in favour."
The annual Met Gala ceremony in Manhattan is the premier venue where fashion designers and their creations are celebrated. Social media is also a place where fashion is presented most often. Some influencers are paid huge amounts of money to promote a product or clothing item, where the business hopes many viewers will buy the product off the back of the advertisement. Instagram is the most popular platform for advertising, but Facebook, Snapchat, Twitter and other platforms are also used.[71] In New York, the LGBT fashion design community contributes very significantly to promulgating fashion trends, and drag celebrities have developed a profound influence upon New York Fashion Week.[72]
Marketing
Market research
Consumers of different groups have varying needs and demands. Factors taken into consideration when analyzing consumers' needs include key demographics.[73] To understand consumers' needs and predict fashion trends, fashion companies have to do market research[74] There are two research methods: primary and secondary.[75] Secondary methods are taking other information that has already been collected, for example using a book or an article for research. Primary research is collecting data through surveys, interviews, observation, and/or focus groups. Primary research often focuses on large sample sizes to determine customer's motivations to shop.[76]
The benefits of primary research are specific information about a fashion brand's consumer is explored. Surveys are helpful tools; questions can be open-ended or closed-ended. Negative factor surveys and interviews present is that the answers can be biased, due to wording in the survey or on face-to-face interactions. Focus groups, about 8 to 12 people, can be beneficial because several points can be addressed in depth. However, there are drawbacks to this tactic, too. With such a small sample size, it is hard to know if the greater public would react the same way as the focus group.[75] Observation can really help a company gain insight on what a consumer truly wants. There is less of a bias because consumers are just performing their daily tasks, not necessarily realizing they are being observed. For example, observing the public by taking street style photos of people, the consumer did not get dressed in the morning knowing that would have their photo taken necessarily. They just wear what they would normally wear. Through observation patterns can be seen, helping trend forecasters know what their target market needs and wants.
Knowing the needs of consumers will increase fashion companies' sales and profits. Through research and studying the consumers' lives the needs of the customer can be obtained and help fashion brands know what trends the consumers are ready for.
Symbolic consumption
Consumption is driven not only by need, the symbolic meaning for consumers is also a factor. Consumers engaging in symbolic consumption may develop a sense of self over an extended period of time as various objects are collected as part of the process of establishing their identity and, when the symbolic meaning is shared in a social group, to communicate their identity to others. For teenagers, consumption plays a role in distinguishing the child self from the adult. Researchers have found that the fashion choices of teenagers are used for self-expression and also to recognize other teens who wear similar clothes. The symbolic association of clothing items can link individuals' personality and interests, with music as a prominent factor influencing fashion decisions.[77]
Political influences
Political figures have played a central role in the development of fashion, at least since the time of French king Louis XIV. For example, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy was a fashion icon of the early 1960s. Wearing Chanel suits, structural Givenchy shift dresses, and soft color Cassini coats with large buttons, she inspired trends of both elegant formal dressing and classic feminine style.[78]
Cultural upheavals have also had an impact on fashion trends. For example, during the 1960s, the U.S. economy was robust, the divorce rate was increasing, and the government approved the birth control pill. These factors inspired the younger generation to rebel against entrenched social norms. The civil rights movement, a struggle for social justice and equal opportunity for Blacks, and the women's liberation movement, seeking equal rights and opportunities and greater personal freedom for women, were in full bloom. In 1964, the leg-baring mini-skirt was introduced and became a white-hot trend. Fashion designers then began to experiment with the shapes of garments: loose sleeveless dresses, micro-minis, flared skirts, and trumpet sleeves. Fluorescent colors, print patterns, bell-bottom jeans, fringed vests, and skirts became de rigueur outfits of the 1960s.[79]
Concern and protest over U.S. involvement in the failing Vietnam War also influenced fashion. Camouflage patterns in military clothing, developed to help military personnel be less visible to enemy forces, seeped into streetwear designs in the 1960s. Camouflage trends have disappeared and resurfaced several times since then, appearing in high fashion iterations in the 1990s.[80] Designers such as Valentino, Dior, and Dolce & Gabbana combined camouflage into their runway and ready-to-wear collections. Today, variations of camouflage, including pastel shades, in every article of clothing or accessory, continue to enjoy popularity.
Technology influences
Today, technology plays a sizable role in society, and technological influences are correspondingly increasing within the realm of fashion. Wearable technology has become incorporated; for example, clothing constructed with solar panels that charge devices and smart fabrics that enhance wearer comfort by changing color or texture based on environmental changes.[81] 3D printing technology has influenced designers such as Iris van Herpen and Kimberly Ovitz. As the technology evolves, 3D printers will become more accessible to designers and eventually, consumers — these could potentially reshape design and production in the fashion industry entirely.
Internet technology, enabling the far reaches of online retailers and social media platforms, has created previously unimaginable ways for trends to be identified, marketed, and sold immediately.[82] Trend-setting styles are easily displayed and communicated online to attract customers. Posts on Instagram or Facebook can quickly increase awareness about new trends in fashion, which subsequently may create high demand for specific items or brands,[83] new "buy now button" technology can link these styles with direct sales.
Machine vision technology has been developed to track how fashions spread through society. The industry can now see the direct correlation on how fashion shows influence street-chic outfits. Effects such as these can now be quantified and provide valuable feedback to fashion houses, designers, and consumers regarding trends.[84]
Environmental impact
This section is an excerpt from Environmental impact of fashion.
The fashion industry, particularly manufacture and use of apparel and footwear, is a significant driver of greenhouse gas emissions and plastic pollution.[85] The rapid growth of fast fashion has led to around 80 billion items of clothing being consumed annually, with about 85% of clothes consumed in United States being sent to landfill.[86]
Less than one percent of clothing is recycled to make new clothes.[87] The industry was estimated to produce 10% of all greenhouse gas emissions in 2020, which was larger than the emissions produced by international flights and maritime shipping combined. According to a 2017 report from the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, if the fashion sector persists on its same trajectory, its share of global carbon emissions could increase to 26% by 2050.[88][89][90] The production and distribution of the crops, fibers, and garments used in fashion all contribute to differing forms of environmental pollution, including water, air, and soil degradation.[91] The textile industry is the second greatest polluter of local freshwater in the world,[92] and is culpable for roughly one-fifth of all industrial water pollution.[93] Some of the main factors that contribute to this industrial caused pollution are the vast overproduction of fashion items,[citation needed] the use of synthetic fibers, the agriculture pollution of fashion crops,[94] and the proliferation of microfibers across global water sources.[87]
Efforts have been made by some retailers and consumers to promote sustainable fashion practices, such as reducing waste, improving energy and water efficiency, and using primarily eco-friendly materials. Counter movements, such as slow fashion, have also developed as a response to the growth of fast fashion.[citation needed]
Media
Media, including social media platforms, play a crucial role in shaping fashion trends, creating a rapid cycle of trend adoption and obsolescence.[95] For instance, an important part of fashion is fashion journalism. Editorial critique, guidelines, and commentary can be found on television and in magazines, newspapers, fashion websites, social networks, and fashion blogs. In recent years, fashion blogging and YouTube videos have become a major outlet for spreading trends and fashion tips, creating an online culture of sharing one's style on a website or social media accounts (i.e. Instagram, TikTok, or Twitter). Through these media outlets, readers and viewers all over the world can learn about fashion, making it very accessible.[96] In addition to fashion journalism, another media platform that is important in fashion industry is advertisement. Advertisements provide information to audiences and promote the sales of products and services. The fashion industry uses advertisements to attract consumers and promote its products to generate sales. A few decades ago when technology was still underdeveloped, advertisements heavily relied on radio, magazines, billboards, and newspapers.[97] These days, there are more various ways in advertisements such as television ads, online-based ads using internet websites, and posts, videos, and live streaming in social media platforms.
Fashion in printed media
There are two subsets of print styling: editorial and lifestyle. Editorial styling is the high-fashion styling seen in fashion magazines, and this tends to be more artistic and fashion-forward. Lifestyle styling focuses on a more overtly commercial goal, like a department store advertisement, a website, or an advertisement where fashion is not what's being sold but the models are hired to promote the product in the photo.[98]
The dressing practices of the powerful have traditionally been mediated through art and the practices of the courts. The looks of the French court were disseminated through prints from the 16th century on, but gained cohesive design with the development of a centralized court under King Louis XIV, which produced an identifiable style that took his name.[99] At the beginning of the 20th century, fashion magazines began to include photographs of various fashion designs and became even more influential than in the past.[100] In cities throughout the world these magazines were greatly sought after and had a profound effect on public taste in clothing. Talented illustrators drew exquisite fashion plates for the publications which covered the most recent developments in fashion and beauty. Perhaps the most famous of these magazines was La Gazette du Bon Ton, which was founded in 1912 by Lucien Vogel and regularly published until 1925 (with the exception of the war years).[101]
Vogue, founded in Manhattan in 1892, has been the longest-lasting and most successful of the hundreds of fashion magazines that have come and gone. Increasing affluence after World War II and, most importantly, the advent of cheap color printing in the 1960s, led to a huge boost in its sales and heavy coverage of fashion in mainstream women's magazines, followed by men's magazines in the 1990s. One such example of Vogue's popularity is the younger version, Teen Vogue, which covers clothing and trends that are targeted more toward the "fashionista on a budget". Haute couture designers followed the trend by starting ready-to-wear and perfume lines which are heavily advertised in the magazines and now dwarf their original couture businesses. A recent development within fashion print media is the rise of text-based and critical magazines which aim to prove that fashion is not superficial, by creating a dialogue between fashion academia and the industry. Examples of this development are: Fashion Theory (1997), Fashion Practice: The Journal of Design, Creative Process & the Fashion Industry (2008), and Vestoj (2009).
Fashion in television
Television coverage began in the 1950s with small fashion features. In the 1960s and 1970s, fashion segments on various entertainment shows became more frequent, and by the 1980s, dedicated fashion shows such as Fashion Television started to appear. FashionTV was the pioneer in this undertaking and has since grown to become the leader in both Fashion Television and new media channels. The Fashion Industry is beginning to promote their styles through Bloggers on social media's. Vogue specified Chiara Ferragni as "blogger of the moment" due to the rises of followers through her Fashion Blog, that became popular.[102]
A few days after the 2010 Fall Fashion Week in New York City came to a close, The New Islander's Fashion Editor, Genevieve Tax, criticized the fashion industry for running on a seasonal schedule of its own, largely at the expense of real-world consumers. "Because designers release their fall collections in the spring and their spring collections in the fall, fashion magazines such as Vogue always and only look forward to the upcoming season, promoting parkas come September while issuing reviews on shorts in January", she writes. "Savvy shoppers, consequently, have been conditioned to be extremely, perhaps impractically, farsighted with their buying."[103]
The fashion industry has been the subject of numerous films and television shows, including the reality show Project Runway and the drama series Ugly Betty. Specific fashion brands have been featured in film, not only as product placement opportunities, but as bespoke items that have subsequently led to trends in fashion.[104]
Videos in general have been very useful in promoting the fashion industry. This is evident not only from television shows directly spotlighting the fashion industry, but also movies, events and music videos which showcase fashion statements as well as promote specific brands through product placements.
Controversial advertisements in fashion industry
Racism in fashion advertisements
Some fashion advertisements have been accused of racism and led to boycotts from customers. Globally known Swedish fashion brand H&M faced this issue with one of its children's wear advertisements in 2018. A Black child wearing a hoodie with the slogan "coolest monkey in the jungle" was featured in the ad. This immediately led to controversy, as "monkey" is commonly used as slur against Black people, and caused many customers to boycott the brand. Many people, including celebrities, posted on social media about their resentments towards H&M and refusal to work with and buy its products. H&M issued a statement saying "we apologise to anyone this may have offended", though this too received some criticism for appearing insincere.[105]
Another fashion advertisement seen as racist was from GAP, an American worldwide clothing brand. GAP collaborated with Ellen DeGeneres in 2016 for the advertisement. It features four playful young girls, with a tall White girl leaning with her arm on a shorter Black girl's head. Upon release, some viewers harshly criticized it, claiming it shows an underlying passive racism. A representative from The Root commented that the ad portrays the message that Black people are undervalued and seen as props for White people to look better.[106] Others saw little issue with the ad, and that the controversy was the result of people being oversensitive. GAP replaced the image in the ad and apologized to critics.[107]
Sexism in fashion advertisements
Many fashion brands have published ads that were provocative and sexy to attract customers' attention. British high fashion brand, Jimmy Choo, was blamed for having sexism in its ad which featured a female British model wearing the brand's boots. In this two-minute ad, men whistle at a model, walking on the street with red, sleeveless mini dress. This ad gained much backlash and criticism by the viewers, as it was seen as promoting sexual harassment and other misconduct. Many people showed their dismay through social media posts, leading Jimmy Choo to pull down the ad from social media platforms.[108]
French luxury fashion brand Yves Saint Laurent also faced this issue with its print ad shown in Paris in 2017. The ad depicted a female model wearing fishnet tights with roller-skate stilettos reclining with her legs opened in front of the camera. This advertisement brought harsh comments from both viewers and French advertising organization directors for going against the advertising codes related to "respect for decency, dignity and those prohibiting submission, violence or dependence, as well as the use of stereotypes." and additionally said that this ad was causing "mental harm to adolescents."[109] Due to the negative public reaction, the poster was removed from the city.
Public relations and social media
Fashion public relations involves being in touch with a company's audiences and creating strong relationships with them, reaching out to media, and initiating messages that project positive images of the company.[110] Social media plays an important role in modern-day fashion public relations; enabling practitioners to reach a wide range of consumers through various platforms.[111]
Building brand awareness and credibility is a key implication of good public relations. In some cases, the hype is built about new designers' collections before they are released into the market, due to the immense exposure generated by practitioners.[112] Social media, such as blogs, microblogs, podcasts, photo and video sharing sites have all become increasingly important to fashion public relations.[113] The interactive nature of these platforms allows practitioners to engage and communicate with the public in real-time, and tailor their clients' brand or campaign messages to the target audience. With blogging platforms such as Instagram, Tumblr, WordPress, Squarespace, and other sharing sites, bloggers have emerged as expert fashion commentators, shaping brands and having a great impact on what is 'on trend'.[114] Women in the fashion public relations industry such as Sweaty Betty PR founder Roxy Jacenko and Oscar de la Renta's PR girl Erika Bearman, have acquired copious followers on their social media sites, by providing a brand identity and a behind the scenes look into the companies they work for.
Social media is changing the way practitioners deliver messages,[31] as they are concerned with the media, and also customer relationship building.[115] PR practitioners must provide effective communication among all platforms, in order to engage the fashion public in an industry socially connected via online shopping.[116] Consumers have the ability to share their purchases on their personal social media pages (such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.), and if practitioners deliver the brand message effectively and meet the needs of its public, word-of-mouth publicity will be generated and potentially provide a wide reach for the designer and their products.
Fashion and political activism
Further information: Fashion activism
As fashion concerns people, and signifies social hierarchies, fashion intersects with politics and the social organization of societies. Whereas haute couture and business suits are associated by people in power, also groups aiming to challenge the political order also use clothes to signal their position. The explicit use of fashion as a form of activism, is usually referred to as "fashion activism."
There is a complex relationship between fashion and feminism. Some feminists have argued that by participating in feminine fashions women are contributing to maintaining the gender differences which are part of women's oppression.[117] Brownmiller felt that women should reject traditionally feminine dress, focusing on comfort and practicality rather than fashion.[117] Others believe that it is the fashion system itself that is repressive in requiring women to seasonally change their clothes to keep up with trends.[118] Greer has advocated this argument that seasonal changes in dress should be ignored; she argues that women can be liberated by replacing the compulsiveness of fashion with enjoyment of rejecting the norm to create their own personal styling.[119] This rejection of seasonal fashion led to many protests in the 1960s alongside rejection of fashion on socialist, racial and environmental grounds.[120] However, Mosmann has pointed out that the relationship between protesting fashion and creating fashion is dynamic because the language and style used in these protests has then become part of fashion itself.[120]
Fashion designers and brands have traditionally kept themselves out of political conflicts, there has been a movement in the industry towards taking more explicit positions across the political spectrum. From maintaining a rather apolitical stance, designers and brands today engage more explicitly in current debates.[121]
For example, considering the U.S.'s political climate in the surrounding months of the 2016 presidential election, during 2017 fashion weeks in London, Milan, New York, Paris and São Paulo amongst others, many designers took the opportunity to take political stances leveraging their platforms and influence to reach their customers.[122][123] This has also led to some controversy over democratic values, as fashion is not always the most inclusive platform for political debate, but a one-way broadcast of top-down messages.
When taking an explicit political stance, designers generally favor issues that can be identified in clear language with virtuous undertones. For example, aiming to "amplify a greater message of unity, inclusion, diversity, and feminism in a fashion space", designer Mara Hoffman invited the founders of the Women's March on Washington to open her show which featured modern silhouettes of utilitarian wear, described by critics as "Made for a modern warrior" and "Clothing for those who still have work to do".[124] Prabal Gurung debuted his collection of T-shirts featuring slogans such as "The Future is Female", "We Will Not Be Silenced", and "Nevertheless She Persisted", with proceeds going to the ACLU, Planned Parenthood, and Gurung's own charity, "Shikshya Foundation Nepal".[121] Similarly, The Business of Fashion launched the #TiedTogether movement on Social Media, encouraging member of the industry from editors to models, to wear a white bandana advocating for "unity, solidarity, and inclusiveness during fashion week".[125]
Fashion may be used to promote a cause, such as to promote healthy behavior,[126] to raise money for a cancer cure,[127] or to raise money for local charities[128] such as the Juvenile Protective Association[129] or a children's hospice.[130]
One fashion cause is trashion, which is using trash to make clothes, jewelry, and other fashion items in order to promote awareness of pollution. There are a number of modern trashion artists such as Marina DeBris, Ann Wizer,[131] and Nancy Judd.[132] Other designers have used DIY fashions, in the tradition of the punk movement, to address elitism in the industry to promote more inclusion and diversity.[133]
Anthropological perspective
From an academic lens, the sporting of various fashions has been seen as a form of fashion language, a mode of communication that produced various fashion statements, using a grammar of fashion.[134] This is a perspective promoted in the work of influential French philosopher and semiotician Roland Barthes.
Anthropology, the study of culture and of human societies, examines fashion by asking why certain styles are deemed socially appropriate and others are not. From the theory of interactionism, a certain practice or expression is chosen by those in power in a community, and that becomes "the fashion" as defined at a certain time by the people under influence of those in power. If a particular style has a meaning in an already occurring set of beliefs, then that style may have a greater chance of become fashion.[135]
According to cultural theorists Ted Polhemus and Lynn Procter, one can describe fashion as adornment, of which there are two types: fashion and anti-fashion. Through the capitalization and commoditization of clothing, accessories, and shoes, etc., what once constituted anti-fashion becomes part of fashion as the lines between fashion and anti-fashion are blurred, as expressions that were once outside the changes of fashion are swept along with trends to signify new meanings.[136] Examples range from how elements from ethnic dress becomes part of a trend and appear on catwalks or street cultures, for example how tattoos travel from sailors, laborers and criminals to popular culture.
To cultural theorist Malcolm Bernard, fashion and anti-fashion differ as polar opposites. Anti-fashion is fixed and changes little over time,[137] varying depending on the cultural or social group one is associated with or where one lives, but within that group or locality the style changes little. Fashion, in contrast, can change (evolve) very quickly[138] and is not affiliated with one group or area of the world but spreads throughout the world wherever people can communicate easily with each other. An example of anti-fashion would be ceremonial or otherwise traditional clothing where specific garments and their designs are both reproduced faithfully and with the intent of maintaining a status quo of tradition. This can be seen in the clothing of some kabuki plays, where some character outfits are kept intact from designs of several centuries ago, in some cases retaining the crests of the actors considered to have 'perfected' that role.
Anti-fashion is concerned with maintaining the status quo, while fashion is concerned with social mobility. Time is expressed in terms of continuity in anti-fashion, and in terms of change in fashion; fashion has changing modes of adornment, while anti-fashion has fixed modes of adornment.
From this theoretical lens, change in fashion is part of the larger industrial system and is structured by the powerful actors in this system to be a deliberate change in style, promoted through the channels influenced by the industry (such as paid advertisements).[139]
Intellectual property
In the fashion industry, intellectual property is not enforced as it is within the film industry and music industry. Robert Glariston, an intellectual property expert, mentioned in a fashion seminar held in LA[which?] that "Copyright law regarding clothing is a current hot-button issue in the industry. We often have to draw the line between designers being inspired by a design and those outright stealing it in different places."[140] To take inspiration from others' designs contributes to the fashion industry's ability to establish clothing trends. For the past few years, WGSN has been a dominant source of fashion news and forecasts in encouraging fashion brands worldwide to be inspired by one another. Enticing consumers to buy clothing by establishing new trends is, some have argued, a key component of the industry's success. Intellectual property rules that interfere with this process of trend-making would, in this view, be counter-productive. On the other hand, it is often argued that the blatant theft of new ideas, unique designs, and design details by larger companies is what often contributes to the failure of many smaller or independent design companies.
Since fakes are distinguishable by their poorer quality, there is still a demand for luxury goods, and as only a trademark or logo can be copyrighted, many fashion brands make this one of the most visible aspects of the garment or accessory. In handbags, especially, the designer's brand may be woven into the fabric (or the lining fabric) from which the bag is made, making the brand an intrinsic element of the bag.
In 2005, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) held a conference calling for stricter intellectual property enforcement within the fashion industry to better protect small and medium businesses and promote competitiveness within the textile and clothing industries.[141][142]
See also
Fashion portal
References
Further reading
Breward, Christopher, The culture of fashion: a new history of fashionable dress, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-7190-4125-9
Cabrera, Ana, and Lesley Miller. "Genio y Figura. La influencia de la cultura española en la moda." Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture 13.1 (2009): 103–110
Cumming, Valerie: Understanding Fashion History, Costume & Fashion Press, 2004, ISBN 0-89676-253-X
Davis, F. (1989). Of maids' uniforms and blue jeans: The drama of status ambivalences in clothing and fashion. Qualitative Sociology, 12(4), 337–355.
Hollander, Anne, Seeing through clothes, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-520-08231-1
Hanifie, Sowaibah (5 August 2020). "Australia's first National Indigenous Fashion Awards winners revealed, signaling hope for a more diverse industry". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
Hollander, Anne, Sex and suits: the evolution of modern dress, New York: Knopf, 1994, ISBN 978-0-679-43096-4
Hollander, Anne, Feeding the eye: essays, New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1999, ISBN 978-0-374-28201-1
Hollander, Anne, Fabric of vision: dress and drapery in painting, London: National Gallery, 2002, ISBN 978-0-300-09419-0
Kawamura, Yuniya, Fashion-ology: an introduction to Fashion Studies, Oxford and New York: Berg, 2005, ISBN 1-85973-814-1
Lipovetsky, Gilles (translated by Catherine Porter), The empire of fashion: dressing modern democracy, Woodstock: Princeton University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-691-10262-7
McDermott, Kathleen, Style for all: why fashion, invented by kings, now belongs to all of us (An illustrated history), 2010, ISBN 978-0-557-51917-0 – Many hand-drawn color illustrations, extensive annotated bibliography and reading guide
Perrot, Philippe (translated by Richard Bienvenu), Fashioning the bourgeoisie: a history of clothing in the nineteenth century, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-691-00081-7
Steele, Valerie, Paris fashion: a cultural history, (2. ed., rev. and updated), Oxford: Berg, 1998, ISBN 978-1-85973-973-0
Steele, Valerie, Fifty years of fashion: new look to now, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-300-08738-3
Steele, Valerie, Encyclopedia of clothing and fashion, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005
Turrell, Claire (2 Mar 2023). "The Asian blouse that tells a tale of many cultures". BBC.
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https://www.enjoyillinois.com/explore/listing/skokie-heritage-museum/
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Skokie Heritage Museum
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Explore Skokie's Heritage by visiting the Historic Engine House and the original 1847 Log Cabin.
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Enjoy Illinois
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https://www.enjoyillinois.com/explore/listing/skokie-heritage-museum/
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Explore Skokie's Heritage by visiting the Historic Engine House and the original 1847 Log Cabin.
These two cites have much to offer with local and seasonal exhibits, special interest classes, and educational school programs.
Titanic: The Exhibition
Westfield Old Orchard • Feb 16 – Sep 09
Embark on an awe-inspiring journey into history at Titanic: The Exhibition, open for a limited time at Westfield Old Orchard.
Read more about Titanic: The Exhibition
Kindertransport - Rescuing Children on the Brink of War at the Illinois Holocaust Museum
Illinois Holocaust Museum & Education Center • May 19 – Nov 17
Kindertransport – Rescuing Children on the Brink of War at Illinois Holocaust Museum showcases the astonishing rescue effort that, in only nine months, brought thousands of…
Read more about Kindertransport - Rescuing Children on the Brink of War at the Illinois Holocaust Museum
Skokie's Backlot Bash
Downtown Skokie • Aug 23 – Aug 25
Having quickly earned a reputation for quality, original live music, as well as a host of unique family attractions — Skokie's Backlot Bash is the summer…
Read more about Skokie's Backlot Bash
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https://theheartofontario.com/operator/westfield-heritage-village/
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Westfield Heritage Village
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2018-03-06T01:46:35+00:00
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Westfield is a stunning collection of over 35 historical buildings which has […]
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en
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/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/apple-touch-icon.png
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Hamilton Halton Brant
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https://theheartofontario.com/operator/westfield-heritage-village/
|
Westfield is a stunning collection of over 35 historical buildings which has made Westfield one of the most interesting historical destinations in Ontario. Carefully restored and staffed with costumed interpreters, the buildings capture the true charm and spirit of early Canadian culture
Visitors may witness living history demonstrations and take part in guided tours of the 130-hectare site which is bordered by beautiful woodlands, meadows and trails.
EDUCATION
Westfield also offers a variety of education programs. Groups can choose from several options, available on weekends and weekdays, that are curriculum driven and come complete with teacher’s kits. Check out our Educational Programs.
VOLUNTEERING
Since the earliest years at Westfield, both staff and volunteers have worked hand in hand to build Westfield into the living history site that you see today. Learn more about volunteering at Westfield.
LOCATION
Westfield is located at 1049 Kirkwall Road, off Highway 8 in Rockton. For more information, call 519-621-8851 or e-mail: westfield@conservationhamilton.ca.
HOURS & EVENTS
Westfield is open Sundays and holidays from 12:30 p.m. to 4 p.m. April to October. Special events run from March to December, hours may vary. Check out our special events!
Westfield is a stunning collection of over 35 historical buildings which has made Westfield one of the most interesting historical destinations in Ontario. Carefully restored and staffed with costumed interpreters, the buildings capture the true charm and spirit of early Canadian culture
Visitors may witness living history demonstrations and take part in guided tours of the 130-hectare site which is bordered by beautiful woodlands, meadows and trails.
EDUCATION
Westfield also offers a variety of education programs. Groups can choose from several options, available on weekends and weekdays, that are curriculum driven and come complete with teacher’s kits. Check out our Educational Programs.
VOLUNTEERING
Since the earliest years at Westfield, both staff and volunteers have worked hand in hand to build Westfield into the living history site that you see today. Learn more about volunteering at Westfield.
LOCATION
Westfield is located at 1049 Kirkwall Road, off Highway 8 in Rockton. For more information, call 519-621-8851 or e-mail: westfield@conservationhamilton.ca.
HOURS & EVENTS
Westfield is open Sundays and holidays from 12:30 p.m. to 4 p.m. April to October. Special events run from March to December, hours may vary. Check out our special events!
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Manistee County Tourism - Manistee, Michigan
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https://www.visitmanisteecounty.com/project/museums-of-manistee-county
|
Museums of Manistee County Self-Guided Historic Tour
The Museums of Manistee County self-guided historic tour is part of the Manistee County Historic Tour Series. This tour will take you to 8 museums Manistee County. The tour will take approximately 4+ hours (when driving) depending on visitation time.
Many of the Museums can be explored while enjoying one of the self-guided tours in the book. The Museums in the City of Manistee may both be explored when enjoying the Downtown Sites, East Homes or West Homes tour. The Destination sites have the Museums highlighted on these routes as well.
Most of our Museums contain information about the entire county, however, the community that the Museum is located within has a concentration of artifacts from that community. We welcome you to explore each of our Museums as part of other tours, or explore individually on their own.
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https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_Californie
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Santa Ana, Californie
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https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_Californie
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Santa Ana is the coonty seat an seicont maist populous ceety in Orange Coonty, Californie. Wi a population o 324,528, as o the 2010 census, Santa Ana is the 57t maist-populous ceety in the Unitit States.
Foondit in 1869, Santa Ana is locatit in Soothren Californie adjacent tae the Santa Ana River, 10 mile (16 km) awa frae the Californie coast. The ceety is pairt o the Greater Los Angeles Aurie which, accordin tae the U.S. Census Bureau, is the seicont lairgest metropolitan aurie in the U.S., wi amaist aichteen million fowk. Accordin tae the 2000 U.S. Census, o U.S. ceeties wi mair nor 300,000 fowk, Santa Ana is the 4t-maist densely populatit ahint anerlie New York Ceety, San Francisco, an Chicago, an slichtly denser than Boston.[4]
Santa Ana lends its name tae the Santa Ana Freeway (Interstate 5 in California [en]), which runs throu the ceety. It shares its name wi the nearbi Santa Ana Mountains, an the Santa Ana winds, which hae historically fueled saisonal wildfires throuoot Soothren Californie.[5] The current Office of Management and Budget (OMB) metropolitan designation for the Orange Coonty Aurie is "Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine, California".
Members o the Tongva an Juaneño/Luiseño naitions lang inhabitit the aurie. The Tongva Indians cried the Santa Ana aurie "Hotuuk."[6]
Efter the 1769 expedeetion o Gaspar de Portolá oot o Mexico Ceety, then caipital o New Spain, Friar Junípero Serra namit the aurie Vallejo de Santa Ana (Valley o Saunt Anne, or Santa Ana Valley). On 1 November 1776, Mission San Juan Capistrano wis establisht athin this valley. This Santa Ana Valley comprised mist o wha is nou cried Orange Coonty.
In 1810, year o the commencement o the war o Mexican Unthirldom (1810–1821), Jose Antonio Yorba, a sergeant o the Spainyie airmy, wis grantit laund that he cried Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana. Yorba's rancho includit the launds whaur the ceeties o Olive, Orange, Irvine, Yorba Linda, Villa Park, Santa Ana, Tustin, Costa Mesa an unincorporatit El Modena, an Santa Ana Heights, are the day. This rancho wis the anerlie laund grant in Orange Coonty grantit unner Spainyie Rule. Surroondin laund grants in Orange Coonty wur grantit efter Mexican Unthirldom bi the new govrenment.
Efter the Mexican-American War endit in 1848, Alta California became pairt o the Unitit States an American settlers arrivit in this aurie.
Claimit in 1869 bi Kentuckian William H. Spurgeon on laund obtained frae the stryndants o Jose Antonio Yorba, Santa Ana wis incorporatit as a ceety in 1886 wi a population o 2000 an in 1889 became the seat o the newly formit Orange Coonty.
Bi 1906 the Pacific Electric Railway frae Los Angeles wis extendit tae Santa Ana, runnin alang Fowert Street dountoun. The "red caurs" made traivel tae Los Angeles easier an helpit continue Santa Ana's population boom. Due tae declinin ridership, the route wis abandoned bi the 1950s an the tracks wur remuivit alang wi hintle o the rest o the Pacific Electric seestem. The closin coincidit wi the openin o the Santa Ana Freeway in 1953, increasin the ease o traivel bi automobile.
Santa Ana wis the hame o the oreeginal Glenn L. Martin aviation company, foondit in 1912 afore mergin wi the Wright Company in 1916. Later, Glenn Luther Martin creatit a seicont company o the same name in Cleveland, Ohio which eventually mergit wi the Lockheed Corporation tae form the lairgest defence contractor in the warld, Lockheed Martin.[7]
Durin Warld War II, the Santa Ana Army Air Base wis biggit as a trainin centre for the United States Army Air Forces. The base wis responsible for continued population growthe in Santa Ana an the rest o Orange Coonty as mony veterans muivit tae the aurie tae raise faimilies efter the end o the war.[8]
In 1958, Fashion Square Mall wis biggit, adjoinin the existin Bullock's Department Store biggin that wis biggit in 1954. It opened north o dountoun an became a major retail centre for the aurie. In 1987, the maw wis completely renovatit an became MainPlace Mall (nou Westfield MainPlace).
Haein been a Chairter Ceety syne 11 November 1952, the ceetizens o Santa Ana amendit the Chairter November 1988 tae provide for the direct election o the Mayor who till that pynt haed been an appointee o the Cooncil. The current mayor o Santa Ana is Miguel A. Pulido, the first mayor o Latino strynd in the ceety's history an in fact, the first Mayor directly electit bi the voters.
Syne the 1980s, Santa Ana haes been characterisit bi an effort tae revitalize the dountoun aurie which haed declined in influence. The Santa Ana Artist's Village wis creatit aroond Cal State Fullerton's Grand Central Art Center tae attract airtists an young profeesionals tae live-wirk lofts an new businesses. The process haes continued intae 2009 wi the reopenin o the historic Yost Theater.[9]
Accordin tae the Unitit States Census Bureau, the ceety haes a tot aurie o 27.5 square mile (71 km2). 27.3 square mile (71 km2) o it is laund an 0.2 square mile (0.52 km2) of it (0.90%) is watter. It is the 4t maist densely populatit place in the Unitit States wi a population o 300,000 or mair wi 12,471.5 fowk per sq. mile.
Santa Ana is nestit on flat, law-lyin plains wi little laund elevation chynge. Runnin throu the wast end o the ceety is the maistly channelisit Santa Ana River, which is lairgely saisonal due tae the construction o the Prado Dam an Seven Oaks Dam. The river haes caused several severe floods in the 20t century, an is a continued threat despite the existence o the dams.
Nou fully developit, Santa Ana haes several distinct destricts. The core o the ceety is the dountoun aurie, which contains baith retail an hoosin, as well as the Santa Ana Civic Center which is a dence campus o admeenistrative biggins for baith the ceety an the coonty o Orange. The civic centre is hame tae the Ronald Reagan Federal Building and Courthouse an aw. Several historic hames datin frae the late 1800s can be foond as well, an thair preservation is a key issue as development o the dountoun aurie continues.[10]
North o dountoun is the "Midtown" destrict alang Main St., hame tae entertainment destinations sic as the Bowers Museum, MainPlace Mall, an the Discovery Science Center.
Near the intersection o the Santa Ana Freeway an the Costa Mesa Freeway is the newly-designatit "Metro East" aurie, which the ceety cooncil haes enveesioned as a seicontar mixed-uise development destrict.[11] Currently the aurie is occupeed bi several office touers, but little retail or hoosin. An aw on the east side o the ceety is the Santa Ana Zoo, notable for its collection o monkeys an species frae Sooth an Central Americae.
The sooth end o the ceety is pairt o the Sooth Coast Metro aurie, which is shared wi the ceety o Costa Mesa. South Coast Plaza, a major shoppin centre, is the primar destination o this aurie, which contains several heich-rise office an apairtment biggins.
Santa Ana experiences a Mediterranean climate, wi wairm, dry simmers an mild, wet winters. The simmer months o Juin - September averages a daytime heich o 82 (F) degrees an a nichttime law o 62 (F) degrees. The winter months o Dizember - Mairch averages a daytime heich o 70 (F) degrees an a nichttime law o 48 (F) degrees. Rainfaw averages aboot 14 inches (356 mm) per year, maist o which faws frae November throu Aprile. Thare are an average o 34 days wi measurable precipitation annually.
The record heich temperatur for Santa Ana wis 112 °F (44 °C) on 14 Juin 1917. The record law temperatur wis 22 °F (−6 °C) on 31 Dizember 1918, an 1 Januar 1919. Thare are an average o 24.5 days wi heichs o 90 °F (32 °C) or heicher an a average of 6.4 days wi laws o 32 °F (0 °C) or lawer.
The wettest year in Santa Ana wis 1941 wi 32.36 inches (82.2 cm) an the driest year wis 1961 wi 3.55 inches (9.0 cm). The maist rainfaw in ane month wis 13.99 inches (35.5 cm) in Februar 1998. The maist rainfaw in 24 oors wis 4.69 inches (11.9 cm) on 16 Februar 1927.[12]
Historical population Census Pop. %± 18701,145—1880711−37.9%18903,628410.3%19004,93336.0%19108,42970.9%192015,48583.7%193030,32295.8%194031,9215.3%195045,53342.6%1960100,350120.4%1970156,60156.1%1980203,71330.1%1990293,74244.2%2000337,97715.1%2010324,528−4.0%
Santa Ana is the corporate heidquairters o several companies includin Behr Paint, CoreLogic, Corinthian Colleges, First American Corporation, Greenwood & Hall, Ingram Micro, The Orange County Register, Powerwave Technologies, SchoolsFirst Federal Credit Union, STEC, TTM Technologies, an Wahoo's Fish Taco. It hooses major regional heidquairters for the Xerox corporation an aw, Ultimate Software Ultimate Software, an T-Mobile.
Ane o Santa Ana's maist notable businesses is the Rickenbacker muisical instrument company, whose electric guitars an bass guitars earned fame in the haunds o mony rock an roll legends.
Then Glenn L. Martin Company, a precursor tae Lockheed Martin, wis foondit in Santa Ana in 1912 afore mergin wi the Wright Company in 1916.
In recent years, the nearbi ceety o Irvine haes ootpacit Santa Ana in commercial growthe, wi the Irvine Business District locatit near John Wayne Airport. Tae compete wi this, Santa Ana haes appruivit commercial projects in the South Coast Metro aurie, as well as the "Metro East" development, locatit at the confluence o the Santa Ana Freeway an the Costa Mesa Freeway.
The Historic South Main Business District contains mony aulder retail shops an ither sma businesses. It extends frae dountoun Santa Ana soothwairds on Main Street tae the Sooth Coast Metro aurie.
Accordin tae the Ceety's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[14] the tap employers in the ceety are:
# Employer # o employees 1 Coonty o Orange 15,390 2 Ingram Micro 4,000 3 Rancho Santiago Community College District 2,300 4 United States Postal Service 2,000 5 Tenet Healthcare 1,500 6 Freedom Communications 900 6 First American 900 8 Corinthian Colleges 858 9 California Department of Mental Health 800 10 United Building Services 800
Santa Ana haes a nummer o pairks that provide an impruivit quality o life for the residents.[15] Disneyland and Knotts Berry Farm amusement pairks are locatit northeast o Santa Ana, several kilometres awa. Beaches are locatit aroond 20 minutes tae the sooth, accessible bi the 55 freewey. Huntington Beach an Newport Beach as well as ither coastal commonties affer warld-cless shoppin, dinin, boatin, soummin an surfin opportunities.
Artist Village and Civic Center (See Downtown Santa Ana Historic Districts).
Bowers Museum - History museum stairtit in the 1930s wi a lairge collection o Central American airtifacts.
Heritage Museum of Orange County (umwhile Centennial Heritage Museum) - hame o the Kellogg House an ither 1890s biggins
CSUF Grand Central Art Center - At the hert o the Artist Village in Santa Ana.
- Orange County Center for Contemporary Art
Delhi Park and El Salvador Park (Artesia Pilar Neighborhood)
Discovery Science Center.
Downtown National Register District.
Downtown Santa Ana Historic Districts.
Dr. Willella Howe-Waffle House and Medical Museum.
El Centro Cultural de México.
Galaxy Theatre Archived 2011-12-08 at the Wayback Machine.
Historic Floral Park.
Historic French Park Archived 2022-06-26 at the Wayback Machine.
Main Place Mall opened in 1987.
OC Pavilion Archived 2006-11-05 at the Wayback Machine performin airts centre an 5-starn restaurant Ambrosia.
Old Orange County Courthouse.
Santa Ana Civic Center.
Santa Ana College, pairt of the Rancho Santiago Community College District.
Santa Ana Fire Department's Firefighter's Museum Archived 2013-05-15 at the Wayback Machine.
Santa Ana Historical Preservation Society.
Santa Ana Zoo, biggit in 1960.
Santiago Art District Archived 2012-09-10 at the Wayback Machine.
St. Joseph Catholic Church, established in 1887, renovatit in the late 1980s.
Sol Art Gallery Cafe Archived 2020-08-13 at the Wayback Machine.
Greenville, a umwhile landwart section o Santa Ana, haes biggins ower a century auld, but industrial complexes hae replacit the agricultural fields that ance surroondit the toun.
Santa Ana haes several waw paintins an murals depictin local history, commonty events an cultural diversity in Orange Coonty.
Riverview Golf Course
Willowick Municipal Golf Course
Pacific Electric Sub-Station No. 14
Southern (D), Builders Exchange Building
Ronald W Reagan Federal Courthouse
Newhope Branch Santa Ana Public Library
Dr. Willella Howe-Waffle House
Bowers Museum of Cultural Art
Santa Ana City Hall
Santa Ana Public Library
Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center
McFadden Branch Santa Ana Public Learning Center
Santora Building
Heritage Museum of Orange County (Kellogg House)
Old Orange County Courthouse
Rankin Building
Dexter's Chomp House
Santa Ana utilizes a mayor-cooncil form o govrenment. The cooncil consists o sax memmers who are electit bi the populace o the ceety. Each memmer serves for fower years an can serve a tot o three terms. A mayor pro tem is electit bi the cooncil memmers frae athin the cooncil.[16]
Santa Ana is ane o a few ceeties in Orange Coonty whaur Democratic Pairty registration outnummers that o the Republican Pairty.[17] In the 2008 Presidential Election, Barack Obama defeatit John McCain in the ceety bi a margin o 20,357 votes, 65% tae 32%.[18] This ws despite Obama luisin tae fellae Democrat Hillary Clinton in the ceety durin the Democratic Primar. Despite the ceety's heich percentage o Democrats, housomeivver, the ceety tends tae vote conservatively on social issues, hintle lik the rest o northren Orange Coonty. It votit Yes on California Proposition 8 bi 61.9%, abuin the coonty's average o 57.7%. On California Proposition 4, which wad hae amendit the Californie Constitution tae require minors tae notifee thair parents afore haein an abortion, Santa Ana votit in favor of the meisur by 62.0%, much higher than the county as a whole, which voted in favor o the meisur by anly 54.3%.[19]
In the state legislatur Santa Ana is locatit in the 34t Senate District representit bi Democrat Lou Correa, an in the 69t Assembly District, representit bi Democrat Jose Solorio. Federally, Santa Ana is locatit in Californie's 47t Congressional Destrict an is representit bi Democrat Loretta Sanchez.
The Consulate-General o Mexico in Santa Ana is locatit on 828 North Broadway Street.[20] The Consulate-General o El Salvador in Santa Ana is locatit in Suite 103 at 840 North Grand Avenue.[21]
Santa Ana Unified School District includes thirty-seven K–5 elementar schuils, nine 6–8 intermediate schuils, aicht 9–12 heich schuils, five special schuils, an ane chairter schuil. The schuil destrict provides an online accoontability report caird.[22]
Santa Ana Unified School District's public heich schuils include Valley High School (Santa Ana), Middle College High School, Santa Ana High School, Saddleback High School, Century High School, newly opened Segerstrom Fundamental High School an Godinez Fundamental High School, an ither public schuils in the aurie, alang wi the Orange County High School of the Arts in the midtoun destrict.
The Roman Catholic Diocese operates Mater Dei High School. The Diocese operates several K–8 schuils in Santa Ana an aw includin: School of Our Lady, Saint Anne, Saint Barbara, an Saint Joseph. (Immaculate Hert Of Mary And Our Lady Of the Pillar schuils wur closed in 2005 an mergit intae the School of Our Lady which is locatit at Immaculate Hert of Mary Parish.[23]
The ceety is hame tae Santa Ana College, a twa year public commonty college, as well as California Coast University, an the Orange Coonty branch o the Art Institute of California. Taft Law School a correspondence law schuil is based in Santa Ana an aw. Detective Training Institute is a correspondence/distance learnin institution that affers private investigator diplomas an is appruivit tae operate bi the Bureau for Private Postsecondary Eddication.
A few freeweys run throu Santa Ana, connectin the ceety tae ither auries in Orange Coonty, the Greater Los Angeles Aurie, an ayont. The Santa Ana Freeway (Interstate 5) heids north tae Los Angeles, an sooth towards Soothren Orange Coonty an San Diego. The Garden Grove Freeway (State Route 22) runs alang near Santa Ana's northren border, connectin Long Beach tae the wast an the Ceety o Orange tae the east. The Costa Mesa Freeway (State Route 55) travels sooth tae Costa Mesa; an then north tae the Riverside Freeway (State Route 91), providin a connection tae Riverside.
Amtrak, the naitional passenger rail seestem, provides service tae Santa Ana several times on weekdays wi less frequent service on weekends. It operates its Pacific Surfliner atween San Diego tae the sooth an aither Los Angeles or Paso Robles tae the north (see Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center). Greyhound USA is the lairgest bus transportation service in Santa Ana. Greyhound serves the continental Unitit States an Canadae. The bus lines Crucero, Intercalifornias, an ithers serve aw pynts intae Mexico.
Santa Ana is servit bi Metrolink's Orange County Line (Oceanside tae Union Station) an aw, an Inland Empire-Orange County Line (San Bernardino tae San Juan Capistrano).
Santa Ana is in the preliminar stages o implementin a street caur seestem that will connect the Santa Ana Train station tae Dountoun Santa Ana.[24]
Public transit bus service is available via the Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA).
John Wayne Airport is locatit at 18601 Airport Way Santa Ana, CA 92707. The IATA code for the airport is SNA.
Electricity for the ceety if providit bi Southern California Edison. The Southern California Gas Company provides naitural gas service. Phone an cable televeesion is providit bi AT&T.
Law enforcement is providit bi the Santa Ana Police Department frae three stations throuoot the ceety.[25] The department includes five canine units,[26] an 11 officer equestrian unit an a 37-member SWAT team.[27] The ceety shares a helicopter wi the ceeties o Costa Mesa an Newport Beach via the Airborne Law Enforcement (ABLE) program.[28]
In Mairch 2012, the ceety disbandit its municipal fire depairtment which haed providit fire pertection for 128 years[29] an contractit wi the Orange County Fire Authority.
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https://elliemrozdesign.com/westfield
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Service Area: Westfield, NJ — Ellie Mroz Design
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Westfield, New Jersey is a classic town for modern families. Noted for its beautiful downtown area, excellent school system, and convenient commute to New York City, it offers the attractions of suburban living within close proximity to New York City.
|
en
|
https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5762c9e38419c23857ce2737/1531756249996-T4PSGZ8M5BBGHTEPKDUS/favicon.ico?format=100w
|
Ellie Mroz Design
|
https://elliemrozdesign.com/westfield
|
Westfield, New Jersey is a classic town for modern families. Noted for its beautiful downtown area, excellent school system, and convenient commute to New York City, it offers the attractions of suburban living within close proximity to New York City. This central Union County town offers many characteristics typically associated with urban living — a bustling downtown, a vibrant cultural scene and good transportation options — along with many benefits of suburban living, like attractive homes, well-regarded schools and a sense of community.
History
Settled by immigrants from Europe in 1720, Westfield was once a popular trail for the Lenni-Lenape Indians whose heritage remains in the names of many existing streets and parks and residential areas such as Mindowaskin Park, Tamaques Park, Lenape Park, and the Indian Forest residential section.Originally known as the West Fields of Elizabethtown, the community gradually took its own identity and finally, in 1903 was incorporated as the Town of Westfield. It is a developed community of 6.29 miles with 211 acres devoted to parks.
Westfield has been able to sustain the residential tradition begun in the late 19th century, with several areas officially designates as historic.
Today Westfield is a town in Union County, New Jersey. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the town population was 30,316. The population increased by 672 (+2.3%) from the 29,644 counted in the 2000 Census. The town has an active Historical Society, which owns and operated two historic sites in Westfield – The Reeve History and Cultural Resource Center and the Miller-Cory House Museum, both located on Mountain Avenue Westfield is proud of its history and the historic sites.
Homes
This 6.7-square-mile town of around 30,300 is divided by train tracks, with historical and classic homes on both the North and South side of Westfield. Houses range from small Cape Cods and ranches to grand estates on expansive, tree-lined properties. Renovations and additions are common in the house-proud town. The Victorian and Colonial-style homes that reflect the town’s rich historical character and complement the broad, tree-lined streets of the community.
Proximity to NYC
A large segment of its residents commute daily to business in New York and Newark. Convenient train and bus service combined with easy access to the metropolitan highway network provides commuters with fast and efficient transportation.
Downtown
Westfield boasts an Great American Main Street award-winning walkable downtown with unique shops, boutiques, and upscale and casual eating establishments. Downtown Westfield is a vibrant shopping and dining destination
Arts/Culture
The town has a community theater, a movie house, an orchestra, and many other musical and arts events, like a summer jazz series where live bands play in five downtown locations on Tuesday nights. There are nine parks in town as well as the Westfield Memorial Pool, where many residents spend summer.
Links/Sources:
https://www.westfieldnj.gov/
|
||
659
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 33
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_museums_in_Ontario
|
en
|
Category:History museums in Ontario
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_museums_in_Ontario
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659
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dbpedia
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3
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https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/cultural_landmarks/alpha3.htm
|
en
|
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF CULTURAL LANDMARKS IN HAMILTON
|
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659
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dbpedia
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2
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https://dogtrotting.net/archives/8199
|
en
|
friendly Southern Ontario: Westfield Heritage Village … bring the dog (and a snack)
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2018-10-08T12:10:59+00:00
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We’re at Westfield Heritage Village in Rockton, Ontario (about an hour west of Toronto) engaging with some living history… and getting our run on. The quaint heritage village, open from April to October each year, allows leashed dogs to roam about and admittedly Victor skirts this rule a few times. But we practically have the place to ourselves.
|
en
|
Dog Trotting
|
https://dogtrotting.net/archives/8199
|
Picture a clear fall day with leaves changing colour, 18th and 19th century buildings lining a winding pathway and my little black dog, Victor, racing circles around it all.
We’re at Westfield Heritage Village in Rockton, Ontario (about an hour west of Toronto) engaging with some living history… and getting our run on.
The quaint heritage village, open from April to October each year, allows leashed dogs to roam about and admittedly Victor skirts this rule a few times. But we practically have the place to ourselves.
We’re here the last day the Hamilton Conservation Authority site is open for the season. We’ve come to trot among the pumpkins lining the wooded walking trails surrounding the village and breath in the strong scent of history.
That’s right: Victor loves the smell of old stuff and three centuries is really old. (Check out his old fort visit here)
Opened in 1964, This living history museum is about bringing early Canadian culture alive. It’s a collection of 35 historical buildings most restored to specific decades ranging from 1775 to 1925, moved here from locations around Southern Ontario and staffed with costumed interpreters.
Centuries reside side-by-side. A colour-coded map directs visitors from the living conditions in the late 18th century to the early 20th. For instance, the Queen’s Rangers’ Cabin, built in 1792, was originally located in Dundas and is one of the oldest cabins in Ontario.
The Mountsberg Church was built in 1854 and move here from yes, Mountsberg and yes, you can actually rent it for weddings.
Other buildings, like the Victorian-style Hardware Store and Gillen House Greenhouse, are replicas.
Victor’s favourite – because he can run up the stairs to the platform – is the 1896 Jerseyville Railway Station that once saw trains travelling between Hamilton and Brantford pass by its doors. Today, Victor’s feeling the PEI vibe, because this station became a set featured in the Anne of Green Gables movie (Amazon affiliate) and the television series Anne of Avonlea.
Ultimately, it’s the intense smells of autumn’s rotting leaves on the trails and history’s aging barn board that keeps Victor thrilled. And he’s surprisingly happy, though I think the attention paid to accurate historic restoration is lost on him.
TRAVEL GUIDE: Westfield Heritage Village, 1049 Kirkwall Road, Rockton, Ontario, Canada is open daily April to October, but the buildings are only open on weekends and holidays, 12:30 to 4:00 pm. Dogs (leashed) are welcome and bring your own picnic. Admission is $14 per adult on weekends, $4 weekdays and dogs are free.
43.320012-80.145384
|
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659
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shoppes_at_Carlsbad
|
en
|
The Shoppes at Carlsbad
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2006-08-19T09:23:34+00:00
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shoppes_at_Carlsbad
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Shopping mall in Carlsbad, California
The Shoppes at Carlsbad is a shopping mall in Carlsbad, California. The mall was originally named Plaza Camino Real when it was built in 1969, but was rebranded several times when it was a Westfield Holdings property (1994-2015). Its anchor stores are JCPenney and Macy's (in two locations). A Robinsons-May closed in 2006, while Sears closed on December 15, 2019.
History
[edit]
1969 launch
[edit]
Originally named Plaza Camino Real, San Diego County's sixth mall was the first fully enclosed, regional-class shopping center in the metro area. At its dedication in 1969, Plaza Camino Real encompassed 548,000 leasable square feet, making it nearly three times the size of the region's first fully enclosed shopping complex, Escondido Village Mall (1964).
The 90-acre Plaza Camino Real site was located 32 miles north of San Diego's urban core. It extended along the southern side of the Vista Way / California Route 78 expressway, which had been dedicated in April 1962. Predominantly within the city of Carlsbad, the mall's parking area eventually included a small section in the city limits of Oceanside.
Plaza Camino Real was the second San Diego mall developed by May Centers. It was constructed in two phases, over a 10-year period. The first phase, featuring 63 stores, came inline in March 1969.[4] Anchored by a 2-level (148,200 square foot) May Company California[5][6] and 2-level (154,000 square foot) J.C. Penney,[4] the mall structure consisted of two levels of retail and included an F.W. Woolworth on its Lower Level. There was also an outparcel movie house across Marron Road, the Cinema Plaza. It opened for business, in August 1969, as the first twinplex in San Diego County.
1979 expansion
[edit]
The second phase of Plaza Camino Real consisted of 500,000 leasable square feet.[7] It was added to the west side of the existing mall, opening in 1979, and was anchored by a 3-level (152,000 square foot), Los Angeles-based The Broadway and 2-level (148,900 square foot) Sears.[8]
An official dedication of the second phase expansion was held October 24, 1979. The third anchor of the addition, a 3-level (115,000 square foot), Los Angeles-based Bullock's, came inline October 2, 1980. With the newly completed enlargement, Plaza Camino Real encompassed 1,148,400 leasable square feet. The mall assumed the position as the largest shopping center in San Diego County with five department stores as anchors. It retained this distinction until Fashion Valley Mall was enlarged to 1,305,000 leasable square feet in 1981.
1980s and 1990s
[edit]
Shopping complex competitors in the North County suburbs were Escondido Village Mall (1964) and North County Fair / Westfield North County (1986), both in Escondido. The Forum lifestyle center, a competitor within the city of Carlsbad, was dedicated in 2003.
Plaza Camino Real was given a large-scale makeover during 1989, which included new tile flooring and escalators. A glass elevator was installed in the Penney's Court, along with innovative water fountains in front of the May Co. and Sears mall entrances. The Broadway Court was refitted with a unique mechanical clock.
Anchor rebrandings at Plaza Camino Real commenced with the conversion of May Company, to Robinsons-May, in January 1993. The Broadway was converted to a Macy's Women's Store in 1996, even though it was originally going to be a Bloomingdale's.[citation needed] The Bullock's became a Macy's Men's and Home Store, in May 1996.
Meanwhile, in 1994, Australia-based Westfield Holdings had acquired the mall. They rebranded it Westfield Shoppingtown Plaza Camino Real in late 1998, and then dropped the "Shoppingtown" reference in June 2005.[9]
2000s
[edit]
Robinsons-May was shuttered in March 2006.[10] Macy's was originally going to relocate into the Robinsons-May space, but its first level became a Steve and Barry's University Sportswear in September of the same year.[11] This store closed in late 2008. At this time, Westfield Plaza Camino Real housed 148 stores and services. The proprietors "down under" announced a plan for its revitalization in 2009, which ended up being delayed by the sour economy.
This project would have converted the vacant Robinsons-May / Steve and Barry's into a megaplex cinema. A "Dining Terrace" Food Court, new specialty shops and three freestanding restaurants would also be built. Moreover, the circa-1980s interior and exterior would have been given a much-needed upgrade. Work was scheduled to get underway in early 2011.
However, Westfield delayed remodeling its Plaza Camino Real property and invested heavily in the renovation of two other San Diego shopping hubs, namely Westfield UTC / University Towne Centre (1977) in San Diego and the aforementioned Westfield North County.
2010s
[edit]
In January 2013, Westfield announced plans for a long-delayed renovation of the Plaza Camino Real property.[12] The vacant May Company / Robinsons-May structure was to be renovated by San Ramon, California-based 24 Hour Fitness, who would refit 40,000 square feet as a Super-Sport club. This was to include a basketball court, state-of-the-art training area, lap pool and exterior aquatic area. The remainder of the old Robinsons-May structure would be rebuilt as a 12-screen Regal Cinemas multiplex. As part of the makeover from an indoor mall to an outdoor mall, Westfield Plaza Camino Real was being rebranded Westfield Carlsbad.[13]
In November 2015, Westfield sold Westfield Carlsbad to New York City-based Rouse Properties for $170 million who renamed the development The Shoppes at Carlsbad.[14][15][16] However, Rouse Properties was acquired by Brookfield Properties in 2016.
On August 31, 2019, it was announced that Sears would be closing this location a part of a plan to close 92 stores nationwide. The store closed on December 15, 2019.[17]
References
[edit]
|
||||||
659
|
dbpedia
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2
| 19
|
https://latitude.to/articles-by-country/ca/canada/142625/westfield-heritage-centre
|
en
|
GPS coordinates of Westfield Heritage Centre, Canada. Latitude: 43.3200 Longitude:
|
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The Westfield Heritage Centre is home to the Westfield Heritage Village. The village contains over 30 historic buildings on a 3.4 square kilometres (840 a…
|
en
|
/img/favicon.png
|
Latitude.to, maps, geolocated articles, latitude longitude coordinate conversion.
|
http://latitude.to:8080/articles-by-country/ca/canada/142625/westfield-heritage-centre
|
The Westfield Heritage Centre is home to the Westfield Heritage Village. The village contains over 30 historic buildings on a 3.4 square kilometres (840 acres) site.
|
||||
659
|
dbpedia
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3
| 55
|
https://www.iloveny.com/things-to-do/path-through-history/attractions/history-museums/
|
en
|
History Museums in New York State
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Visit history museums that are part of the Path Through History, exploring New York's historical attractions and rich past.
|
en
| null |
New York State is a magnet for history buffs. The rich heritage of the nation and state are celebrated and explored at history, cultural, and military museums along the Path Through History. The New York State Museum in Albany, the nation's largest and oldest state museum, features exhibits with vintage firefighting vehicles, antique subway cars, and dioramas that bring New York's past to life. Step inside the oldest surviving house in Upstate New York at Bronck Museum in the Catskills Region. The single-room stone house, built in 1663, still features original massive beams, wide floor boards, cellar hatchway, and early Dutch doors. In the Lower East Side of Manhattan, the Tenement Museum, through guided tours of two historic tenement buildings, tells the uniquely American story of immigration and the large role New York played. Find yourself viewing a historic whaleboat, the only whaling vessel with original gear on display in New York, along with maritime art, navigational aids, manuscripts, ship models and more at The Whaling Museum & Education Center in Cold Spring Harbor. In the Thousand Islands-Seaway region, discover military history at the Sackets Harbor Battlefield State Historic Site, where a battle was fought in the War of 1812. Today, it offers public exhibits, guided and self-guided tours, and the restored 1850’s Navy Yard and Commandant's House. At The Corning Museum of Glass, travel through 35 centuries of glass artistry, get hands-on with the science and technology of glass, watch live glassblowing, and even make your own glass.
Since the first colonization of the Eastern Seaboard, New York State has played an important role in the development of the United States military. Across the state, you will find a wealth of forts, battlegrounds, and military headquarters that preserve, recreate and honor our country’s military history. The New York State Military Museum, located in beautiful downtown Saratoga Springs, maintains the largest state collection of military battle flags, manages the NYS Veterans Oral History Program, and houses more than 10,000 artifacts dating from the Revolutionary War to Desert Storm that relate to military forces, military history, and the contributions of New York’s veterans. In the Hudson Valley, the United States Military Academy at West Point is situated majestically along the Hudson River. It was founded in 1778 as an army post, and in 1802 became what is today the country’s oldest service academy. Tour the grounds to take in its rich history, cadet parades, and magnificent views of the Hudson River.
Travel to the Adirondack village of Ticonderoga and experience life during the 18th century at Fort Ticonderoga, a restored garrison which dates back to the start of the French and Indian War in 1755 and was the site of events that helped shape the nations of North America and changed world history. With its 27-mile range, Dunkirk Lighthouse is one of the most prominent beacons on Lake Erie, and the Dunkirk Historical Lighthouse and Veterans Park Museum is a must-see in the Chautauqua- Allegheny region. Guided museum tours include a climb of the Dunkirk Lighthouse's spiral stairs to the upper observation level, a walk through the restored 1800 lighthouse keeper's home, and experiencing the Museum by seeing and discovering the many Lake Erie nautical displays and US Veterans displays.
|
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https://www.chatterblock.com/resources/32694/westfield-heritage-village-ancaster-on/
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en
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Westfield Heritage Village, Ancaster
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A stunning collection of over 30 historical buildings make Westfield one of Ontario's best historic destinations. Carefully restored and staffed with costumed interpreters, the buildings capture the spirit of early Canadian culture
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en
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ChatterBlock
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https://www.chatterblock.com/resources/32694/westfield-heritage-village-ancaster-on/
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About
Visitors may witness living history demonstrations and take part in guided tours of the 130-hectare site which is bordered by beautiful woodlands, meadows and trails.
Westfield also offers a variety of education programs. Groups can choose from several options, available on weekends and weekdays, that are curriculum driven and come complete with teacher’s kits.
Special Events happen throughout the year and include The Maple Syrup Festival, Ice Cream Festival and Twas The Night Before
History
D. Glenn Kilmer and Golden (Goldie) L. MacDonell, two Brantford high school teachers, purchased 30 acres in October, 1960 at the site which later …
About
Visitors may witness living history demonstrations and take part in guided tours of the 130-hectare site which is bordered by beautiful woodlands, meadows and trails.
Westfield also offers a variety of education programs. Groups can choose from several options, available on weekends and weekdays, that are curriculum driven and come complete with teacher’s kits.
Special Events happen throughout the year and include The Maple Syrup Festival, Ice Cream Festival and Twas The Night Before
History
D. Glenn Kilmer and Golden (Goldie) L. MacDonell, two Brantford high school teachers, purchased 30 acres in October, 1960 at the site which later became Westfield heritage Village. They envisioned a unique project which would develop a pioneer village as a non-profit educational institution to preserve and present the 19th century rural life in Upper Canada. Their vision became a reality when Westfield was officially opened to the public on June 15, 1964.
Westfield Heritage Village is now owned by the City of Hamilton and managed by the Hamilton Conservation Authority.
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dbpedia
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https://cityseeker.com/hamilton-on/825794-westfield-heritage-centre
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Westfield Heritage Centre, Hamilton
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The Westfield Heritage Centre contains the Westfield Heritage Village and is spread across an area of 130 hectares (321.23 acres). With home to 30 historic buildings, the village is certainly one of the most amazing historic destinations in Ontario. Interpreters in costumes will guide you through this maze of history and acquaint you with the rich Canadian culture. Live history demonstrations along with the beautiful county side backdrop will surely take you to the olden days. Educational programs, group tours and guided tours of the site are available. Events and activities at this site keep the visitors entertained.
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cityseeker
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https://cityseeker.com/hamilton-on/825794-westfield-heritage-centre
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Sunday 12:30 PM to 04:00 PM
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https://indianahistory.org/research/research-materials/early-black-settlements/early-black-settlements-by-county/
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en
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Early Black Settlements by County
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2017-09-04T15:41:12+00:00
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this page contains a county by county listing of early black settlement locations
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en
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Indiana Historical Society
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https://indianahistory.org/research/research-materials/early-black-settlements/early-black-settlements-by-county/
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African American rural settlements documented: 2
Clark County had a large African American population prior to the Civil War. At least two black rural settlements were established by 1870. One settlement, known as Africa, was associated with the village of Memphis in Union Township. The other rural settlement, name unknown, was associated with the village of Watson in Utica Township.
As a whole, the 19th century African American population of Clark County was significant and rather widely distributed throughout the county. Carl Kramer’s description of the county as “a major black population center” (p 120) provides insight into the challenges of the research process. As in the case of Marion County, issues include trying to frame and define the standard of rural and urban settlement and the challenges of gathering scant bits of information on the African American presence from varied sources. Clark County, one of the earliest sites of European settlement in Indiana, presents a particular challenge in defining an independent rural settlement as opposed to a neighborhood, suburb, or community within a larger context.
In 1810, Clark County’s population included 40 free people of color and 81 slaves (Kramer p 72). In these early days of the region, slave owners circumvented the prohibition against slavery by indentures. Emma Lou Thornbrough documents 32 such indentures involving 36 individuals, the majority of whom were from Kentucky. Although there was a strong practice of slave holding among white settlers in Clark County, there was also forceful opposition, including Underground Railroad activity.
In the ensuing decades, Clark County continued to have one of the largest black populations in the state. With a count of 138 African Americans in 1820, Clark ranked second only to Knox County in black population. Although population in the county continued to increase steadily (with the exception of a small drop in the 1860 census), Clark’s black population was superseded by rapid growth in counties where there was a strong Quaker presence. Clark County’s black population increased from 520 in 1860 to 1,970 in 1870, an increase of 278.8 percent. Growth slowed in the next decade rising to 2,536 (28.7 percent). Clark County ranked as the third largest black population of Indiana’s counties exceeded only by Marion & Vanderburgh Counties (Kramer p 174).
In contrast to other counties with large African American populations, black residents of Clark County ranked relatively low in terms of land ownership. Herbert Heller examined black land holdings for the year 1850. Of the top nine counties, Clark ranked last with 24 African American property owners. Holdings were valued at $10,240 in 1850 (Thornbrough p140). The number of opportunities for employment in industrial enterprises may have been a factor in the lower numbers of black landowners.
Data extracted from the 1870 census indicates that most African American men found employment as farm laborers or general laborers. There are far fewer black or mulatto farmers. Other occupations reported include barber, plasterer, painter, carpenter, teamster, stone mason, railroad worker, boat steward, boat porter, wood cutter, and butcher. Black female heads of households are most often listed as “keeping house” with a significant number of women listing their employment as washerwomen. (Hannah Toliver, 44 years old in the 1870 census, is enumerated as a washerwoman. Her anti-slavery activities are commemorated with an historic marker in Jeffersonville.)
The majority of heads of black households give Kentucky as place of nativity with Indiana nativity as strong second. Other states of origin include Ohio, the Carolinas, Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Maryland, Alabama, and Mississippi. William Washington, a 25 year old mulatto farmer, gives Canada as his place of birth. Family names include Thornton, Mitchum/Michum, Washington, Smith, McCoy, Bland, Tandy, Wilson, Hardin, Russell, Henson, Gill, Slaughter, Clemens, Bibb, Taylor, Kiphart and Hampton.
Union Township, Africa
The African American settlement associated with the village of Memphis was known as Africa. Memphis was laid out in 1852 at the crossing of Blue Lick Road and the railroad tracks. A contemporary informant stated that historically major components of commerce in the town included mills, cooperages and the manufacture of staves. It was indicated that African Americans were not employed in those industries but worked instead as farm laborers. Unfortunately the microfilm for Union Township is almost illegible. making it difficult to extract much information given limitations of time. The index to the 1870 census lists 20 households headed by African Americans and 1 white household with African American members. Occupations are almost exclusively laborer or farm laborer. The nativity of black residents conforms to that of Clark County in general. Kentucky leads as place of birth with Indiana a close second. Other states include Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama and Texas. Family names include Scott, Montgomery, Hansberry, Helm, Tyler, Blakemore, Adams Bibb, Jefferson, Ball and Blakey.
Memphis maintained two schools—one for white students and one for “colored” students. Of the approximately 100 students, about a quarter of them were black. Black Methodists and black Baptists held joint services in their school-house. A cemetery was begun about 1840 in a “private yard” belonging to a Mr. Weir. African Americans buried their dead in a half acre area “alongside” the Weir yard. It was reported to be “handsomely situated and neatly fenced.”
Utica Township, Watson
The unnamed African American settlement associated with the village of Watson was located along the Utica-Sellersburg Road. The village of Watson itself had its origins with the relocation of a cement mill to a spot near the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad. Watson was formally platted in 1876 with the objective of providing housing for workers at the mill. While a number of small towns in Utica Township were hostile to African Americans (e.g. the towns of Utica with sunset laws), Watson was described in a newspaper account as “a harboring place for them [African Americans] in considerable numbers.”
Many of the residents of the Watson settlement were farm laborers or ordinary laborers. Of the 33 black heads of households in the township, there was only a single black farmer: Lowry Straws, a 43 year old man from Kentucky. Straws is enumerated with property valued at just over $1000. The index to the 1870 census lists 15 white heads of households whose households included black members. The County Historian related that a number of African Americans worked at the Fry settlement, a farm owned by white people about 2 miles from the village of Watson on the Utica-Sellersburg Road. One of the farm hands, Reuben Johnson, was arrested in the 1850s for aiding people fleeing slavery and later served with the 108th Colored Infantry of Kentucky. Family names include Mitchem, Hawkins, Kiphart, Carter, Straws, Johnson, Hampton, Steers, Haydon/Hayden, Mattox, and Dorsey.
Although Watson was a small municipality, there was a white school and a “colored” school. About forty students attended the colored school. Watson also had two Sunday schools—“white and colored”, as well as an African Methodist Church. Briar Hill Cemetery has been identified as an African American burial place. The Clark County historian stated that a tombstone for a Civil War veteran named McCormick was found at Briar Hill. African American residents also chartered an Odd Fellows’ lodge.
The following township descriptions illustrate where else in Clark County African Americans settled. Many of these places appear to be neighborhoods in towns or cities prior to 1870.
Jeffersonville Township
The large majority of Clark County’s black residents lived in Jeffersonville Township either in Jeffersonville proper or in towns, communities and neighborhoods associated with Jeffersonville and Clarksville as well as smaller nearby municipalities.
Jeffersonville (Town)
The black population of Jeffersonville was large enough to result in the development of institutions such as the First Colored Baptist Church organized about 1861 by Philip Simcoe (located on Illinois Street between Seventh and Eighth Streets). Simcoe also organized Second Colored Baptist (located at the intersection of Indiana Avenue and Sixth Street) about 1865 following a split from First Baptist. Wesleyan Methodists began worship in Jeffersonville following the Civil War eventually moving from a modest frame building to a new structure in 1876 south of the community of Claysburg on Watt Street. Educational aspirations were fulfilled at Jeffersonville Colored High School established as early as 1872; renamed Taylor High School in 1924 to honor a beloved principal. In 1878 Prince Hall Masons chartered North Star Lodge No. 3. at 801 Spring Street.
Other Communities in Jefferson Communities
Although other writers often use the word “settlement” in reference to a range of communities/neighborhoods, without more detailed study and documentation, I hesitate to classify these communities as such. A list of black and/or racially mixed communities with descriptions follows.
Guinea Bottom or Guinea Bottoms
Located near the western edge of Clarksville; adjoins the B&O railroad.
As early as 1802 or 1803 “influential pioneer families” quartered their slaves in this low, swampy area. Jeffersonville newspapers in the 19th century reported that General George Rogers Clark “brought the first colored family to Indiana, Uncle Tom and Aunt Esther, with twelve children, whom he settled in a spot called Guinea Bottom.” General Clark’s farm on outlot 127 encompassed a portion of Guinea Bottom. News accounts also mention “the Goodwins brought the second colored family as slaves and settled them in Guinea Bottom” The article continues with the dubious claim “ …and so formed the first Negro settlement” [in Indiana]; then, hedging, they make a possible exception for Vincennes.
Ben and Venus McGee are better documented as being among the first residents of Guinea Bottom. Records exist showing that Ben McGee was “once enslaved by the Clark family” (Brown p34). Documents in the Kentucky Archives record Ben McGee’s manumission on December 10, 1802, and his subsequent indenture papers signed one day later. Rob Loy/Lloyd, a free man of color, was another early resident.
In 1905, the town of Clarksburg, in an “…effort to create a pure white city…” attempted to expel its black residents by “…de-annexing Guinea Bottoms where most lived.” By 1940, Clarksville was “devoid” of African Americans (Kramer p257).
Jeanne Burke, Clark County Historian, is of the opinion that a strong case could be made for classifying Guinea Bottom as a rural settlement for a part of its existence. Clearly, this is an important subject that needs additional research.
Claysburg
Platted in 1856 by Dr. Nathaniel Field (a noted white abolitionist), William Riddle and Edward Schon.
Named for Cassius M. Clay, a Kentucky abolitionist.
Walter K. Kiser uses the terms “surburb [sic] of Jeffersonville” and “a separate section from Jeffersonville” and states that “Claysburg is largely a colored settlement.” Eventually became Jeffersonville’s “largest black neighborhood” (Kramer p139).
Many of the African Americans residing in Claysburg found employment with the railroad company and other nearby industries.
Residents established Bethel AME Church as early as 1842. Other African American churches included Trinity Baptist (15th and Spring Streets), Gilt Edge Baptist (Green Street), Indiana Baptist and Walnut Ridge Baptist.
Claysburg schools were segregated with separate white and “colored” schools. A park, U.S. Negro Enterprise Association Park, also known as Beech Grove Park, was established. Other institutions were segregated as well including the Dixie Theater and a separate grocery store. Many restaurants and other public accommodations refused service to African Americans. Claysburg was eventually annexed to the city of Jeffersonville in 1948.
Lick Skillet
Lick Skillet was the colloquial name for the Lattimer & Savage Subdivision of the town of Port Fulton. Victor Neff laid out Port Fulton in 1835 about a mile and a half upstream from Jeffersonville’s Spring Street (Kramer p100-101). “Leap frog growth became a characteristic pattern of development in Jeffersonville and Clark Co” (Kramer p 100). Port Fulton was bounded by the river, Jackson Street, Division Street. The town attracted ship builders and others associated with maritime industries. Saloons were plentiful. Lick Skillet itself was prone to flooding. During the 1960s Port Fulton was the subject of large scale urban renewal projects.
Other Communities in Jeffersonville Township/Jeffersonville (Town)
Bucktown: an area west of Jeffersonville, needs further documentation.
Cementville: village six miles north of Jeffersonville developed around cement industry; needs further documentation.
Gibsonville: a “small settlement east of Downtown Jeffersonville” (Kramer, p311). According to Clark County historian it was a disparaging name for Claysburg’s Watt Street intended to convey exaggerated status. Mentioned in Jeffersonville newspaper accounts as early as 1873; has news brief in 1887 on topic of church rally held by Pastor E. Miller.
Prison Hill: a “predominately black neighborhood” in Jeffersonville and notable victim of I-65 development c. 1956” (Kramer p 412). County historian locates the neighborhood east of the Colgate Palmolive building and considered the area racially mixed.
Sand Hill: Rural area east of Port Fulton along 8th Street/Middle Road. Small farms with sandy soil. Family names from 20th century include James, Lee and Lindsay. Sand Hill was considered an integrated area.
Sassiegamus (also spelled Sassygamus): associated with Jeffersonville Springs founded in 1819 by Swiss immigrant John Fischli. Many patrons of the springs were attracted by opportunities to gamble (Kramer p 144-115). It is assumed that this neighborhood housed the black employees of the resort.
Slabtown: located “below the bridge fill”; also known as West End and Egypt. Clark County historian places it west of Jeffersonville and east of the Colgate Palmolive building. She indicated that it was a racially mixed neighborhood and the name Egypt derived from darker skin tones in the population.
Charlestown Township, Charlestown (Town)
In analyzing population trends of Indiana’s 19th century “nonrural communities,” Emma Lou Thornbrough includes the town of Charlestown as one of eight towns in the state designated as nonrural with the largest black population. In 1860, Charlestown’s African American population was tallied at 198 persons, an increase from the 1850 count of 154 persons. Further, Thornbrough notes that these figures represent 6 percent of the total population of the city. It is interesting to note that in 1860 New Albany ranked first both in black population and in percentage of total population with 627 African American residents making up 7.5 percent of the town. Indianapolis, which had the 2nd largest black population (498 persons), was only 2.6 percent black (Thornbrough 141). It is also worth noting that in a decade where the black population of Clark County as a whole decreased, the population of the town of Charleston increased. By 1870, the population of Charleston more than doubled to a count of 410.
In addition to labor, various censuses also inventory an interesting range of skilled trades among the black residents of Charlestown that included blacksmith, miller, plasterer, carpenter, cabinet maker, shoemaker, brick molder, tailor, teamster, river pilot, boatman, wagon maker, miniature painter and weaver. Kentucky and Indiana are the primary places of birth.
Despite it’s significant numbers, Charlestown’s African American residents were mostly restricted to a neighborhood with the unfortunate name of Nigger Hill, a name still in common use to this day. The neighborhood is located on the southwest edge of Charlestown. Black students attended a segregated school. The Charlestown Public Library has a catalog with a roster of students in the “colored department” as well as a photograph of students outside the Carver Hill School, a one-room school house.
Bethel AME Church began before 1857 as the Charlestown Meeting House. Reverend W.A. Mitchem was one of the first ministers to preach. Tradition has it that preachers also served as school teachers. The church built a second structure in 1857. County histories indicate that the cemetery in Charlestown has “subdivisions” for “strangers, suicides and colored people.” The John Brown Post 585 of the GAR, an African American chapter, was organized in 1890. Although short-lived, Charlestown even had a newspaper with an African American perspective. Begun in May 1859, William Greenlee’s effort ceased publication shortly after it began (Kramer 156).
Bibliography
Abby, Margaret. “Taylor High: Their School is Gone but Not Their Spirit.” Jeffersonville Evening News, January 24, 2002.
“Back in the Early Days.” Jeffersonville Daily Evening News, August 27, 1889, p2.
Baird, Lewis C. Baird’s History of Clark County, Indiana. Indianapolis: B.F. Bowen, 1909.
“Bethel A.M.E. Church, Charlestown, Indiana, 1857-1964, Church History”. [1964?] Photocopy. (Collection of Charlestown-Clark County Public Library.)
“Bethel A.M.E. Church, Charlestown, Indiana. 125th Church Anniversary, March 28, 1982”. [1982?] Photocopy. (Collection of Charlestown-Clark County Public Library.)
Biographical and historical souvenir for the counties of Clark, Crawford, Harrison, Floyd, Jefferson, Jennings, Scott, and Washington, Indiana. Chicago: Chicago Printing Co., 1889.
“Briar Hill Cemetery Burials.” United States Genealogy Network. Accessed October 24, 2014.
Brown, Maxine. “The Trail: Chronicling Indiana’s African American History and Heritage.” Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. Fall 2011: 34-39.
Burke, Jeanne M. “We Need to Save Clark’s History.” [Clark Co, In] News and Tribune, September 30, 2009. Accessed October 25, 2014.
Burke, Jeanne M. “Priceless County History Destroyed.” [Clark Co., IN] News and Tribune, November 9, 2007. Accessed October 25, 2014.
Burke, Jeanne M., Clark County Historian. Telephone interviews and email with Georgia Cravey, October, 2014.
Clark County, Indiana Register of Negroes and Mulattos, 1805-1810. Southern Indiana Minority Enterprises, Inc. 2007.
Clark-Floyd Counties Indiana Platbook. LaPorte, IN: Town & Country Publishing Co. Inc., 1978.
Coon, Diane Perrine. Southeastern Indiana’s Underground Railroad Routes and Operations. Louisville, KY: Perrine Enterprises, 2001.
“Delay Now Hinders the Pigeon Roost Highway.” Jeffersonville Star, July 25, 1921, p 1.
“Fire in Port Fulton.” Jeffersonville Evening News, June 12, 1873, p 1.
“Hannah Tolliver.” Indiana Historical Bureau. Accessed October 25, 2014.
Hickman, Mrs. Lydia Langley. “Church History of Bethel A.M.E. Church, Charlestown, Ind.” [n.d.] Typescript. (Collection of Charlestown-Clark County Public Library.)
Clark County Interim Report. Indianapolis: Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana, 1988.
History of the Ohio Falls Cities and their Counties, vol 2. Cleveland, OH: L.A. Williams & Co, 1882.
Kiser, Walter H., comp. “Claysburg, 1842-1978.” Typescript at Jeffersonville Public Library [date stamped September 18, 1979]
Kramer, Carl E. “Jeffersonville Population Followed U.S. Census over the Years.” [Jeffersonville, IN] Evening News. June 15, 1989.
Kramer, Carl E. This Place We Call Home: A History of Clark County, Indiana. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007.
Lowry, Kyle. “Event Focuses on Black History in Clark County.” [Clark Co., Jeffersonville, IN] News and Tribune. February 26, 2006.
Nichols, Jim. “Taylor-Made: Alumni Remember Their All-Black School with Pride.” Jeffersonville Evening News [undated, from Jeffersonville Public Library clipping files].
Nokes, Garry J. Jeffersonville, Indiana. Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2002.
“Old County Records of Slavery Days in Indiana Territory: Guinea Bottom.” Jeffersonville Clark County Journal, July 28, 1921, p 4.
Peters, Pamela R. The Underground Railroad in Floyd County, Indiana. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2001.
“Port Fulton Annexed by Unanimous Vote of Council Last Night.” Jeffersonville Evening News, March 6, 1925. (Collection of Jeffersonville Public Library).
“Port Fulton Comes in to Corporate Limits by Ordinance Tonight.” Jeffersonville Evening News, March 5, 1925. (Collection of Jeffersonville Public Library).
“Press Excursion: What the Editors Say about Jeffersonville.” Jeffersonville Evening News, June 20, 1873, p3.
Reiter, Jon. “Jeff Native Working on Book Highlighting African-American Influence on City’s History.” Jeffersonville Evening News, January 24, 2002.
Sarles, Jane. Clarksville, Indiana. Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2001.
Schneider. Grace. “Old Taylor School is Lesson in Both Love, Intolerance.” Louisville Courier Journal, October 27, 1993.
“Serious Charges: the West End and Egypt All Agog.” Jeffersonville Daily Evening News, September 13, 1886, p 4.
Steurt, Raeone, ed. Indiana 1870 Census Index. Bountiful, UT: Heritage Press, 1999.
Thornbrough, Emma Lou. The Negro in Indiana before 1900: a Study of a Minority. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1993.
“To Clear Borders of the Negro Population.” Jeffersonville Evening News, January 19, 1905, p 1.
Trustees. First Annual Catalogue of the Graded School and Normal Institute of Charlestown, Clark County, Indiana, for the Scholastic Years 1883-4. Collection of Charlestown-Clark County Public Library).
U.S. Bureau of the Census. “Aggregate Amount of Each Description of Persons within District of Indiana,” 1: 352. Sixth Census of the United States, 1840. Washington, D.C., 1841.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. “Population of Civil Divisions Less Than Counties; Table III—State of Indiana,” 1: 124. Ninth Census of the United States, 1870. Washington, D.C., 1872.
“Utica Township Schools Teachers” [n.a., n.d.,] Typescript. (Collection of Charlestown-Clark County Public Library).
“Weir Cemetery Burials.” United States Genealogy Network. Accessed October 21, 2014.
Audrey C. Werle “Research Notes on Indiana African American History,” M 792, William Henry Smith Memorial Library, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, Indiana.
By Georgia Cravey, October 21, 2014
African American rural settlements documented: 1
There was one small unnamed settlement in Sugar Creek Township of Hancock County. John Delaney, born in Virginia about 1788, appears to be the nucleus of this community. An enterprising man, he purchased 140 acres of land in Hancock County in 1833. He established a tavern on the Old Brookville Road (SR 52) a mile west of present day New Palestine. The tavern would be located advantageously at a midway point between Indianapolis and Rush County, home to both the Beech settlement and the town of Carthage. His wife, Maryland native, Sarah Delaney, had a reputation as a good cook. The building is currently a private home still standing at 5714 W US Highway 52; Palestine.
Listed in the 1850 census as a farmer, Delaney is also identified as an early grocer in the county. Both John and Sarah are enumerated as mulatto. It is interesting that accounts of the Delaneys in the standard county histories do not mention race. They are buried in the small cemetery west of New Palestine situated near the site of their former tavern. Other burials in the Delaney Cemetery record the names Cambridge, Malson and Burns. Genealogy forums discuss much intermarriage among these families. Other names encountered nearby include Butler, Chavis/Chevis, Custor, Griffin, Locklear, Roberts, and Washington.
Although it bears more investigation, this settlement seems to have an interesting racial composition. Some of the households in this area appear to be headed by white men who have married “mulatto” women and raised large families. (E.g. the 1850 census lists Francis Malson, a farmer, 36 years old, white, married to Jane Malson, a 33 year old mulatto woman born in Kentucky with five mulatto children in the household.)
Joe Skvarenina, Hancock County Historian, considers racial identity in this area as fluid at the time.
In another example of racial fluidity (and again, more careful research is needed) it would seem that John H. Cambridge (farmer, born in Maryland) and Matilda Malson Cambridge, (possibly born in Ohio), residents in the Sugar Creek vicinity, were the parents of several children. In 1850 the entire household is enumerated as mulatto. However, some sources indicate that their son Edwin later served in the 2nd regiment, Indiana Calvary, a “white” unit, rather than in a unit of the United States Colored Troops.
George Richman relates an incident that illustrates the nature of second class citizenship that people of color experienced in the area. “About 1853-1854 several families came from Cincinnati…they seemed to be progressive and set about soliciting donations… for a more modern school…A mulatto…Lafe Cambridge had subscribed and paid his money…When he sent his children, objections were raised because they were colored…The children were not permitted to attend.”
Two of Hancock County’s nine townships did not have any African American population between 1840 and 1870. The numbers are sparse for the other townships with Sugar Creek having the largest black population. In 1840, there is a population of 16. In 1850, there are 41 people. 1860 is the peak year with a population of 48. By 1870 the numbers decline to 11.
The only township to experience an increase in its black population in the 1870 census is Center Township where the county seat of Greenfield is located. The count grows from 9 in 1850, to 17 in 1860, to 31 in 1870.
In his autobiography, George Knox gives a unique look at life in Greenfield. Knox, a one time barber, successful businessman, owner and publisher of an influential black newspaper, was born a slave in Tennessee. In 1863 he crossed into Union troop lines eventually making his way to Indiana. In 1865 Knox opened a barbershop in Greenfield, a town which Knox himself described as a place where “prejudice was very high.” Nevertheless, Knox and fellow black citizens created fulfilling lives establishing such organizations as a literary club, a debate society, a church and a school. Camp meetings in the countryside drew large crowds of both races.
Race relations come to a head in the decades following the Civil War. When groups of African Americans made attempts to settle in Hancock County warnings were posted, barns burned and livestock killed (Thornbrough, p 222-223). In 1875 a notorious lynching occurred. Armed and masked vigilantes from three counties broke into a jail and took their victim to the county fairgrounds where they hung him. Knox, described as an “accommodationist”, was able to withstand the pressures and controversy. However in 1884, no doubt recognizing his vulnerability as a black man, he ultimately relocated to Indianapolis.
Bibliography
Binford, J. H. History of Hancock County, Indiana. Greenfield, Indiana: King & Binford Publishing, 1882.
“The Civil War.” National Parks Service. Accessed July 17, 2014.
“Delaney Cemetery.” “Edwin R. Cambridge.” Find A Grave. Accessed July 17, 2014.
“41st Indiana Regiment / 2nd Indiana Cavalry in the American Civil War.” Civil War Index. Accessed July 17, 2014.
“Indiana’s African American Settlements.” Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center. Accessed July 10, 2014.
Knox, George. Slave and Freeman: The Autobiography of George L. Knox. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1979.
Richman, George J. History of Hancock County, Indiana. Greenfield, Indiana: Mitchell Printing, 1916.
Skvarenina, Joseph. Also Great: Stories of the Famous and the Not-So-Famous of Hancock County. Greenfield, Indiana: Mitchell-Fleming Printing, 2000.
Thornbrough, Emma Lou. The Negro in Indiana before 1900: a Study of a Minority. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. “Aggregate Amount of Each Description of Persons within District of Indiana,” 1: 352. Sixth Census of the United States, 1840. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Office, 1841.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. “Population of Civil Divisions Less Than Counties; Table III—State of Indiana,” 1: 124. Ninth Census of the United States, 1870. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1872.
Audrey C. Werle “Research Notes on Indiana African American History,” M 792, William Henry Smith Memorial Library, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, Indiana.
By Georgia Cravey, July18, 2014
African American Settlements Documented: 1
Harrison County has been home to African Americans from as early as Indiana’s territorial period. The county was established in 1808. Corydon was Indiana’s territorial capital from 1813-1816 . It served as the state’s first capital from 1816-1825. Indiana was a part of the Northwest Territory and although slavery was prohibited in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, it was tolerated. Many of Indiana’s earliest white settlers, largely from the slave states of Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky, brought enslaved people to Indiana. Indentured servitude was used to circumvent anti slavery laws. Thus, the status of free African Americans in Indiana and in Harrison County was tenuous. In her book, The Negro in Indiana Before 1900, Emma Lou Thornbrough cites the 1810 census in Harrison County as listing 21 slaves and 12 free persons of color.
A few years after this early census, ca. 1814, a large enclave of about 100 African Americans migrated into Harrison County with an elderly white couple, Paul and Susannah Mitchem, who eventually freed them. Their story is very unusual since the freedom seekers comprised such a large group and were accompanied by their benefactors who settled among them. Most of those who came into Harrison County with the Mitchems took the name Mitchem. Other family names included Finley, Carter, and Cousins. These new agrarian settlers became land owners, business owners, and one, Littleton Mitchem, was a physician. Also, there is no evidence to suggest the settlers were coerced into signing indentures. Due to the size of the Mitchem Settlement, the families fanned out throughout the county, but most stayed in or around Corydon. The townships where the African American population was located include Harrison, Boone, Webster, and Heth.
Perhaps, the most notable among the Mitchems was a man who came to free territory with this enclave but ended up settling in St. Louis, Missouri. His name was John Berry Mitchem and according to a first person account, he purchased his freedom from Paul Mitchem and then earned enough money to walk 700 miles to Virginia and 700 miles back to Kentucky to purchase his father’s freedom. After marrying an enslaved woman from Kentucky, he followed her to St. Louis after her master took her there. John Berry Mitchem is listed as one of the early settlers of St. Louis who contributed to the state of Missouri’s development. He distinguished himself as the minister of a large Baptist Church in St. Louis and as the founder of a freedom school that was conducted on a Mississippi River vessel since it was illegal for African Americans to attend school in Missouri.
After the Civil War, another in-migration of African Americans relocated to Harrison County, most of who came from Meade County, Kentucky, which is the closest Kentucky county to Harrison. These families settled in various areas of the county, but most eventually migrated into Corydon, where a downtown church/school combination had been built about 1851. Other churches, Collins Chapel, which was also a church/school, one unnamed on the South Hill, and St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal (organized about 1882) drew the African American population into Corydon. Today St. Paul AME has more white members than African American. Collins Chapel, founded in 1868 in Boone Township, no longer exists.
In 1891, the Corydon Colored School , a public school for African American elementary and high school students was built by the Corydon Schools. The high school was discontinued in 1925 due to a lack of high school age students; however the elementary school was continued until 1950. It closed because there were not enough elementary-age students to constitute having a teacher unit. Now called the Leora Brown School, the building was rehabilitated over twenty years ago as an historic site and educational and cultural center.
Most of the Mitchem Settlement members were buried in Corydon in Cedar Hill, the historic town cemetery that was begun in 1808. Many of the early settlers’ graves are at the front of the cemetery. The cemetery is not segregated. In addition, there are three small Mitchem family cemeteries.
Bibliography
Brown, Maxine. “Mitchem Family and Settlement, Free Men of Color in Harrison County, Early 1800’s.” Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History, Spring, 2009
Bulleit, F. A. Illustrated Atlas and History of Harrison County, Indiana. Corydon, IN F. A. Bulleit (1909)
Griffin, Frederick P. “Black Families Residing in the Four Corners South of Corydon – Southeast
Harrison Twp., Southwest Webster Twp., Northwest Heth Twp., Northwest Boone Twp.” [An annotated map reflecting successive generations and presumably descendants of Mitchem migration living where four townships meet. (ca. 1882-1906)]. Frederick Porter Griffin Center for Genealogy and Local History, Corydon, Indiana.
Griffin, Frederick P. Cedar Hill. An annotated map reflecting African American property owners of long standing in Harrison County, Harrison Twp., west of the Cedar Hill Cemetery (ca. early 20th century). Frederick Porter Griffin Center for Genealogy and Local History, n.p.
Mitchem Property Record. U. S. Census 1850 for District 45 Harrison County, Indiana. NARA Roll: M432__149, pg. 440A Image 564.
Saulman, Earl O. Blacks in Harrison County, a compendium of information about Harrison County’s Black population (1999, revised 2002). Frederick P. Griffin Center for Genealogy and Local History. Corydon, IN.
Thornbrough, Emma Lou, The Negro in Indiana Before 1900: A Study of a Minority. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1993.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana Federal Population Census Schedules, Vol.: Reel 0014-1820. Crawford, Delaware, Dubois, Harrison, Jennings, Knox, Lawrence, Martin, Monroe, Orange, Owen, Perry, Scott, Switzerland, Vanderburgh, Vigo, Wabash, Washington. Accessed on Aug. 22, 2014.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana Federal Population Census Schedules, Volume: Reel 0027- 1830. Cass, Johnson Dubois, Harrison, Jennings, Dearborn,
Franklin Counties. Accessed Aug. 22, 2014.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana Federal Population Census Schedules, Volume: Reel 0082 – 1840. Hamilton, Hancock, Harrison, Counties. Accessed on August 22, 2014.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana Federal Population Census Schedules, Volume: Reel 00149 – 1850. Harrison, Hancock Counties. Accessed on August 22, 2014.
Bureau of the United States, National Archives & Records, Indiana Federal Population Census Schedules, Volume: Reel 00264 – 1860. Harrison County. Accessed on August 23, 2014.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana Federal Population Census Schedules, Volume: Reel 00321 – 1870. Harrison County. Accessed on August 23, 2014.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives and Records, Indiana Federal Population Census Schedules, V volume: Reel 00264 – 1880. Harrison County. Accessed on August 23, 2014.
By Maxine Brown, October 4, 2014
African American rural settlements documented: 0
The nineteenth century African American population of Johnson County was small but does show a substantial increase between 1860 and 1870. Informants mention areas that seem to be more like neighborhoods but further investigation is warranted. The areas are the Stockyards (1859-1870s) on the east side of Franklin; an unnamed area of Franklin centered on West Madison Street (1860s to present); an unnamed, undefined area in Edinburgh; and Idlewilde in Hensley Township which never developed as the platted lots were too small.
In 1830 the census shows a total of six free people of color residing in the county. Milly Magill heads a household of three minor children in Franklin Township where the town of Franklin is located. The other two enumerated individuals live in Nineveh and Blue River Townships.
In 1840 the population increases to 20 persons, but the 1850 figure declines to 15. Of those 15, 9 are residing in the town of Franklin. The others are distributed in townships as follows: Blue River, 2; Hensley, 1; Pleasant, 2; White River, 1. By the 1860 census the count is 19 African Americans. As in the previous decade the majority, 14 people, live in the town of Franklin.
The racial attitudes of antebellum Johnson County were not particularly warm. An anecdote about the fair of 1860 relates how in a racist manner Richard “Dick” Blakey was prohibited from a foot race competition. During the Civil War Blakey enlisted in the 28th United States Colored Troops. He was taken prisoner at the Battle of the Crater, and ultimately starves to death in Libby Prison. County histories also relate that sentiments were in favor of “conciliation” and a “willing[ness] to continue slavery” rather than go to war. The counterpoint to these attitudes is the evidence of the county’s Underground Railroad activity.
Following the Civil War, Johnson County experienced a surge in overall population due to an influx of people from the south. The African American population of 1870, although a small percentage, increased significantly to 115 people. The majority of the population is still located in the town of Franklin. The increase is also reflected in Franklin Township’s population of 10 persons exclusive of the town of Franklin. Edinburgh experienced growth as well with a population of 24 (up from the 3 people counted in 1860). Three of the six townships (Hensley, Nineveh, and White River) counted no African Americans. Blue River (exclusive of Edinburgh), Pleasant and Clark Townships each had a single individual and Union Township had two persons enumerated.
An analysis of the 1880 census indicated that the largest number of adults enumerated were from Kentucky (117 persons of the 172 adult total). Other states of origin included North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. There were also 25 Indiana-born citizens as well as 5 immigrants from Canada. Adam and Clayton Moore are believed to be the first of the arrivals from Kentucky followed by the Fossett family. Most found worked as farm laborers or sharecroppers.
The story of an individual Greenwood resident, probably the single person of color counted in 1870 in Pleasant Township might be illuminating. Mary Ann Cain, an enslaved person from Natchez, Mississippi, ran away about 1864. She encountered Captain Richard Wishard of Pleasant Township during her flight and continued north with him eventually working in his home as a domestic for eight years. The brief, unattributed article about her life begins “…there have been few, if any, of the colored race living in Greenwood. Not that the inhabitants had anything against the colored people, but it seems that for some reason or other they did not settle here.” In discussion with the librarian at the Johnson County Historical Museum, it was mentioned that property deeds in Greenwood had restrictive racial covenants and that even if an African American resident of Franklin were employed in Greenwood, that person came home to Franklin at night. Mary Ann Cain was apparently the exception.
The town of Franklin seems to have been a somewhat more tolerant environment for African Americans than other parts of the county. Two churches were established: Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, Franklin in 1868 and Second Baptist Church of Franklin (Colored) organized in 1871. Rev. Whitton Lankford led the AME congregation whose family names included Hammond, Leonard, Elkins, Blakely and Stark. Second Baptist’s first three pastors were William Singleton (1871-1872), Thomas Robinson (1872-1874) and E.E. Tyler (1874-1880). The congregation included the following surnames Clark, Beaty, and Blakemore/Blakeman.
Tolerance had limits. County histories note that “colored children were admitted to free common school privileges by an act of May 13, 1869. So, “for a time thereafter” children were enrolled at the “old school district.” When the school was sold on July 16, 1870, no permanent provisions were made until 1873. At that time lots were purchased and a school house was built. Laura Overbay taught the first school year of 1875-1876 at what was first known as the West School, later renamed for Booker T. Washington. Its graduates were “allowed” to attend Franklin High School.
Newspaper accounts note that unlike many other Indiana cities, Franklin did not practice a hard line on segregation until the 1940s. During World War II, 6,000 members of a black infantry company were stationed at Camp Atterbury. In response, the restaurants in Franklin banned all blacks, both local and military, from their businesses and a separate USO for the black troops was organized.
The growth of African American population in Edinburgh is reflected in research done for Rest Haven Cemetery. A history of the cemetery notes “The registration of the fifty-eight free Blacks in Bartholomew County in 1853 started the movement of the Blacks north into Johnson County’s Blue River Township during the 1860s.” Names of Edinburg families from the 1870 census include Farley, Larne, Martin, Lewis, Scott, Henry and Atchison.
A church was organized by 1881, Edinburg Baptist (Colored). Led by Rev A. R. [or John?] Miller, the congregation included families with the names Gooden, Canady, Hill, Quinn, Beeler, Johnson, Gooden, and Lee. Rev. Miller was briefly succeeded by Rev. Mr. Walker who was followed by Rev. David Slaughter. In 1888, Slaughter pastored a membership of some 100 people. According to early records special trains ran from Indianapolis for church gatherings held at the fairgrounds. Edinburgh Baptist persisted into the 1960s when outmigration to Columbus and Franklin gained momentum.
Edinburgh did not build a school for African American students until 1891. Twenty-seven students attended classes. The building still stands and houses the Church of Edinburgh Independent Baptists.
Bibliography
Banta, David. History of Johnson County, Indiana. Chicago: Brandt &Fuller, 1888.
Bergen, David, comp. Atlas of Johnson County, Indiana, 1820 to 1900. Franklin, Indiana: Johnson County Historical Society, 1983-1984.
Branigan, Elba L. History of Johnson County, Indiana. Indianapolis: B.F. Bowen & Co, 1913.
Cranor, Dorothy. “Bethel A.M.E. Church organized here in 1867.” Unsourced news clipping before July 25, 1975, Clippings File, Johnson County Museum.
Rest Haven Cemetery: One Hundred Fifty Years. [n.p.: n. p.], 1977, 2003.
Leadership Johnson County, comp. Follow the Drinking Gourd: History of African-Americans in Early Johnson County. [n.p.: n.p., n.d.], Johnson County Museum of History.
Johnson County Interim Report. Indianapolis, Ind.: Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana, 1985.
Redmond, P.D. “Black in Franklin.” Franklin [Indiana] Daily Journal, February 25, 1983.
Ross, Hugh J. Whiteland ’33-’44-’94: Hoosier Schoolday Memories of the Depression and War Years. [n.p.: n.p., n.d.].
U.S. Bureau of the Census. “Aggregate Amount of Each Description of Persons within District of Indiana,” 1: 352. Sixth Census of the United States, 1840. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Office, 1841.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. “Population of Civil Divisions Less Than Counties; Table III—State of Indiana,” 1: 124. Ninth Census of the United States, 1870. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1872.
By Georgia Cravey, July 28, 2014
African American rural settlements documented: 2
The Banks and the Henderson Settlements, established in different sections of La Porte County, were interconnected. The two settlements also had connections with Clear Lake Settlement in Porter County, the Huggart Settlement in Saint Joseph County, and the black community in Cass County, Michigan.
The Banks Settlement in Centre Township was located two miles north of the city of La Porte. African Americans owned property in several sections of the township. Surnames of those residing in the settlement included Armstead, Banks, Destarch, Dogan (Dugan), McClellain, and Medford. In 1856, Thomas Dugan married Milly Butter, who possibly had a connection to the Nathaniel Butter farm in Berrien County, Michigan. There is also likely a connection with the Clear Lake Settlement in Porter County as a Banks also lived there, and the property borders those living in La Porte County. The first Banks Settlement property owner was Adam Medford, who came with his family from New Jersey. He purchased twenty acres on April 15, 1839. The 1840 census lists John Banks living next to the Medford farm (bringing the Banks Settlement population up to nine). The 1850 federal census records and land deeds show that the Medfords had increased their acreage to a value of $1,000 and new neighbors of the Medfords, Berry and Lucinda Banks owned $50 worth of property. Berry Banks was originally from Virginia and his wife Lucinda was from Kentucky. They had migrated to Indiana, where their first child, Jemima, was born by 1838. Berry was elected to the trustees of the African Methodist Protestant Meetinghouse in La Porte.
By 1860, the Banks Settlement had reached its peak, when thirty-eight individuals resided in five households, of which, three were land owners. Because of the proximity to the town of La Porte, these farming families most likely would have had social connections to the large population of African Americans living in town. The Banks Settlement’s population had declined by the 1870s. The only new owner of property in the settlement at that time was Jackson McClellain, who came from Mississippi and bought forty acres of land near the Medfords.
The Henderson Settlement, a smaller community consisted of two-square miles of land and was located in Lincoln Township. From 1844, at least three African American families lived on this land. The Hendersons, Thompsons, and Wanzers (or Warners) came from Virginia. Terry Goldsworthy suggests that these families might have migrated to Indiana in response to the 1831 Nat Turner Rebellion. The settlement reached its population peak in 1860, when seventeen individuals were counted. At this time, Joseph and Debby Wanzer owned property worth $2,200 and the Henderson’s property was valued at $800. The Thompsons, who did not own land, had their personal estate listed at $50. By 1870, John Henderson who owned the 80-acre nucleus of the settlement had passed, and the population decreased to 15 people and only two families remained in the area. By 1880, the Thompsons had relocated to the Banks Settlement and only Joseph Wanzer remained at the Henderson Settlement.
There are also other accounts of African Americans living in the county, particularly the town of La Porte before 1870. The first known African American settler in La Porte County was Jean Baptiste Pointe DuSable, who has commonly been called the Founder of Chicago. He was in Indiana before moving on to Michigan, and Illinois.
Goldsworthy estimates that up to 50% of African Americans that lived in the county lived in rural areas, and had farming occupations at these settlements or on farms of nearby whites. The La Porte County Historical Society has a large collection of primary source materials related to these settlements and other African Americans that were included in the large population numbers of La Porte County.
Bibliography
“African Methodist Protestant Meeting House-Election of Trustees, March 31, 1845.” Recorder Book O, Page 412, March 6, 1845. La Porte County Historical Society Archives.
“At Rest.” La Porte Daily Herald, November 21, 1892, page 3, col. 5.
“First Colored Persons of La Porte County.” Charles Cochran Papers, La Porte County Historical Society Archives.
Eddy-Shultz, Fern. “Early Black History of La Porte County, Indiana” La Porte, Indiana: La Porte County Historical Society, 2014. (County historian’s presentation file)
“General Index of Deeds #1 Grantee, April 1833–April 1848, La Porte County, Indiana.” Deed Book H, page 442. County Recorder’s Office, LaPorte, Indiana.
“General Index of Deeds #1 Grantee, April 1833-April 1848, La Porte County, Indiana.” Deed Book F, page 179 and 188. County Recorder’s Office, La Porte, Indiana.
Goldsworthy, Terry. “Kankakee & St. Joseph River Valleys of Indiana.” in Underground Rail-road Research in Select Indiana Counties, 89-121. Indianapolis: Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology, 2003.
Goldsworthy, Terry. “Was Freedom Dead or Only Sleeping?: The pre-1870 African American Rural Communities of the Kankakee River Valley.” Black History News & Notes, November, 1997.
Hickman, Russell and Elvis Oats, “Quaker Meetings and Cemetery in La Porte.” La Porte County Historical Society Archives, Society of Friends [vertical file.]
Higgins, Belden & Company. An Illustrated Historical Atlas of La Porte Co., Indiana. Chicago: The Company, 1874.
History of La Porte County, Indiana: Together with Sketches of Its Cities, Villages, and Townships : Educational, Religious, Civil, Military, and Political History: Portraits of Prominent Persons, and Biographies of Representative Citizens: History of Indiana, Embracing Accounts of the Pre-Historic Races, Aborigines, French, English, and American Conquests, and a General Review of Its Civil, Political, and Military History. Chicago: Chas. C. Chapman & Company, 1880.
Jessen, Julie K. “African-American Culture and History Northwestern Indiana 1850-1940.” Masters thesis, Ball State University, 1996.
La Porte County Historical Society. Combined Atlases of La Porte County, Indiana, 1874-1892, 1907-1921. Mt. Vernon, IN: Windmill Publications, 1998.
McDougald, Lois C. “Negro Migration into Indiana, 1800-1860.” Masters thesis, Indiana University, 1945. (Allen County Public Library)
Thornbrough, Emma Lou. The Negro in Indiana before 1900: A Study of a Minority. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.
U.S. Census, 1840: Population Schedules of the Sixth Census of the United States. Accessed July 10, 2014.
U.S. Census, 1850: Population Schedules of the Seventh Census of the United States. Accessed July 10, 2014.
U.S. Census, 1860: Population Schedules of the Eighth Census of the United States. Accessed July 10, 2014.
U.S. Census, 1870: Population Schedules of the Ninth Census of the United States. Accessed July 10, 2014.
By Andrea Sowle, July 18, 2014
African American rural settlements documented: 1
Reviewing the data, the one Marion County settlement that appears to fall within the scope of the Early African American Settlement Heritage Initiative (EAASHI) was located in Bridgeport, Wayne Township. Over time it was known as Sunnyside and West Parkview.
Marion County has been a challenging county to research. One difficulty in the process has been trying to frame and define the standard of rural and urban settlement. Another issue has been the challenge of analyzing the most populous county in the state. A final concern is the relatively paltry level of detail available in the written record on the townships of Marion County, especially the record of the African Americans who lived outside of the city limits.
Emma Lou Thornbrough observes that by 1860, Indianapolis had “one of the largest Negro communities in the state” as well as noting “… there were also Negroes in the rural parts of Marion County.” (p52) The 1840 census enumerated 122 African Americans living in Indianapolis and an additional 72 African Americans living in Center Township outside city limits. In 1850 the African American population of the city increased substantially to 405 persons while those living in Center Township exclusive of Indianapolis increased slightly to 144 persons. In 1860 the city population continued to rise (498 persons) as does the population in Center Township (210 persons). The astonishing increase comes in 1870 when the city population reaches 2,931 and Center Township’s population doubles to 433. Total Marion County population leaps from the 1860 count of 825 to 3, 938 (Thornbrough 211).
James Divita summarizes the long view of settlement patterns in Indianapolis. He notes that Marion County’s African American population was present in the city from the beginnings of the county and finds that in 1830 the largest populations of rural African Americans were in Wayne and Washington Townships. Perry and Warren had small populations. The lowest numbers were in Lawrence and Franklin Townships. Divita states that in 1840 “Both Irish and blacks appear to be residents of Ward 5 and in the district west of West Street” (p11). Divita also notes the construction of Second Baptist Church (colored) in Ward 6 on Missouri Street between Ohio and New York Streets in 1849.
In the 1850s two per cent of Marion County’s population was black. Most of the 835 African Americans (708) lived in Center Township. The remainder of the population was distributed in every township except Lawrence and Pike. African Americans living in the city limits were distributed in every ward, but the highest concentration was in ward 4 (north of Washington Street and west of Mississippi Street (present day Senate Avenue) and in Ward 5 (south of Washington Street and West of Illinois Street). Part of this area was dubbed “Bucktown.”
Audrey Werle’s 1870 Index to heads of households lists 60 households in Center Township outside city limits headed by African Americans. Farm laborer is a common occupation as is unspecified laborer. The list also includes occupations such as gardener, hod carrier, whitewasher, teamster, carpenter, and ice peddler. Places of birth are varied: Kentucky, North Carolina and Indiana predominate with representation from Maryland, Alabama, Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Missouri and New York. A large number of households headed by white persons also include African Americans. Family names represented include Winslow, Moore, Roberts, Harvey, Williams, Washington, Walden, Wilson, Tolbert and Young. (See 1870 index for complete listing Werle, M0792.)
Marion County offered economic opportunity over the decades and African American arrived seeking employment and community. For the project’s time period (pre statehood through 1870), Indianapolis lead the state in African American population and a rich cultural life continued to evolve. There are many possibilities for further research.
Unnamed settlement in Bridgeport, Wayne Township:
The Wayne Township village of Bridgeport is situated on the National Road at the west edge of Marion County. It was platted in 1831. Wayne Township reported 34 African Americans in the 1840 Marion County census, second only to Center Township’s count of 72. In 1850, the count was 27 and in 1860, there were 23 African Americans. 1870 saw a significant increase when the population rose sharply to 174.
Further analysis of the 1870 census reveals 34 households in Wayne Township with one or more black persons in the household. Of those households, 24 were headed by an African American. The count included 3 black or mulatto farmers: Joseph T. Fossett/Fawcett, Martin Davis and Isaac Wilson. Twenty-six African American men reported working as farm laborers. Most of the 1870 population had their origins in Kentucky. Other states of origin included North Carolina, Virginia, Indiana and Tennessee.
According to records of the First Baptist Church, Bridgeport (also know as White Lick Creek Colored Baptist Church), the first members of the congregation came to the Bridgeport area in August of 1864. They held their first services in the Friends Church. (It might be assumed that this is the Bridgeport Friends Meeting located ½ mile northwest of Bridgeport (Cline, p 541)). In 1865 the congregation “joined with the second church of Indianapolis” (Second Baptist Church in Indianapolis was pastored by Reverend Moses Broyles). When that association proved “inconvenient”, they held services in a Hendricks County schoolhouse (# 6) where they developed an association with the small African Methodist Episcopal church in Plainfield. The church had a number of locations over the course of its existence before 1891 when the church dedicated the edifice they still occupied in 1925 at 8730 W. Washington Street. Some members of the White Lick Colored Baptist Church joined with a group from Lick Creek Baptist Church, whih was near Beech Grove, to form a new congregation named Mount Zion Baptist Church in 1869.
In 1884, Wayne Township had two “colored schools” (Sulgrove, p 665). Perry Township was the only other outlying townships to note separate schools. Two black teachers taught thirty-one black male students and forty-two female students.
A white dentist by the name of Dr. Welsh made his summer home on a twenty acre parcel along Girls School Road, south of the old New York Central Railroad. In the late 1890s he divided his property into four-acre tracts to be sold only to “colored people.” Moses Williams, another white man, owned twenty acres adjoining Sunnyside and decided to follow suit in 1900 naming his area West Parkview.
The first family to build was the Williams family completing their home around 1910. Other families followed and by 1914, the neighborhood was becoming well established. “Old settlers” included the names Coleman, Smith, Walker, Brown, Pettiford, Johnson, Garret, Abernathy, Flemings, Kimble, Cables and Wathen. There were no roads, only paths. Families raised animals for meat and kept gardens. Through the efforts of residents, Sunnyside/West Parkview got electricity in 1941. Another collective effort resulted in the organization of a civic club house. In response to a tragic fire in the 1950s, the community converted the civic club building to a fire station. Pennies were saved to purchase a fire truck.
Bibliography
Atlas of Indianapolis and Marion County, Indiana, 1889 (reprint). Mt. Vernon, Indiana: Windmill Publications, 2000.
Baker, Lynn and Courtney Campbell. The History of Warren Township. Indianapolis: Warren Central Printing Students, 1976.
Bodenhamer, David J. and Robert G. Barrows, eds. Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994.
Bryant, Ida Webb. Glimpses of the Negro in Indianapolis, 1863-1963. Indianapolis: n.p., 1963.
Cline and McHaffie. The People’s Guide: a Business, Political and Religious Directory of Marion Co., Indiana. Indianapolis: Indianapolis Printing and Publishing House, 1874.
Compton, Etta. “Reminiscences of Yesteryears of Bridgeport, Indiana,” 29 December 1966 (Wayne Township Historical Society, Indianapolis, Ind.).
Cottman, George S. “Old-Time Slums of Indianapolis.” Indiana Quarterly Magazine of History. Vol. 7 (December 1, 1911), 170-173.
Divita, James. Ethnic Settlement Patterns in Indianapolis. Indianapolis: Marian College (?), 1988.
Dunn, Jacob Piatt. Greater Indianapolis: The History, the Industries, the Institutions, and the People of a City of Homes, 1910. (reprint), Evansville, Indiana: Unigraphic, 1977.
Ferguson Earline Rae. “In Pursuit of the Full Enjoyment of Liberty and Happiness: Blacks in Antebellum Indianapolis, 1820-1860.” Black History News and Notes, 1988, issue 32.
First Baptist Church (Bridgeport in Indianapolis, Ind.) Collection, 1901-1984, M0719. William Henry Smith Memorial Library, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Fletcher, Calvin. The Diary of Calvin Fletcher. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1972-1983.
“Forged Through Fire.” Angela Potter. Accessed July 20, 2014.
“Fountain Square.” The Polis Center. Accessed July 31, 2014.
Giffin, Marjorie Gates. A Walk through Time: the History of Wayne Township. Indianapolis: Metropolitan School District of Wayne Township, 1991.
General African American Photograph Collection, ca. 1890-1989, P 500. “St. Mark African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (Indianapolis),” image by Patton Studios. William Henry Smith Memorial Library, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Gulde, William F. Irvington in 1910: A Year in the Life of an Indianapolis Neighborhood. LaVergne, Tennessee: [n.p.], 2010.
Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana. Center Township, Marion County Interim Report. Indianapolis: Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana, 1991.
Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana. Decatur, Perry and Franklin Townships, Marion County Interim Report. Indianapolis: Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana, 1992.
Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana. Pike and Lawrence Townships, Marion County Interim Report. Indianapolis: Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana, 1994.
Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana. Warren Township, Marion County Interim Report. Indianapolis: Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana, 1993.
Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana. Washington Township, Marion County Interim Report. Indianapolis: Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana, 1999.
Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana. Wayne Township, Marion County Interim Report. Indianapolis: Historic Landmarks Foundation, 1992.
“History.” Mount Zion Baptist Church—Indianapolis. Accessed July 20, 2014.
“History of Mt. Pleasant.” Mount Pleasant Missionary Baptist Church. Accessed July 17, 2014.
“Indiana’s African American Settlements” Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center. Accessed June 20, 2014.
Knox, George. Slave and Freeman: The Autobiography of George L. Knox. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1979.
“Pike’s Black Heritage.” Historic Traders Point. Accessed July 20, 2014.
Potter, Evelyn Wilson. Telephone interview with Georgia Cravey. July 30, 2014.
Sulgrove, Berry R. History of Indianapolis and Marion County, Indiana. Philadelphia: L.H. Everts, 1884.
“Sunnyside/ West Parkview Neighborhood.” (Wayne Township Historical Society.)
Thornbrough, Emma Lou. The Negro in Indiana before 1900: a Study of a Minority. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. “Aggregate Amount of Each Description of Persons within District of Indiana,” 1: 352. Sixth Census of the United States, 1840. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Office, 1841.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. “Population of Civil Divisions Less Than Counties; Table III—State of Indiana,” 1: 124. Ninth Census of the United States, 1870. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1872.
“A Village near Indianapolis, Incorporated by Colored People.” Versailles Republican. April 22, 1896, p2.
Audrey C. Werle “Research Notes on Indiana African American History,” M 792. William Henry Smith Memorial Library, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, Indiana.
“Where Negroes Will Rule.” Indianapolis Sun, April 30, 1896, p 7.
Wood, Clarence. “Clarence Wood Oral History.” Indiana Historical Society. Accessed July 31, 2014.
Wood, Clarence. Interview with Georgia Cravey at various Pike Township locations including Reed Road in Eagle Creek Park. August 1, 2014.
By Georgia Cravey, July 27, 2014
African American rural settlements documented: 3
The rural black settlements in Randolph County included Greenville in Greens Fork Township, Cabin Creek in Union Township, and Snow Hill in Washington Township.
According to Richard R. Wright, Jr., the exodus of Quakers from North Carolina was a major factor in the settlement of African Americans in Randolph County. Deborah Rotman updates the research with a detailed study of the settlement of the county. She finds that many of the first black settlers had “strong connections to individual Quakers and Quaker meetings” in their areas of origin (most often North Carolina and Virginia, (p 29)). Further, much of Randolph County’s settlement was mingled with that of Wayne County (p 32). Both enclaves were strongly and actively abolitionist and much movement occurred between the two counties and in the area bordering the Ohio state line.
Rotman describes three main groups of immigrants:
1) Individuals and families with longstanding status as free people (p. 36)
2) Recently manumitted slaves (p. 37)
3) Fugitive slaves (p. 39)
A distinctive feature of life in Randolph County was the level of cooperation between the races. Emblematic of this attitude was the establishment in 1845 of Union Literary Institute. Founded as an integrated, co-ed, manual training school, the charter forbade discrimination. Students were admitted without regard to “color, rank, or wealth.” In addition to students from the immediate locale, families throughout Indiana and Ohio as well as other states enrolled their children. The school was a great hub for contacts among other Indiana counties such as Henry and Rush as well as students from outside Indiana. Thornbrough considered the school “the most significant and successful experiment in Negro education’ in Indiana (p173).
Also illustrative of progressive racial attitudes, Randolph was also one of only four Indiana counties to vote in opposition to Article XIII of the 1851 State Constitution [Tucker (p 134) Thornbrough (p 68) Rotman, (p52)]. Among other restrictive measures, Article XIII excluded “Negroes” from entering Indiana.
Sources report 1822 as the year that the families in the vanguard begin to arrive in Randolph County often relocating from interim residence in Wayne County, Indiana, and from Ohio. Family groups of Scotts, Alexanders, Outlands, Robbinses, Demorys/Demarys settled on some 1500 acres. Between 1822 and 1838, Wright reports that 2000 acres of land were entered by a dozen black families who migrated chiefly from North Carolina. Additional family names include Chanous (Virginia), Brown (Tennessee), Burden and Cotman (South Carolina), Benson (North Carolina) McKeon/McKown/McCown, Stokes and Tann.
The history of African American settlement in Randolph County is notable for its three large, prosperous communities: Cabin Creek, Snow Hill and Greenville.
Greenville, it should be noted, is part of a community that encompassed land on both sides of the Indiana/Ohio state line. The Darke County, Ohio, portion of the settlement is known as Longtown or simply Long. Greenville was the earliest of the three settlements, the first settler being Thornton Alexander. Alexander entered 300 acres of land in 1822. Born in Culpepper County Virginia, he was freed from slavery at age thirty-six. The Alexander family migrated to Greenville from Warren County, Ohio.
Cabin Creek was established about 1825 by John Demory who came with Lemuel Vestal from North Carolina. Demory is described by E. Tucker as a “free-born, half Frenchman.” He was born in Charleston, South Carolina and married Sarah Robinson in Anson County, North Carolina. The couple would eventually have eleven children and own eighty acres of land in Washington Township as well as a house and lot in the town of Winchester.
Soon after Demory’s arrival in Cabin Creek, Drew Taylor and his family settled on Eight Mile Creek and the Obadiah Anderson family settled in the southwest part of the county. Eventually Cabin Creek was home to “some eighty to one hundred families and several hundred people according to E. Tucker (p. 134). Writing in 1882, Tucker further notes that “the number has materially lessened” with many families “having sold their possessions and moved to locations more suited to their notions.” He reports that “thirty to forty families remain.” Additional family names in Cabin Creek were Scott, Crane, Ward, Terry, Cotman, Wilkerson, Chavis, Woods, Seeny, Outland, Skipworth, Woods, Smothers, Smith, Barber, Ladd, Jennings, Roberts, Barracks, Hill, Stafford, Perkins Sawyer, Hall and Watkins.
Snow Hill’s first settler was Gabriel Moore who arrived about 1838. Other settlers in Snow Hill were Copeland, Winburn, Small, Boon, Lawrence, Winn, Watkins, Culfer, Benson and Bragg. Tucker gives profiles of William and Michael Benson, both were born in slavery in North Carolina and arrived in Randolph County via earlier settlement in Wayne County.
Randolph County had the highest ratio of African Americans in the state in the period before the Civil War. Rotman reports that by the turn of the century the settlements had “virtually disappeared.” Tucker observes the population “dropping out to Grant County, Paulding County and to Michigan.” He also mentions “promising young men” who either are, or have been teachers who have moved to Kokomo and Noblesville.
Deteriorating race relations, changes in agriculture, land prices, and opportunities for employment, education and social life in more urban areas were major factors in the migration away from the communities that thrived during the 19th century.
Bibliography
A Brief History of Greensfork and Washington twp’s [sic], Randolph County, Indiana. [Lynn, Indiana]: Randolph Southern Historical Society, 1979.
Chace, J. Atlas of Darke County, Ohio, 1857. (Reprint) Philadelphia: S.H. Matthews Publishing, 1976.
Combined Atlas of Randolph County, Indiana: including 1865 wall-map [drawn by C.S. Warner, published] by C.A.O. McClellan & C.S. Warner: 1874 atlas by [D.J. Lake, published by] Griffing, Stevenson & Co. : 1909 plat book published by Northwest Publishing Co. : and historical appendix, information from early gazetteers and old photographs, and the 1876 Indiana atlas. (Reprint of atlases and map issued 1865-1909 by various publishers.) Knightstown, Indiana: Bookmark, 1980.
“Indiana’s African American Settlements.” Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center. Accessed July 10, 2014.
“James & Sophia Clemens Farmstead.” U.S. National Park Service. Accessed July 10, 2014.
Mcintosh, W.H. The History of Darke County, Ohio. Chicago: W.H. Beers & Co., 1880.
Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing, 1991.
Plat Book of Darke County, Ohio: Compiled from County records and Actual Surveys. Des Moines, Iowa: Northwest Publishing Company, 1910.
Randolph County Historical Society, comp. Randolph County, Indiana, 1818-1990.
Randolph County Interim Report. Indianapolis: Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana, 1993.
Remembering Freedom: James Clemens and the Longtown Settlement. Produced by Virginia Ball Center for Creative Inquiry. Directed by Kari Wilhems. 25.36 min. [2010?] . DVD.
Rotman, Deborah L. African-American and Quaker famers in East Central Indiana: Social, Political and Economic Aspect of Life in Nineteenth-Century Rural Communities: Randolph County, Indiana. Muncie, IN: Archaeological Resources Management Service, Ball State University, 1998.
Thornbrough, Emma Lou. The Negro in Indiana before 1900: a Study of a Minority. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985.
Tucker, E. History of Randolph County, Indiana. Chicago: A.L. Kingman, 1882. [Especially Chapter X, “Colored People”.]
Union Literary Institute Board of Managers’ secretary book. Original book housed at the Indiana Historical Society BV1972 / transcribed by members of the Union Literary Institute Preservation Society, Inc. Union Literary Institute Preservation Society, Inc., 2001.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. “Aggregate Amount of Each Description of Persons within District of Indiana,” 1: 352. Sixth Census of the United States, 1840. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Office, 1841.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. “Population of Civil Divisions Less Than Counties; Table III—State of Indiana,” 1: 124. Ninth Census of the United States, 1870. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1872.
Wright, Richard R. Jr. “The Economic Conditions of Negroes in the North: Negro Rural Communities in Indiana.” Southern Workman 34 (March 1908): 158-172.
By Georgia Cravey, July 18, 2014
African American rural settlements documented: 0
Some of the earliest settlers of Scott County came from the eastern seaboard by flatboat, but most came by foot from Kentucky, Virginia, or North Carolina. Scott evolved into somewhat of a crossroad for several counties but was too distant from all county seats for practical matters. So, residents successfully petitioned the Indiana Legislature for separate status. (Corydon was the state capitol at the time.) Augmented with portions of Clark, Jackson, Jefferson, Jennings, and Washington counties, Scott was established in 1820. The census that year recorded 2,334 inhabitants. The number of black people in the county would vary little over the course of the century:
U.S. Census Estimates of African American Residents in Scott County, 1820-1900
Census Year 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 No. of Inhabitants 0 15 15 15 2 5 10 1 1
These figures exclude those in bondage. Census slave schedules for this period reflect approximately 200 enslaved people in Indiana- six in Scott County. Slavery was outlawed; it was openly practiced and tolerated. Even so, there may have been some under-reporting of numbers. Owners paid a tax for each person they owned; so, some may have chosen to downplay the numbers. Since the census is based on voluntary participation, self-report and enumerator interpretation, it is vulnerable to low compliance, underestimates and inaccurate categorizations.
The above may be an “underestimate”, but whatever the actual number, Scott and many counties had similar counts. (A 1901 statewide voter audit confirms this and the dramatic drop from mid-century figures. Indianapolis Journal, October 26, 1901.) Still, the data does challenge the current consensus that African Americans were “not allowed” in Scott County but reveals nothing about the terms and conditions of their habitation. For example, is “Violet Lavinia,” who served the Swope family as a slave in Kentucky, but was “freed” in Scott Co. part of the count? What was her status as a citizen and worker from 1820 onward?
Note also that the Washington County Negro Register (1853-1865), reflects Scott County as the birthplace for four of five “Jacksons” registering. (The fifth, presumably their mother, reported Bourbon Co. KY as her birthplace.) There is also evidence that in 1850, of the 15 African Americans Scott County residents, 5 were school-aged children and 4 were attending school. From Coy Robbins Reclaiming Our Black Heritage in Salem Indiana, pg.92: “Table 15: Colored Children in Adjoining Counties Attending Schools in 1850.” Were they attending local white schools or were arrangements made for access to the A.M.E. “day” schools in adjacent Washington County? The famed Rev. Hiram Revels, his brother and other African Methodist Episcopal members had formed at least two schools in Washington County by 1845.
All suggest that African Americans coalesced in some ways as community here that merit further examination. Similarly, with the possible exception of Scott Co.’s first lynching, there is virtually no mention of race in historic documents or local newspapers. Since “color related” news—both the sensational and mundane–was often picked up as filler or commentary in newspapers in other locales (Indianapolis, Louisville, Salem, etc.), future researchers could find substantiation elsewhere.
Bibliography
Bogardus, Carl R. and Langdon, Leland. The Scott County Lynching in 1898. Reprint of this 1945 article may be read at the Austin, Indiana History website.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana. Federal Population Census Schedules and Volume: Reel 0014 – 1820. Crawford, Delaware, Dubois, Harrison, Jennings, Knox, Lawrence, Martin, Monroe, Orange, Owen, Perry, Scott, Switzerland, Vanderburgh, Vigo, Wabash, Washington. Accessed August 22, 2014.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana. Federal Population Census Schedules, Volume: Reel 0030 – 1830. Montgomery, Clinton, Vigo, Hendricks, Monroe, Putnam, Morgan, and Scott Counties. Accessed August 22, 2014.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana. Federal Population Census Schedules, Volume: Reel 0093 – 1840. Rush, Scott, Shelby, Spencer Counties. Accessed August 22, 2014.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana. Federal Population Census Schedules, Volume: Reel 00171 – 1850. Scott, St. Joseph Counties. Accessed August 23, 2014.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana. Federal Population Census Schedules, Volume: Reel 00294 – 1860. Rush, Scott Counties. Accessed August 23, 2014.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana. Federal Population Census Schedules, Volume: Reel 00357 – 1870. Shelby and Scott Counties. Accessed August 23, 2014.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana. Federal Population Census Schedules, and Volume: Reel 00309 – 1880. Scott County. Accessed August 23, 2014.
Gresham, John M. Biographical and Historical Souvenir for the Counties of Clark, Crawford, Harrison, Floyd, Jefferson, Jennings, Scott, and Washington, Indiana. Chicago: Chicago Printing Co. 1889. Print. (Scott County Library)
LaRoche, Cheryl. Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance. Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2014.
Thornbrough, Emma. The Negro in Indiana: A Study of a Minority. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1957.
State Enumeration of Voters for the Legislative Apportionment for 1903. Indianapolis Journal, Volume 51, Number 299, 26 October 1901, pg. 9. Accessed June 22, 2014.
By Martina Nichols Kunnecke, August 2014
African American rural settlements documented: 0
Though there are no known settlements in Shelby County, there are strong possibilities in need of further research.
In Black History: Shelby County, Paula Karmire mentions some possible settlements. She describes a 6 ½ acre parcel “just south of the [Shelbyville] city limits” settled by five Grissom brothers and a sister known as the Grissom neighborhood or Grissom Lane (p17). Additionally she discusses two “primary areas of settlement”: Harrison Street area to the south of the Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad and an area along Pike and Venter Streets and Washington Avenue west of Miller Street known as Maplewood (p 26). These two areas are probably within the town of Shelbyville and thus outside the scope of this project. Another area of settlement known as Hoganville was located across Blue River at the north edge of Shelbyville (p 26). Finally Karmire notes “a small community of people” at Norristown by 1900 which falls outside the time frame of this project (p 7).
The 19th century African American population of Shelby County was small, but like neighboring Johnson County, shows a substantial increase between 1860 and 1870.
In 1830 the census shows a total of eight free people of color residing in the county apparently in association with white families. The history of the Fox household is typical of one of the major themes of migration to Indiana. Michael Fox leaves the Quaker stronghold of Randolph County, North Carolina, with his son, Jacob, and three black children: Silas, Isaac and Dilla/Dilly Coleman/Colman. In 1820 the Fox household is enumerated in Wayne County, Indiana, and by 1821 Fox and his household have settled in “Little Marion” in Shelby County.
David Craig describes the Davis household, another white family that included African Americans. Records would indicate that these individuals had connections to a North Carolina farm owned by the Copple family. The Copples were German immigrants who lived previously in Maryland and Virginia. They left Rowan County, North Carolina, with “a few slaves” for Clark County, Indiana, where some of the freed slaves remained with the Copples while others apparently migrated to Shelby County.
The story of the first black landowners in Shelby County presents another interesting scenario of migration. In his 1821 will, Thomas Graffort, a white slave-owner in Bourbon County, Kentucky, provides his fifteen slaves eighty acre-tracts of land that have been entered in Shelby County and Rush County, Indiana. Three men, Hazard, Hedgeman and George Graffort share in the 480 acres purchased in Addison Township. They did not, however, have long tenure as the land seems to have been sold within a few years.
In 1840 the population increases to 20 persons. In 1850 the count declines by 1 person to 19. Of those 19 people, 9 are residing in the town of Shelbyville. The others are distributed in townships as follows: Moral, 7; Hendricks, 2;, Marion, 1. In the 1860 census the count is 21 African Americans. As in the previous decade, the majority, 14 persons, live in Shelbyville, the county seat.
The Civil War years and the years leading up to the war saw conflict develop between Union and anti-Union/pro-slavery elements. Accusations were made concerning the formation of a chapter of Knights of the Golden Circle. On the other side of the coin, there is evidence of Underground Railroad activity in Shelby County. Ten black men enlisted in the 28th United States Colored Troops (USCT) from Shelby County: Thompson Burrs, Hiram and Madison Estes, Jordan McCrary, William B. McNeal, Daniel W. and John W. Morgan, Harvey Palmer, James Wadkins, and Isaiah Wells. Additional men were represented in other “colored” units. The 28th USCT was an Indiana regiment.
Although it represented a small percentage of the total county population, the African American population increased significantly to 128 by 1870. The population was still concentrated in the town of Shelbyville and in Addison Township as a whole. In 1860 there were no African Americans counted in Addison Township out of the town of Shelbyville, but by 1870, 58 persons exclusive of the town are residing in the township. The 1870 population outside Addison Township is negligible with 10 of the 13 townships reporting no black population and two townships reporting only a single individual. A majority of the population shares Kentucky nativity with a good representation of North Carolinians, Virginians as well as some Indiana- born persons.
Paula Karmire’s excellent study of Shelby County’s black history provides a detailed picture of African American life in Shelby County after 1870. Settlement patterns begin to change. She notes a “small community of people living at Norristown” by 1900 with kinship ties to a community located near Hope, Indiana, in northeast Bartholomew County (p 7). Family names include Crawley, Bird, Starks, Simms, Hobbs, Johnson, McGee, Wells, Hayes, and Gaither. Children from these families are evident in early school photographs collected at the Shelby County Library. Another small group of African Americans (Pattersons, Alderbrands and Couchmans) lived for a brief period following the Civil War in small frame houses in Washington Township a mile west of Flat Rock, south of State Road 252. The Couchmans can be traced to Marion County where Henry Couchman was a bell captain at an Indianapolis hotel.
In the decades following the Civil War, certain elements of Shelbyville demonstrated a domestic version of xenophobia. In December 1879, twenty-five immigrants from Goldsboro, North Carolina, arrived without adequate clothing or other means to survive winter in Indiana. Local reaction among white residents was largely negative and suspicions were aroused about other groups of North Carolinians making the migration north in search of opportunity.
In Shelbyville the black community began efforts to organize a school as early as 1868. School #2 at South Harrison and Howard Streets was built in 1870. In 1884 Nelson Grissom successfully sought to have his son Edmund admitted to the Shelbyville High School. Edmund Grissom graduated with the class of 1889.
Efforts to organize a church began as early as 1857 and organized worship by a Baptist congregation began in February 1869. Rev. Richard Bassett headed the church in 1870. Rev Bassett had ties throughout Indiana including Parke and Howard Counties, and the towns of Rising Sun, Madison, New Albany, Indianapolis and Kokomo. Methodist organized more slowly. They obtained their own building in 1879 in the former headquarters of the Shelby County Abolitionist Society.
It seems notable that Shelbyville’s fire department was integrated. Six black men were members of the 1891 hook and ladder squad and are included in a photograph of the crew. Karmire notes, however, that blacks were barred from many aspects of white society and as a consequence developed a rich community life with separate social and benevolent organizations including Masons and Odd Fellows. She sums up: “While there was generally mutual respect…racial lines were clear” (p23). In her book the level of detail is superior.
There is an impressive collection of local history materials at the Shelby County Public Library. There is a Local History Room, including many photographs. There are a lot of possibilities for digitization projects.
Bibliography
Atlas of Shelby County. Evansville, Indiana: Unigraphic, 1979. (Reprint of 1880 edition).
Boetcker, Rev. William J.H. Picturesque Shelbyville. Reprint, Evansville, Indiana: Unigraphic, 1978.
Chadwick, Edward H. Chadwick’s History of Shelby County, Indiana. 1909. Reprint, Evansville, Indiana: Unigraphic, 1977.
Craig, David. “Black families Valuable Part of County’s History.” Shelbyville News, March 21, 2001.
Ellis, Mike. “Blacks Leave Mark in Area.” Indianapolis News, June 14, 1989.
Flat Rock and Washington Township: Days-Gone-Bye [sic]. n.p.: n.p. 1987
Holmes, Maurice. Family History. [Local newsletter in files at Shelby County Museum] September 1991, p 45; December 1988, p 28.
Karmire, Paula. Black History: Shelby County, Indiana. Shelbyville, Indiana, P. Karmire, 2006.
Karmire, Paula. Shelby County, Indiana, Civil War Soldiers: A Biographical History. [n.p.: n. p.], 2010.
McFadden, Marian. Biography of a Town: Shelbyville, Indiana, 1822-1962. Shelbyville, Indiana: Tippecanoe Press, 1968.
Murray, Lucille and Betty Randall. Black Heritage—Shelby County. Typewritten manuscript Shelby County Public Library.
Oliver, Beverly. Shelbyville: A Pictorial History. St. Louis: G. Bradley Publishing, 1996.
Porter, Albert. A Short History of the Porter Family. 1989. Typewritten manuscript, Shelby County Public Library
Shelby County Historical Society [Shelby County, Indiana]. Shelby County, Indiana, History and Families. Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing, 1992.
Shelby County Interim Report. [Indianapolis?] Historic Landmarks Foundation, 1992.
Shelbyville [Indiana] Young Men’s Pan-American Congress. The City of Shelbyville, Indiana, Illustrated. Chicago: Merritt & Harris, 1895.
Thornbrough, Emma Lou. The Negro in Indiana before 1900: a Study of a Minority. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. “Aggregate Amount of Each Description of Persons within District of Indiana,” 1: 352. Sixth Census of the United States, 1840. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Office, 1841.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. “Population of Civil Divisions Less Than Counties; Table III—State of Indiana,” 1: 124. Ninth Census of the United States, 1870. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1872.
By Georgia Cravey, July 28, 2014
African American rural settlements documented: 0
Tipton County was one of the last counties to be organized in Indiana. It was created in 1844 from portions of Hamilton County and the Miami Indian Reserve.
The nineteenth century African American population in Tipton County was small. The majority of the black population was found in Cicero Township (1860, 23 persons; 1870, 37 persons) and in the town of Tipton (1860, 7 persons; 1870, 17 persons). Madison Township reported 7 African Americans in 1850 and 24 in 1870. Liberty Township enumerated 12 African Americans in 1860. Three of the six townships reported zero African Americans.
Tipton County offers an interesting situation with the census and racial designation that may have resulted in undercounting of the African Americans. In just a superficial examination of a few records on Ancestry, it appears that some families enumerated in one decade as white (or at least without the letter W indicating white) and then enumerated as mulatto or black in other decades. Racial identity may have been fluid, or it is possible that the enumerator did not perceive the individuals as non-white. In other cases the census taker may have had poor handwriting and M’s for mulatto were not differentiated from W’s for white. Handwriting may also account for significant variants in the recording of names,
The Richard Goin/Going/Goins household, Madison Township, presents an interesting case. North Carolina born Richard Goin was a farmer. Ancestry links Richard to an 1840 record from the U.S. Land Office documenting the purchase of eighty acres in Tipton County. At the time of the purchase, he was residing in Hendricks County. His Virginia born wife Lakey and eight other individuals are listed as residing in Madison Township for the 1850, 1860 and 1870 census. Most of their children were born in Indiana indicating a significant length of residency in the state. The Goines are enumerated without a racial designation in the 1850 and 1860 census leading to the assumption that they are white. Also in 1860 the African American population of Madison Township drops to zero. In the 1870 census when the black population increases to twenty-four persons, the Goines are enumerated as mulatto rather than white.
In the case of the Tyner/Tanner family, a large family living in Cicero Township, King Tanner, head of household, is reported in the 1860 census as black, born in Virginia. His wife, Sarah is reported as mulatto born in North Carolina. Records indicate that King had married Sarah (nee Lawrence) in Henry County, Indiana. They have ten other individuals in the household, all born in Indiana and classed as mulatto. In 1870 the census taker transcribes the surname to Tyner and the handwriting is such that it is very difficult to differentiate between the letters M and W designating race. In 1870, Ancestry reports, probably in error, that King Tyner is white,. Bolden Tyner, age 28, is in the household in 1870. Ancestry links him to a record for Bolden Tanner who served in the Civil War with the 55th Massachusetts Colored Infantry.
Other African American family surnames in Tipton County include Perkins, Murphy, Nicholson, Linch, Jones and Mulvine. In addition to birthplaces of Virginia, North Carolina, and Indiana, other settlers reported Ohio, and New York.
Tipton County histories scarcely mention African Americans. However they do report evidence of Southern sympathies at the time of the Civil War. These attitudes were counter balanced with pro-Union sentiment. When a rebel flag was raised from the courthouse in 1861, indignant citizens tore it down and threatened the “butter-nut element” with hanging. In 1863, with patriotism lagging, local chapters of Knights of the Golden Circle were formed. In the 1920s, Tipton County faced a new surge of nativism when the Ku Klux Klan enrolled 1622 members. This represented an astonishing 34.4 per cent of the native-born white male population making the Tipton Klan one of the strongest, most influential Klan units in the state.
Allen Safianow noting the county’s small black population in the 19th century (seventy-eight persons by 1870), reports a mere four African Americans in the 1920 census, and none in the 1930 census. He continues, “The precise reasons for the decline…are unexplained, but racial prejudice was common. Blacks left because of greater economic opportunities in the cities or because of overt hostility and intimidation.” Sources acknowledge that the county’s reputation is one of being “inhospitable” to blacks including unwritten sundown laws. He concludes that “racism was something the Tipton Klan exploited rather than generated.”
Bibliography
Blanchard, Charles. Counties of Howard and Tipton. Chicago: F.A. Battey, 1883.
Century Landowner Atlas of Tipton County, Indiana. 1874. Reprint, Knightstown, Indiana: Bookmark, 1979.
Kemp, Gretchen A. Tipton County: Her Land and Her People. Tipton, Indiana: Tipton County Publishing, 1976.
Pershing, M.W. History of Tipton County, Indiana. Indianapolis: Bowen & Company, 1914.
Safianow, Allen. “The Klan Comes to Tipton.” Indiana Magazine of History. 95 (September 1999) 3: 203-231.
Tipton County Interim Report. [Indianapolis?] Historic Landmarks Foundation, 2010.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. “Aggregate Amount of Each Description of Persons within District of Indiana,” 1: 352. Sixth Census of the United States, 1840. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Office, 1841.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. “Population of Civil Divisions Less Than Counties; Table III—State of Indiana,” 1: 124. Ninth Census of the United States, 1870. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1872.
By Georgia Cravey, July 31, 2014
African American rural settlements documented: 3
Washington County was established in 1814. As early as 1803 and typical of the time, “squatters” anticipating territorial expansion began migrating to the area. By 1810, roughly 250 people had settled. It’s unclear how many people of color were among or in addition to this number. The manner in which one, John Williams, arrived is uncertain. But along the way, he befriended Quakers. They had begun arriving in 1808. The same year, a teen named Harry Mingo entered a 60-year indentured service agreement with slaveholder Henry Twyman. Thus, Twyman complied with Indiana law, which stipulated all enslaved peoples (including the boy and others Twyman had brought with him from Kentucky) be “freed.” Mingo would periodically take Twyman to court, charging mistreatment. In 1816, fearing a return to Kentucky and enslavement, he enlisted the aid of friends and escaped to Canada. (See Centennial History of Washington County by Steve Warder.)
Negro Registers and census data confirm a growing number of blacks trickling into the county between 1820 and 1850. Some were lone domestics or farm hands living with the family they served. Many chose the various African American enclaves that were built close together—often unnamed. In comparison to the white community, their overall numbers were few but grew dur-ing this period. Ultimately African Americans would reside in over half of this rural county’s 13 townships. For census data, it appears that most lived either in the city of Salem or rural com-munities in Washington, Posey or Howard Townships. County revenue and deed records suggest these three unnamed, black pioneer settlements in Washington County were largely agrarian and robust. Property ownership was common. Entrepreneurs paid taxes, helped build churches and established cemeteries. At the zenith of black residency, Rev. Hiram Revels and his brother, Wil-lis, were active in the local African Methodist Episcopal (AME) community, which built two day schools for black children. (Sons of free black parents and born in North Carolina, the Revel brothers lived in Washington County for decades before seeking their fortunes elsewhere. Hiram moved to Mississippi where he became the first African American Senator to serve in the U.S. Congress.) By any standard of the day, John Williams became wealthy—owning 160 acres of profitable farmland. Businessman Alexander White established a “whites only hotel” in Salem, purchased numerous plats in “Hay’s Addition” and the plot in Howard Township, where an AME church once stood.
As the black community had grown, so had anti-black hostility. White was considered Salem’s “last colored resident” when he was murdered in 1867. His wealth inexplicably gone, he was doing odd jobs around town. Though retaining his wealth, Williams died similarly—presumably at the hand of white assailants. [No one was convicted for either crime. William’s murderer(s) were unknown. White’s murder was witnessed as he and others were leaving church. One assailant fled the town and avoided arrest. The other was tried but not convicted. See Reclaiming African Heritage in Salem, Indiana by Coy Robbins.] Washington County enumerated 252 blacks in the 1850 census, but by 1870 the number had dwindled to 18. For the next century, the county’s population census recorded single digits for black residents.
With threats, violence and aggressive “colonization” campaigns, the 1850s ushered in tremendous pressures on Washington County’s African Americans. The successful crusade to drive African Americans away was followed by decades of erasing away any sign they had ever been there. What had made the settlement communities—its properties, institutions and cemeteries were consumed, looted or otherwise destroyed.
During the 1980s, the Washington Co. Cemetery Association erected markers recognizing sites where “Negro People” had been buried or there had been an “African American Community.” Thus, black pioneers were honored but remained blanketed in anonymity. The one exception stands on the site of what was once the Salem African Methodist Episcopal Church and cemetery: “SITE OF BLACK AFRICAN AMERICAN METHODIST CHURCH John Williams established a fund for the education of Negroes which is still awarding scholarships to Negro students. He died in 1863 and is buried here.” The Washington County settlements, cemeteries and schools that Williams, White and many others helped establish and those that merit further investigation are listed below.
Cemeteries
African Methodist Episcopal Cemetery (where John Williams is buried)
Salem, Washington, Indiana
African-American Cemetery
Becks Mill, Washington, Indiana
Bibliography
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana Federal Population Census Schedules, Volume: Reel 0014 – 1820. Crawford, Delaware, Dubois, Harrison, Jennings, Knox, Lawrence, Martin, Monroe, Orange, Owen, Perry, Scott, Switzerland, Vanderburgh, Vigo, Wabash, Washington. Accessed on August 22, 2014.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana Federal Population Census Schedules, Volume: Reel 0031 – 1830. Orange, Henry, Tippecanoe, Greene, Bartholo-mew, Carroll, Knox, Washington, and Daviess Counties) Accessed on August 22, 2014.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana Federal Population Census Schedules, Volume: Reel 0097 – 1840. Wabash, Warrick, Warren, Washington. Accessed on August 22, 2014.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana Federal Population Census Schedules, Volume: Reel 00149 – 1850. Washington, Warrick Counties. Accessed on August 22, 2014.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana Federal Population Census Schedules, Volume: Reel 00306 – 1860. Washington County. Accessed on August 23, 2014.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana Federal Population Census Schedules, Volume: Reel 00306 – 1870. Washington County. Accessed on August 23, 2014.
Bureau of the United States Census, National Archives & Records, Indiana Federal Popu
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2015-03-27T19:35:22+00:00
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About Westfield Visit Westfield Heritage Village’s Website Westfield is a stunning collection of over 30 historical buildings which has made Westfield one of the most interesting historical destinations in Ontario. […]
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en
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Hamilton Conservation Authority
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https://conservationhamilton.ca/welcome-to-westfield-heritage-village/
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About Westfield
Visit Westfield Heritage Village’s Website
Westfield is a stunning collection of over 30 historical buildings which has made Westfield one of the most interesting historical destinations in Ontario. Carefully restored and staffed with costumed interpreters, the buildings capture the true charm and spirit of early Canadian culture
Visitors may witness living history demonstrations and take part in guided tours of the 130-hectare site which is bordered by beautiful woodlands, meadows and trails.
Westfield also offers a variety of education programs. Groups can choose from several options, available on weekends and weekdays, that are curriculum-driven and come complete with teacher’s kits.
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Nestled within the Westfield NY village green, surrounded by majestic shade trees and manicured lawns, is a unique learning experience for children and adults alike: the McClurg Museum and History Center.
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en
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https://www.tourchautauqua.com/images/favicon/favicon.ico
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Chautauqua County Visitors Bureau
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https://www.tourchautauqua.com/destinations/mcclurg-museum
|
McClurg Museum
Nestled within the Westfield NY village green, surrounded by majestic shade trees and manicured lawns, is a unique learning experience for children and adults alike: the McClurg Museum and History Center. Operated by the Chautauqua County Historical Society (CCHS), the museum offers a rare glimpse of life in Chautauqua County.
The house was built in 1818 by pioneer James McClurg, the wealthy son of a Pittsburgh industrialist. Its grand salons and formal rooms stood in sharp contrast to the rugged homes of neighboring frontier settlers. Today the 14-room Federal-style mansion is the home of the Chautauqua County Historical Society. Since 1883, CCHS has been collecting and preserving the significant history of Chautauqua County.
The museum features period displays on three floors. Displays include some of the earliest artifacts and archival materials relating to the settlement and subsequent development of the county. The collection features fine art, antique furnishings, textiles and much more. Children especially enjoy the Victorian nursery with its delightful doll collection. Guided tours are available. The mansion was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
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https://westfieldheritage.ca/
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Westfield Heritage Village – Experience the Charm and Spirit of Early Canada
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Westfield Heritage Village Conservation Area is a living history museum and conservation area. As one of Ontario’s most interesting historical destinations, it boasts a stunning collection of over 35 restored historical buildings, nestled within 204 hectares of conservation land featuring woodlands, meadows, and trails.
Historical buildings are not open on a daily basis, but visitors may walk through the Village, and enjoy hikes seven days a week. On special and event days, a selection of buildings will be open along with costumed interpreters providing demonstrations and guided tours.
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2007-12-14T23:30:51+00:00
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_New_York_(state)
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Name Image Location County Region Type Summary 1805 Frisbie House Salisbury Center Herkimer Adirondack Region Local history Operated by the Salisbury Historical Society 1812 Homestead Farm and Museum Willsboro Essex Adirondack Region Agriculture Recreates daily farm life in the early 19th century 1863 Schoolhouse Deerpark Orange Mid-Hudson Local history 1890 House Museum Cortland Cortland Finger Lakes Historic house website, focuses on Victorian life Adirondack History Center Museum Elizabethtown Essex Adirondack Region Local history website, operated by the Essex County Historical Society Adirondack Lakes Center for the Arts Blue Mountain Lake Hamilton Adirondack Region Art website Adirondack Mennonite Heritage Farm Croghan Lewis Adirondack Region Historic house Operated by the Adirondack Mennonite Heritage Association & Historical Society, 19th-century house and farm buildings with exhibits about early Amish-Mennonite settlers in the area Adirondack Experience Blue Mountain Lake Hamilton Adirondack Region Local history Outdoor recreation, boats and boating, transportation, fine art, work and industry, tourism, and community life Adsit Log Cabin Willsboro Essex Adirondack Region Historic house 18th-century log cabin Afton Historical Museum Afton Chenango Central Leatherstocking Local history website, operated by the Afton Historical Society Agricultural Memories Museum Penn Yan Yates Finger Lakes Agriculture Antique farm tractors, farm equipment, carriages, toy tractors, open by appointment[1] Akin Free Library Pawling Dutchess Mid-Hudson Multiple Library with museum of local history operated by the Pawling Historical Society and the Olive Gunnison Natural History Museum Akwesasne Cultural Center Hogansburg Franklin Adirondack Region Native American Albany Center Gallery Albany Albany Capital District Art Contemporary art Albany Institute of History & Art Albany Albany Capital District Multiple Art, local history, founded in 1791 Albany Pine Bush Discovery Center Albany Albany Capital District Natural history Natural history of the Albany Pine Bush Preserve Alfred Ceramic Art Museum Alfred Allegany Buffalo Niagara Region Art Part of Alfred University, historic and contemporary ceramic and glass objects Alice T. Miner Museum Chazy Clinton Adirondack Region Historic house 1824 Colonial Revival house with period furnishings Alling Coverlet Museum Palmyra Wayne Finger Lakes Textile website, coverlets date from the 1830s to the 1880s and quilts, operated by Historic Palmyra American Italian Museum & Cultural Center Albany Albany Capital District Ethnic website American Maple Museum Croghan Lewis Adirondack Region Food and drink website American Museum of Cutlery Cattaraugus Cattaraugus Buffalo Niagara Region Industry Examples of knives, swords, edged tools and weapons[2] Ames Museum Ames Montgomery Mohawk Valley Local history Anderson Falls Heritage Museum Keeseville Essex Adirondack Region Local history Operated by the Anderson Falls Heritage Society[3] Antique Boat Museum Clayton Jefferson Thousand Islands Maritime Arcade Historical Society Museum Arcade Wyoming Buffalo Niagara Region Local history website, also known as the Gibby House Arkell Museum Canajoharie Montgomery Mohawk Valley Multiple American art and history Arnot Art Museum Elmira Chemung Finger Lakes Art Includes 17th to 19th-century European paintings, and 19th and 20th-century American art, 21st-century contemporary representational art Art Museum at SUNY Potsdam Potsdam St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Art Also known as Gibson Gallery, part of State University of New York at Potsdam Arts Center of Yates County Penn Yan Yates Finger Lakes Art website, arts center with exhibit gallery Ashford Historical Society Museum West Valley Cattaraugus Buffalo Niagara Region Local history Open by appointment[4] AWA Wireless Museum Bloomfield Ontario Finger Lakes Technology website, vintage radio equipment, operated by the Antique Wireless Association Avon Preservation and Historical Society Museum Avon Livingston Finger Lakes Local history website Babbie Rural & Farm Learning Museum Peru Clinton Adirondack Region Agriculture website, rural farm buildings, equipment and tools Bainbridge Museum Bainbridge Chenango Central Leatherstocking Local history photos, operated by the Bainbridge Historical Society Bannerman Castle Pollepel Island Dutchess Mid-Hudson Historic house Tours of the early 20th-century castle house, part in ruins, accessible by boat Barker Historical Museum Fredonia Chautauqua Buffalo Niagara Region Local history [5] Bedford Museum Bedford Westchester Lower Hudson Local history website Archived 2010-08-04 at the Wayback Machine, operated by the Bedford Historical Society, includes the restored 1787 Court House and local history exhibits, also operates the 1829 School House Bement-Billings Farmstead Newark Valley Tioga Finger Lakes Historic house Operated by the Newark Valley Historical Society, early 19th-century period house and farmstead, costumed docents with craft demonstrations Bemus Point Historical Museum Bemus Point Chautauqua Buffalo Niagara Region Local history Operated by the Bemus Point Historical Society[6] Benjamin and Dr. Edgar R. Codeld Judaic Museum Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Judaica Located in Temple Beth Zion, features over 1,000 Judaic artifacts dating from the 10th century, also known as the Codeld Judaic Museum Benjamin Long Homestead Tonawanda Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Historic house website, operated by the Historical Society of the Tonawandas, 19th-century house Benjamin Patterson Inn Corning Steuben Finger Lakes Open air Operated by the Corning-Painted Post Historical Society, complex includes Benjamin Patterson Inn, Wixson Road Log Cabin, Blacksmith Shop, Starr Barn, Browntown Schoolhouse Best House and Medical Exhibit Middleburgh Schoharie Capital District Historic house Former country doctor's home with medical exhibits, life from the 1870s to 1940s Beth Joseph Synagogue Tupper Lake Franklin Adirondack Region Judaica Bevier House Museum Marbletown Ulster Mid-Hudson Historic house Home of the Ulster County Historical Society, stone house dating from the 17th century Big Flats Historical Society Museum Big Flats Chemung Finger Lakes Local history website Big Springs Museum Caledonia Livingston Finger Lakes Local history website, operated by the Big Springs Historical Society Binghamton University Art Museum Binghamton Broome Central Leatherstocking Art Part of Binghamton University Blenheim-Gilboa Visitors Center North Blenheim Schoharie Capital District Science Energy and electricity Blockhouse Museum & Historic Park Brewerton Oswego Central New York Local history Operated by the Fort Brewerton Historical Society, reconstruction of a late 18th-century log block house Bluff Point Lighthouse Valcour Island Clinton Adirondack Region Lighthouse Operated by the Clinton County Historical Association, exhibits about the lighthouse and local history and natural history Boldt Castle Alexandria Bay Jefferson Thousand Islands Historic house Early 20th-century castle house Bolton Historical Museum Bolton Landing Warren Adirondack Region Local history website, operated by the Historical Society of the Town of Bolton Book of Mormon Historic Publication Site Palmyra Wayne Finger Lakes Religious Historic print shop of E. B. Grandin, first publisher of the Book of Mormon Boonville Black River Canal Museum Boonville Oneida Adirondack Region Canals website, history of the Black River Canal Boscobel Cold Spring Putnam Lower Hudson Historic house 19th-century mansion and estate Brain Museum Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Medical website, also known as the Museum of Neuroanatomy, collection of brain specimens, part of University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Brick Church Museum Galen Wayne Finger Lakes Local history website, operated by the Galen Historical Society Brick Tavern Stand Montour Falls Schuyler Finger Lakes Local history Operated by the Schuyler County Historical Society Bridge House Museum Phoenix Oswego Central New York Local history website Bronck House Coxsackie Greene Capital District Historic house 17th-century Dutch homestead, operated by the Greene County Historical Society Brookfield Museum Brookfield Madison Central Leatherstocking Local history website, operated by the Town of Brookfield Historical Society Brookside Museum Ballston Spa Saratoga Adirondack Region Local history Home of the Saratoga County Historical Society Buffalo AKG Art Museum Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Art Modern and contemporary art; formerly known as the Buffalo Albright-Knox Gallery Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Maritime Home to several decommissioned US Naval vessels including the Cleveland-class cruiser USS Little Rock, the Fletcher-class destroyer USS The Sullivans, and the submarine USS Croaker Buffalo Fire Historical Museum Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Firefighting Buffalo Harbor Museum Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Maritime website, operated by the Lower Lakes Marine Historical Society, history of the Port of Buffalo, its harbor, waterways and their role in the development of the economies of the Niagara Frontier Buffalo History Museum Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Local history Local history, industry, Native Americans, pioneers, ethnic heritage and culture, 19th-century shops and businesses Buffalo Motorcycle Museum Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Transportation - Motorcycle website Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Buffalo Museum of Science Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Science Themes include science, animals, astronomy, the science of technology, health Buffalo Niagara Heritage Village Amherst Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Open air 12 historic buildings including homes, one-room schoolhouses, a barbershop, and a church, formerly the Amherst Museum Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway Station Orchard Park Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Railroad Operated by the Western New York Railway Historical Society Buffalo Transportation Pierce-Arrow Museum Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Transportation website, Pierce-Arrow cars, motorcycles, bicycles and memorabilia Bull Stone House Hamptonburgh Orange Mid-Hudson Historic house Early 18th-century stone house Bullthistle Model Railroad Society Museum Norwich Chenango Central Leatherstocking Railroad website, model railroad layouts Bundy Museum of History and Art Binghamton Broome Central Leatherstocking Multiple Victorian period house, Bundy Manufacturing Company time recorder clocks and artifacts, modern & African art, local history, Southern Tier Broadcasters Hall of Fame, period barber shop Burchfield-Penney Art Center Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Art Features works by Charles E. Burchfield, J. J. Lankes and other area artists Burden Iron Works Troy Rensselaer Capital District Industry - Iron Open by appointment only Busti Grist Mill & Historical Society Museum Busti Chautauqua Buffalo Niagara Region Mill Open for annual fall festival and by appointment Butler Church Museum Butler Wayne Finger Lakes Local history Operated by the Butler Historical Society Call Homestead Museum Andover Allegany Buffalo Niagara Region History 19th- and 20th-century farm equipment and traditional rural implements, butter churns, crocks, clocks, quilts, toys, musical instruments, furniture, artwork and local pottery[7] Cambridge Historical Society Museum Cambridge Washington Adirondack Region Local history website, Victorian house with period furnishings and local history displays Camp Santanoni Newcomb Essex Adirondack Region Historic camp National Historic Landmark camp open for tours Camp Shanks World War II Museum Orangeburg Rockland Lower Hudson Military Former embarkation point for troops in World War II Canal Town Museum Canastota Madison Central Leatherstocking Local history Carnegie Art Center North Tonawanda Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Art Contemporary art exhibits, visual art and dance classes Caroga Historical Museum Caroga Fulton Adirondack Region Open-air website, farm house, exhibit barn, general store, cobbler's shop, ice house and Sherman's Park Arcade, operated by the Caroga Historical Association Carriage House Museum Camden Oneida Central Leatherstocking Local history information[8] Cary Hill Sculpture Park Salem Washington Adirondack Region Sculpture park CAS Arts Center Livingston Manor Sullivan Mid-Hudson Art website, operated by the Catskill Art Society Casey's Cottage Mexico Oswego Thousand Islands Local history website Archived 2014-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, located in Mexico Point State Park, medieval-style cottage Casparus F. Pruyn House Newtonville Albany Capital District Historic house 19th-century Greek Revival house, restored one-room schoolhouse, smokehouse, potting shed, woodshed/privy building, carriage house, well house, gardens, historic and cultural arts programs Castellani Art Museum Lewiston Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Art Contemporary art and folk art, part of Niagara University Castile Historical Museum Castile Wyoming Buffalo Niagara Region Local history website, operated by the Castile Historical Society Catamount People's Museum Catskill Greene Capital District Culture website, people, stories, culture and history of the Catskill Mountains, located in a bobcat-shaped building built out of salvaged wood[9] Cattaraugus County Museum Machias Cattaraugus Buffalo Niagara Region Local history website, also known as the Stone House Catskill Fly Fishing Center and Museum Livingston Manor Sullivan Mid-Hudson Sports Caverns Creek Grist Mill Howes Cave Schoharie Capital District Mill Mill museum and country store[10] Cayuga Museum of History and Art Auburn Cayuga Finger Lakes Multiple Local history, art, culture and the invention of sound film Central Square Museum Central Square Oswego Thousand Islands Railroad website Archived 2008-08-28 at the Wayback Machine, operated by the Central New York Chapter, National Railway Historical Society Center for Photography at Woodstock Kingston, New York Ulster Mid-Hudson Art website, Artist-centered contemporary photography organization with exhibits CEPA Gallery Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Art website, contemporary photography and visual arts center Champlain Valley Transportation Museum Plattsburgh Clinton Adirondack Region Transportation Includes cars, canoes, trains, trolleys and more Chapman Historical Museum Glens Falls Warren Adirondack Region Historic house Late 19th-century period house Charles Dickert Wildlife Collection Saranac Lake Franklin Adirondack Region Natural history website, located on the first floor of the Saranac Lake Free Library, taxidermy specimens of local animals Charlotte-Genesee Lighthouse Rochester Monroe Finger Lakes Lighthouse Operated by the Charlotte-Genesee Lighthouse Historical Society Charlton Historical Society Museum Charlton Saratoga Adirondack Region Local history website Chautauqua Institution Chautauqua Chautauqua Buffalo Niagara Region Art Visual arts gallery, performing arts Cheektowaga Historical Museum Cheektowaga Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Local history Operated by the Cheektowaga Historical Association Chemung Valley History Museum Elmira Chemung Finger Lakes Local history Operated by the Chemung County Historical Society Chenango Canal Cottage Museum Bouckville Madison Central Leatherstocking Canals website, operated by the Chenango Canal Association Chenango County Historical Society Norwich Chenango Central Leatherstocking Local history website Cherry Valley Museum Cherry Valley Otsego Central Leatherstocking Local history website Children's Museum at Saratoga Saratoga Springs Saratoga Capital District Children's website Children's Museum of Oswego Oswego Oswego Thousand Islands Children's website Children's Museum of Science and Technology Troy Rensselaer Capital District Science Chittenango Landing Canal Boat Museum Chittenango Madison Central Leatherstocking Canals Open seasonally, construction and repair of canal boats and the social history of the Erie Canal era Cigarville Railroad Station Museum Clay Onondaga Central New York Local history Operated by the Town of Clay Historical Association in Clay Historic Park[11] Clarence Historical Museum Clarence Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Local history website, operated by the Clarence Historical Society Clermont State Historic Site Clermont Columbia Capital District Historic house 1930s period manor house and estate with exhibits about the Livingston family Clifton F. West Historical Museum Hague Warren Adirondack Region Local history website, operated by the Hague Historical Society Clinton County Historical Museum Plattsburgh Clinton Adirondack Region Local history website, operated by the Clinton County Historical Association Clove Furnace Historic Site Arden Orange Mid-Hudson Industry - Iron Iron blast furnace ruins and museum Cobblestone Society Museum Childs Orleans Buffalo Niagara Region Local history 1834 church, 1840 house and 1849 house that exemplify area cobblestone architecture Columbia County Museum Kinderhook Columbia Capital District Local history Operated by the Columbia County Historical Society, includes the Luykas Van Alen House, 1850 Ichabod Crane Schoolhouse, 1819 James Vanderpoel House Colton Museum Colton St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Local history website Archived 2016-01-29 at the Wayback Machine, open daily 10-2 and by appointment with the Colton Historical Society Constitution Island West Point Orange Mid-Hudson Historic house - Fort Tour includes boat ride to and from island, guided tour of Revolutionary War fortifications and 17-room Warner House Cook Museum of Local History Galway Saratoga Adirondack Region Local history Restored Victorian house with Victorian rooms, dolls, clothing, dishes, tools, bibles[12] Corinth Museum Corinth Saratoga Adirondack Region Local history website Cornerstone Park Carmel Putnam Lower Hudson Local history website Corning Museum of Glass Corning Steuben Finger Lakes Industry - Glass Cottage Lawn Museum Oneida Madison Central Leatherstocking Historic house Operated by the Madison County Historical Society, Victorian period house and local history displays Crandall Public Library Folklife Center Glens Falls Warren Adirondack Region Multiple website Archived 2010-09-19 at the Wayback Machine, exhibits of the history and culture of the upper Hudson Valley and southern Adirondacks of upstate New York Czurles-Nelson Gallery Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Art website, part of Buffalo State University Cropsey Homestead Hastings-on-Hudson Westchester Lower Hudson Art Also known as Ever Rest, studio with artwork of Jasper F. Cropsey, operated by the Newington-Cropsey Foundation along with their Gallery of Art, featuring works by Cropsey Crown Point State Historic Site Crown Point Essex Adirondack Region Military Remains of a Colonial era fort and museum Cuba Cheese Museum Cuba Allegany Buffalo Niagara Region Food and drink [13] Cuba Historical Society Museum Cuba Allegany Buffalo Niagara Region Local history [14] Daniel Parrish Witter Agricultural Museum Syracuse Onondaga Central New York Agriculture website, open during the New York State Fair, farming tools, equipment, log cabin, demonstrations, operated by the NYS Agricultural Society Dansville Area Historical Museum Dansville Livingston Finger Lakes Local history website Archived 2016-03-13 at the Wayback Machine, operated by the Dansville Area Historical Society Dart Airport Aviation Museum Mayville Chautauqua Buffalo Niagara Region Aviation [15] Darwin D. Martin House Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Historic house Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright Das Haus und Der Stahl Niagara Falls Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Ethnic Area German heritage museum in an 1843 home of original settlers David Crawford House Newburgh Orange Mid-Hudson Historic house Operated by the Historical Society of Newburgh Bay and the Highlands David Sayre Store and House Museum Milford Otsego Central Leatherstocking History Facebook site, early 19th-century period store operated by the Greater Milford Historical Association[16] Dayton Historical Museum Dayton Cattaraugus Buffalo Niagara Region Local history [17] Dayton's Corners School Penfield Monroe Finger Lakes Education Open during special events; one-room schoolhouse De Kalb Historical Association Museum De Kalb St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Local history [18] Delaware and Hudson Canal Museum High Falls Ulster Mid-Hudson Canals History of the Delaware & Hudson Canal, operated by the D & H Canal Historical Society Deposit Historical Society Museum Deposit Delaware Central Leatherstocking Local history website DeRuyter Museum DeRuyter Madison Central Leatherstocking Local history Operated by the Tromptown Historical Society DeWint House Tappan Rockland Lower Hudson Historic house 18th-century Colonial Dutch house, temporary headquarters of Commander-in-Chief George Washington during the American Revolution Dia Beacon Beacon Dutchess Mid-Hudson Art one of the twelve locations and sites the Dia Art Foundation manages.[19] DIRT Museum & Hall of Fame Weedsport Cayuga Finger Lakes Automotive website, classic cars, stock cars, memorabilia and a drivers' hall of fame Discovery Center of the Southern Tier Binghamton Broome Central Leatherstocking Children's website Donald M. Kendall Sculpture Gardens Purchase Westchester Lower Hudson Sculpture park Collection of 45 pieces of outdoor sculpture at the Pepsico world headquarters Dowd Gallery Cortland Cortland Finger Lakes Art website, part of State University of New York at Cortland Dr. John Quincy Howe House Phelps Ontario Finger Lakes Local history Operated as a museum of local history by the Phelps Community Historical Society Dunkirk Lighthouse & Veterans Museum Dunkirk Chautauqua Buffalo Niagara Region Military Lighthouse and keeper's cottage with collection of military artifacts Dunkirk Historical Museum Dunkirk Chautauqua Buffalo Niagara Region Local history website, local history, art and culture, includes Brooks Locomotive Works equipment and artifacts Durham Center Museum East Durham Greene Capital District Local history [20] Dyke Museum Wellsville Allegany Buffalo Niagara Region Local history Operated by The Thelma Rogers Genealogical & Historical Society[21] East Bloomfield Historical Society East Bloomfield Ontario Finger Lakes Local history website East Otto Historical Museum East Otto Cattaraugus Buffalo Niagara Region Local history [22] Edith Langley Barrett Fine Art Gallery Utica Oneida Adirondack Region Art website, part of Utica University Edmonston House New Windsor Orange Mid-Hudson Historic house 18th-century period house Edward Hopper House Art Center Nyack Rockland Lower Hudson Art Edwin Welling Van Duzer Memorial House Middletown Orange Mid-Hudson Historic house Facebook site, home of the Historical Society of Middletown & the Wallkill Precinct[23] El Museo Francisco Oller y Diego Rivera Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Art website, exhibition of fine art by Latin/Caribbean, African-American and other artists of color Elbert Hubbard Roycroft Museum East Aurora Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Historic house Arts and Crafts movement style home featuring furniture and decorative items produced by the Roycroft community, located in the George and Gladys Scheidemantel House Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site Hyde Park Dutchess Mid-Hudson Historic house Eleazer Harding House Otisville Orange Mid-Hudson Historic house information, operated by Mount Hope Historical Society Elijah Miller House White Plains Westchester Lower Hudson Historic house 18th-century farmhouse used during the Revolutionary War by General George Washington as a headquarters command post during the Battle of White Plains Elizabeth Cady Stanton House Seneca Falls Seneca Finger Lakes Historic house Part of Women's Rights National Historical Park Ellenville Public Library and Museum Ellenville Ulster Mid-Hudson Local history website, known as the Terwilliger House Museum Ellicottville Historical Museum Ellicottville Cattaraugus Buffalo Niagara Region Local history Open seasonally[24] Elma Historical Society Museum Elma Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Local history website, local history, also 1847 water-powered saw mill Empire State Aerosciences Museum Glenville Schenectady Capital District Aviation Empire State Heritage Park Rome Oneida Central New York Canals website, formerly Erie Canal Village, area canal heritage Empire State Railway Museum Phoenicia Ulster Mid-Hudson Railroad Empire State Theater Musical Instrument Museum Syracuse Onondaga Central New York Music website, located in the Empire Expo Center and open during the New York State Fair, theater organs Endicott Visitor Center Endicott Broome Central Leatherstocking Local history website Archived 2015-02-14 at the Wayback Machine, includes a museum of local history Erie Canal Discovery Center Lockport Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Canals website, operated by the Niagara County Historical Society, construction and operations of the Erie Canal Erie Canal Depot Palmyra Wayne Finger Lakes Local history [1], history of the Erie Canal in the depot at Historic Palmyra Erie Canal Museum Syracuse Onondaga Central New York Canals History of the Erie Canal Erie Canal Park Camillus Onondaga Finger Lakes History website, includes Sims' Store Museum, replica of the original Sims' canal store, and a steam engine exhibit Esperance Historical Museum Esperance Schoharie Capital District Local history Facebook site, operated by the Esperance Historical Society Everson Museum of Art Syracuse Onondaga Central New York Art American art Explore & More Children's Museum East Aurora Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Children's Fannie Bartlett House/Olean Point Museum Olean Cattaraugus Buffalo Niagara Region Local history information, information Farmers' Museum Cooperstown Otsego Central Leatherstocking Agriculture Living farm museum, also home to the Empire State Carousel FASNY Museum of Firefighting Hudson Columbia Capital District Firefighting website, heritage of firefighting in New York State Fenimore Art Museum Cooperstown Otsego Central Leatherstocking Art American Folk, North American Indian, Hudson River School and 19th-century genre art and American photography Fenton History Center Jamestown Chautauqua Buffalo Niagara Region Local history Fiddlers Hall of Fame and Museum Redfield Oswego Adirondack Region Music website, operated by the New York State Old Tyme Fiddlers' Association Finger Lakes Boating Museum Penn Yan Yates Finger Lakes Maritime website, over 60 Finger-Lakes-built boats Fire Museum of Syracuse Syracuse Onondaga Central New York Firefighting Open by appointment only[25] Fleischmanns Museum of Memories Fleischmanns Delaware Central Leatherstocking Local history Located behind the Skene Memorial Library and open from Memorial Day through Labor Day[26][27] Fort Crailo Rensselaer Rensselaer Capital District Historic house Colonial New Netherland history, also known as Crailo State Historic Site Fort Decker Museum of History Port Jervis Orange Mid-Hudson Historic house Operated as a local history museum by the Minisink Valley Historical Society Fort Delaware Museum Narrowsburg Sullivan Mid-Hudson Open air website, depiction of the life of pioneers who settled in the Upper Delaware Valley in 1754 Fort Drum Museum Fort Drum Jefferson Thousand Islands Military website Archived 2014-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, history of the 10th Mountain Division and Fort Drum, Facebook site Fort Klock St. Johnsville Montgomery Mohawk Valley Open air Revolutionary era historic homestead, Colonial Dutch Barn, blacksmith shop, and 19th-century schoolhouse Fort Montgomery State Historic Site Fort Montgomery Orange Mid-Hudson Military American Revolutionary War site and museum Fort Ontario Oswego Oswego Adirondack Region Military Star-shaped fort restored to its 1868-1872 appearance Fort Plain Museum & Historical Park Fort Plain Montgomery Central Leatherstocking History website, Revolutionary War headquarters of Marinus Willett Fort Stanwix National Monument Rome Oneida Adirondack Region Military Reconstructed Colonial fort, important site during the American Revolutionary War, living history enactments Fort Ticonderoga Ticonderoga Essex Adirondack Region Military Revolutionary fort with costumed interpreters represent 18th-century soldiers and refugee women Fort William Henry Lake George Warren Adirondack Region Military French & Indian War fort with costumed interpreters Fosdick-Nelson Gallery Alfred Allegany Buffalo Niagara Region Art website, part of Alfred University, contemporary art Foster Cottage Museum Clifton Springs Ontario Finger Lakes Historic house website, operated by the Clifton Springs Historical Society Foster Farm Museum Brewster Putnam Lower Hudson Agriculture Historic farm featuring rare and endangered early American farm animals, farm equipment, rock and roll memorabilia Frances Lehman Loeb Art Center Poughkeepsie Dutchess Mid-Hudson Art Part of Vassar College Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum Hyde Park Dutchess Mid-Hudson Biographical Franklin House of History Malone Franklin Adirondack Region Historic house website, operated by the Franklin County Historical and Museum Society Frederic Remington Art Museum Ogdensburg St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Art Works of Frederic Remington Fred J. Johnston Museum Kingston Ulster Mid-Hudson Historic house website, operated by Friends of Historic Kingston, 1812 house with collection of 18th and early 19th century furnishings and decorative arts Friends of Historic Kingston Museum Kingston Ulster Mid-Hudson Local history website, operated by Friends of Historic Kingston Frisbee House and Museum Delhi Delaware Central Leatherstocking Open air Operated by the Delaware County Historical Association, home to 7 historic buildings including the 1797 Frisbee House Frontenac Museum Union Springs Cayuga Finger Lakes Local history website, operated by the Frontenac Historical Society Fryer Memorial Museum Munnsville Madison Central Leatherstocking Local history website Fulton County Museum Gloversville Fulton Adirondack Region Local history website, operated by the Fulton County Historical Society Ganondagan State Historic Site Victor Ontario Finger Lakes Native American Seneca village Gates House Museum Warsaw Wyoming Buffalo Niagara Region Local history Operated by the Warsaw Historical Society, 19th-century house Gateway Museum Morristown St. Lawrence Thousand Islands History website, local history, culture General Richard Montgomery House Rhinebeck Dutchess Mid-Hudson Historic house website Archived 2009-08-31 at the Wayback Machine, occupied by General Richard Montgomery during the American Revolutionary War, open by appointment with the Chancellor Livingston Chapter, NSDAR Genesee Country Village and Museum Mumford Monroe Finger Lakes Open air 19th-century living history museum, includes John L. Wehle Gallery of Sporting Art, Genesee Country Nature Center, Carriage Museum, Silver Baseball Park and Heirloom Gardens Geneva History Museum Geneva Ontario Finger Lakes Local history website, located in the Prouty-Chew House, operated by the Geneva Historical Society George Barton House Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Historic house Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright George Eastman Museum Rochester Monroe Finger Lakes Photography Historic mansion with exhibits on photography and film Georgetown Historical Society Museum Georgetown Madison Central Leatherstocking Local history [28] Georgi on the Battenkill Museum and Park Shushan Washington Adirondack Region Art website, Italian, Dutch, Flemish, German and French paintings from the 14th through the 18th centuries, Chinese and Asian tapestries and figurines Gerrit Smith Estate Peterboro Madison Finger Lakes Historic house 19th-century house, site along the Underground Railroad Gilboa Museum Gilboa Schoharie Mohawk Valley Local history website, fossils, local history, operated by the Gilboa Historical Society Glebe House Poughkeepsie Dutchess Mid-Hudson Historic house 18th-century period house Glenn H. Curtiss Museum Hammondsport Steuben Finger Lakes Aviation Early aviation and local history Gomez Mill House Newburgh Orange Mid-Hudson Historic house Earliest surviving Jewish residence in North America Goodsell Museum Old Forge Herkimer Adirondack Region Local history Operated by the Town of Webb Historical Association Gouverneur Museum Gouverneur St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Local history website Granger Homestead and Carriage Museum Canandaigua Ontario Finger Lakes Historic house 19th-century period mansion, collection of carriages Grant Cottage State Historic Site Wilton Saratoga Capital District Historic house Late 19th-century period house where President Ulysses S. Grant died in 1885 Graycliff Derby Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Historic house Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright Great Camp Sagamore Raquette Lake Hamilton Adirondack Region Historic camp National Historic Landmark camp open for tours Greater Oneonta Historical Society History Center Oneonta Otsego Central Leatherstocking Local history website Greece Museum Greece Monroe Finger Lakes Local history website, operated by the Greece Historical Society Greenfield Park Museum Wawarsing Ulster Mid-Hudson Education One-room schoolhouse Griffis International Sculpture Garden Rome Oneida Central New York Art website, outdoor art park, works created by Sculpture Space in Griffiss Business and Technology Park Griffis Sculpture Park East Otto Cattaraugus Buffalo Niagara Region Sculpture park 425-acre (1.72 km2) outdoor art museum Groton Historical Association Museum Groton Tompkins Finger Lakes Local history [29] H.P. Sears Oil Co. Service Station Museum Rome Oneida Central New York Automotive website, restored service station with automotive memorabilia Hagadorn House Almond Allegany Buffalo Niagara Region Historic house website, operated by the Almond Historical Society Half-Shire Historical Society Museum Richland Oswego Adirondack Region Local history website Hallwalls Contemporary Arts Center Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Art Showcases artists of diverse backgrounds in film, video, literature, music, performance, media and visual arts Hamilton Hill Arts Center Schenectady Schenectady Capital District Art website, African and African American art and culture Hamlin's North Star History Center Hamlin Monroe Finger Lakes Local history Hammond Historical Museum Hammond St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Local history website, operated by the R.T. Elethorp Historical Society Hammond Museum and Japanese Stroll Garden North Salem Westchester Lower Hudson Art East Asian art and culture and Japanese garden Hancock House Museum Ticonderoga Essex Adirondack Region Local history Operated by the Ticonderoga Historical Society Handwerker Gallery Ithaca Tompkins Finger Lakes Art website, part of Ithaca College Hanford Mills Museum East Meredith Delaware Central Leatherstocking Mill Sawmill, gristmill, feed mill, woodworking shop and hardware store Harmony Historical Society Blockville Chautauqua Buffalo Niagara Region Local history website Harness Racing Museum & Hall of Fame Goshen Orange Mid-Hudson Sports Harriet Tubman Home Auburn Cayuga Finger Lakes Biographical Place where Harriet Tubman spent her last years Hart-Cluett Mansion Troy Rensselaer Capital District Historic house Operated by the Rensselaer County Historical Society, 19th-century period rowhouse Hartford Museum & Howard Hanna Memorial Civil War Enlistment Center Hartford Washington Adirondack Region Local history Museum located in the Elisha Straight House; depicts life and local industry in the 19th century; center depicts the history of the area men who enlisted for the American Civil War Hastings Historical Society Hastings-on-Hudson Westchester Lower Hudson Local history website Haverstraw Brick Museum Haverstraw Rockland Lower Hudson Industry website, area brick making industry Hawkins Point Visitors Center Massena St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Science website, operated by the New York Power Authority at the St. Lawrence-FDR Power Project, exhibits about energy, electricity and the North Country Heart's Delight Farm Chazy Clinton Adirondack Region Agriculture Operated by the Miner Institute, farm history and demonstrations, life of founder William Miner and his railroad inventions Henderson Historical Society and Museum Henderson Jefferson Thousand Islands Local history website Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art Ithaca Tompkins Finger Lakes Art Part of Cornell University Heritage Discovery Center Buffalo Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Industry website, railway, steel and industrial heritage of Western New York, includes the Steel Plant Museum, Western New York Railway Historical Society and other organizations Heritage Museum on the Hemlock Fairgrounds Hemlock Livingston Finger Lakes History website, open during the fair and by appointment Heritage Square Museum Ontario Wayne Finger Lakes Open air Buildings from the mid-19th century Herkimer County Historical Society Suiter Building Museum Herkimer Herkimer Adirondack Region Local history Herkimer County Jail Herkimer Herkimer Adirondack Region Prison Tours given by the Herkimer County Historical Society Herkimer Diamond Mines Museum Herkimer Herkimer Adirondack Region Natural history website, includes the Herkimer Diamond Mines Gift Shop, Museum, and Prospecting Area, includes exhibits of minerals and fossils Herkimer Home State Historic Site Danube Herkimer Adirondack Region Historic house 18th-century period house Heroes of Baseball Wax Museum Cooperstown Otsego Central Leatherstocking Sport website Herschell Carrousel Factory Museum North Tonawanda Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Carrousel Housed in an original carousel factory building Hervey Ely House Rochester Monroe Finger Lakes Historic house 19th-century mansion, operated by the Irondequoit chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution Hessel Museum of Art Annandale-on-Hudson Dutchess Mid-Hudson Art Part of Bard College, contemporary art High Falls Interpretive Center and Museum Rochester Monroe Finger Lakes Local history website, local history, industry, culture, art, operated by the Office of the City Historian Hill-Hold Museum Hamptonburgh Orange Mid-Hudson Historic house Hudson Valley farm in the 1830s Historic Cherry Hill Albany Albany Capital District Historic house 17th-century house reflecting owners through the 19th century Historic Huguenot Street Gardiner Ulster Mid-Hudson Open air Tours of historic houses, including Locust Lawn Estate, operated by the Huguenot Historical Society Historic Pittsford Museum Pittsford Monroe Finger Lakes Local history website Historical Society of Rockland County History Center Museum New City Rockland Lower Hudson Local history website The Historical Society and Museum Tarrytown Westchester Lower Hudson Local history website, history of Tarrytown and Sleepy Hollow, located in the Jacob Odell House The History Center in Tompkins County Ithaca Tompkins Finger Lakes History website History House Moravia Cayuga Finger Lakes Local history website, operated by the Cayuga-Owasco Lakes Historical Society H. Lee White Marine Museum Oswego Oswego Adirondack Region Maritime Boats, ship models, sailmakers' tools, navigational equipment, nautically themed painting, nautical artifacts; home of the World War II-era tugboat Nash Hobart Historical Center Hobart Delaware Central Leatherstocking Local history Hoffman Clock Museum Newark Wayne Finger Lakes Horology website, history of timekeeping, includes over 300 clocks, watches and tools Holland Land Office Museum Batavia Genesee Buffalo Niagara Region Local history History of the Holland Land Company Holocaust Museum & Center for Tolerance and Education Suffern Rockland Lower Hudson History website, located at Rockland Community College Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site Hyde Park Dutchess Mid-Hudson Historic house Hopkinton Town Museum Hopkinton St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Local history information Horace Greeley House Chappaqua Westchester Lower Hudson Historic house Operated by the New Castle Historical Society, 19th-century home of newspaper editor and later presidential candidate Horace Greeley Horicon Museum Brant Lake Warren Adirondack Region Local history website, operated by the Town of Horicon Historical Society Hornell Erie Depot Museum Hornell Steuben Finger Lakes Railroad website, Erie Railroad memorabilia Horseheads Historical Society Depot Museum Horseheads Chemung Finger Lakes Local history website House of Frankenstein Wax Museum Lake George Warren Adirondack Region Wax website, wax models of scary figures Howe Caverns Howes Schoharie Capital District Natural history Cavern tours and the Cave House Museum of Mining & Geology Howland Stone Store Museum Sherwood Cayuga Finger Lakes Local history Hudson Highlands Nature Museum Cornwall Orange Mid-Hudson Natural history website Hudson River Maritime Museum Kingston Ulster Mid-Hudson Maritime History of shipping, boating and industry on the Hudson River and its tributaries; operates the Rondout Light for tours Hudson River Museum Yonkers Westchester Lower Hudson Multiple Art, natural history, planetarium Hunting Tavern Museum Andes Delaware Central Leatherstocking Historic site website, operated by the Andes Society for History and Culture Hurley Heritage Society Museum Kingston Ulster Mid-Hudson Historic house website, also known as Col. Jonathan Elmendorf House Hyde Collection Glens Falls Warren Adirondack Region Art Private art collection in original home context, includes American, French and Italian art, furnishings, textiles, silver and ceramics Hyde Hall Springfield Otsego Central Leatherstocking Historic house Adjacent to Glimmerglass State Park, turn-of-the-19th-century mansion Hyde Park Station Hyde Park Dutchess Mid-Hudson Railroad Includes area's railroad history, artifacts and model railroad Interlaken Historical Society Museum Interlaken Seneca Finger Lakes Local history website International Boxing Hall of Fame Canastota Madison Central Leatherstocking Sports International Mask & Puppet Museum Syracuse Onondaga Finger Lakes Puppetry website, part of Open Hand Theater International Motor Racing Research Center Watkins Glen Schuyler Finger Lakes Sports Archives, research library & exhibits Ira G. Ross Aerospace Museum Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Aerospace Formerly the Niagara Aerospace Museum Irish American Heritage Museum Albany Albany Capital District Ethnic History and heritage of the Irish in America Iron Center Museum Port Henry Essex Adirondack Region Industry - Iron Railroad and mining history, operated by the Moriah Historical Society[30] Iron Island Museum Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Local history website, operated by the Iron Island Preservation Society of Lovejoy Iroquois Indian Museum Howes Cave Schoharie Capital District Native American Iroquois culture and art Jacob Blauvelt House New City Rockland Lower Hudson Historic house Operated by the Historical Society of Rockland County, mid-19th-century period farmhouse Jacob Purdy House White Plains Westchester Lower Hudson Historic house Maintained by the White Plains Historical Society, George Washington's headquarters during the Battle of White Plains 1776 and in 1778 Jacob T. Walden Stone House Walden Orange Mid-Hudson Historic house 18th-century period house operated by the Walden Historical Society Jamesville Community Museum Jamesville Onondaga Central New York Local history Located in the former Saint Mark's Church Java Historical Society Museum Java Wyoming Buffalo Niagara Region Local history Operated by appointment Jay Heritage Center Rye Westchester Lower Hudson Historic house Home of and museum about John Jay Jean Hasbrouck House New Paltz Ulster Mid-Hudson Historic house Part of Historic Huguenot Street, early 18th-century Dutch house Jefferson County Historical Society Museum Watertown Jefferson Thousand Islands Local history Jell-O Gallery Le Roy Genesee Buffalo Niagara Region Food and drink Operated by the Le Roy Historical Society, history and memorabilia of Jell-O John Brown Farm and Gravesite North Elba Essex Adirondack Region Historic house Home and final resting place of abolitionist John Brown John D. Murray Firefighters Museum Oswego Oswego Adirondack Region Firefighting Facebook site[31] John Jay Homestead State Historic Site Katonah Westchester Lower Hudson Historic house John Kane House Pawling Dutchess Mid-Hudson Historic house Operated by the Historical Society of Quaker Hill and Pawling, 18th-century house with period furnishings and local history exhibits Johnson Hall State Historic Site Johnstown Fulton Adirondack Region Historic house 18th-century home of Sir William Johnson, an Irish pioneer and British Indian agent in the Province of New York Johnstown Historical Society Museum Johnstown Fulton Adirondack Region Local history [32][33] Johnston House Geneva Seneca Finger Lakes Historic house website, operated by the Geneva Historical Society, contains the Mike Weaver Drain Tile Museum John William Draper House Hastings-on-Hudson Westchester Lower Hudson Historic house Museum of the Hastings Historical Society Joseph Horton House Wappingers Falls Dutchess Mid-Hudson Historic house Pre-Revolutionary War Dutch Colonial home, open by appointment Joseph Smith Farm Palmyra Wayne Finger Lakes Historic house Home and farm of Latter Day Saint movement founder Joseph Smith, Jr. Karpeles Manuscript Library Museum Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Library Karpeles Manuscript Library Museum Newburgh Orange Mid-Hudson Library Exhibits from its collections Katonah Museum of Art Katonah Westchester Lower Hudson Art Kenan Center Lockport Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Art website, visual and performing arts center with gallery Kent-Delord House Museum Plattsburgh Clinton Adirondack Region Historic house Features 19th-century period furnishings Kiersted House Museum Saugerties Ulster Mid-Hudson Historic house Operated by the Saugerties Historical Society, 18th-century house Kinetic Gallery Geneseo Livingston Finger Lakes Art website, part of SUNY Geneseo Kinnear Museum of Local History Lake Luzerne Warren Adirondack Region Local history website, operated by the Hadley-Luzerne Historical Society Klyne Esopus Museum Esopus Ulster Mid-Hudson Local history Knickerbocker Mansion Schaghticoke Rensselaer Capital District Historic house Operated by the Knickerbocker Historical Society, late 18th-century mansion Knight-Sutton Museum Akron Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Local history website, operated by the Newstead Historical Society Knox's Headquarters State Historic Site New Windsor Orange Mid-Hudson Historic house Revolutionary War headquarters for General Henry Knox Kykuit Mount Pleasant Westchester Lower Hudson Historic house Also known as John D. Rockefeller Estate, 40-room mansion with art collection, gardens Lake George Historical Association Museum Lake George Warren Adirondack Region Local history website Lake Placid Winter Olympic Museum Lake Placid Essex Adirondack Region Sports Memorabilia of the 1932 & 1980 Lake Placid Winter Olympics Lake Placid-North Elba Historical Society Museum Lake Placid Essex Adirondack Region Local history website Lake Pleasant Museum Lake Pleasant Hamilton Adirondack Region Local history Operated by the Historical Society of Lake Pleasant & Speculator Lancaster District School No. 6 Lancaster Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Education Open by appointment with the Lancaster Historical Society Lancaster Historical Society Museum Lancaster Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Local history website Lansing Manor House North Blenheim Schoharie Capital District Historic house Early 19th-century period house Le Roy House LeRoy Genesee Buffalo Niagara Region Historic house Operated by the Le Roy Historical Society Lederer Lockhart Bridge Galleries Geneseo Livingston Finger Lakes Art website, three art galleries at State University of New York at Geneseo Lehigh Valley Railroad Historical Society Station Museum Shortsville Ontario Finger Lakes Railroad website Leon Historical Society Museum Leon Cattaraugus Buffalo Niagara Region Local history Lewiston Museum Lewiston Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Local history website, operated by the Historical Association of Lewiston Liberty Museum & Arts Center Liberty Sullivan Mid-Hudson Art website Light Work Syracuse Onondaga Central New York Art Non-profit photography center Lincoln Depot Museum Peekskill Westchester Lower Hudson Biographical History and ties between Abraham Lincoln and Peekskill Lisbon Depot Museum Lisbon St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Local history Town's social, agricultural and railway history Little Falls New York Historical Society & Museum Little Falls Herkimer Adirondack Region Local history website Little Red Schoolhouse Museum Chestnut Ridge Rockland Lower Hudson Education website, operated by the East Ramapo School District Little Red School House Museum Sterling Cayuga Finger Lakes Local history Operated by the Sterling Historical Society Liverpool Village Museum Liverpool Onondaga Finger Lakes Local history Changing exhibits of local history, grounds also include the Liverpool Willow Museum about the local willow weaving industry, located in the Lucius Gleason House Livingston Art Center Mount Morris Livingston Finger Lakes Art website, art center with New Deal Gallery, featuring Works Progress Administration art from the Great Depression, and the Apartment One Gallery for exhibits of regional art Livingston County Historical Society Museum Geneseo Livingston Finger Lakes Local history website Livingston History Barn Livingston Columbia Capital District Local history website Locust Grove (Samuel F. B. Morse House) Poughkeepsie Dutchess Mid-Hudson Historic house 19th-century period furnished house, exhibit on telegraph inventor Samuel Morse Locust Lawn Estate Gardiner Ulster Mid-Hudson Historic house 19th-century farm complex, part of Historic Huguenot Street Longyear Museum of Anthropology Hamilton Madison Central Leatherstocking Anthropology Part of Colgate University, archaeological and ethnographic materials from Africa, Oceania, and the pre-Columbian cultures of North, Central, and South America[34] Lorenzo State Historic Site Cazenovia Madison Central Leatherstocking Historic house Early 19th-century mansion Louis Miller Museum Hoosick Falls Rensselaer Finger Lakes Local history website, operated by Hoosick Township Historical Society Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Center Jamestown Chautauqua Buffalo Niagara Region Biographical Memorabilia of television stars Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz Lucille Wright Air Museum Jamestown Chautauqua Buffalo Niagara Region Aerospace website, air and space education, planetarium Lyndhurst (Jay Gould Estate) Tarrytown Westchester Lower Hudson Historic house 19th-century mansion in 67-acre (270,000 m2) park Lyon Mountain Mining and Railroad Museum Lyon Mountain Clinton Adirondack Region Local history Includes history of Lyon Mountain mines and the D & H Railroad Mabee Farm Historic Site Rotterdam Junction Schenectady Capital District Historic house 17th-century Dutch farm, oldest house still standing in the Mohawk Valley, operated by the Schenectady County Historical Society Madam Brett Homestead Beacon Dutchess Mid-Hudson Historic house Operated by the Daughters of the American Revolution, early 18th-century home Mandeville Gallery Schenectady Schenectady Capital District Art Part of Union College, located in the Nott Memorial, changing exhibits of contemporary art, history and science Manitoga Garrison Putnam Lower Hudson Historic house 20th-century home of industrial designer Russel Wright, tours by reservation Manlius Historical Museum Manlius Onondaga Finger Lakes Local history website, operated by the Manlius Historical Society Maple Grove (Poughkeepsie, New York) Poughkeepsie Dutchess Mid-Hudson Historic house Mid-19th-century house under restoration Marble Schoolhouse Eastchester Westchester Lower Hudson Local history Open by appointment with the Eastchester Historical Society Marcella Sembrich Opera Museum Bolton Landing Warren Adirondack Region Music Home of opera star Marcella Sembrich, includes fine and decorative arts, personal opera mementos, photographs, costumes, hosts concerts Margaret Reaney Memorial Library & Museum St. Johnsville Montgomery Capital District Local history website, includes fine art, sculpture, household and military items Marian E. White Anthropology Research Museum Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Science Research collection of North American archaeological items,[35] part of University at Buffalo Mark Twain Study Elmira Chemung Finger Lakes Biographical website, part of Elmira College, octagonal building where author Mark Twain wrote many of his books Martin Van Buren National Historic Site Kinderhook Columbia Capital District Historic house Mid-19th-century mansion and estate of President Martin Van Buren Martisco Station Railway Museum Camillus Onondaga Finger Lakes Railroad Operated by the Central New York Chapter, National Railway Historical Society Massena Museum Massena St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Local history website Matilda Joslyn Gage Home Fayetteville Onondaga Central New York Biographical website, restored home with exhibits about the life of suffragist, abolitionist and author Matilda Joslyn Gage Maurice F. Sweeney Museum Livonia Livingston Finger Lakes Local history website, operated by the Livonia Area Preservation & Historical Society Maybrook Railroad Museum Maybrook Orange Mid-Hudson Railroad [36] Mayville Depot Museum Mayville Chautauqua Buffalo Niagara Region Local history Operated by the Chautauqua Town Historical Society in a historic depot M'Clintock House Waterloo Seneca Finger Lakes History Mid-19th-century house is part of Women's Rights National Historical Park McClurg Museum Westfield Chautauqua Buffalo Niagara Region Historic house Operated by the Chautauqua County Historical Society, 19th-century period mansion Medina Historical Society Museum Medina Orleans Buffalo Niagara Region Local history website Medina Railroad Museum Medina Orleans Buffalo Niagara Region Railroad Medora Ball Museum Otto Cattaraugus Buffalo Niagara Region Local history Memorial Art Gallery Rochester Monroe Finger Lakes Art European and Asian art and antiquities, American art, antiquities from Ancient Greece, Rome and the Middle East; part of the University of Rochester Merestead Mount Kisco Westchester Lower Hudson Historic house Early 20th-century mansion and estate, tours by advance reservation Mexico Historical Society Museum Mexico Oswego Thousand Islands Local history Facebook site[37] Mid-Hudson Children's Museum Poughkeepsie Dutchess Mid-Hudson Children's Middlebury Historical Society Wyoming Wyoming Buffalo Niagara Region Local history Midway State Park Maple Springs Chautauqua Buffalo Niagara Region Amusement Historic amusement park with museum Military History Society of Rochester Rochester Monroe Finger Lakes Military website U.S. Military artifacts from the War of 1812 through current times. Mill Museum Galen Wayne Finger Lakes Agriculture website, operated by the Galen Historical Society, farming and household items Millard Fillmore House East Aurora Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Historic house 19th-century period home of President Millard Fillmore Mills Mansion Mount Morris Livingston Finger Lakes Historic house Mid-19th-century period home, operated by the Mount Morris Historical Society Milton J. Rubenstein Museum of Science and Technology Syracuse Onondaga Finger Lakes Science Often referred to as the MOST Miner's Cabin Franklinville Cattaraugus Buffalo Niagara Region Historic house website, operated by the Ischua Valley Historical Society Minerva Historical Society Museum Olmstedville Essex Adirondack Region Local history website Mohawk Valley Center for the Arts Little Falls Herkimer Adirondack Region Art website Montgomery Place Annandale-on-Hudson Dutchess Mid-Hudson Historic house One of the Historic Hudson Valley houses, early 19th-century estate Moore Historical Museum Waddington St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Local history website Morehouse Historical Museum Morehouse Hamilton Adirondack Region Local history website Morrisville State College Wildlife Museum Morrisville Madison Central Leatherstocking Natural history website, open by appointment Motorcyclepedia Newburgh Orange Mid-Hudson Transportation Over 500 motorcycles from 1897 onward Mount Gulian Fishkill Dutchess Mid-Hudson Historic house Reconstructed 18th-century Dutch manor house Mount Lebanon Shaker Village New Lebanon Columbia Capital District Open air Shaker village under restoration, includes walking tours and exhibits at Shaker Museum | Mount Lebanon Mount Morris Dam Mount Morris Livingston Finger Lakes Natural history William B. Hoyt II Visitor Center features a large atrium, museum and theater Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute Museum of Art Utica Oneida Central Leatherstocking Art Arts center with museum featuring European and American art Muscoot Farm Somers Westchester Lower Hudson Agriculture Historic working dairy farm Museum at Bethel Woods Bethel Sullivan Mid-Hudson Culture History and culture of 1969 Woodstock Festival Museum at the Creamery Skaneateles Onondaga Central New York Local history website, operated by the Skaneateles Historical Society Museum of Automobile History Syracuse Onondaga Finger Lakes Automotive website, history of the automobile from the 18th century, includes cars, photos, art, models, designs, memorabilia Museum of Curiosities Cazenovia Madison Central Leatherstocking Natural history website, part of the Cazenovia Public Library, artifacts relating to natural history, geology, ethnography, archaeology, historic relics, art and local history The Museum of disABILITY History Williamsville Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Medical History of people with disabilities from medieval times to the present era Museum of the Earth Ithaca Tompkins Finger Lakes Natural history Focuses on paleontology Museum of Rhinebeck History Rhinebeck Dutchess Mid-Hudson Local history website Museum of the Early American Circus Somers Westchester Lower Hudson Multiple Operated by the Somers Historical Society, local and area circus history Museum of Wayne County History Lyons Wayne Finger Lakes Prison website, operated by the Wayne County Historical Society, former county jail and sheriff's residence, also local history Museum Village Monroe Orange Mid-Hudson Open air website, 19th-century village Napanoch Train Station Museum Napanoch Ulster Mid-Hudson Railroad [38] Nash House Museum Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Historic house 20th-century home of important leader of Buffalo's African-American community Nathaniel Hill Brick House Montgomery Orange Mid-Hudson Historic house 18th-century estate of Nathaniel Hill National Abolition Hall of Fame & Museum Peterboro Madison Finger Lakes History History and important people of the anti-slavery movement in the United States, located in the Smithfield Presbyterian Church National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Cooperstown Otsego Central Leatherstocking Sports National Bottle Museum Ballston Spa Saratoga Adirondack Region Industry - Bottle making Antique glass bottles and tools National Comedy Center Jamestown Chautauqua Buffalo Niagara Region Comedy State of the art museum of comedy in Lucille Ball's hometown. National Distance Running Hall of Fame Utica Oneida Adirondack Region Sports National Memorial Day Museum Waterloo Seneca Finger Lakes History Memorabilia and history of the birth of Memorial Day National Museum of Dance Saratoga Springs Saratoga Capital District Dance National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame Saratoga Springs Saratoga Capital District Sports National Purple Heart Hall of Honor New Windsor Orange Mid-Hudson Military National Saint Kateri Tekakwitha Shrine Fonda Montgomery Mohawk Valley Native American website, life of Kateri Tekakwitha, a Mohawk-Algonquian woman from New York and an early convert to Christianity and area Native American artifacts National Shrine of the North American Martyrs Auriesville Montgomery Mohawk Valley Religious Roman Catholic shrine dedicated to the Jesuit missionaries who were martyred at the Mohawk village of Ossernenon between 1642 and 1646 National Soaring Museum Elmira Chemung Finger Lakes Aviation National Toy Hall of Fame Rochester Monroe Finger Lakes Toy Part of The Strong National Warplane Museum Geneseo Livingston Finger Lakes Aviation Aircraft of the World War II and Korean War eras National Women's Hall of Fame Seneca Falls Seneca Finger Lakes History Native American Museum of Art Tuscarora Reservation Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Native American website, Native American art and culture, particularly Iroquois and Tuscarora Nellis Tavern St. Johnsville Montgomery Mohawk Valley Historic house Operated by the Palatine Settlement Society, restored 18th-century tavern Ner-A-Car Motorcycle Museum Syracuse Onondaga Central New York Transportation Motorcycles built in New York state[39] Neuberger Museum of Art Purchase Westchester Lower Hudson Art contemporary art; part of Purchase College Neversink Valley Museum of History and Innovation Cuddebackville Orange Mid-Hudson Canals website, history of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Newark-Arcadia Museum Newark Wayne Finger Lakes Local history website, operated by the Newark-Arcadia Historical Society, also the 1876 Marbletown Schoolhouse Newark Valley Depot and Museum Newark Valley Tioga Finger Lakes Railroad website, operated by the Newark Valley Historical Society New Netherland Museum Albany Albany Capital District Maritime website, museum ship, the "Half Moon", a reproduction of the ship that Henry Hudson sailed from Holland to the New World in 1609 New Windsor Cantonment State Historic Site Vails Gate Orange Mid-Hudson Military Reconstruction of the final encampment of the Continental Army of the Revolutionary War New Woodstock Regional Historical Society Museum New Woodstock Madison Central Leatherstocking Local history website New York Museum of Transportation Rush Monroe Finger Lakes Transportation Historic vehicles and photographs, trolley rides, track car rides, model railroad displays New York State Capitol Albany Albany Capital District History New York State Civilian Conservation Corps Museum New Lisbon Otsego Capital District History Located in Gilbert Lake State Park, area activities of the Civilian Conservation Corps New York State Country Music Hall of Fame Cortland Cortland Finger Lakes Music website, located at the Cortland Country Music Park New York State Executive Mansion Albany Albany Capital District Historic house New York State Grange Museum Cortland Cortland Finger Lakes History website, history and artifacts of the New York State Grange New York State Military Museum Saratoga Springs Saratoga Capital District Military website, state's military history New York State Museum Albany Albany Capital District Multiple Art, artifacts (prehistoric and historic), and natural history artifacts that reflect New York State's cultural, natural, and geological development New York State Wine Museum of Greyton H. Taylor Hammondsport Steuben Finger Lakes Multiple Food and drink Niagara Arts & Cultural Center Niagara Falls Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Art Includes two galleries Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center Niagara Falls Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region History Museum about the Underground Railroad in Niagara Falls Niagara Gorge Discovery Center Niagara Falls Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Natural history Natural and local history of Niagara Falls and the surrounding area, formerly the Schoellkopf Geological Museum Niagara History Center Lockport Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Open air website, eight building museum complex showcasing early pioneer life, business and industry, includes the Col. William M. and Nancy Ralston Bond House, operated by the Niagara County Historical Society Niagara Power Visitors Center Lewiston Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Science exhibits about water-powered electricity generation Niagara Science Museum Niagara Falls Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Science Includes antique science instruments and philosophical apparatus Niagara's Wax Museum of History Niagara Falls Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Wax website[40] North Creek Depot Museum North Creek Warren Adirondack Region Railroad Area railroad history, place where Theodore Roosevelt learned of the assassination of President William McKinley and of his accession to the Presidency of the United States Northeast Classic Car Museum Norwich Chenango Central Leatherstocking Automotive Over 150 classic and antique cars North Tonawanda History Museum North Tonawanda Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Local history website Norfolk Historical Museum Norfolk St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Local history website Northup Carriage House Museum Wolcott Wayne Finger Lakes Local history website, home of the Wolcott Historical Society and Museum Northville & Northampton Historical Society Museum Northville Fulton Adirondack Region Local history [33] Nunda Museum and Rose Shave Gallery Nunda Livingston Finger Lakes Local history website, operated by the Nunda Historical Society Oak Orchard Lighthouse Museum Medina Orleans Buffalo Niagara Region Maritime Reconstructed 1909 lighthouse on Lake Ontario Olana State Historic Site Greenport Columbia Capital District Historic house Former estate of artist Frederic Edwin Church Old Austerlitz Village Austerlitz Columbia Capital District Open air website, operated by the Austerlitz Historical Society, early 19th-century village buildings Old Fort House Museum Fort Edward Washington Adirondack Region Historic house 18th-century house depicting life from the 1770s through the 1940s Old Fort Johnson Amsterdam Montgomery Mohawk Valley Historic house 18th-century house with exhibits about the social, cultural, military and industrial past of the Mohawk Valley Old Fort Niagara State Historic Site Youngstown Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Military Part of Fort Niagara State Park, restored fort dating from the 17th century, costumed interpreters Old Middlefield Schoolhouse Museum Middlefield Otsego Central Leatherstocking Local history Operated by the Town of Middlefield Historical Association Old Quaker Store Museum Salamanca Cattaraugus Buffalo Niagara Region Local history History and development of Allegany State Park Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome Rhinebeck Dutchess Mid-Hudson Aviation Living museum of pre-World War II airplanes, automobiles and airplane engines Old Stone Fort Museum Complex Schoharie Schoharie Mohawk Valley Open air Includes an early 18th-century home, a 1780s Dutch barn, an 1830s law office, an 1890s one-room schoolhouse, and a 1772 stone church that was attacked during the American Revolution Oliver Rice Homestead Mayfield Fulton Adirondack Region Historic house 1790 homestead with exhibits depicting local history including the glove industry Omi International Arts Center Ghent Columbia Capital District Art Features the Fields Sculpture Park and exhibitions in the Charles B. Benenson Visitors Center & Gallery Oneida Community Mansion House Oneida Madison Central Leatherstocking Local history History of the Oneida Community Oneida County Historical Society Utica Oneida Central Leatherstocking Local history website Onondaga Historical Museum Syracuse Onondaga Finger Lakes Local history website, exhibits include Syracuse China, The Magic Toy Shop, settlers, Native Americans, transportation, industry Ontario County Historical Museum Canandaigua Ontario Finger Lakes Local history website, operated by the Ontario County Historical Society Opalka Gallery Albany Albany Capital District Art website, part of Sage College of Albany Opus 40 Saugerties Ulster Mid-Hudson Art Environmental sculpture park, also features the Quarryman's Museum, collection of antique tools Orange County Farmer's Museum Montgomery Orange Mid-Hudson Agriculture website, including farm tools, implements, equipment Orange County Firefighters Museum Montgomery Orange Mid-Hudson Firefighting website Orangetown Historical Museum Orangetown Rockland Lower Hudson Local history Located at two sites, the Edward Salyer House and the Peter DePew House; changing exhibits of local history and culture Original American Kazoo Factory and Museum Eden Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Music website, kazoo history and trivia Oriskany Museum Oriskany Oneida Capital District Military website, focuses on the Battle of Oriskany which took place in 1777, the village of Oriskany NY, and the aircraft carrier USS Oriskany Ortlip Gallery Houghton Allegany Buffalo Niagara Region Art website, part of Houghton University Ossining Historical Society Museum Ossining Westchester Lower Hudson Local history Open by appointment Oswego Railroad Museum Oswego Oswego Adirondack Region Railroad website Our Lady of Victory Basilica Lackawanna Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Religious Includes museum about founder Father Nelson Baker and the history of the basilica Palatine House Museum Schoharie Schoharie Capital District Historic house website, operated by the Schoharie Colonial Heritage Association, Colonial living museum Palentown School House Museum Accord Ulster Mid-Hudson Education One-room schoolhouse, open twice a year and by appointment Palmyra Historic Museum Palmyra Wayne Finger Lakes Local history website, operated by Historic Palmyra Painted Post-Erwin Museum at the Depot Painted Post Steuben Finger Lakes Local history Operated by the Corning-Painted Post Historical Society in a late 19th-century railroad depot Parishville Museum Parishville St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Local history website, features collection of hand-carved circus miniatures Parker-O'Malley Air Museum Ghent Columbia Capital District Aviation Open by appointment, located at the Columbia County Airport[41] Patriot Of Lake George Lake George Warren Adirondack Region Military website, dedicated to the remembrance of veterans and service personnel of all branches Peck's Lake Historical Society & Museum Gloversville Fulton Adirondack Region Education 1857 one-room schoolhouse and nature trail[33] Peekskill Museum Peekskill Westchester Lower Hudson Historic house website Pember Museum of Natural History Granville Washington Adirondack Region Natural history website, mounted animals, rocks and minerals, fossils, dried plant specimens, adjacent nature preserve Penfield Homestead Museum Crown Point Essex Adirondack Region Industry - Iron History of the 19th-century ironworking industry in the North Country Perrella Gallery Johnstown Fulton Adirondack Region Art website, part of Fulton–Montgomery Community College Perrysburg Historical Museum Perrysburg Cattaraugus Buffalo Niagara Region Local history information, located in Town Hall Peter Whitmer log home Waterloo Seneca Finger Lakes Historic house Replica early 19th-century log home, important site in Latter Day Saint history Phelps General Store Palmyra Wayne Finger Lakes History website, operated by Historic Palmyra, example of the General Store when it was at its prime in 1890 Phelps Mansion Binghamton Broome Central Leatherstocking Historic house Furnished Victorian mansion, art exhibits Philipsburg Manor House Sleepy Hollow Westchester Lower Hudson Open air Mid-18th-century period house, working water-powered grist mill and millpond, an 18th-century barn, a slave garden, and a reconstructed tenant farm house Philipse Manor Hall State Historic Site Yonkers Westchester Lower Hudson Historic house Museum of history, art and architecture since 1912 Picker Art Gallery Hamilton Madison Central Leatherstocking Art Part of Colgate University, located in the Dana Arts Center Pickering-Beach Historical Museum Sackets Harbor Jefferson Thousand Islands Historic house Operated by the Sackets Harbor Historical Society in the Joshua Pickering House[42][43] Pines Museum Slate Hill Orange Mid-Hudson Historic house Pioneer Oil Museum Bolivar Allegany Buffalo Niagara Region Industry - Oil website, area oil and gas industry Pierrepont Museum Pierrepont St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Local history Plattsburgh State Art Museum Plattsburgh Clinton Adirondack Region Art A museum without walls comprising several galleries, exhibition areas and a sculpture park at State University of New York at Plattsburgh Potsdam Public Museum Potsdam St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Local history website, local history, decorative arts Pound Ridge Museum Pound Ridge Westchester Lower Hudson Local history website, operated by the Pound Ridge Historical Society Print Shop Museum Palmyra Wayne Finger Lakes Industry website, operated by Historic Palmyra, historic printing equipment Pratt House Museum Fulton Oswego Central New York Local history 1861 mansion with local history exhibits Pulaski Historical Society Museum Pulaski Oswego Thousand Islands Local history [44] Putnam History Museum Cold Spring Putnam Lower Hudson Local history website, history of Putnam County, Philipstown, the West Point Foundry, and the Hudson Highlands Putnam Valley Historical Society Museum Putnam Valley Putnam Lower Hudson Local history website Quincy Square Museum Earlville Madison Central Leatherstocking Local history website Railroad Museum of the Niagara Frontier North Tonawanda Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Railroad Railway Historical Society of Northern New York Croghan Lewis Adirondack Region Railroad website, depot museum with railway exhibits and trains Regina A. Quick Center for the Arts (St. Bonaventure) St. Bonaventure Cattaraugus Buffalo Niagara Region Art website, part of St. Bonaventure University Remington Country Store and Museum Ilion Herkimer Adirondack Region Firearms Remington Arms firearms from the early 19th century to the present Rensselaer County Historical Society Troy Rensselaer Capital District Local history Also operates Hart-Cluett Mansion as a historic house museum Richard F. Brush Art Gallery Canton St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Art website, part of St. Lawrence University Richardson-Bates House Oswego Oswego Adirondack Region Historic house Operated by the Oswego County Historical Society, late 19th-century period mansion, local history exhibits Richburg-Wirt Historical Society Museum Richburg Allegany Buffalo Niagara Region Local history information Rich-Twinn Octagon House Akron Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Historic house Mid-19th-century octagonal house, operated by the Newstead Historical Society Ripley House Museum Adams Jefferson Thousand Islands Local history Operated by the Historical Association of South Jefferson, 25-room house with local history displays Rippleton Schoolhouse Cazenovia Madison Central Leatherstocking Education Restored 1880s period one-room schoolhouse River Lea Grand Island Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Historic house Operated by the Grand Island Historical Society, located in Beaver Island State Park, Victorian summer home of Lewis F. Allen, the uncle of President Grover Cleveland[45] Roberson Museum and Science Center Binghamton Broome Central Leatherstocking Multiple Local and natural history, science, art, planetarium Robert Green Ingersoll Birthplace Museum Dresden Yates Finger Lakes Historic house 19th-century birthplace of noted agnostic and politician Robert G. Ingersoll Robert H. Jackson Center Jamestown Chautauqua Buffalo Niagara Region Biographical Life of Robert H. Jackson, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1941 to 1954 Robert Jenkins House Hudson Columbia Capital District Historic house website, operated by the Hendrick Hudson Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial Cottage and Museum Saranac Lake Essex Adirondack Region Historic house Robert M. Linsley Geology Museum Hamilton Madison Central Leatherstocking Natural history website, part of Colgate University, minerals, rocks, fossils, state geology Rochester & Genesee Valley Railroad Museum West Henrietta Monroe Finger Lakes Railroad Accessed via a track car from the New York Museum of Transportation, houses over 40 pieces of railroad rolling stock Rochester Contemporary Art Center Rochester Monroe Finger Lakes Art Contemporary art Rochester Medical Museum and Archives Rochester Monroe Finger Lakes Medical website, corporate memory of the Rochester General Health System and includes the Baker-Cederberg Museum and Archives with exhibits on the history of medicine in Rochester, New York, the Genesee Hospital Archives and the archival records of other area hospitals Rochester Museum and Science Center Rochester Monroe Finger Lakes Science Rockland Center for the Arts West Nyack Rockland Lower Hudson Art Cultural center with exhibition gallery Rockwell Museum Corning Steuben Finger Lakes Art American and Native American art and artifacts Roe Cobblestone Schoolhouse Butler Wayne Finger Lakes Education Operated by the Butler Historical Society Roeliff Jansen Historical Society Museum Copake Falls Columbia Capital District Local history Located in a historic church building Rogers Island Visitors Center Fort Edward Washington Adirondack Region History website, history of Rogers Island, area prehistory, culture and military history up to the American Revolution Roger Tory Peterson Institute of Natural History Jamestown Chautauqua Buffalo Niagara Region Natural history website Rome Historical Society Museum Rome Oneida Central Leatherstocking Local history website Rome Sports Hall of Fame and Museum Rome Oneida Central Leatherstocking Sports website Romulus Historical Society Museum Romulus Seneca Finger Lakes Local history website Roscoe Ontario & Western Railway Museum Roscoe Sullivan Mid-Hudson Railroad website, information Rose Hill Mansion Fayette Seneca Finger Lakes Historic house Operated by the Geneva Historical Society, mid-19th-century mansion Rough and Ready Firehouse Museum Greenwich Washington Adirondack Region Firefighting Open once a year for tours[46] Roxbury Railroad Station Museum Roxbury Delaware Central Leatherstocking Railroad Rural Life Museum King Ferry Cayuga Finger Lakes Local history website, operated by Genoa Historical Association, one-room schoolhouse, household, agriculture and rural life artifacts Rushford Museum Rushford Allegany Buffalo Niagara Region Local history information, operated by the Rushford Historical Society Ruth and Elmer Wellin Museum of Art Clinton Oneida Central Leatherstocking Art Part of Hamilton College, changing exhibits of art and photography Ruth Howe-Prescott House Franklinville Cattaraugus Buffalo Niagara Region Historic house website, information, open by appointment with the Ischua Valley Historical Society Sackets Harbor Art Center Sackets Harbor Jefferson Thousand Islands Art website, home of the Arts Association of Northern New York Safe Haven Museum and Education Center Oswego Oswego Adirondack Region History Stories of the 982 refugees from World War II who were allowed into the United States as "guests" of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, housed at Fort Ontario Saint Paul's Church National Historic Site Mount Vernon Westchester Lower Hudson Religious Includes museum of the American Revolution Salamanca Historical Museum Salamanca Cattaraugus Buffalo Niagara Region Local history Facebook site, information, operated by the Salamanca Historical Society Salamanca Rail Museum Salamanca Cattaraugus Buffalo Niagara Region Railroad information Salmon River International Sport Fishing Museum Altmar Oswego Adirondack Region Sports website, antique fishing rods, rare lures, reels and tackle Sampson State Park Military Museum Romulus Seneca Finger Lakes Military Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art New Paltz Ulster Mid-Hudson Art website, part of SUNY New Paltz, collections include American art with an emphasis on the Hudson Valley and Catskill Regions, 19th-, 20th- and 21st-century photography and metals Sanborn Area Historical Society Farm Museum and Schoolhouse Museum Sanborn Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Agriculture website Archived 2017-09-13 at the Wayback Machine Sands Ring Homestead Museum Cornwall Orange Mid-Hudson Historic house Colonial era house Santanoni Preserve Newcomb Essex Adirondack Region Historic house Tours of the buildings of the former camp Saranac Laboratory Museum Saranac Lake Franklin Adirondack Region Science website, operated by Historic Saranac Lake, 1894 laboratory of Edward Livingston Trudeau Saratoga Automobile Museum Saratoga Springs Saratoga Capital District Automotive Saratoga Harness Hall of Fame & Museum Saratoga Springs Saratoga Capital District Sports Facebook site, harness museum with sulkies, racing silks, blacksmith works, horseshoes and metal sculptures[48] Saratoga National Historical Park Saratoga Springs Saratoga Capital District History Preserves the site of the Battles of Saratoga, includes Schuyler House Saratoga Springs History Museum Saratoga Springs Saratoga Capital District Local history Located in the former Canfield Casino Sardinia Historical Society Museum Sardinia Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Local history Saugerties Light Saugerties Ulster Mid-Hudson Lighthouse Schenectady County Historical Society Museum Schenectady Schenectady Capital District Local history Schenectady Museum Schenectady Schenectady Capital District Science Sci-Tech Center of Northern New York Watertown Jefferson Thousand Islands Science website Schoharie Crossing State Historic Site Glen Montgomery Mohawk Valley Canals Visitor center and remains of an Erie Canal aqueduct Schoharie Valley Railroad Museum Schoharie Schoharie Mohawk Valley Railroad website, operated by the Schoharie Colonial Heritage Association Schoolhouse No. 8 History Center & Museum North Collins Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Education website, one-room rural schoolhouse School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Museum of the University at Buffalo Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Medical website, open by appointment, part of the School of Pharmacy at SUNY Buffalo, includes turn-of-the-20th-century apothecary, raw drugs, patent medicines, pharmacy artifacts Schroeppel Historical Society Museum Phoenix Oswego Thousand Islands Local history information Schroon-North Hudson Historical Museum Schroon Lake Essex Adirondack Region Local history website, operated by the Schroon-North Hudson Historical Society Schuyler Mansion Albany Albany Capital District Historic house 18th-century period house, life of Philip Schuyler Science Discovery Center of Oneonta Oneonta Otsego Central Leatherstocking Science Part of State University of New York at Oneonta Sciencenter Ithaca Tompkins Finger Lakes Science Hands-on science exhibits Seaway Trail Discovery Center Sackets Harbor Jefferson Thousand Islands Local history Culture and heritage of the Great Lakes Seaway Trail and surrounding regions Seneca Falls Historical Society Museum Seneca Falls Seneca Finger Lakes Historic house website, late 19th-century Victorian period house Seneca-Iroquois National Museum Salamanca Cattaraugus Buffalo Niagara Region Native American website Seneca Museum of Waterways and Industry Seneca Falls Seneca Finger Lakes Local history website, area canals, industry Senate House State Historic Site Kingston Ulster Mid-Hudson Local history Site of the state's new government during the American Revolution, local history and art displays Shacksboro Schoolhouse Museum Baldwinsville Onondaga Finger Lakes Local history website, administered by McHarrie's Legacy Shaker Museum | Mount Lebanon New Lebanon Columbia Capital District Religious Located at Mount Lebanon Shaker Village, seasonal exhibitions of Shaker artifacts, and guided walking tours of the historic site Shako:wi Cultural Center Oneida Madison Central Leatherstocking Native American website, history and culture of the Oneida Nation Sharon Museum Complex Sharon Schoharie Mohawk Valley Local history Includes museum of local history, storage barn, one-room schoolhouse and three-room outhouse[49] Sherwood House Yonkers Westchester Lower Hudson Historic house Maintained by the Yonkers Historical Society, 1740 farmhouse Shushan Covered Bridge Museum Shushan Washington Adirondack Region Local history Mid-19th-century covered bridge with period machinery and farm implements, adjacent one-room schoolhouse Silas Wright House Canton St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Historic house website, home to the St. Lawrence County Historical Association, mid-19th-century period house and local history exhibits Singer Castle Dark Island St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Historic house Late 19th-century castle house Six Nations Indian Museum Onchiota Franklin Adirondack Region Native American website Skä•noñh - Great Law of Peace Center Liverpool Onondaga Finger Lakes Native American website Skene Manor Whitehall Washington Adirondack Region Historic house 19th century house Skenesborough Museum Whitehall Washington Adirondack Region Local history website Slabsides West Park Ulster Mid-Hudson Historic house Log cabin built by naturalist John Burroughs Slate Valley Museum Granville Washington Adirondack Region Industry - Slate website, shows how slate is formed and quarried Smith Tavern Armonk Westchester Lower Hudson Local history Operated by the North Castle Historical Society Snyder Estate Rosendale Ulster Mid-Hudson Historic house Operated by the Century House Historical Society, includes the Century House, Widow Jane Mine and Cement Industry Museum Sodus Bay Lighthouse Museum Sodus Point Wayne Finger Lakes Lighthouse Lighthouse, keeper's quarters and lighthouse artifacts Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion State Historic Park Canandaigua Ontario Finger Lakes Historic house Nine formal gardens, 1887 Queen Anne-style mansion and greenhouse complex Southeast Museum Brewster Putnam Lower Hudson Local history website, located in the Old Southeast Town Hall Spafford Area Historical Society Spafford Onondaga Central New York Local history Operates the Spafford District #3 Side Hill School and the Grange Building by appointment Sports Museum of Dutchess County Wappingers Falls Dutchess Mid-Hudson Sports Located at Carnwath Farms Historic Site & Park Springwater Webster Crossing Historical Society Springwater Livingston Finger Lakes Local history website, museum open on a limited basis Springville Center for the Arts Springville Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Art Community multi-disciplinary arts center with gallery Square House Museum Rye Westchester Lower Hudson Local history website, operated by the Rye Historical Society, includes 18th-century period tavern rooms St. Lawrence Power and Equipment Museum Madrid St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Agriculture website, antique engines, tractors and related farm equipment Staatsburgh State Historic Site Staatsburg Dutchess Mid-Hudson Historic house Mansion designed by McKim, Mead, and White Stafford Museum of History Stafford Genesee Buffalo Niagara Region Local history website, operated by the Stafford Historical Society Starr Clark Tin Shop & Underground Rail Road Mexico Oswego Thousand Islands History Working tin shop that was the hub of the Abolitionist movement in Oswego County Steepletop Austerlitz Columbia Capital District Historic house Home of author Edna St. Vincent Millay Stepping Stones Katonah Westchester Lower Hudson Historic house Home of Alcoholics Anonymous co-founder Bill W. and his wife Lois Burnham Wilson, founder of Al-Anon/Alateen, open by appointment Stickley Museum Fayetteville Onondaga Finger Lakes Decorative arts website, Stickley furniture Storm King Art Center Mountainville Orange Mid-Hudson Sculpture park Outdoor sculpture park on 500 acres (2.0 km2) Stone Arabia Schoolhouse Museum Cicero Onondaga Central New York Education Operated by the Cicero Historical Society, one-room schoolhouse and nearby log cabin Stone Mills Museum Orleans Jefferson Thousand Islands Agriculture Maintained by the Northern New York Agricultural Historical Society, includes a sawmill, granary, school house, church, display buildings and farm machinery Stone Quarry Hill Art Park Cazenovia Madison Central Leatherstocking Sculpture park Outdoor art park on 108 acres (0.44 km2) Stone-Tolan House Museum Brighton Monroe Finger Lakes Historic house Operated by the Landmark Society, turn-of-the-19th-century house and tavern Stony Point Battlefield State Historic Site Stony Point Rockland Lower Hudson Military Revolutionary War site of the Battle of Stony Point Stony Point Light Stony Point Rockland Lower Hudson Maritime Located in Stony Point Battlefield State Historic Site, restored 19th-century lighthouse The Strong Rochester Monroe Finger Lakes Children's History of play and toys in American culture, includes The National Museum of Play, the National Toy Hall of Fame and the International Center for the History of Electronic Games Strand Center for the Arts Plattsburgh Clinton Adirondack Region Art Performing and visual arts center with a gallery Suffern Railroad Museum Suffern Rockland Lower Hudson Railroad [50] Suffern Village Museum Suffern Rockland Lower Hudson Local history [51] Suggett House Museum Cortland Cortland Finger Lakes Local history website, home of the Cortland County Historical Society Sullivan County Museum Hurleyville Sullivan Mid-Hudson Local history website, home of the Sullivan County Historical Society Sunnyside Tarrytown Westchester Lower Hudson Historic house Home of noted early American author Washington Irving Sunshine Radio Museum Sodus Wayne Finger Lakes Technology website, early years of the electronics industry starting from the turn of the 20th century up to the 1970s Susan B. Anthony House Rochester Monroe Finger Lakes Historic house Life and work of women's rights leader Susan B. Anthony Susan C. Lyman Historical Museum Norwood St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Local history website Swart-Wilcox House Oneonta Otsego Central Leatherstocking Historic house Operated by the Greater Oneonta Historical Society Syracuse University Art Museum Syracuse Onondaga Central New York Art website, several galleries at Syracuse University Tabor-Wing House Dover Plains Dutchess Mid-Hudson Historic house Restored early 19th-century house Taconic State Park – Copake Falls area Copake Columbia Capital District Industry - Iron Features the Iron Works Museum about the 19th-century iron works Tang Teaching Museum Saratoga Springs Saratoga Adirondack Region Art Part of Skidmore College, contemporary art Tanglewood Nature Center & Museum Elmira Chemung Finger Lakes Natural history website, live animals and natural history exhibits TAUNY Canton St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Art website, officially Traditional Arts in Upstate New York, exhibits of area folk culture and crafts Tefft-Steadman House Marcellus Onondaga Finger Lakes Local history Operated by the Marcellus Historical Society Ten Broeck Mansion Albany Albany Capital District Historic house Headquarters of the Albany County Historical Association, mid-19th-century period house Ten Mile River Scout Museum Narrowsburg Sullivan Mid-Hudson Scouting website, history and Scouting memorabilia of Ten Mile River Boy Scout Camp Tennie Burton Museum Lima Livingston Finger Lakes Historic house website, operated by the Lima Historical Society Terra Cotta Museum Alfred Allegany Buffalo Niagara Region Art Operated by the Alfred Historical Society Terwilliger Museum Waterloo Seneca Finger Lakes Local history Part of the Waterloo Library & Historical Society Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Historic house Turn-of-the-20th-century period rooms, site of the inauguration of President Theodore Roosevelt Thomas Cole House Catskill Greene Capital District Historic house Thomas Paine Cottage New Rochelle Westchester Lower Hudson Historic house Cottage of American Revolutionary War hero Thomas Paine, decorated in late 18th- to early 19th-century furnishings Thomas Paine Memorial Museum New Rochelle Westchester Lower Hudson Biographical Life of American Revolutionary War hero and author Thomas Paine Thousand Islands Arts Center Clayton Jefferson Thousand Islands Textile website, formerly The Handweaving Museum and Arts Center, features exhibits of textiles from its permanent textile collection and library, also crafts exhibits Thousand Islands Museum Clayton Jefferson Thousand Islands Local history website, includes decoy displays and the Muskie Hall of Fame Town of Chester Museum of Local History Chestertown Warren Adirondack Region Local history website Throop Pharmacy Museum Albany Albany Capital District Medical website, historic drug store reconstructed at Albany College of Pharmacy Ticonderoga Heritage Museum Ticonderoga Essex Adirondack Region Local history website, features over 38 scale models of various local industries Ticonderoga Historical Society Ticonderoga Essex Adirondack Region Local history website, non-profit organization organized in 1897 and chartered by the New York State Board of Regents in 1909; primary focus on the Adirondack Mountains and the Lakes Champlain and George regions Time and the Valleys Museum Grahamsville Sullivan Mid-Hudson History website 3 floors of fun interactive exhibits, small historic village/1930s themed Lost Catskill Farm. Connecting water, people, and the Catskills Tinker Homestead and Farm Museum Henrietta Monroe Finger Lakes Historic house Depicts farming life in the late 19th century Tioga County Historical Society Museum Owego Tioga Finger Lakes Local history website Top Cottage Hyde Park Dutchess Mid-Hudson Historic house Private retreat designed by and for Franklin D. Roosevelt Town Line Museum Johnstown Fulton Adirondack Region History Facebook site, 1950s diner display, memorabilia of the 1950s and 1960s Town of Alabama Museum Alabama Genesee Buffalo Niagara Region Local history website, information Town of Hume Museum Hume Allegany Buffalo Niagara Region Local history website Town of Hyde Park Historical Society Museum Hyde Park Dutchess Mid-Hudson Local history Located in a former firehouse Town of Niagara District School No. 2 Niagara Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Education One-room schoolhouse, operated by the Town of Niagara Historical Society Town of Porter Historical Society Museum Youngstown Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Local history [52] Town of Shandaken Historical Museum Pine Hill Ulster Mid-Hudson Local history Trailside Museums and Zoo Bear Mountain State Park Rockland Lower Hudson Natural history Located in Bear Mountain State Park, rehabilitated wildlife, area's natural history, history and Native American culture Trailside Nature Museum Cross River Westchester Lower Hudson Natural history website, located in Ward Pound Ridge Reservation Trolley Museum of New York Kingston Ulster Mid-Hudson Transportation Electric trolley cars Ulysses Historical Society Museum Trumansburg Tompkins Finger Lakes Local history website University Art Museum at University at Albany Albany Albany Capital District Art Contemporary art part of SUNY Albany UB Art Galleries Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Art website, includes the UB Anderson Gallery and the UB Art Gallery at the Center for the Arts, part of University at Buffalo Up Yonda Farm Bolton Landing Warren Adirondack Region Natural history website, nature center with museum and trails USS Slater Albany Albany Capital District Maritime Cannon-class destroyer escort Utica Children's Museum Utica Oneida Adirondack Region Children's Valentown Museum Victor Ontario Finger Lakes Local history Operated by the Victor Historical Society Van Cortlandt Manor Croton-on-Hudson Westchester Lower Hudson Historic house 18th-century manor house Van Horn Mansion Newfane Niagara Buffalo Niagara Region Historic house Turn-of-the-20th-century period mansion Van Wyck Homestead Museum Fishkill Dutchess Mid-Hudson Historic house Early 18th-century Dutch colonial house Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site Hyde Park Dutchess Mid-Hudson Historic house Late 19th-century mansion and estate Vestal Museum Vestal Broome Central Leatherstocking Local history website, local in the 1881 Vestal Train Station Vintage Tracks Museum Bloomfield Ontario Finger Lakes Transportation website, crawler tractors & memorabilia from the early 20th century Walker House Museum Madrid St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Local history website, operated by the Madrid Historical Society Walter Elwood Museum Amsterdam Montgomery Mohawk Valley Multiple Local history, Victorian, natural history, and items that relate to Mohawk Valley's industrial past Walworth Historical Society Museum Walworth Wayne Finger Lakes Local history website Ward W. O'Hara Agricultural Museum Auburn Cayuga Finger Lakes Agriculture website, handheld tools, farm equipment, carpenter and blacksmith shops, rural kitchen, bedroom, one-room school, country mercantile and dairy room Warner Museum Springville Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Local history website, operated by the Concord NY Historical Society, life and memorabilia of Pop Warner, dolls, tools, 1930s kitchen, items of local interest War of 1812 Museum Plattsburgh Clinton Adirondack Region Military History of the War of 1812 and the Battle of Plattsburgh Warrensburgh Museum of Local History Warrensburg Warren Adirondack Region Local history website, operated by the Warrensburgh Historical Society Warwick Historical Society Warwick Orange Mid-Hudson Open air website, complex of 7 historic buildings Washington's Headquarters State Historic Site Newburgh Orange Mid-Hudson Historic house 18th-century home, site of longest-serving headquarters of George Washington during the American Revolutionary War Washington County Fair Farm Museum Greenwich Washington Adirondack Region Agriculture website, open seasonally, area crops, farm equipment, displays of tools and crafts, rural life artifacts Waterford Historical Museum and Cultural Center Waterford Saratoga Adirondack Region Local history website, located in the Hugh White Homestead Waterman Conservation Education Center Apalachin Tioga Finger Lakes Natural history website, environmental education center with museum about local wildlife Watervliet Arsenal Museum Watervliet Albany Capital District Military Displays on cannons and guns at the historic Iron Building Watervliet Shaker Historic District Colonie Albany Capital District Religious America's first Shaker settlement, museum and tours of the Watervliet Shaker Historic District Wayland Historical Museum Wayland Steuben Finger Lakes Local history website Weaver Museum Potsdam St. Lawrence Thousand Islands Anthropology website, part of SUNY Potsdam Webster Museum and Historical Society Webster (town), New York Monroe Finger Lakes Local history website, Local history, school tours West Monroe Historical Society Museum West Monroe Oswego Adirondack Region Local history Facebook site West Point Museum Highland Falls Orange Mid-Hudson Military website, history and tours of the United States Military Academy Westchester County Veterans Museum Somers Westchester Lower Hudson Military Located in Lasdon Park and Arboretum Western New York Book Arts Center Buffalo Erie Buffalo Niagara Region Art website, exhibits of the printed word and image White Pine Camp Paul Smiths Franklin Adirondack Region Historic camp Adirondack Great Camp open for tours Wilcox Octagon House Camillus Onondaga Finger Lakes Historic house Wild Center Tupper Lake Franklin Adirondack Region Natural history Wilder Homestead Malone Franklin Adirondack Region Historic house Boyhood home of Almanzo Wilder Wilderstein Rhinebeck Dutchess Mid-Hudson Historic house 19th-century Queen Anne–style country house Wildlife Sports and Educational Muse
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https://www.tiktok.com/discover/westfield-heritage-village%3Flang%3Den
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Make Your Day
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https://allevents.in/hamilton/westfield-pioneer-village-60th-anniversary-hammer-in/200026362244541
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en
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Westfield Pioneer Village 60th Anniversary Hammer-In
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Westfield Pioneer Village 60th Anniversary Hammer-In Hosted By Ontario Artist Blacksmith Association. Event starts on Saturday, 15 June 2024 and happening at Westfield Heritage Village, Hamilton, ON. Register or Buy Tickets, Price information.
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https://allevents.in/hamilton/westfield-pioneer-village-60th-anniversary-hammer-in/200026362244541
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You are in 🤟
Let’s take it to the next level
Real-time Updates, Real-time Fun
Your Gateway to local events in your city
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659
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https://historicplacesdays.ca/fr/lieux/westfield-heritage-village/
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Westfield Heritage Village
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2021-06-04T20:31:14+00:00
|
Living History Museum with over 30 historic structures and Conservation Area.
|
fr
|
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Historic Places Days
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https://historicplacesdays.ca/fr/lieux/westfield-heritage-village/
|
Westfield Heritage Village first opened to the public in 1964. Westfield is a collection of over 30 historical buildings that have been relocated to Westfield from throughout southern Ontario. Two teachers from Brantford, Glenn Kilmer and Goldie MacDonell, had a vision to recreate a Village setting that included a number of shops, homes and businesses bringing to life the historical past.
The backdrop to this Village includes over 204 hectares (503 acres) of land that features natural woodlands, plantation forests and provincially significant wetlands. Hidden in among the trees are two ruin sites of the old farms that once were in operation more than 100 years ago.
Westfield is a community project with over 250 active volunteers and numerous community groups helping to provide tours, events and educational programs. Volunteers are involved in every aspect of running the site including costumed interpreters, gardeners, maintenance workers, collection assistants, and costume committee members.
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https://nature.mcmaster.ca/area/westfield-heritage-village/
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Westfield Heritage Village
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2020-07-22T17:53:53+00:00
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Step back into time and experience pioneer life at Westfield. Spread over 130 hectares Westfield is a re-enactment of days gone by. Period actors live and work in town and allow visitors to join the community with many hands-on activities. The town has a stunning collection of over 35 historical buildings and brilliantly projects the [...]Read More...
|
en
|
Nature @ McMaster
|
https://nature.mcmaster.ca/area/westfield-heritage-village/
|
Step back into time and experience pioneer life at Westfield. Spread over 130 hectares Westfield is a re-enactment of days gone by. Period actors live and work in town and allow visitors to join the community with many hands-on activities. The town has a stunning collection of over 35 historical buildings and brilliantly projects the spirit of early Canadian culture in Southern Ontario.
Westfield Heritage Village Website
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https://toronto.kidsoutandabout.com/content/christmas-woods-westfield-heritage-village
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en
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Christmas in the Woods - Westfield Heritage Village
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Gather together with family and friends for a winter wonderland of fun for Westfield Heritage Village’s Christmas in the Woods, on Sundays, December 8 and 15, from 10 AM to 4 PM. The Village will be decorated for the season with swags, greenery and old-fashioned decorations, and offers delightful activities inside and out. Christmas baking, carol singing, Father Christmas, and
|
en
|
Kids Out and About Toronto
|
https://toronto.kidsoutandabout.com/content/christmas-woods-westfield-heritage-village
|
To provide parents with all of the information they need to help them and their kids get "out and about" to fantastic opportunities for fun, education, and cultural enrichment in our area.
To celebrate and share information on the many splendid artistic, cultural and recreational activities available to residents of cities across the US and Canada.
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https://www.tourchautauqua.com/destinations/mcclurg-museum
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Chautauqua County Visitors Bureau
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Nestled within the Westfield NY village green, surrounded by majestic shade trees and manicured lawns, is a unique learning experience for children and adults alike: the McClurg Museum and History Center.
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en
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https://www.tourchautauqua.com/images/favicon/favicon.ico
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Chautauqua County Visitors Bureau
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https://www.tourchautauqua.com/destinations/mcclurg-museum
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McClurg Museum
Nestled within the Westfield NY village green, surrounded by majestic shade trees and manicured lawns, is a unique learning experience for children and adults alike: the McClurg Museum and History Center. Operated by the Chautauqua County Historical Society (CCHS), the museum offers a rare glimpse of life in Chautauqua County.
The house was built in 1818 by pioneer James McClurg, the wealthy son of a Pittsburgh industrialist. Its grand salons and formal rooms stood in sharp contrast to the rugged homes of neighboring frontier settlers. Today the 14-room Federal-style mansion is the home of the Chautauqua County Historical Society. Since 1883, CCHS has been collecting and preserving the significant history of Chautauqua County.
The museum features period displays on three floors. Displays include some of the earliest artifacts and archival materials relating to the settlement and subsequent development of the county. The collection features fine art, antique furnishings, textiles and much more. Children especially enjoy the Victorian nursery with its delightful doll collection. Guided tours are available. The mansion was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
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659
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dbpedia
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1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco
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en
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San Francisco
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco
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Consolidated city-county in California, US
This article is about the city and county in California. For other uses, see San Francisco (disambiguation).
Consolidated city-county in California, United States
San Francisco,[24] officially the City and County of San Francisco, is a commercial, financial, and cultural center in Northern California. With a population of 808,437 residents as of 2022,[25] San Francisco is the fourth most populous city in the U.S. state of California behind Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose. The city covers a land area of 46.9 square miles (121 square kilometers)[26] at the upper end of the San Francisco Peninsula, making it the second-most densely populated major U.S. city behind New York City and the fifth-most densely populated U.S. county, behind four of New York City's boroughs. Among the 92 U.S. cities proper with over 250,000 residents, San Francisco is ranked first by per capita income and sixth by aggregate income as of 2022.[27]
Prior to European settlement, the modern city proper was inhabited by the Yelamu, who spoke a language now referred to as Ramaytush Ohlone. On June 29, 1776, settlers from New Spain established the Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate, and the Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away, both named for Francis of Assisi.[4] The California gold rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, transforming an unimportant hamlet into a busy port, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time; between 1870 and 1900, approximately one quarter of California's population resided in the city proper.[27] In 1856, San Francisco became a consolidated city-county.[28] After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire,[29] it was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama–Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, it was a major port of embarkation for naval service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater.[30] In 1945, the United Nations Charter was signed in San Francisco, establishing the United Nations and in 1951, the Treaty of San Francisco re-established peaceful relations between Japan and the Allied Powers.[31][32][33] After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, significant immigration, liberalizing attitudes, the rise of the beatnik and hippie countercultures, the sexual revolution, the peace movement growing from opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States.
San Francisco and the surrounding San Francisco Bay Area are a global center of economic activity and the arts and sciences,[34][35] spurred by leading universities,[36] high-tech, healthcare, finance, insurance, real estate, and professional services sectors.[37] As of 2020 , the metropolitan area, with 6.7 million residents, ranked 5th by GDP ($874 billion) and 2nd by GDP per capita ($131,082) across the OECD countries, ahead of global cities like Paris, London, and Singapore.[38][39][40] San Francisco anchors the 13th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States with 4.6 million residents, and the fourth-largest by aggregate income and economic output, with a GDP of $729 billion in 2022 .[41] The wider San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland Combined Statistical Area is the nation's fifth-most populous, with around nine million residents, and the third-largest by economic output, with a GDP of $1.32 trillion in 2022 . In the same year, San Francisco proper had a GDP of $252.2 billion, and a GDP per capita of $312,000.[41] San Francisco was ranked fifth in the world and second in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2023 .[42] Despite a continuing exodus of businesses from the downtown area of San Francisco,[43][44] the city is still home to numerous companies inside and outside of technology, including Salesforce, Uber, Airbnb, Levi's, Gap, Dropbox, and Lyft.
In 2022, San Francisco had more than 1.7 million international visitors – the fifth-most visited city from abroad in the United States after New York City, Miami, Orlando, and Los Angeles – and approximately 20 million domestic visitors for a total of 21.9 million visitors.[45][46] The city is known for its steep rolling hills and eclectic mix of architecture across varied neighborhoods, as well as its cooling summers, fog, and notable landmarks, including the Golden Gate Bridge, cable cars, and Alcatraz, along with the Chinatown and Mission districts.[47] The city is home to a number of educational and cultural institutions, such as the University of California, San Francisco, the University of San Francisco, San Francisco State University, the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, the de Young Museum, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the San Francisco Symphony, the San Francisco Ballet, the San Francisco Opera, the SFJAZZ Center, and the California Academy of Sciences. Two major league sports teams, the San Francisco Giants and the Golden State Warriors, play their home games within San Francisco proper. San Francisco International Airport (SFO) offers flights to over 125 destinations while a light rail and bus network, in tandem with the BART and Caltrain systems, connects nearly every part of San Francisco with the wider region.[48][49]
Etymology
[edit]
San Francisco, which is Spanish for "Saint Francis," takes its name from Mission San Francisco de Asís, which in turn was named after Saint Francis of Assisi. The mission received its name in 1776, when it was founded by the Spanish under the leadership of Padre Francisco Palóu. The city has officially been known as San Francisco since 1847, when Washington Allon Bartlett, then serving as the city's alcalde, renamed it from Yerba Buena (Spanish for "Good Herb"), which had been name used throughout the Spanish and Mexican eras since approximately 1776. The name Yerba Buena continues to be used in locations in the city, such as on Yerba Buena Island and in the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts and Yerba Buena Gardens.
While people residing outside the San Francisco Bay Area use nicknames including "Frisco" and "San Fran", local residents in the Bay Area sometimes refer to San Francisco as "the City" or "SF";[1][50] for residents of San Francisco living in the more suburban parts of the city, "the City" generally refers to the more densely populated downtown areas around Market Street.[failed verification – see discussion] Its use, or lack thereof, is a common way for locals to distinguish long-time residents from tourists and recent arrivals. "San Fran" and "Frisco" are sometimes considered controversial as nicknames among San Francisco residents.[51][52][50]
History
[edit]
See also: History of San Francisco
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of San Francisco.
Indigenous history
[edit]
The earliest archeological evidence of human habitation of the territory of San Francisco dates to 3000 BCE.[53] The Yelamu group of the Ramaytush people resided in a few small villages when an overland Spanish exploration party arrived on November 2, 1769, the first documented European visit to San Francisco Bay.[54] The Ohlone name for San Francisco was Ahwaste, meaning, "place at the bay."[55] The arrival of Spanish colonists, and the implementation of their Mission system, marked the beginning of the genocide of the Ramaytush people, and the deprivation of their language and culture.[56][57][58]
Spanish era
[edit]
The Spanish Empire claimed San Francisco as part of Las Californias, a province of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The Spanish first arrived in what is now San Francisco on November 2, 1769, when the Portolá expedition led by Don Gaspar de Portolá and Juan Crespí arrived at San Francisco Bay. Having noted the strategic benefits of the area due to its large natural harbor, the Spanish dispatched Pedro Fages in 1770 to find a more direct route to the San Francisco Peninsula from Monterey, which would become part of the El Camino Real route. By 1774, Juan Bautista de Anza had arrived to the area to select the sites for a mission and presidio. The first European maritime presence in San Francisco Bay occurred on August 5, 1775, when the Spanish ship San Carlos, commanded by Juan Manuel de Ayala, became the first ship to anchor in the bay.[59]
Soon after, on March 28, 1776, Anza established the Presidio of San Francisco. On October 9, Mission San Francisco de Asís, also known as Mission Dolores, was founded by Padre Francisco Palóu.[4] In 1794, the Presidio established the Castillo de San Joaquín, a fortification on the southern side of the Golden Gate, which later came to be known as Fort Point.
In 1804, the province of Alta California was created, which included Yerba Buena ,which was the former name of San Francisco. At its peak in 1810–1820, the average population at the Mission Dolores settlement was about 1,100 people.[60]
Mexican era
[edit]
In 1821, the Californias were ceded to Mexico by Spain. The extensive California mission system gradually lost its influence during the period of Mexican rule. Agricultural land became largely privatized as ranchos, as was occurring in other parts of California. Coastal trade increased, including a half-dozen barques from various Atlantic ports which regularly sailed in California waters.[62][63]
Yerba Buena (after a native herb), a trading post with settlements between the Presidio and Mission grew up around the Plaza de Yerba Buena. The plaza was later renamed Portsmouth Square (now located in the city's Chinatown and Financial District). The Presidio was commanded in 1833 by Captain Mariano G. Vallejo.[62]
In 1833, Juana Briones de Miranda built her rancho near El Polín Spring, founding the first civilian household in San Francisco, which had previously only been comprised by the military settlement at the Presidio and the religious settlement at Mission Dolores.[61]
In 1834, Francisco de Haro became the first Alcalde of Yerba Buena. De Haro was a native of Mexico, from that nation's west coast city of Compostela, Nayarit. A land survey of Yerba Buena was made by the Swiss immigrant Jean Jacques Vioget as prelude to the city plan. The second Alcalde José Joaquín Estudillo was a Californio from a prominent Monterey family. In 1835, while in office, he approved the first land grant in Yerba Buena: to William Richardson, a naturalized Mexican citizen of English birth. Richardson had arrived in San Francisco aboard a whaling ship in 1822. In 1825, he married Maria Antonia Martinez, eldest daughter of the Californio Ygnacio Martínez.[64][a]
Yerba Buena began to attract American and European settlers; an 1842 census listed 21 residents (11%) born in the United States or Europe, as well as one Filipino merchant.[65] Following the Bear Flag Revolt in Sonoma and the beginning of the U.S. Conquest of California, American forces under the command of John B. Montgomery captured Yerba Buena on July 9, 1846, with little resistance from the local Californio population. At the end of the month, the Brooklyn arrived with a group of Mormon settlers, who had departed New York City six months earlier. Following the capture, U.S. forces appointed both José de Jesús Noé and Washington Allon Bartlett to serve as co-alcaldes (mayors), while the conquest continued on in the rest of California. Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, Alta California was ceded from Mexico to the United States.
Post-Conquest era
[edit]
Despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, post-Conquest San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography.[66] Its 1847 population was said to be 459.[62]
The California gold rush brought a flood of treasure seekers (known as "forty-niners," as in "1849"). With their sourdough bread in tow,[67] prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia,[68] raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849.[69] The promise of wealth was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor.[70] Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons, and hotels; many were left to rot, and some were sunk to establish title to the underwater lot. By 1851, the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870, Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land. Buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings.[71]
California was quickly granted statehood in 1850, and the U.S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate and a fort on Alcatraz Island to secure the San Francisco Bay. San Francisco County was one of the state's 18 original counties established at California statehood in 1850.[72] Until 1856, San Francisco's city limits extended west to Divisadero Street and Castro Street, and south to 20th Street. In 1856, the California state government divided the county. A straight line was then drawn across the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula just north of San Bruno Mountain. Everything south of the line became the new San Mateo County while everything north of the line became the new consolidated City and County of San Francisco.[73]
The California Gold Rush triggered a wave of entrepreneurial activity as individuals sought to capitalize on the newfound wealth. The discovery of silver deposits, notably the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further fueled rapid population growth and economic expansion.[75]
San Francisco, as the gateway to the goldfields, experienced a surge in population and commercial activity. However, the influx of fortune seekers also brought challenges. Lawlessness was rampant, and the Barbary Coast district became synonymous with vice, attracting criminals, prostitutes, and illicit activities, including but not limited to prostitution, bootlegging, and gambling.[76]
One of the most influential figures of this era was William Chapman Ralston. A shrewd banker and investor, Ralston amassed considerable wealth and influence in San Francisco. He gained control over a significant portion of the Comstock Lode's gold and silver mines, establishing a virtual monopoly.Using his incredible clout, Ralston was able to generate millions of dollars for San Francisco during its heady boom years.[77] He founded the Bank of California, the first bank in the Western United States, and built the opulent Palace Hotel, a symbol of San Francisco's newfound prosperity and the largest hotel in the country at the time.[78] His financial empire, however, collapsed in 1875 as a result of the Panic of 1873, triggering a major economic crisis in San Francisco.
Development of the Port of San Francisco and the establishment in 1869 of overland access to the eastern U.S. rail system via the newly completed Pacific Railroad (the construction of which the city only reluctantly helped support[79]) helped make the Bay Area a center for trade. Catering to the needs and tastes of the growing population, Levi Strauss opened a dry goods business and Domingo Ghirardelli began manufacturing chocolate. Chinese immigrants made the city a polyglot culture, drawn to "Old Gold Mountain," creating the city's Chinatown quarter. By 1880, Chinese made up 9.3% of the population.[80]
The first cable cars carried San Franciscans up Clay Street in 1873. The city's sea of Victorian houses began to take shape, and civic leaders campaigned for a spacious public park, resulting in plans for Golden Gate Park. San Franciscans built schools, churches, theaters, and all the hallmarks of civic life. The Presidio developed into the most important American military installation on the Pacific coast.[81] By 1890, San Francisco's population approached 300,000, making it the eighth-largest city in the United States at the time. Around 1901, San Francisco was a major city known for its flamboyant style, stately hotels, ostentatious mansions on Nob Hill, and a thriving arts scene.[82] The first North American plague epidemic was the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904.[83]
1906 earthquake and interwar era
[edit]
At 5:12 am on April 18, 1906, a major earthquake struck San Francisco and northern California. As buildings collapsed from the shaking, ruptured gas lines ignited fires that spread across the city and burned out of control for several days. With water mains out of service, the Presidio Artillery Corps attempted to contain the inferno by dynamiting blocks of buildings to create firebreaks.[84] More than three-quarters of the city lay in ruins, including almost all of the downtown core.[29] Contemporary accounts reported that 498 people died, though modern estimates put the number in the several thousands.[85] More than half of the city's population of 400,000 was left homeless.[86] Refugees settled temporarily in makeshift tent villages in Golden Gate Park, the Presidio, on the beaches, and elsewhere. Many fled permanently to the East Bay. Jack London is remembered for having famously eulogized the earthquake: "Not in history has a modern imperial city been so completely destroyed. San Francisco is gone."[87]
Rebuilding was rapid and performed on a grand scale. Rejecting calls to completely remake the street grid, San Franciscans opted for speed.[88] Amadeo Giannini's Bank of Italy, later to become Bank of America, provided loans for many of those whose livelihoods had been devastated. The influential San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association or SPUR was founded in 1910 to address the quality of housing after the earthquake.[89] The earthquake hastened development of western neighborhoods that survived the fire, including Pacific Heights, where many of the city's wealthy rebuilt their homes.[90] In turn, the destroyed mansions of Nob Hill became grand hotels. City Hall rose again in the Beaux Arts style, and the city celebrated its rebirth at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in 1915.[91]
During this period, San Francisco built some of its most important infrastructure. Civil Engineer Michael O'Shaughnessy was hired by San Francisco Mayor James Rolph as chief engineer for the city in September 1912 to supervise the construction of the Twin Peaks Reservoir, the Stockton Street Tunnel, the Twin Peaks Tunnel, the San Francisco Municipal Railway, the Auxiliary Water Supply System, and new sewers. San Francisco's streetcar system, of which the J, K, L, M, and N lines survive today, was pushed to completion by O'Shaughnessy between 1915 and 1927. It was the O'Shaughnessy Dam, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, and Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct that would have the largest effect on San Francisco.[92] An abundant water supply enabled San Francisco to develop into the city it has become today.
In ensuing years, the city solidified its standing as a financial capital; in the wake of the 1929 stock market crash, not a single San Francisco-based bank failed.[93] Indeed, it was at the height of the Great Depression that San Francisco undertook two great civil engineering projects, simultaneously constructing the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge, completing them in 1936 and 1937, respectively. It was in this period that the island of Alcatraz, a former military stockade, began its service as a federal maximum security prison, housing notorious inmates such as Al Capone, and Robert Franklin Stroud, the Birdman of Alcatraz. San Francisco later celebrated its regained grandeur with a World's fair, the Golden Gate International Exposition in 1939–40, creating Treasure Island in the middle of the bay to house it.[94]
Contemporary era
[edit]
During World War II, the city-owned Sharp Park in Pacifica was used as an internment camp to detain Japanese Americans.[95] Hunters Point Naval Shipyard became a hub of activity, and Fort Mason became the primary port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater of Operations.[30] The explosion of jobs drew many people, especially African Americans from the South, to the area. After the end of the war, many military personnel returning from service abroad and civilians who had originally come to work decided to stay. The United Nations Charter creating the United Nations was drafted and signed in San Francisco in 1945 and, in 1951, the Treaty of San Francisco re-established peaceful relations between Japan and the Allied Powers.[96]
Urban planning projects in the 1950s and 1960s involved widespread destruction and redevelopment of west-side neighborhoods and the construction of new freeways, of which only a series of short segments were built before being halted by citizen-led opposition.[97] The onset of containerization made San Francisco's small piers obsolete, and cargo activity moved to the larger Port of Oakland.[98] The city began to lose industrial jobs and turned to tourism as the most important segment of its economy.[99] The suburbs experienced rapid growth, and San Francisco underwent significant demographic change, as large segments of the white population left the city, supplanted by an increasing wave of immigration from Asia and Latin America.[100][101] From 1950 to 1980, the city lost over 10 percent of its population.
Over this period, San Francisco became a magnet for America's counterculture movement. Beat Generation writers fueled the San Francisco Renaissance and centered on the North Beach neighborhood in the 1950s.[102] Hippies flocked to Haight-Ashbury in the 1960s, reaching a peak with the 1967 Summer of Love.[103] In 1974, the Zebra murders left at least 16 people dead.[104] In the 1970s, the city became a center of the gay rights movement, with the emergence of The Castro as an urban gay village, the election of Harvey Milk to the Board of Supervisors, and his assassination, along with that of Mayor George Moscone, in 1978.[105]
Bank of America, now based in Charlotte, North Carolina, was founded in San Francisco; the bank completed 555 California Street in 1969. The Transamerica Pyramid was completed in 1972,[106] igniting a wave of "Manhattanization" that lasted until the late 1980s, a period of extensive high-rise development downtown.[107] The 1980s also saw a dramatic increase in the number of homeless people in the city, an issue that remains today, despite many attempts to address it.[108]
The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake caused destruction and loss of life throughout the Bay Area. In San Francisco, the quake severely damaged structures in the Marina and South of Market districts and precipitated the demolition of the damaged Embarcadero Freeway and much of the damaged Central Freeway, allowing the city to reclaim The Embarcadero as its historic downtown waterfront and revitalizing the Hayes Valley neighborhood.[109]
The two recent decades have seen booms driven by the internet industry. During the dot-com boom of the late 1990s, startup companies invigorated the San Francisco economy. Large numbers of entrepreneurs and computer application developers moved into the city, followed by marketing, design, and sales professionals, changing the social landscape as once poorer neighborhoods became increasingly gentrified.[110] Demand for new housing and office space ignited a second wave of high-rise development, this time in the South of Market district.[111] By 2000, the city's population reached new highs, surpassing the previous record set in 1950. When the bubble burst in 2001 and again in 2023, many of these companies folded and their employees were laid off. Yet high technology and entrepreneurship remain mainstays of the San Francisco economy. By the mid-2000s (decade), the social media boom had begun, with San Francisco becoming a popular location for tech offices and a common place to live for people employed in Silicon Valley companies such as Apple and Google.[112]
The early 2020s featured an exodus of tech companies from Downtown San Francisco in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and struggles with homelessness and public drug use. Although some observers have raised the possibility that office vacancies and declining tax revenues could cause San Francisco to enter an economic doom loop,[113][114] other sources have refuted this broad-based characterization of the city as a whole, asserting that the issues of concern are restricted primarily to the urban core of San Francisco.[43][115] As of March 2024, Union Square was in "sorry shape" and had lost its traditional position as the Bay Area's regional shopping hub[116] to Westfield Valley Fair in San Jose.[117]
The Ferry Station Post Office Building, Armour & Co. Building, Atherton House, and YMCA Hotel are historic buildings among dozens of historical landmarks in the city, according to the National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco.[118]
Geography
[edit]
San Francisco is located on the West Coast of the United States, at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula and includes significant stretches of the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay within its boundaries. Several picturesque islands—Alcatraz, Treasure Island and the adjacent Yerba Buena Island, and small portions of Alameda Island, Red Rock Island, and Angel Island—are part of the city. Also included are the uninhabited Farallon Islands, 27 miles (43 km) offshore in the Pacific Ocean. The mainland within the city limits roughly forms a "seven-by-seven-mile square," a common local colloquialism referring to the city's shape, though its total area, including water, is nearly 232 square miles (600 km2).
There are more than 50 hills within the city limits.[119] Some neighborhoods are named after the hill on which they are situated, including Nob Hill, Potrero Hill, and Russian Hill. Near the geographic center of the city, southwest of the downtown area, are a series of less densely populated hills. Twin Peaks, a pair of hills forming one of the city's highest points, forms an overlook spot. San Francisco's tallest hill, Mount Davidson, is 928 feet (283 m) high and is capped with a 103-foot (31 m) tall cross built in 1934.[120] Dominating this area is Sutro Tower, a large red and white radio and television transmission tower reaching 1,811 ft (552 m) above sea level.
The nearby San Andreas and Hayward Faults are responsible for much earthquake activity, although neither physically passes through the city itself. The San Andreas Fault caused the earthquakes in 1906 and 1989. Minor earthquakes occur on a regular basis. The threat of major earthquakes plays a large role in the city's infrastructure development. The city constructed an auxiliary water supply system and has repeatedly upgraded its building codes, requiring retrofits for older buildings and higher engineering standards for new construction.[121] However, there are still thousands of smaller buildings that remain vulnerable to quake damage.[122] USGS has released the California earthquake forecast which models earthquake occurrence in California.[123]
San Francisco's shoreline has grown beyond its natural limits. Entire neighborhoods such as the Marina, Mission Bay, and Hunters Point, as well as large sections of the Embarcadero, sit on areas of landfill. Treasure Island was constructed from material dredged from the bay as well as material resulting from the excavation of the Yerba Buena Tunnel through Yerba Buena Island during the construction of the Bay Bridge. Such land tends to be unstable during earthquakes. The resulting soil liquefaction causes extensive damage to property built upon it, as was evidenced in the Marina district during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.[124] A few natural lakes and creeks (Lake Merced, Mountain Lake, Pine Lake, Lobos Creek, El Polin Spring) are within parks and remain protected in what is essentially their original form, but most of the city's natural watercourses, such as Islais Creek and Mission Creek, have been partially or completely culverted and built over. Since the 1990s, however, the Public Utilities Commission has been studying proposals to daylight or restore some creeks.[125]
Neighborhoods
[edit]
The historic center of San Francisco is the northeast quadrant of the city anchored by Market Street and the waterfront. Here the Financial District is centered, with Union Square, the principal shopping and hotel district, and the Tenderloin nearby. Cable cars carry riders up steep inclines to the summit of Nob Hill, once the home of the city's business tycoons, and down to the waterfront tourist attractions of Fisherman's Wharf, and Pier 39, where many restaurants feature Dungeness crab from a still-active fishing industry. Also in this quadrant are Russian Hill, a residential neighborhood with the famously crooked Lombard Street; North Beach, the city's Little Italy and the former center of the Beat Generation; and Telegraph Hill, which features Coit Tower. Abutting Russian Hill and North Beach is San Francisco's Chinatown, the oldest Chinatown in North America.[126][127][128][129] The South of Market, which was once San Francisco's industrial core, has seen significant redevelopment following the construction of Oracle Park and an infusion of startup companies. New skyscrapers, live-work lofts, and condominiums dot the area. Further development is taking place just to the south in Mission Bay area, a former railroad yard, which now has a second campus of the University of California, San Francisco and Chase Center, which opened in 2019 as the new home of the Golden State Warriors.[130]
West of downtown, across Van Ness Avenue, lies the large Western Addition neighborhood, which became established with a large African American population after World War II. The Western Addition is usually divided into smaller neighborhoods including Hayes Valley, the Fillmore, and Japantown, which was once the largest Japantown in North America but suffered when its Japanese American residents were forcibly removed and interned during World War II. The Western Addition survived the 1906 earthquake with its Victorians largely intact, including the famous "Painted Ladies," standing alongside Alamo Square. To the south, near the geographic center of the city is Haight-Ashbury, famously associated with 1960s hippie culture.[131] The Haight is now[timeframe?] home to some expensive boutiques[132][better source needed] and a few controversial chain stores,[133] although it still retains[timeframe?][citation needed] some bohemian character.
North of the Western Addition is Pacific Heights, an affluent neighborhood that features the homes built by wealthy San Franciscans in the wake of the 1906 earthquake. Directly north of Pacific Heights facing the waterfront is the Marina, a neighborhood popular with young professionals that was largely built on reclaimed land from the Bay.[134]
In the southeast quadrant of the city is the Mission District—populated in the 19th century by Californios and working-class immigrants from Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Scandinavia. In the 1910s, a wave of Central American immigrants settled in the Mission and, in the 1950s, immigrants from Mexico began to predominate.[135] In recent years, gentrification has changed the demographics of parts of the Mission from Latino, to twenty-something professionals. Noe Valley to the southwest and Bernal Heights to the south are both increasingly popular among young families with children. East of the Mission is the Potrero Hill neighborhood, a mostly residential neighborhood that features sweeping views of downtown San Francisco. West of the Mission, the area historically known as Eureka Valley, now popularly called the Castro, was once a working-class Scandinavian and Irish area. It has become North America's first gay village, and is now the center of gay life in the city.[136] Located near the city's southern border, the Excelsior District is one of the most ethnically diverse neighborhoods in San Francisco. The Bayview-Hunters Point in the far southeast corner of the city is one of the poorest neighborhoods, though the area has been the focus of several revitalizing and urban renewal projects.
The construction of the Twin Peaks Tunnel in 1918 connected southwest neighborhoods to downtown via streetcar, hastening the development of West Portal, and nearby affluent Forest Hill and St. Francis Wood. Further west, stretching all the way to the Pacific Ocean and north to Golden Gate Park lies the vast Sunset District, a large middle-class area with a predominantly Asian population.[137]
The northwestern quadrant of the city contains the Richmond, a mostly middle-class neighborhood north of Golden Gate Park, home to immigrants from other parts of Asia as well as many Russian and Ukrainian immigrants. Together, these areas are known as The Avenues. These two districts are each sometimes further divided into two regions: the Outer Richmond and Outer Sunset can refer to the more western portions of their respective district and the Inner Richmond and Inner Sunset can refer to the more eastern portions.
Many piers remained derelict for years until the demolition of the Embarcadero Freeway reopened the downtown waterfront, allowing for redevelopment. The centerpiece of the port, the Ferry Building, while still receiving commuter ferry traffic, has been restored and redeveloped as a gourmet marketplace.
Climate
[edit]
San Francisco has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csb), characteristic of California's coast, with moist winters and dry summers.[138] San Francisco's weather is strongly influenced by the cool currents of the Pacific Ocean on the west side of the city, and the water of San Francisco Bay to the north and east. This moderates temperature swings and produces a remarkably mild year-round climate with little seasonal temperature variation.[139]
Among major U.S. cities, San Francisco has the coolest daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures for June, July, and August.[140] During the summer, rising hot air in California's interior valleys creates a low-pressure area that draws winds from the North Pacific High through the Golden Gate, which creates the city's characteristic cool winds and fog.[141] The fog is less pronounced in eastern neighborhoods and during the late summer and early fall. As a result, the year's warmest month, on average, is September, and on average, October is warmer than July, especially in daytime.
Temperatures reach or exceed 80 °F (27 °C) on an average of only 21 and 23 days a year at downtown and San Francisco International Airport (SFO), respectively.[142] The dry period of May to October is mild to warm, with the normal monthly mean temperature peaking in September at 62.7 °F (17.1 °C).[142] The rainy period of November to April is slightly cooler, with the normal monthly mean temperature reaching its lowest in January at 51.3 °F (10.7 °C).[142] On average, there are 73 rainy days a year, and annual precipitation averages 23.65 inches (601 mm).[142] Variation in precipitation from year to year is high. Above-average rain years are often associated with warm El Niño conditions in the Pacific while dry years often occur in cold water La Niña periods. In 2013 (a "La Niña" year), a record low 5.59 in (142 mm) of rainfall was recorded at downtown San Francisco, where records have been kept since 1849.[142] Snowfall in the city is very rare, with only 10 measurable accumulations recorded since 1852, most recently in 1976 when up to 5 inches (13 cm) fell on Twin Peaks.[143][144]
The highest recorded temperature at the official National Weather Service downtown observation station[b] was 106 °F (41 °C) on September 1, 2017.[146] During that hot spell, the warmest ever night of 71 °F (22 °C) was also recorded.[147] The lowest recorded temperature was 27 °F (−3 °C) on December 11, 1932.[148]
During an average year between 1991 and 2020, San Francisco recorded a warmest night at 64 °F (18 °C) and a coldest day at 49 °F (9 °C).[142] The coldest daytime high since the station's opening in 1945 was recorded in December 1972 at 37 °F (3 °C).[142]
As a coastal city, San Francisco will be heavily affected by climate change. As of 2021 , sea levels are projected to rise by as much as 5 feet (1.5 m), resulting in periodic flooding, rising groundwater levels, and lowland floods from more severe storms.[149]
San Francisco falls under the USDA 10b Plant hardiness zone, though some areas, particularly downtown, border zone 11a.[150][151]
Ecology
[edit]
Historically, tule elk were present in San Francisco County, based on archeological evidence of elk remains in at least five different Native American shellmounds: at Hunter's Point, Fort Mason, Stevenson Street, Market Street, and Yerba Buena.[157][158] Perhaps the first historical observer record was from the De Anza Expedition on March 23, 1776. Herbert Eugene Bolton wrote about the expedition camp at Mountain Lake, near the southern end of today's Presidio: "Round about were grazing deer, and scattered here and there were the antlers of large elk."[159] Also, when Richard Henry Dana Jr. visited San Francisco Bay in 1835, he wrote about vast elk herds near the Golden Gate: on December 27 ."..we came to anchor near the mouth of the bay, under a high and beautifully sloping hill, upon which herds of hundreds and hundreds of red deer [note: "red deer" is the European term for "elk"], and the stag, with his high branching antlers, were bounding about...," although it is not clear whether this was the Marin side or the San Francisco side.[160]
Demographics
[edit]
Main article: Demographics of San Francisco
Historical populationYearPop.±%18481,000— 184925,000+2400.0%185234,776+39.1%186056,802+63.3%1870149,473+163.1%1880233,959+56.5%1890298,997+27.8%1900342,782+14.6%1910416,912+21.6%1920506,676+21.5%1930634,394+25.2%1940634,536+0.0%1950775,357+22.2%1960740,316−4.5%1970715,674−3.3%1980678,974−5.1%1990723,959+6.6%2000776,733+7.3%2010805,235+3.7%2020873,965+8.5%2023808,988−7.4%https://www.sfchronicle.com/sf/article/s-f-exodus-population-recovery-data-18564064.php
The 2020 United States census showed San Francisco's population to be 873,965, an increase of 8.5% from the 2010 census.[16] With roughly one-quarter the population density of Manhattan, San Francisco is the second-most densely populated large American city, behind only New York City among cities greater than 200,000 population, and the fifth-most densely populated U.S. county, following only four of the five New York City boroughs.
San Francisco is part of the five-county San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, a region of 4.7 million people (13th most populous in the U.S.), and has served as its traditional demographic focal point. It is also part of the greater 14-county San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area, whose population is over 9.6 million, making it the fifth-largest in the United States as of 2018 .[161][failed verification]
Race, ethnicity, religion, and languages
[edit]
As of the 2020 census, the racial makeup and population of San Francisco included: 361,382 Whites (41.3%), 296,505 Asians (33.9%), 46,725 African Americans (5.3%), 86,233 Multiracial Americans (9.9%), 6,475 Native Americans and Alaska Natives (0.7%), 3,476 Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders (0.4%) and 73,169 persons of other races (8.4%). There were 136,761 Hispanic or Latino residents of any race (15.6%).
San Francisco is a majority minority city, as non-Hispanic White residents comprise less than half of the population; in 1940 they formed 92.5% of the population.[162]
In 2010, residents of Chinese ethnicity constituted the largest single ethnic minority group in San Francisco at 21% of the population; other large Asian groups include Filipinos (5%) and Vietnamese (2%), with Japanese, Koreans and many other Asian and Pacific Islander groups represented in the city.[163] The population of Chinese ancestry is most heavily concentrated in Chinatown and the Sunset and Richmond Districts. Filipinos are most concentrated in SoMa and the Crocker-Amazon; the latter neighborhood shares a border with Daly City, which has one of the highest concentrations of Filipinos in North America.[163][164] The Tenderloin District is home to a large portion of the city's Vietnamese population as well as businesses and restaurants, which is known as the city's Little Saigon.[163]
The principal Hispanic groups in the city were those of Mexican (7%) and Salvadoran (2%) ancestry. The Hispanic population is most heavily concentrated in the Mission District, Tenderloin District, and Excelsior District.[165] The city's percentage of Hispanic residents is less than half of that of the state.
African Americans constituted about 5% of San Francisco's population in 2020; their share of the city's population has been decreasing since the 1970s.[166] The majority of the city's Black residents live in the neighborhoods of Bayview-Hunters Point, Visitacion Valley, and the Fillmore District.[165] There are smaller Black communities in Diamond Heights, Glen Park, and Mission District.
The city has long been home to a significant Jewish community; in 2018 Jewish Americans made up an estimated 10% (80,000) of the city's population. It the third-largest Jewish community in proportional terms in the United States, behind only those of New York City, and Los Angeles, respectively, and it is also relatively young compared to other major U.S. cities.[167] The Jewish community resides throughout the city, but the Richmond District is home to an ethnic enclave of mostly Russian Jews.[168] The Fillmore District was formerly a mostly Jewish neighborhood from the 1920s until the 1970s, when many of its Jewish residents moved to other neighborhoods of the city as well as the suburbs of nearby Marin County.[169]
Demographic profile[170] 1860 1880 1920 1960 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020[171] Non-Hispanic White alone 90.2% 87.7% 93.5% 72.7% 52.8% 46.9% 43.5% 41.7% 39.1% Non-Hispanic Asian alone 4.6% 9.3% 2.7% 7.9% 21.3% 28.0% 30.7% 33.1% 33.7% — Chinese American 4.6% 9.3% 1.5% 5.1% 12.1% 17.6% 20.0% 19.8% 21.0% — Filipino American — — 0.2% 1.5% 5.2% 5.4% 5.0% 4.9% 4.4% Hispanic or Latino, any race(s) 3.0% 2.4% 3.4% 9.4% 12.6% 13.3% 14.2% 15.2% 15.6% — Mexican American 1.8% 1.4% 1.5% 5.1% 5.0% 5.2% 6.0% 7.5% 7.9% Non-Hispanic Black alone 2.1% 0.6% 0.4% 9.7% 12.3% 10.7% 7.6% 6.0% 5.1% Non-Hispanic Pacific Islander alone — — <0.1% — 0.2% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5% 0.3% Non-Hispanic Native American alone <0.1% <0.1% <0.1% 0.1% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% Non-Hispanic other — — — 0.2% 0.4% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.8% Non-Hispanic two or more races — — — — — — 3.0% 2.9% 5.2% Foreign-born[e] 50.2% 44.5% 30.1% 20.2% 29.5% 35.4% 38.4% 38.2% 34.2%
Source: U.S. Census and IPUMS USA[170]
According to a 2018 study by the Jewish Community Federation of San Francisco, Jews make up 10% (80,000) of the city's population, making Judaism the second-largest religion in San Francisco after Christianity.[167] A prior 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, the largest religious groupings in San Francisco's metropolitan area are Christians (48%), followed by those of no religion (35%), Hindus (5%), Jews (3%), Buddhists (2%), Muslims (1%) and a variety of other religions have smaller followings. According to the same study by the Pew Research Center, about 20% of residents in the area are Protestant, and 25% professing Roman Catholic beliefs. Meanwhile, 10% of the residents in metropolitan San Francisco identify as agnostics, while 5% identify as atheists.[172][173]
As of 2010 , 55% (411,728) of San Francisco residents spoke only English at home, while 19% (140,302) spoke a variety of Chinese (mostly Taishanese and Cantonese[174][175]), 12% (88,147) Spanish, 3% (25,767) Tagalog, and 2% (14,017) Russian. In total, 45% (342,693) of San Francisco's population spoke a language at home other than English.[176]
Ethnic clustering
[edit]
San Francisco has several prominent Chinese, Mexican, and Filipino neighborhoods including Chinatown and the Mission District. Research collected on the immigrant clusters in the city show that more than half of the Asian population in San Francisco is either Chinese-born (40.3%) or Philippine-born (13.1%), and of the Mexican population 21% were Mexican-born, meaning these are people who recently immigrated to the United States.[177] Between the years of 1990 and 2000, the number of foreign-born residents increased from 33% to nearly 40%.[177] During this same time period, the San Francisco metropolitan area received 850,000 immigrants, ranking third in the United States after Los Angeles and New York.[177]
Education, households, and income
[edit]
Of all major cities in the United States, San Francisco has the second-highest percentage of residents with a college degree, second only to Seattle. Over 44% of adults have a bachelor's or higher degree.[179] San Francisco had the highest rate at 7,031 per square mile, or over 344,000 total graduates in the city's 46.7 square miles (121 km2).[180]
San Francisco has the highest estimated percentage of gay and lesbian individuals of any of the 50 largest U.S. cities, at 15%.[181] San Francisco also has the highest percentage of same-sex households of any American county, with the Bay Area having a higher concentration than any other metropolitan area.[182]
San Francisco ranks third of American cities in median household income[183] with a 2007 value of $65,519.[184] Median family income is $81,136.[184] An emigration of middle-class families has left the city with a lower proportion of children than any other large American city,[185] with the dog population cited as exceeding the child population of 115,000, in 2018.[186] The city's poverty rate is 12%, lower than the national average.[187] Homelessness has been a chronic problem for San Francisco since the early 1970s.[188] The city is believed to have the highest number of homeless inhabitants per capita of any major U.S. city.[189][190]
There are 345,811 households in the city, out of which: 133,366 households (39%) were individuals, 109,437 (32%) were opposite-sex married couples, 63,577 (18%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 21,677 (6%) were unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 10,384 (3%) were same-sex married couples or partnerships. The average household size was 2.26; the average family size was 3.11. 452,986 people (56%) lived in rental housing units, and 327,985 people (41%) lived in owner-occupied housing units. The median age of the city population is 38 years.
San Francisco declared itself a sanctuary city in 1989, and city officials strengthened the stance in 2013 with its 'Due Process for All' ordinance. The law declared local authorities could not hold immigrants for immigration offenses if they had no violent felonies on their records and did not currently face charges."[191] The city issues a Resident ID Card regardless of the applicant's immigration status.[192]
Homelessness
[edit]
Homelessness in San Francisco emerged as a major issue in the late 20th century and remains a growing problem in modern times.[193]
8,035 homeless people were counted in San Francisco's 2019 point-in-time street and shelter count. This was an increase of more than 17% over the 2017 count of 6,858 people. 5,180 of the people were living unsheltered on the streets and in parks.[194] 26% of respondents in the 2019 count identified job loss as the primary cause of their homelessness, 18% cited alcohol or drug use, and 13% cited being evicted from their residence.[194] The city of San Francisco has been dramatically increasing its spending to service the growing population homelessness crisis: spending jumped by $241 million in 2016–17 to total $275 million, compared to a budget of just $34 million the previous year. In 2017–18 the budget for combatting homelessness stood at $305 million.[195] In the 2019–2020 budget year, the city budgeted $368 million for homelessness services. In the proposed 2020–2021 budget the city budgeted $850 million for homelessness services.[196]
In January 2018 a United Nations special rapporteur on homelessness, Leilani Farha, stated that she was "completely shocked" by San Francisco's homelessness crisis during a visit to the city. She compared the "deplorable conditions" of the homeless camps she witnessed on San Francisco's streets to those she had seen in Mumbai.[195] In May 2020, San Francisco officially sanctioned homeless encampments.[197]
Crime
[edit]
Main article: Crime in San Francisco
San Francisco's violent crime rate is low compared to other major cities, though many residents are still concerned about it.[198]
In 2011, 50 murders were reported, which is 6.1 per 100,000 people.[199] There were about 134 rapes, 3,142 robberies, and about 2,139 assaults. There were about 4,469 burglaries, 25,100 thefts, and 4,210 motor vehicle thefts.[200] The Tenderloin area has the highest crime rate in San Francisco: 70% of the city's violent crimes, and around one-fourth of the city's murders, occur in this neighborhood. The Tenderloin also sees high rates of drug abuse, gang violence, and prostitution.[201] Another area with high crime rates is the Bayview-Hunters Point area. In the first six months of 2015 there were 25 murders compared to 14 in the first six months of 2014. However, the murder rate is still much lower than in past decades.[202] That rate, though, did rise again by the close of 2016. According to the San Francisco Police Department, there were 59 murders in the city in 2016, an annual total that marked a 13.5% increase in the number of homicides (52) from 2015.[203] The city has also gained a reputation for car break-ins, with over 19,000 car break-ins occurring in 2021.[204]
During the first half of 2018, human feces on San Francisco sidewalks were the second-most-frequent complaint of city residents, with about 65 calls per day. The city has formed a "poop patrol" to attempt to combat the problem.[205]
In January 2022, CBS News reported that a single suspect was "responsible for more than half of all reported hate crimes against the API community in San Francisco last year," and that he "was allowed to be out of custody despite the number of charges against him."[206]
Several street gangs have operated in the city over the decades, including MS-13,[207] the Sureños and Norteños in the Mission District.[208]
African-American street gangs familiar in other cities, including the Bloods, Crips and their sets, have struggled to establish footholds in San Francisco,[209] while police and prosecutors have been accused of liberally labeling young African-American males as gang members.[210]
Criminal gangs with shot callers in China, including Triad groups such as the Wo Hop To, were active in San Francisco in the 20th century.[211] According to statistics released by SFPD in April 2024, the crime figures were down in the first 100 days of the year, namely in terms of robberies, burglaries and larceny.[212]
Economy
[edit]
The city has a diversified service economy, with employment spread across a wide range of professional services, including tourism, financial services, and (increasingly) high technology.[214] In 2016, approximately 27% of workers were employed in professional business services; 14% in leisure and hospitality; 13% in government services; 12% in education and health care; 11% in trade, transportation, and utilities; and 8% in financial activities.[214] In 2019, GDP in the five-county San Francisco metropolitan area grew 3.8% in real terms to $592 billion.[215][216] Additionally, in 2019 the 14-county San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland combined statistical area had a GDP of $1.086 trillion,[216] ranking 3rd among CSAs, and ahead of all but 16 countries. As of 2019 , San Francisco County was the 7th highest-income county in the United States (among 3,142), with a per capita personal income of $139,405.[217] Marin County, directly to the north over the Golden Gate Bridge, and San Mateo County, directly to the south on the Peninsula, were the 6th and 9th highest-income counties respectively.
The legacy of the California gold rush turned San Francisco into the principal banking and finance center of the West Coast in the early twentieth century.[218] Montgomery Street in the Financial District became known as the "Wall Street of the West," home to the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and the site of the now-defunct Pacific Coast Stock Exchange.[218] Bank of America, a pioneer in making banking services accessible to the middle class, was founded in San Francisco and in the 1960s, built the landmark modern skyscraper at 555 California Street for its corporate headquarters, since relocated to Charlotte, North Carolina. Many large financial institutions, multinational banks, and venture capital firms are based in or have regional headquarters in the city. With over 30 international financial institutions,[219] six Fortune 500 companies,[220] and a large supporting infrastructure of professional services—including law, public relations, architecture and design—San Francisco is designated as an Alpha(-) World City.[221] The 2017 Global Financial Centres Index ranked San Francisco as the sixth-most competitive financial center in the world.[222]
Beginning in the 1990s, San Francisco's economy diversified away from finance and tourism towards the growing fields of high tech, biotechnology, and medical research.[223] Technology jobs accounted for just 1 percent of San Francisco's economy in 1990, growing to 4 percent in 2010 and an estimated 8 percent by the end of 2013.[224] San Francisco became a center of Internet start-up companies during the dot-com bubble of the 1990s and the subsequent social media boom of the late 2000s (decade).[225] Since 2010, San Francisco proper has attracted an increasing share of venture capital investments as compared to nearby Silicon Valley, attracting 423 financings worth US$4.58 billion in 2013.[226][227][228] In 2004, the city approved a payroll tax exemption for biotechnology companies[229] to foster growth in the Mission Bay neighborhood, site of a second campus and hospital of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Mission Bay hosts the UCSF Medical Center, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, and Gladstone Institutes,[230] as well as more than 40 private-sector life sciences companies.[231]
According to academic Rob Wilson, San Francisco is a global city, a status that pre-dated the city's popularity during the California gold rush.[233] However, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to high office vacancy rates and the closure of many retail and tech businesses in the downtown core of San Francisco.[234][235] Attributed causes include a shift to remote work in the technology and professional services sectors, as well as high levels of homelessness, drug use, and crime in areas around downtown San Francisco, such as the Tenderloin and Mid-Market neighborhoods.[236][237]
The top employer in San Francisco is the city government itself, employing 5.6% (31,000+ people) of the city's workforce, followed by UCSF with over 25,000 employees.[238] The largest private-sector employer is Salesforce, with 8,500 employees, as of 2018 .[239] Small businesses with fewer than 10 employees and self-employed firms made up 85% of city establishments in 2006,[240] and the number of San Franciscans employed by firms of more than 1,000 employees has fallen by half since 1977.[241] The growth of national big box and formula retail chains into the city has been made intentionally difficult by political and civic consensus. In an effort to buoy small privately owned businesses in San Francisco and preserve the unique retail personality of the city, the Small Business Commission started a publicity campaign in 2004 to keep a larger share of retail dollars in the local economy,[242] and the Board of Supervisors has used the planning code to limit the neighborhoods where formula retail establishments can set up shop,[243] an effort affirmed by San Francisco voters.[244] However, by 2016, San Francisco was rated low by small businesses in a Business Friendliness Survey.[245]
Like many U.S. cities, San Francisco once had a significant manufacturing sector employing nearly 60,000 workers in 1969, but nearly all production left for cheaper locations by the 1980s.[246] As of 2014 , San Francisco has seen a small resurgence in manufacturing, with more than 4,000 manufacturing jobs across 500 companies, doubling since 2011. The city's largest manufacturing employer is Anchor Brewing Company, and the largest by revenue is Timbuk2.[246]
As of the first quarter of 2022 , the median value of homes in San Francisco County was $1,297,030. It ranked third in the U.S. for counties with highest median home value, behind Nantucket, Massachusetts and San Mateo County, California.[247]
Technology
[edit]
San Francisco became a hub for technological driven economic growth during the internet boom of the 1990s, and still holds an important position in the world city network today.[177][248] Intense redevelopment towards the "new economy" makes business more technologically minded. Between the years of 1999 and 2000, the job growth rate was 4.9%, creating over 50,000 jobs in technology firms and internet content production.[177] However, the technology industry has become geographically dispersed.[249][250]
In the second technological boom driven by social media in the mid-2000s, San Francisco became a location for companies such as Apple, Google, Ubisoft, Facebook, and Twitter to base their tech offices and for their employees to live.[251]
Tourism and conventions
[edit]
See also: Port of San Francisco
Tourism is one of San Francisco's most important private-sector industries, accounting for more than one out of seven jobs in the city.[223][252] The city's frequent portrayal in music, film, and popular culture has made the city and its landmarks recognizable worldwide. In 2016, it attracted the fifth-highest number of foreign tourists of any city in the United States.[253] More than 25 million visitors arrived in San Francisco in 2016, adding US$9.96 billion to the economy.[254] With a large hotel infrastructure and a major convention facility in the Moscone Center, San Francisco is a popular destination for annual conventions and conferences.[255]
Some of the most popular tourist attractions in San Francisco, as noted by the Travel Channel, include the Golden Gate Bridge and Alamo Square Park, home to the famous "Painted Ladies." Both of these locations were often used as landscape shots for the hit American television sitcom Full House. There is also Lombard Street, known for its "crookedness" and extensive views. Tourists also visit Pier 39, which offers dining, shopping, entertainment, and views of the bay, sunbathing California sea lions, the Aquarium of the Bay, and the famous Alcatraz Island.[256]
San Francisco also offers tourists varied nightlife in its neighborhoods.[257][258]
The new Terminal Project at Pier 27 opened September 25, 2014, as a replacement for the old Pier 35.[259] Itineraries from San Francisco usually include round-trip cruises to Alaska and Mexico.
A heightened interest in conventioneering in San Francisco, marked by the establishment of convention centers such as Yerba Buena, acted as a feeder into the local tourist economy and resulted in an increase in the hotel industry: "In 1959, the city had fewer than thirty-three hundred first-class hotel rooms; by 1970, the number was nine thousand; and by 1999, there were more than thirty thousand."[260] The commodification of the Castro District has contributed to San Francisco's tourist economy.[261]
Arts and culture
[edit]
Main article: Culture of San Francisco
Although the Financial District, Union Square, and Fisherman's Wharf are well known around the world, San Francisco is also characterized by its numerous culturally rich streetscapes featuring mixed-use neighborhoods anchored around central commercial corridors to which residents and visitors alike can walk.[citation needed] Because of these characteristics,[original research?] San Francisco is ranked the "most walkable" city in the United States by Walkscore.com.[262] Many neighborhoods feature a mix of businesses, restaurants and venues that cater to the daily needs of local residents while also serving many visitors and tourists. Some neighborhoods are dotted with boutiques, cafés and nightlife such as Union Street in Cow Hollow, 24th Street in Noe Valley, Valencia Street in the Mission, Grant Avenue in North Beach, and Irving Street in the Inner Sunset. This approach especially has influenced the continuing South of Market neighborhood redevelopment with businesses and neighborhood services rising alongside high-rise residences.[263][failed verification]
Since the 1990s, the demand for skilled information technology workers from local startups and nearby Silicon Valley has attracted white-collar workers from all over the world and created a high standard of living in San Francisco.[265] Many neighborhoods that were once blue-collar, middle, and lower class have been gentrifying, as many of the city's traditional business and industrial districts have experienced a renaissance driven by the redevelopment of the Embarcadero, including the neighborhoods South Beach and Mission Bay. The city's property values and household income have risen to among the highest in the nation,[266][267][268] creating a large and upscale restaurant, retail, and entertainment scene. According to a 2014 quality of life survey of global cities, San Francisco has the highest quality of living of any U.S. city.[269] However, due to the exceptionally high cost of living, many of the city's middle and lower-class families have been leaving the city for the outer suburbs of the Bay Area, or for California's Central Valley.[270] By June 2, 2015, the median rent was reported to be as high as $4,225.[271] The high cost of living is due in part to restrictive planning laws which limit new residential construction.[272]
The international character that San Francisco has enjoyed since its founding is continued today by large numbers of immigrants from Asia and Latin America. With 39% of its residents born overseas,[241] San Francisco has numerous neighborhoods filled with businesses and civic institutions catering to new arrivals. In particular, the arrival of many ethnic Chinese, which began to accelerate in the 1970s, has complemented the long-established community historically based in Chinatown throughout the city and has transformed the annual Chinese New Year Parade into the largest event of its kind on the West Coast.
With the arrival of the "beat" writers and artists of the 1950s and societal changes culminating in the Summer of Love in the Haight-Ashbury district during the 1960s, San Francisco became a center of liberal activism and of the counterculture that arose at that time. The Democrats and to a lesser extent the Green Party have dominated city politics since the late 1970s, after the last serious Republican challenger for city office lost the 1975 mayoral election by a narrow margin. San Francisco has not voted more than 20% for a Republican presidential or senatorial candidate since 1988.[273] In 2007, the city expanded its Medicaid and other indigent medical programs into the Healthy San Francisco program,[274] which subsidizes certain medical services for eligible residents.[275][276][277]
Since 1993, the San Francisco Department of Public Health has distributed 400,000 free syringes every month aimed at reducing HIV and other health risks for drug users, as well as providing disposal sites and services.[278][279][280]
San Francisco also has had a very active environmental community. Starting with the founding of the Sierra Club in 1892 to the establishment of the non-profit Friends of the Urban Forest in 1981, San Francisco has been at the forefront of many global discussions regarding the environment.[281][282] The 1980 San Francisco Recycling Program was one of the earliest curbside recycling programs.[283] The city's GoSolarSF incentive promotes solar installations and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission is rolling out the CleanPowerSF program to sell electricity from local renewable sources.[284][285] SF Greasecycle is a program to recycle used cooking oil for conversion to biodiesel.[286]
The Sunset Reservoir Solar Project, completed in 2010, installed 24,000 solar panels on the roof of the reservoir. The 5-megawatt plant more than tripled the city's 2-megawatt solar generation capacity when it opened in December 2010.[287][288]
LGBT
[edit]
San Francisco has long had an LGBT-friendly history. It was home to the first lesbian-rights organization in the United States, Daughters of Bilitis; the first openly gay person to run for public office in the United States, José Sarria; the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California, Harvey Milk; the first openly lesbian judge appointed in the U.S., Mary C. Morgan; and the first transgender police commissioner, Theresa Sparks. The city's large gay population has created and sustained a politically and culturally active community over many decades, developing a powerful presence in San Francisco's civic life.[289] Survey data released in 2015 by Gallup places the proportion of LGBT adults in the San Francisco metro area at 6.2%, which is the highest proportion of the 50 most populous metropolitan areas as measured by the polling organization.[290]
One of the most popular destinations for gay tourists internationally, the city hosts San Francisco Pride, one of the largest and oldest pride parades. San Francisco Pride events have been held continuously since 1972. The events are themed and a new theme is created each year.[291] In 2013, over 1.5 million people attended, around 500,000 more than the previous year.[292] Pink Saturday is an annual street party held the Saturday before the pride parade, which coincides with the Dyke march.
The Folsom Street Fair (FSF) is an annual BDSM and leather subculture street fair that is held in September, endcapping San Francisco's "Leather Pride Week."[293] It started in 1984 and is California's third-largest single-day, outdoor spectator event and the world's largest leather event and showcase for BDSM products and culture.[294]
Performing arts
[edit]
San Francisco's War Memorial and Performing Arts Center hosts some of the most enduring performing arts companies in the country. The War Memorial Opera House houses the San Francisco Opera, the second-largest opera company in North America[295] as well as the San Francisco Ballet, while the San Francisco Symphony plays in Davies Symphony Hall. Opened in 2013, the SFJAZZ Center hosts jazz performances year round.[296]
The Fillmore is a music venue located in the Western Addition. It is the second incarnation of the historic venue that gained fame in the 1960s, housing the stage where now-famous musicians such as the Grateful Dead, Janis Joplin, Led Zeppelin, and Jefferson Airplane first performed, fostering the San Francisco Sound.[297] It closed its doors in 1971 with a final performance by Santana and reopened in 1994 with a show by the Smashing Pumpkins.[298]
San Francisco has a large number of theaters and live performance venues. Local theater companies have been noted for risk taking and innovation.[299] The Tony Award-winning non-profit American Conservatory Theater (A.C.T.) is a member of the national League of Resident Theatres. Other local winners of the Regional Theatre Tony Award include the San Francisco Mime Troupe.[300] San Francisco theaters frequently host pre-Broadway engagements and tryout runs,[301] and some original San Francisco productions have later moved to Broadway.[302]
Museums
[edit]
The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA) houses 20th century and contemporary works of art. It moved to its current building in the South of Market neighborhood in 1995 and attracted more than 600,000 visitors annually.[303] SFMOMA closed for renovation and expansion in 2013. The museum reopened on May 14, 2016, with an addition, designed by Snøhetta, that has doubled the museum's size.[304]
The Palace of the Legion of Honor holds primarily European antiquities and works of art at its Lincoln Park building modeled after its Parisian namesake. The de Young Museum in Golden Gate Park features American decorative pieces and anthropological holdings from Africa, Oceania and the Americas, while Asian art is housed in the Asian Art Museum. Opposite the de Young stands the California Academy of Sciences, a natural history museum that also hosts the Morrison Planetarium and Steinhart Aquarium. Located on Pier 15 on the Embarcadero, the Exploratorium is an interactive science museum. The Contemporary Jewish Museum is a non-collecting institution that hosts a broad array of temporary exhibitions. On Nob Hill, the Cable Car Museum is a working museum featuring the cable car powerhouse, which drives the cables.[305] Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts was founded in 1998 and is part of the California College of the Arts.[306]
Sports
[edit]
Major League Baseball's San Francisco Giants have played in San Francisco since moving from New York in 1958. The Giants play at Oracle Park, which opened in 2000.[307] The Giants won World Series titles in 2010, 2012, and in 2014. The Giants have boasted stars such as Willie Mays, Willie McCovey, and Barry Bonds (MLB's career home run leader). In 2012, San Francisco was ranked No. 1 in a study that examined which U.S. metro areas have produced the most Major Leaguers since 1920.[308]
The San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL) began playing in 1946 as an All-America Football Conference (AAFC) league charter member, moved to the NFL in 1950 and into Candlestick Park in 1971. The team left San Francisco in 2014, moving approximately 50 miles south to Santa Clara, and began playing its home games at Levi's Stadium,[309][310] The 49ers have won five Super Bowl titles between 1982 and 1995.
The NBA's Golden State Warriors have played in the San Francisco Bay Area since moving from Philadelphia in 1962. The Warriors played as the San Francisco Warriors, from 1962 to 1971, before being renamed the Golden State Warriors prior to the 1971–1972 season in an attempt to present the team as a representation of the whole state of California, which had already adopted "The Golden State" nickname.[311] The Warriors' arena, Chase Center, is located in San Francisco.[312] After winning two championships in Philadelphia, they have won five championships since moving to the San Francisco Bay Area,[313] and made five consecutive NBA Finals from 2015 to 2019, winning three of them. They won again in 2022, the franchise's first championship while residing in San Francisco proper.
At the collegiate level, the San Francisco Dons compete in NCAA Division I. Bill Russell led the Dons basketball team to NCAA championships in 1955 and 1956. There is also the San Francisco State Gators, who compete in NCAA Division II.[314] Oracle Park hosted the annual Fight Hunger Bowl college football game from 2002 through 2013 before it moved to Santa Clara.
There are a handful of lower-league soccer clubs in San Francisco playing mostly from April – June.
Club Founded Venue League Tier level El Farolito 1985 Boxer Stadium NPSL 4 San Francisco City FC 2001 Kezar Stadium USL League Two 4 San Francisco Glens SC 1961 Skyline College USL League Two 4 SF Elite Metro 2017 Negoesco Stadium NISA Nation 5
The Bay to Breakers footrace, held annually since 1912, is best known for colorful costumes and a celebratory community spirit.[315] The San Francisco Marathon attracts more than 21,000 participants.[316] The Escape from Alcatraz triathlon has, since 1980, attracted 2,000 top professional and amateur triathletes for its annual race.[317] The Olympic Club, founded in 1860, is the oldest athletic club in the United States. Its private golf course has hosted the U.S. Open on five occasions. San Francisco hosted the 2013 America's Cup yacht racing competition.[318]
With an ideal climate for outdoor activities, San Francisco has ample resources and opportunities for amateur and participatory sports and recreation. There are more than 200 miles (320 km) of bicycle paths, lanes and bike routes in the city.[319] San Francisco residents have often ranked among the fittest in the country.[320] Golden Gate Park has miles of paved and unpaved running trails as well as a golf course and disc golf course. Boating, sailing, windsurfing and kitesurfing are among the popular activities on San Francisco Bay, and the city maintains a yacht harbor in the Marina District.
San Francisco also has had Esports teams, such as the Overwatch League's San Francisco Shock. Established in 2017,[321] they won two back-to-back championship titles in 2019 and 2020.[322][323]
Parks and recreation
[edit]
Several of San Francisco's parks and nearly all of its beaches form part of the regional Golden Gate National Recreation Area, one of the most visited units of the National Park system in the United States with over 13 million visitors a year. Among the GGNRA's attractions within the city are Ocean Beach, which runs along the Pacific Ocean shoreline and is frequented by a vibrant surfing community, and Baker Beach, which is located in a cove west of the Golden Gate Bridge, as well as the California Academy of Sciences, a research institute and natural history museum.
The Presidio of San Francisco is the former 18th century Spanish military base, which today is one of the city's largest parks and home to numerous museums and institutions. Also within the Presidio is Crissy Field, a former airfield that was restored to its natural salt marsh ecosystem. The GGNRA also administers Fort Funston, Lands End, Fort Mason, and Alcatraz. The National Park Service separately administers the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park – a fleet of historic ships and waterfront property around Aquatic Park.[citation needed]
There are more than 220 parks maintained by the San Francisco Recreation & Parks Department.[325] The largest and best-known city park is Golden Gate Park,[326] which stretches from the center of the city west to the Pacific Ocean. Once covered in native grasses and sand dunes, the park was conceived in the 1860s and was created by the extensive planting of thousands of non-native trees and plants. The large park is rich with cultural and natural attractions such as the Conservatory of Flowers, Japanese Tea Garden and San Francisco Botanical Garden.[citation needed]
Lake Merced is a fresh-water lake surrounded by parkland[citation needed] and near the San Francisco Zoo, a city-owned park that houses more than 250 animal species, many of which are endangered.[327] The only park managed by the California State Park system located principally in San Francisco, Candlestick Point was the state's first urban recreation area.[328]
Most of San Francisco's islands are protected as parkland or nature reserves. Alcatraz Island, operated by the National Park Service, is open to the public. The Farallon Islands are protected wildlife refuges. The Seal Rocks are protected as part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Red Rock Island is the only privately owned island in San Francisco Bay, but is uninhabited. Yerba Buena Island is largely utilized by the military.
San Francisco is the first city in the U.S. to have a park within a 10-Minute Walk of every resident.[329][330] It also ranks fifth in the U.S. for park access and quality in the 2018 ParkScore ranking of the top 100 park systems across the United States, according to the nonprofit Trust for Public Land.[331]
Government
[edit]
See also: San Francisco City Hall
The mayor is also the county executive, and the county Board of Supervisors acts as the city council. The government of San Francisco is a charter city and is constituted of two co-equal branches: the executive branch is headed by the mayor and includes other citywide elected and appointed officials as well as the civil service; the 11-member Board of Supervisors, the legislative branch, is headed by a president and is responsible for passing laws and budgets, though San Franciscans also make use of direct ballot initiatives to pass legislation.[332]
Because of its unique city-county status, the local government is able to exercise jurisdiction over certain property outside city limits. San Francisco International Airport, though located in San Mateo County, is owned and operated by the City and County of San Francisco. San Francisco's largest jail complex (County Jail No. 5) is located in San Mateo County, in an unincorporated area adjacent to San Bruno. San Francisco was also granted a perpetual leasehold over the Hetch Hetchy Valley and watershed in Yosemite National Park by the Raker Act in 1913.[333]
The members of the Board of Supervisors are elected as representatives of specific districts within the city.[334] Upon the death or resignation of the mayor, the President of the Board of Supervisors becomes acting mayor until the full Board elects an interim replacement for the remainder of the term. In 1978, Dianne Feinstein assumed the office following the assassination of George Moscone and was later selected by the board to finish the term.[citation needed] In 2011, Ed Lee was selected by the board to finish the term of Gavin Newsom, who resigned to take office as Lieutenant Governor of California.[335] Lee (who won two elections to remain mayor) was temporarily replaced by San Francisco Board of Supervisors President London Breed after he died on December 12, 2017. Supervisor Mark Farrell was appointed by the Board of Supervisors to finish Lee's term on January 23, 2018.
Most local offices in San Francisco are elected using ranked choice voting.[336]
San Francisco serves as the regional hub for many arms of the federal bureaucracy, including the U.S. Court of Appeals, the Federal Reserve Bank, and the U.S. Mint. Until decommissioning in the early 1990s, the city had major military installations at the Presidio, Treasure Island, and Hunters Point—a legacy still reflected in the annual celebration of Fleet Week. The State of California uses San Francisco as the home of the state supreme court and other state agencies. Foreign governments maintain more than seventy consulates in San Francisco.[337]
The municipal budget for fiscal year 2015–16 was $8.99 billion,[338] and is one of the largest city budgets in the United States.[339] The City of San Francisco spends more per resident than any city other than Washington, D.C., over $10,000 in FY 2015–2016.[339] The city employs around 27,000 workers.[340]
In the California State Senate, San Francisco is in the 11th Senate District, represented by Democrat Scott Wiener. In the California State Assembly, it is split between the 17th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Matt Haney, and the 19th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Phil Ting.[341]
In the United States House of Representatives, San Francisco is split between two congressional districts. Most of the city is in the 11th District, represented by Nancy Pelosi (D–San Francisco). A sliver in the southwest is part of the 15th District represented by Kevin Mullin (D–South San Francisco).[342] Pelosi served as the House Speaker from January 3, 2019, to January 3, 2023, a post she also held from 2007 through 2011. She has also held the post of House Minority Leader, from 2003 to 2007 and 2011 to 2019.
Education
[edit]
Colleges and universities
[edit]
The University of California, San Francisco is the sole campus of the University of California system entirely dedicated to graduate education in health and biomedical sciences. It is ranked among the top five medical schools in the United States[343] and operates the UCSF Medical Center, which ranks as the number one hospital in California and the number 5 in the country.[344] UCSF is a major local employer, second in size only to the city and county government.[345][346][347] A 43-acre (17 ha) Mission Bay campus was opened in 2003, complementing its original facility in Parnassus Heights. It contains research space and facilities to foster biotechnology and life sciences entrepreneurship and will double the size of UCSF's research enterprise.[348] All in all, UCSF operates more than 20 facilities across San Francisco.[349]
The University of California College of the Law, San Francisco, founded in Civic Center in 1878, is the oldest law school in California and claims more judges on the state bench than any other institution.[350] San Francisco's two University of California institutions have recently formed an official affiliation in the UCSF/UC Law SF Consortium on Law, Science & Health Policy.[351]
San Francisco State University is part of the California State University system and is located near Lake Merced.[352] The school has approximately 30,000 students and awards undergraduate, master's and doctoral degrees in more than 100 disciplines.[352] The City College of San Francisco, with its main facility in the Ingleside district, is one of the largest two-year community colleges in the country. It has an enrollment of about 100,000 students and offers an extensive continuing education program.[353]
Founded in 1855, the University of San Francisco, a private Jesuit university located on Lone Mountain, is the oldest institution of higher education in San Francisco and one of the oldest universities established west of the Mississippi River.[354] Golden Gate University is a private, nonsectarian university formed in 1901 and located in the Financial District.
With an enrollment of 13,000 students, the Academy of Art University is the largest institute of art and design in the nation.[355] The California College of the Arts, located north of Potrero Hill, has programs in architecture, fine arts, design, and writing.[356] The San Francisco Conservatory of Music, the only independent music school on the West Coast, grants degrees in orchestral instruments, chamber music, composition, and conducting. The San Francisco Art Institute, founded in 1871 and the oldest art school west of the Mississippi,[357] closed in 2022.
The California Culinary Academy, associated with the Le Cordon Bleu program, offers programs in the culinary arts, baking and pastry arts, and hospitality and restaurant management. California Institute of Integral Studies, founded in 1968, offers a variety of graduate programs in its Schools of Professional Psychology & Health, and Consciousness and Transformation.
Primary and secondary schools
[edit]
Public schools are run by the San Francisco Unified School District, which covers the entire city and county,[358] as well as the California State Board of Education for some charter schools. Lowell High School, the oldest public high school in the U.S. west of the Mississippi,[359] and the smaller School of the Arts High School are two of San Francisco's magnet schools at the secondary level. Public school students attend schools based on an assignment system rather than neighborhood proximity.[360]
Just under 30% of the city's school-age population attends one of San Francisco's more than 100 private or parochial schools, compared to a 10% rate nationwide.[361] Nearly 40 of those schools are Catholic schools managed by the Archdiocese of San Francisco.[362]
San Francisco has nearly 300 preschool programs primarily operated by Head Start, San Francisco Unified School District, private for-profit, private non-profit and family child care providers.[363] All four-year-old children living in San Francisco are offered universal access to preschool through the Preschool for All program.[364]
Media
[edit]
The major daily newspaper in San Francisco is the San Francisco Chronicle, which is currently Northern California's most widely circulated newspaper.[365] The Chronicle is most famous for a former columnist, the late Herb Caen, whose daily musings attracted critical acclaim and represented the "voice of San Francisco." The San Francisco Examiner, once the cornerstone of William Randolph Hearst's media empire and the home of Ambrose Bierce, declined in circulation over the years and now takes the form of a free daily tabloid, under new ownership.[366][367]
Sing Tao Daily claims to be the largest of several Chinese language dailies that serve the Bay Area.[368] SF Weekly is the city's alternative weekly newspaper. San Francisco and 7x7 are major glossy magazines about San Francisco. The national newsmagazine Mother Jones is also based in San Francisco. San Francisco is home to online-only media publications such as SFist, and AsianWeek.
The San Francisco Bay Area is the sixth-largest television market.[369] It is the fourth-largest radio market after that of New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago.[370] in the U.S.
All major U.S. television networks have affiliates serving the region, with most of them based in the city. CNN, MSNBC, BBC, Russia Today, and CCTV America also have regional news bureaus in San Francisco. Bloomberg West was launched in 2011 from a studio on the Embarcadero and CNBC broadcasts from One Market Plaza since 2015. ESPN uses the local ABC studio for their broadcasting. The regional sports network, Comcast SportsNet Bay Area and its sister station Comcast SportsNet California, are both located in San Francisco. The Pac-12 Network is also based in San Francisco.
Public broadcasting outlets include both a television station and a radio station, both broadcasting under the call letters KQED from a facility near the Potrero Hill neighborhood. KQED-FM is the most-listened-to National Public Radio affiliate in the country.[371]
KUSF is a student-run radio station by college students from the University of San Francisco.[372] Another local broadcaster, KPOO, is an independent, African-American owned and operated noncommercial radio station established in 1971.[373] CNET, founded 1994, and Salon.com, 1995, are based in San Francisco. Sutro Tower is an important broadcast tower located between Mount Sutro and the Twin Peaks, built in 1973 for KTVU, KRON, and KPIX.
Infrastructure
[edit]
Transportation
[edit]
Public transportation
[edit]
See also: San Francisco Municipal Railway
Transit is the most used form of transportation every day in San Francisco. Every weekday, more than 560,000 people travel on Muni's 69 bus routes and more than 140,000 customers ride the Muni Metro light rail system.[374] 32% of San Francisco residents use public transportation for their daily commute to work, ranking it fourth in the United States and first on the West Coast.[375] The San Francisco Municipal Railway, primarily known as Muni, is the primary public transit system of San Francisco. As of 2023, Muni is the eighth-largest transit system in the United States.[376] The system operates a combined light rail and subway system, the Muni Metro, as well as large bus and trolley coach networks.[377] Additionally, it runs a historic streetcar line, which runs on Market Street from Castro Street to Fisherman's Wharf.[377] It also operates the famous cable cars,[377] which have been designated as a National Historic Landmark and are a major tourist attraction.[378]
Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART), a regional Rapid Transit system, connects San Francisco with the East Bay and San Jose through the underwater Transbay Tube. The line, which contains all except the Orange Line, runs under Market Street to Civic Center where it turns south to the Mission District, the southern part of the city, and through northern San Mateo County, to the San Francisco International Airport, and Millbrae.[377]
Another commuter rail system, Caltrain, runs from San Francisco along the San Francisco Peninsula to San Jose.[377] Historically, trains operated by Southern Pacific Lines ran from San Francisco to Los Angeles, via Palo Alto and San Jose.
Amtrak Thruway runs a shuttle bus from three locations in San Francisco to its station across the bay in Emeryville.[379] Additionally, BART offers connections to San Francisco from Amtrak's stations in Emeryville, Oakland and Richmond, and Caltrain offers connections in San Jose and Santa Clara. Thruway service also runs south to San Luis Obispo with connection to the Pacific Surfliner.
San Francisco was an early adopter of carsharing in America. The non-profit City CarShare opened in 2001[380] and Zipcar closely followed.[381]
San Francisco Bay Ferry operates from the Ferry Building and Pier 39 to points in Oakland, Alameda, Bay Farm Island, South San Francisco, Richmond, and north to Vallejo in Solano County.[382] The Golden Gate Ferry is the other ferry operator with service between San Francisco and Marin County.[383] SolTrans runs supplemental bus service between the Ferry Building and Vallejo.
To accommodate the large amount of San Francisco citizens who commute to the Silicon Valley daily, employers like Genentech, Google, and Apple have begun to provide private bus transportation for their employees, from San Francisco locations. These buses have quickly become a heated topic of debate within the city, as protesters claim they block bus lanes and delay public buses.[384]
Freeways and roads
[edit]
In 2014, only 41.3% of residents commuted by driving alone or carpooling in private vehicles in San Francisco, a decline from 48.6% in 2000.[385] There are 1,088 miles of streets in San Francisco with 946 miles of these streets being surface streets, and 59 miles of freeways.[385] Due to its unique geography, and the freeway revolts of the late 1950s,[386] Interstate 80 begins at the approach to the Bay Bridge and is the only direct automobile link to the East Bay. U.S. Route 101 connects to the western terminus of Interstate 80 and provides access to the south of the city along San Francisco Bay toward Silicon Valley. Northward, the routing for U.S. 101 uses arterial streets to connect to the Golden Gate Bridge, the only direct automobile link to Marin County and the North Bay.
As part of the retrofitting of the Golden Gate Bridge and installation of a suicide barrier, starting in 2019 the railings on the west side of the pedestrian walkway were replaced with thinner, more flexible slats in order to improve the bridge's aerodynamic tolerance of high wind to 100 mph (161 km/h). Starting in June 2020, reports were received of a loud hum produced by the new railing slats, heard across the city when a strong west wind was blowing.[387]
State Route 1 also enters San Francisco from the north via the Golden Gate Bridge and bisects the city as the 19th Avenue arterial thoroughfare, joining with Interstate 280 at the city's southern border. Interstate 280 continues south from San Francisco, and also turns to the east along the southern edge of the city, terminating just south of the Bay Bridge in the South of Market neighborhood. After the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, city leaders demolished the Embarcadero Freeway and a portion of the Central Freeway, converting them into street-level boulevards.[386]
State Route 35 enters the city from the south as Skyline Boulevard and terminates at its intersection with Highway 1. State Route 82 enters San Francisco from the south as Mission Street, and terminates shortly thereafter at its junction with 280. The western terminus of the historic transcontinental Lincoln Highway, the first road across America, is in San Francisco's Lincoln Park.
Vision Zero
[edit]
In 2014, San Francisco committed to Vision Zero, with the goal of ending all traffic fatalities caused by motor vehicles within the city by 2024.[388] San Francisco's Vision Zero plan calls for investing in engineering, enforcement, and education, and focusing on dangerous intersections. In 2013, 25 people were killed by car and truck drivers while walking and biking in the city and 9 car drivers and passengers were killed in collisions. In 2019, 42 people were killed in traffic collisions in San Francisco.[389]
Airports
[edit]
Main article: San Francisco International Airport
Though located 13 miles (21 km) south of downtown in unincorporated San Mateo County, San Francisco International Airport (SFO) is under the jurisdiction of the City and County of San Francisco. SFO is a hub for United Airlines[390] and Alaska Airlines.[391] SFO is a major international gateway to Asia and Europe, with the largest international terminal in North America.[392] In 2011, SFO was the eighth-busiest airport in the U.S. and the 22nd-busiest in the world, handling over 40.9 million passengers.[393]
Located in the South Bay, the San Jose International Airport (SJC) is the second-busiest airport in the Bay Area, followed by San Francisco Bay Oakland International Airport, which is a popular, low-cost alternative to SFO. Geographically, San Francisco Bay Oakland Airport is approximately the same distance from downtown San Francisco as SFO, but due to its location across San Francisco Bay, it is greater driving distance from San Francisco.[citation needed]
Cycling and walking
[edit]
Main article: Cycling in San Francisco
Cycling is a popular mode of transportation in San Francisco, with 75,000 residents commuting by bicycle each day.[394] In recent years,[when?] the city has installed better cycling infrastructure such as protected bike lanes and parking racks.[395] Bay Wheels, previously named Bay Area Bike Share at inception, launched in August 2013 with 700 bikes in downtown San Francisco, selected cities in the East Bay, and San Jose. The San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency and Bay Area Air Quality Management District are responsible for the operation with management provided by Motivate.[396] A major expansion started in 2017, along with a rebranding as Ford GoBike; the company received its current name in 2019.[397] Pedestrian traffic is also widespread. In 2015, Walk Score ranked San Francisco the second-most walkable city in the United States.[398][399][400]
San Francisco has significantly higher rates of pedestrian and bicyclist traffic deaths than the United States on average. In 2013, 21 pedestrians were killed in vehicle collisions, the highest since 2001,[401] which is 2.5 deaths per 100,000 population – 70% higher than the national average of 1.5.[402]
Cycling is becoming increasingly popular in the city. The 2010 Municipal Transportation Agency (MTA) annual bicycle count showed the number of cyclists at 33 locations had increased 58% from the 2006 baseline counts.[403] In 2008, the MTA estimated that about 128,000 trips were made by bicycle each day in the city, or 6% of total trips.[404] As of 2019 , 2.6% of the city's streets have protected bike lanes, with 28 miles of protected bike lanes in the city.[374] Since 2006, San Francisco has received a Bicycle Friendly Community status of "Gold" from the League of American Bicyclists.[405] In 2022 a measure on the ballot passed to protect JFK drive in Golden Gate Park as a pedestrian and biking space with 59% of voters in favor.[406]
Public safety
[edit]
The San Francisco Police Department was founded in 1849.[407] The portions of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area located within the city, including the Presidio and Ocean Beach, are patrolled by the United States Park Police.
The San Francisco Fire Department provides both fire suppression and emergency medical services to the city.[408]
Sister cities
[edit]
San Francisco participates in the Sister Cities program.[409] A total of 41 consulates general and 23 honorary consulates have offices in the San Francisco Bay Area.[410]
In January 1980, Mayor Dianne Feinstein signed a sister cities agreement with Shanghai during a visit to China.[411]
Notable residents
[edit]
See also
[edit]
San Francisco Bay Area portal
Cities portal
California portal
Notes
[edit]
References
[edit]
Bibliography
[edit]
Further reading
[edit]
Asbury, Hubert (1989). The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld. Dorset Press. ISBN 978-0-88029-428-7. OCLC 22719465.
Bronson, William (2006). The Earth Shook, the Sky Burned. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-5047-6. OCLC 65223734.
Cassady, Stephen (1987). Spanning the Gate. Square Books. ISBN 978-0-916290-36-8. OCLC 15229396.
Dillon, Richard H. (1998). High Steel: Building the Bridges Across San Francisco Bay. Celestial Arts (Reissue edition). ISBN 978-0-88029-428-7. OCLC 22719465.
Eldredge, Zoeth Skinner (1912). The Beginnings of San Francisco: from the Expedition of Anza, 1774, to the City Charter of April 15, 1850 (PDF). New York: John C. Rankin Company.
Ferlinghetti, Lawrence (1980). Literary San Francisco: A pictorial history from its beginnings to the present day. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-250325-1. OCLC 6683688.
Hartman, Chester (2002). City for Sale: The Transformation of San Francisco. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08605-0. OCLC 48579085.
Heller, Nathan. Bay Watched – How San Francisco's New Entrepreneurial Culture is Changing the Country (article) (October 2013). The New Yorker
Holliday, J. S. (1999). Rush for Riches: Gold Fever and the Making of California. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21402-6. OCLC 37545551.
Lotchin, Roger W. (1997). San Francisco, 1846–1856: From Hamlet to City. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06631-3. OCLC 35650934.
Margolin, Malcolm (1981). The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area. Heydey Books. ISBN 978-0-930588-01-4. OCLC 4628382.
Maupin, Armistead (1978). Tales of the City. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-096404-7. OCLC 29847673.
Solnit, Rebecca. Infinite City: A San Francisco Atlas (University of California Press, 2010). 144 pp. ISBN 978-0-520-26250-8; online review
Thomas, Gordon & Witts, Max Morgan (1971). The San Francisco Earthquake. Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-1360-9. OCLC 154735.
Watkins, James F. (January 1870). "San Francisco". The Overland Monthly. Vol. 4, no. 1. San Francisco: A. Roman & Co. pp. 9–23.
Winfield, P.H., The Charter of San Francisco (The fortnightly review Vol. 157–58:2 (1945), p. 69–75)
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2018-03-06T01:46:35+00:00
|
Westfield is a stunning collection of over 35 historical buildings which has […]
|
en
|
/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/apple-touch-icon.png
|
Hamilton Halton Brant
|
https://theheartofontario.com/operator/westfield-heritage-village/
|
Westfield is a stunning collection of over 35 historical buildings which has made Westfield one of the most interesting historical destinations in Ontario. Carefully restored and staffed with costumed interpreters, the buildings capture the true charm and spirit of early Canadian culture
Visitors may witness living history demonstrations and take part in guided tours of the 130-hectare site which is bordered by beautiful woodlands, meadows and trails.
EDUCATION
Westfield also offers a variety of education programs. Groups can choose from several options, available on weekends and weekdays, that are curriculum driven and come complete with teacher’s kits. Check out our Educational Programs.
VOLUNTEERING
Since the earliest years at Westfield, both staff and volunteers have worked hand in hand to build Westfield into the living history site that you see today. Learn more about volunteering at Westfield.
LOCATION
Westfield is located at 1049 Kirkwall Road, off Highway 8 in Rockton. For more information, call 519-621-8851 or e-mail: westfield@conservationhamilton.ca.
HOURS & EVENTS
Westfield is open Sundays and holidays from 12:30 p.m. to 4 p.m. April to October. Special events run from March to December, hours may vary. Check out our special events!
Westfield is a stunning collection of over 35 historical buildings which has made Westfield one of the most interesting historical destinations in Ontario. Carefully restored and staffed with costumed interpreters, the buildings capture the true charm and spirit of early Canadian culture
Visitors may witness living history demonstrations and take part in guided tours of the 130-hectare site which is bordered by beautiful woodlands, meadows and trails.
EDUCATION
Westfield also offers a variety of education programs. Groups can choose from several options, available on weekends and weekdays, that are curriculum driven and come complete with teacher’s kits. Check out our Educational Programs.
VOLUNTEERING
Since the earliest years at Westfield, both staff and volunteers have worked hand in hand to build Westfield into the living history site that you see today. Learn more about volunteering at Westfield.
LOCATION
Westfield is located at 1049 Kirkwall Road, off Highway 8 in Rockton. For more information, call 519-621-8851 or e-mail: westfield@conservationhamilton.ca.
HOURS & EVENTS
Westfield is open Sundays and holidays from 12:30 p.m. to 4 p.m. April to October. Special events run from March to December, hours may vary. Check out our special events!
|
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659
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1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Sydney
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en
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Westfield Sydney
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2006-10-18T08:32:09+00:00
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en
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/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Sydney
|
Shopping centre in Sydney, Australia
Westfield Sydney is a large, upmarket shopping centre in the Sydney central business district. It is located underneath the Sydney Tower and is located on Pitt Street Mall, adjacent to the MidCity, Glasshouse and near The Strand Arcade.[1]
History
[edit]
Westfield Sydney is built on land that were originally occupied by Imperial Arcade, Centrepoint Shopping Centre (later Westfield Centrepoint), Skygarden and Sydney Central Plaza.
The oldest of these was Imperial Arcade originally opened in 1891 and was closed and demolished in 1961. It was designed by prominent Sydney architect Thomas Rowe.[2] The new Imperial Arcade was developed on the site by property developers Stocks and Holdings Ltd (now Stockland), the company's first Sydney city centre redevelopment project. It was opened on 18 October 1965 by the Premier of New South Wales, Robert Askin. It consisted of four shopping levels with office space above. Imperial Arcade featured the Sydney's flagship Angus & Robertson bookstore. It was purchased by the Westfield Group in 2004 for $90 million.[3][4][5]
Centrepoint Shopping Centre opened in 1972 with 52 stores. The centre was refurbished in 1984 and further upgraded in 1996 and 2000. Centrepoint was purchased by the Westfield Group in December 2001 and later renamed to Westfield Centrepoint and housed over 140 stores.[6] Westfield Centrepoint provided skybridge connections to two of Australia's major department stores, Myer and David Jones. There was also a connection to Imperial Arcade.
Skygarden shopping centre, built behind two heritage listed buildings and located below the Skygarden Tower office building, opened in 1988. The centre featured seven levels of retail and restaurants as well as a food court known as the Skydining zone beneath a glazed roof. It was purchased by the Westfield Group in 2004.[7][8]
Sydney Central Plaza opened in 1998 after a refurbishment of the flagship Myer department store and features 87 stores on the two lower levels of the Myer store. It was later purchased by the Westfield Group in 2003. Sydney Central Plaza is located inside the old Farmer and Co department store building which was built in 1874.[9] Farmer and Co was purchased by Myer in 1961 and the store was rebranded to Myer in 1976. In 1983 Grace Bros. purchased Myer and the store was rebranded to Grace Bros. before reverting to Myer in 2004.[10][11] Sydney Central Plaza provided a skybridge connection to Westfield Centrepoint and also has connections to MidCity and Queen Victoria Building.
On 4 July 2009, Westfield Group commenced construction on the redevelopment. Approximately $930 million was invested in redeveloping Westfield Centrepoint, Skygarden, Imperial Arcade and Sydney Central Plaza.[12]
Westfield Centrepoint, Skygarden and Imperial Arcade were merged and redeveloped to become Westfield Sydney.[13] Imperial Arcade was demolished and Skygarden and Westfield Centrepoint were refurbished. Across Pitt Street Mall, Sydney Central Plaza was rebranded as an extension of Westfield Sydney.
Stage 1 of the development opened in October 2010 with approximately 130 specialty stores. The centre fronts Pitt Street Mall, one of the world's most expensive shopping streets by rent;[14] Castlereagh Street, arguably Australia's most exclusive luxury shopping street; and Market Street.
Stage 2 opened a further 120 stores between November 2010 and late-2011. The opening of a 25-storey commercial tower at 85 Castlereagh Street marked the completion of the total project in early 2012.[15]
Future
[edit]
On 8 August 2016 South African Woolworths sold the David Jones menswear and food store building in Market Street to Scentre Group and Cbus Property for $360 million. The David Jones building is connected to Westfield Sydney through a skybridge. Plans for the two buyers were that Scentre Group will redevelop the retail floors to adjoin its Westfield Sydney, while Cbus will develop the air rights into apartments. David Jones was to occupy the building until late 2019 under a lease agreement which provided a 4.5 per cent per annum rental return on the acquisition price.[16]
On 12 February 2020 David Jones closed its store on Market Street and plans for the building includes a curved 22-storey residential tower featuring 101 apartments and six levels of serviced office space around 11,500 m2. The retail development managed by Scentre Group will include five levels of retail space focusing on luxury and food. The office space will have its own entrance but be connected to the shopping centre with a central atrium to create a vertical flow of light.[17][18]
Construction on both the retail, office and apartments commenced in December 2020. Completion of the retail and commercial components is expected to occur in late 2022, while the residential tower is expected to be complete in the second half of 2023.[19][20]
Tenants
[edit]
Westfield Sydney has 91,699m² of floor space. The major attraction of Westfield Sydney is Sydney Tower which includes the Sydney Tower Eye observation deck, SKYWALK, Infinity at Sydney Tower, Bar 83 at Sydney Tower, SkyFeast at Sydney Tower.
Major retailers include Myer, Zara, JB Hi-Fi and Microsoft Store.
Gallery
[edit]
Level 1 Shops
Level 2 Shops
Level 3 Restaurants and shops
Level 4 Seats Area
Pitt Street Mall frontage
Basement Entrance from QVB
References
[edit]
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https://www.letslivealife.com/post/westfield-heritage-village-in-hamilton-ontario-step-back-in-time
|
en
|
Westfield Heritage Village in Hamilton, Ontario: Step Back in Time
|
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2024-02-07T22:57:14.112000+00:00
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Step back in time and immerse yourself in 19th-century pioneer life at Westfield Heritage Village in Hamilton, Ontario. A vibrant living history museum awaits!
|
en
|
Let's Live a Life
|
https://www.letslivealife.com/post/westfield-heritage-village-in-hamilton-ontario-step-back-in-time
|
Nestled in the heart of Hamilton, Ontario, lies a gateway to the past: Westfield Heritage Village. This charming living history museum is more than just a collection of old buildings; it’s a vibrant re-creation of 19th-century pioneer life. Here's why a visit to Westfield Heritage Village is a must for both history buffs and families looking for a unique day out.
Website: Westfield Heritage Village – Experience the Charm and Spirit of Early Canada
Location: 1049 Kirkwall Rd, Rockton, ON L0R 1X0
A Living History Experience
Upon entering Westfield Heritage Village, you are immediately transported to another era. The village boasts over 35 historical buildings, each carefully restored and furnished to reflect its original time period. As you wander through the village, you can visit homes, a schoolhouse, a general store, and even a blacksmith shop.
Engaging with the Past
What truly brings Westfield Heritage Village to life are the knowledgeable costumed interpreters. These passionate individuals engage with visitors, demonstrating traditional crafts and daily activities from the past. You might find yourself enthralled by a blacksmith forging iron, a printer setting type for a press, or a cook preparing a meal on an open hearth.
Seasonal Events and Activities
Westfield Heritage Village isn't just a summer destination. Throughout the year, it hosts a variety of events that celebrate seasonal traditions and holidays. From maple syrup festivals in the spring to spooky Halloween nights in October, there's always something special happening.
Educational Opportunities Galore
For those with curious minds, Westfield offers a rich educational experience. School groups and families can learn about Ontario's heritage through hands-on activities and interactive tours. It’s a place where history lessons come to life and create lasting impressions.
A Natural Setting
Surrounding the village is a beautiful natural landscape, with walking trails that meander through forests and meadows. It's the perfect setting to take a break from the historical immersion and enjoy the tranquility of nature.
A Day of Family Fun
Westfield Heritage Village is designed for visitors of all ages. Children have the freedom to explore and discover, turning what could be a simple outing into an adventure. With picnic areas available, it's easy to make a full day of your visit.
Read More:
Top Attractions, Things to Do and See in Hamilton, Ontario
Hamilton, Ontario: 25 Indoor Activities for Kids in the City of Waterfalls
The Top 25 Indoor Activities and Things to Do in Kingston, Ontario
Indoor and Outdoor Water Parks in and near Toronto
Ontario Science Centre: Marvels of Innovation
The Best Art Galleries in Toronto: A Tour for the Art Enthusiast
Toronto's St. Lawrence Market: A Kid-Friendly Guide
Museum of Illusions in Toronto: Explore the Wonders of Perception
Photography and Art
For those with an artistic eye, the village offers endless inspiration. Photographers and artists will find countless subjects, from the rustic architecture to the costumed interpreters engaged in their crafts.
Accessibility
The village strives to be as accessible as possible, with many of the pathways and buildings equipped to welcome visitors with mobility challenges.
Support Local Heritage
By visiting Westfield Heritage Village, you're also supporting the preservation of local history and education. The village is operated by the Hamilton Conservation Authority, which ensures that the stories and skills of Ontario's past remain a living part of the community.
Plan Your Visit
Before you go, check their website for opening hours, event schedules, and any visitor guidelines. Whether it's a family outing, a solo adventure, or a group excursion, Westfield Heritage Village promises an engaging and enlightening experience.
Westfield Heritage Village offers a rare opportunity to experience Ontario's history firsthand. With its rich array of historical buildings, enthusiastic interpreters, and a calendar full of events, it’s a destination that promises both education and entertainment. So take a step back in time and discover the living, breathing history of Hamilton, Ontario, at Westfield Heritage Village.
Read More:
Top Attractions, Things to Do and See in Hamilton, Ontario
Hamilton, Ontario: 25 Indoor Activities for Kids in the City of Waterfalls
The Top 25 Indoor Activities and Things to Do in Kingston, Ontario
Indoor and Outdoor Water Parks in and near Toronto
Ontario Science Centre: Marvels of Innovation
The Best Art Galleries in Toronto: A Tour for the Art Enthusiast
Toronto's St. Lawrence Market: A Kid-Friendly Guide
Museum of Illusions in Toronto: Explore the Wonders of Perception
Hamilton, Ontario's Craft Breweries: Discover the Best Brews
Photos:
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Westfield Heritage Village
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[
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Read 6 tips and reviews from 131 visitors about maple syrup, artifacts and Christmas. "Absolutely beautiful during the Fall and we were told numerous..."
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en
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/favicon.ico
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Foursquare
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https://foursquare.com/v/westfield-heritage-village/4bb8cb10314e9521f5c2489d
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You must enable JavaScript to use foursquare.com
We use the latest and greatest technology available to provide the best possible web experience.
Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings to continue.
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659
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dbpedia
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https://www.mnhs.org/
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Minnesota Historical Society homepage
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2024-08-08T14:00:00-05:00
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Minnesota Historical Society
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https://www.mnhs.org/
|
History shapes, inspires, and informs the present. We strive to bring forward, share, and preserve the diverse histories that make up Minnesota’s complex past. Experience Minnesota history through our network of historic sites, museums, and exhibitions, our extensive collections and research, and our thought-provoking educational programming. Join us! Cultivate your curiosity and experience powerful engagements with history today.
Image
Get out and explore MNHS historic sites and museums around Minnesota.
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View all MNHS programs and events.
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Search a wealth of records and images from MNHS collections.
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Delve into essential research tools, materials, and services.
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Learn about field trips, the Northern Lights textbook, primary sources, and more.
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MNHS preserves and protects the objects, documents, and places that make Minnesota home.
Image
MNHS Press is a leading publisher of books on the history and culture of Minnesota and the Upper Midwest.
Image
Shop for books and gifts relating to the fascinating people, long history, and unique culture of Minnesota.
Upcoming
MNHS Events
Conquering the Cliff Tour
Split Rock Lighthouse
Learn about the challenges people faced during Split Rock Lighthouse's first 24 years of operation.
Guided Hike of the Forestville Ruins
Historic Forestville
Go beyond Main Street to explore more of Forestville's past.
Free Thursday Nights at the History Center
Minnesota History Center
Visit the Minnesota History Center on a Thursday night from 4 pm-8 pm, and get FREE admission and parking!
History on Two Wheels: Inside Historic Fort Snelling and to the Upper Post
Historic Fort Snelling
Join a Historic Fort Snelling Bike Tour focused on history within the fort!
Keepers Tour
Split Rock Lighthouse
Experience Split Rock Lighthouse like the keepers and their families did.
Great Northern Forest History Tour
Forest History Center
Take a 90-minute, horse-drawn trolley tour narrated by interpreters.
Mississippi River Kayak Adventure: Tandem Kayak
Forest History Center
Take a guided kayak tour of the Mississippi River.
Mississippi River Kayak Adventure: Single Kayak
Forest History Center
Take a guided kayak tour of the Mississippi River.
Ramsey After Dark
Alexander Ramsey House
Explore the hidden secrets of Victorian society in this evening tour. Topics change monthly. Tours last 75 minutes and are…
|
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659
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dbpedia
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2
| 80
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https://www.brantbeacon.ca/local-events/fairies-in-the-forest-at-westfield/
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en
|
Fairies In The Forest At Westfield
|
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en
|
https://www.brantbeacon.ca/local-events/fairies-in-the-forest-at-westfield/
|
Start Date: September 3, 2023
From 10:00 to 16:00
Address
Westfield Heritage Village, 1049 Kirkwall Rd, Rockton, ON
Details
Join us for another magical fairy event for every age at Westfield Heritage Village on Sunday, September 3 and Monday, September 4 from 10 AM to 4 PM. Discover the unique world of the fairies’ tiny lives as you explore the buildings and forests. Let your imagination soar with miniature dioramas of the 1800’s including log houses, Victorian shops and little homes, and features in the woods.
New for this year, you can observe how to make miniatures, and take away ideas to create a magical space in your home or garden. Miniature enthusiast and Westfield Volunteer, Will Wheeler, will be on hand to demonstrate his techniques and creations.
Shop at the General Store and Gift Shop, and don’t miss the special Fairy Shoppe. A selection of historical buildings will be open with our volunteers dressed in period clothing, providing historical demonstrations and activities. Remember to stop in at the Fairy Craft Center to make your own winged creature. Hike the trails and enjoy the unique natural features. This is a great time to meet with family and friends for a delightful day.
Reservations are now open. Each reservation is for a 2-hour time slot, and includes parking for one vehicle, and up to six people maximum. If you are bringing two vehicles, a second reservation is required.
Advanced Reservation Needed. Reservations are for 2 hour blocks and 1 parking spot. Free for HCA Membership Pass holders, but required to pay a $10.00 reservation fee. Non-HCA Member Pricing Reservation Fee: $10.00 Vehicle Fee: $11.00 Per person Fee: $5.00 per person. Ages 5 and under are free.
Contact for more information
Email Address: westfield@speedway.ca
|
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659
|
dbpedia
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0
| 21
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https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Chautauqua_County,_New_York_Genealogy
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en
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[
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659
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dbpedia
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2
| 38
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https://theheartofontario.com/article/westfield-heritage-village/
|
en
|
Parenting Blogger Finds Frugal Fun Westfield Heritage Village
|
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[
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] | null |
[
"Loud+Clear"
] |
2017-06-21T00:00:00+00:00
|
Interested in a little summer time travel?
|
en
|
/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/apple-touch-icon.png
|
Hamilton Halton Brant
|
https://theheartofontario.com/article/westfield-heritage-village/
|
Interested in a little summer time travel? Westfield Heritage Village is a stunning collection of over 30 historical buildings, making it one of the most interesting historical destinations in Ontario. Carefully restored and staffed with costumed interpreters, the buildings capture the true charm and spirit of early Canadian culture.
Westfield Heritage Village provides educational, all-ages fun, as Frugal Mom Eh! Blogger, Elizabeth recently found out, “Westfield Heritage Village is a true treasure and so interesting and fun for all ages, and I am thrilled that we discovered it!”
Read all about Elizabeth’s trip to Westfield Heritage Village with her young daughter below.
EXPLORE EARLY CANADIAN CULTURE AT WESTFIELD HERITAGE VILLAGE #HAMILTONHALTONBRANT
ELIZABETH – I spent the afternoon with my Sister, Keira and Ava walking through Westfield Heritage Village, located in Rockton (Hamilton), Ontario.
Westfield Heritage Village is a collection of over 40 historical buildings sourced from the surrounding area and restored as accurately as possible in order to recreate a village typical of the late 19th century.
The village is staffed with costumed historical interpreters and offers many demonstrations of how things were done at the time.
Note that the village is mostly in the middle of a woodlot so be sure to bring not only sunscreen but insect repellent as well. It is also partially wheelchair accessible which also means only partially stroller accessible. I would recommend using a baby carrier if possible as getting baby in and out of the stroller to look through buildings with second floors or steps gets a bit silly.
Most of the village is walk-able via dirt path and it is fairly large. I think we got to maybe 1/2 of the buildings, so we will definitely be heading back later in the summer to take in the rest, perhaps during the Ice Cream Carnival in August.
Our first stop was the Blacksmith’s House which was built before 1828 in Beverly Township. It apparently housed a family of 10 with one large main room, a parlour, a pantry and an upstairs loft for sleeping quarters.
Right across from the Blacksmith’s house is the Blacksmith Shop which was one of the very first buildings moved to Westfield. The Blacksmith was happy to demonstrate use of the billows as well as to share with us many fascinating details of his trade.
We loved walking through the covered bridge which is a reproduction of the style of bridge you would find in the Victorian Era. The details, right down to the lantern holders are really special. It reminded me of the covered bridge in Road to Avonlea.
I have to say that all the interpreters we came across were quite excellent. All were very knowledgeable and obviously interested in the history of the building they were interpreting.
The newest addition to Westfield is the Westbrook House, which apparently just opened in May for viewing. The building was brought over from Brant County and was build by the family of Haggai Westbrook around 1810. The Westbrook House is in striking contrast to the Blacksmith’s House which was more the type you would find in Upper Canada at the time. The Westbrooks were obviously wealthy and the house is what would have been considered large at the time.
Mountsberg Church was built in 1854 by Charles Mount in Mountsberg. According to the guide, until 1870 women were seated to the right and men on the left. Our interpreter had a wealth of information to share with us about the building – it’s history and its restoration. The Church is also available for contemporary weddings which would be pretty amazing between the use of the Church, the beautiful grounds themselves and the Hall also available for events.
My sister was particularly interested in visiting the Drug Store which combines the examining room of Dr. Beattie with an apothecary. The stained glass window, showing a mortar and pestle, was made for the first drug store in St. George. The interpreter playing Dr. Beattie demonstrated how a tooth would have been pulled at the time as well as how medicines and pills would have been made at the time.
Located right behind the Drug Store is the The TH&B station, originally located in the village of Jerseyville, was built in 1896 and operated between Hamilton and Brantford. It was also featured in the movie Anne of Green Gables and the television series Road to Avonlea. Keira got a train ticket which she faithfully held on to the rest of our day.
Visitors are able to even venture inside one of the cars of the train which seemed to particularly fascinate Keira. It was actually really interesting to see inside, I was surprised by all that I found in there, I wouldn’t have expected some of the facilities we found inside.
TH&B Locomotive 103, this Class “G” Consolidated type steam locomotive was built in Montreal in 1910 for the Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway as No. 52, but its number was changed twice, finally to 103. After many years of service, this mighty locomotive, one of two of its type to be preserved, was placed in Hamilton’s Gage Park before being moved to Westfield in the early 1970’s.
McRoberts Dry Goods Store was originally located in the town of Troy, the second floor depicts the working and living area of a seamstress. The main floor features ready-made clothing, materials, and trimmings for making your own. It features a rather large and impressive collection of clothing from the time period, including a section of baby and childrens clothing.
Stopping in at the General Store is a must. The building is from the village of Springfield in Elgin County, circa 1848. The storekeeper also served as a banker, extending or denying credit to his customers. Eddie D. Cat Confectionery features old-fashioned candies and other treats.
It was hot so this was the perfect time to buy some ice cold soda from the General store and enjoy it out on the boardwalk. I definitely recommend the Black Cherry. Yum!
Another of our favourite stops was the Cathcart School. Built in 1845, from Brant County. The schoolhouse was particularly interesting to us as our dad actually attended a one-room schoolhouse before it burnt down in 1957, the very same one my grandmother attended in the 1920s.
Keira loved practising her letters on the slate boards with real slate pencils. The school also features a bell the teacher may let you ring if you’ve been well behaved and remember to clean your slate.
Operated by Hamilton Conservation Authority, Westfield Heritage Village is open Sundays and Holidays from 12:30 p.m. until 4:00 p.m. from March through October.
Next time we will show up at opening and planned to stay for the day, and we will definitely be returning to see the rest and to experience the village during different seasons. Westfield Heritage Village is a true treasure and so interesting and fun for all ages, and I am thrilled that we discovered it!
Westfield Heritage Village is open for Canada Day, and I can’t think of a better way to celebrate than by exploring life at the very beginning of our wonderful Country.
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https://www.archimuse.com/mw98/
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MW98: Overview
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Introduction
Professionals from museums, galleries and cultural organizations, as well as consultants and technologists from around the world attended the only International Conference in 1998 focused on Museums and the Web. Last year over 400 participants came to Los Angeles to hear reports and analysis by over 50 speakers from 11 countries. This year an even more extensive program featured over 100 speakers and demonstrators from 20 countries.
The Program
Three days of conference sessions (April 23-25, 1998) explored issues and controversies, highlighted museum applications, and took an in-depth look at particular uses of the Web at exceptional museum sites. Commercial Exhibitors demonstrated new technologies and services. Pre-conference events included behind-the-scenes visits to Toronto museums and a series of detailed workshops for museum professionals. The full program, and papers are included here.
Beyond Interface
MW98 included the online art exhibition
Beyond Interface
supported by Archives & Museum Informatics.
Conference Co-Chairs
David Bearman and Jennifer Trant
Archives & Museum Informatics
Local Arrangements Committee
Co-Chairs
Lynne Teather, University of Toronto
Richard Gerrard, Heritage Toronto
Members
Shelley Falconer, McMichael Canadian Art Collection
Sarah M. Hada, Art Gallery of Ontario
Sandy Kerr, University of Toronto
James Lee, McMichael Canadian Art Collection
Jennifer Martin, Ontario Science Centre
Julia Matthews, Royal Ontario Museum
Andrea Ott, Ontario Museum Association
Robert Winninger, Westfield Heritage Centre
Webmaster
Mark Harden, webgalleries.com
This file can be found below http://www.archimuse.com/mw98/
Send questions and comments to info@archimuse.com
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Open-air museum in Ontario, Canada.
The Westfield Heritage Village is a heritage centre located just west of Rockton, Ontario, Canada. The village contains over 30 historic buildings on a 3.4-square-kilometre (840-acre) site. It is operated by the Hamilton Conservation Authority.[1]
In 1961, the Westfield Pioneer Village Association was established by two Brantford high school teachers, D. Glenn Kilmer and Golden Macdonnell, who purchased land near Rockton, Ontario, using their own money. Doreen Kilmer, a teacher and wife of Glenn Kilmer wasn't part of the Association. However, she participated equally in the development and management of Westfield. It acquired the original 30 acres (120,000 m2) of land. Their goal was to save heritage buildings that were in danger of being destroyed and also to create a hands-on educational facility to teach pioneer life. Glenn Kilmer's father had been a builder and owner of Kilmer Lumber Company in Aylmer Ontario (subsequently sold to Beaver Lumber Co). Golden Macdonnell was a science teacher who had a keen interest in the history of Ontario. Both men were able to reconstruct the donated buildings which arrived at Westfield. Golden built the forges from fieldstone on the site and Doreen managed the General Store. The original name of the facility was the Westfield Pioneer Village. The Village unofficially opened in June 1963 and officially opened in 1964. Westfield Village was open to the public on weekends in June, September and October and during the summer holidays, seven days a week from 10:00 a.m to 5:00 pm. It provided jobs for students as well as ladies in the area who operated school tours. There were 12 buildings open at this time staffed by students.
In May 1968 the former Wentworth County purchased the village for CAD $32,700. Ownership transferred to the Wentworth County on November 1, 1968.
The name was changed to Wentworth Heritage Village in 1981 because much of the collection was not of the pioneer era.
The village ceased operation on September 3, 1984 due to a financial crisis. Over the next few years various ideas were discuss ranging from moving the facility to creating a theme park.
Starting in 1985, several scenes from the Anne of Green Gables movie series were shot in the village. Including buildings such as the saw mill, church, train station and general store.
A five-year redevelopment began in 1990. The goal was to create a "special events theme centre" and the facility was renamed the Westfield Heritage Centre.
In 2010 the village received a substantial grant from the TD (Toronto Dominion) bank to plant several groves of fruit trees and construct two beehives. As of May 2010 one was in operation and awaiting the arrival of more bees to enlarge the colony. A second beehive is being planned. The aim of the apiary program is to illustrate the importance of the European honey bee (Apius Mellifera ) to the settlers and to raise awareness for Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) .
The Museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada.
List of tourist attractions in Hamilton, Ontario
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Carpenter tools in a period carpenter shop Westfield Heritage Village near Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Captions are provided by our contributors.
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WESTFIELD HERITAGE CENTRE
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Location: Highway 52, off Highway 8, just west of Rockton, Ontario
Since its opening in 1964, the Westfield Heritage Centre has had a long and interesting past. The centre offers a view of what life in Ontario was like prior to Confederation. It is built on 340 hectares (840 acres) of land in the Rockton area, near the African Lion Safari, with a number of historical buildings designed to take visitors through a piece of Ontario's history.
Westfield is the product of three Brantford teachers' desire to provide a hands-on educational experience from which their students would learn about pioneer life. Their idea was to preserve mid-19th century buildings and equip them with appropriate artifacts and tools, in order to make the experience of visiting the village as authentic as possible.
Coming to be known as the Westfield Pioneer Village Association, the historical group planned for the site to include a village church, school house, grist mill, covered bridge, general store, an inn, a printer's shop, a shoemaker's shop, a cabinet maker's shop, a drug store and a number of homes.
In 1961, the Association acquired 30 acres of land for the project. Shortly thereafter, the Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo (TH&B) railway house at Jerseyville was moved to the village. A frame hotel from Middlesex County and a printing shop from Huron were also acquired for the site. Equipment for a general store was brought in from Elgin County, while hotel furnishings and early farm equipment Norfolk and apothecary equipment were brought in from from Oxford. An authentic 1500's-style press was placed in the print shop.
The village was unofficially opened to the public in June of 1963, and an official opening was held the following year, in June of 1964.
An ancient Indian church, which had been moved from the Six Nations Indian Reserve to Westfield was opened in 1965. It was built in 1814 at Stone Ridge (on the Six Nations Reservation), making it the oldest church in Ontario. When it was moved to the site, it was dedicated to all Christian faiths.
By 1967, the village founders began seeking Wentworth County Council support, even though the village was not experiencing any financial difficulty. The founders simply wanted county administration of the village and for the county to assume responsibility for its continued operation. They were also hoping that if the County were to take over the village, then it would not only find a place on the map, but would also be safe if current members of Westfield Pioneer Village Association lost interest or died.
In May of 1968, the Westfield Pioneer Village was purchased by the county for $32,700. It became an official county property on November 1,1968. At this time, plans were being made to further expand the village by acquiring at least eight more buildings.
One of the buildings that opened not long after the County's acquisition of the village was Dr. Beattie's Drug Store. Originally located in the small north-Burlington community of Kilbride in the late 1800s, it was moved to the village and re-opened on August 15th, 1971. It was fully-equipped with authentic mid-19th century items. In 1971 there was also the opening of the Apple Hill post office.
Unfortunately, by this time the village was beginning to run into some financial difficulties. The centre was over budgeted and the county began to have doubts as to whether it should continue its involvement with the village. The City Council voted to place elected officials in control of the village. In 1972, ownership of Westfield Pioneer Village was transferred to the Hamilton-Wentworth region.
The village continued its expansion in 1975 by acquiring such buildings as a mud block house and spinning wheel shop which were built in 1837. In 1977, TH&B Engine 103 was moved to the village from Gage Park. Later, in 1981, a TH&B caboose dating back to World War I was also acquired.
In 1981, the region's Economic Development Committee recommended Council change the name of Westfield Pioneer Village to Wentworth Heritage Village because a major portion of the village's collection represented not the pioneer era of 1792 - 1812, but rather the period of 1814 to 1910. Most of the heritage that Westfield presented was related to the United Empire Loyalists and other early settlers, such as farmers and artisans. The name "Pioneer Village" was somewhat misleading, and it was hoped that by changing it, the village would be able to rid itself of a "Walt Disney approach" to its heritage.
Despite its new name, the village's deficit continued to rise, and in 1983 discussions began about the possibility of the Hamilton Region Conservation Authority taking control of Westfield. By 1984, it was decided that the Wentworth Heritage Village was in serious need of approximately $1 million in repairs. If these repairs were not done, a great deal of the centre would be in ruin. Rumors circulated about funds being spent inappropriately. Records indicated that while the buildings were falling apart, a major portion of the money had been spent on acquiring new artifacts rather than on maintenance.
On September 3, 1984, Wentworth Heritage Village ceased operation. This shut-down took place 3 months before the planned closure for that season, with no guarantees of a re-opening in the following April.
With the centre still closed in 1985, discussions began on the possibility of re-locating the centre. The Christie Conservation area and Confederation Park were both considered viable alternatives. The idea was that a relocation to a better area might have attracted more visitors to the village. On May 12, 1986, the Regional Economic Development and Planning Committee recommended leaving the village in its current location and working instead on repairing the damage. Repair costs were estimated to be $1 million, whereas moving the entire site would have cost at least $1.7 million.
Further study was done on the repairs that the village would require. By February, 1987, it was estimated by the regional committee that $3 million of tax payer money would be required over the next five years to have the Wentworth Heritage Village suitable for re-opening. Later that year, the region decided to implement a plan which would call for the opening of the centre in 1990. The Regional Council approved spending $1.73 million over the next seven years to restore the heritage centre. Another $750,000 would be raised through donations and grants. It was calculated that $300, 000 would be required annually by the village to operate effectively and to cover the shortfall in revenues. Also, it was decided that the Wentworth Heritage Village's emphasis should be placed on education and wood-working.
Although it seemed like a good idea at the time, the wood-working theme was eventually dropped in favour of yet another idea. This time, plans were being drawn up to have the heritage centre converted into a $10 million historical amusement park. By this time, the Hamilton Regional Conservation Authority had taken control of the village and it was up to them to figure out what should be done with it. Flamborough Mayor Jim Robb found it "disgusting even to think about" giving up on the village. By November of 1989, the amusement park idea was dropped, and discussions now focused on what reasonable action could be taken to save the Wentworth Heritage Village.
Redevelopment of the site began in 1990, with a re-opening on November 30, 1990, occurring just in time for Christmas. The centre was now a "special events theme centre," known as Westfield Heritage Centre, with its first theme being entitled Christmas in the Country. Redevelopment was scheduled to continue over the next five years, but at least the site was safe for the public to visit.
By 1991, episodes of the Canadian television miniseries "Road to Avonlea" were being filmed at Westfield Heritage Centre and the sets and props were put on display, attracting a great number of visitors. Actors from the series have occasionally hosted autograph sessions at the site, drawing a great number of fans eager to meet them.
Civil war re-enactments are also played out at Westfield Heritage Centre. In fact, since the early 1990s, a different battle has been re-enacted each August. The re-enactors are people with a passion for accuracy and detail, learning how to march and carry their weapons with precision. The battles are fought before audiences who are later encouraged to speak with the actors to get a better understanding of what a civil war battle was really like. More than 50,000 Canadians fought in the civil war, and about 1,500 of these were Hamiltonians.
The Westfield Heritage Centre also holds a maple syrup program every spring, so visitors can explore the historic pioneer and modern maple syrup harvest.
Today, Westfield is a living, breathing recreation of the past, with volunteers dressed in historically appropriate costumes working as their ancestors did in the past. The centre is divided into the following buildings:
Albrecht Siep Boot and Harness Shop
As long as horses were the source of power for wagons, buggies and ploughs, the leather worker's skill as a harness maker was essential to the community. This shop was a two-man enterprise. The master craftsman and his apprentice made all of the leather boots and harness from hides originating from the farms in the community. This shop dates back to 1859 and is from Waterloo County.
Bake Oven
This functional bake oven was used during the summer months when it was too hot to bake indoors. Bread could be baked on heated bricks, once the coals from the blazing fire were removed. Up to 25 loaves of bread could (and still can) be baked on this oven at one time.
Bamberger House
Built c. 1806 by Samuel Bamberger, Bamberger House was moved from Hamilton's west-end in July 1993. It is Hamilton's oldest surviving building and is currently under restoration. When completed, the home will represent an 1850 upper-middle class homestead.
Blacksmith Shop
This is a fully-equipped building typical of the blacksmith shops found throughout Ontario. The hand-cut pine rafters and oak studding remind visitors of the rugged simplicity of pioneer craftsmen. In addition to shoeing horses or oxen, the versatile blacksmith forged and repaired farm tools, wagon parts and many other necessities. This building dates back to 1853 and is from Wellington County.
Cabinetmaker's Shop
This building has been reconstructed from a cabinetmaker's shop in Burlington. It highlights the tools and techniques of the trade.
Cathcart School No. 24
Dating back to 1845 in Brant County, this school was donated by Mr. Alex Szombati, Sr., of the hamlet of Cathcart. This typical one-room schoolhouse served as a community school until 1865 when it became a residence.
The few textbooks were supplemented by the large charts and maps that can still be seen hanging on the wall. Slates were used for daily work, conserving pens, ink and paper for the final product that might be viewed by the inspector on his next visit. The children helped to maintain their school by keeping the stove burning, filling the water bucket, sweeping, as well as cleaning slates and brushes. The cane hanging behind the teachers desk reminds us of an earlier, harsher view of discipline.
The construction of this building is notable for the exceptional wide logs (the largest is 27 inches) that were positioned by man and animal power. Doors and windows were cut out after the logs were in place.
D'Aubigny's Inn
This 1820 Brant County home was converted to an inn by William D'Aubigny in 1836-37. Many pioneer settlements grew up around a crossroads inn that also provided a village meeting place. The large, centrally located fireplace was typical of buildings of this period and the accommodations offered were very primitive. This inn once welcomed people at the outskirts of Brantford on the road to London.
Drug Store
This building combines the examining room of Dr. Beattie and a drug store (or Apothecary), originally located in the village of Kilbride, in the Regional Municipality of Halton, in 1879. The many items on the shelves, which were gifts of the White Drug store in Aylmer, Hyde's Drugstore in Woodstock and Scott's Drugstore in Norwich, were used in the practice of medicine in the 1890s. These items include a saw, a capsule-making device, and a suppository-maker. The stained glass window, showing a mortar and pestle was made for the first drug store in St. George in Brant County.
Since doctors were rare in the rural areas, farm families would have to be self-reliant in times of illness. Home remedies, many using native plants and learned from native peoples, were passed down from generation to generation. Medicinal herbs were also part of every home garden in urban areas.
Edmundson House
This house is a gift of the City of Brantford, where it was built in 1827.
Episcopal Methodist Church
This church was built in 1854 by Charles Mount in Mountsberg and restored in 1970. A tower and spire were added as was the pulpit furniture which was used by a Methodist church in Elgin County. Until 1870, women were seated to the right and men on the left.
Gate House
This building serves as an administration office where admission can be paid and public washrooms are available.
General Store
The general store (c. 1848, Elgin County) was the center of the social and economic life of the village. Farmers came here to read the newspapers and catch up on the local gossip. The children enjoyed shopping errands since the general store was likely their only source of sweets, such as the rock candy which is still on sale at the store.
George Potts' Spinning Wheel Shop
This shop originally stood on the outskirts of the town of Simcoe. Dating back to 1886, this is where George Potts would manufacture Doolittle's spinning machines and is thought to be the only complete spinning wheel shop preserved in Ontario.
Gillen House
This elegant house (c. 1862) was home to four generations of the Gillen family at 100 Wellington Street, Brantford. Dubbed "Old Hundred" by the Gillen grandchildren, the house bears this name on the letter slot, and is a gift of the city of Brantford. The home was built by Robert Gillen, a magistrate, who died the very year it was completed. His widow and four daughters, the youngest of whom was only three, were its first occupants. Their love of culture and music is reflected in the furnishings throughout: in the front parlour, a Mason and Risch Victrola and a music box that operates on the organ principle using reeds and air; in the back parlour, a zither (an instrument similar to an autoharp), a Fischer square grand piano, and an Excelsior pump organ.
Inn Driveshed
The driveshed sheltered horses and carriages while its owners rested at the Inn.
Ironwood Tea House
The Ironwood Tea House is a nostalgic building and serves as Westfield's restaurant during special events and as a lunch facility during school programs. Food services are provided by the Friends of Westfield and features a delightful menu.
Lockhart Farmstead
Building and maintaining a farmstead like this one, which typically has four buildings (house, smoke-house, outhouse and barn), took the labour of the entire family with little time for leisure. Many of the early settlers here, such as the Loyalists who were granted lands in British North America in return for their loyalty to the Crown during the American Revolution, had limited knowledge of farming and were even less prepared for clearing the wilderness. This building dates back to 1854 and was originally built in Oxford County.
Log Church
Believed to be the oldest log church in Ontario, this building was erected in 1824 as a school but used as a church at Kanyengeh on the Six Nations Reserve until 1854. This is a reminder that the Mohawk came to this area as Christian Loyalist settlers, important British allies in North America.
The church was constructed of hand cut logs which was assembled without nails and chinked with oakum. The pews were handmade and seated about forty people. In 1962, the church was rededicated at Westfield in a service conducted in Mohawk and English.
Log House
A few different log houses exist at Westfield Heritage Centre, moved from various locations and representing different periods in history.
Marr Shop
Currently under restoration, this small 1800's timber frame building was built in Ancaster.
McRobert Dry Goods Store
Originally from the village of Troy and dating back to 1850, this dry goods store has been furnished for the year 1899 with goods donated by individuals and stores in Wentworth County. The store took its name from storekeepers Brice McRoberts and his nephew Alexander McRoberts. The upstairs was originally used as a meeting place for community functions.
Misener House
This building was occupied by Conrad Misener in 1832 and is an excellent example of a timber frame house in Upper Canada. It was built in the village of Troy and donated to Westfield by the Misener family.
Potts Building
A replica of the original mud block house of the Potts family from Simcoe, c. 1840, it features a display of Victorian "heirlooms", a small portion of the over 30,000 artifacts at Westfield..
Sawmill
This sawmill, built circa 1870, turned settlers' logs into lumber. This allowed a greater range of building types, and provided an important export item.
Seth Fothergill's Print Shop
A great step forward in the development of any district was the establishment of a print shop, such as this one constructed in Goderich. Here a village's weekly newspaper was printed along with handbills announcing sales, auctions, sporting events, political meetings and even funerals. The fine collection of wooden types in the cases at the back of the shop are still ready for use on the 1863 Washington flat bed press, the gift of the Hurley Printing Co. of Brantford. The Hoedrum type press, also dating from the 1860's, was operated by steam and required at least three men to operate it.
Trading Post
Wentworth area trading posts have been located in what is now Crook's Hollow and at the site of Dundurn Castle in the 1700s. Trade with the native people remained an important part of Upper Canada's pioneer economy as late as the 1830's. Natives traded pelts, produce, basketware and leather beadwork for sugar, tobacco, gunpowder, blankets and other commodities. This c. 1830 two-storey building of tamarack logs from Leeds County, the former Dorman family residence and the gift of Mr. Hollis Dorman, shows many of the items stocked in a traditional trading post including traps, blankets, barrels, stoneware crocks and snow shoes.
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7988688
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Westfield Heritage Centre
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https://www.geoffshawphotography.com/blog/westfield-heritage-village-wedding/
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Westfield Heritage Village
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Westfield Heritage Village is one of the most fascinating wedding destinations in Ontario. Composed of a stunning collection of over 35 historical buildings carefully restored to capture the true charm and spirit of early Canadian culture, the village offers excellent opportunities for unique and rustic outdoor photographs.
|
en
|
Geoff Shaw - Hamilton Wedding Photographer
|
https://www.geoffshawphotography.com/blog/westfield-heritage-village-wedding/
|
Westfield Heritage Village is one of the most fascinating wedding destinations in Ontario. Composed of a stunning collection of over 35 historical buildings carefully restored to capture the true charm and spirit of early Canadian culture, the village offers excellent opportunities for unique and rustic outdoor photographs.
Make sure to check out my list of the top wedding venues in H amilton, Ontario after this to get inspired by more locations to have your wedding reception or ceremony!
History
Westfield Heritage Village was established by two Brantford, Ontario high schoolteachers in 1961 who purchased land near Rockton, Ontario, using their own money. Their goal was to save heritage buildings that were in danger of being destroyed and also to create a hands-on educational facility to teach pioneer life. The original name of the facility was the Westfield Pioneer Village until 1981 when the name was changed to Westfield Heritage Village as much of the collection was not actually of the pioneer era. [1]
Available Spaces
The Bandstand
The bandstand is an elegant outdoor gazebo styled structure that makes for a beautiful setting for an outdoor ceremony. Tucked between two large trees with the backdrop of the quaint village, the bandstand creates a stunning stage for you to take your vows.
The Mountsberg Church
This Victorian styled church has a rustic charm and authentic elegance that brings you back to the golden ages of ole.
The Ironwood Hall
The Ironwood Hall is a newly renovated reception hall ready to host your wedding dinner and evening events.
Packages & Prices
The Signature Package - $2400
Includes:
Victorian Mountsberg Church for your wedding ceremony.
Rehearsal date prior to the wedding.
Ironwood Reception Hall featuring a large kitchen, air conditioning, wheelchair accessibility, an outdoor deck, and easy access for deliveries.
Victorian Bandstand in the center of the village green
The spaces can also be booked individually at the following prices:
Ironwood Hall Rental - $1855.00
The Mountsberg Church and Victorian Bandstand - $545.00 + HST per 2 hours
Please note that these prices are subject to change and it’s best to contact the venue directly for the most accurate and up-to-date information. For more information you can visit: https://westfieldheritage.ca/westfield-weddings/
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https://tourismhamilton.com/must-visit-hamilton-historic-sites/
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Historic Sites You Must
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2024-02-19T16:44:52+00:00
|
Discover how Hamilton's history has shaped the city it is today.
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en
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Tourism Hamilton
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https://tourismhamilton.com/must-visit-hamilton-historic-sites/
|
Hamilton’s past has shaped the dynamic city it is today.
From our many designated National Historic Sites (15 at last check!) to our defining role as an industrial hub, Hamilton's roots tell a fascinating story about how the city has evolved into the destination it is today.
Sure, you can read all about it on your own. But that’s nowhere near as interesting as coming to visit in person to experience it for yourself.
Here are some top picks for the history buff exploring Hamilton.
1. Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum
Learn More
There's no place quite like it anywhere. Since 1972, the museum has pulled together an impressive collection of more than 40 vintage aircraft dating back to World War II, making it Canada's largest flying museum! You can do a lot more than just marvel at planes here. Climb into a cockpit, try a flight simulator, or even book a flight!
Don't Miss: The museum's biggest star is hands down the Avro Lancaster Bomber, the only surviving Lancaster in the world you can purchase a flight on. (The only other air-worthy Lancaster in the world is with the Royal Air Force in the UK).
2. Dundurn National Historic Site
Learn More
A visit to Hamilton isn't complete without a stop at one of the city's most iconic sites. The lavish, 40-room Victorian-era home overlooking the bay was the former home of one of Canada's first premiers, Sir Allan MacNab. It's Hamilton's own Downton Abbey!
The site was previously a key trading location for the Mississaugas and later, a fortified military encampment for British and loyalist soldiers during the War of 1812.
Don't Miss: Dundurn's two-acre Kitchen Garden is a destination unto itself where costumed interpreters use 19th Century tools and techniques to cultivate flowers, herbs, and food for use in the castle's kitchen and for the community. Come winter, the castle's Victorian Christmas program is a must-experience.
3. Westfield Heritage Village
Learn More
Unplug and slow down at this living history museum in Rockton in rural Hamilton. Costumed interpreters help bring early Canadian culture to life as they lead demonstrations on everything from blacksmithing to bread-making across 35 carefully restored historic buildings. The 130-hectare site is bordered by beautiful wooded trails and meadows.
Don’t miss: Favourite annual events like magical holiday programming, the Maple Syrup (winter) and Ice Cream (summer) festivals, make Westfield a year-round destination.
4. Battlefield House Museum & Park
Learn More
The 19th-century homestead, nestled under the scenic Niagara Escarpment and surrounded by acres of parkland, is a National Historic Site and local treasure. Once home to the prominent Gage Family, it was also the site of the pivotal 1813 Battle of Stoney Creek, a turning point in the War of 1812 where invading American forces were pushed back. The event is marked annually by the Re-enactment of the Battle of Stoney Creek.
Don't Miss: Be sure to visit the 100-foot tall Battlefield Monument erected as a symbol of peace and to commemorate the casualties of the Battle of Stoney Creek. Nearby stands the striking Eagles Among Us (more below).
5. Eagles Among Us
Learn More
This striking public art piece was commissioned by the City of Hamilton for Battlefield Park in Stoney Creek. The artwork by David M. General, an Oneida/Mohawk Indigenous artist and member of the Six Nations of the Grand River, consists of four, nine-foot-tall granite carved eagles inscribed with symbols and text around the theme of healing and reconciliation, inspired by the cultural traditions of the Haudenosaunee and Anishinabek communities.
Don't Miss: The site has since become an important place of reflection and gathering in Hamilton. In the artist's own words Eagles Among us is "an invitation to people to consider the history, look at how things were, look at how things can be made better by the generations today. It creates a special sacred space and you can stand in the middle of that".
6. Griffin House
Learn More
This National Historic Site shares the fascinating history of Enerals Griffin and other early Black settlers at this preserved home set on a hilltop overlooking the beautiful Dundas Valley. When closed, the museum can be experienced here virtually.
Don't Miss: For more on the contributions of the African and Caribbean diaspora in Hamilton explore the Black History Audio Tour on the rich history of Little Africa around Concession Street.
7. HMCS HAIDA
Learn More
The Tribal-class destroyer distinguished itself during a number of historic battles during World War II and beyond. It’s now a Parks Canada Historic Site docked at Hamilton’s West Harbour (Pier 9) that helps visitors discover what life was like for crew members serving on board with the Canadian Navy and develop a deeper appreciation of the role it played on the international battlefront.
Don’t Miss: Throughout the summer season, take a guided tour for a snapshot of life at sea and explore the ship's inner workings, from deck to engine room.
8. Hamilton Museum of Steam & Technology
Learn More
You’ll love getting a behind-the-scenes look at the early days of Canada’s industrial revolution with two preserved 70-ton powered water pumping engines. Museum curators take guests on a fascinating journey that created these engineering feats housed in this 150-year-old waterworks.
Don’t Miss: Popular events here include model train shows, hands-on workshops and Golden Horseshoe Live Steamer Days throughout the summer complete with miniature train rides and free guided tours.
9. Whitehern Historic House & Garden
Learn More
Experience one of Canada's most intact historic homes in this fascinating downtown museum. Costumed interpreters help unearth the lives of the three generations of the McQuesten family who lived here from 1852 to 1968. The historic house and all of its contents were given to the City of Hamilton in 1959 to be appreciated by future generations. It’s a rare glimpse into Georgian, Victorian, and Edwardian time periods.
Don't Miss: Wait for summer to experience Whitehern's stunning garden – a secret, walled oasis in the heart of downtown. Look out for special lunchtime concerts.
10. The Rock Garden at Royal Botanical Gardens
Learn More
Opened to visitors in 1932, the historic Rock Garden is considered the birthplace of Royal Botanical Gardens. Before there was the QEW and Highway 403, the Rock Garden was part of a design to help enhance the beauty of Hamilton as the main entry point into the city from Toronto. Escarpment stone from the Red Hill Valley was transported here, to this former gravel pit, to start the process. The rejuvenated garden features year-round perennial and conifer displays and a tranquil waterfall and stream.
Don't Miss: The Rock Garden's stunning Visitor Centre is a great place for special events and dining. It's also the launching pad for year-round events in the garden.
11. Architecture Tour
Learn More
Hamilton’s architecture is widely considered unique in the region for the quantity and variety of preserved historic buildings. Early standouts include Griffin House (1827), Dundurn Castle (1835), Hamilton Customs House (1860), Whitehern (1848), and St. Paul’s Presbyterian Church (1857). Later examples include LIUNA Station (1930) and the Lister Block (1923), now beautifully restored and home to the Tourism Hamilton Visitor Experience Centre.
Don’t Miss: Take this self-guided Downtown Hamilton Heritage Walking Tour to discover architectural gems spanning decades of the city’s history.
More Hamilton History:
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Civil War reenactment at Westfield Heritage Village
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The Kitchener-Waterloo Record began with the publication of the Daily News of Berlin on February 9, 1878 and was the first daily paper in the area. It was published by Peter Moyer. Over the years it had several names and publishers: in January of 1897 it was purchased by the German Printing and Publishing Company and was amalgamated with that company's Berlin Daily Record to become the Berlin News Record, and later still the News Record, all published by William (Ben) V. Uttley. In 1918 the publishers of the German-language paper the Berliner Journal, William D. Euler (later Senator for North Waterloo) and William J. Motz, purchased the News Record and changed the name to the Kitchener Daily Record. On July 17, 1922 the Record absorbed the other daily, the Daily Telegraph. With that event, the original three daily papers (the News Record, the Berlin Daily Record, and the Daily Telegraph) became one.
The Berliner Journal began in December 29, 1859 by Frederick Rittinger and John Motz, and was located on Queen Street south, Kitchener. Motz remained editor until his death in 1899, at which time his son William acquired his father's interest. When Rittinger died in 1915 his share was acquired by William D. Euler. The weekly Journal ended on May 10, 1924. The Record’s first staff photographer was Harry Huehnergard, who worked for the paper for 49 years before retiring in 1986 as Manager of the Photographic Department.
In 1948 the Kitchener Daily Record was re-named the Kitchener-Waterloo Record, which name it retained until 1994, when it became simply The Record. In 1928 the paper moved from its home at 49 King Street west to a new building at 30 Queen Street north where it was to stay for 44 years until moving in May 1973 to 225 Fairway Road. When William J. Motz died in 1946 his son John E. Motz took over as publisher. The by-then Senator Euler sold his interest to Southam Press in 1953. John E. Motz died in 1975 and the Motz Family continued to own a controlling interest in the paper until 1990, when it was sold to Southam. In 1998, The Record was sold to Sun Media Corporation, and then in March 1999, to Torstar Corporation. In January 2005, the paper moved its offices to Market Square on King Street east in Kitchener's downtown core, and on March 11, 2008, the name was changed to the Waterloo Region Record.
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https://www.letslivealife.com/post/westfield-heritage-village-in-hamilton-ontario-step-back-in-time
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Westfield Heritage Village in Hamilton, Ontario: Step Back in Time
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"Let's Live A Life"
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2024-02-07T22:57:14.112000+00:00
|
Step back in time and immerse yourself in 19th-century pioneer life at Westfield Heritage Village in Hamilton, Ontario. A vibrant living history museum awaits!
|
en
|
Let's Live a Life
|
https://www.letslivealife.com/post/westfield-heritage-village-in-hamilton-ontario-step-back-in-time
|
Nestled in the heart of Hamilton, Ontario, lies a gateway to the past: Westfield Heritage Village. This charming living history museum is more than just a collection of old buildings; it’s a vibrant re-creation of 19th-century pioneer life. Here's why a visit to Westfield Heritage Village is a must for both history buffs and families looking for a unique day out.
Website: Westfield Heritage Village – Experience the Charm and Spirit of Early Canada
Location: 1049 Kirkwall Rd, Rockton, ON L0R 1X0
A Living History Experience
Upon entering Westfield Heritage Village, you are immediately transported to another era. The village boasts over 35 historical buildings, each carefully restored and furnished to reflect its original time period. As you wander through the village, you can visit homes, a schoolhouse, a general store, and even a blacksmith shop.
Engaging with the Past
What truly brings Westfield Heritage Village to life are the knowledgeable costumed interpreters. These passionate individuals engage with visitors, demonstrating traditional crafts and daily activities from the past. You might find yourself enthralled by a blacksmith forging iron, a printer setting type for a press, or a cook preparing a meal on an open hearth.
Seasonal Events and Activities
Westfield Heritage Village isn't just a summer destination. Throughout the year, it hosts a variety of events that celebrate seasonal traditions and holidays. From maple syrup festivals in the spring to spooky Halloween nights in October, there's always something special happening.
Educational Opportunities Galore
For those with curious minds, Westfield offers a rich educational experience. School groups and families can learn about Ontario's heritage through hands-on activities and interactive tours. It’s a place where history lessons come to life and create lasting impressions.
A Natural Setting
Surrounding the village is a beautiful natural landscape, with walking trails that meander through forests and meadows. It's the perfect setting to take a break from the historical immersion and enjoy the tranquility of nature.
A Day of Family Fun
Westfield Heritage Village is designed for visitors of all ages. Children have the freedom to explore and discover, turning what could be a simple outing into an adventure. With picnic areas available, it's easy to make a full day of your visit.
Read More:
Top Attractions, Things to Do and See in Hamilton, Ontario
Hamilton, Ontario: 25 Indoor Activities for Kids in the City of Waterfalls
The Top 25 Indoor Activities and Things to Do in Kingston, Ontario
Indoor and Outdoor Water Parks in and near Toronto
Ontario Science Centre: Marvels of Innovation
The Best Art Galleries in Toronto: A Tour for the Art Enthusiast
Toronto's St. Lawrence Market: A Kid-Friendly Guide
Museum of Illusions in Toronto: Explore the Wonders of Perception
Photography and Art
For those with an artistic eye, the village offers endless inspiration. Photographers and artists will find countless subjects, from the rustic architecture to the costumed interpreters engaged in their crafts.
Accessibility
The village strives to be as accessible as possible, with many of the pathways and buildings equipped to welcome visitors with mobility challenges.
Support Local Heritage
By visiting Westfield Heritage Village, you're also supporting the preservation of local history and education. The village is operated by the Hamilton Conservation Authority, which ensures that the stories and skills of Ontario's past remain a living part of the community.
Plan Your Visit
Before you go, check their website for opening hours, event schedules, and any visitor guidelines. Whether it's a family outing, a solo adventure, or a group excursion, Westfield Heritage Village promises an engaging and enlightening experience.
Westfield Heritage Village offers a rare opportunity to experience Ontario's history firsthand. With its rich array of historical buildings, enthusiastic interpreters, and a calendar full of events, it’s a destination that promises both education and entertainment. So take a step back in time and discover the living, breathing history of Hamilton, Ontario, at Westfield Heritage Village.
Read More:
Top Attractions, Things to Do and See in Hamilton, Ontario
Hamilton, Ontario: 25 Indoor Activities for Kids in the City of Waterfalls
The Top 25 Indoor Activities and Things to Do in Kingston, Ontario
Indoor and Outdoor Water Parks in and near Toronto
Ontario Science Centre: Marvels of Innovation
The Best Art Galleries in Toronto: A Tour for the Art Enthusiast
Toronto's St. Lawrence Market: A Kid-Friendly Guide
Museum of Illusions in Toronto: Explore the Wonders of Perception
Hamilton, Ontario's Craft Breweries: Discover the Best Brews
Photos:
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Explore the history of Hamilton County, Indiana. Find Historic Societies, visit Conner Prairie Interactive History Park, learn about the Underground...
|
en
| null |
Museums & History in
Hamilton County
Why just learn about history when you can relive it? Step into the pages of a history book with interactive experiences to immerse yourself in a different time and place.
Use all five senses to transport yourself to a different time through exhibits, demonstrations, workshops, walking tours and interpretive programming.
Learn about Westfield’s connection to the Underground Railroad at popular program “Voices from the Past.” Get your history with a dose of spookiness on the Unseenpresstours Ghost Walks in Noblesville and Westfield, connecting with spirits that used to roam here. Or, visit Conner Prairie year-round to step back in time to 1836 Prairietown and Civil War Journey and meet characters who lived through that time.
Historical societies:
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wrong_mix_domain_spouse_00090
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FactBench
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3
| 41
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https://player.bfi.org.uk/rentals/film/watch-the-silent-playground-1964-online
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en
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Watch The Silent Playground online
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A warning tale about the dangers of taking sweets from strangers.
|
en
|
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|
BFI Player
|
https://player.bfi.org.uk/rentals/film/watch-the-silent-playground-1964-online
|
A taut crime thriller about the hunt for a mysterious stranger who is poisoning small children with barbiturates. A tough and compelling film, which offers a gritty reflection of life in 1960s South East London behind the initial whodunnit. Ellen McIntosh gives a bravura performance as a single mother juggling work with raising a family, and Jean Anderson paints a sympathetic portrait of an older mother coming to terms with the extent of her son's mental health issues. Striking and bold, The Silent Playground explores the fine line between innocence and criminality.
The film also features performances from Desmond Llewelyn (Q in 17 Bond films) and Gretchen Franklin (EastEnders' Ethel).
|
||||
wrong_mix_domain_spouse_00090
|
FactBench
|
0
| 55
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Chelsea
|
en
|
Hotel Chelsea
|
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[
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2002-02-28T13:44:57+00:00
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en
|
/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Chelsea
|
Historic hotel in Manhattan, New York
For the 2009 film, see Hotel Chelsea (film). For other uses, see Chelsea Hotel (disambiguation).
The Hotel Chelsea (also known as the Chelsea Hotel and the Chelsea) is a hotel at 222 West 23rd Street in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Built between 1883 and 1884, the hotel was designed by Philip Hubert in a style described variously as Queen Anne Revival and Victorian Gothic. The 12-story Chelsea, originally a housing cooperative, has been the home of numerous writers, musicians, artists, and entertainers, some of whom still lived there in the 21st century. As of 2022 , most of the Chelsea is a luxury hotel. The building is a New York City designated landmark and on the National Register of Historic Places.
The front facade of the Hotel Chelsea is 11 stories high, while the rear of the hotel rises 12 stories. The facade is divided vertically into five sections and is made of brick, with some flower-ornamented iron balconies; the hotel is capped by a high mansard roof. The Hotel Chelsea has thick load-bearing walls made of masonry, as well as wrought iron floor beams and large, column-free spaces. When the hotel opened, the ground floor was divided into an entrance hall, four storefronts, and a restaurant; this has been rearranged over the years, with a bar and the El Quijote restaurant occupying part of the ground floor. The Chelsea was among the first buildings in the city with duplex and penthouse apartments, and there is also a rooftop terrace. The hotel originally had no more than 100 apartments; it was subdivided into 400 units during the 20th century and has 155 units as of 2022.
The idea for the Chelsea arose after Hubert & Pirsson had developed several housing cooperatives in New York City. Developed by the Chelsea Association, the structure quickly attracted authors and artists after opening. Several factors, including financial hardships and tenant relocations, prompted the Chelsea's conversion into an apartment hotel in 1905. Knott Hotels took over the hotel in 1921 and managed it until about 1942, when David Bard bought it out of bankruptcy. Julius Krauss and Joseph Gross joined Bard as owners in 1947. After David Bard died in 1964, his son Stanley operated it for 43 years, forming close relationships with many tenants. The hotel underwent numerous minor changes in the late 20th century after falling into a state of disrepair. The Krauss and Gross families took over the hotel in 2007 and were involved in numerous tenant disputes before the Chelsea closed for a major renovation in 2011. The hotel changed ownership twice in the 2010s before BD Hotels took over in 2016, and the Chelsea reopened in 2022.
Over the years, the Chelsea has housed many notables such as Arthur Miller, Bob Dylan, Arthur C. Clarke, Patti Smith, Robert Mapplethorpe, and Virgil Thomson. The Chelsea received much commentary for the creative culture that Bard helped create within the hotel. Critics also appraised the hotel's interior—which was reputed for its uncleanliness in the mid- and late 20th century—and the quality of the hotel rooms themselves. The Chelsea has been the setting or inspiration for many works of popular media, and it has been used as an event venue and filming location.
The Hotel Chelsea is at 222 West 23rd Street in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, on the south side of the street between Eighth Avenue and Seventh Avenue.[4][5] The rectangular land lot covers approximately 17,281 square feet (1,605.5 m2), with a frontage of 175 feet (53 m) on Madison Avenue to the west and a depth of 98.75 feet (30.10 m).[1] Seven land lots were combined to make way for the hotel,[6][7] which was 175 feet wide and 86 to 96 feet (26 to 29 m) deep.[7][8] Before what became the Hotel Chelsea was developed, a furniture store had stood on the site; it burned down in 1878, and the site remained vacant for four years afterward.[9][10] The furniture store and the land had belonged to James Ingersoll, who was affiliated with the Tammany Hall political ring in the 1870s.[10] When the Chelsea was finished in 1884, there was a church on either side of the lot.[6][10]
The Hotel Chelsea was designed by Philip Hubert[11] of the firm of Hubert, Pirrson & Company.[12] The style has been described variously as Queen Anne Revival, Victorian Gothic, or a mixture of the two.[4][13][14] It was one of the first Victorian Gothic buildings to be erected in New York City.[15] At the time of its completion, it was the city's tallest apartment building[15] and one of the tallest structures in Manhattan,[16][a] at approximately 180 feet (55 m) tall.[21] According to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, the Chelsea's design was evocative of the demolished Spanish Flats on Central Park South.[12]
The front facade of the hotel, on 23rd Street, is 11 stories high[12][22][23] and is divided vertically into 25 bays.[22] The rear of the hotel rises to a height of 12 stories.[23] The 23rd Street facade is made of red brick.[24] It is grouped into five sections, with projecting pavilions at the western end, center, and eastern end of the facade. These pavilions flank two groups of recessed bays.[22] The main entrance within the central pavilion remains largely intact, although the storefronts on either side have been modified over the years.[22] There are several brass plaques next to the main entrance, commemorating notable residents,[25][26] and another plaque mentioning that the building is on the National Register of Historic Places.[27]
On the upper floors, the brick is interspersed with white stone bands.[28] The hotel has flower-ornamented iron balconies on its second through eighth stories,[22] which were constructed by J.B. and J.M. Cornell.[5][4][29] These balconies were intended as "light balconies, after the Paris fashion";[30] according to author Sherill Tippins, the balconies were meant to "add charm to the lower floors".[28] The balconies were also intended to indicate that the interiors were ornately decorated.[15] French doors lead from some apartments to the balconies.[12]
The building is topped by a high mansard roof. The central pavilion has a pyramidal slate roof.[12][22] There are brick chimneys on either side of the pyramidal-roofed pavilion. In addition, the pavilions on either end of the facade are topped by brick gables with large arched windows.[12] The remainder of the roof features dormer windows and additional brick chimneys.[13] Atop the roof was a brick-floored space, which could be adapted into a roof garden or promenade.[7][31] The center of the roof was interspersed with hip roofs, beneath which were duplex apartments; residents of these duplexes had direct access to the roof.[31]
The Hotel Chelsea has thick load-bearing walls made of masonry, which measure 3 feet (0.91 m) thick at their bottoms[13][32] and taper to 20 inches (0.51 m) at their tops. This allowed the superstructure to support the weight of two additional stories if the building were expanded.[7] The walls support floor beams made of wrought iron; these floor beams are not supported by intermediate columns, creating large column-free spaces.[12] The floor beams were covered with plaster to prevent fire from spreading.[7][13] As another fireproofing measure, the hotel used as little wood as possible.[7] Ceilings measured 12 to 14 feet (3.7 to 4.3 m) high.[33]
The basement measured up to 30 feet (9.1 m) deep and housed the kitchen, laundry, refrigerators, coal rooms, engines, and machinery for gas-powered and electric light.[6] As planned, the hotel had three passenger elevators and two steam-powered freight lifts.[7][30] When it was completed in 1884, the hotel had speaking tubes; pressurized steam; a telephone in each room, connecting to the hotel manager's office; and 1,800 lights powered by either gas or electricity.[7][13] The hotel contained then-innovative features such as electricity, steam heating, and hot and cold water.[34] Dumbwaiters transported food from the basement kitchen to each floor.[35]
When the hotel opened in 1884, the ground floor was divided into an entrance hall, four storefronts, and a restaurant for tenants who did not have their own kitchen.[7][34] The lobby was originally furnished with a marble floor and mahogany wainscoting. On the left wall of the lobby was an elaborate fireplace mantel,[13] which remained intact in the late 20th century.[22] To the right of the lobby was a reception room decorated in white maple, a plush-and-velvet carpet, and old-gold surfaces.[7] Three interconnected dining rooms, reserved for residents, were placed behind the lobby.[36] These rooms had decorations such as stained glass, carved gargoyles, and fleurs-de-lis.[37] Next to the lobby was a manager's office, whose ceiling had gold trimmings and a mural with clouds and angels.[15] There was also a barbershop,[38] as well as a restaurant, cafe, laundry room, billiards room, bakery, fish-and-meat shop, and grocery on the ground floor and basement.[7][36] Hotel staff lived in another building behind the main hotel,[6][7] connected to it by a tunnel.[7][36]
As of 2022, the hotel's lobby is decorated with inlaid ceilings and mosaic-tile floors.[39] The lobby contains furniture in various colors, while the front desk is clad with purple marble. In addition, various paintings by residents are hung on the beige-pink walls, and the lobby's ceiling is decorated with frescoes, roses, and garlands.[40] Adjacent to the lobby is the Lobby Bar, which contains mosaic-tile floors, a marble bar, art from former residents, and old chandeliers.[41][42] This bar, formerly storage space, has several pieces of mid-century modern furniture[40] and vintage furnishings such as lamps.[42] Other decorative elements include skylights, floor tiles, brick walls, and trellises covered with vegetation.[40]
Next to the lobby is the El Quijote restaurant,[43] which has occupied the hotel since 1955.[44] The restaurant is decorated with a marble terrazzo floor, a rough-hewn ceiling,[40] red-vinyl dining booths, and chandeliers.[45] Among the decorations are a series of murals depicting scenes from the book Don Quixote, as well as oil paintings.[40][43] El Quijote contains a private bar next to its main dining room.[39][43] Prior to 2018, the restaurant sat 220 people;[46] the Dulcinea and Cervantes rooms at the rear comprised nearly half of the restaurant's seating capacity.[43] These rooms were removed in a 2022 renovation, which also reduced the restaurant's capacity to 45[45] or 65.[46] Since 2023, the hotel has also contained the Café Chelsea bistro,[47] located within three rooms.[48] The bistro includes vintage decorations, some taken from the Lord & Taylor Building.[49]
Also at ground level is a mom-and-pop store named Chelsea Guitars[50] and a private event space known as the Bard Room.[41][51] The main staircase, at the center of the hotel, is illuminated by a rooftop skylight[13] and is only accessible to guests.[52][53] The walls of the staircase were once lined with photos created by residents.[54][55] The staircase originally had iron railings and marble treads.[13][7] The center of the building is surmounted by a pyramid accessed by a narrow wooden staircase.[56] There was also an elevator cage, decorated with rosettes that matched the exterior decorations.[15] The upper stories include a gym and a rooftop spa.[40]
The Chelsea was among the first buildings in the city with duplex apartments and penthouse apartments.[12][57] Above the ground floor, there were originally either 90,[7] 97,[6][58] or 100 apartments in total.[38] There were ten apartments on each story.[34] ranging from 800 to 3,000 square feet (74 to 279 m2).[59] Each floor had a mixture of small and large apartments, so residents of different socioeconomic classes could reside on the same story.[59][60] Sources disagree on whether the largest apartments had eight,[34] ten,[7] or twelve rooms.[6][15][59] Old floor plans show that the apartments were arranged along a single west–east corridor on each floor;[38] these corridors measured up to 8 feet (2.4 m) wide.[35] The largest apartments occupied either end of the hotel and had at least four bedrooms, while mid-sized two- and three-bedroom units were placed next to these. The smallest units, targeted at unmarried men and women, were arranged near the stairs and elevators at the center of the building.[59]
A variety of styles and materials were used in the apartments to fit each tenant's taste.[37] Originally, the interiors were ornately decorated. The dadoes and some of the floors were made of marble, and there was also hardwood floors and doors. In addition, the fireplace mantels were made of onyx, and the fireplaces contained andirons with rosettes.[15]
Every apartment had its own bathroom,[7][34][9] and many units also had servants' bedrooms.[15] Only the largest apartments had kitchens; everyone else received meals from the restaurants or a caterer.[6][9] There were 67 apartments with kitchens, each of which had a refrigerator as well as a stove powered by coal, gas, or steam.[34] One of the larger apartments, suite 920, belonged to the hotel's manager and consisted of three rooms with high ceilings.[61] The apartments on the tenth and eleventh floors were intended for artists,[6][15] taking advantage of sunlight from the north.[15][62] These apartments were arranged as duplexes, with artists' studios on the upper level and bedrooms on the lower level,[33] and were in high demand when the Chelsea opened.[15] The twelfth floor contained a space accessible only from the rooftop promenade; this was intended as a clinic.[6][7][31] Tenants could also use a ballroom under the roof.[15]
By the 1980s, the hotel had been subdivided into 400 rooms, many of which retained their original thick walls and fireplaces.[32] This was reduced by the 2000s to about 240[54][63] or 250 units (some with multiple rooms).[53] All of the units had a unique layout.[24][64] The rooms were accessed via wide marble corridors and varied significantly in decorative motif.[65]
Following a renovation that was completed in 2022, some decorative features, such as entry halls and doorknobs, were redesigned with monograms containing the hotel's name.[39][51] There are approximately 155 rooms,[51][40] divided into 125 single-room units and 30 suites;[40] the largest units are two-bedroom apartments with en-suite kitchens.[39] As an allusion to the Chelsea's artistic clientele, the rooms are decorated with artworks collected between the 1970s and the 1990s,[39] in addition to headboards with splattered-paint patterns.[40] Some rooms retain original fireplaces and stained glass windows.[39][51] The guestrooms also have design features such as wooden nightstands, closets with wallpaper, and marble-clad bathrooms.[51]
During the early 19th century, apartment developments in the city were generally associated with the working class, but by the late 19th century, apartments were also becoming desirable among the middle and upper classes.[66] Between 1880 and 1885, more than ninety apartment buildings were developed in the city.[67] The architect Philip Hubert and his partner James W. Pirrson had created a "Hubert Home Club" in 1880 for the Rembrandt, a six-story building on 57th Street that had been built as housing for artists.[68][69][23] This early cooperative building had rental units to help defray costs, and it also provided servants as part of the building staff.[11] The success of this model led to other "Hubert Home Clubs", including the Chelsea.[11][69][70] Hubert believed that such clubs could help entice middle- and upper-class New Yorkers to live in apartment buildings.[70][71]
After constructing several more Home Clubs in the 1880s, Hubert decided to construct a structure in Chelsea. In contrast to previous clubs, where residents were selected according to their beliefs and socioeconomic status, Hubert wanted the new building to house as diverse a group of residents as possible.[72] Hubert planned a structure as a self-contained, purpose-built artists' community, based on a concept by the philosopher Charles Fourier.[52][73] The structure, later known as the Chelsea Hotel, was originally known as the Chelsea Association Building and was to be developed by the Chelsea Association.[28][74] It is unknown who specifically devised the idea for the building.[38] A construction materials dealer named George M. Smith applied for the hotel's building permit;[38][75] he was one of several members of the Chelsea Association's building committee.[62] By contrast, a contemporary New-York Tribune article described "some 50 people of means" as having been responsible for development.[6][38]
Hubert identified a vacant site on 23rd Street between Eighth and Seventh Avenues, which had been occupied by James Ingersoll's furniture store, as well as an adjoining townhouse on 22nd Street. Hubert paid Ingersoll $175,000 (equivalent to $4,863,000 in 2023[b]) for the plots and promised Ingersoll an apartment in the new building, as well as membership in the Chelsea Association.[76] Hubert, Pirsson & Co. filed plans in early 1883 for a "cooperative club apartment house" on the site at an estimated cost of $350,000 (equivalent to $9,726,000 in 2023[b]).[30][75] In August 1883, the Chelsea Association obtained a $200,000 mortgage loan for the building (equivalent to $5,558,000 in 2023[b]) from the Equitable Life Assurance Society.[77] The same bank placed a $300,000 mortgage loan on the hotel that December (equivalent to $8,337,000 in 2023[b]).[78] By March 1884, the Chelsea Association Building was nearly complete. One account in The New York Times described the Chelsea as "the most profitable and popular of [Hubert and Pirsson's] enterprises".[23]
The Chelsea began accepting residents in 1884[4][5] and was structured as a housing cooperative.[79] Two-thirds of the original apartments were owned by Chelsea Association stockholders, and the other third were rented out.[15][80] Almost from the outset, the Chelsea was one of the most popular of Hubert's Home Clubs,[81] and there were more prospective tenants than available apartments.[80] Tippins wrote that, "from the beginning, the Chelsea was a home for eccentrics and the artists were there by design".[82] The Chelsea was located in what was then the center of New York City's theater district,[83][84] with venues such as the Booth's Theatre and the Grand Opera House nearby.[16][33]
Its early residents represented a wide variety of groups, from unmarried professionals to large families.[15] Many of the hotel's early guests were authors and artists.[62][85] According to the Real Estate Record and Guide, many construction suppliers and workers moved into the apartments rather than accept monetary compensation.[38] The building also attracted wealthy widows, government officials, and a variety of other middle- and upper-class professionals,[59] though Hubert refused to disclose residents' names for the social registers.[86] These residents largely moved from other apartment buildings.[38] There were also 30 servants, mostly immigrants from Germany and Ireland.[59]
In 1898, Lippincott's Monthly Magazine described the Chelsea as one of Manhattan's "literary shrines", in part because of the presence of residents such as Edward Eggleston and Jane Cunningham Croly.[87] Other early residents included painter Rufus Fairchild Zogbaum,[38] poet Henry Abbey, and actress Annie Russell.[62] By the end of the 19th century, the co-op was in decline due to the suspicions of New York City's middle class about apartment living, the development of houses further north in Manhattan, and the relocation of the city's theater district.[11][83] The 1893 economic crash, and the lasting effects of another crash in the 1900s, further strained the Chelsea Association's finances.[88] During the 1890s, many of the Chelsea Association's original stockholders either died, moved away, or had become involved in legal and financial controversies.[89] By the 1900s, the Chelsea was accepting a larger number of short-term visitors.[38] A Chicago Tribune reporter wrote in the late 20th century that the co-op had never "had a heyday", as many wealthy residents were already moving uptown after the hotel was completed.[58]
The building was officially converted to an apartment hotel in 1905.[33][88][90] At the time of the conversion, the Chelsea was divided into 125 units. Small studios that had been converted from maids' quarters were available for as little as $1.50 per night (equivalent to $51 in 2023[c]), while units that had one or two bedrooms cost up to $4–5 per night (equivalent to between $136 and $170 in 2023[c]).[91] In the first two decades of the 20th century, the hotel hosted events such a merchandise sales;[92] meetings of local groups, like the Chelsea Society of New York[93] and Syracuse University Club of New York;[94] and educational lectures.[95] Following the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912, several guests from the Titanic were also given rooms at the hotel.[91][96] The managers sometimes removed guests' corpses from the hotel.[91] The opening of the New York City Subway's Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line in the late 1910s had spurred development in the surrounding area, although the Hotel Chelsea remained in use as an apartment hotel.[97] One of the ground-level stores was leased to the Greater Engineering Company in 1920.[98]
Knott Hotels, a family-owned firm that operated numerous budget hotels in New York City,[99] leased the hotel in March 1921, establishing the 222 West Twenty-third Street Hotel Corporation to operate the Chelsea.[100] The lease initially ran until 1942.[101][102] By then, half of the Chelsea Association's original stockholders remained, and many parts of the hotel needed to be repaired or upgraded. Shortly after taking over, the Knotts split up some of the apartments, added a reception desk at the bottom of the Chelsea's grand staircase, closed the dining room, and added kitchenettes to existing apartments. In addition, the hotel's American floor numbering system was changed to a European floor numbering system; for instance, the second story, directly above ground level, was renumbered as floor 1.[99] The Knott family extended their lease by another 43 years in 1922, agreeing to pay a total of $6,196,000 (equivalent to $88,710,000 in 2023[b]) through the lease's projected expiration in 1985.[101][102]
The Hotel Chelsea continued to serve as a "headquarters for painters and writers", as described by the New York Herald Tribune.[103] The Hotel Carteret was erected to the east in 1927,[104] blocking eastward views from the Chelsea.[99] To attract more tenants, the Knotts decreased prices for rooms at the eastern end of the hotel.[99] In addition, the Knott family transferred the hotel's ownership to the Knott Corporation, a Delaware company, in September 1927.[105] By the end of the 1920s, the Chelsea had been further subdivided into more than 300 rooms. The Knotts had replaced the lobby's paintings with wallpaper, and they had moved the original lobby furniture to make way for a heater on a banquette. Most of the hotel's bellhops and waiters were African-American by this time. Switchboard operators and desk clerks called residents by their nicknames.[106] The Asbury Park Press called the Chelsea one of the "last ornate landmarks of a Little Old New York locality".[107]
Batchelder's Restaurant leased the Chelsea's restaurant space in early 1930.[108] During that decade, the Chelsea Hotel remained popular among artists and writers because of the low rents, the friendly atmosphere, and the fact that the residences provided large amounts of privacy. Because many of the old apartments had been subdivided, each floor had various winding corridors leading to the different rooms.[109] The low rents in particular attracted artists like John Sloan and Edgar Lee Masters.[110] There was controversy in late 1934 when then-manager Jerry Gagin commissioned a series of satirical paintings from John McKiernan, depicting three politicians.[111][d] Knott Hotels president William Knott ordered Gagin to remove the murals, but Gagin refused, and the murals were instead covered up.[111]
The last member of the Chelsea Association died around 1941, and the hotel went bankrupt around the same time.[112] The New York Bank for Savings repossessed the building at an auction in approximately July 1942. That October, the Bank for Savings sold the hotel, along with the adjacent brownstone house at 229 West 22nd Street, to the Chelsea Hotel Company at an assessed value of $561,500 (equivalent to $8,282,000 in 2023[b]). The buyers took over a $220,000 mortgage (equivalent to $3,245,000 in 2023[b]) that had been placed on the hotel.[113][114][e] At the time, the hotel had seven stores, 319 guestrooms, and 176 bathrooms.[113] Following the sale to the Chelsea Hotel Company, the hotel was operated by a syndicate of Hungarian immigrants represented by David Bard and Frank Amigo.[112] The new operators were tasked with updating the hotel, which had outdated plumbing and electrical wiring; dilapidated elevators; and dirty walls. In addition, Bard had to dispel rumors circulating among existing tenants, who believed that Bard had won the hotel in a poker game and wanted to raze it.[119]
The United States Shipping Board leased the ground and second floors in late 1942,[120] and members of the United States Maritime Service used the space as the U.S. Maritime Service Graduate Station.[121] In 1944, architect Morris Whinston filed plans for $5,000 (equivalent to $69,000 in 2023[b]) worth of alterations to the hotel.[122] The Chelsea started to become associated with bohemianism during the 1940s and 1950s,[38] and many original design details were removed during that era.[123] A 1946 article in the Troy Record noted that artists lived in 25 of the Chelsea's 300 units and that the hotel no longer served traditional celebrities.[17] The structure also hosted office tenants such as the World Congress of the Partisans of Peace on the ground floor.[124] Bard had grown exasperated of the tenants' complaints by 1947, when he sold most of his shares to desk clerk Julius Krauss and plumber Joseph Gross, retaining five percent of his shares in the building.[125] During this era, the hotel often served as a gathering place for left-wing and socialist activists; for instance, one of the ground-floor spaces was occupied by left-wing organizers who supported the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.[126]
Bard again became involved in the hotel's operations by the early 1950s.[125] By then, additional apartments had been subdivided, and the interiors had been significantly modified. The floors had been covered with linoleum; the walls had been painted over; and the skylight above the Chelsea's main staircase had been sealed.[127] Bard, Gross, and Krauss jointly operated the hotel through the rest of this decade.[115] The El Quijote restaurant, operated by a group of Spanish immigrants,[128] moved to the Hotel Chelsea in 1955.[44] The next year, inspectors found that the hotel had accumulated sixteen violations of city building codes.[129] By the late 1950s, the Chelsea had begun to accept black residents, starting with the printmaker Robert Blackburn, and European artists were increasingly moving in.[128] David Bard had sold all of his remaining hotels and spent large amounts of his time talking to the artists and authors who resided there.[128] His son Stanley, who would later manage the hotel himself, recalled being jealous of the hotel because David spent all of his time there.[130][131]
By the beginning of the 1960s, the Chelsea Hotel was known as the "Dowager of 23rd Street",[33] and the surrounding area was populated with what Tippins referred to as "tawdry bars and low-rent offices".[132] Nearly all of the entertainment venues in the area had been replaced with stores and apartments.[33] Most of the hotel's occupants were long-term residents, who rarely moved away[133] due to the low rental rates.[134] Nouveaux Realistes artists also began to frequent the hotel in the 1960s,[135] and pop artists often collaborated there by 1962.[136] The New York Community Trust installed a plaque outside the building in 1962, detailing the hotel's history.[33] Other plaques honoring specific residents were installed in the mid-1960s, including those for the author Thomas Wolfe[137] and the poet Brendan Behan.[138]
Stanley Bard became manager in 1964 after his father died.[139][140] Stanley, who had been a plumber's assistant at the hotel since 1957[139] or 1958,[58] was already familiar with many of the hotel's artistic residents when he assumed the managerial role.[140] He began trying to attract artists who had been rejected from other hotels.[74][118] Bard did not run advertisements, instead attracting new residents via word of mouth.[117] The remaining co-owners, Joseph Gross and Julius Krauss, continued to work under Stanley Bard.[141]
Stanley Bard was less strict than his predecessors, allowing residents to combine apartments on the basis of a handshake deal.[74] Residents could install their own art, and pets might be allowed based on Stanley's whims.[58] Film director Ethan Hawke, a onetime resident, recalled that Stanley charged residents different rates based on whether he liked them;[74] a headline in The Wall Street Journal proclaimed that "If Stanley Bard likes your wife you'll get a room at the Chelsea".[117] Bard generally had a lax attitude toward unpaid rent;[24][55] he sometimes accepted paintings created by residents who were unable to pay rent,[50][74] and he started displaying these works in the lobby.[141] Another resident who could not afford rent was hired as a bellhop.[60] Despite Bard's cavalier attitude toward guests' activities, he closely monitored all aspects of the hotel and sometimes refused to rent rooms to people who were disruptive or those that he disliked.[117]
Although Bard sometimes did not pay attention to maintenance (leading one resident to say that "the place was held together with Scotch tape"),[142] he helped curate the artistic community there,[54] providing artists with materials and looking after their children.[140] The hotel also came to be known as a place where creative and eccentric figures stayed.[27][143][130] Bard stated in 1975 that he had friendships with tenants, not "tenant–landlord" relationships,[144] and residents were free to walk into his office and talk with him.[27] Bard had a bookcase in his office, with books written by residents.[145][118] Tippins writes that Bard's inobtrusive management approach, along with the "self-directing population ... and members' willingness to live in the moment", created a strong artistic culture at the hotel.[146]
By the mid-1960s, the hotel began to attract artists who frequented Andy Warhol's Factory studio,[147] as well as rock musicians (who were not allowed in many other hotels).[148][149] The Austin American described the hotel as having "400 rooms, 150 kitchens, and 150 fireplaces".[150] The hotel was physically decaying during that time,[147] though the facade was cleaned.[150] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the Hotel Chelsea as a city landmark in March 1966,[151][152] a decision ratified by the New York City Board of Estimate that June,[153][154] despite opposition from a local planning board, which called the Chelsea a "shabby institution".[153][155] The hotel, which was recognized for both architectural and historical significance,[29][147] thus became one of the city's first official landmarks.[29] Later the same year, Bard decided to redecorate the lobby[156] after the release of Warhol's film Chelsea Girls drew attention to the hotel.[156][157] The staircase was also cleaned in phases from top to bottom.[158]
The popularity of Chelsea Girls—along with that of the album Blonde on Blonde, written by Chelsea Hotel resident Bob Dylan—attracted many aspiring artists and actors to the hotel during the late 1960s, in spite of its rundown condition.[159] About half of the rooms were occupied by permanent residents by the early 1970s; although new residents had to pay at least $400 (equivalent to $3,138 in 2023[c]) per month, older residents were protected by rent regulation and paid as little as $155 a month (equivalent to $1,216 in 2023[c]).[74] Variety magazine wrote that the Chelsea was "the only landmark building still doing business" from the time when the neighborhood was a major theatrical hub.[160] The hotel's residents included many stage and film stars, artists, and "less conventional celebrities", who stayed despite the lack of modern amenities and the presence of pests.[144] The cheapest units tended to have more issues.[161] For many residents, however, there was "no life outside the Hotel", so they did not feel compelled to move.[162] By the early 1970s, residents were increasingly unable to pay rent because of a general economic downturn,[163] and Bard was forced to evict some residents to reduce expenses.[164]
The hotel was in decline by the mid-1970s, with graffitied walls and a cockroach infestation.[82][165] Residents removed some of the stained-glass windows and iron grates for scrap.[166] It was common to see drug users in bathrooms and drug dealers in the hallways,[82] and a brothel also operated openly within the hotel.[167] Resident suicides and fires were frequent,[167][168] as were robberies.[163] Robbers held several residents hostage in a 1974 robbery,[130][169] and the Chelsea was damaged in a 1978 fire that killed one resident.[57] The death of Nancy Spungen at the hotel in 1978,[170] and the death of her boyfriend—Sid Vicious, who had been charged with her murder—the next year, brought further negative attention to the hotel.[82][171] Nonetheless, the Chelsea's reputation as an artists' and authors' haven remained intact.[14] Although there were frequent remarks about the "downright creepy" atmosphere,[172] many residents remained in spite of the decline in both the hotel and the surrounding neighborhood.[173] Bard dispelled concerns by saying that any major crime at the hotel was covered by the media due to the Chelsea's bohemian nature.[130] According to Laurie Johnston of The Times, the hotel had "some glittery (and, to some old-liners, scary) clientele among rock musicians and such".[174] The hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.[165]
Bard and the Chelsea's residents had planned a centennial celebration in November 1983,[19][175] though the celebration was delayed by a year.[176] Bard said at the time that he wanted "to keep the atmosphere kooky but nice, eccentric but beautiful",[32] rather than updating the hotel to keep up with the surrounding neighborhood's gentrification.[19] He accommodated residents' creativity and maintained close relationships with tenants,[32][177] to the point that residents spoke with staff "as they were family" and walked behind Bard's desk to get their own mail.[175] The hotel also attracted many tourists who wanted to experience its "eccentric" nature, although the staff mainly catered to long-term residents.[177] The Chelsea was still cheap; nightly room rates were about one-third that of more upscale hotels uptown, and studios there were less expensive than others in the neighborhood.[19] By the mid-1980s, the hotel largely catered to the punk subculture,[58] and it was 80 percent residential by the late 1980s.[178] The hotel building itself remained in a state of disrepair:[38] for instance, a balcony fell off the facade in 1986, injuring two passersby.[179] The balcony's collapse prompted a subsequent renovation of the building.[180]
After Bard's children David and Michele became involved in the hotel's operation during the 1990s,[74] they completed a $500,000 renovation of the facade in 1990 and renovated one of the sixth-floor rooms.[181] David Bard upgraded the lobby's equipment,[64] and the family subdivided the ground-level ladies' reception room into a set of offices, but they left the ceiling murals intact.[38] The reception desk had been relocated to a niche off the main lobby.[182] The Chelsea's reputation for "wildness" receded in the 1990s, though the hotel continued to attract artistic tenants under Bard's management.[167] Long-term residents paid up to $3,000 a month in rent, while short-term guestrooms cost up to $295.[90] Short-term guests also traveled to the hotel for a variety of reasons. Some wished to stay in rooms occupied by particular residents,[183] while others traveled there because of their cheap rates.[184][185] The guestrooms lacked modern amenities such as minibars, room service, and cable TV.[90][186]
In spite of Stanley Bard's unorthodox approach to rent collection, the hotel's finances remained stable in the 1990s.[187] The Bards continued to renovate selected rooms as part of a wide-ranging rehabilitation,[187][188] and they also renovated the lobby.[189] By the end of the 20th century, three-fourths of the hotel was occupied by long-term residents,[184][38] and monthly rents ranged from $2,000 to $5,000.[25] Bard wished to maintain the hotel's character, showing preference to artists over other potential tenants.[190] There was also an art gallery[191] and a basement bar named Serena.[192][193]
Unfounded rumors of a potential sale were circulating by the end of the 20th century.[116] Marlene Krauss, the daughter of Julius Krauss, told Bard to stop renewing long-term residents' leases in 2005.[53] Meanwhile, longtime resident David Elder (the grandson of Joseph Gross and the son of playwright and screenwriter Lonne Elder III) filed a lawsuit in 2005 to have Bard removed as the hotel's manager.[194] At the time, three-fifths of the hotel's 240–250 rooms were occupied by permanent residents.[53] Temporary guestrooms and permanent residents' rooms were interspersed.[54] As a result of rising expenses, there were fewer penurious artists living in the Chelsea compared to the mid- and late 20th century.[195] A nightclub called the Star Lounge opened in the Chelsea's basement in early 2007.[196]
In 2007, an arbitrator ruled that Bard's family owned 58 percent of the hotel's value but that his partners had a majority stake in the operation.[148] In addition, Bard was ordered to pay back $1 million and gave Marlene Krauss and David Elder control over the hotel for ten years.[197][198] The hotel's board of directors ousted Bard in June 2007,[53][199] after Krauss and Elder claimed that Bard had allowed tenants to stay even if they had fallen far behind on their rent.[197] Krauss and Elder hired BD Hotels to manage the Chelsea.[200] BD Hotels attempted to correct several violations of city building codes and obtain documentation on tenants who were not registered with the city government.[201] The new operators also opened a basement lounge and restored the ballroom.[202] Krauss wished to increase the number of short-term guests[53][201] and renovate the retail space.[53]
The hotel stopped leasing apartments in 2007;[203] filmmaker Sam Bassett became the last long-term resident to sign a lease at the hotel.[204] Many hotel residents feared that the plans would change the character of the hotel, one of the few remaining non-gentrified places in Chelsea,[56][201] and they expressed concerns that the new manager was not accommodating toward them.[205] At the time, Krauss and Elder were evicting tenants and were planning a renovation of the hotel.[206][203] Elder denied that tenants were being targeted, saying that all of the evicted tenants had failed to pay rent;[203] according to BD Hotels officials, some tenants owed more than $10,000.[202] BD Hotels was fired in April 2008[207] and subsequently filed a wrongful dismissal lawsuit against the hotel's operators.[167][208] Andrew Tilley was hired to manage the hotel in June 2008[209] and continued to serve eviction notices to tenants.[210] The hotel was involved in other controversies such as a disagreement over the demolition of an apartment once occupied by Bob Dylan.[211] Tilley resigned after seven months, citing tenant harassment.[212]
Elder took over direct management of the hotel in 2009.[55][203] Under Elder's management, the hotel phased out long-term leases in favor of 25-day leases.[203] By 2010, ninety long-term residents remained; another forty had moved out during the previous three years.[167] A nightclub known as the Chelsea Room opened in the basement that October,[213] after the former Star Lounge's space had been gutted.[214] The Chelsea's 15 shareholders put the hotel up for sale in October 2010,[202][215] when there were 125 short-term guestrooms and 100 apartments.[202] Real-estate experts estimated that a buyer would have to spend hundreds of thousands of dollars to renovate each room, overcoming tenant opposition and restrictions posed by the hotel's city-landmark status.[216] Stanley Bard's son David made a bid to buy the Chelsea,[142] as did developer Aby Rosen[217] and hoteliers Ian Schrager and André Balazs.[217][218] A Doughnut Plant shop opened at the hotel in early 2011.[219]
Real estate developer Joseph Chetrit announced in May 2011 that he had bought the hotel for $80 million.[217][220] Chetrit stopped taking reservations for new guests that July[221][222] and officially took title to the hotel the next month.[223] Gene Kaufman was hired to design a renovation of the Chelsea,[60][224] which was funded by an $85 million loan from Natixis.[225] Kaufman intended to change the room layouts and renovate vacant retail space in the basement and ground floor.[24] Residents protected by state rent regulation laws were allowed to remain,[226] but the staff were fired.[60] Chetrit also moved to evict a tattoo parlor[227] and some of the non-rent-regulated residents.[228][229][230] That September, resident Zoe Pappas formed the Chelsea Tenants Association,[231] which about half of the remaining residents joined.[227][229] The Chelsea's managers ordered that all artwork be placed into storage in November, prompting more tenant complaints;[226] a rooftop garden tended by residents was also destroyed.[232]
From 2011 to 2013, residents filed a large number of lawsuits against Chetrit.[231] Tenants complained that the project was creating health hazards,[233] although the city's Building Department found no major violations of building codes.[234] Following a lawsuit in December 2011,[235] a state court ordered Chetrit to clean the air in the hotel.[236] King & Grove Hotels was hired in January 2012 to operate the hotel,[237] and Chetrit proposed a rooftop addition shortly afterward,[238] which the LPC approved despite concerns from residents.[239] Chetrit was ordered to fix additional building violations in May 2012[240] after tenants alleged that the renovation created toxic dust and allowed mold and rust to spread.[241] Other tenant lawsuits included a dispute over a deceased tenant's artwork[242] and a complaint over disrupted gas, heat, and hot water service.[243] In addition, Chetrit sued Bard in early 2013, claiming that Bard had overrepresented the hotel's value.[244]
Chetrit, David Bistricer and King & Grove Hotels CEO, Ed Scheetz co-owned the hotel until August 2013,[245][246] when Scheetz took over the Chelsea Hotel.[246][247] King & Grove and existing residents agreed on a rent settlement the next month,[248] in which residents could stay in upgraded apartments.[249] Scheetz continued to evict other tenants who had fallen behind on rent.[250] At the time, there were 65 remaining apartments and 170 guestrooms.[246] Chetrit canceled all of the work permits for the Chelsea's renovation at the end of 2013, and all work was temporarily stopped until King & Grove applied for new permits.[251] Scheetz also hired Marvel Architects to modify Kaufman's designs,[252] prompting a lawsuit from Kaufman.[253]
After rebranding King & Grove as Chelsea Hotels in 2014,[254] Scheetz bought the El Quijote restaurant that year.[255] The Chelsea Hotel Storefront Gallery also opened at ground level in 2014.[256] Following a campaign led by residents,[257] Scheetz agreed to preserve a first-floor suite once occupied by the poet Dylan Thomas.[258][259] Scheetz also wished to renovate 52 remaining apartments, which were occupied by 83 tenants. Accordingly, he offered to buy out their apartments, move them to the lower stories, or move them temporarily to the Martha Washington Hotel.[260] By mid-2015, Scheetz and his partners Bill Ackman, Joseph Steinberg, and Wheelock Street Capital had spent $185 million on renovations, which were not expected to be completed for two years.[261] Scheetz had withdrawn from the Chelsea Hotel project entirely by March 2016, after a series of budget overruns and delays, although his partners retained a stake in the project.[262]
BD Hotels took over the hotel's operation that July and began working to renovate 120 of the hotel rooms, as well as restoring or preserving the apartments of 51 existing tenants. At the time, the renovation was planned to be completed in 2018.[263] SIR Chelsea LLC, led by Sean MacPherson, Ira Drukier, and Richard Born, bought the Chelsea Hotel in October 2016 for $250 million.[264] MacPherson led additional renovations at the hotel, including restoration of artwork and design features,[265] as well as new public areas like a bar and spa on the roof.[266][267] To convince mayor Bill de Blasio to approve further changes, Drukier and Born sent tens of thousands of dollars to various funds for de Blasio.[268] Bard's collection of paintings was sold off in 2017 after he died,[269][270] and work was again halted that year when the city found high concentrations of lead in the dust.[271] By then, two single room occupancy apartments remained in the Chelsea, and many tenants had temporarily relocated.[272] Some of the hotel's original doors were removed and sold at auction in 2018.[273][274]
El Quijote was closed temporarily in March 2018 for renovations.[275][276] The next year, several holdout tenants filed a lawsuit to retain control of their apartments.[277][278] The renovation project was halted, and the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development mandated that the hotel's owners obtain a certificate of no harassment.[279] Work on the renovation had mostly stalled by early 2020 due to a harassment lawsuit against the owners,[280] though a state judge dismissed that suit.[281] The city government also contended that the owners had harassed the tenants,[282] and further lawsuits were filed throughout that year.[283] Other residents, who wanted the hotel's renovation to be completed quickly, sided with the owners.[280][283] Work resumed in early 2021,[279] after the city government said that January that it would not pursue a tenant-harassment investigation against the owners.[284] The hotel's owners sued the city in May 2021, claiming that the construction delays had cost them $100 million.[285]
El Quijote reopened in February 2022,[46] and the Hotel Chelsea soft-reopened to transient guests the next month.[286] Initially, the rooms were rented at a discount while work continued.[74] The Bard Room opened at ground level in June 2022,[287] and the hotel fully reopened in mid-2022.[266] At the time, there were still 40 permanent residents, and the cheapest suite cost $700 per night.[50] Disputes continued over the preservation of Dylan Thomas's apartment,[288] and the hotel's owners still had an open lawsuit against the city.[289] Café Chelsea, a French bistro, opened within the hotel in July 2023.[47]
Over the years, the Chelsea has become particularly well-known for its residents,[79] who have come from all social classes.[32] The New York Times described the hotel in 2001 as a "roof for creative heads", given the large number of such personalities who have stayed at the Chelsea;[290] the previous year, the same newspaper had characterized the list of tenants as "living history".[191] The journalist Pete Hamill characterized the hotel's clientele as "radicals in the 1930s, British sailors in the 40s, Beats in the 50s, hippies in the 60s, decadent poseurs in the 70s".[64] Although early tenants were wealthy, the Chelsea attracted less well-off tenants by the mid-20th century,[85] and many writers, musicians, and artists lived at the Hotel Chelsea when they were short on money.[265] Accordingly, the Chelsea's guest list had almost zero overlap with that of the more fashionable Plaza Hotel crosstown.[187]
New York magazine wrote that "people who lived in the hotel slept together as often as they celebrated holidays together", particularly under Stanley Bard's tenure.[142] Despite the high number of notable people associated with the Chelsea, its residents typically desired privacy and frowned upon those who used their relationships with their neighbors to further their own careers.[161]
The Hotel Chelsea has housed numerous literary figures, some of whom wrote their books there. Arthur C. Clarke wrote 2001: A Space Odyssey while staying at the Chelsea,[32][291] calling the hotel his "spiritual home" despite its condition.[292] Thomas Wolfe lived in the hotel before his death in 1938,[139][293] writing several books such as You Can't Go Home Again;[290] he often walked around the halls to gain inspiration for his writing.[32] William S. Burroughs also lived at the Chelsea.[32][294][186] While living at the Chelsea, Edgar Lee Masters wrote 18 poetry books,[293] often wandering the hotel for hours.[17]
Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (who lived with his wife Caitlin Thomas[73][127]) was staying in room 205 when he became ill and died in 1953,[291][294] while American poet Delmore Schwartz spent the last few years of his life in seclusion at the Chelsea before he died in 1966.[295] Irish poet Brendan Behan, a severe alcoholic who had been ejected from the Algonquin Hotel, lived at the hotel for several months before his death in 1964.[73] Many poets of the Beat poetry movement also lived at the Chelsea before the Beat Hotel in Paris became popular.[73]
Other authors, writers, and journalists who stayed or lived at the hotel have included:
The hotel has been home to actors, film directors, producers, and comedians. The actress Sara Lowndes moved to a room adjoining that of musician Bob Dylan before the two married in 1965.[310] Edie Sedgwick, an actress and Warhol superstar, set her room on fire by accident in 1967,[40][157] while Viva, another Warhol superstar,[116] lived at the Chelsea with her daughter Gaby Hoffmann.[311] Members of the Squat Theatre Company also stayed in the hotel in the 1970s while performing nearby.[312]
Other entertainment personalities who lived or stayed at the Chelsea include:
Composer and critic Virgil Thomson, once described by The New York Times as the hotel's "most illustrious tenant",[323] lived at the hotel for nearly five decades before his death in 1989.[324] The composer George Kleinsinger lived with his pet animals on the tenth floor.[143][144] The activist Stormé DeLarverie was also a long-term resident,[40] as was the drag queen Candy Darling.[73]
The Chelsea was particularly popular among rock musicians and rock and roll musicians in the 1970s.[85] These included Sid Vicious of the Sex Pistols, who allegedly stabbed his girlfriend Nancy Spungen to death at the hotel in 1978;[170][291] after Vicious's death, their room was split into two units to prevent the room from being turned into a shrine.[85][90] Numerous rock bands frequented the Chelsea as well, including the Allman Brothers, the Band, Big Brother and the Holding Company, the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, the Byrds, Country Joe and the Fish, Jefferson Airplane, Lovin' Spoonful, Moby Grape, the Mothers of Invention, Quicksilver Messenger Service, Sly and the Family Stone, and the Stooges.[186][325] The Kills wrote much of their album No Wow at the Chelsea prior to its release in 2005.[326] The Grateful Dead once performed on the roof.[148][149]
Other prominent musical acts that stayed in the Chelsea include:
Many visual artists, including painters, sculptors, and photographers, have resided at the Chelsea. The painter John Sloan lived in one of the top-floor duplexes until his death in 1951,[338] painting portraits of both the Chelsea and nearby buildings.[339] Joseph Glasco lived at the Chelsea in 1949 and then lived there on recurring visits and painted Chelsea Hotel (1992) there.[340] During the 1960s, acolytes of the polymath Harry Everett Smith frequently gathered around his apartment.[341] The painter Alphaeus Philemon Cole lived there for 35 years until his death in 1988 when, at the age of 112, he was the oldest verified man alive.[342][343] The artist Vali Myers lived at the hotel from 1971 to 2014,[344] while conceptual artist Bettina Grossman lived in the Chelsea from 1970 to her death in 2021.[345] Although Andy Warhol never lived in the hotel, many of his associates did.[178]
Other artists who have lived at the Chelsea include:
One early resident of the Chelsea, U.S. congressman-elect Andrew J. Campbell, died at his apartment in 1894 before he could be sworn in.[89][366] The choreographer Katherine Dunham, who rehearsed at the hotel in the 1960s,[135][19] was one of the few dance–associated figures to stay in the Chelsea.[331] Communist Party USA leader Elizabeth Gurley Flynn lived at the hotel,[38][328] as did event producer Susanne Bartsch.[230]
Several fashion designers have lived at the Chelsea. Charles James, credited with being America's first couturier who influenced fashion in the 1940s and 1950s, moved into the Chelsea in 1964.[367] The designer Elizabeth Hawes lived in the Chelsea until her death in 1971.[368] Billy Reid used one of the Chelsea's rooms as an office, studio, and showroom starting in 1998.[369] After returning to New York City in 2001, Natalie "Alabama" Chanin briefly lived in the Chelsea Hotel.[370]
Life magazine characterized the hotel in 1964 as "New York's most illustrious third-rate hotel";[266] the same year, The New York Times described the Chelsea Hotel as having "long represented the cultural mood that is now spreading through the West 20s".[371] Another journalist called the hotel in 1965 an "Ellis Island of the avant-garde".[74] A Boston Globe reporter said that, while the hotel was internally known as an artists' residence, "those on the outside are confused by the names and the rococo facade of stories that have dragged the Chelsea down like an old roue to the bottom of history".[158] Donna Hilts of The Washington Post wrote in 1975 that "the beatnik '50s, the hip '60s, the freaky '70s—each found a way of appreciating the freedom, the tradition and the old rug coziness of the Chelsea".[144] Paul Goldberger of The New York Times wrote in 1981 that the Chelsea "has had a history that is something of a cross between the Algonquin Hotel and a crash pad",[372] and British reporter Peter Ackroyd wrote in 1983 that the Chelsea was reputed as "one of the least stuffy hotels in New York".[118] A Chicago Tribune reporter said in 1983 that the Chelsea "has certainly set standards of its own".[130]
In 1993, The New York Times wrote: "Stubbornly resistant to change, the Chelsea is—still—hip."[64] The same reporter described the hotel as a "Tower of Babel of creativity and bad behavior" that nonetheless remained successful.[187][64] In 1995, The Philadelphia Inquirer contrasted the hotel with the more upscale Algonquin Hotel in Midtown Manhattan, which was also known for its literary scene.[373] The Washington Post described the hotel's lax management in 1999 as "a factor that attracted a stellar crop of artists in its century of operation",[186] while a GQ writer said the same year that "there are two Statues of Liberty on New York—the one for immigrants out by Ellis Island and the one for weirdos at 222 West 23rd Street".[131] In the 2000s, the Irish Times said that the Chelsea was "reputed to be the last Bohemian place on earth".[374] Variety described the hotel as having "long been synonymous with the bohemian scene",[375] and The Advertiser of Adelaide wrote that "The Chelsea exists as a microcosm of New York."[54]
The New York Observer wrote in 2010 that the Chelsea's "hulking physicality" distinguished the hotel from neighboring structures, though "it's the litany of cultural touchstones in (or formerly in) residence that makes it the Chelsea".[216] According to The Telegraph, the hotel "had something that no amount of money or interior decoration could buy: a singular style and a unique legend".[85] Sherill Tippins said in 2022, "It's hard to imagine what American culture would be like if we hadn't had the Chelsea. It's an enormous factory of creative thought and ideas."[265] The New York Times compared the Christodora House in the East Village to the Hotel Chelsea.[376]
When the hotel was completed, a writer for the New-York Tribune regarded the hotel's "finish and appointments" as a "very close second" to that of the Navarro Flats on Central Park South,[377] while the Courier Journal described the Chelsea as "the latest triumph of civilization".[7] According to David Goodman Croly, the building's design signified the fact that New Yorkers had become "more capable of organization, more sociable, more gregarious than before".[37] The Sun wrote that the Chelsea was one of numerous "living temples of humanity" that could be used as a model for urban apartment living.[86]
In the mid-20th century, the hotel's decor was the subject of negative commentary. Yevgeny Yevtushenko likened the smell of his room to the Dachau concentration camp,[57][85] and Arthur Miller said the decor was more akin to "Guatemalan maybe, or outer Queens" than a "grand hotel".[85] Donna Hilts said in 1975 that the hotel's brick facade "reminds a visitor of a Victorian dowager, down on her luck, cracked and faded, but still trying to keep up appearances".[144] The Associated Press wrote in 1978 that the hotel's lobby was "singularly unprepossessing", with tenants' art juxtaposed with the original fireplace,[27] while a Newsday reporter described the space as "a museum of the anarchic monstrosities of the 1960s".[175] Paul Goldberger praised the architecture but disliked its neon sign, saying that "the building is so strong as a work of architecture that the sign compromises it not a bit".[372] Ackroyd said in 1983 that his room was "not particularly comfortable [but] has a grim splendour of its own".[118]
Terry Trucco wrote for The New York Times in 1991 that her room "got plenty of light and was oddly cheerful", though she described the furniture as old and the bathroom as "ghastly";[378] a writer for The Boston Globe said the same year that the corridors felt like "an institution in long decline".[379] A writer for The Palm Beach Post, reviewing the hotel in 1996, said that the rooms were large but "not especially clean".[380] The New York Times wrote in 1998 that the hotel's hallways resembled a street in Venice or Rome and that the apartments were "furnished in an artistic collision of styles".[38] The Observer of London called the Chelsea's lobby "an overgrown taxidermist's Valhalla" in 2000.[116] The Poughkeepsie Journal wrote in 2002 that the Chelsea stood "in the middle of the block with an air of quiet dignity", with its balconies being its most prominent feature.[182] A New York Times reviewer wrote in 2005 that, despite the hotel's worn-down condition, its "grungy elegance" was preferable to chain hotels' "soulless architecture".[65]
After the hotel reopened in 2022, the Financial Times wrote, "Depending on one's nostalgist leanings, the new Hotel Chelsea is either a travesty of history, or instantly on the must-do list."[39] A critic for Condé Nast Traveler wrote, "The design isn't too flashy, isn't too rock-and-roll, isn't too homey, yet it has a lick of each of these elements."[51]
The Chelsea has been the setting or inspiration for many works of popular media.[74] In addition, many art events and photography shoots have taken place at the hotel, and several films have been shot there as well.[63]
The hotel has been featured in several documentaries. Its history was chronicled in the 2008 documentary Chelsea on the Rocks, directed by Abel Ferrara,[375][381] and the 2022 documentary Dreaming Walls: Inside the Chelsea Hotel, executive-produced by Martin Scorsese.[382][383] An episode of the TV series An American Family, aired on PBS in 1973, was mostly filmed at the Chelsea,[384][385] as was an episode of the documentary series Arena.[386] The 1986 film Sid and Nancy, by Alex Cox, chronicled the lives of residents Sid Vicious and Nancy Spungen and the circumstances leading up to Spungen's murder in the hotel.[387]
The Chelsea has also been used as a setting for other films. Andy Warhol and Paul Morrissey directed Chelsea Girls (1966), a film about Warhol's Factory regulars and their lives at the hotel,[307][388] and Shirley Clarke's 1967 film Portrait of Jason also used the hotel as a setting.[389] Parts of Sandy Daley's 1971 short film Robert Having His Nipple Pierced were filmed at the Chelsea on a budget of less than $2,000.[390] Ethan Hawke directed the 2001 film Chelsea Walls about a new generation of artists living at the hotel.[391][392] Other films with scenes shot at the Chelsea include Tally Brown, New York (1979);[393] 9½ Weeks (1986);[394] Anna (1987);[395] Léon: The Professional (1994);[396] and the horror film Hotel Chelsea (2009).[397]
The hotel was featured in many songs. Joni Mitchell is sometimes cited as having written the song "Chelsea Morning" about her room in the hotel.[186][398][f] Leonard Cohen and Janis Joplin had an affair there in 1968 (as memorialized in a plaque installed there in 2009[400]), and Cohen later wrote the song "Chelsea Hotel", as well as another version titled "Chelsea Hotel No. 2", about it.[195][294][401] Bob Dylan wrote the songs "Visions of Johanna"[263][402] and "Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands" there, mentioning this in "Sara".[294][403] Additionally, Nico's "Chelsea Girls" is about the hotel and its inhabitants.[294][403] Jorma Kaukonen wrote the song "Third Week in the Chelsea" for Jefferson Airplane's 1971 album Bark after spending three weeks living in the Chelsea.[403] Other songs featuring the hotel include "Midnight in Chelsea" by Bon Jovi,[274] "Hotel Chelsea Nights" by Ryan Adams,[404] "Chelsea Hotel '78" by Alejandro Escovedo,[405] "Bruce Wayne Campbell Interviewed on the Roof of the Chelsea Hotel, 1979" by Okkervil River,[406] and "Chelsea" by Phoebe Bridgers.[407] The hotel has been mentioned in other songs as well, such as Taylor Swift's 2024 song The Tortured Poets Department.[408]
Stillman Foster Kneeland wrote a poem in 1914, "Roofland", which commemorated the nights that he spent on the Chelsea's roof garden.[91] Similarly, Edgar Lee Masters wrote an ode to the hotel while living there.[409][379] Arthur Miller wrote a short piece, "The Chelsea Affect", describing life at the Chelsea Hotel in the early 1960s.[410] Nicolaia Rips wrote the memoir Trying to Float: Coming of Age in the Chelsea Hotel in 2016.[411]
The hotel has been the subject of several nonfiction accounts and photographical books. Robert Baral's 1965 book Turn West on 23rd devoted a chapter to the hotel,[156] while Claudio Edinger's 1983 book Chelsea Hotel consisted of photographs of the hotel and its residents.[19][352] Florence Turner's 1987 book At the Chelsea doubled as a memoir and a description of the hotel's occupants.[412] Ed Hamilton, who moved into the Chelsea in 1995, launched the Living with Legends blog about the hotel in 2005;[413] information from that blog was collated in the 2007 book Legends of the Chelsea Hotel.[414] The hotel was also described in Sherill Tippins's 2013 book Inside the Dream Palace,[73][415] as well as Victoria Cohen's 2013 coffee table book Hotel Chelsea.[416] In 2019, the photographer Colin Miller published the book Hotel Chelsea: Living in the Last Bohemian Haven, which included pictures of the remaining apartments' interiors.[417]
Several pieces of fiction have been set at the hotel, such as Stuart Cloete's 1947 short story The Blast, describing New York City after a nuclear holocaust.[126] Henry Van Dyke's 1969 book Blood of Strawberries, a black comedy, revolved around a group of fictional bohemians who lived at the hotel.[418] Dee Dee Ramone wrote the book Chelsea Horror Hotel in 2001,[361][419] and Fiona Davis used it as a setting in her 2019 novel Chelsea Girls.[420] Joseph O'Neill wrote the novel Netherland partly based on his experience living at the hotel.[361][294]
The Chelsea hosted a multimedia festival in 1989, At the Chelsea, which celebrated the hotel's history with theatrical shows, music, and performance art.[421] Nicole Burdette's play Chelsea Walls, first performed in 1990,[422] was the basis for the similarly-named 2001 film.[392] In 2013, Welsh choreographers Jessica Cohen and Jim Ennis choreographed a dance piece inspired by the Chelsea Hotel; the piece depicts four fictional couples, who are loosely based on real-life hotel residents.[331] The multimedia performance "Young Artists at the Chelsea", dramatizing the lives of some of the residents, was presented in a gallery in the hotel in 2015.[423]
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
Hawes, Elizabeth (1993). New York, New York: How the Apartment House Transformed the Life of the City (1869-1930). A Borzoi book. A.A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-55641-3.
Hamilton, Ed (2007). Legends of the Chelsea Hotel: Living with the Artists and Outlaws at New York's Rebel Mecca. Hachette Books. ISBN 978-1-56858-379-2.
Hotel Chelsea (PDF) (Report). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. December 27, 1977.
Tippins, Sherill (2013). Inside the Dream Palace: the Life and Times of New York's Legendary Chelsea Hotel. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-9561-1.
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USTA Adult & Senior National Championships
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Find the complete list of all USTA adult and senior national champions, including trophy-winners in men's, women's, mixed, family, and parks events.
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SINGLES: 1967, Brian R. Tobin; 1968-70, Not held; 1971, Sam Giammalva; 1972, Mal Anderson; 1973, Eugene L. Scott; 1974, Eugene L. Scott; 1975, Bob Hewitt; 1976-78, Not held; 1979, Robert Siska; 1980, Colin Dibley; 1981, Colin Dibley; 1982, Colin Dibley; 1983, Colin Dibley; 1984, Pat Cramer; 1985, Colin Dibley; 1986, John James; 1987, Alvin Gardiner; 1988, Colin Dibley; 1989, Frederick McNair; 1990, Bob Litwin; 1991, Robert Hubbard; 1992, Marty Wolf; 1993, Mike Barr; 1994, Vallis Wilder; 1995, Vallis Wilder; 1996, Vallis Wilder; 1997, William Schultz; 1998, Daniel Montes de Oca; 1999, Orlando Lourenco; 2000, Alex Dias; 2001, Daniel Montes De Oca; 2002, Vallis Wilder; 2003, Vallis Wilder; 2004, Mario Tabares; 2005, Andy Lake; 2006, Juan Parker; 2007, Oren Motevassel; 2008, Willie Dann; 2009, Guillaume Gauthier; 2010, Willie Dann; 2011, Fazal Syed; 2012, Hyon Yoo; 2013, Michael Halperin; 2014, Mark Tepes; 2015, Paulo Barros; 2016, Anthony Perkins; 2017, Matthew Hane; 2018, Matthew Hane.
DOUBLES: 1979, Bob Duesler - Henry Leichtfried; 1980, Jim Osborne - Richard Johnson; 1981, Eugene L. Scott - Butch Seewagen; 1982, Pat Cramer - George Seewagen, Jr.; 1983, Richard Johnson - Gene Malin; 1984, Don Brosseau - Guillermo Oropez; 1985, Colin Dibley - Butch Seewagen; 1986, Phil Landauer - Neal Newman; 1987, Larry Loeb - Roger McKee; 1988, Colin Dibley - John James; 1989, Joe McGuire - Michael Vogl; 1990, Mike Vogl - Sal Castillo; 1991, Dan Hanson - Tom Smith; 1992, Ross Persons - Dick Schneider; 1993, Jeff Davis - Jim Flower; 1994, Mike Barr - Ken Thomas; 1995, John Chatlack - Bob Horne; 1996, Peter Bromley - Andres Fanjul; 1997, Sam Fotopoulos - Kevin Lehr; 1998, Ned Eames - William Schultz; 1999, John Chatlack - Douglas Small; 2000, Al Harnandez - Jeff Wolf; 2001, William Donadio - Richard Schmidt; 2002, Carlos Garcia - Mark Harrison; 2003, Garry Nadebaum - Randy Vigmostad; 2004, Juan Diaz - Mario Tabares; 2005, Andy Lake - Kline Sack; 2006, Brian Cory - Rick Kepler; 2007, Willie Dann - Lewis Miller; 2008, Willie Dann - Lewis Miller; 2009, Guillaume Gauthier - Kline Sack; 2010, Willie Dann - Lewis Miller; 2011, Mark Tepes - Gabriel Venter; 2012, Robert Bull - Jared Jacobs; 2013, Guillaume Gauthier - Jared Jacobs; 2014, Jonathan Pastel - Jeff Tonidandel; 2015, Cary Franklin - William McGugin; 2016, Thiago Barbosa - Guillaume Vidallet; 2017, Brandon Blankenbaker - Matthew Hane; 2018, Brandon Blankenbaker - Matthew Hane.
SINGLES: 1918, Ross Burchard; 1919, Clarence Hobart; 1920, William A. Campbell; 1921, Philip B. Hawk; 1922, Philip B. Hawk; 1923, Philip B. Hawk; 1924, Craig Biddle; 1925, Alfred J. Cawse; 1926, Alfred J. Cawse; 1927, Alfred J. Cawse; 1928, Henry H. Bassford; 1929, Clarence M. Charest; 1930, Henry H. Bassford; 1931, Fred C. Baggs; 1932, Clarence M. Charest; 1933, Clarence M. Charest; 1934, Raymond B. Bidwell; 1935, Raymond B. Bidwell; 1936, Raymond B. Bidwell; 1937, Cedric A. Major; 1938, Henry H. Bassford; 1939, Percy W. Guilford; 1940, Watson Washburn; 1941, Arthur W. Macpherson; 1942, William L. Nassau; 1943, Not held; 1944, J. Gilbert Hall; 1945, J. Gilbert Hall; 1946, J. Gilbert Hall; 1947, J. Gilbert Hall; 1948, J. Gilbert Hall; 1949, J. Gilbert Hall; 1950, J. Gilbert Hall; 1951, Harold T. MacGuffin; 1952, Harry Hopman; 1953, William A. Maxwell; 1954, David L. Freed; 1955, R. Philip Hanna; 1956, Bryan M. Grant, Jr.; 1957, Bryan M. Grant, Jr.; 1958, Gardnar Mulloy; 1959, J. Hal Surface, Jr.; 1960, Gardnar Mulloy; 1961, Gardnar Mulloy; 1962, Gardnar Mulloy; 1963, Gardnar Mulloy; 1964, Gardnar Mulloy; 1965, Bob Sherman; 1966, Jaroslav Drobny; 1967, Jaroslav Drobny; 1968, Gardnar Mulloy; 1969, Bobby Riggs; 1970, Torsten Johansson; 1971, Torsten Johansson; 1972, Bobby Riggs; 1973, L. Straight Clark; 1974, Don Gale; 1975, Dell Sylvia; 1976, Russell Seymour; 1977, Russell Seymour; 1978, Russell Seymour; 1979, Russell Seymour; 1980, Russell Seymour; 1981, John Powless; 1982, Eugene L. Scott; 1983, Eugene L. Scott; 1984, Bob Duesler; 1985, Eugene L. Scott; 1986, Bob Hetherington; 1987, Keith Diepraam; 1988, Jim Parker; 1989, Peter vanLingen; 1990, Charles Hoeveler; 1991, Jody Rush; 1992, Robyn Ray; 1993, Robyn Ray; 1994, Armistead Neely; 1995, Fred McNair; 1996, Peter Bronson; 1997, Phil Landauer; 1998, Fred Robinson; 1999, Jim Rombeau; 2000, Skip Walther; 2001, Geoff Martinez; 2002, Not held; 2003, Geoff Martinez; 2004, Vallis Wilder; 2005, Vallis Wilder; 2006, Vallis Wilder; 2007, Glenn Erickson; 2008, Val Wilder; 2009, Andrew Stoner; 2010, Mario Tabares; 2011, Mario Tabares; 2012, Garry Nadebaum; 2013, Garry Nadebaum; 2014, Garry Nadebaum; 2015, Oren Motevassel; 2016, Oren Motevassel; 2017, Eoin Collins; 2018, Greg Paukstis.
DOUBLES: 1921, J.D.E. Jones - Arthur Ingraham; 1922, Holcombe Ward - Dwight F. Davis; 1923, A. Wallis Myers - Samuel Hardy; 1924, Walter L. Pate - Samuel Hardy; 1925, Walter L. Pate - Samuel Hardy; 1926, Albert J. Gore - Claude J. Butlin; 1927, Fred C. Baggs - William Rosenbaum; 1928, Irving C. Wright - Harry C. Johnson; 1929, Fred C. Baggs - William Rosenbaum; 1930, S. Jarvis Adams - Henry H. Bassford; 1931, Fred C. Baggs - William Rosenbaum; 1932, S. Jarvis Adams - Henry H. Bassford; 1933, G.P. Gardner, Jr. - Richard Bishop; 1934, Fred C. Baggs - William Rosenbaum; 1935, Raymond B. Bidwell - Richard Bishop; 1936, William J. Clothier - Dwight F. Davis; 1937, Lawrence A. Baker - John G. McKay; 1938, William Rosenbaum - Fred C. Baggs; 1939, G. Colket Caner - Cornelius C. Felton; 1940, Watson Washburn - Hugh Kelleher; 1941, Jacques Brugnon - Meade Woodson; 1942, Watson Washburn - A.W. Macpherson; 1943, Not held; 1944, Watson Washburn - A.W. Macpherson; 1945, J. Gilbert Hall - Sidney Adelstein; 1946, J. Gilbert Hall - Sidney Adelstein; 1947, J. Gilbert Hall - Sidney Adelstein; 1948, Mel Gallagher - John Woodall; 1949, Wilmer Allison - J. Gilbert Hall; 1950, Wilmer Allison - J. Gilbert Hall; 1951, Sidney Adelstein - Bernard Clinton; 1952, Pierre Harang - Harry Hopman; 1953, Edward Chandler - Gerald Stratford; 1954, Edward Chandler - Gerald Stratford; 1955, Edward Chandler - Gerald Stratford; 1956, Jean Borotra - Harry Hopman; 1957, Edward Jacobs - C. Alphonso Smith; 1958, Leonard Prosser - J. Hal Surface, Jr.; 1959, Harry Hoffmann - W.E. Hester, Jr.; 1960, Jean Borotra - Adrian Quist; 1961, Clifford Sutter - Ernest Sutter; 1962, Gardnar Mulloy - Mike McLaney; 1963, Gardnar Mulloy - William F. Talbert; 1964, Gardnar Mulloy - William F. Talbert; 1965, Gardnar Mulloy - William F. Talbert; 1966, Robert J. Freedman - Bob Sherman; 1967, Gardnar Mulloy - William F. Talbert; 1968, Ellis Slack - Richard C. Sorlien; 1969, Gardnar Mulloy - Bobby Riggs; 1970, Glenn Hippenstiel - Chauncey Steele, Jr.; 1971, Lennart Bergelin - Torsten Johansson; 1972, Torsten Johansson - Lacy Legenstein; 1973, Gardnar Mulloy - Tony Vincent; 1974, Homer Richards - Richard C. Sorlien; 1975, L. Straight Clark - Hal Burrows; 1976, Jason Morton - Russell Seymour; 1977, Jason Morton - Russell Seymour; 1978, Jason Morton - Russell Seymour; 1979, Jason Morton - Russell Seymour; 1980, John Been - Richard Schuette; 1981, Jerry DeWitts - Hugh Stewart; 1982, Bob Duesler - Jim Nelson; 1983, Bob Duesler - Jim Nelson; 1984, Bob Duesler - Jim Nelson; 1985, Bob Duesler - Jim Nelson; 1986, Les Dodson - Steve Wilkinson; 1987, Paul Christian - Keith Diepraam; 1988, Jim Parker - Steve Wilkinson; 1989, Bob Duesler - Jim Nelson; 1990, Charles Hoeveler - David Nash; 1991, Charles Hoeveler - David Nash; 1992, Peter Bronson - Brian Cheney; 1993, Armistead Neely - Neal Newman; 1994, Dan Bohannon - Dave Bohannon; 1995, Dan Bohannon - Dave Bohannon; 1996, Dan Bohannon - Dave Bohannon; 1997, Dan Bohannon - Dave Bohannon; 1998, Dan Bohannon - Dave Bohannon; 1999, Dan Bohannon - Phil Landauer; 2000, David Brent - Mark Harrison; 2001, Fred Robinson - Tom Smith; 2002, Wesley Cash - Zan Guerry; 2003, Thomas Lucci - Kevin Shaw; 2004, Steven Meister - Craig Wittus; 2005, Mike Fedderly - David Matthews; 2006, Mike Fedderly - Vallis Wilder; 2007, Mike Fedderly - Vallis Wilder; 2008, Mike Fedderly - Val Wilder; 2009, Gilbert Schuerholz - Andrew Stoner; 2010, Kyle Permut - Mario Tabares; 2011, Kyle Permut - Mario Tabares; 2012, Gilbert Schuerholz - Andrew Stoner; 2013, Willie Alumbaugh - Garry Nadebaum; 2014, Derek Brooks - Garry Nadebaum; 2015, Derek Brooks - Garry Nadebaum; 2016, Neel Grover - Arthur Hernandez; 2017, Ellis Ferreira - David Marshall; 2018, David Box - Wade McGuire.
SINGLES: 1948, John Murio; 1949, John Murio; 1950, George Rice; 1951, Not held; 1952, Mel Dranga; 1953, William A. Maxwell; 1954, John E. Sisson; 1955, Edgar D. Yeomans; 1956, John E. Sisson; 1957, Edgar D. Yeomans; 1958, Gardnar Mulloy; 1959, J. Hal Surface, Jr.; 1960, William Lurie; 1961, William Lurie; 1962, Chauncey D. Steele, Jr.; 1963, Gardnar Mulloy; 1964, Bob Galloway; 1965, Bob Sherman; 1966, Emery W. Neale; 1967, Emery W. Neale; 1968, Emery W. Neale; 1969, Thomas Brown, Jr.; 1970, Thomas Brown, Jr.; 1971, Bobby Riggs; 1972, Francisco Segura; 1973, Hugh Stewart; 1974, Hugh Stewart; 1975, Vladimir Petrovic; 1976, Russell Seymour; 1977, Russell Seymour; 1978, Clif Mayne; 1979, Jim Perley; 1980, Martin Devlin; 1981, Bob Duesler; 1982, Jim Perley; 1983, Les Dodson; 1984, Bob Duesler; 1985, Len Saputo; 1986, Gordon Davis; 1987, Keith Diepraam; 1988, Len Saputo; 1989, Keith Diepraam; 1990, David Nash; 1991, Charles Hoeveler; 1992, Charles Hoeveler; 1993, Gene Malin; 1994, Brian Cheney; 1995, Gene Malin; 1996, Gene Malin; 1997, Jim Rombeau; 1998, Gene Malin; 1999, Bob Wright; 2000, Hank Pfister; 2001, Sal Castillo; 2002, Warrick Jones; 2003, Sal Castillo; 2004, Vallis Wilder; 2005, Vallis Wilder; 2006, Vallis Wilder; 2007, Polo Cowan; 2008, Mike Fedderly; 2009, James Martineau; 2010, Rick Leach; 2011, Mario Tabares; 2012, Oren Motevassel; 2013, Jeff Tarango; 2014, Jeff Tarango; 2015, Oren Motevassel; 2016, Oren Motevassel; 2017, Roberto Rodriguez; 2018, Morgan Shepherd.
DOUBLES: 1948, Earl Ehlers - Eli H. Bashor; 1949, William Catton - Edwin McCord; 1950, George Rice - Herschel Hyde; 1951, Not held; 1952, James Hodgkins - Edward Leonard; 1953, Mel Gallagher - William A. Maxwell; 1954, Alan Herrington - John E. Sisson; 1955, Alan Herrington - John E. Sisson; 1956, Alan Herrington - John E. Sisson; 1957, Edward G. Chandler - Gerald Stratford; 1958, Robert J. Kelleher - Elbert R. Lewis; 1959, Robert J. Kelleher - Elbert R. Lewis; 1960, Robert J. Kelleher - Elbert R. Lewis; 1961, H. William Bond - Chauncey D. Steele, Jr.; 1962, Robert J. Kelleher - Elbert R. Lewis; 1963, Gardnar Mulloy - C. Alphonso Smith; 1964, George MacCall - Al Martini; 1965, Robert J. Freedman - Bob Sherman; 1966, Emery Neale - Chauncey D. Steele, Jr.; 1967, Bobby Galloway - David E. Martin; 1968, Bobby Galloway - David E. Martin; 1969, Emery Neale - Bobby Riggs; 1970, Sam Match - Bobby Riggs; 1971, Ronald Dunas - Francisco Segura; 1972, Ronald Dunas - Francisco Segura; 1973, Ronald Dunas - Sam Match; 1974, Hugh Stewart - George Yardley; 1975, King Lambert - Sam Match; 1976, Jerry DeWitts - Russell Seymour; 1977, Jason Morton - Russell Seymour; 1978, Richard Doss - Robert Perry; 1979, Richard Doss - Robert Perry; 1980, King Lambert - Ed Kauder; 1981, Bob Duesler - Jim Nelson; 1982, Bob Duesler - Jim Nelson; 1983, Bob Duesler - Jim Nelson; 1984, Miguel Olvera - Francisco Segura; 1985, Dick Leach - Ron Livingston; 1986, Bob Duesler - Jim Nelson; 1987, Adrian Bey - Keith Diepraam; 1988, Bob Duesler - Jim Nelson; 1989, Keith Diepraam - Jim Parker; 1990, Richard Johnson - Jody Rush; 1991, Richard Johnson - Jim Parker; 1992, Peter Bronson - David Bryant; 1993, Erick Baer - Gene Malin; 1994, Peter Bronson - David Bryant; 1995, Dan Bohannon - Dave Bohannon; 1996, Dan Bohannon - Dave Bohannon; 1997, Dan Bohannon - Dave Bohannon; 1998, Dan Bohannon - Dave Bohannon; 1999, Anand Amritraj - Gene Malin; 2000, Larry Belinsky - Bob Wright; 2001, Sal Castillo - Pete Kelly; 2002, Wesley Cash - Brad Rowe; 2003, Eric Bligard - Sal Castillo; 2004, Mike Fedderly - Vallis Wilder; 2005, Mike Fedderly - Vallis Wilder; 2006, Mike Fedderly - Vallis Wilder; 2007, Mike Fedderly - Vallis Wilder; 2008, Mike Fedderly - Val Wilder; 2009, John Letts - Bruce Man Son Hing; 2010, Rick Leach - Gregory Washer; 2011, Brian Cory - Arthur Hernandez; 2012, John Letts - Bruce Man Son Hing; 2013, Steven Oliver - Jeff Tarango; 2014, Arthur Hernandez - Carsten Hoffmann; 2015, Derek Brooks - Garry Naudebaum; 2016, Arthur Hernandez - Carsten Hoffmann; 2017, Rick Leach - Kline Sack; 2018, Neel Grover - Arthur Hernandez.
SINGLES: 1964, C. Alphonso Smith; 1965, C. Alphonso Smith; 1966, Jack Staton; 1967, Nick E. Powel; 1968, Eugene Short; 1969, William Smith; 1970, William Smith; 1971, William Smith; 1972, Bob Hill; 1973, Charles Lass; 1974, Charles Lass; 1975, Ed Doane; 1976, Alan Cheesebro; 1977, Clyde Hippenstiel; 1978, Bob Sherman; 1979, Bob Sherman; 1980, Bob Sherman; 1981, John Shea; 1982, Ed Kauder; 1983, Bob Howe; 1984, Bob Howe; 1985, Mel Lewis; 1986, Russell Seymour; 1987, John Powless; 1988, Ron Livingston; 1989, Bob Perry; 1990, Gordon Davis; 1991, Bob Duesler; 1992, Alex Olmedo; 1993, Alex Olmedo; 1994, Larry Dodge; 1995, Gil Howard; 1996, Allan Carter; 1997, Rob Cadwallader; 1998, Leland Housman; 1999, Richard Johnson; 2000, David Nash; 2001, Charles Hoeveler; 2002, Brian Cheney; 2003, Brian Cheney; 2004, Larry Turville; 2005, Larry Turville; 2006, Thomas Connell; 2007, Larry Turville; 2008, Bill Roach; 2009, Fred Robinson; 2010, Fred Robinson; 2011, Sal Castillo; 2012, Mark Vines; 2013, John Picken; 2014, Mike Fedderly; 2015, David Seibel; 2016, Mike Fedderly; 2017, Michael Tammen; 2018, Leo Young.
DOUBLES: 1964, C. Alphonso Smith - Eddie Jacobs; 1965, Clayton Burwell - C. Alphonso Smith; 1966, Charles Brooke - Len Prosser; 1967, Nick E. Powel - Len Prosser; 1968, Verne Hughes - Len Prosser; 1969, Verne Hughes - Len Prosser; 1970, Verne Hughes - Len Prosser; 1971, Robin Hippenstiel - Verne Hughes; 1972, Robin Hippenstiel - Verne Hughes; 1973, Ed Doane - Len Prosser; 1974, Robin Hippenstiel - Verne Hughes; 1975, Robin Hippenstiel - Verne Hughes; 1976, Alan Cheesebro - Bob Galloway; 1977, Bob Galloway - Charles Lass; 1978, Charles Anderson - Merwin Miller; 1979, Milton Richardson - Jack Bowker; 1980, Vincent Fotre - Keith Larsen; 1981, Bob Sherman - Lee Hammel; 1982, Bob Howe - Dick Metteer; 1983, Ed Kauder - King Lambert; 1984, Jason Morton - Hugh Stewart; 1985, Ed Kauder - King Lambert; 1986, Bill Davis - Richard Gonzalez; 1987, Chuck DeVoe - John Powless; 1988, Chuck DeVoe - John Powless; 1989, Bob Perry - John Sahratian; 1990, Len Lindborg - Jim Nelson; 1991, Bob Duesler - Jim Nelson; 1992, Bob Duesler - Jim Nelson; 1993, Bob Duesler - Jim Nelson; 1994, Larry Dodge - Len Lindborg; 1995, Dick Leach - Jim Nelson; 1996, Bob Duesler - Hank Leichtfried; 1997, Bob Duesler - Hank Leichtfried; 1998, Jim Parker - Ken Robinson; 1999, Richard Johnson - Jody Rush; 2000, Charles Hoeveler - Chum Steel; 2001, Charles Hoeveler - David Nash; 2002, David Bohannon - Brian Cheney; 2003, Dan Bohannon - Peter Bronson; 2004, Brian Cheney - Armistead Neely; 2005, Neal Newman - Larry Turville; 2006, Neal Newman - Larry Turville; 2007, Neal Newman - Larry Turville; 2008, Philip Landauer - Tom Smith; 2009, Leonard Wofford - Paul Wulf; 2010, Philip Landauer - Tom Smith; 2011, Randall Berg - Randy Houston; 2012, Wesley Cash - Mark Vines; 2013, Wesley Cash - Mark Vines; 2014, Ross Hessler - Gregory Hing; 2015, Mike Fedderly - Michael Tammen; 2016, Mike Fedderly - Michael Tammen; 2017, Mike Fedderly - Michael Tammen; 2018, Ross Hessler - Jon Tyrell.
SINGLES: 1989, Shawna Martin; 1990, Linda Higgins; 1991, Linda Higgins; 1992, Lisa Seemann; 1993, Kathy May; 1994, Cynthia McGregor; 1995, Carrie Zarraonandia; 1996, Not held; 1997, Tracy Houk; 1998, Lisa Seemann; 1999, Robin Keener; 2000, Not held; 2001, Jolene Watanabe; 2002, Julie Cass; 2003, Julie Cass; 2004, Julie Cass; 2005, Jessica Schlotterback; 2006, Not held; 2007, Patricia Zerdan; 2008, Shareen Lai; 2009, Trish Riddell; 2010, Trish Riddell; 2011, Monica Rincon; 2012, Patricia Zerdan; 2013, Katerina Stanford; 2014, Mercedes Michel; 2015, Pamela Mogul; 2016, Kim Lackey; 2017, Amy McCaffrey; 2018, Elizabeth Kobak.
DOUBLES: 1989, Susan Lehman - Shawna Martin; 1990, Susan Lehman - Shawna Martin; 1991, Lynn McWilliams - Sue Whiting; 1992, Kathy May - Helle Viragh; 1993, Kathy May - Helle Viragh; 1994, Rosie Bareis - Lisa Seemann; 1995, Anne Zarraonandia; 1996, Not held; 1997, Linda Howell - Jarilyn Joseph; 1998, Ellie Compton - Lisa Seemann; 1999, Karin Fox - Anne Hayden; 2000, Not held; 2001, Julie Cass - Jami Patterson; 2002, Julie Cass - Michelle King; 2003, Julie Cass - Michelle King; 2004, Julie Cass - Michelle King; 2005, Carolyn Lane - Jessica Schlotterback; 2006, Mary Dailey - Trish Riddell; 2007, Debbie Ladig - Laura Ritchey; 2008, Jennifer Lyons - Julie Shapiro; 2009, Shareen Lai - Trish Riddell; 2010, Nikola Huberova - Margaret Lumia; 2011, Ioulia Bolotova - Monica Rincon; 2012, Ioulia Bolotova - Rocio Rodriguez; 2013, Klara Miklikova - Katerina Stanford; 2014, Bethany Griffin - Olga Harvey; 2015, None; 2016, Christyn Lucas - Natasa Vucokovic; 2017, Brooke Biddle - Corin Coffrey; 2018, Beatrix Bielik - Caitlin Thompson.
SINGLES: 2000, Dorothea Mooney; 2001, Not held; 2002, Dorothy B. Cheney; 2003, Dorothy B. Cheney; 2004, Dorothy B. Cheney; 2005, Dorothy B. Cheney; 2006, Dorothy B. Cheney; 2007, Dorothy B. Cheney; 2008, Betty Eisenstein; 2009, Not held; 2010, Catherine Hall; 2011, Elaine Mason; 2012, Not held; 2013, Doris Lutz; 2014, Doris Lutz; 2015, Doris Lutz; 2016, Doris Lutz; 2017, Doris Lutz; 2018, not held.
DOUBLES: 2000, Dorothea Mooney - Adelaide Cummings; 2001-03, Not held; 2004, Dorothy B. Cheney - Jean Selvig; 2005, Dorothy B. Cheney - Lou Cille Scoggins; 2006, Dorothy B. Cheney - Jean Selvig; 2007, Billie Burr - Dorothy B. Cheney; 2008, Dorothy B. Cheney - Betty Cookson; 2009, Not held; 2010, Catherine Hall - Elaine Mason; 2011, Catherine Hall - Elaine Mason; 2012, Not held; 2013, Doris Lutz - Rita Price; 2014, Doris Lutz - Rita Price; 2015, Doris Lutz - Rita Price; 2016, Not Held; 2017, Irene Bretzel - Carolyn Shumake; 2018, not held.
SINGLES: 1970, June Gay; 1971, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1972, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1973, Evelyn Houseman; 1974, Janet Adkisson; 1975, Amy Yee; 1976, June Gay; 1977, Janice Stevens; 1978, Pat Welles; 1979, Not held; 1980, Julia Hayward; 1981, Charleen Hillebrand; 1982, Charleen Hillebrand; 1983, Dorothy Matthiessen; 1984, Charleen Hillebrand; 1985, Charleen Hillebrand; 1986, Barbara Mueller; 1987, Judy Louie; 1988, Suzanne Crary; 1989, Charleen Hillebrand; 1990, Martha Downing; 1991, Martha Downing; 1992, Margaret Russo; 1993, Debbie McCormick; 1994, Xanh Miller; 1995, Xanh Miller; 1996, Elizabeth Freeman-Young; 1997, Diane Fishburne; 1998, Diane Fishburne; 1999, Diane Fishburne; 2000, Diane Fishburne; 2001, Diane Fishburne; 2002, Tracy Houk; 2003, Joni Hannah; 2004, Mariana Hollman; 2005, Tracy Houk; 2006, Rhona Kaczmarczyk; 2007, Robin Keener; 2008, Carolyn Wei; 2009, Amy Alcini; 2010, Amy Alcini; 2011, Rhona Kaczmarczyk; 2012, Deborah Higa; 2013, Rhona Kaczmarczyk; 2014, Simona Bruetting; 2015, Simona Bruetting; 2016, Simona Bruetting; 2017, Yana Ruegsegger; 2018, Rebecca Stapp.
DOUBLES: 1970, June Gay - Rhoda Herron; 1971, Barbara Hultgren - Sally Fuller; 1972, Evelyn Houseman - Mary A. Prentiss; 1973, Evelyn Houseman - Marge Kohler; 1974, Evelyn Houseman - June Gay; 1975, Mary Ann Shelton - Florence Tout; 1976, June Gay - M. Appel; 1977, Charlene Grafton - Dorothy B. Cheney; 1978, June Gay - Pat Welles; 1979, Not held; 1980, Julia Hayward - Helen Perez; 1981, Julia Hayward - Helen Perez; 1982, Erol Agnos - Judy Courtney; 1983, Mary Hill - Charleen Hillebrand; 1984, Ellen Bryant - Julia Hayward; 1985, Ena Harvey - Susan Tully; 1986, Patricia Freebody - Billie Jean King; 1987, Patricia Freebody - Billie Jean King; 1988, Mary McLean - Bunny Smith; 1989, Charleen Hillebrand - Margaret Russo; 1990, Charleen Hillebrand - Margaret Russo; 1991, Martha Downing - Mary Hill; 1992, Carol Ford - Margaret Russo; 1993, Sue Bramlette - Lisa Culp; 1994, Patti Aunan - Hilary Marold; 1995, Ellen Bryant - Barbara Mueller; 1996, Patti Aunan - Hilary Marold; 1997, Mary Mottola - Karen O’Sullivan; 1998, Mary Mottola - Karen O’Sullivan; 1999, Mary Mottola - Karen O’Sullivan; 2000, Moria Gandy - Phyllis Zilm; 2001, Lisa Culp - Melanie Wheatley; 2002, Joni Hannah - Mariana Hollman; 2003, Joni Hannah - Karen O’Sullivan; 2004, Mariana Hollman - Stacey Williams; 2005, Mariana Hollman - Anna Zimmermann; 2006, Susan Keane - Eva Welsher; 2007, Susan Keane - Eva Welsher; 2008, Susan Keane - Eva Welsher; 2009, Amy Alcini - Joanne Russell; 2010, Beverly Bowes-Hackney - Julie Cass; 2011, Alissa Finerman - Erika Smith; 2012, Mary Dailey - Rhona Kaczmarczyk; 2013, Mary Dailey - Rhona Kaczmarczyk; 2014, Simona Bruetting - Jill Vanderkool; 2015, Simona Bruetting - Rhona Kaczmarczyk; 2016, Stacy Swiggart - Phyllis Zilm; 2017, Simona Bruetting - Millie Yablonicky; 2018, Lisa Cheng - April Jourdan.
SINGLES: 1971, Evelyn Houseman; 1972, Betty Washington; 1973, Nancy Reed; 1974, Nancy Reed; 1975, Arlene Cohen; 1976, Arlene Cohen; 1977, Owen McHaney; 1978, Judy Alvarez; 1979, Nancy Richey; 1980, Judy Alvarez; 1981, Judy Alvarez; 1982, Judy Alvarez; 1983, Astrid Suurbeek; 1984, Judy Alvarez; 1985, Susan Shelby Torrance; 1986, Diane Matzner; 1987, Carol Goya; 1988, Kate Latham; 1989, Kate Latham; 1990, Kate Latham; 1991, Kate Latham; 1992, Diane Fishburne; 1993, Sherri Carlyle; 1994, Sherri Carlyle; 1995, Ann Etheredge; 1996, Vikki Beggs; 1997, Tracy Houk; 1998, Ellie Compton; 1999, Gerda Preissing-Sigel; 2000, Gerda Preissing; 2001, Hyacinth Yorke; 2002, Renata Marcinkowska; 2003, Renata Marcinkowska; 2004, Renata Marcinkowska; 2005, Julie Cass; 2006, Julie Cass; 2007, Jessica Schlotterback; 2008, Angela Simon; 2009, Angela Simon; 2010, Patricia Zerdan; 2011, Patricia Zerdan; 2012, Kelly Wilson; 2013, Jorgelina Torti; 2014, Patricia Zerdan; 2015, Julie Thu; 2016, Julie Thu; 2017, Julie Thu; 2018, Julie Thu.
DOUBLES: 1971, Ruth Gross - Nancy Neeld; 1972, Ruth Gross - Nancy Neeld; 1973, Evelyn Houseman - Betty R. Pratt; 1974, June Gay - Diana Gai; 1975, Arlene Cohen - Karen Knoche; 1976, Susan Anawalt - Arlene Cohen; 1977, Darlene Hard - Nancy Neeld; 1978, Judy Alvarez - Norma Veale; 1979, Nancy Richey - Cathie Anderson; 1980, Judy Alvarez - Charleen Hillebrand; 1981, Judy Alvarez - Charleen Hillebrand; 1982, Judy Alvarez - Katherine Willette; 1983, Wendy Overton - Astrid Suurbeek; 1984, Judy Alvarez - Louise Feingold; 1985, Margaret Russo - Kerry Young; 1986, Martha Downing - Mary Hill; 1987, Sue Bramlette - Jane Strnadel; 1988, Carol Baily - Kate Latham; 1989, Carol Baily - Kate Latham; 1990, Carol Baily - Kate Latham; 1991, Kate Latham - Jane Strnadel; 1992, Cindy Benzon - Vicki Markowsky; 1993, Karen Gallagher - Jane Strnadel; 1994, Cindy Benzon - Vicki Markowski; 1995, Ann Etheredge - Kerry Young; 1996, Rosie Garza - Cindy Johnson; 1997, Ellie Compton - Mariana Routh-Hollman; 1998, Ellie Compton - Marianna Hollman; 1999, Linda Howell - Jarilyn Joseph; 2000, Sheri Norris - Sue Whiting; 2001, Lu Fendig - Gerda Preissing; 2002, Margaret Kitchen - Philippa Palmer; 2003, Jami Patterson - Hyacinth Yorke; 2004, Mary Dailey - Renata Marcinkowska; 2005, Julie Cass - Michelle King; 2006, Julie Cass - Michelle King; 2007, Julie Cass - Jessica Schlotterback; 2008, Amy Alcini - Angela Simon; 2009, Meike Babel - Angela Simon; 2010, Kristen Hess - Jennifer Toney; 2011, Mary Dailey - Michelle King; 2012, Amy Alcin - Carolina Blouin; 2013, Simona Bruetting - Gee Gee Garvin; 2014, Julie Thu - Meredith Walton; 2015, Nancy Hilliard - Kaysie Smashey; 2016, Kaysie Smashey - Julie Thu; 2017, Kaysie Smashey - Julie Thu; 2018,
Kaysie Smashey - Julie Thu.
SINGLES: 1953, Marion Raful; 1954, Gracyn W. Kelleher; 1955, Gracyn W. Kelleher; 1956, Mary Arnold Prentiss; 1957, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1958, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1959, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1960, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1961, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1962, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1963, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1964, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1965, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1966, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1967, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1968, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1969, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1970, Nancy Neeld; 1971, Barbara Green Weigandt; 1972, Barbara Green Weigandt; 1973, Barbara Green Weigandt; 1974, Barbara Green Weigandt; 1975, Barbara Green Weigandt; 1976, Barbara Green Weigandt; 1977, Barbara Green Weigandt; 1978, Donna Balchios; 1979, Louella Lipson; 1980, Charleen Hillebrand; 1981, Pat Cody; 1982, Cathie Anderson; 1983, Susan Anawalt; 1984, Sally Moore Huss; 1985, Barbara Mueller; 1986, Judy Louie; 1987, Judy Louie; 1988, Diane Matzner; 1989, Barbara Mueller; 1990, Carol Baily; 1991, Karen Gallagher; 1992, Karen Gallagher; 1993, Tina Karwasky; 1994, Carol Baily; 1995, Tina Karwasky; 1996, Tina Karwasky; 1997, Tina Karwasky; 1998, Diane Fishburne; 1999, Gerda Preissing; 2000, Diane Fishburne; 2001, Tracy Houk; 2002, Carolyn Nichols; 2003, Tracy Houk; 2004, Gretchen Magers; 2005, Gretchen Magers; 2006, Gretchen Magers; 2007, Manola Colter; 2008, Gretchen Magers; 2009, Ros Nideffer; 2010, Gretchen Magers; 2011, Jennifer Dawson; 2012, Dina McBride; 2013, Sophie Woorons-Johnston; 2014, Dina McBride; 2015, Amy Frazier; 2016, Hiromi Sasano; 2017, Hiromi Sasano; 2018, Hiromi Sasano.
DOUBLES: 1953, Dorothy DeVries - Florence D. Nebauer; 1954, Gracyn W. Kelleher - Marion Raful; 1955, Gracyn W. Kelleher - Gretl Dupont; 1956, Gracyn W. Kelleher - Estelle Kristenson; 1957, Dorothy B. Cheney - Janet Robbins; 1958, Gracyn W. Kelleher - Mary A. Prentiss; 1959, Gracyn W. Kelleher - Mary A. Prentiss; 1960, Gracyn W. Kelleher - Mary A. Prentiss; 1961, Gracyn W. Kelleher - Mary A. Prentiss; 1962, Gracyn W. Kelleher - Mary A. Prentiss; 1963, Dorothy B. Cheney - Mary A. Prentiss; 1964, Dorothy B. Cheney - Helen McDowell; 1965, Dorothy B. Cheney - Helen McDowell; 1966, Gracyn W. Kelleher - Mary A. Prentiss; 1967, Gracyn W. Kelleher - Mary A. Prentiss; 1968, Dorothy B. Cheney - June E. Gay; 1969, Dorothy B. Cheney - June E. Gay; 1970, Gracyn W. Kelleher - Mary A. Prentiss; 1971, Louise B. Clapp - Barbara Weigandt; 1972, Evelyn Houseman - Mary A. Prentiss; 1973, Dorothy B. Cheney - Marcia Hodges; 1974, Dorothy B. Cheney - Marcia Hodges; 1975, Louise B. Clapp - Barbara Weigandt; 1976, Dorothy B. Cheney - Evelyn Houseman; 1977, Dorothy Matthiessen - Evelyn Houseman; 1978, Jill Leach - Yoko Taylor; 1979, Patricia McCabe - Norma Veale; 1980, Julia Hayward - Dorothy Matthiessen; 1981, Sally Huss - Norma Veale; 1982, Mary Hill - Charleen Hillebrand; 1983, Susan Anawalt - Arlene Cohen; 1984, Sally Moore Huss - Barbara Mueller; 1985, Suella Bowden - Barbara Mueller; 1986, Sally Moore Huss - Mary McLean; 1987, Sally Moore Huss - Jane Willens; 1988, Mary McLean - Bunny Smith; 1989, Ellen Bryant - Barbara Mueller; 1990, Rosemary Casals - Raquel Giscafre; 1991, Stephanie Adcock - Carol Baily; 1992, Betty Ann Dent - Debbie McCormick; 1993, Betty Ann Dent - Debbie McCormick; 1994, Betty Ann Dent - Debbie McCormick; 1995, Tina Karwasky - Debbie McCormick; 1996, Kathy May Fritz - Terry Holladay; 1997, Final not held; 1998, Kathy Fritz - Terry Holladay; 1999, Kathy Fritz - Terry Holladay; 2000, Kathy Fritz - Terry Holladay; 2001, Robin Ogburn - Tracey Thompson; 2002, Cherise Meoli - Jill Prolman; 2003, Kathy Fritz - Terry Holladay; 2004, Anne Kerwin-Payne - Susan Knox; 2005, Gretchen Magers - Kathy May Fritz; 2006, Gretchen Magers - Kathy May Fritz; 2007, Gretchen Magers - Kathy May Fritz; 2008, Alissa Finerman - Erika Smith; 2009, Gretchen Magers - Ros Nideffer; 2010, Amy Alcini - Tracie Currie; 2011, Alissa Finerman - Erika Smith; 2012, Amy Alcini - Tracie Currie; 2013, Tracie Currie - Debbie Spence-Nasim; 2014, Cammy MacGregor - Debbie Spence-Nasim; 2015, Tracie Currie - Debbie Spence-Nasim; 2016, Eleanor Hammargren - Jennifer Lyons; 2017, Deborah Higa - Jami Jones; 2018, Jennifer Lyons - Dominika Olszewska.
SINGLES: 1970, Pat Yeomans; 1971, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1972, Rhoda Herron; 1973, Amie Yee; 1974, Nancy Penson; 1975, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1976, June Gay; 1977, June Gay; 1978, Vilma Gordon; 1979, June Gay; 1980, Nancy Neeld; 1981, Not held; 1982, Helen Perez; 1983, June Gay; 1984, Julia Hayward; 1985, Dorothy Matthiessen; 1986, Jane Crofford; 1987, Patricia Kujawski; 1988, Dorothy Matthiessen; 1989, Pat Fraser; 1990, Arlene Cohen; 1991, Charleen Hillebrand; 1992, Charleen Hillebrand; 1993, Penny Barrett; 1994, Suella Steel; 1995, Suella Steel; 1996, Suzi Swartman; 1997, Suella Steel; 1998, Trish Faulkner; 1999, Suella Steel; 2000, Suella Steel; 2001, Lilian Peltz-Petow; 2002, Christy Wing; 2003, Tina Karwasky; 2004, Tina Karwasky; 2005, Mary Ginnard; 2006, Kathy May Fritz; 2007, Diane Fishburne; 2008, Susan Wright; 2009, Susan Wright; 2010, Susan Wright; 2011, Frances Chandler; 2012, Ros Nideffer; 2013, Tracy Houk; 2014, Ros Nideffer; 2015, Ros Nideffer; 2016, Ros Nideffer; 2017, Ros Nideffer; 2018, Ros Nideffer.
DOUBLES: 1970, Ruby Bixler - Pat Yeomans; 1971, Sally Fuller - Patricia Maloney; 1972, June Micklewait - Gertrude Amling; 1973, June Micklewait - Gertrude Amling; 1974, Phyllis Adler - Corky Murdock; 1975, Phyllis Adler - Corky Murdock; 1976, Phyllis Adler - Dorothy B. Cheney; 1977, Phyllis Adler - Jeanne Doyle Garrett; 1978, Phyllis Adler - Jeanne Doyle Garrett; 1979, Gerry Carter - Marianne Hanley; 1980, Jill Leach - Yoko Taylor; 1981, Not held; 1982, Beverly Winans - Liz Harper; 1983, Phyllis Adler - Dorothy B. Cheney; 1984, Julia Hayward - Georgia Turner; 1985, Julia Hayward - Dorothy Matthiessen; 1986, Julia Hayward - Georgia Turner; 1987, Rosemary Brown - Kathe Henry; 1988, Jane Crofford - Dorothy Matthiessen; 1989, Dorothy Matthiessen - Carol Wood; 1990, Susan Anawalt - Arlene Cohen; 1991, Suella Bowden - Dorothy Matthiessen; 1992, Jacque Green - Charleen Hillebrand; 1993, Jacque Green - Charleen Hillebrand; 1994, Ellen Bryant - Suella Steel; 1995, Charleen Hillebrand - Suella Steel; 1996, Ellen Bryant - Suella Steel; 1997, Ellen Bryant - Barbara Mueller; 1998, Trish Faulkner - Charleen Hillebrand; 1999, Trish Faulkner - Charleen Hillebrand; 2000, Barbara Mueller - Suella Steel; 2001, Kathleen Bennett - Sue Morgan; 2002, Mary Ginnard - Christy Wing; 2003, Mary Ginnard - Christy Wing; 2004, Jackie Baar - Dee Williams-Horne.; 2005, Betty Ann Grout - Terry Holladay; 2006, Robin Ogbum - Chris Ramsower-Pearlstein; 2007, Kathy May Fritz - Susan Wright; 2008, Kathy May Fritz - Susan Wright; 2009, Robin Harris - Tracey Thompson; 2010, Kathy May Fritz - Susan Wright; 2011, Kathy May Fritz - Susan Wright; 2012, Tracy Houk - Lisa Naumu; 2013, Robin Harris - Tracey Thompson; 2014, Eleanor Hammargren - Jennifer Lyons; 2015, Lisa Naumu - Judy Newman; 2016, Eleanor Hammargren - Jennifer Lyons; 2017, Ros Nideffer - Debbie Spence-Nasim; 2018, Ros Nideffer - Debbie Spence-Nasim.
SINGLES: 1979, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1980, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1981, Not held; 1982, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1983, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1984, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1985, Betty R. Pratt; 1986, Dorothy B. Cheney; 1987, June Gay; 1988, June Gay; 1989, Vilma Gordon; 1990, Nancy Neeld; 1991, Helen Lum; 1992, Helen Lum; 1993, Helen Lum; 1994, Betsy Roberti; 1995, Dorothy Matthiessen; 1996, Dorothy Matthiessen; 1997, Dorothy Matthiessen; 1998, Katie Koontz; 1999, Doris DeVries; 2000, Sinclair Bill; 2001, Suella Steel; 2002, Charleen Hillebrand; 2003, Suella Steel; 2004, Suella Steel; 2005, Charleen Hillebrand; 2006, Charleen Hillebrand; 2007, Brenda Carter; 2008, Brenda Carter; 2009, Martha Downing; 2010, Martha Downing; 2011, Martha Downing; 2012, Tina Karwasky; 2013, Tina Karwasky; 2014, Tina Karwasky; 2015, Tina Karwasky; 2016, Tina Karwasky; 2017, Susan Wright; 2018, Susan Wright.
DOUBLES: 1979, Pat Yeomans - Gertrude Amling; 1980, Barbara Clarke - Eleanor Harbula; 1981, Not held; 1982, Betty Brink - Dorothy B. Cheney; 1983, Betty Brink - Betty Eisenstein; 1984, Phyllis Adler - Dorothy B. Cheney; 1985, Betty R. Pratt - Helen Roach; 1986, Betty Brink - Helen Roach; 1987, Jeanne Doyle Garrett - Betty Pratt; 1988, Jeanne Doyle Garrett - Peggy Landtroop; 1989, Jeanne Doyle Garrett - Peggy Landtroop; 1990, Jeanne Doyle Garrett - Nancy Neeld; 1991, Marjorie Kohler - Peggy Landtroop; 1992, Phyllis Adler - Helen Lum; 1993, Peggy Landtroop - Mary Ann Mitcham; 1994, Julia Hayward - Georgia Turner; 1995, Jane Crofford - Dorothy Matthiessen; 1996, Jane Crofford - Dorothy Matthiessen; 1997, Lynn Little - Dorothy Matthiessen; 1998, Lynn Little - Dorothy Matthiessen; 1999, Doris DeVries - Lyn Teitz; 2000, Doris DeVries - Lyn Tietz; 2001, Charleen Hillebrand - Suella Steel; 2002, Charleen Hillebrand - Suella Steel; 2003, Charleen Hillebrand - Suella Steel; 2004, Catherine Anderson -Sinclair Bill; 2005, Charleen Hillebrand - Suella Steel; 2006, Charleen Hillebrand - Norma Veal; 2007, Brenda Carter - Betty Wachob; 2008, Brenda Carter - Betty Wachob; 2009, Kathleen Bennett - Martha Downing; 2010, Kathleen Bennett - Martha Downing; 2011, Ann Stanley - Dee Williams-Horne; 2012, Mary Ginnard - Tina Karwasky; 2013, Mary Ginnard - Tina Karwasky; 2014, Kathleen Bennett - Martha Downing; 2015, Una Davis - Carolyn Nichols; 2016, Robin Harris - Carolyn Nichols; 2017, Robin Harris - Carolyn Nichols; 2018, Robin Harris - Carolyn Nichols.
1918, Alfred H. Chapin - Alfred H. Chapin, Jr.; 1919, Fred G. Anderson - Fred C. Anderson; 1920, Fred G. Anderson - Fred C. Anderson; 1921, Fred G. Anderson - Fred C. Anderson; 1922, J.D.E. Jones - Arnold W. Jones; 1923, Joseph W. Wear - W. Potter Wear; 1924, Alfred H. Chapin - Alfred H. Chapin, Jr.; 1925, J.D.E. Jones - Arnold W. Jones; 1926, Donald M. Hill - Malcolm T. Hill; 1927, John Barton - Horace Barton; 1928, J.D.E. Jones - Arnold W. Jones; 1929, J.D.E. Jones - Arnold W. Jones; 1930, J.D.E. Jones - Arnold W. Jones; 1931, J.D.E. Jones - Arnold W. Jones; 1932, J.D.E. Jones - Arnold W. Jones; 1933, R.N. Watt - M. Laird Watt; 1934, R.N. Watt - M. Laird Watt; 1935, Wm. J. Clothier - Wm. J. Clothier, II; 1936, Wm. J. Clothier - Wm. J. Clothier, II; 1937, R.N. Watt - M. Laird Watt; 1938, F.J. Sulloway - A.W. Sulloway; 1939, R.B. Mulloy - Gardnar Mulloy; 1940, L.R. Gay - F.R. Gay; 1941, R.B. Mulloy - Gardnar Mulloy; 1942, R.B. Mulloy - Gardnar Mulloy; 1943-45, Not held; 1946, Arthur Nielsen - Arthur Nielsen, Jr.; 1947, G. Diehl Mateer - G. Diehl Mateer, Jr.; 1948, Arthur Nielsen - Arthur Nielsen, Jr.; 1949, G. Diehl Mateer - G. Diehl Mateer, Jr.; 1950, G. Diehl Mateer - G. Diehl Mateer, Jr.; 1951, G. Diehl Mateer - G. Diehl Mateer, Jr.; 1952, Karl Kamrath - Karl Kamrath, Jr.; 1953, Roger Richardson - Hamilton Richardson; 1954, Roger Richardson - Hamilton Richardson; 1955, J. Andrew Crane - Michael Crane; 1956, Sidney Wood, Jr. - Sidney Wood, III; 1957, Harry Hoffmann - Harry Hoffmann, Jr.; 1958, Harry Hoffmann - Harry Hoffmann, Jr.; 1959, Frank Froehling, Jr. - Frank Froehling, III; 1960, Harry Hoffmann - Harry Hoffmann, Jr.; 1961, H. William Bond - William Bond; 1962, Frank Froehling, Jr. - Frank Froehling, III; 1963, Frank Froehling, Jr. - Frank Froehling, III; 1964, Robert Ralston - Dennis Ralston; 1965, Frank Froehling, Jr. - Frank Froehling, III; 1966, Chauncey Steele, Jr. - Chauncey Steele, III; 1967, Leslie Fitz Gibbon - Herbert Fitz Gibbon; 1968, Chauncey Steele, Jr. - Chauncey Steele, III; 1969, Chauncey Steele, Jr. - Chauncey Steele, III; 1970, Frank Froehling, Jr. - Frank Froehling, III; 1971, Fred McNair, III - Fred McNair, IV; 1972, Fred McNair, III - Fred McNair, IV; 1973, Fred McNair, III - Fred McNair, IV; 1974, Alan Fleming - Peter Fleming; 1975, Hugh Hyde - Hugh Hyde, Jr.; 1976, Stephen Potts - Stephen Potts, Jr.; 1977, Richard Karzen - Jerry Karzen; 1978, Richard Karzen - Jerry Karzen; 1979, Sam Giammalva - Sammy Giammalva; 1980, Stephen Potts - Stephen Potts, Jr.; 1981, Richard Savitt - Robert Savitt; 1982, Stephen Potts - Stephen Potts, Jr.; 1983, Alan Koth - Scott Koth; 1984, Jerry Walters - Brandon Walters; 1985, Richard Leach - Richard Leach, Jr.; 1986, William Frantz - Gerald Frantz; 1987, Gil Howard - Mike Howard; 1988, William Frantz - Gerald Frantz; 1989, Alan Koth - Scott Koth; 1990, Robert Leach - Michael Leach; 1991, Robert Leach - Michael Leach; 1992, Scott Estes - Scott Estes; 1993, Charles Hoeveler - Charlie Hoeveler; 1994, Charles Hoeveler - Charlie Hoeveler; 1995, Charles Hoeveler - Charlie Hoeveler; 1996, Charles Hoeveler - Charlie Hoeveler; 1997, Charles Hoeveler - Charlie Hoeveler; 1998, William Tontz - Chris Tontz; 1999, William Tontz - Chris Tontz; 2000, Bill Tontz - Chris Tontz; 2001, Cole Newman - Neal Newman; 2002, Charles Hoeveler - Charlie Hoeveler; 2003, Eric Butorac - Tim Butorac; 2004, Charles Hoeveler - Charlie Hoeveler; 2005, Timothy Butorac - Eric Butorac; 2006, Jerry Morse-Karzen - Brett Morse-Karzen; 2007, Brett Morse-Karzen - Jerry Morse-Karzen; 2008, James Weinacker - Jay Weinacker; 2009, James Weinacker - Jay Weinacker; 2010, Jerry Morse-Karzen - Brett Morse-Karzen; 2011, Jerry Morse-Karzen - Brett Morse-Karzen; 2012, Jerry Morse-Karzen - Brett Morse-Karzen; 2013, Jerry Morse-Karzen - Brett Morse-Karzen; 2014, Jerry Morse-Karzen - Brett Morse-Karzen; 2015, Peter Smith - Riley Smith.; 2016, Andrew Lake - Thomas Lake; 2017, Eoin Collins - Tadhg Collins; 2018, Christian Schultz - William Schultz.
SINGLES: 1923, Cranston W. Holman; 1924, Theodore R. Drewes; 1925, Theodore R. Drewes; 1926, Theodore R. Drewes; 1927, Theodore R. Drewes.; 1928, George J. Jennings, Jr.; 1929, George J. Jennings, Jr.; 1930, George J. Jennings, Jr.; 1931, George J. Jennings, Jr.; 1932, Arnold Simons; 1933, Arnold Simons; 1934, Barnard Welsh; 1935, Barnard Welsh; 1936, Lewis Wetherell; 1937, Lewis Wetherell; 1938, Willis Anderson; 1939, Seymour Greenberg; 1940, Richard McKee; 1941, Willis Anderson; 1942-45, Not held; 1946, Richard Hainline; 1947, Fred Kovaleski; 1948, Willis Anderson; 1949, Myron McNamara; 1950, Clyde Hippenstiel; 1951, Wade Herren; 1952, Linn Rockwood; 1953, Clyde Hippenstiel; 1954, Clyde Hippenstiel; 1955, Clyde Hippenstiel; 1956, Linn Rockwood; 1957, Linn Rockwood; 1958, Noel Brown; 1959, Alan Tong; 1960, John Evans; 1961, Gardnar Mulloy; 1962, Fred Drilling; 1963, Gerald Dubiet; 1964, Bob Potthast; 1965, David Reed; 1966, Rod Susman; 1967, Rod Susman; 1968, Gary Johnson; 1969, William Tym; 1970, Larry Parker; 1971, Mike Anderson; 1972, Ken Stuart; 1973, Robert Hetherington; 1974, Lawrence King; 1975, Steve Wilkinson; 1976, Orlando Agudelo; 1977, Juan Farrow; 1978, Mark Andrews; 1979, Mike Rose; 1980, Brian McQuown; 1981, Martin Stugess; 1982, Brian McQuown; 1983, Troy Collins; 1984, Jeff Banwer; 1985, Ted Kauffmann; 1986, D.J. Castillion; 1987, Chris Visconti; 1988, Larry Barnett; 1989, Juan Garcia; 1990, John Chatlack; 1991, Hakan Svensson; 1992, Greg Wicklund; 1993, Ron Robinson; 1994, John Thomsen; 1995, Travis Rich; 1996, Danny Tym; 1997, Jari Niskala; 1998, George Newton; 1999, Jonathan Baillie; 2000, Chase Emerson; 2001, Seth Bower; 2002, Not held; 2003, Mickey Maule; 2004, Benjamin Pauluhn; 2005, Faycal Rhazali; 2006, Davey Sandgren; 2007, Carlos Gomez-Diaz; 2008, William Schumacher; 2009, Michael-Ray Pallares; 2010, Jim Slonac; 2011, Justin Abrams; 2012, Chris Cooprider; 2013, Tim Garner; 2014, Leon Bax; 2015, Benjamin Mullis; 2016, not held; 2017, Zachary Northey; 2018, Danny Graves.
DOUBLES: 1923, Elmer Schwarts - Ted Heuerman; 1924, Frank Regan - Cranston W. Holman; 1925, Charles Lejeck - Leo Lejeck; 1926, Gabriel Lavine - Gus Amsterdam; 1927, Ralph Rice - George J. Jennings, Jr.; 1928, Ralph Rice - George J. Jennings, Jr.; 1929, George J. Jennings, Jr. - Robert B. Considine; 1930, George J. Jennings, Jr. - Jack DeLara; 1931, George J. Jennings, Jr. - Gordon L. Braudt; 1932, Gordon L. Braudt - Carl Ireneus; 1933, William Schommer - Charles Britzius; 1934, William Schommer - Charles Britzius; 1935, Barnard Welsh - Ralph McElvenny; 1936, Ted Drewes - Robert Norton; 1937, Willis Anderson - Ronald Lubin; 1938, Elbert R. Lewis - Willis Anderson; 1939, Julius Heldman - Willis Anderson; 1940, Willis Anderson - Jerry Crowther; 1941, W.F. Widen - Ed Olson; 1942-45, Not held; 1946, Willis Anderson - George Druliner; 1947, Fred Kovaleski - Gene Russell; 1948, Nolan McQuown - Myron McNamara; 1949, Myron McNamara - Nolan McQuown; 1950, Bobby Curtis - Clayton Brenham; 1951, Thomas Chambers - Clyde Hippenstiel; 1952, Nolan McQuown - Roy McQuown; 1953, Nolan McQuown - Roy McQuown; 1954, Thomas Chambers - Clyde Hippenstiel; 1955, Glenn Bassett - Clyde Hippenstiel; 1956, Ralph Dudgeon - Allen Schmidt; 1957, Wayne Pearce - Linn Rockwood; 1958, Noel Brown - Ramsey Earnhart; 1959, George MacCall - Marsh Miller; 1960, Mickey Schad - Roddy McNerney; 1961, Ed Foster - Don Schmidt; 1962, Dick Horwitz - Jerry Johnson; 1963, Gary Russell - Wayne Collett; 1964, Bob Potthast - Dick Leach; 1965, Gary Johnson - David Reed; 1966, Jerry Johnson - Jim Parker; 1967, Jerry Johnson - Rod Susman; 1968, Bob Kreiss - Mike Kreiss; 1969, Jerry Van Linge - Ed Grubb; 1970, Larry Parker - Paul Tobin; 1971, Charles Garfinkel - Bob Hetherington; 1972, Dave Bohannon - Eddie Scott; 1973, Charles Garfinkel - Bob Hetherington; 1974, Chris Sadkowski - Dirk Dugan; 1975, Steve Wilkinson - Terry Noyce; 1976, Tom Rittenmeir - Rick Rozen; 1977, Steve Wilkinson - Kevin Ylinen; 1978, Curt Condon - Rick Rozen; 1979, Steve Wilkinson - Kevin Ylinen; 1980, Brian McQuown - Keith Simpson; 1981, Doug Adler - Make Margolin; 1982, Brian McQuown - Keith Simpson; 1983, Chris Baar - Keith Simpson; 1984, Chris Schoop - Keith Simpson; 1985, Hakan Almstrom - Ted Kauffmann; 1986, D.J. Castillion - Bob Klawitter; 1987, Santiago Alva - Chris Visconti; 1988, Gary Palmer - Dana Treister; 1989, Angel Abreu - J.P. Wammack; 1990, John Chatlack - Paul Turtzed; 1991, Mark Balabad - Mike Haber; 1992, Brian Campbell - Bruce Levelle; 1993, Larry Lindsey - Jeff Bivens; 1994, Jim Wilson - Jim Kanda; 1995, Sunil Reddy - Paul Williams; 1996, Rick Bensen - Brad Hambrick; 1997, Brad Hawthorne - David Hawthorne; 1998, Ed Hubbs - Dave Vervelde; 1999, Jonathan Baillie - Gavin Abraham; 2000, Not held; 2001, Marc Miller - Steve Paulsen; 2002, Not held; 2003, Nick Crossley - Josh Heiden; 2004, Alan Farmer - Shawn Walburn; 2005, Faycal Rhazali - Mehdi Rhazali; 2006, Scott Kathary - Anthony Susi; 2007, Carlos Gomez-Diaz - Zhi Wei Ko; 2008, Bruce Smith - Rob Williams; 2009, Perry Allen - Will Bull; 2010, Rick Witsken - Wynn Criswell; 2011, Todd Bowlby - Ryan Dussault; 2012, Weston Blakeslee - John Linton; 2013, Brent Kembell - Steve Kembell; 2014, Not held; 2015, Austin Grundy - Benjamin Mullis; 2016-18, not held.
SINGLES: 1959, Ed diLeone; 1960, Ed diLeone; 1961, Norman MacDonald; 1962, Alex Swetka; 1963, Ed diLeone; 1964, William Smith; 1965, William Lurie; 1966, Bob Weinstock; 1967, Bob Galloway; 1968, Dave Martin; 1969, Seymour Greenberg; 1970, Bob Thompson; 1971, Chris Scott; 1972, Al Ruda; 1973, Chuck Hubbard; 1974, Harry Brown; 1975, Mel Lewis; 1976, Grant Golden; 1977, Harry Brown; 1978, Frank Keister; 1979, Mel Lewis; 1980, Charles Karabell; 1981, Mel Lewis; 1982, Ernie Schoop; 1983, Norman Fitz; 1984, Bob Perry; 1985, Jesse Hernandez; 1986, Ernest Schoop; 1987, Ernest Schoop; 1988, Jesse Hernandez; 1989, Ricardo Remolif; 1990, Evan Morris; 1991, Tom Wires; 1992, Tim Wilkinson; 1993, Luis Glass; 1994, Gerry Perry; 1995, Ron York; 1996, Greg Stephenson; 1997, Kim Jung; 1998, Skip Walther; 1999, Michael Kliebhan; 2000, Harlan Hopchik; 2001, Marty Johnson; 2002, not held; 2003, David Geatz; 2004, James Claywell; 2005, Tres Cushing; 2006, Vallis Wilder; 2007, Norman Schellenger; 2008, Corey Clarke; 2009, Bruce Kurtz; 2010, Troy Goers; 2011, Todd White; 2012, Jeff Cline; 2013, not held; 2014, Scott Howard; 2015, Daniel Richards; 2016-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 1961, Gardnar Mulloy - Homer Shoop; 1962, Ed diLeone - Courtney Bock; 1963, Courtney Bock - Ed diLeone; 1964, Francis Gay - Robert Hill; 1965, Courtney Bock - Ed diLeone; 1966, Harry Burrus - Bob Weinstock; 1967, Bob Galloway - Dave Martin; 1968, Bob Galloway - Dave Martin; 1969, George Lott - Sam Fields; 1970, Dick McFarland - Bob Thompson; 1971, Dick McFarland - Bob Thompson; 1972, Charles Lass - H.M. Wammack; 1973, Harold Becker - Glenn Miller; 1974, Vito Grybanskas - Wally Pierkarski; 1975, Bill Kuross - Ken Boyum; 1976, Seymour Greenberg - Grant Golden; 1977, Gardner Larned - David Muir; 1978, Ed Saunders - Gil Mayer; 1979, Gardnar Larned - David Muir; 1980, Charles Karabell - John Sahratian; 1981, Mel Lewis - John Bennett; 1982, Joe Russell - Ron Tonidandel; 1983, Don Bly - Hollis Smith; 1984, Hugh Ditzler - Robert Rickson; 1985, Tom Fridinger - Phil Martin; 1986, Ernest Schoop - Barry Walraven; 1987, Mike DeJesus - Jessie Hernandez; 1988, Jack Metalsky - John Hillebrand; 1989, Edward Alston - Fred Scott; 1990, Ricardo Remolif - Frank Swindell; 1991, Bill Brandt - Mike Punzell; 1992, Ric Yates - Fred King; 1993, Luis Glass - Jim Kelly; 1994, Gerry Perry - Dar Walters; 1995, Jerry Noyce - Ron York; 1996, Greg Stephenson - Scott Cox; 1997-98, not held; 1999, Ben Loeb - Skip Walther; 2000, Geof Grant - Mickey Martin; 2001, Fred Budde - Randy Crowell; 2002, Not held; 2003, Fred Budde - David Pettengill; 2004, not held; 2005, Jonathan Bates - Harlan Stone; 2006, Andrew Udis - Vallis Wilder; 2007, Gary Clermont - Michael Curry; 2008, William Dutton - Weller Evans; 2009, Al Cannon - Bradley Watkins; 2010, Willie Alumbaugh - Troy Goers; 2011, not held; 2012, Jeff Cline - J.D. Ready; 2013, John Bunselmeyer - Raymond Still; 2014, Scott Howard - Sydney Newcomb; 2015-18, not held.
SINGLES: 1975, Ken Boyum; 1976, Seymour Greenberg; 1977-78, not held; 1979, Ken Boyum; 1980, Roy McQuown; 1981-84, not held; 1985, Mel Lewis; 1986-87, not held; 1988, Edward Alston; 1989, Fred Scott; 1990, Jesse Hernandez; 1991, Jesse Hernandez; 1992, Steve Wilkinson; 1993, Larry Rabineau; 1994, James Pyles; 1995, Jerry Noyce; 1996, Kelly Hall; 1997, Bill Verner; 1998 Bill Brandt; 1999, Bill DeBaun; 2000, Gerald Perry; 2001, Ron York; 2002, not held; 2003, Marty Johnson; 2004, Bill Roach; 2005, Jonathan Bates; 2006, Kevin Kane; 2007, Jeff Davis; 2008, Paul Moss; 2009, Chris Reynard Sr.; 2010, Jeff Davis; 2011, Stuart Chase; 2012, Philip Lupo; 2013, John Bunselmeyer; 2014, Alex Zoccoli; 2015, not held; 2016, Rob Horsch; 2017-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 1975, Al Gross - Bill Maul; 1976, Al Valiquet - Steve Morgan; 1977-78, not held; 1979, Gardnar Larned - David Muir; 1980, Roy McQuown - Frank Simmons; 1981-84, not held; 1985, John Bennett - Ernie Schultz; 1986-87, not held; 1988, Guillermo Jones - Jim Wren; 1989, not held; 1990, Mike DeJesus - Jesse Hernandez; 1991, Mike De Jesus - Jesse Hernanzez; 1992, Ron Baukol - Tom Fridinger; 1993, Craig Edgecumbe - Jack Metalsky; 1994, not held; 1995, Robert Kisner - Mike Nash; 1996, Kelly Hall - Tom Fallon; 1997, Gerry Perry - Jack Rathburn; 1998, Ray Evans - Jack Harrison; 1999, John Crock - Tom Huffman; 2000, not held; 2001, David Mathews - Andrew Steingold; 2002, not held; 2003, Tim Burke - David Matthews; 2004, Bill Roach - Skip Walther; 2005, Jonathan Bates - Michael Beautyman; 2006-08, not held; 2009, Robert Castorri - Chip Thomas; 2010, Harrison Bowes - Sal Castillo; 2011, Stuart Chase - Thomas Quesenberry; 2012, Curt Corrigan - Peter Walters; 2013-18, not held.
SINGLES: 1979, Roy McQuown; 1980, Kenneth F. Lidie; 1981, not held; 1982, Kenneth F. Lidie; 1983, Kenneth F. Lidie; 1984, Roald Flater; 1985, Ernie Schultz; 1986, Alan Schwartz; 1987, Whitney Reed; 1988, Sven Davidson; 1989, John Bennett; 1990, Ken Baumeister; 1991, Ollie Greshan; 1992, Johnny Jose; 1993, Fred Scott; 1994, Henry Baughman; 1995, Henry Baughman; 1996, Henry Baughman; 1997, Gerry Perry; 1998, Robert Reys; 1999, Jim Jorgenson; 2000, Geof Grant; 2001, Jerry Noyce; 2002, not held; 2003, Richard Leake; 2004, not held; 2005, Robert Litwin; 2006, Robert Litwin; 2007, Marc Mazo; 2008, Oliver Scott; 2009, Fred Robinson; 2010, Sal Castillo; 2011, Paul Moss; 2012, Michael Hallowell; 2013, not held; 2014, Brian Barlay; 2015, Eric Bligard; 2016, Tony Crabel; 2017-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 1982, Ed Saunders - Jack Webber; 1983, Ed Saunders - Jack Webber; 1984, Roald Flater - Charlie Brown; 1985, John Bennett - Robin Willner; 1986, John Bennett - Ernie Schultz; 1987, Gerald Perry - Whitney Reed; 1988, Mel Lewis - Thomas Springer; 1989, Gary Russell - Thomas Springer; 1990, Ed Kolberg - Joe Russell; 1991, Ollie Greshan - John Beer; 1992, Alton Shader - Johnny Jose; 1993, Ed Alston - Fred Scott; 1994, Not held; 1995, Robert Kisner - Mike Nash; 1996, Henry Baughman - Herb Kays; 1997-98, Not held; 1999, Jim Johnson - Jim Jorgenson; 2000, Geof Grant - Mickey Martin; 2001, Joe Harris - Wilber Jones; 2002, Not held; 2003, Tom McCune - David Paulson; 2004, Not held; 2005, Thomas Freeman - Henry Kennedy; 2006, Bob Hoffman - David McKean; 2007, Alex Deeb - Marc Mazo; 2008, Oliver Scott - Skip Walther; 2009, John Callen - Fred Robinson; 2010, Phiip Landauer - Tom Smith; 2011, Fred Budde - Randy Crowell; 2012, Daniel Almanza - Edward Skarwecki; 2013, Richard Marlin - Doug Stursma; 2014, William Dagley - Jeffret Goldfien; 2015, Eric Bligard - Stuart Cochrane; 2016-18, not held.
SINGLES: 1979, Ernie Greene; 1980-84, not held; 1985, Ken Boyum; 1986-87, not held; 1988, Dooley Kam; 1989, Harry Brown; 1990, Joe Russell; 1991, Joe Crowson; 1992, Jerry Pope; 1993, Alfred Ruess; 1994, Jerry Pope; 1995, Hollis Smith; 1996, Jack Sanders; 1997, Jim Perley; 1998, Henry Baughman; 1999, Henry Baughman; 2000, Henry Baughman; 2001, Henry Baughman; 2002, not held; 2003, Mike Cullinane; 2004, Richard Johnson; 2005, David Robertson; 2006, Robert Parnell McKenna; 2007, Iain Cowper; 2008, Al Yearwood; 2009, Winder Bill; 2010, Cliff Price; 2011, Dick Nelson; 2012, James Armstrong; 2013, not held; 2014, Glenn Nakazawa; 2015, not held; 2016, Emmanuel Acholonu; 2017-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 1985, Ernie Saunders - H.M. Wammack; 1986-87, not held; 1988, Frank Simmons - Jack Simpson; 1989, not held; 1990, Ed Kolberg - Joe Russell; 1991, James Settles - Frank Simmons; 1992, Alan Schwartz - David Muir; 1993, John Bennett - Paul Rogers; 1994, Dale Matson - Gene Steiger; 1995, Dale Matson - Gene Steiger; 1996, Karl Pope - Chuck Nelson; 1997, Jim Perley - Bob Perry; 1998, Henry Baughman - Jim Holwerda; 1999, Larry Tice - Danny Vanice; 2000, not held; 2001, Joe Harris - Wilber Jones; 2002-03, not held; 2004, Lee Reid - Don Swan; 2005, Robert Parnell McKenna - Ronald Rebhuhn; 2006-08, not held; 2009, Jared Florian - Marc Mazo; 2010, Jared Florian - Marc Mazo; 2011, Roy Beskin - Winder Bill; 2012, not completed, 2013, not held; 2014, Michael Fischer - Barry Young; 2015, not held; 2016, Allin Everman - Richard Roberts; 2017-18, not held.
SINGLES: 1982, Dan Miller; 1983-84, not held; 1985, Ernie Greene; 1986, not held; 1987, Gerald Perry; 1988, C.L. Hoke; 1989, not held; 1990, Bill Williams; 1991, James Schulze; 1992, Duane Klueh; 1993, Jack Simpson; 1994, Ken Lidie; 1995, Livingston Taylor; 1996, Homer E. Royer; 1997, John Bennett; 1998, Jerry Pope; 1999, Gene Land; 2000, Don Bly; 2001, Don Bly; 2002, not held; 2003, Henry Baughman; 2004, not held; 2005, Eugene Scott; 2006, Lou Monte; 2007, Fred Farzanegan; 2008, C. Raymond Lake; 2009, Emile Rasheed; 2010, Richard Johnson; 2011, Dave Spilseth; 2012, Gale Howard; 2013, Cliff Price; 2014, J.C. Tucker; 2015, Lee Nagel; 2016, Peter Margarita; 2017-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 1992, Duane Klueh - Ray Murphy; 1993-94, not held; 1995, Chuck Allee - Ralph Radloff; 1996, Jack Trick - Jim Putlak; 1997, Don Albares - John Bennett; 1998, John Been - Ollie Gresham; 1999, not held; 2000, John Been - Ollie Gresham; 2001, Joe Beeson - Jack Sanders; 2002-04, not held; 2005, Lou Monte - Eugene Scott; 2006, Gordon Aydelott - James Carlin; 2007, Paul Cranis - Frank Froehling; 2008, Stephen Carter - Darryl Jacob; 2009, Bud Goodrich - Doyle Loftis; 2010, Robert Davis - Stephen Lunsford; 2011, Merle Bryan - Rodney Smith; 2012, Marlin Godown - Art Thomson; 2013, not held; 2014, John Michael Hackett - Howard Jamison; 2015-18, not held.
SINGLES: 1985, Stan Gibbons; 1986-89, not held; 1990, Jim Schulze; 1991, not held; 1992, Ernie Greene; 1993-95, not held; 1996, Ken F. Lidie; 1997, not held; 1998, Ken Lidie; 1999, Joe Pitts; 2000, Ed Hosking; 2001, Roger Pharr; 2002, not held; 2003, Jerry Pope; 2004, Jack Hill; 2005, Ron Tonidandel; 2006, Ronald Owens; 2007, W. Henry Baughman; 2008, W. Henry Baughman; 2009, Lester Sack; 2010, W. Henry Baughman; 2011, W. Henry Baughman; 2012, Hight Redmond; 2013, not held; 2014, Peter O'Brien; 2015, not held; 2016, Scott Aikman; 2017-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 1999, Dick Land - Joe Pitts; 2000, not held; 2001, Stephen Frank - James Gremmels; 2002, not held; 2003, Chuck Nelson - Holis Smith; 2004, Donald Dippold - Ollie Gresham; 2005, Henry Blodget - John Calimafde; 2006-08, not held; 2009, W. Henry Baughman - Lester Sack; 2010, W. Henry Baughman - Jerald Hayes; 2011, Bob Busch - Tom Fridinger; 2012, James Baughman - W. Henry Baughman; 2013, not held; 2014, Miguel Mejia - Norm Ozaki; 2015-18, not held.
SINGLES: 2003, Bernard Gunderson; 2004, not held; 2005, Ernest Schneck; 2006, Jerry Pope; 2007, Clement Hopp; 2008, not held; 2009, Gordon Hammes; 2010, George McCabe; 2011, Jerald Hayes; 2012, W. Henry Baughman; 2013, Virgil Polk; 2014, Peter Gleichenhaus; 2015-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 2003, Willard Johnson - Art Hamburger; 2004-05, not held; 2006, Robert McFadzen - Sidney Schneider; 2007, Doyle Kennedy - Joseph La Rue; 2008, not held; 2009, Dick Briggs Jr. - John Nixon; 2010, Pierce Liberman - George McCabe; 2011, Jerald Hayes - Ron Tonidandel; 2012-18, not held.
SINGLES: 1930, Virginia B. Dueker; 1931, Mary Zita McHale; 1932, Helen Germaine; 1933, Ruth Bailey; 1934, Ruth B. Prosser; 1935, Elizabeth Deike; 1936, Elizabeth Deike; 1937, Mary Arnold; 1938, Catherine Malcolm; 1939, Marta M. Barnett; 1940, Helen Germaine; 1941, Muriel Magnuson; 1942-45, Not held; 1946, Beverly J. Baker; 1947, Mary A. Prentiss; 1948, Mary A. Prentiss; 1949, Lucile Davidson; 1950, Mary A. Prentiss; 1951, Mary A. Prentiss; 1952, Mary A. Prentiss; 1953, Mary A. Prentiss; 1954, Mary A. Prentiss; 1955, June Stack; 1956, Mary A. Prentiss; 1957, Mary A. Prentiss; 1958, Mary A. Prentiss; 1959, Joyce Pniewski; 1960, Joan Johnson; 1961, Joan Johnson; 1962, Joan Johnson; 1963, Jane Bartkowicz; 1964, Mimi Arnold; 1965, Susan Dykes; 1966, Eileen Rahlens; 1967, Pat Cody; 1968, Janie A. Freeman; 1969, Alice Tym; 1970, Joan Johnson; 1971, Pat Cody; 1972, Jan Hasses; 1973, Sue Eastman; 1974, Pat Cody; 1975, Karen Dawson; 1976, Karen Dawson; 1977, Pat Cody; 1978, Andrea Whitmore; 1979, Tina Mochizuki; 1980, Pamela Jung; 1981, Tina Mochizuki; 1982, Angie Minissian; 1983, Gail Falkenberg; 1984, Themis Zambryski; 1985, Lisa Blackshear; 1986, Mary Pat Donovan; 1987, Lisa LeBold; 1988, Tanya Stasiuk; 1989, Noelle Porter; 1990, Mary Pat Donovan; 1991, Lisa LeBold; 1992, Libby Nelson; 1993, Stella Gonzales; 1994, Lisa LeBold; 1995, Lisa LeBold; 1996, Julie Helmy; 1997, Sarah Murfey; 1998, Sheri Norris; 1999, not held; 2000, Lisa Burleson; 2001, Kerry Meath; 2002, not held; 2003, Megan Tiegs; 2004, Mari Castello; 2005, Laura Ahmes; 2006, Aibika Kalsarieva; 2007, Julie Blackmore; 2008, Anna Monhartova; 2009, not held; 2010, Patricia Zerdan; 2011, Michele Bailey; 2012, Haily Morgan; 2013, not held; 2014, Megan Govi; 2015, Ruth Seaborne; 2016, Ava Tazerouni; 2017-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 1930, Ethel Haas - Elizabeth Kaiser; 1931, Mary Zita McHale - Mary McQuiston; 1932, Virginia Dueker - Mrs. A. Linderman; 1933, Ruth Prosser - Ella Felbinger; 1934, Helen Rose - Andree Russell; 1935, Constance O’Donovan - Esther Politzer; 1936, Edna Smith - Irene David; 1937, Mary Arnold - Gertrude Dockstader; 1938, Gertrude Dockstader - Mary Arnold; 1939, Marta Barnett - Catherine Sample; 1940, Merceina Parker - Frances Jacobson; 1941, Muriel Magnuson - Beverly Pawlak; 1942-45, Not held; 1946, Wilma Smith - Merceina Parker; 1947, Mary A. Prentiss - June Crow; 1948, Mary A. Prentiss - Alice Wanee; 1949, Nora Prosser - Lucille Davidson; 1950, Nora Prosser - Lucille Davidson; 1951, Lucile Davidson - Nora Prosser; 1952, Joan Johnson - Mary Hernando; 1953, Joan Johnson - Mary Hernando; 1954, Joan Johnson - Geralyn Shepard; 1955, Mary A. Prentiss - Barbara Talmadge; 1956, Muriel Cooper - Joan Warner; 1957, Joan Johnson - Geralyn Shepard; 1958, Joan Johnson - Geralyn Shepard; 1959, Winnie McCoy - Pat Moseley; 1960, Winnie McCoy - Pat Moseley; 1961, Joan Johnson - Geralyn Shepard; 1962, Joan Johnson - Geralyn Shepard; 1963, Joan Johnson - Geralyn Shepard; 1964, Joan Johnson - Geralyn Shepard; 1965, Marilyn Mueller - Lydia Wieberg; 1966, Pat Cody - Barbara Grubb; 1967, Marilyn Mueller - Lydia Wieberg; 1968, Evelyn Houseman - Carol Schneider; 1969, Pat Cody - Vicki Smouse; 1970, Mary A. Prentiss - Lenny Yee; 1971, Pat Cody - Mary A. Prentiss; 1972, Jan Hasse - Doreen Irish; 1973, Jan Hasse - Doreen Irish; 1974, Hillary Hilton - Charlotte Dial; 1975, Hillary Hilton - Karen Dawson; 1976, Rita Torres - Hillary Hilton; 1977, Jan Hasse - Lori Anderson; 1978, Andrea Whitmore - Aschara Moranon; 1979, Tina Mochizuki - Rita Agassi; 1980, Aschara Moranon - Cherise Dadian; 1981, Julie Filkoff - Darlene Hard; 1982, Pamela Jung - Angie Minissian; 1983, Dee Williams-Horne - Kim Ursich; 1984, Themis Zambryski - Allison Winston; 1985, Lisa Blackshear - Lori Jonas; 1986, Betty Law - Susan Nealy; 1987, Kim Crowson - Angie Turri; 1988, Hilary Marold - Karen O’Sullivan; 1989, Hilary Marold - Karen O’Sullivan; 1990, Mary Pat Donovan - Karen O’Sullivan; 1991, Lisa LeBold - Karen O’Sullivan; 1992, Maura Bjerken - Anne Gorde; 1993, Karen O’Sullivan - Sally Cottingham; 1994, Karen O’Sullivan - Lisa LeBold; 1995, Karen O’Sullivan - Lisa LeBold; 1996, Allison Evans - Julie Helmy; 1997-99, not held; 2000, Renee Periera - Rita Periera; 2001, Robin Coverdale - Anne Gorde; 2002, not held; 2003, Jill Palen - Lyndsey Palen; 2004, Annie Menees - Amanda Pratzel; 2005, Laura Ahmes - Aditi Viswanathan; 2006, Ann Eliason - Bernadette McCann; 2007, Mary Dailey - Trish Riddell; 2008, Ashley Raju - Laura Ritchey; 2009, not held; 2010, Greer Mackie - Anna Prasch; 2011-14, not held; 2015, Laura Richardson - Emily Richardson; 2016-18, not held.
SINGLES: 1978, Yuriko Saito; 1979, Sue Norsworthy; 1980, Pat Cody; 1981, Karen Peterson; 1982, Pat Cody; 1983, Dee Williams; 1984, Stephanie Hagan; 1985, Marnie Wheaton; 1986, Pat Cody; 1987, Ann Doell; 1988, Dee Williams-Horne; 1989, Not held; 1990, Michelle Luntz; 1991, Judy Wesselhoff; 1992, Leslie Croyder; 1993, Laurel Stewart; 1994, Julie Wyland; 1995, Kim Adamson; 1996, Melissa Reddy; 1997, not held; 1998, Susan Oertel; 1999-2000, Not held; 2001, Katie Weyermann; 2002-05, not held; 2006, Paula Juels Jones; 2007, not held; 2008, Laura Ritchey; 2009-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 1978, Phyllis Adler - Pat Brenner; 1979, Sue Norsworthy - Ms. Hanson; 1980, Lenny Yee - Yuriko Saito; 1981, Co-champions: Nancy Anderson - Pat Cody; Gloria Quintana - Darlene Hard; 1982, Darlene Hard - Rae Murbach; 1983, Toni Novack - Christa Townsend; 1984, Stephanie Hagan - Arlene Karasick; 1985, Michelle Immler - Susan Oertel; 1986, Not held; 1987, Pat Cody - Joanna Reed; 1988, Karen O’Sullivan - Carol Cavota; 1989, Not held; 1990, Mary Clouse - Kathy Ferry; 1991, Jodie Adams - Sharman Walker; 1992-95, Not held; 1996, Lisa LeBold - Karen O’Sullivan; 1997, Not held; 1998, Lynette Nano - Lynne Meyerkord; 1999, Lisa Blair - Fern Ruth; 2000, Not held; 2001, Ann Eliason - Bernadette McCann; 2002, Not held; 2003, Ann Eliason - Bernadette McCann; 2004-07, Not held; 2008, Anna Falgoust - Emily Fournier; 2009-18, not held.
SINGLES: 1989, Candy Chain; 1990, Marilyn Schwartz; 1991, Not held; 1992, Marnie Wheaton; 1993, Tina Karwasky; 1994, Xanh Miller; 1995, not held; 1996, Carol Young; 1997, Mary Bosch; 1998, Lynette Nano; 1999, Alicia Sikes; 2000, Libby Eibes; 2001-04, not held; 2005, Steffani Lomax; 2006, Jami Patterson; 2007, Angela Simon; 2008, not held; 2009, Carolina Blouin; 2010, Helena Malinakova; 2011, Helena Malinakova; 2012, not held; 2013, Patricia Musick; 2014-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 1989, Sandy Burke - Nancy Young; 1990, Ida Logan - Holly Mansager; 1991, Not held; 1992, Jackie Faegre - Carol Lindow; 1993, Lisa Thomas - Carol Kay; 1994, Xanh Miller - Karen O’Sullivan; 1995, Cathy Deutsch - Christy Willers; 1996, Karen O’Sullivan - Nancy Nutter; 1997, Beth Dickenson - Lynett Sullivan; 1998-99, Not held; 2000, Laura Suarez - Robyn Redicker; 2001-03, not held; 2004, Cynthia Cohan - Laurie Franz; 2005, not held; 2006, Amy Read - Michelle Wright; 2007, Mary Dailey - Trish Riddell; 2008, not held; 2009, Ann Eliason - Bernadette McCann; 2010-11, not held; 2012, Simona Bruetting - Jill Vanderkooi; 2013-18, not held.
SINGLES: 1964, Mary A. Prentiss; 1965, Not held; 1966, Merceina Parker; 1967, Not held; 1968, Mary A. Prentiss; 1969, Marilyn Mueller; 1970, Joan Johnson; 1971, Mary A. Prentiss; 1972, Mary A. Prentiss; 1973, Dee Dolny; 1974, Ruth Aucott; 1975, Betty Claus; 1976, Mary Lou McCaslin; 1977, Ada Cowen; 1978, Klara Betyar; 1979, Laurie King; 1980, Winnie McCoy; 1981, Co-Champions: Darlene Hard; Winnie McCoy; 1982, Pat Cody; 1983, Pat Cody; 1984, Pat Cody; 1985, Pat Cody; 1986, Pat Cody; 1987, Pat Cody; 1988, Pat Cody; 1989, not held; 1990, Linda Stude; 1991, Jeanie Mullen; 1992, Susan Oertel; 1993, Lynne East; 1994, Xanh Miller; 1995, Susan Oertel; 1996-97, not held; 1998, Susan Oertel; 1999-2003, not held; 2004, Susan Oertel; 2005, not held; 2006, Ellen Markowitz; 2007, not held; 2008, Susan Wormser; 2009, Renata Marcinkowska; 2010-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 1964, Mary A. Prentiss - Gertie Irish; 1965, Not held; 1966, Muriel Cooper - Jean Warner; 1967, Not held; 1968, Phyllis Adler - Carol Schneider; 1969, Marilyn Mueller - Jane Pratt; 1970, Joan Johnson - J. Prentiss; 1971, Alphonzsia Edwards - Phyllis Yambrach; 1972, Nora Prosser - Lucille Davidson; 1973, Dee Wilden - Corine Barnes; 1974, Gwen Mitchel - Dee Dolny; 1975, Betty Claus - Polly Hoff; 1976, Marilyn Mueller - Betty R. Pratt; 1977, Joan Killen - Ada Cowen; 1978, Winnie McCoy - Susie Sasa; 1979, Ellie Peden - Dee Dolny; 1980, Laurie King - Jean Richardson; 1981, Gloria Quintana - Darlene Hard; 1982, Darlene Hard - Pat Cody; 1983, Pat Cody - Gloria Quintana; 1984, Pat Cody - Jeanette Paddock; 1985, Pat Cody - Audrey Folden; 1986, Pat Freebody - Judy Royko; 1987, Pat Cody - Audrey Folden; 1988, Naomi Bradford - Cathy Lombardo; 1989, Not held; 1990, Pat Cody - Linda Stude; 1991, Jeanie Mullen - Laurie King; 1992, Jackie Faegre - Carol Lindow; 1993, Cozette Gordon - Sue Hammonds; 1994, Lou Ann Letman - Veronica Palmer; 1995, Deb Vonsteinberg - Christine Watkins; 1996, Carla Becht - Nancy Nutter; 1997, Kathy Meyer - Carol Roberts; 1998-2003, Not held; 2004, Sally Irwin - Kathleen Smith; 2005-07, Not held; 2008, Peggy Andry - Nicole Charbonnet; 2009, Mimi Hardie - Melissa Nodvin; 2010-12, not held; 2013, Sharon Bennett - Betsy Wahl; 2014-18, not held.
SINGLES: 1990, Pat Cody; 1991, Jean Larrick; 1992, Cammy Johnson; 1993, Alice Middleton; 1994, Josephine Mendez; 1995, Susan Oertel; 1996, Susan Oertel; 1997, Kay Cohen; 1998, Susan Oertel; 1999, Lois McKinley; 2000, Glenda Schock; 2001, Susan Oertel; 2002, not held; 2003, Violet Shortly; 2004, not held; 2005, Nancy Lally; 2006, Susie Brown; 2007, Frances Chandler; 2008-09, not held; 2010, Myke Loomis; 2012-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 1990, Sherry Bossart - Sue Wise; 1991, Fern Soxman - Helen Hills; 1992, Annalee Hanson - Sue Norsworthy; 1993, Sinclair Bill - Gail Loftus; 1994, Lou Ann Letman - Veronica Palmer; 1995, Viki Condon - Theresa King; 1996, Susan Oertel - Mary H. Thompson; 1997, Susan Oertel - Mary H. Thompson; 1998, Susan Oertel - Mary Thompson; 1999, Sheila Breon - Debbie Sadler; 2000-04, Not held; 2005, Susan Dertel - Mary Thompson; 2006, Anne-Marie Pensanti - Carol Powers; 2007, Frances Chandler - Mary Dailey; 2008-09, Not held; 2010, Gerry Rubin - Kathy Wennemann; 2011, Helen Gunther - Maggie Winchell; 2012-18, not held.
SINGLES: 1983, Jean Richardson; 1984, Bev Winans; 1985, Donna Schlorf; 1986, Not held; 1987, Audrey Folden; 1988, Betsy Roberti; 1989, Beverly Coleman; 1990, Sue Wise; 1991-92, Not held; 1993, Sinclair Bill; 1994, Janet Smith; 1995, Betty McNeil; 1996, Kathy Watkins; 1997, not held; 1998, Dorothy Knode; 1999-2000, not held; 2001, Cris Fischer; 2002-03, Not held; 2004, Xanh Miller; 2005, not held; 2006, Rachel Brown; 2007, not held; 2008, Suzanne Lippe-Siegler; 2009, Diane Fishburne; 2010-11, not held; 2012, Jo Anna Cline; 2014-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 1984, Bev Winans - Ellie McPhail; 1985, Lori King - Jean Richardson; 1986, Not held; 1987, Jeep Helm - Laurie King; 1988, Jean Richardson - Laurie King; 1989, Not held; 1990, Annabelle Nye Belknap - Patti Devine; 1991, Helen Hills - Joyce Kimbro; 1992, Ellie Peden - Dee Dolny; 1993, Kathy Kelly - Cathy Lombardo; 1994, Laurie King - Josephine Mendez; 1995, Gerry Fahrni - Carol Stewart; 1996, Linda Dues - Mary Lou Hambrick; 1997, not held; 1998, Jean Larrick - Mary Thompson; 1999-2000, Not held; 2001, Jackie Faegre - Susan Furtney; 2002-03, Not held; 2004, Linda Becker - Christine Dummermuth; 2005-11, not held; 2012, Judith Laursen - Marta Rocha; 2014, Heidi Smith - Beth Wilson; 2015-18, not held.
SINGLES: 1992, Sandy Martin; 1993, Judith Nikazy; 1994-2002, not held; 2003, Camary Johnson; 2004, not held; 2005, Michelle Immler; 2006, Judith Lehman; 2007, Kerry Young; 2008, Not held; 2009, Carla Baker; 2010, Deborah Burgess; 2011, not held; 2012, Cheryl Sontheimer; 2013, not held; 2014, Yvonne Gallop; 2015-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 1994, Betty Claus - Polly Hoff; 1995, Not held; 1996, Kay Evans - Marilyn Rueff; 1997-2002, not held; 2003, Susan Furtney - Jackie Faegre; 2004, not held; 2005, Michelle Foster - Olga Stark; 2006, Colleen Burns Keenan - Patricia Zakur; 2007, Margaret Cooper - Kerry Young; 2008, not held; 2009, Cynthia Babb - Susan Peiffer; 2010, Deborah Burgess - Sharon Ploor; 2011, Susan Oertel - Mary Thompson; 2012-18, not held.
SINGLES: 2009, Jason Wells; 2010, Eddie Beira; 2011, Nguyen Vo.; 2012, Ben Bowen; 2013, not held; 2014, Richard Carson; 2015, Daniel Richards; 2016, Antonio Fernandez; 2017, Anthony Forcucci; 2018, Anthony Forcucci.
DOUBLES: 2009, Bryan Springer - Jim Wescott; 2010, Chris Bianchi - Brett Hartig; 2011, not held; 2012, Michael Hayter - Harold Woods; 2013, not held; 2014, Brian Barlay - Dave Ochoa; 2015-16, not held; 2017, Andrew Cusick - Brandon Cusick; 2018, Michael Boyer - Anthony Forcucci.
SINGLES: 2009, Kimberly Cotton; 2010, Patricia Hudson; 2011, not held; Melissa Harris; 2013, Leigh Lewis; 2014, Juliana Kresse; 2015, Meskerem Seifu; 2016, not held; 2017, Karen Davis; 2018, Jennifer Pellatz.
DOUBLES: 2009, Ann Davis - Courtney Whitlow; 2010, Rebecca Darling - Carol Gregerson; 2011, Sarah Foley - Susan Gherity; 2012, Libby Fitzgibbons - Pamela Heiden; 2013, not held; 2014, Dora Dome - Tracey Rose; 2015-16, not held; 2017, Karen Davis - Jody Holsinger; 2018, not held.
SINGLES: 2009, Angie Rucker; 2010, Holly Force; 2011, Sally Leary; 2012, Lindsey Woods; 2013, not held; 2014, Christine Jarvis; 2015, Susan Benson; 2016-17, not held; 2018, Heather Blumel.
DOUBLES: 2010, Sara Decker - Holly Force; 2011, Angela Beissel - Erica Tollefson; 2012, Melissa Doidge - Susie Farrar; 2013, not held; 2014, Christine Jarvis - Yuko Umezawa; 2015-16, not held; 2017, Heather Blumel - Elizabeth Flood; 2018, Debbie Mackaman - Rachel Morgan.
SINGLES: 2012, Ellen Quest; 2013, Not held; 2014, Yvonne Gallop; 2015, Carmen O'Neill; 2016, not held; 2017, Laura Haney; 2018, Alexis Payne.
DOUBLES: 2010, Jaime Clark - Audra Nothwehr; 2011, not held; 2012, Lauren Grimditch - Chelsea Laursen; 2013, not held; 2014, Dolores Podesta - Shamus Ward; 2015-16, not held; 2017, Laura Haney - Alexis Payne; 2018, not held.
DOUBLES: 1979, Chuck Allee - Kyle Allee; 1980-84, not held; 1985, Jean Larson - Cort Larson; 1986-91, not held; 1992, David Barnard - Bryce Barnard; 1993-94, not held; 1995, Linda Neilsen - Drew Neilsen; 1996, Marilyn Rueff - David Rueff; 1997, not held; 1998, Bob Cooper - Sean Cooper; 1999-2000, not held; 2001, Karol Beverley - Justin Beverley; 2002-03, not held; 2004, Christine Claywell - James Claywell; 2005, Gloria Carter - Tommy Carter; 2006, not held; 2007, Michael Gfesser - Emily Gfesser; 2008, John Keller - Brenna Keller; 2009, not held; 2010, Joshua Raymond - Christine Veitzer; 2011-14, not held; 2015, Jessica Sadler - Brett Sadler; 2016-18, not held.
SINGLES: 2007, Richard Blumenfeld; 2008, Elliot Minvielle; 2009, Kyle Koch; 2010, Max Schaper; 2011, Aren Wilson; 2012, not held; 2013, Ryan Bunselmeyer; 2014, Seung Kim; 2015, Ryan Ortega; 2016, Bryan Kulikov; 2017-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 2007, Jason Ebbin - Leonard Wade; 2008, Cole Brennan - Brock Turnbull; 2009, Kyle Koch - Ross Sons; 2010, Scott Segobiano - James Stathis; 2011-13, not held; 2014, Austin Fan - Jacob Shaw; 2015, Ryan Ortega - Peter Summers; 2016, Akarsh Lal - Steven Tong; 2017-18, not held.
SINGLES: 2007, Zack Quigley; 2008, John Lindsey; 2009, Anderson Scarpa; 2010, Jake Lee; 2011, Kolin Kiekhoefer; 2012, not held; 2013, Michael Nacy; 2014, Ryan Cardiff; 2015, Jacob Dahme; 2016, Ty Edwards; 2017-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 2009, George Handy - Thomas Johnson; 2010-13, not held; 2014, Aaron Hicks - Ian Thomas; 2015, Matthew Schmitz - Michael Yousef; 2016-18, not held.
SINGLES: 2007, Gianluca Argentini; 2008, Marcell Lewis; 2009, Jack O'Koniewski; 2010, Joey Dulle; 2011, Mark Johnson; 2012, not held; 2013, Alec Musick; 2014, Luke Neal; 2015, Jonah Dobbs; 2016, Ethan Schiffman; 2017-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 2007, Brian Granoff - Ryan Smith; 2008, Not held; 2009, Kevin Cubela - Augusto Tomszay; 2010, Mason Jennings - Rex Serituk; 2011-13, Not held; 2014, Max Augus - Luke Neal; 2015, Christopher Harris - Tory Shafer; 2016-18, not held.
SINGLES: 2007, Stefan Kozlov; 2008, William Aguillard; 2009, Ryan Space; 2010, Rex Serituk; 2011-12, not held; 2013, Finn Wartick; 2014, Timothy Wu; 2015, Tygen Goldammer; 2016, Daniel Choi; 2017-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 2009, Logan Adkins - Ryan Space; 2010-12, not held; 2013, Bek Wartick - Finn Wartick; 2014, not held; 2015, Michael Tang - James Yousef; 2016-18, not held.
SINGLES: 2007, Taylor Dubins; 2008, not held; 2009, Ariel Strong; 2010, Taylor Koehrsen; 2011, Lily Foley; 2012, not held; 2013, Kristyn Young; 2014, not held; 2015, Sidney Brower; 2016, Sierra Ahrablou; 2017-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 2007, Brittany Dubins - Taylor Dubins; 2008, not held; 2009, Taylor Bland - Mary Chris Satterthwaite; 2010, Grace Hyde - Taylor Revling; 2011-14, not held; 2015, Morgan Brower - Sidney Brower; 2016-18, not held.
SINGLES: 2007, Gabriela Palacios; 2008, Meghan Debaroncelli; 2009, Kristen Farmer; 2010, Trisha Sundaram; 2011, Meghan Herring; 2012, not held; 2013, Maya Brown; 2014, Anjali Kumar; 2015, not held; 2016, Aubri Weissbuch; 2017-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 2009, Marian Hohenwarter - Charlotte Loper; 2010-13, not held; 2014, Jenna DeTurk - Yasmine McCroden; 2015-18, not held.
SINGLES: 2007, Taylor Hollander; 2008, Not held; 2009, Katherine Stewart; 2010, Olivia Conway; 2011, Libby Rickeman; 2012, not held; 2013, Gina Zubair; 2014, Tameka Samanatha; 2015, Johana Brower; 2016, Aubrey McGrew; 2017-18, not held.
DOUBLES: 2007, Mari Osaka - Naomi Osaka; 2008, not held; 2009, Kristen Farmer - Hannah Leschorn; 2010-14, not held; 2015, Allison EIchacker - Madeline Nguyen; 2016-18, not held.
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wrong_mix_domain_spouse_00090
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FactBench
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https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0047728/fullcredits/cast
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en
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Dixon of Dock Green (TV Series 1955–1976)
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Dixon of Dock Green (TV Series 1955–1976) “Cast” credits
|
en
|
IMDb
|
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0047728/fullcredits
|
George Betton
Will Bingham / Chevy Chase / Customer in Cafe / Publican / Security Guard / Smith / Spooner / Tom Bates (9 episodes, 1958-1966)
Madge Brindley
Bertha Swinton / Ethel / Gertie Griffin / Lady in Station / Mrs. Richards / Mrs. Thomson / Neighbour / Old Lady (8 episodes, 1956-1967)
John Boxer
Charles Hunt / Clerk of the Court / Hobbs / Insp. Mitchell / Prosecuting Counsel (5 episodes, 1959-1967)
Paul Lindley
Barber / Clerk of the Court / Man / Motorist (3 episodes, 1965-1970)
Shelagh Wilcocks
Mrs. Winsor / Witness / Woman at House / Woman with Dog (4 episodes, 1967-1975)
Iain Anders
Alf Stevens / Fire Chief / Main in Club (3 episodes, 1966-1968)
Peter Tilbury
D.C. Cox / Det. Con. Cox (2 episodes, 1974)
Brian Dent
Clerk of the Court / Mr. Renton (2 episodes, 1959-1960)
Carla Challoner
Ruth, as a Child (1 episode, 1962)
Peter Fontaine
Clerk of the Court (1 episode, 1962)
Cavan Malone
Arthur Flint, as a Young Man (1 episode, 1962)
Desmond Davies
George Dixon, as a Young Man (1 episode, 1962)
Arthur R. Webb
Clerk of the Court (1 episode, 1968)
|