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https://kpopisforeveryone.wordpress.com/2023/10/23/secret-guide/
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Secret Guide
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Hello, readers and fans! Today, I am here to talk about the iconic girl group Secret. I don't know anything about them but I am really excited to dive in and explore them, so let's get started! Secret (시크릿) is a South Korean girl group formed by TS Entertainment in 2009. The group originally debuted…
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en
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https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico
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Kpopisforeveryone
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https://kpopisforeveryone.wordpress.com/2023/10/23/secret-guide/
|
Hello, readers and fans! Today, I am here to talk about the iconic girl group Secret. I don’t know anything about them but I am really excited to dive in and explore them, so let’s get started!
Secret (시크릿) is a South Korean girl group formed by TS Entertainment in 2009. The group originally debuted with four members: Jun Hyo-seong, Jung Ha-na, Song Ji-eun, and Han Sun-hwa.
Their fandom name is “Secret Time” which was the title track of their debut album.
Their fandom color is White.
Career
2009-2010: Debut with “I Want You Back,” “Secret Time,” and “Madonna”
The documentary “Secret Story” which aired on Mnet introduced Secret to the public. The show chronicled the debut process of the members and aired their invitation-only debut showcase, which took place on September 29th, 2009.
On October 13th, 2009, Secret officially debuted with the release of the music video of “I Want You Back”, their first single. Two days later, on October 15th, 2009, they had their first live stage on M! Countdown.
Secret participated in the “Master of Study” OST with the song “Friends” which was released in January 2010.
On March 31st, 2010, Secret revealed the music video for “Magic,” the title track of their debut mini album “Secret Time.” Secret had their comeback performance for “Magic” on M! Countdown on April 8th, 2010. The song peaked at number five on the Music Bank K-Chart.
The music video quickly reached one million views on video sharing sites such as YouTube and Cyworld, and the “Suspender Dance” which appeared in the video gained popularity amongst netizens.
Secret released their second mini album titled “Madonna” on August 12th, 2010. The music video for the title track of the same name was released on August 11th, 2010. Kang Ji-won and Kim Ki-bum, the composers who wrote “Madonna”, highlighted that the inspiration behind the song was about living with confidence by becoming an icon in this generation, like the American singer Madonna.
Like their previous single “Magic,” the music video for “Madonna” reached one million views on video sharing sites such as YouTube and Cyworld. “Madonna” was better received than “Magic”, topping every major online music chart within two weeks and peaking at number one on the Gaon Chart.The song also won the Bonsang Award (Main Prize) at the 20th Seoul Music Awards. On December 9th, 2010, Secret attended the 25th Golden Disk Awards and won the Newcomer Award.
2011-2012: Rising popularity, Japanese debut, “Poison,” and “Talk That”
Secret released the single “Shy Boy” in January 2011. On January 13th, 2011, Secret won their very first music show award on M! Countdown. Secret also managed to stay at number one on Music Bank for three consecutive weeks. During that time, Secret also won a mutizen award on Inkigayo.
They released their second single album, “Starlight Moonlight,” on June 1st, 2011. The song won Secret their second “Mutizen” on Inkigayo with the song. On August 3rd, 2011, the group released their first single in Japan, “Madonna,” which debuted at number nine on the Oricon charts.
On October 18th, 2011, Secret released their first studio album, Moving in Secret. “Shy Boy” was remade to serve as the title track on their first mini album in Japan. On November 16th, 2011, Secret released their first Japanese mini album, “Shy Boy.” They have attended the KBEE (Korea Brand & Entertainment Expo) in Paris, France, on December 1st to 3rd, 2011.
In February 2012, Secret released their second Japanese single titled “So Much For Goodbye.”
On February 22nd, 2012, they won two “Singers of the Year” awards at the Gaon Chart Awards, for “Shy Boy” and “Starlight Moonlight.”” In March, the group held their first head-lining tour in Japan named “Secret 1st Japan Tour.” It took place in Osaka on March 5th, 2012, Nagoya on March 7th, 2012, and Tokyo on March 8th, 2012.
Secret released their third Japanese single Twinkle Twinkle on June 13th, 2012. “Twinkle Twinkle” was used as the ending theme song of the Naruto spin-off, “Naruto SD: Rock Lee and his Ninja Pals.”
The group released their first Japanese studio album named “Welcome to Secret Time” on August 22nd, 2012.
The Japanese version of “Love is Move” served as the title track. The album also included Japanese remakes of their Korean hit singles “Madonna” and “Shy Boy”, and “Starlight Moonlight”, along with the two original Japanese singles “So Much for Goodbye” and “Twinkle Twinkle”.
In September, Secret released the EP “Poison” in South Korea. The title track of the same name was an “upbeat dance track”, written and produced by Kang Ji-won and Kim Ki-bum whom they previously worked with their previous hit singles. According to TS Entertainment, “Poison” had “unique characteristics and colors of Secret but will have a change in concept from the cute and friendly image [shown in the past] to a sexy and feminine concept.”
The single “Talk That”, was released on December 4th, 2012. It was produced by Shinsadong Tiger, whom has previously worked with their hit track “Magic”.The music video for “Talk That” was directed by Zanybros’ Hong Won-ki. “Talk That” received generally positive reviews from critics, most of whom had praised the song for its mature musical style and concept as opposed to their previous singles.
On the night of December 11th, 2012, Secret was involved in a car accident. Hyoseong, Jieun and Sunhwa received only a few scratches and knee pain, but Hana suffered broken ribs and a bruised lung and therefore halted from Secret’s activities in order to recover. On December 27th, 2012, Sunhwa and labelmate B.A.P’s Youngjae teamed up to release a digital single titled “Everything is Pretty” as a present for Secret and B.A.P fans.
2013-2014: “Letter from Secret,” “Gift From Secret,” and “Secret Summer”
In January 2013, Secret continued to perform “Talk That” on various music and award shows without Hana. Hana ended her hiatus and officially rejoined Secret when she performed at the 22nd Seoul Music Awards and won a bonsang award. On March 29th, 2013, Secret held their solo concert in Singapore, performing in front of 5,000 fans at the Marina Bay Sands Convention Hall.
Secret’s fourth mini album, titled “Letter from SECRET”, with “YooHoo” as the album’s title track, was released on April 30th, 2013. YooHoo managed to top real time charts such as Mnet, Bugs Olleh, and Sorribada. Secret became one of the most searched terms on South Korean portal sites in the midst of their return. In June 2013, Secret signed with Kiss Entertainment for future Japan activities. They also moved from Sony Music to Universal Music Group Japan (Universal D’s Sub-Label).
On December 9th, 2013, the group’s third single album, Gift From Secret, featuring the title track “I Do I Do” was released. As the album was released during winter TS Entertainment stated that the lead single, “I Do I Do” is a lively and warm song and is also reminiscent of carols, which will match well with the coming winter season.”I Do I Do” was produced by Kang Ji-won and Kim Ki-bum.
On February 5th, 2014, Secret released the Japanese version of their Korean single “I Do I Do” along with a music video, which marks their first Japanese release with Kiss Entertainment.
On May 29th, 2014, Tower Records Japan revealed that Secret would release a single album in Japan. Before the release of their fifth Japanese single, Secret held their third Japan tour titled “2014 Secret’s Summer Live ~YooHoo~.” On July 23rd, 2014, Secret released a Japanese version of their Korean single “YooHoo.”
On August 11th, 2014, Secret released their fifth mini album Secret Summer with “I’m In Love” as its title track. “I’m In Love” was produced by hitmaker Duble Sidekick. Sonamoo member New Sun also took part in composing the track “Look At Me,” which is featured on the album.
2015-2018: Members departure and disbandment
On September 26th, 2016, it was announced that Sunhwa would be leaving the group after deciding not to renew her contract with TS Entertainment in order to pursue a career in acting. Sunhwa’s contract with TS Entertainment was terminated on October 13th, 2016. The group would continue with the remaining three members.
On February 28th, 2018 it was reported that Hyoseong and Jieun were in legal disputes with TS Entertainment. Hyoseong’s legal disputes with TS is due to issues such as not receiving payments. It was also reported that in August 2017, Jieun submitted a request to the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board to verify that her contract is no longer valid due to TS Entertainment not following the terms of the contract.
Jieun later announced via Instagram that she was no longer a member of Secret as her contract was violated and no longer exists.
On March 5th, 2017, Hyoseong’s lawyer revealed that she had filed a civil lawsuit against TS Entertainment in September 2017 to confirm that her contract with the agency is no longer valid. Hyoseong’s lawyer stated “First, there are payments that Jun Hyo-seong has not received. TS Entertainment also transferred the management rights conferred by its exclusive contract with the singer to another party without the consent of Jun Hyoseong herself.
Not only is this a clear violation of her contract, but it is also a source of instability in her promotions as a singer.” He also stated that it would be unlikely of Hyoseong to remain a member of Secret while under TS Entertainment given the situation and the lack of trust and communication between the agency and Hyoseong, effectively ending the group.
Let’s meet the members!
Stage Name: Hyosung (효성)
Real Name: Jeon Hyo Sung (전효성)
Position: Leader, Main Dancer, Lead Vocalist, Face of the Group
Birthday: October 13th, 1989
Zodiac: Libra
Height: 5’3
Instagram: @superstar_jhs
Twitter: @Secretimehs
Facts
– She was born in Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.
– She has a younger sister and an older sister.
– As a 3rd grader, Hyosung and her family started delivering newspapers to get extra money.
– In 6th grade, Hyosung decided she wanted to become a singer.
– In middle school, she was the leader of her school’s dance team.
– In 2007, she was supposed to debut with G.NA, Yubin (Wonder Girls), UEE (After School), and Jiwon (SPICA) as girl group Five Girls but they disbanded pre-debut.
– She’s a member of the one time sub unit Dazzling RED with 4Minute’s Hyuna, KARA’s Nicole, After School’s Nana, & SISTAR’s Hyorin.
– On February 28th, 2018, it was reported that Hyoseong was in legal disputes with her agency TS Entertainment.
– The court decided that the exclusive contract between Hyoseong and TS Ent holds no validity.
– On October 29th, 2018 it was announced that Hyoseong signed with Tommy & Partners Entertainment.
Stage Name: Hana (하나)
Real Name: Jung Ha Na (정하나)
Position: Main Rapper, Lead Dancer, Vocalist
Birthday: February 2nd, 1990
Zodiac: Aquarius
Height: 5’2
Twitter: @supahana
Instagram: @hanatheonly1
Twitch: @poodlequeenj
Youtube: HANA [오늘은 뭐하나?]
Facts
– She was born in Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi, South Korea.
– She is an only child.
– Her mother worked as a singer in the 1980s and her father worked as a bodyguard.
– Her former stage name is Zinger.
– She is close to EXID‘s LE.
– She is also friends with 2NE1‘s CL and Wonder Girls‘ Sun while attending the same dance academy in middle school.
– She acted in the drama “Jumping Girl” (2015).
– Hana participated on “The King of Masked Singer” in May 2019.
– She is the only Secret member who remained under TS Ent.
Stage Name: Jieun (지은)
Real Name: Song Ji Eun (송지은)
Position: Main Vocalist, Maknae
Birthday: May 5th, 1990
Zodiac: Taurus
Height: 5’3
Twitter: @songjieun_55
Instagram: @bimil_jieun
Youtube: 뽀송지은[For SongJiEun]
Facts
– She was born in Seoul, South Korea.
– She is an only child.
– She auditioned for JYP at a young age and was supposed to debut with Hyorin (SISTAR) and U-JI (BESTie) but plans did not go well.
– She acted on the Korean dramas: “Family” (2012, cameo), “Pure Love” (2013), “Longing for Spring” (2014), “The Superman Age” (2015), “Sweet Home, Sweet Honey” (2016), “My Secret Romance” (2017), “Melting Me Softly” (guest – 2019), “Wish Woosh 2” (2019).
– On February 28th, 2018, Ji Eun has announced her departure from Secret on her Instagram.
– On June 22nd, 2019 it was announced that Jieun signed with 6 Oceans.
Stage Name: Sunhwa (선화)
Real Name: Han Sun Hwa (한선화)
Position: Vocalist, Visual, Maknae
Birthday: October 6th, 1990
Zodiac: Libra
Height: 5’5
Twitter: @seonhwazzz
Instagram: @shh_daily
Facts
– She was born in Busan, South Korea.
– She is the oldest in her family and had to tutor her younger siblings (a sister and a brother) when her parents worked.
–Victon‘s Han Seungwoo is her younger brother.
– When she was young she wanted to be an artist.
– In 6th grade she watched a performance of BoA and immediately wanted to be a singer.
– Her mother was only 20 when she had Sunhwa.
– In 2012 she was paired with Kwanghee of ZE:A to be her husband on the TV show “We Got Married“.
– She’s a member of the one-time sub unit Mystic WHITE with 4Minute’s Gayoon, KARA’s Jiyoung, After School’s Lizzy, & SISTAR’s Bora.
– She acted in several Korean dramas: “Ad Genius Lee Tae-Baek” (2013), “God’s Gift – 14 Days” (2014), “Marriage Not Dating” (2014), “Rosy Lovers” (2015), “Radiant Office” (2017), “School 2017” (2017), “20th Century Boy and Girl” (2017), “My Husband Oh Jak Doo” (2018), “The Great Seducer” (guest – 2018), “Save Me 2” (2019), “Backstreet Rookie” (2020), “Undercover” (2021).
– On September 25th, 2016, TS Ent. announced Sunhwa’s departure from the group.
– On March 13th, 2020, it was announced that Sunhwa has signed an exclusive contract with KeyEast Entertainment.
Thanks for reading, I hope you enjoyed learning about Secret! Make sure to follow the members on their individu
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https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico
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Sieh dir auf Facebook Beiträge, Fotos und vieles mehr an.
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https://www.facebook.com/login/
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https://kprofiles.com/secret-members-profile/
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Secret Members Profile (Updated!)
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Our Secret Members Profile is updated on a regular basis, providing up to date facts and news.
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Kpop Profiles
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https://kprofiles.com/secret-members-profile/
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Secret Members Profile: Secret Facts, Secret Ideal Type
SECRET (시크릿) consisted of 2 members in the last part of their career: Hyosung and Hana. Sunhwa and Jieun left the group in 2016, and 2018 respectively. Hyosung left left the company in early 2018. SECRET debuted under TS Entertainment in 2009 and disbanded in 2018 after Hyosung’s departure.
Secret Fandom Name: Secret Time
Secret Official fan Color: White
Secret Members Profile:
Hyosung
Stage Name: Hyosung (효성)
Birth Name: Jeon Hyo Sung (전효성)
Position: Leader, Main Dancer, Lead Vocalist, Face of the Group
Birthday: October 13, 1989
Zodiac sign: Libra
Height: 160 cm (5’3″)
Weight: 50 kg (110 pounds)
Blood Type: B
Instagram: @superstar_jhs
Twitter: @Secretimehs
Hyosung facts:
– She was born in Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.
– She has a younger sister and an older sister.
– As a 3rd grader, Hyosung and her family started delivering newspapers to get extra money.
– In 6th grade, Hyosung decided she wanted to become a singer.
– In middle school, she was the leader of her school’s dance team.
– In 2007, she was supposed to debut with G.NA, Yubin (Wonder Girls), UEE (After School), and Jiwon (SPICA) as girl group Five Girls but they disbanded pre-debut.
– She’s a member of the one time sub unit Dazzling RED with 4Minute’s Hyuna, KARA’s Nicole, After School’s Nana, & SISTAR’s Hyorin.
– On February 28, 2018, it was reported that Hyoseong was in legal disputes with her agency TS Entertainment.
– The court decided that the exclusive contract between Hyoseong and TS Ent holds no validity.
– On October 29, 2018 it was announced that Hyoseong signed with Tommy & Partners Entertainment.
– Hyosung’s ideal type: “Kang Dong Won [is my ideal type]. I only look at personality and not at faces, and my ideal type is a man who can love me.”
Hana
Stage Name: Hana (하나)
Birth Name: Jung Ha Na (정하나)
Position: Main Rapper, Lead Dancer, Vocalist
Birthday: February 2, 1990
Zodiac sign: Aquarius
Height: 157 cm (5’2″)
Weight: 45 kg (99 lbs)
Blood Type: A
Twitter: @supahana
Instagram: @hanatheonly1
Twitch: @poodlequeenj
Youtube: HANA [오늘은 뭐하나?]
Hana facts:
– She was born in Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi, South Korea.
– She is an only child.
– Her mother worked as a singer in the 1980s and her father worked as a bodyguard.
– Her former stage name is Zinger.
– She is close to EXID‘s LE.
– She is also friends with 2NE1‘s CL and Wonder Girls‘ Sun while attending the same dance academy in middle school.
– She acted in the drama “Jumping Girl” (2015).
– Hana participated on “The King of Masked Singer” in May 2019.
– She is the only Secret member who remained under TS Ent.
– Hana’s ideal type: “For me, it’s Chu Sung Hoon I dream of a man who can be a ddal-babo (daughter-fool).”
Former Members:
Jieun
Stage Name: Jieun (지은)
Birth Name: Song Ji Eun (송지은)
Position: Main Vocalist, Maknae
Birthday: May 5, 1990
Zodiac sign: Taurus
Height: 160 cm (5’3″)
Weight: 45 kg (99 lbs)
Blood Type: O
Twitter: @songjieun_55
Instagram: @bimil_jieun
Youtube: 뽀송지은[For SongJiEun]
Jieun facts:
– She was born in Seoul, South Korea.
– She is an only child.
– She auditioned for JYP at a young age and was supposed to debut with Hyorin (SISTAR) and U-JI (BESTie) but plans did not go well.
– She acted on the Korean dramas: “Family” (2012, cameo), “Pure Love” (2013), “Longing for Spring” (2014), “The Superman Age” (2015), “Sweet Home, Sweet Honey” (2016), “My Secret Romance” (2017), “Melting Me Softly” (guest – 2019), “Wish Woosh 2” (2019).
– On February 28, 2018, Ji Eun has announced her departure from Secret on her Instagram.
– On June 22, 2019 it was announced that Jieun signed with 6 Oceans.
– Jieun’s ideal type: “[My ideal type] is Kim Soo Hyun. It’s almost an openly known fact. I’ve really liked him since I was a rookie.”
Sunhwa
Stage Name: Sunhwa (선화)
Birth Name: Han Sun Hwa (한선화)
Position: Vocalist, Visual, Maknae
Birthday: October 6, 1990
Zodiac sign: Libra
Height: 165 cm (5’5″)
Weight: 45 kg (99 lbs)
Blood Type: B
Twitter: @seonhwazzz
Instagram: @shh_daily
Sunhwa facts:
– She was born in Busan, South Korea.
– She is the oldest in her family and had to tutor her younger siblings (a sister and a brother) when her parents worked.
–Victon‘s Han Seungwoo is her younger brother.
– When she was young she wanted to be an artist.
– In 6th grade she watched a performance of BoA and immediately wanted to be a singer.
– Her mother was only 20 when she had Sunhwa.
– In 2012 she was paired with Kwanghee of ZE:A to be her husband on the TV show “We Got Married“.
– She’s a member of the one-time sub unit Mystic WHITE with 4Minute’s Gayoon, KARA’s Jiyoung, After School’s Lizzy, & SISTAR’s Bora.
– She acted in several Korean dramas: “Ad Genius Lee Tae-Baek” (2013), “God’s Gift – 14 Days” (2014), “Marriage Not Dating” (2014), “Rosy Lovers” (2015), “Radiant Office” (2017), “School 2017” (2017), “20th Century Boy and Girl” (2017), “My Husband Oh Jak Doo” (2018), “The Great Seducer” (guest – 2018), “Save Me 2” (2019), “Backstreet Rookie” (2020), “Undercover” (2021).
– On Sep 25, 2016, TS Ent. announced Sunhwa’s departure from the group.
– On March 13, 2020, it was announced that Sunhwa has signed an exclusive contract with KeyEast Entertainment
– Sunhwa’s ideal type: “[My ideal type] is Jo Seung Woo, who I did a drama with. It wasn’t like this while we were filming the drama, but once the drama ended, I keep thinking of him.”
Note: Please don’t copy-paste the content of this page to other sites/places on the web. If you use info from our profile, please kindly put a link to this post. Thanks a lot! 🙂 – Kprofiles.com
You may also like: Poll: Which Secret Title Track Is Your Favorite?
SECRET Discography
All SECRET Music Show Wins
Latest Korean Comeback:
(Special thanks to Yanti, Maurizio Disdetti, limitless fab vampire, jara, exohearts, dundun, KittyDarlin, Sarah Fitarony, Karissa Thai, Eliane, Guest)
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https://www.allkpop.com/article/2021/10/netizens-hold-a-debate-after-jeon-hyosungs-comments-about-dating-violence-in-a-video-that-received-thousands-of-dislikes
|
en
|
Netizens hold a debate after Jeon Hyosung's comments about dating violence in a video that received thousands of dislikes
|
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] |
[] |
[
"allkpop",
"Hyosung"
] | null |
[
"Sophie-Ha"
] |
2021-10-29T15:23:00-04:00
|
There has been a heated debate amongst netizens as Jeon Hyosung made a remark about dating violence.On October 25, the Ministry of Gender Equality an…
|
en
|
//www.allkpop.com/favicon.ico
|
allkpop
|
https://www.allkpop.com/article/2021/10/netizens-hold-a-debate-after-jeon-hyosungs-comments-about-dating-violence-in-a-video-that-received-thousands-of-dislikes
|
There has been a heated debate amongst netizens as Jeon Hyosung made a remark about dating violence.
On October 25, the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family posted a video of Jeon Hyosung sharing her thoughts on dating violence and her hopes that the tolerant views on it would change.
In the video, Hyosung participated in the 'Drawing Hope Campaign,' in which she shared her dreams of living in a safe Republic of Korea where there is no more violence.
She began by saying, "When I watch the news these days, I feel there is more news about gender violence. I participated in the campaign because I want to help out even a little bit."
She continued to share her thoughts about dating violence and explained, "I believe that it is an ambiguous issue for many people that is on the fine line between a crime and love. I came to realize that this is definitely a crime and I feel that still a lot of people are unclear about this."
Jeon Hyosung further explained, "Because of this tolerant atmosphere, I believe that the reason and motive behind the crime can be blamed on the victim. However, the crime is solely the perpetrator's fault but the victim is blamed with the view that 'the reason that crime happened is because of you.' So, I believe that is wrong. I want this tolerant atmosphere to change."
She elaborated, "I believe this occurs because the perpetrator tries to satisfy their feeling of deficiency through someone else."
Many netizens praised Jeon Hyosung for raising her voice in hopes that dating violence would come to an end. However, there were some who criticized that she had added an unnecessary remark at the end of the video.
At the end of the video, Jeon Hyosung added, "when I go home when it gets dark, I'm always thinking, 'Will I be able to make it home alive? I go home with these thoughts." She added, "People ask, 'did you get home safe?' and that became the norm but that is not the norm. We should be able to express our thoughts freely, travel when we want to, love when we want to, break up when we want to. I believe this kind of freedom is a safe society."
Some criticized that Jeon Hyosung's comment about feeling life-threatened every time she goes home was unnecessary. They criticized, "Her saying that she worries that her life is threatened every time she goes home is an unfitting comment that causes unnecessary anxiety and easiness." "What is this, Venezuela or Somalia? Worry about coming home alive? Have you even been robbed before?" Other netizens defended her and began a spirited discussion over Hyosung's remark. Nevertheless, there are over 20,000 likes on the video and 15,000 dislikes.
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https://tnp.straitstimes.com/m/music/k-pop-singer-jun-hyo-seong-plays-ghost-tv-despite-being-spooked-past
|
en
|
K-pop singer Jun Hyo Seong plays ghost on TV despite being spooked in the past
|
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[
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"Uncategorised"
] | null |
[
"Jocelyn Lee"
] |
2015-12-09T06:00:00+08:00
|
Music News - She plays a ghost in new Korean drama Cheo Yong 2: The Paranormal Detective. But in real life, K-pop idol Jun Hyo Seong, better known as the leader of girl group Secret,... Read more at www.tnp.sg
|
en
|
/apple-touch-icon.png
|
The New Paper
|
https://tnp.straitstimes.com/m/music/k-pop-singer-jun-hyo-seong-plays-ghost-tv-despite-being-spooked-past
|
She plays a ghost in new Korean drama Cheo Yong 2: The Paranormal Detective.
But in real life, K-pop idol Jun Hyo Seong, better known as the leader of girl group Secret, does not like scary shows one bit.
The 26-year-old singer and actress told M in an e-mail interview: "I am not a fan of horror or ghost movies, but I find it amazing that I acted in a ghost-related TV drama."
Jun said she had a brush with paranormal activity when she was a teen and the experience still haunts her.
"When I was 17, there was a particular night when I was very tired and had a nightmare. I heard some creepy voices and suddenly woke up and prayed to make the voices go away," she said.
In Cheo Yong 2, Jun reprises her role as a uniformed high school ghost who roams round a local police investigation unit and helps detective Cheo Yong (Oh Ji Ho), who makes use of his ability to interact with spirits to solve crimes.
It premieres on Thrill (StarHub TV Ch 618/Singtel TV Ch 415) at 10pm tomorrow.
For Jun, who made her lead acting debut in 2014's Cheo Yong, acting with veteran actor Oh, 39, was an honour.
She said: "We are always happy whenever he's around. I have learnt a lot from him as he always gives me advice when it comes to acting. I also don't feel nervous any more in his presence."
On the challenges of playing this role, she said: "In the TV drama, I can only communicate with very few people and I had to do the same scene repeatedly. I had to act in a lot of computer-generated scenes and scenes where I possessed other people.
"I felt like I was acting on my own with no partners."
Jun debuted in 2009 as part of sexy quartet Secret, alongside bandmates Han Sunhwa, Song Jieun and Jung Hana, all 25.
The group, who were in town last week to perform at the Asian Television Awards, released several chart-topping hits such as Magic, Madonna and Poison over the past few years.
Last August, they released their fifth mini-album, Secret Summer, while Jun dropped her EP Fantasia in May, a follow-up to her debut solo album Top Secret, released in May last year.
Secret have no plans for a comeback, but Jun said: "We value the importance of music and will only come back when we manage to make good music to include in our album. I am sure whatever we come up with, in terms of the music concept, it will be brand new."
She can't choose between acting and singing as "both appeal" to her and she wants to "work enthusiastically" at them.
She has acted in four TV dramas, including Cheo Yong and its sequel, and does not favour any particular genre, but would like to try out different types of roles.
She looks up to veteran Korean actress Gong Hyo Jin, saying: "I think her acting is natural and pretty close to real life. Plus, she can work with basically anyone without losing her own character and for this, I really respect her.
"As for foreign actresses, I like Natalie Portman the most."
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https://pantheon.world/profile/person/Ryu_Hwa-young
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Ryu Hwa-young Biography
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Ryu Hwa-young
Ryu Hwa-young (born April 22, 1993), better known by the mononym Hwayoung, is a South Korean actress and singer . Read more on Wikipedia
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https://www.warhistoryonline.com/cold-war/field-marshal-montgomery.html
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15 Images of Field Marshal Montgomery You May Not Have Seen Before
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2020-04-04T11:36:19+00:00
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Field Marshal Montgomery is one of the defining figures of British wartime. In terms of image and influence, he ranks alongside Winston Churchill.
|
en
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/wp-content/uploads/sites/64/fbrfg/apple-touch-icon.png
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warhistoryonline
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https://www.warhistoryonline.com/cold-war/field-marshal-montgomery.html
|
Field Marshal Montgomery is one of the defining figures of British wartime. In terms of image and influence, he ranks alongside Winston Churchill. Churchill had his Homburg hat and cigar. Montgomery, or “Monty” as he was known, had his black beret with twin badges.
He didn’t smoke though. Montgomery has often been compared to Wellington, such was the respect for him.
Born Bernard Law Montgomery in 1887, he came from a large Irish family. He faced conflict from a young age.
During the Battle of Ypres in 1914 the young Monty was shot. The bullet went through his lung and nearly ended not only his military career but also his life. He was awarded the coveted Distinguished Service Order as a result.
When World War II broke out, Montgomery’s reputation became legendary. He led the elite 3rd Division out of Dunkirk in 1940.
But it was what happened 2 years later that really made his name. Heading the Eighth Army, he organized the victory at El Alamein in Egypt, fighting off Rommel’s troops. He also ensured victory during D-Day by insisting the number of Divisions were increased.
His responsibilities during the war saw him working closely alongside Dwight D. Eisenhower, future President of the United States.
The men didn’t always see eye to eye, putting it mildly. Monty’s outspoken attitude and lack of interest in things like smoking and drinking made him unpopular with his superiors. But soldiers reportedly loved him.
He had his failings, but only lost 1 fight in his career – Arnhem in 1944. Tragedy befell him when wife Betty died of a blood infection 10 years into their marriage.
Monty himself passed away in 1976 in Hampshire at the age of 88. A statue of Field Marshal Montgomery has stood for 40 years outside the Ministry of Defence in Whitehall, London, reminding everyone of his immense contribution to the British war effort…
20 Images of Eisenhower You May Not Have Seen Before
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https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Sir_Peter_Agnew,_1st_Baronet
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en
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Sir Peter Agnew, 1st Baronet
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2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00
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Commander Sir Peter Garnett Agnew, 1st Baronet (9 July 1900 – 26 August 1990) was an officer in the Royal Navy and a Conservative Party politician. Agnew was born in Bucklow, Cheshire,[1] a son of C.L. Agnew of Knutsford.[2] Educated at Repton School, he entered the Royal Navy on 25 October...
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en
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/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico
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Military Wiki
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https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Sir_Peter_Agnew,_1st_Baronet
|
Commander Sir Peter Garnett Agnew, 1st Baronet (9 July 1900 – 26 August 1990) was an officer in the Royal Navy and a Conservative Party politician.
Biography[]
Education and naval career[]
Agnew was born in Bucklow, Cheshire,[1] a son of C.L. Agnew of Knutsford.[2] Educated at Repton School, he entered the Royal Navy on 25 October 1918, trained at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant on 15 May 1921.[1][2]
Receiving promotion to lieutenant on 15 April 1923, he served on the sloop Bluebell on the China Station from August 1923 until January 1925, before serving on the battlecruiser Renown from March 1926 until July 1927. After a term as Aide-de-camp to the Governor of Jamaica, he was assigned to the battleship Queen Elizabeth in August 1928, transferring to the Royal Yacht Victoria and Albert in May 1930. On 15 April 1931 he was promoted to lieutenant-commander, but retired from the Navy on 29 May at his own request.[1]
Election to Parliament[]
Agnew was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for the Camborne constituency in Cornwall, at the 1931 general election.[3] He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Walter Runciman, the President of the Board of Trade, in 1935–37, and to Sir Philip Sassoon, First Commissioner of Works, in 1937–39. He was an Assistant Government Whip in May–July 1945, and held the Conservative Whip from August 1945 until February 1950.[1] Agnew held the seat until the constituency's abolition at the 1950 general election.[3] He contested the constituency of Falmouth and Camborne, but lost to Harold Hayman.[1]
World War II[]
Agnew returned to naval service in August 1939. He was executive officer of the destroyer Bedouin in March–October 1940, and was promoted to commander on 9 July 1940. He was in command of the destroyer Ramsey from November 1940 to March 1941, receiving a Mention in Despatches on 1 January 1941. He then served aboard the heavy cruiser Kent from May 1941 until August 1942. From January 1943 until June 1944 he was on the staff of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich.[1]
Return to Parliament[]
He re-entered the House of Commons at the 1955 general election as MP for South Worcestershire, and was re-elected there until his retirement at the 1966 general election.
Other activities[]
Agnew was a Member of the House of Laity in the Church of England Assembly, 1935–65, a Church Commissioner for England, 1948–68, and a trustee of the Historic Churches Preservation Trust, 1968-.[1]
He served as chairman of the Iran Society, 1966–73,[4] and received the Order of Homayoun from Iran in 1973.[1]
From 1974 to 1976, Agnew was President of the European Documentation and Information Centre (CEDI), and was awarded the Order of Civil Merit (Orden del Mérito Civil) from Spain in 1977.[1]
Baronetage[]
He was made a baronet, of Clendry, in the County of Wigtown, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 31 January 1957. After his death in 1990 at the age of 90, he was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son, Sir Quentin Agnew-Somerville, 2nd Baronet, father of the actress Geraldine Somerville.[5]
Personal life[]
Agnew was married twice; firstly to Enid Frances Boan, daughter of Henry Boan of Perth, Western Australia, in 1928.[2] They had one son. Enid died in 1982, and in 1984 he married Julie Marie Watson. They were divorced in 1987.[6]
References[]
[]
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Commander Sir Peter Agnew
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https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/62039
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THE MAPLE LEAF FOREVER
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British Pathé
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https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/
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For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript. Here are the instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser.
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https://www.amazon.com/Vintage-photo-Portrait-Rupert-Bere/dp/B00TP1P604
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Amazon.com
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https://www.topfoto.co.uk/asset/6995540/
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The Lord Mayor of London, Sir Rupert De La Bere with his
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2019-02-21T13:57:35+00:00
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LORD MAYOR OF LONDON IN COPENHAGEN. - 25.8.53. - The Lord Mayor of London, Sir Rupert De La Bere with his - wife are visiting Copenhagen, Denmark. - I.N.P. Photo shows- King Feederick and Queen Ingrid pictured with - The Lord Mayor at Amalienborg Castle. - 533/EM/ 70753. - International News Photos.
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TopFoto
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https://www.topfoto.co.uk/asset/6995540/
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2428
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0
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https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/48818306/known-to-have-served-epsom-college-archive-website
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en
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Known to have served - Epsom College Archive Website
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Known to have served - Epsom College Archive Website
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yumpu.com
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https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/48818306/known-to-have-served-epsom-college-archive-website
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Old <strong>Epsom</strong>ians <strong>Known</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>have</strong> Served in the First World War06 March 2015This file is temporary, charting our progress in researching our Old <strong>Epsom</strong>ians. With apologies the information isnot in a final form. The file is periodically updated.Abbott, Cecil James FredericBirth Year:Regiment:Lt. H.A.C. 1914-18, desp.Entered <strong>Epsom</strong> <strong>College</strong>: 1908RankDecorations: M.B.E., M.C.House:HMM?Researcher:Max Austen<strong>Epsom</strong> <strong>College</strong> Register 1855-1954Abbott, Lt.-Col. Cecil James Frederic, M.B.E., M.C., Manchester Regt, s. of dr. F. W. Abbott of Balham, b. 1893, P., XV, XI, h. XI, l.1911, Lieut. H.A.C. 1914-18, desp., Military Provost Staff Corps 1939~45Adams, Francis PhilipBirth Year:Regiment:Lt. R.F.A., R.F.C.Entered <strong>Epsom</strong> <strong>College</strong>: 1909RankDecorations:House:HMM?Researcher:Max AustenAdams, Francis Philip, s. of dr. John Adams of Aldersgate Street, b. 1896, L.S. and C., prefect, XV, l. 1915,St.Bart.'sHosp.,M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Lieut. R.F.A., R.F.C., and F/O R.A.F., d. 1942<strong>Epsom</strong> <strong>College</strong> Register 1855-1954OE Doc<strong>to</strong>rsAdams, Francis Philip (1896-1942).<strong>Epsom</strong> <strong>College</strong>: 1909-1915FRANCIS PHILIP ADAMS (1896-1942). M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. (Eng.) [<strong>Epsom</strong> <strong>College</strong> 1909-1915. prefect. Rugby XV] was the son of DrJohn Adams, of Aldersgate Street, London. He received his medical education at St Bartholomew’s Hospital, and went in<strong>to</strong>general practice in Aldersgate, London. He was also Clinical Assistant in the Throat and Nose Department at St Bartholomew’sHospital. During First War he <strong>served</strong> as a Lieutenant in the R.F.C. and R.F.A. and as a Flying Officer in the R.A.F.Adams-Lewis, David JohnBirth Year:Entered <strong>Epsom</strong> <strong>College</strong>: 1906Regiment: Surg. Prob. R.N.V.R., later T/Capt. R.A.M.C. 1914-18RankDecorations:House:HMM?Researcher:Max Austen<strong>Epsom</strong> <strong>College</strong> Register 1855-1954Adams-Lewis, David John, s. of dr. B. A. Lewis [afterwards Adams-Lewis], of Mydrim, b. 1891, W., prefect, l. 1910, Lond. Hosp.and Lond. U., M.B., B.S., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Surg. Prob. R.N.V.R., later T/Capt. R.A.M.C., 1914-18; Hafren Hall, Mydrim,CarmarthenOE Doc<strong>to</strong>rsDAVID JOHN ADAMS-LEWIS (born 1891). M.B., B.S. (Lond.), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. (Eng.) [<strong>Epsom</strong> <strong>College</strong> 1906-1910. prefect] was theson of Dr B. A. Lewis [afterwards Adams-Lewis], of Hafren Hall, Mydrim, Carmarthenshire. He received his medical education atthe London Hospital. During the First World War he <strong>served</strong> as a Surgeon Captain in the R.N.V.R. (1914-1918). He was thenappointed Honorary Medical Officer for the County Infirmary, Carmarthen, having previously been Casualty Officer, Resident
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Monday, November 15, 2021
Five musings from yesterday's walk into town...
This, I think, is the only road sign in the country to reference the A1, the A2, the A3 and the A4. It can be found on Whitechapel High Street heading west, just before you get to the inner ring road. It's probably significant that it's the last directional sign on the A11, a road which arrives from a direction very different to the other four. These A Roads are all at least a mile away (and if you go via the indicated route more like two), but all appear together on this single sign.
I thought I'd risk tweeting a photo and stating that this was the only road sign in the country with all four, despite not knowing 100% if this was the case. Someone immediately called my bluff with a photo of a similar sign on the other side of the road, dammit, except their contradiction turned out to be an old sign removed years ago when the junction was rejigged. There was also debate about roads on the Isle of Man, but this generated nothing better than an A1/A2/A5 combo. So yes, I genuinely think this sign really is the only one to mention the first four A Roads, unless of course you know better.
Saturday was the day of the Lord Mayor's Show, the annual float-ridden shebang returning to the City's streets after 2020's enforced absence. By Sunday morning all the detritus and horse poo had been cleared away and an underling was busy stacking all the gold plastic chairs on the temporary balcony in front of Mansion House. But much more interesting, just around the corner, was the rare sight of the Lord Mayor's Rolls Royce being given a polish by two flunkeys in advance of an official trip to a Remembrance service. And yes, its numberplate really is LM 0, i.e. the highly unusual combination of two letters and a zero. There's a bit of a story behind that...
When Sir Rupert de la Bere became Lord Mayor of London in 1952 he acquired the numberplates LM 1 and LM 2 for his cars to commemorate the occasion. But whereas a more civic-minded grandee might have handed the plates on to his successor, Sir Rupert kept them for himself. Then in 1964 the new incumbent Sir James Miller decided that the Lord Mayor's car deserved a personalised plate and, because LM 1 was no longer available, persuaded the authorities to issue LM 0 instead. Other cities around the country have done similar for their dignitaries, especially in Scotland, where Edinburgh's Lord Provost has S 0, Glasgow's has G 0, Aberdeen has RG 0 and Inverclyde has VS 0.
Several commemorative services take place in the City of London on Remembrance Sunday, which these days means the streets are crawling with police. My perambulations took me past several road blocks, a fair few vanfuls and a surprising number of armed officers with very prominent big black rifles. They were particularly in evidence around St Paul's Cathedral - the endpoint of LM 0's official journey - where a queue of unusually well-dressed ladies and gentlemen awaited their turn to pass through security and take their seats inside. My photo shows the outdoor assembly at the Royal Fusiliers War Memorial on Holborn where an army band awaited the arrival of the massed procession lined up inside Holborn Bars, while across the road a unexplained group of at least thirty mods on scooters had gathered separately to pay their respects.
At eleven o'clock I found myself nowhere near a ceremony, nor even by a church, but in the heart of the Barbican estate. Initially I thought it wasn't the best place to be, but as I looked around me at the architectural aftermath of war I realised that loss and sacrifice were especially evident here, and the empty silence perhaps even more evocative.
The sugar content of these nine festive drinks
• Quality Street the Purple One Latte with Light Dairy Swirl: 36g
• After Eight Hot Chocolate with Light Dairy Swirl: 37g
• Quality Street Toffee Penny Latte with Light Dairy Swirl: 41g
• Terry's Chocolate Orange Hot Chocolate with Light Dairy Swirl: 45g
• Toffee Nut Latte: 20g
• Gingerbread Latte: 34g
• Caramel Waffle Latte: 37g
• Egg Nog Latte: 41g
• Fudge Brownie Hot Chocolate: 51g
n.b. all drinks are medium-sized with semi-skimmed milk
n.b. a normal latte has 15g of sugar at Costa and 16g at Starbucks
n.b. a normal hot chocolate has 35g of sugar at Costa and 28g at Starbucks
n.b. a standard 51g Mars bar has 30g of sugar
Meanwhile Christmas approaches unabated. Somerset House is already in full-on ice rink mode complete with giant tree, cocktail lounge and alpine restaurant. Plenty of families were queuing to sign in, having already missed the first 10 minutes of their designated slot, but buzzing with excitement nevertheless. Two adults can expect to pay £36.95 for a weekend spin, including mandatory transaction fee, whereas après-ski wine & fondue in Jimmy's chalet is somehow £68. Spectating remains free. I also note that the Courtauld Gallery is due to reopen next Sunday, having cunningly timed most of its three year refurbishment for a period when it would have had to be closed anyway.
All the usual Christmas lights are now blazing everywhere else, even in daytime, because it's not Christmas until the Northbank illuminations are lit. Over at Covent Garden Market exactly the same giant baubles and mistletoe are up that have been here every Christmas since 2015, and yet people are still stopping and snapping them excitedly with their phones because for some people they're new and because nobody else has seen them on their feed for ten months. Basically if all you want from a pre-Christmas jolly is pretty lights and Insta-friendly spectacle and somewhere nearby that sells drinks then central London is very much back to normal and waiting for you.
posted 07:00 :
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INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
CASE CONCERNING ARMED
ACTIVITIES
ON THE TERRITORY
OFCONGO
DEMOCRA TIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
V.
UGANDA
COUNTER-MEMORIAL
SUBMITTED BY
THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA
VOLUME II
ANNEXES
21 APRIL 2001
VOLUME II
ANNEXES
INDEX OF ANNEXES
IN CHRONOLOGICAL OROER
1 7 Sept. 1990
Annex 1:
19 Aug. 1995
Annex 2:
31 Aug. 1995
Annex 3:
23 Mar. 1996
Annex 4:
24 Apr. 1996
Annex 5:
VOLUME II
Report on U ganda/Zaire Matters of Security
Concem to U ganda presented by Amama
Mbabazi, then Director General of the
President's Office, to the Adrninistrator
General, National Documentation Agency,
Zaire, 17 September 1990 ( obtained from
Chieftaincy ofMilitary Intelligence)
Minutes from Meeting of "Elders" of the West
Nile Bank Front Military High Command, 19
August 1995 ( obtained from Chieftaincy of
Military Intelligence)
Report of the Ugandan Delegation to the 2"d
Regional Border Meeting Between the
Districts of Kisoro, Kasese, Rukungiri,
Bundibugyo, Bushenyi and North-Kivu
Province (Zaïre) 28 - 31 August 95 Held at
Mbarara ( obtained from Chieftaincy of
Military Intelligence)
Letter From West Nile Bank Front Military
High Command to Major Motindo, Imbokolo,
Zaïre, 23 March 1996 ( obtained from
Chieftaincy ofMilitary Intelligence)
Report Regarding Enemy Attack on Kisoro
Detachment, 24 April 1996 ( obtained from
Chieftaincy ofMilitary Intelligence)
10 June 1996
Annex 6:
15 June 1996
Annex 7:
July 1996
Annex 8:
16 Sept. 1996
Annex 9:
20 Sept. 1996
Annex 10:
15 Oct. 1996
Annex 11:
2 July 1997
Annex 12:
13 Sept. 1997
Annex 13:
Situational Report from Resident District
Commissioner/Kisoro on Activities of Hajji
Muhammed Kabeba's Group in Zaïre, 10 June
1996 ( obtained from Chieftaincy of Military
Intelligence)
Operational Report Covering Period from 22
April 1996 Up to Date, 15 June 1996
( obtained from Chieftaincy of Military
Intelligence)
Human Rights Watch/Africa, Zaire: Forced to
Flee, Violence Against the Tutsis in Zaire,
Vol. 8, No. 2(A), July 1996
United Nations Economie and Social Council,
Report on the situation of human rights in
Zaire, prepared by the Special Rapporteur, Mr.
Robert Garret6n, in accordance with
Commission resolution 1996/77,
E/CN.4/1997/6/Add.l, 16 September 1996
Combat Analysis Report on WNBF in West
Nile, 20 September 1996 ( obtained from
Chieftaincy of Military Intelligence)
Minutes of District Security Situation Review
Meeting Held at Bunagana on 15 October,
1996 ( obtained from Chieftaincy of Military
Intelligence)
Report Regarding Threat Assessment in South
Western Districts Kisoro, Kabale and
Rukungiri, 2 July 1997 (obtained from
Chieftaincy of Military Intelligence)
Monthly Report for the Month of August 1997
Regarding General Security Situation in the
Area of Mbarara, 13 September 1997
( obtained from Chieftaincy of Military
Intelligence)
2
Oct. 1997
Annex 14:
Jan. 1998
Annex 15:
1998
Annex 16:
6 Feb. 1998
Annex 17:
13 Feb. 1998
Annex 18:
27 Apr. 1998
Annex 19:
27 June 1998
Annex 20:
9 Aug. 1998
Annex 21:
13 Aug. 1998
Annex 22:
Human Rights Watch/ Africa, The Democratic
Republic of the Congo: What Kabila is
Hiding, Vol. 9, No. 5(A), October 1997
Human Rights Watch, Wor/d Report 1998:
The Children 's Rights Project, J anuary 1998
Training Agreement between the Govemment
of the Republic of Uganda and the
Government of the Democratic Republic of
Congo for the Training in Public Order for the
Police of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Report Regarding Security/Military Situation
in Eastern Congo (27 January - 4 February
1998), 6 February 1998 ( obtained from
Chieftaincy ofMilitary Intelligence)
Situational Report, 13 February 1998
(obtained from Chieftaincy of Military
Intelligence)
Protocol dated 27 April 1998 Between the
Democratic Republic of Congo and Republic
of Uganda on Security Along the Common
Border
Report of Interrogation of Captured ADF
Rebel Fred Tukore, 27 June 1998 (obtained
from Chieftaincy ofMilitary Intelligence)
Statement by H.E. Y oweri Kaguta Museveni,
President of the Republic of Uganda, on
Background to the Situation in the Great
Lakes Region, 9 August 1998
Human Rights Watch Press Release, "HR W
Alarmed About Radio Broadcasts and the
Incitement of Ethnie Violence in the DRC,"
13 August 1998
3
21 Aug. 1998
Annex 23:
23 Aug. 1998
Annex 24:
3 Sept. 1998
Annex 25:
8 Sept. 1998
Annex 26:
11 Sept. 1998
Annex 27:
18 Oct. 1998
Annex 28:
20 Oct. 1998
Annex 29:
27 Oct. 1998
Annex 30:
Nov. 1998
Annex 31:
Letter dated 21 August 1998 from the
Embassy of the Republic of Uganda to the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Democratic
Republic of Congo
Communique of the Summit Meeting of the
SADC on the Democratic Republic of the
Congo, 23 August 1998
Amnesty International, Democratic Republic
of Congo: A Long-standing Crisis Spinning
out of Contrai, AFR 62/033/1998, 3
September 1998
Joint Communique of the Second Victoria
Falls Surnmit, 8 September 1998
Position of the High Command ofUganda on
the Presence of the UPDF in the DRC, 11
September 1998 (obtained from Chieftaincy of
Military Intelligence)
Communique of the East African Co-operation
Heads of State Summit on the Security
Situation in the Democratic Republic of
Congo, 18 October 1998
Press Statement by United States Department
of State regarding the Congo Conflict, 20
October 1998
Media Statement Issued by the Regional
Meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs and
Defence on the Situation in the Democratic
Republic of Congo Held in Lusaka, Zambia
from 26-27 October 1998
Uganda's Position on Issues of Peace and
Security in the Great Lakes Region, November
1998
4
16Dec.1998
Annex 32:
18 Dec. 1998
Annex 33:
1999
Annex 34:
16 Jan. 1999
Annex 35:
18 Jan. 1999
Annex 36:
Feb. 1999
Annex 37:
Mar. 1999
Annex 38:
1 Mar. 1999
Annex 39:
Letter dated 15 December 1998 from the
Permanent Representative of Uganda to the
United Nations Addressed to the President of
the Security Council, S/1998/1180, 16
December 1998
Letter dated 18 December 1998 from the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of
Uganda to the DRC Ministry of Foreign
Affairs
Jean-Claude Willame, L'Odyssée Kabila:
Trajectoire pour un Congo nouveau?
(Karthala Press, 1999), pp. 222-23
Communique of the Regional Meeting of
Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Defence on
the Situation in the Democratic Republic of
Congo held in Lusaka, Zambia from 14th to
16th January 1999
Press Release on Summit of Regional Leaders
on the Situation in the Democratic Republic of
the Congo, held in Windhoek, Namibia,
18 J anuary 1999
Human Rights Watch, Democratic Republic of
Congo: Casualties of War -- Civilians, Rule
of Law, and Democratic Freedoms, Vol. 11,
No. 01 (A), February 1999
Human Rights Watch, Background Paper on
Slavery and Slavery Redemption in the Sudan,
March 1999
Memorandum dated 1 March 1999 from
Colonel Henry Tumukunde to H.E. Y oweri
Museveni Regarding Kidnap of Foreign
Tourists in Bwindi ( obtained from
Chieftaincy ofMilitary Intelligence)
5
1 Mar. 1999
Annex 40:
10 Mar. 1999
Annex 41:
23 Mar. 1999
Annex 42:
17 Apr. 1999
Annex 43:
1 June 1999
Annex 44:
10 July 1999
Annex 45:
Rough Translations of Notes Left on Bodies of
Executed Hostages and Letter Sent with
Released Hostage, Bwindi Impenetrable
National Park, Uganda, 1 March 1999
( obtained from Chieftaincy of Military
Intelligence)
Report on Proceedings of the 1561
h Session of
the International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO) Council, Montreal, Canada, 10 March
1999
Statement by Hon. Amama Mbabazi to the
United Nations General Assembly, 95th
plenary meeting, A/53/PV.95, 23 March 1999
Press Statement on the Second Meeting of the
Committee on the Implementation of the
Ceasefire Agreement in the Democratic
Republic of Congo, held in Lusaka, Zambia,
from 16-17 April 1999
Joint Communique Issued by the Republic of
Uganda and the Democratic Republic of
Congo, 1 June 1999
Agreement for a Ceasefire in the Democratic
Republic of Congo ("Lusaka Agreement"),
S/1999/815, 10 July 1999
6
TCUCIUI, l'AOMIHISTU" ICAlll'AU.
Tcuno•cr SOll/1. OUA, OUJ. o,u a 4117'. • .. . .
'" Uf COll(S,ONOCWCC ON B l / 9 0
, .... I UIJICI '"'''' ouor, •o . ......................................... . TMC l(tUIUC Of UCAlfO•
17 SEPTEMBER 1990
The Administrator General
National Documentation Agency
Kinshasa
ZAIRE
Dear Sir
UCMANNEX
PRESIOEtffS OFFICE.
PARLIAMENTARY DUILOIHGS, .
P.O. ·BOX 7168 •
KAMPALA, UGANDA.
RF. : UGANDA/ZAIRE_MATTEflS_OF_SECURITY_fQ~f~~~-TO_UGANDA
I have the honour to present to you the attached detoiled repo~t
or ma~ters or security concern to Ugonda Government, in the
relationship between our two countries, as I promised in our
last meeting on 9 September 1990 .
!n order to consolidate the good neighbourliness betwecn our
two countries could you address the issues raised in this
report .
Wi th compliments, ·I remain,
Truly
AUAMA MBABAZI
DIRECTOR_GENERAL
~Q~~Q~L;AIRE_SECURITY_CONCERNS
1. -A-RM--ED- -A--TT-A-C-K-S- --IN-T-O- --U-G-A-N-D-A
Armed Zaireans have been attacking somc border areas in
Uganda; particularly nwenshama fishing villngc in
RukÙngiri district, committing robberies and terrorising
the masses there. Consequently, Ugandans have · lost the
following properties;
On 22.4.90 Mr. MUGISHA lost 45 fish-nets
24.5.90 36 fish nets were 1ost from Mr. DENON
NSHEMEREIRWE's boat No. K. 138.
23.6.90 30 fish nets were lost from Mr. DYAMUGISHA
KIJURA's lloat;
7.7 . 90
10.8.90
Mr. DAGASIIA who was on the boat, ·was kidnapped
to unknown destination and has not returned
since then.
Mr. JOHNSON DAGUMIRE lost boat No.K. 128 with
40 fish nets; Mr. MUGISHA ZEFERINO lost boat
NO . K. 112 with 50 rishncts .
Mrs. SSEMDEDA lost one boat cngine and 47
fish nets.
2. HARRASSMENT OF UGANDANS IN ZAIRE
i Zairean security officiels have been arrcsting,
detaining and torturing Ugandans, as evidenced by
the following incidents:
On 6.3.90 Mr. DAYANGA PETER, a businessman was
arrested in Zaire and released several
days later, after his money had bcen
stolcn by Zaircun sccurity officluls.
12.3.90 Sorne Ugandans who had crosscd to ISHASliA
market were harrassed by Zaire soldiers,
and one FRED KAPERE, a Ugandan ~aG arrested
and relensed after 20,000/= was extorted
from him.
6 . 6 . 90 Zaire authorities arrested 4 Uganda
officials who had crossed to ARIWALA
market. The Ugandans were released on
2.9 . 90 nfter being severely tortured.
They were:
MWAKA BERNARD, AUUKAL HARRAN, KAUO MAWANDA
and RWANYAKA-CWAMDA.
14.6.90 3 Ugandan businessmen were arrested in
ARU, Zaire and by early September 1990
they had not been released. · These were:
YASSIN DAUDI, SULEIMAN MOHAMMED and
ARAFATA TADAN.
22.7 . 90 At SONGO-LENDU londing shore, Zoire
soldiers kidnopped 4 Ugondons i~ O~INY
GODFREY, ODAGA GODFREY and Om/AIIG OZELE •
. . . . /2
2
ii Sorne Ugandans were killcd in Zaire, cg.
In early May 1990, Zairean authorities killed !~e
following Ugandans who had crossed to Zairc:
RUKYERA, RWASISHANA, MUGIRIMANA, TURYAMUREDA MUDAMBI,
NYANSIO, TUMURANZYE, KADOGO, KATEMDA AND μYftNDUSYA .
On 18.6.90 4 Ugandans were killed in Virunga National
Park of Zaire.
3. CAR_THEFTS
Armed thugs have been
crossing 1nto Zaire.
the border allow the
protection of Zaire.
stealing vehicles from U~a~da and'
Zaire security officiols along
robbers safe passage and give them
i Car_robberi_incidents
28.8.89 A Toyota Land Cruser No. UXU 981 belonging
to (Medicine San-Son Frontiers (MSF) was
stolen from Nebbi district and crossed to Zaïre.
19.9 . 89 A Motor vehicles No . UPA 703 Tata Lorry was
stolen from Ugonda by 7 ormed thugs who
crossed to Zaïre wïth it.
11.10.89 2 armed thugs robbed a motor vehicle No.
UWS 999 a Mercedes Denz, and crossed with it
to Zaire.
27.2.90 11 armed men led by ADINANI, a notorious
Ugandan car robber hiding in Zaïre, robbed
a Tata Lorry No. UPW 161, belonging to
Arua Cooperativc Transport Society and crpssed
with it to Zaïre.
ii Lack of cooperation from Zaire authorities in dealing
-w-i-th-- -c-a-r- -ro--b-b-e-r-s- ------------------------------------
On 25.5.90 Zaire authoritics rounded up the following
Ugandan car robbers based in Zaire:
ADINANI NASURU, ABDU MADHIVA, SHALA SHOLABA, FE~TO
AFETA , WILFRED AGOTA, ONHAMA FELIX, ABIMA KEMISI,
SHELEMAN.OBHITRE, SOSO KELE, and EDWARD SIMDA. When
the District Administrator, ARUA approached Zaïre
authorities in ARU, to secure extradition of these
thugs, Zairean military authorities demanded Ushs
2 million, as a bribe for them to release the criminals.
iii The following cors were stolen between 1907 and 1989
from UGANDA and crossed to Zaïre where they were
re-registered:
•• •• / 3
.. ,...
4 .
3
OLD_REG. _N·o. NEW_REG._NO ___ _
UXI 021 Mitshubis hi H.Z 9561
UWN 423 Mercedes Denz KN 7668 J
uxs 404 Toyota KN 7721 M
UXT 641 Toyota KN 0343 .M
Other Uganda vehicles in Zaire, bearing Zai~e Re~istration
Numbers are:
Reg ._No._ -M-a-k-e· - !Xe!:_
KN 5694 C Pajero
KN 9597 B ..
KN 0844 L Il
KN 8118 M Tata Lorry
KN 1380 K Fiat "
KN 7721 M Toyota Corolla
KN 9938 B Il "
KN 7969 M Isuzu Troopcr
KN 7520 J
KN 9556 M
KN 0386 N
NZ 9561 B Pajero
NZ 0307 C.": Toyota Corolle
NZ 0288 C Il Il
NZ 0258 " Pick up
NZ 0276 C Isuzû Trooper
NZ 5172 C "
NZ 9009 B
NZ 8164 M
NZ 0607 B
NZ 7752 D
NZ 0202 e Mercedes
Benz Car
NZ 0386 C Mini eus
NZ 3289 C Suzuki
-U-G-AN-D-A-N- --D-IS-S-I-D-E-N-T--S -...-I. N- --Z-A-IR-E- . ~ ....
i Dissident_Groues ., .
à. NATIONAL MOVEMENT FOR LIBE~ATIO~- Ot U~ANDA (NMLU) .. -------------------------------------------------
Amon Bazira
Amos KAMBERE
Stephen BALUKU
Fenhnnzi BWAMBALE
... /4
BENI
Il ..
Il
'
Lt. Col. KASHIRINGI
Lt. MULIWABYO JULIAN
Lt •. MUSANGE TOM
Dr. KIHANDI
Maj. Gen •. Isaac LUMAGO
Brig. Dusman SADUNI
Brig. Isaac MALIYAMUNGU
Brig. ·TABAN LIPAYI
Col. Elly HASSAN
Maj. GALA
Maj. ~UMA AYIGA
Capt. Ali MUSA
Capt. ARIBAKU
Lt. ADUDU
Lt. YASIN
SHADAN AYOO
c. NINTH OCTODER MOVEMENT (NOM)
Lt. col. ATIIOCON
Capt. ONEN
Capt. OKECHA
Capt. OPETU
ABEL SIMBA
ABDU MECHO
DENI
KIKURA
Il
LUME TRADING CENTRE
MDOKORO
ALIWARA
ALIWARA
MAIIAGI
Il
Il
Il
Il
DJEGU
~2~~!~!~ Most of these dissidents had been arrested by
Zaire authorities but were later released.
d. -SA--N-C-T-U-A-R-I-E-S- -O-F --A-N-T-I--U-G-A-N-D-A-- -D-I-SS-I-D-E-N--T-S- -IN-- -Z-A-IR--E
MUMBILI
BAFASENDO
YAMBAYO
OMBOKE
LUME
KIBATA
Bunia
Beni Zone
in Rwenzori Mountains
in Ituri Forest
e. -C-O-L-L-A-B-O-R-A-T-IO-N- --B-E-T-~-EE-N-- -T-H-E --D-I-S-S-ID-E-N--T-S- -A-N-D --Z-A-IR-E-A-N-- -A-U-T-H-O-R-IT-Y- -
On 1.6.90, Uganda dissidents held a meeting a MUTAWA
military barracks ctüïir~~-:by·:a Zairëërt, Maj·;.:.TAMBWE.
Among the Uganda rebeli who attended were: ·
FRED MUKASA, HAJI TIBAHA, llaji JUMA, Drig. DUSMAN, SADUNI
and Cap t. ABDULHAI. Th~ë'!::iiiè"'ét:ing~''w·és-.-~è:'àl1·ëdïx.i,tO discuss ·:::;fil!
a strategy for fighting · tin1,f'lrG·ovëfr-ninent; •
• • • / 5
5
f. -M-E-E-T-IN-G--S --O-F --U-G-AN-D-A-N- --D-IS-S-I-D-E-N-T--S- -IN-- -Z-A-IR--EOn
1.6 . 90 Ugandan rebels belonging to FUNA, held a
meeting at EMBOKOLO chaired by Lt. Col. AODULLATIFF
and attended by among others Brig. DUSMAN SADUNI,
Maj. Gen. ISAAC LUMAGO.
On 21.6.90 rebels held a aeeting at Embokqlo choired
by Capt . OKWERA and attended by among othcrs Lt. ~LI
CHAKU.
g. ATTACKS_BY UGANDAN_DISSIDENTS_BASED_IN_ZAIRE_
i On 23.4.90 about 60 rebels attacked NRA at NdanduKisinge
sub-county. The rebels who sustained
serious casualties, were taken to Nyakûndi in
Zaire for treatment.
ii In early July, 1990, some Ugandan rebels under the
command of ADINANI, NSIMDA and MADIRA fired at an
NRA Post located at Gombe - Koboko county, Arua
District. · This group was arrested in Zoire. Uganda
government demanded their extradition but Zaire .
authoritics refused to extradite them.
iii On 18.7.90 4 armed thugs fired et NRA .'troops at
ADRAMACAKU along the Uganda/Zairc border after
which the group withdrew inside Zaire.
iv On 11.8.90, 20 armed rebels of Daziro's group
attacked Kilembe Mines and shot 2 guards and ottempted
to blow up electricity substations at Dugoye.
5. ~!Q~~!!Q~_OF_UGANDA'S_AIR_SPACE_AND TERRITORIAL_DORDERS
i On 2.4.90, a helicopter from Zaire ille~ally entered
Uganda and hovered over Rwenshama fishing village
before returning to Zaire.
ii On l l.4.90 armed Zairean soldiers entered Uganda via
Dusunga, Dunyanguge, Kikora and Kisiri in Dundibugyo.
• 1 ~ UCMANNEX ;
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'
UCMANNEX3
•2ND. REGIONAL :BORDER MEEil'INO .l}El't·TEEN THE DISTRICTS OF .. ~asoao,KAS~E. ROOJNOIRI1;:
BUND:Ùll,1JtO,BUSHEllY I AND 1roJiTH-KIVU PROVINCE(ZAIRE) 26°' _: 31 AUG 95'"HELD AT MBARARA
REPORT PRESENTED BY UGA1'DAN DELEGATION
; 0·i1ow~. .. g ,the Uganda.}za.ire border meatings of Rukungiri , (Jan 92) Kasese1 (Sep 92)
and tha.t of Goma(Apr 95) respectively, several issues remained untackled. In due
regardl the Uganda delegation for the 2nd border meeting presents the following
issues that it feels can be solved by such meeting.
(1) SECURITY POLITICAL
r
A. J.CTS OF PROVOCATION BY ZAIREAN OOVERfil.IENT
13. lIARRA.SMENT OF UGANDAN CITIZENS
c. ROBBEIIY
D. VIOLATION' OF U~TDAN AIRSP ~Ç~.
E 'l'ICLATION OF lJll,UGRATION ·LAWS
(2) ECONOMIC
A.. !30RDER TRAira
13. ESTABLISBlOE?IT OF COMMIDIICATION LINK BET\~f 'MORTH.X:tVU AND UClANlM :BY ROAD
(TRANSPORT)
Ct CUSTOMS
D. TOURISM
E. FISBERIES
(3) SOCIAL
A. FAILURE OF THE ZAIREAll CONSULATE (KASESE) TO MEET ITS FINAllCILA 8BLIGATI0N
B • UGAND}Jl PROPEilTI~ IN ZAIRE
C • REFUm1E3 ( UGAJTDANS)
D. CUALTURAL EXHAUGES
(4) A.O.B
SECURITY /POLITICAL
ACTS OF PROVOCATION BY ZAIREAll OOVER?1?,OEllT
U~anda Àa.s noted wi th çeat concel"n that acta of .11ggression euch as 12obilisa.tion
!r·-a.in1ng .u,O: a.l.'1... ..: 6 01: ugC.:. ....... :.:·. . i.11:1.1.8 are being carrieci ourfrom· Zaîre-.-.. . . . .... .. . . . . .. .... .. ........... . .
Caes in point
(iJ.. :.~ -feh 1995, Ha.mis Kai~;u.1 \ de:.ôfe!-:àffd~ewn:.o·aïëi-.iâl~:.:-:lorl:ier· ~~.!!~! .. ~f_lfi"~ : ~·~:i;t .. ': .·
~;r..g ~)~o.lD.a .· c~p. qroia.sed f ol'l:l . Z l i~.~.:.:.~!l:~ .~T~~l'î·gTÔùp'.:îri ""Busêrùléa-Hoima~ i : · · · ,.
Ugârida,"' On .cap+.ure, they i111pl:1 01,1.ted ..tliEh~s...Goyç~~~·· - · · · · .. ··:.
:O..I l~~.!L~~g~ei>{ •i ·~;---·, -gd,'ir1niic_1c.·_1,_;jii . ïf,h °l$5M}ièW@~
Za±T · · ~ - · allies .. e"&h Jiiobi11ë1..n recriïitin "·and r .. · · ·
and eoldiors o the defunct U da amy UA and UNLA : ~om- ref:ugeë · 5)ÎUl1J!S • in N .~.JIJ.lll'
Zaire _1nto est Ni e Brl.nk Front WllBF U~~d .. rebel· or~sation of T,t Col J'~a Oris•
1\ - . ,...
These-,ma..- ·recru1. ts ·anâ. -otliers "i".ooiHsed. lrom ll .We~tem Ugaii'da ·cross into Suda.n
thro~ DIOOKOI.0 (MIDKOI.O) 2l~d BlzÏ.'"1 · . ~ : • • • # •
(iii) · Fui:therto (ii) ·abo ,1e, · tf?.in~d.\1est .une ~ rebels leave the Suda.n?,and E_:1ter
Zaire thrn~ ·Eaazi. and go tè t'ough Mbokolo, Oo>4be and Aruu and enter irito..,Ugar.:la
with anti-tank 111ines thro~h c;ur West~rn borde; 'with· Za.ire. These mines have b~/ en ..
~la."lted on ~oad.a ins~de A.rua ~.istriot in·'·Ujfdl1d&~ · Sof'ar there bave been eeven :
incidences in such mine explosions destroyir.g vehicles, killed and injured a number
of innocent civilians.
(iv) Rebel ~ nf ~-Tn <>+ uu ~ n~ .. ·. "
. :~
·tJIJilding with an RPG in Koboko town. The rebela retreated into Zaire while f'iring
• several rounds. ·
(v) On 19 May 95 l"ür Uga:!dan rebels ente:~-~Jd Ui:anda from 'Bunia and\.tt'bked Pa.id.ha
Uganda ColllJllercial ·Bar.k• The attackors had intended to rob paidha UCB b'rallch. 03 of the
attaokers were however k.illed and 0) rifles captured from them. The fourt~ esoaped
and entered Zaire""à'1>istol. Two Uganda policerner. were injured in the attack.
" (vi) on 09 Aug 95' Za,i.raan troops crossed into Uganda and seriouàl;r woF.ded Sefuroza
Mbalnbu a refugeé wo~an from Dulyata village., Bunya.ngw.e pari.ah borde.dng Zail'.8•-~
(Vii) On 04 Oct 94 a mortar shell vas fired into Uganda by FAZ at 1Cab1dyiri near
Mpondwe border post.
(viii) On o8 Mar 95 FAZ conducted a milita.ry exercise at Kyeshero/Butogota near
Uganda bo~der, an act that ca.used a lot of panic to the local Ugandans at the border.
(ix) mn April 95 one ASUMAN KIHATlfE a suspected Zairean Intelligence agent/sm:P waa
arrested at !3utogota.
(x) On 18 Feb 95 à Zairoan '1ad,y called Shtùcala Kateike suspected of espionage was
arrested at t,tpondwe whil.e in possession of a hand grena.d,>e
(xi) On 10 Jun 95 a Zairean Captaiu armed wi th a pi stol crossed into Uganda at
13usunga customs.
(xii) On 1,3 Jun 95 a Zairea.n Captain of Kasindi a.ru.y unit croased :tnto Ugaada and
threatened the 21/c 21 Bn of possibly launching an attack aga1.n$t Ugandâ. ~s f'ollowe
the death of a Zairean businesSIIBll , one Baluloe who had been killed oeij 10 Jun 1995,
300 meters inside Zn.ire.
(xiii) On 11 Jul 95 throe à.rmed Zaireans orossed into Uganda and murderect onè Balabiri
and Christopher Mbony-. in Oisld ta village, Nyarusiza sub county· K!ëèirÔ district~ ,,. .. . -...J
(xiV ~ On 19 Aug 95 a Uga.ndan by the narnes of.:", ulius Tembo was shot inside Zaire for
unlo1o'Wl1 reasons and ia curreutly imd~r!:oing treatment.
{;cv) Zaire continues to harbour Ugandan rebel commandera who launch attacks on
Ûganda from Zél.irean territory. ·
~'or example ~-
( 1) Hosea Muh.indo
(2) Maj Gen Lumago
(.3) Lt Col Kisule
(4) Comd Denis Lukale
(5) Amos Kambere
(6) Haji Kabeba
(7) Lt Col .,..bdalntiff'
(a) Ng.!iClc~o
(9) Lt Col Athochon and. oth.!re
~·:- ·--m.. '•U U.$!,!'ZFIT--OJ.t' tiGt,XDAl.- ~ITIZN?lS: . ·- -
Jl~~~G.;..9.~.0~l'l!!lO.~~~.~~,P-f>~:~-~ -·~:l'~ .. ~.~-I.~o:;.&4in.,q)f.,;,:i4~rd·~111.~i:it:,·~.oab)n,_of,•.monoy -and ..
,.co'n!~.;c_?-~~~eir tr~y~!._~ocllll!ent9 ~ .=.• x as~:lili - and j3J1rnaD&{abo roadblo'*:a.. · · ·
-~ ~ · · 'ROB3:::RY ·
On 21 Jul 95 four heads of cattle belongi.ng to John Sendege of Oaaovu, l1jtarU.Siza in
Kisoro-Ugru1da ..rere ro~".1:!~ a!lè. talc ,n to Z_air~ by Zaircnns. In the process of this .
robbery tï·:o bullet.s we:,:o shot in Casovu, lly!"'1'Usiza sub co~ in Kisoro by the robbers ,
D VIOLATION' OF UOAlIDA AD 3PACE
(i) In tha à.f't.,rnoon of 21 Feb 95 ir. K sese, three Zairean military aircrafts over
flew areas of .:{itoma, BwerJ a."ld nakinyunb·. in Ugd.llda and flew back to Zaire.
~i) In Jul 95 a Zairea.11 aircraft over(ew Iéisoro in Uganda and back to Zaire. ~. VIO!.A.TI01i OF IM~UGRATIOU LAWS
Cases of ille;i:ê>l e .. trv i nt.o l'.n»..to "'" '1~J. -- .. . ..
2.
A•
l3.
ECC>?:Of.tIC
l3order trade
Uga.nda notes With concc11, that whenever there have been incindences of~se1urit.
nature, Zairaan autho~ilies have ove: reacted at times closing the border.This
has often bd t~Ôlo~ of Ka.sindi, Mpondwe and .Dunagar.a markets cauaing
Ul'.neces~a.ry sufrering to the border citizens.
CO?oi!,!t.DITCATIOU LilOC
Border tensionu have mrui.y times interfered wi th inter-cow.try communioatio· •
FJ;-ee movements should bo encouraged as it helps in clearing unnecessar,y
suspicionu. ·
C. CUSTOMS
D. TOURISM
The encroachcent Wn li!gahinga. l:ationcl Park !>y Zaireans undermines the touriet.
ind.ustry which is a major !;Ource of income fo',!' Uganda..
E. FISHERIES
B.
~. ..
Violation of territorib-1 waters by Zairean fishermen have bJen noted especiall;
on lakes, Eduard and Albert.
SOCIAL
The Zairean Consulate in Xasose has for the last two years not made its
~ c.v..r • finanoial o:>ligations e.g house rent • This aot i1:1 likely to ~the ensting
good relations: l1i th the local population.
Uganda property in ~ire.
- 3ome robbed/stolen vehicles and motorcycles from Uganda are in Zaire. Motor
vehicle ret:."is'trii-tion number UXU 442 (Land Cruiser) belong:ing to J..rua Dioeese
is cur1·entl:r being dri ven by an immigration off'icer at Bunya and motorcycle
UM 1460 belo11ging to tho Uganda medical departmcnt is also seen in Bunya.
C. UG:J.:DAN REr•'UOEES IN ZAIRE
· volunta.ry repairiation of Ugandan ref'ugees should be encouraged.
D. CULTURAL EX~
ExcàOJ1gc in !., .. ort:...,111u:.;ic w1tl. otlwr iï~]dlshould be encouragad.
4• A.C.B
25.5.95 nr Okia Hare1in0,tone - 57 yrs driver of u.c.T.U assaulted and robbed of
80,000/. at Humang~bo
25.5.95 Mr Julius Bakumba aged 42 yrs driver of u.c.T.U UWS 818, assaulted and
robbed of 50 litres of dieael ~d spare tyre.
26. 5. 95 Mr Siraje Zari b.rende 52 yrs a ss·aul te-d and ro bbed of , 35 and 25 litres
of diesol.
Il
"
Mr Santo .Bakahebwa aged 40 yrs assaulted and robbed ~f , 35 and 25 litre
diesel.
b1z- KS.:<:ooza Joseph 8.89d 72 yrs robbed of 15,000/. and 25 litres ot diesel ..
UCMANNEX
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'l'Os 2 DIV .CO KD
l'MI 2 I1IV I.0
SUBI Rl • ~AJZ. OR XISOBO DWITACll
CI3, CX>J'lFIDEtiTIAL
lX>RI 24•04..9o
Tut
UCMANNEX
HQ 2 INF' DIVISION
PO GOX 1559
.\ IHARARA
Tel : 20180, 21409 214 J 6
Fnx: 20150
1. en 22.oï;.9.6' ~cl:-:'0600!·'~ ah' anèaY r~ h.ttaok~ 'â· 1dètt~ o'f· 2·5 :aâtta!ion
1n Kiao;n:,. The sa.id' 'W , : a· 1i· lt>oat'e4 ::in' XS.Boici -~ b'n'· dbamkà1 xo~· ~ an~ i. -· ~ ~ të poeetnt~~*·tia1{~i~er~~·U,.pri ·" '·~'-i,j:'~tiie ·c,J;,_, ~':
püsoei· ~ Op~t'.9,··ilie ~ (~~Ji;\lb. th~ ~ . '. · ~èn:~.'.:;::·~· ~ ~ ~tü ~~ ~ ai'te~• k.Ulinë ·m ·io'l.#î~· .. . . \r'.~'. ~ng ~ iie~sé:, L-~ -~1 ~: ~ -~
were tclteh oût '01: the etoiè"ài:ia put out id.\ie-.:·!~ \ie're' !nÎnèdiateti' hànded out '.to . ,
~hoir· C9ll~·~es V~ ;tiad; ~~ un~e~ whilê; 'th~-·~:va~ ~~aei: ZIIOW.d -~~.~_. .
ers·t,btel' lienr the 'ctaf8llee1 !'1fi'th one -~ aoldJ.er :(eap~vel and oommand.eered en lf(X)
I,and Cruise~· f'rom 'a. ~hite' couple. rua''wü :the "vahiëlé' 'ihtandad ià'r oarl:7:ins ·a.;ai. the
a:rm.s durin ~ thdrawal. T'.ais plan' "follëd.' tw'. thE> 'coàrnàh~er --~ -: . t exc:1 ted"''tmd ' . .
drove' the ·~ciJ.'o to· the. IDlddJ.e:~fi tovn '.m1ct'tri.e·d .~ oall~'paopÎ&~attd~·all( W th-·~
lt ~u.s durin th1s~ ~oki tliat~\~ râW~T'â:rr.t.véd:~sn~ ~ ·'the 'tin~ :, . .
otill' 1.n tho8
~ ld.llibg '(J7 or tliea'- lilblûalhâlj4'. rebei' ~~miderai The veblÔl.e . .
whioh' had. ba91'.i ·~re'd' wa.e int~'d! ~ the 'èlaf'.Giioii ~ ëhof a.t/ ground.ed sa '
the raboi'o' usillg 1 t " wero' also Jdlled' ü;î ,tlle prooff,'a';.i ! • . 1.1•• .
1
t : t • • • • • : • : ~ ., •. • i :
2. 'I'he en · ' · · · acoordlhg \o' 1h'.to'rmàt1ori':i\W~~ ·l111~ 'rebel:s' ·:t.ntor.t'-· 1
osat~d s'el)e.n~~, ho~ :lllO.H, th'.an'.· ·2ëf ~C,.! :~ :1i.f~t.r.t~:e:/,~~!~se' tiren~~ b:4,
anti-tànk ~a,·. 07 st1clc ·'grenades ahd e.'bouit" ~ i-otmda· ~ imino. • Th97 ·a1eo bd. ' ·
oewral panaas.' 1or food they oarned roaated oasoovâ ai.la '«fnuts.' !r2>.e;r wore -a.reoo'ed . :
in civ:Uiah ofc:rthoa.· . : .
·· ·· t
1
4- Alf ALYS:tS
oJole, '!'ha rabels were~o· suooeed 1i1 d1so.rganiaing the ·dettsch :due -io" the tolloidhg
..-.. ... :...:..._. , ... , ~-'did tü.;)~;;",,.;-,' Heov tèr knov iiha'i: our ilien vm \u.·881'me·d. foe- 'im' ' ·-·-•- \""I -~ _.. .JS ·..:...L _I; . . . . . . . onsnii:Jg u-a.i.ning exorcise' and tbat the ~ liai-e' "iri· tli:a ~ .. ~ .
(b) Th4 ,i~\y' routine" ,nia "cttuii'ed'. ~cl 'aÏl lbbpb'ol){ât~'oited'..1
~;. .
(o) 'l'hq khw th:Àt ~orcoment·a; f':ram icabal.ë~ voul.i! "'tak:e' not "iatui •thazi··-·
OJ hours "i!htoli l ,a enotigh time tô break lnto store·e.• "steal amo and ·cross
back to %aj.1'9. . ,
(b) The ooimty Chi.et• s Offioe· 1à rigb.t in the d.tJrénoe· béoause the barlÎ,
acks is in tlio Chiala Bl."GM\ ~ote 'thà.t' the Cbiet"·iètohtim.ies' to· lioiic hitri,. reGieve vi'sitors,; ta:q,~~ \t·o.' The &A11··~ ·\ ·a1 n'en' 'to' the office
bloak or th.o Chle.t.· 'I'he abow faot~·-~ ·: ü \b"' tlie 'a~e ·ohb.rt~"' of
land. in nsoro and Xabnl.(i ar..& a 'so rel~\'ion· ~ ~ 'Wan'o'e: elsavhèN .·
is va~ ù.im'aul t ·. , .
OBS'ERV'A'l'IOmJ ._
'l'hs eneoe_r·must havé ahar~~•bcnit· 1s ~ ~ "lli'e ~ l>eoatiee
llhat thoy bad planned. 't<>' load. on· th9 vehiclê Yais ·re~ anêl )àaàe:··w~ vbi.~ ha4 '
baen ·gt.ven' to: the ·~ed :rebel"b vëre· •omidohe'd.; ah1d. rècmre<f.1itatlie tollo1'1lia ~
out ~ the ll11~fe\ ·en·em;r gro,i;>;· 'tha:1:· at~acloeèt rii vire· ;,\!, l'e;! o1i~ 8~~ i.liol~ ~e~ · ... '
avera11~ Oêxrzmandarhl~ea $oeA, oe ~ tca:,tüNa· Çi:i ..,e ~ ~& !total' 1, .. ~wmr ~'
liaji !(ababà 'irJ.11 contiÏllle··to· plan" cle'atabi.11·a:auoh~. '"t • a lata:r :as.th'.,... slio~d 'bë: l'lOted
that Zaire· tJovt ':fo'roslj' airs ittvolYéd· 't~iim' ·no~ ~~~.! 'l'he:re~ 1-f~!zië~ t, ~ •
f?o~e.tlon~·idth VN!P ot Oria.~): num~Tc;t. ~ · ~ ·~ ·al.ms li~ '-~ .
1n aatnhmu ana ~ ' hrea' àre ~~~W\li~,.~ 1i. " )éd' tilA. ~ ·~·
X:akeli~i 'b0ing" "àn etmil'o~ltÙhlltü 'n 'th 'oloa1{èônne\iùo1i' ~~. tomë·i~dëe rûlorâ "en~.
CQOperation· 'ot the interahàmiio' w~ 1oe· lia'.à asiJUl'K o~ .1~i: to~ illl' Msi·a' 1n·· ~
'Ogand& and lbmr.dae' À: gU:llt prof'ife· 'Ôf lr:abebà 'e}._a biB ~ë1~·~~·é9'9 °Va8 sent 'to1
, '
you nth photoa· dato·d.· 17" Da·o 93· lléf' rmA./211!1/rrtr/AB titlo1d' "~tuatl.oh' Alb?lK Uganda-' ·
Zsire Bord.or".· ~ woro oopi'ed ·to' mr.. In oa.ae' tliia· ~'ro.f'1le' 'is' rù,t 't'nr.oe'nbl e i n: yov
reoo:ro.s, I otill ma.intaih' a :file! ot "llHW."•
- 2 !..
'.'1. ••
~ SUOOEST.Ieml 1
1. I. suggeet tbat the ex> 25 Bn, OC 1A' Coy 25 :Bn and. the OP'ro 25 lm abould 'be.
oap.ed to «:plain w~ all thoee ndatakas Vere ·oom.rnitt~ whloli re·oul:ted into ·aath ~t
our 07 solcllaro, 02 ooldiors Wives· and 01 child. They_ abould bear the re·aponsibiliV,
Of the loao of &mB and. othor conaoquemce'3 be~ thsro· la no· reason H~ (1 l>orde.r '
unit in a hostile eriviroalont 'alwtwl 'bé. d.i'sa.xmed 8op~n117 ·at' nieiit· 'on tho rrete:xt '
ot tra1nins• ·
2. I reque·st ·for a oon~~ ritto~ to _a.saist. m:e· :d.t~ ·re~à ·to f'u1.ly:
boost 'oe:/ n·otwoek both into.rnal' and. u:ternal. In oonslëteât tinanoeng bas ~tq
aurt~od izi;f_ capabill ty" to ~ - sevoral ·agent~' ·ot :the_ ~o :~m~~· ~. ~ )1re ~~
agents ·sent acro&B tha border néod ·substahtial finanêing oo flff.~ taâ:1.ng as .has
b&ên. =reneoted 1n· ri:i colleotio~ plarus-:~-rr m;f O!i"ioe ë;o\ùd ~V,~ ?_orex 'tunc1 •. , .
reinstateèt on regular be.sis,. it vould 80 along vat ib.' hëlpiM ~ planning.· Thia
.rogiozi hàa Dl8.cy' 'Willillg people' ahcl the 'Za,S.rois aaros~' 08 thq ·êc,'l.di'ON or oi Villan à
are sO corrupt that· ~ t:h mone.r aiq ïd.hd ot Wormo.tlbri '.oan be Jiérnab.'.\• Our 1o·w:· ~ . .
B.BGnts··c1er.tnete]i need ~"tatton' 1fhen taak.9d b'tt·~Wif· aa'oipen.t.. .. )tr boi-der . .•
pG1'90 , . ,. . ~.. a, f . . , , ... ', . \.L .• . . hilal iri' l3undi'titgyb r_âhâliiîtogot·. /;;taganc· . Chsnilda.'àha ~t1 ""z :Border) :
. co:i.sisterrt fundihg and X'81iabla ·bazl'sport . theii netwol:kaé' All these problema ·.
have been· preeentec1. ~~ ;t:ilne~ :tii tlie :rouow1ng ·èÔrreepohciérioës ë:1. ther to iou ' · -
oopied. to IIU ~ vi~'i '. :i ··
: .•..
(1) Cci~~~Î;àia11·~~et;"-Si0Rm" datri 2B/31')6' Rllt HQ/2l>IV/110 ·
(2) ·~:d.1a~nc1à~~ !è!a\e~~ ~~. ·tf~ 95· Retr 'IfQ/2llIV/m/10 •
,q ·i· :· . '.-;: .,l,.. . ~ ~ .. -L • • • ·· · - ~ •. , , .·• 1 : (3) tt . . 1!
1,
; .:~.\-~ :\ ·:: ·.05 Sc,p 7;; on :i.ru:11:traUop: ~ .a .in llB:01'0: br . ..
en ' • lti ::tliid' ~. ·r ~ ni'i..nbipall,T . ,. : 'ati~f 1 err.::, 'da r . . t ot· 2·1: 13n· . ···i.: ,."1:1 .... ,;. . . • ~ • r~ augge g P o:,men J
88 A 'l(bol9,~ tQ n~·;~!"\ 1 •
(4) ·eorre·apoh~~oe~ M~!-~/;4 Râf ~21Jri'/oe/TA 11 ..
In conCllueiOn, . !t ~. ~. ., -~~· ~.e d: 't~f! ~ .0\%1".Nn\' \ii:tuation· 1n thia .. '
region io' n'ot oo' mùàb: a· ~'iy bîl.itari· ,~bl'.~~ ïf èan 1)è· Jfuhdlôà "'tij inteïll' . ~ , .
aod thooe smalr lÇ'OupB rieutrall'eod 'WliU~ oür ï!o~o·erf shouiêl ndt relax 'ih' éiM' :;. a
b:i~r iriourmoh· • ... ' ' .
TELEPHONE:
UCMANNJ
OFFICE OF THE CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVE
KISORO DISTRICT,
IN ANY CORRESPONOENCE ON SEC/ 2
THIS SUBJECT PLEASE QUOTE NO . ........................ .
P.O. BOX 123, '
KISORO.
THC u uauc: o, UÇAHOA
11CONFIDENTIAL"
10th June, 1996.
H.E. The President of
the Repub;l.ic of Uganda,
P. O.Box · 7168,
Kampala.
Your Excellency,
RE: SITUATIONAL REPORT ON ACTIVITIES OF HAJJI MUHAMMED
KABEBA'S GROUP IN ZAIRE
1. . T~" Î'ëbèl:gn,~p .. ~f ·H;jj'i ' M~~ëd. Kâbeba- itï Zaire is
currnntly conqêntrâtlngl·o"n· rë·cn11 tllig péopie-'from ·,
• . ,,. •. , ·,.:_ • • •, -'•, : - • • • .... t ,:-.... 1,.:,· . .~ :..;,· •, .•. ... _; .,.. .. ~ ... , - . t:" .• ,
Ugarida espeèially'runong Muslims and Zaire especially
·among Rwandese rnïdiiêS'~oB mp's' ··of GATARE and KIBUMBA-•
. 'l'hey are prepar1n~ -for.·more. ·attacks On' Uganda ·
P.S~_eciallÏ :1n_ thè. !)ist~icts of _KIS_QRO' ~~ RÙ~G~ .• -.
2. They so far have three camps in Zaire namely;
(1) KINYANDONYI Training Camp with around two hundred and
fifty (250) trainess under the leadership of Hajji
RASHID, a Nubian and former Amin• s soldier. This Carap
is located 9 miles from Rutshuni to Ishasha ro1d. It
1s near BUSANZA side of Uganda.
. (·l >· !ülloei;;mt'~i.frOriâ:.~'.fôtiY~trrè'a:=-1im'. ·tramee s:;vμ ·~
....- -'~e~~li- §~~ i~·:m ·cK· - 0.:_@c--I-jfjô*-·"· ~'1~~~~;~ï-!1c~~1 u~,~o~· F\=ci:b~=~ ,m.__ ..... -~-- ~ i - • • • • - .. H.-. • • • •• • , ., ... ,--.,"f, :an;qaoe C ·e'f RJHQWGIR I D fats# ctr·~:-... , ~;:·. · - .. .. ....
~ · . .. -
111) NYAMI~MA - MUGOGO - KATWEIGURU area w~th ~round three
hundred and twenty (32~) traibe~~- ~t 1~ located hear
" .. ... --·-· .
Kab~ba:' s own home ~so tow~rds BUTOGOT~·I Th~ Camp is
near MUNYANGA lil.ll ·that overlooks Uganc1.a:.
1
./2
11 CONFIDENT IA L"
- ~ ..
3. The can~;1s are ail located ir(.areas wi th hills tr~it
overlook Uganda. These bills have been receded to
be used for positioning support weapons once they
start fighting U ganda.
4. bere:. is co-ordinatio~ among .. rebel groups .
';gâ1.nst Uganda in Zaire starti g ~rom the JUMA ORIS
group i.n . ARUA Ùp to KABEBA t s group near KISORO and . : .
RUKUNG_IRI. :Each gro~ bas been given its own area of
responsibili ty. Hajji Kâbéb'à."iS'"'l.ii'·'cbarge of ·. . ... .... . ., . . . ..... . ... .. . . ~ ... . . . . ... '"'\"'" ".·· . ,,. .
. ~-is~~~?_ 1 !i;ng KISQ.B.Q_~UJCt?NGplI using_ ZAIRE as ~~--
~ : -· . -·· ..
5. ~ H8:jji KA.BEBA~ s group is assisted by his sons who work
il'.l the ref'ugee camps• stores to get food and other
logistics. The three sons are:
(1) ALI MUJEMA
(11) MUSA BUKYAKYA
111) MAJIDU FIZII
However, be al,.so· has éioser ·_links witb .. th~ INT~~
Officers who ~ake jo'i~~- p_!_i!!!lJEg .. ~g~n_~~ .. μg~_a_ with h,im.- .
He .. 'is al.ways :at GATARE-Càmp1. the ·. headqùàrters· of;
. . . --~-........ , .... .... .... ~~n·"·~r· ··"·:""'i' • .•.•. · .. 1f'"-,; ~:-::.~. · ···: .;;·· •
INTE~_...:J..n . ZAtRE. ~ T_be __ FRENCH and SUDANESE are a:J;sè,_ ·
.involved iri. assistirig' tliésë~?rébé1 ''groups~ '~·
6. Recommendations:
. .
(i) Diplomatie pressure on Zaire for constant regional
meetings should be exerted.
(11) Refresher course for Local Defence Forces in Kisoro
should be organised after which they would be
deployed. ·At least money should be released for
training about 150 personnel.
SSIONER KISORO.
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Ju1y 1996
UCMANNE:X
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH/AFRICA , ,
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE
DES .LIGUES DES DROITS DE L'HOMME
ZAIRE
FORCED TO FLEE
Violence Against the Tutsis in Zaïre
Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
iNTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
RECOMMENDATIONS ... .... .. .. ... . .. . .. . ... .. . ... . . ... ... ·. . . . . . • . . . . 4
To the International Community ................ '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
To the Govemment of Zaïre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 4
To the Govemment of Rwanda ........... : .......... . ............... 4
ORIGINS OF THE BANY ARW ANDA COMMUNITY IN ZAIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
SOURCES OF CONFLICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . 6
THE OUTBREAK OF VIOLENCE . . . . . • . . • • • . . • • • • • • . • • • • . • . • • • • • . • • . . . • • 8
GENOCIDE IN RWANDA AND ETHNIC CONFLICT IN ZAIRE . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 10
THE CURRENT CONFLICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 12
SENDING THE TUTSI "BACK TO RWANDA" ..•..• . • • •.. ........ .. ...... 15
A CAMPAIGN TO CREATE ETHNIC ENCLAVES ............ .. . . .... .. ... 19
COMPLICITY OF THE ZA1RIAN GOVERNMENT . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 21
THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 27
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH
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INTRODUCTION
The reg ion of North Kivu in eastem Zaïre has been the site of recurrent interethnic violence since 1992, often
carried out with the complicity of Zairian regional and national leaders and the Zairian security forces. The explosion
of violence in 1993 pitted the mostly Zairian Tutsis and Hutus against other Zairian ethnié·groups in the region, but
the situation was exacerbated by the arrivai in Goma of some 720,000 largely Hutu refugees from Rwanda after the
genocide in July 1994.1 The influx of refugees served to reignite the ethnie violence and to break down the HutuTutsi
alliance, leading to attacks against the Tutsi population by both sides. The violence in North Kivu has left
hundreds dead, some 250,000 displaced and approximately 16,000 Tutsis forced to flee as refugees to Rwanda. The
goal of the attacks is to drive out rival ethnie groups and to create ethnicatly pure enclaves. ·
This"report focuses on the violence against Tutsis, which has been particularly severe since late 1995, and
escalated in 1996. Given the recent history of unresolved conflict in the region and the arms flows into the area that
accompanied the refugees, an esèalation of deadly violence in North Kivu was sadly predictable.
The conflict in North Kivu is complex and involves a series of shifting conflicts among the ethnie groups
and the refugee community. The conflict originally involved the Hutu and Tutsi ethnie groups, known as the
••aanyarwanda,'' who constitute nearly half of the population of North Kivu but have been largely excluded from
regional political office and administrative posts, against the Hund~ Nyanga, and Nandê ethnie groups (autochtones),
who consider themselves native to the region and have sought to protect their potitical power. Despite the long
history of the Banyarwanda in Zaïre, the other groups have accused them ofbeing foreign interlopers, exploiting local
populations and unworthy of citizenship and political power. Sorne Zairians feared that the Banyarwanda had
designs to take over North Kivu, which further increased the animosity toward them.
Beginning in March 1993, Hunde, Nyanga, and Nande militia groups called Mai-Mai or_ Bangirima,2 which
apparently had the support of local Zairian political officiais, began to attack the Banyârwânda popuiàtion in several
zones of North Kivu. ln response, the Hutu, who were the main targets of the attacks, formed their own militia.
Attacks and counterattacks by rival ethnie militia continued for nearly six months, leaving approximately 6,000 dead
and displacing an estimated 250,000. Through the action oflocal nongovemmental organizations (NGOs), churches,
and the intervention of the central Zairian govemment, which deployed elite troops in Masisi, a tenuous peace was
restored to the region in July 1993, and most people were able to retum to their home cÔmmunities. However, none
of the underlying political issues weie resolved, thus setting the stage for the resumption of violence.
TI1e genocide in neighl:ioring Rwanda in 1994 and the subsequent flight of mostly Hutu Rwandan refugees
into North Kivu fanned interethnic tensions in the region. The Rwandan refugees arrived in Zaire well-anned, and
they worked to politicize and organize the local Zairian Hutu population,joining together with Zairian Hutu to fonn
joint Interahamwe3 militia groups. The massive inflow of refugees augmented significantly the numeric advantage
1According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), in June 1996 there was a total of 1.1 million
Rwandan refugees in Zaire: 716,000 in Goma; 316,400 in Bukavu; and 71,800 in Uvira.
2The tenns "Bangirima" and "Mai-Mai" both refer to militia èomposed of groups that considered themselves autochthonous
to North Kivu. White the tenns are used to some extentintêrcliangeably bY. the population in the region, "Mai-Mai" generally
refcrs to Hunde and Nyanga militia in Masisi and Walikale, white "Bangirima" are Hunde, Nyanga, and Nande militia in Rutshuru
and Lubero.
• . .. •dl!f. • ' •• I •,-... JThe lnterahamwe, which means "those who attack togetlièr," was founded in Rwanda as the youth wing of the National
Rwandan Movement for Democracy and Developmënt (MRND), the party.of fonner President Juvenal Habyari~~~a'. Following
the introduction ofmultiparty politics in mid-1991, the Interahamwe gradually was fransfonned into a civilian militia.
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 2 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
of the Banyarwanda, increasing tensions between the Banyarwanda and other groups. In addition, genocide and
ethnie conflict in Rwanda led to a divide within the Banyarwanda community in Zaire between Hutu and Tutsi, a·nd
thousands of Tutsis in Zaire crossed over to Rwanda and Uganda in the months following the end of the genocide:
In late 1995; the level of violence in North Kivu intensified sharply, following several confrontations in
Masisi between Zairian soldiers and various militia groups. Attacks by rival Interahamwe and Mai-Mai/Bangirima
militia quickly spread throughout Masisi and Rutshuru Zones. In contrast to the 1993 conflict, Hutu have had an
upper hand in recent clashes, due to their abundant armaments and extensive militia organization, but Mai-Mai have
also succeeded in pushing Hutu out of certain areas, particularly in Walikate, Lubero, and Rutshuru. Tutsi, who have
not been involved in the militia, have been attacked by both Interahamwe and Mai-Mai, and ihousands have been
forced to flee into Rwanda. Violence by various militias in North Kivu has gradually intensified and spread into the
surrounding zones ofLubero and Walikate.
Zairian authorities have shown little interest in ending the violence. On the contrary, testimony from
witnesses interviewed by Human Rights Watch/Africa and the Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de
l'Homme (FIDH) researchers indicates complicity in the violence against Tutsi on the part of Zairian government
officiais and military personnel at the local, regional, and national levels. Witnesses report that local Zairian officiais
and soldiers participated in recent militia attacks against Tutsi, and there is ev.idence of official involvement in
attacks by Hutu and Hunde militia since the beginning of the conflict in 1993. National and regional politicians have
been unwilling to take steps that might hait the attacks, including publicly denouncing the abuses and supporting a
disciplined military presence in the region to protect civilians. The few soldiers and police stationed in the area have
themselves frequently profited from the situation, looting from the various sides and essentially selling their services
to the highest bidder, which has contributed to the climate of impunity. The regional governor fueled the conflict
in 1993 when he suggested that security forces would assist efforts by Nyanga and Hunde to "exterminate" the
Banyarwanda.
The international community has responded to the growing conflict in North Kivu with silence and
indifference. The poor handling of the refugee crisis exacerbated the simmering conflict in North Kivu, with
predictable consequences. Efforts by local and international NGOs to alert the international community about the
potential for renewed violence were ignored. In April 1996, even as killings were taking place on a daily basis and
thousands were being displaced, France announced a resumption ofbilateral aid to the Zairian government:' which
had been eut off in late 1991.
The conflict is also increasing tensions between the governments of Rwanda and Zaire, with each side
accusing the other of manipulating the refugee situation in their respective country and with both sides denying
citizenship to the Tutsi refugees. The Zairian government denies that the Tutsi refugees are Zairian, and
representatives of the government have gQne so far as to deny that Kinyarwanda is even spoken in Zaïre. The
Rwanda government contends that the refugees are Zairian citizens fleeing violence, and established a refugee camp
in Gisenyi, about a kilometer away from the border. Despite appeals by the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR) that the camp be moved away from the border, the govemment has refused. Clearly, the presence
of refugee camps so close to both side~ of the border poses serious security risks for the refugees and for their hast
countries. If the conflict continues to escalate, bath Zaire and the Great Lakes region in general cou Id face further
disastrous consequences.
4françois Raitberger, "Mobutu hails 'courageous; French Aid to Zaïre," Reuters, April 26, 1996.
Human Rights Watch(Africa and FIDH 3 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
RECOMMENDATIONS
To the International Community:
• · Hold the Zairian government accountable for the actions against the Tutsi population in North Kivu and other
attacks against civilians. The government must be urged to launch an immediate investigation into the
complicity of its military and civilian personnel in the attacks, and to prosecute those responsible.
• Encourage the peaceful and voluntary repatriation of Rwandan refugees from Zaire. The international
c-0mmunity should provide the means necessary to isolate the camps to prevent further infiltration of ex-FAR
and Rwandari Interahamwe into North Kivu. and to ensure that Zairian soldiers involved in abuses against
refugees be prosecuted.
• Pressure the Rwàndan govemment to improve its human rights record and to create a climate conducive to
the return ofRwandan refugees. Provide adequate support for the Rwandanjudicial system and urge the
R wandan government to begin free and fair trials for those accused of involvement-in the I 994 genocide,
so that refugees currently in Zaïre can be guaranteed just treatment upon their return to Rwanda.
• Monitor the conduct of Zairian forces involved in Operation Kimia toward the civilian population to ensure
that civilians from ail ethnie groups are protected and that ail militia are disarmed.
• Deploy international monitors at airports and border crossings in eastern Zaïre to enforce the UN arms
embargo against the formër Rwandan military and militia.
• Support the establishment of a UN commission of inquiry into the abuses against civilians in North Kivu.
• Ensure that no bilateral or multilateral assistance, other than humanitarian aid, is provided to· the Zairian
government unless it ends ail support to the militias operating in Zaire, investigates and prosecutes soldiers
responsible for abuses against civilians, and complies with Security Council Resolution 978 calling on
member states to arrest persans suspected of participating in the genocide in Rwanda for prosecution in
national courts or by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.
To the Governmeot of Zaïre:
• Immediately cease ail support for Mai-Mai, Bangirima, Interahamwe, and any other militia with a record
of gross human rights abuses. This should include an end to the provision of armaments and logistical
assistance, participation by government officers and military personnel in militia attacks, and public
pronouncements of support for the militia by military and political officiais.
• Leaders at all levels of government -national, regional, and local- should publicly denounce the ethnie
violence in North Kivu. lnvestigate and identify those political, administrative, and military officiais who
have participated in militia attacks or profited from the insecurity to pillage or rape, and immediately remove
them from their posts and begin prosecution.
• The right to nationality must be respected. The government of Zaïre must cease denationalizating those
members of the Banyarwanda community who qualify for Zairian citizenship; no one should be rendered
stateless.
• The Zairian government must support efforts to encourage the peaceful and voluntary repatriation of
Rwandan refugees in Zaïre. Ail assistance to the former Rwandan government, ex-Forces Armées
Rwandaises, and Hutu militia mÙst be stopped; in particular, the provision of arms and related training and
materials in violation o(the United Nations embargo against these forces.
• The Zairian government must cooperate with the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and bring
perpetrators of the 1994 genocide to justice, including turning over indicted suspects to the International
Tribunal. ·
• Ensure security to allow the safe return of Zairian Tutsi refugees from Rwanda .
• Allow access throughout North Kivu for local and internationaljournalists and other independent observers .
To the Govcrnment of-Rwanda:
• Create conditions within Rwanda that would favor the peaceful and voluntary return of refugees from Zaire,
including respecting rights to freedom of expression, movement, and assembly regardless of ethnicity and
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 4 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
•
beginning trials for those currently imprisoned in Rwanda under accusations of participation in the 1994
genocide.
Provide safe and secure haven for refugees from the conflict in Zaïre. Locate the refugee camp a sufficient
distance from the Zaïre border that refugees will not be exposed to the threàt of attack from zàire. The
current site, 800 meters from the Zairian border, places the refugees at risk.
Establish screening procedures in the refugee camp to determine if the Tutsis from .Zaïre qualify as refugees .
ORIGINS OF THE BANYARW ANDA COMMUNITY IN ZAIRE
The region of North Kivu lies on the northe~ shores of Lake Kivu, along Zaire's eastern border with Rwanda
and Uganda. The Region is divided into six administrative zones: Masisi, Rutshuru, Kalehe, Walikale, Lubero, and
Gorria,5 it contains a diverse ethnie mix of Hunde, Nan de, Nyanga, and Tembo, as well as the Kinyarwanda-speaking
Hutu and Tutsi, together known as Banyarwanda. The Banyarwanda made up roughly 50 percent of the population
in North Kivu (though they constitute the majority in certain regions), with the Hutu comprising about 40 percent
and the Tutsi about 10 percent.
The origins of the Banyarwanda population in North Kivu are diverse. The arbitrary establishment of
colonial boundaries placed a large population of people formerly subject to the Rwandan king outside Rwandan
territory.6 The capricious manner in which the European colonial powers carved up the African continent placed
several regions formerly connected to the pre-colonial Rwandan kingdom within the boundaries of the Belgian
Congo. Under the principles set down in the 1885 Conference of Berlin and formalized in a convention signed in
1910 between Germany, Belgium, and England, the Rwandan territories ofGoma, Jomba, Bwisha, and the Island
of ldjwi, among others, were attached to the Belgian Congo, while the region of Bufumbira was integrated into the
British colony of Uganda. Accordingly, some of the Banyarwanda descend from families that have lived for
centuries on land which today lies within Zaïre.
When Belgium assumed control of Rwanda from German y during the First World War, Rwanda was already
·a densely populated territory. Belgian colonial administrators established a policy encouraging Rwandans to
emigrate into Zaïre to supply labor for plantations that were being establishe~ in the lightly populated district of
Masisi. Administrators in Kivu and Rwanda signed a formai agreement in 1937 organizing the migration and
creating Rwandan areas within Masisi. Other Rwandans were brought in as laborers in Kalehe, Rutshuru, and Shaba.
In addition to the formai program of tabor migration, which continued until 1955, many H;utu and Tutsi -both from
Rwanda and from Jomba and other territories within Zaïre- independ~ntly migrated into the districts ofMasisi,
Walikale, Rutshuru, and Lubero seeking land for cultivation or for grazing goats and cattle.7
•
In addition to economic migrants, North Kivu has welcomed thousands of poli.tical refugees fleeing conflicts
in Rwanda. After the uprising against Tutsi colonial administrators in Rwanda in 1959, thousands of Tutsi fled into
Zaïre. Thousands more Tutsi arrived in Zaire during repeated outbreaks of ethnie violence in Rwanda in the eariy
5Each zone within the region is sub-divided into several collectivities, anq these collectivities are themselves sub-divided into
localities and groupements.
6Aloys Tegera, "La réconciliation commu~;utaire: Le cas des massacres au Nord-Kivu," in A~dre Guich~oua, editor:ï.~s ·
crises politiques au B11run_di et au Rwanda (/993-1994) (Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 1995), pp. 395-402;
UNHCR, "La sitμations dans le Masisi et les propositions de la Sous-Délégation," March 18, 1996.
'Tegera, "La réconciliation communautaire," p. 396; UNHCR, "La situation dans le Masisi." March 1996.
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 5 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
1960s, in 1973, and again in the early 1990s.• Finally, in 1994 nearly one million mostly Hutu refugees fled into
North Kivu at the end of the genocide and in advance of the Rwandan Patriotic Front taking power in Rwanda. White
the majority of these recent refugees has been housed in refugee camps, others have settled outs ide the camps in the
zones of Goma, Masisi, Rutshuru, and Kalehe and have integrated into existing Hutu communities.9 The villages
in North_ Kivu were frequently multiethnic, and these Hutu communities are often found within villages consisting
of other ethnie groups.
Border changes, economic migration, and political conflict have combined to make Banyarwanda the largest
group in North Kivu and a sizable majority of the population in certain areas of the region. Of the estimated 600,000
people living in Masisi zone before interethnic violence broke out in 1993, 75-80 percent were Banyarwanda, while
the remaining 20-25 percent were primarily Hunde, along with some Nyanga and Tembo. Banyarwanda were also
the majority iri parts of Bwito and Bwisha collectivities in Rutshuru zone, and they were the largest group in Goma.10
SOURCES OF CONFLICT
Land distribution and economic competition have been at the root of conflicts between the Banyarwanda and
other groups looking for political power. In general, th~ Tutsi have cleared large tracts of land in the region to use
as pasturage for grazing their cattle and goats, white the Hutu predominantly cleared land for fanning. As the
Banyarwanda population has increased, particularly following the arrivai of many Tutsi refugees front Rwanda
beginning in 1959, they have gradually migrated further and further from the Rwanda border. In Walikale, Masisi,
and other districts, the Banyarwanda have cleared large areas of forest to use for farming and grazing, Ieading to
conflicts with the local Hunde population who have traditionally used the forests for hunting game. The
Banyarwanda have been quite successful in the regional and national economies, supplying livestock and produce
to markets as far away as the Zairian capital Kinshasa. The relative prosperity of the Banyarwanda has contributed
to resentment by other groups in the region.11 Despite their numeric significance and long history in North Kivu, the
Banyarwanda have enjoyed little politieal power, at least in terms of formai politieal and administrative positions.
Residents of North Kivu have disagreed about the treatment of the Banyarwanda in Zaire. The Banyarwanda
believe that they have been discriminated against in terms of employment and education. However, other Zairian
groups contend that the Banyarwanda have had advantages over other Zairians, including disproportionate access
to higher edueation in Zaïre. The perception on both sides of the conflict that the other has been privileged bas clearly
fueled resentments and increased tensions between the communities. · ·
Another key issue in the conflict involves nationality, which was recognized and later taken away from the
Banyarwanda. Other ethnie groups in Kivu have justified their political dominance by arguing that the Banyarwanda
are foreigners who have no claim to Zairian citizenship. In practice, members of other ethnie groups make no
distinction between those Banyarwanda whose families lived on Zairian territory prior to colonial boundary changes
and those whose families migrated into the area more recently. It is important to note that the nationality issue has
been used only against'the Banyarwanda. and not against other ethnie groups that were divided along Zaire's borders
at independence.
,;.Masisi ou la guerre oubliée," ANB·BIA Supplement, p. viii; Tegera, "~ réconciliation communautaire," p. 397.
9"Masisi ou la guerre ou.bliée," p. viii; UNHCR, "Repatriation·ofRw~ndan Refugees from Eastern Zaire," ~arch 1996.
1°Tegera. "La réconciliation communautaire," pp. 398-399; UNHCR, "Repatriation ofRwandan Refugees from Eastern Zaïre."
11 Marc Hoogesteyn, "Anned Rwanda Hutus uproot spear•carrying tribesmen," Reuters, February 21, 1996; Tegera, "La
réconciliation communautaire,'' p. 399; and Human Rights Watch/FJDH interviews with Zairian refugees in Rwanda, April 1996.
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 6 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
The issue of nationality has been a recurrent source of contention in Eastern Zaïre, especially relating to voter
eligibility in electoral periods. After Zaïre gained independence in 1960, a nationality law granted Zairian citizenship
for anyone who had been living in Zaïre for ten years. Although most Banyarwanda quatified for citizenship under
these terms, provincial authorities in North Kivu excluded them from civil service posts in the early 1960s. A 1972
law adopted as part of President Mobutu's "authenticity" program reiterated the principles of the earlier nationality
Jaw, granting Zairian citizenship to anyone whose family was living in Zaïre on January 1, 1960, and had since
maintained continuous residence.12 In Article 15, nationality was specificalty granted to people from "RuandaUrundi"
who were on Zairian (Congolese) territory before January 1, 1950 and continued to reside in Zaïre. No
distinction was made between Banyarwanda who had lived in Zaïre for generations and those who had arrived as
political refugees or economic migrants in later years.
The nationality issue came to the fore again in 1981 when the Zairian parliament approved a revision to
citizenship laws that accorded citizenship onJy to those who could demonstrate that their ancestors lived in Z~ire
prior to August 1, 1885. Although many Banyarwanda qualified for citizenship under these new ru les, ancestry was
difficult to demonstrate, and in practice both the non-Banyarwanda public and the govemment tended to treat
Banyarwanda as a single group. The law did not specifically state that citizenship would be revoked from those who
had already acquired it; nevertheless, the effect of the law was to deny citizenship rights to a substantial portion of
Zairian Kinyarwanda-speakers and practicalty denied rights to most others.13 The nationality issue was summarized
in a report by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on human rights in Zaïre as folJows:
The tensions [in North Kivu] are caused by two retated probtems. The first arises from the right of
the Banyarwanda to Zairian nationality. This was recognized in the 1964 Constitution and in the
law of 1965, which allowed them to vote in 1965 and 1967; it was left unchanged in the 1967
Constitution, and confirmed once again by Decree Law No. 71-020 of 1971; then it was restricted
under Law No. 002 of 1972 to those living in Kivu since before 1960, abolished by law in 1981 t!nd
taken over by the CNS [Sovereign National Conference] in 1992. The second problems is derived
from the first, namely that recognizing the Banyarwanda as Zairians would give them the right to
vote in any elections which might be held.14
In practice, however, the 1981 Jaw was never active)y enforced, and identity cards were never revoked. After
officially enjôying the rights of citizenship for two decades, the Banyarwanda did not passively accept the revocation
oftheir nationality. In the mid-1980s, Hutu from throughout North Kivu fonned an ethnie organization, known as
a "mutual," to unite Hutu and defend their interests. Initially an agricultural association, MAGRIVI, the Agricultural
Mutual ofVirunga, gradually became politicized. In 1991, when Banyarwanda were excJuded from participation
in the national conference held in Kinshasa to debate the political future of the country, organizers of MAGRIVI urged
Hutu in North Kivu to protest by rejecting the authority oflocal Hunde chiefs and refusing to pay taxes, a particularly
serious threat given the economic importance of the Banyarwanda.'s
12Jean-Baptiste Kayigamba, "Zaire-Human Rights: Thousands Flee Ethnie Cleansing," lnterPress Service, April 7, 1996; U.S.
Committee for Refugees (USCR), "lnducing the Deluge," p. 9.
13See "Ordonnance-Loi No 71-020 due 26 mars 1971 relative à l'acquisition de la nationalité congolaise par les personnes
originaires du Rwanda-Urundi établies au Congo au 30 juin 1960," and ''{.oi No 81-002 du 29 juin 1982.n Also see: UNHCR.
"Repatriation ofRwandan Refugees from Eastern Zaire;" USCR, "Inducing the Deluge,11 pp. 8-9.
14United Nations Commission on Human Rights, "Report on the situation of human rights in Zaïre, prepared by the Special
Rapporteur, Mr. Roberto <;,arret6n, in accordance- wtih Commission resolution 1995/69," E/CN.4/1996/66, 29 January 1996, p.10-
11.
15Kayigamba, "Zaire-Human Rights."
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 7 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
THE OUTBREAK OF VIOLENCE
With democratic elections becoming an increasingly imminent possibility in the early 1990s, the growing
political organization of the Hutu posed a serious threat to the political power ofHunde, Nande, and other ethnie
groups. Given the numerical majority of Banyarwanda, members of other groups would have difficulty retaining
the chieftaincies and other political positions, and their associated prerogatives, ifBanyarwanda were allowed to vote.
TI1e threat of losing power in elections was particularly serious for Nyanga and Hunde, who compriseà _:,nly 4 and
3 percent, respectively, of the population of the region of North Kivu as a whole.16 Local authorities th\,;S !aunchic:~
a program in 1991 to identify and register Zairian nationals, a process that sought to exclude most Banyarwanda, and
make them ineligible to vote in future elections.17
Political conflicts combined with continuing clashes over land use to create a highly volatile situation in
North Kivu. Tensions in the region came to a peak in March I 993 when the then govemor of North Kivu, Jean-Pierre
Kalumbo Mboho, publicly questioned the nationality of Banyarwanda and suggested that the security forces would
assist efforts by Nyanga and Hunde to "exterminate" Banyarwanda. The govemor was suspended in late July I 993.18
Attacks by Mai-Mai militia in Masisi and Walikale zones and Bangirima in Rutshuru and Lubero zones
apparently began several days after the governor's comments. Hutu protests over the arrest of a MAGRIVI leader
.seem to have been the spark that ignited the violence. On March 20, Mai-Mai attacked Banyarwanda at Ntoto market
in Walikale, after Banyarwanda raised a political party flag that other groups erroneously claimed was the flag of
a foreign government. By the next day, violence had spread throughout Walikale and Masisi zones.19
The U.S. Committee for Refugees reported that 1,000 people are estimated to have been killed injust the first
two days of fighting. By April, attacks against Banyarwanda had spread into Lubero and Rutshuru zones. With
anned support from local gendarmes, Mai-Mai and Bangirima militia attacked Hutu and Tutsi with guns, machetes
and spears and bumed hundreds of homes. After several months of such attacks, some Banyarwanda, primarily Hutu
who could build on the existing MAGRJVI organization, formed their own militia groups to counter-attack, killing
Hunde and Nyanga and buming their homes.20
Violence by ail sides in North Kivu continued from March until July 1993. Official Zairian govemment
statistics estimated that 6,000 people were killed during the six months of the conflict, but estimates of the number
of dead by OXFAM, Medecins Sans Frontieres, Caritas, and other in~ependent observers range from 7,000 and to as
high as 40,000, the large majority being Hutu. The UNHCR est.imated that 350,000 people were displaced by the
violence.21 The fighting started a process of ethnie pogroms and clearances in which members of the dominant ethnie
16Tegera, "La réconciliation communautaire," p. 399.
17USCR, "lnducing the Deluge," pp. 9-10:· .
11Amnesty International, "Zaïre: Violence Against Democracy," September 16, 1993, p. 22 and "Masisi ou la guerre oubliée,"
p. viii. ·
''Raymond Luaula, "Leur nationalité zaîroise ne se marchande pas!," Umo/a (Kinshasa), February 28, 1996, p. 2; "Masisi ou
Ja guerre oublié;" p. vii; Tegera,''La réconciliation communautaire," pp. 395-396; USCR, "Inducing the Deluge," p. 10.
20"MasisÎ ou la guerre oubliée," pp. vii-viii; Tegera, "La réconciliation c~~in~nautaire," pp. 395-396; USCR, "Inducing the
Deluge."
21"Masisi ou la guerre oubliée," p. vii; Hugh Nevill, "Explosive ~ix crackting in Eastern Zaire," Agence France Presse.
October 18, 1994; UNHCR, "Repatriation of Rwandan Refugees from Eastern Zaire"; Kayigamba, "Zaire-Human Rights.11
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 8 July 1996, Vol. 8, l'.'Jo. 2 {A)
group in each area drove out members of minority ethnie groups. The ryfai-Mai and Bangirima militia drove Hutu
out ofLubero zone and the districts ofKisimba and Ikobo in Walikale zone, while Hutu fighters drove Hunde and
Nyanga out of much ofMasisi zone and the collectivities ofBwito and Bwisha in Rutshuru zone. The violence in
1993 began a process of establishing ethnie enclaves where ethnie groups had formerly lived together in multiethnic
communities. Communities that had formerly included Hutu, Tutsi, and Hunde, now became almost exclusively
Hutu or exclusively Hunde.22
The position of Tutsi in this conflict varied from one area to the next. ln some areas, they were lumped
together with the Hutu as a single Banyarwanda population and thus were targeted. ln o~er areas, because they were
not organized politically, they were not considered threatening and were left untouched. According to Emmanuel,
a Munyarwanda from Walikale, "In Masisi ... sometimes the Hunde killed Tutsi, sometimes Hutu killed Tutsi. In
Ikobo, the Hunde left the Tutsi atone. In Kisimba, Hunde chased out both Hutu and Tutsi. And in Bwito, Hutu
chased out the Hunde, and the Tutsi stayed."23 According to other sources, in some areas ofMasisi and Rutshuru,
Hutu and Tutsi joined together to fight against the Hunde and other groups.2
'
Although the Mai-Mai and Bangirima were civilian militla composed primarily of youths, both local
witnesses and international observers agree that they were acting with the approval and encouragement of local
·Hunde and Nande govemment officiais. According to ~girabakunzi, a Tutsi from Lubero zone:
The traditional chiefs, the baami, said that the Hutu were chased out [of Lubero and Walikale]
because of MAGRIVI. There was much hatred against the Hutu mutual association MAGRlVI. This
organization had entered into potitics and was trying to have its own chiefs. Because ofthis, there
was a big conflict between the chiefs, who were Nande and Hunde, and the Hutu. The Hutu were
chased by groups of bandits who were not afraid of shedding blood. But the chiefs were behind
them. They were supported by the chiefs. After they were done, there was not a single Hutu left in
our area. But we Tutsi did not have any problems. The chiefs told us that they had no problems
with the Tutsi, because we did not have a mutual association."
The role of the Zairian military and security forces in the 1993 conflict is unclear. Sorne witnesses claim
that members of the Forces Armées Zaïroises (F AZ) joined with the Bangirima in attacking Banyarwanda. Sorne
Hunde claim that FAZ soldiers were offering special protection to the Banyarwanda, who, unlike the Hunde, could
afford to pay for the service. Reports from several organizations of the Catholic Church contend that gendarmes
offered extensive support to the Mai-Mai for its attacks. Numerous accounts make clear that in many cases rather
than intervening to calm the situation, soldiers took advantage of the insecurity to loot from bath sides in the
conflict.16 What is clear, however, is that the govemment threatened to strip the Kinyarwanda-speaking population
of its Zairian nationality and so to marginalize it from political life, a goal shared with those attacking them. At the
same time, the governor had openly expressed support for their "extermination/'
22La commission justice et paix/Diocese de Goma, "Masisi: ·zone devastée, victime de sa richesse, du tribalisme ou du
pouvoir, Mondé Nouveau (Goma), November-December 1995; USCR. "lnducing the Deluge"; and testimonies taken by Human
Rights Watch/FIDH from Zairean refugees.
23Human Rights Watch/FIDH interview, Gisenyi, Rwanda, April 17, 1996.
24Kayigamba, "Zaire-Human Rights."
i~Human Rights Watch/FIDH interview, Nkamira Transit Camp, Rwanda, April 5, 1996.
26USCR, "Inducing the _De luge," p. 1 O; "Masisi ou la guerre oubliée," p. viii.
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 9 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
The violence continued in North Kivu with varying degrees of intensity until July 1993, when a group of
churches and local non-govemmental organizations (NGOs) brought members of the warring groups together in ar
effort to ease tensions in the region. The meetings concluded that the conflict had been manipulated by Zairian
politicians, but failed to resolve the underlying issues. Also in July, President Mobutu visited Goma and
sul>sequently deployed troops from the Special Presidential Division (DSP), the country'~ most elite military division.
The DsP did not overtly take sides, but rather helped to prevent fighting and to bring some order to the area.27
However, the key issues of nationality, land distribution, and political representation had not been resolved, and
government officiais at both the provincial and national levels showed no interest in seeking a lasting resolution.
Severa( meetings sponsored by OXFAM, church groups, and other local NGOS brought together members ofvarious
ethnie groups in early 1994. The meetings produced proposais for bringing a lasting peace to the region --chief
among them a resolution to the nationality issue-- but the proposais received no response frcim government officiais.
With tensions still high and tens of thousands of people still displaced from their homes, conrutions were ripe for
renewed conflict. 21
GENOCIDE IN RWANDA AND ETHNIC CONFLICT IN ZAIRE
The spark that reignited ethnie violence in North Kivu was the genocide set into motion in Rwanda after the
airplane crash that killed the presidents of Rwanda and Burundi in April 1994, and the renewed fighting between the
RPF and Rwandan govemment forces. When word began to filter into Zaïre about the massacres taking place in
Rwanda, sharp divisions developed between the Tutsi and Hutu communities in Zaïre. Reportsïndicate that a few
Hutu attacks against Tutsi in Zaïre took place as early as May of 1'994, but violence against Tutsi becarne much more
widespread after the arrivai in North Kivu of an estimated 720,000 Hutu refugees from Rwanda in July. The majority
ofthese refugees, many of whom were involved in massacres of Tutsi in Rwanda, settled in refugee camps around
Goma, but others integrated into local Hutu communities in Goma, Rutshuru, Kalehe, and Masisi.29
Witnesses report that Interahamwe militia continued their violence against Tutsi after their arrivai in Zaïre
and the first attacks by Interahamwe against Tutsi in Zaire took place the last week of July 1994. Semasaka, a Tutsi
who was living in the town of Sake in southem Masisi, recounts the attack on bis family in August 1994:
The Hutu refugees fleeing Rwanda came to Masisi in July 1994. They tried to stay in groups
together. They wanted to continue what they had started in Rwanda. The Hutu who came from
Rwanda held secret meetings at night with the Hutu from Zaïre, and the Zairian Hutu began to (onn ..
Interahamwe together with the Rwandan Hutu. They began to steal cows, to take Tutsi women by
force. They began to kill and pillage and rape, just as they had done in Rwanda ... The area is vast
there, and there were many cows, so it was a good place for us. But you can't stay in a place where
they are killing you.
My family was attacked by Rwandan military [ex-FAR, Forces Armées Rwandaises]. I was atour
home at Centre Sake with my mother and father and six children. A large group attacked. They
were wearing R wandao military unifonns. When they attacked, I jumped out of a back window, and
. so I was able to escape. ~ut ail the rest were killed, my mother and father and the children. This
27United Nations Department ofHumanitarian Affairs, Integrated Regionai Jnfonnation Network, "Situation Report on Masisi
and Rutshuru, North Kivu, Zaïre," May 10, 1996.
21UNDHA, "Situation Report on Masisi;" Commission Justice et Paix, "Masisi: Zone devastée," p. 12.
29Nevill, "Explosive Mix Crackling"; Commission Justice et Paix, "Masisi: Zone devastée"; "Masisi ou la guerre oubliée";
UNDHA, "Situation Report on Masisi."
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 10 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)'
was August 4, and I came here [to Rwanda] August 1.Sth. My family had been there in Masisi since
1959.30
The anti-Tutsi violence in Masisi and Rutshuru zones continued for several months, reaching a peak in
September, then diminishing in October. The Zairian army sent approximately one hundred troops to Masisi in
October to reinforce the military presence in the region, but according to reports from the area, the military often
joined in the looting and killing. The violence drave many Rwandan Tutsi refugees, like Semasaka, whose families
had been in Zaire for decades, to flee to Rwanda, where a govemment installed by the Tutsi-dominated Rwandan
Patriotic Front (RPF) had taken power."
Even after this wave of violence diminished, tensions in North Kivu remained high. The arrivai in the region
of the Hutu refugees intensified anti-Banyarwanda sentiment among other groups in North Kivu. The new refugees
themselves were a highly potiticized group who, according to many sources, worked to politicize local Hutu.
Numerous witnesses interviewed by Hum an Rights Watch/ Africa and FIDH reported that Hutu refugees from Rwanda
integrated into Zairian Hutu communities. Sorne reports indicate that they gave militia training to local Hutu, similar
to the training given to Interahamwe in Rwanda before the genocide.32 The Hutu community in Zaïre thus became
increasingly well organized and increasingly well armed, due to the massive quantities ofweapons brought by the
refugees and the Rwandan army fleeîng the RPF, or flown into Goma afterwards as the routed army regrouped.u
The additional F AZ troop reinforcements that the govemment in Kinshasa sent to Masisi and other parts of
North Kivu in 1994 in response to the influx ofRwandan refugees and renewed tensions seems to have contributed
to the insecurity. Rather than sending the more disciplined DSP, the govemment sent a regiment known as the
Parachute Commandos or "Paras," who were underpaid and undisciplined, and began to prey on the population.
The Paras demanded bribes, pillaged, and, according to various reports, chose sides and participated in the
local conflict. Nzamwitakuze, a Tutsi refuge from Bahunde collectivity in Masisi, explained. "The govemment
placed soldiers around, but the. soldîers themselves just came to attack and pillage goods.11
,.
In May and June of 1995, the ethnie militia, known collectively as the "combatants,11 (abacombattant)
launched renewed attacks.35 The Mai-Mai and Bangirima groups ofHunde, Nande, and Nyanga fought with Hutu
30Human Rights Watch/FIDH Interview, Gisenyi, April 6, 1996.
11La commission justice et paix, "Masisi: Zone devastée," pp. 12-13; Nevill, "Explosive mix crackling in Eastern Zaïre''; and
Human Rights Watch/FJDH interviews, Gisenyi and Nkamira, April 1996.
321n late 1993 and early 1994, pararnilitary training was given to Interahamwe members, including instructions on how to Joad
and tire a gun. Most observers consider this training to have been in preparatïon for the ge_nocide that began in April 1994.
nHuman Rights Watch Anns Project, "Rwanda/Zaïre: Reanning with lmpunity: International Support for the Perpetrators
of the Rwandan Genocîde," vol. 7, no. 4, May 1995; UNDHA, "Situation Report on Masïsi;" and HRW/FIDH interviews in
Gisenyi and Nkamira in April 1996.
'
4"Masisi ou la guerre oubliée," p. viii; UNDHA, "Situation Report on Masïsi." Quote from Human Rights Watch/FJDH
interview in Gisenyi, April 17, 1996.
• 35 Given the complexity of the ethnie mix and the conflict in North Kivu, the tenns used by people from the area to discuss
the ethnie militia are not.completely consistent. As mentioned above, "Mai-Mai" and "Bangïrima" are used to some extent
ïnterchangeably, but they also have a regional basis. The tenn "combatants," (abacombattant) is used by some people in the area
to refer to ail ethnie militia but the tenn is used by others to refer to the Hutu mititia. The term "lnterahamwe" is used by some
to refer to ail Hutu militia and by others exclusively to refer to Hutu militia from Rwanda. Given the mixing of Zairian and
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 11 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
Interahamwe militia in Masisi and Rutshuru. Both sides attacked villages, pillaging and buming homes, displacing
thousands of people and furthering the process of establishing ethnie enclaves. At this time, Tutsi families, both
Zairian nationals and refugèes from Rwanda's ethnie conflicts in the 1960s and 1970s, were ·targeted by both groups.
According to Livania, a young woman from Bishusha in Rutshuru zone:
Before the arrivai of the Interahamwe, there were no problems for Tutsi in our area. After the
Interahamwe came, problems started with the Bahunde. The Bahunde said, "What are you doing
still here when others are returning to their country?"
The signais of trouble began in May [1995]. The combatants came little by little, pillaging. The
Hunde pillaged at one bouse and then another. They came in groups of more or less ten people,
pillaging here and there. Things became really hot in June, when there was a great number of homes
pillaged. These groups, though, came only to pillage. No one was killed or hurt. The killing in our
area bas just started now .... The Hunde began to pillage the abjects from the bouse and cattle. Tuen
the Interahamwe followed after with threatening comments. These attacks in our community took
place during one week [in June 1995). The Hunde came several times and attacked. They took
things, then left. Tuen the Interahamwe would corne around and tell us to leave. They did not
attack, but they came by to threaten us.36
As with the attacks in July and August 1994, these renewed assaults encouraged many ofthose Rwandan
Tutsi families who had been living for decades as refugees in Zaire to retum to Rwanda. While some Tutsi would
certainly have chosen voluntarily to retum to Rwanda following the victory of the RPF, the violence carried out by
the Interahamwe and Mai-Mai forced many Tutsi to leave Zaïre against their will. Through pillaging, these Tutsi
families lost their livestock and their household goods, and in fleeing they lost their land. According to UNHCR,
38,000 Tutsi retumed to Rwanda from Zaïre in 1995. According to various reports, rather than calming the situation,
the Zairian military participated in the pillaging. Nevertheless, by July 1995 the fighting and attacks had again
tapered off.37 •
THE CURRENT CONFLICT
White the potential for an escalation of fighting in North Kivu was quite high, when fighting broke out in
July 1994 and May 1995, the Zairian govemment made no concerted effort to intervene to establish order and protect
civilians. In fact, the Zairian govemment was complicit in the distribution of arms to the former Rwandan military
and militia. Throughout the refugec crisis, the Zairian govemment bas supported the former Rwandan authorities and
facilitated the training and arming of its troops and militia in the refugee camps. The govemment bas allowed its
territory to be used as a conduit for weapons supplies to the ex-FAR, and cargo companies based in Zaire have acted
under contracts with Zairian officiais to transport these weapons.31 The vast increase in arms flows to the region has
been a key factor in exacerbating the conflict in North Kivu, and helped set the stage for a renewal of interethnic
fighting and killing in Kivu. The situation is further complicated by the fact that the Zairian security forces stationed
Rwandan Hutu in the militia, the term "Interahamwe" is used in this report tp refer to all Hutu militia.
16Interviewed in Nkamira commercial center, April 16, 1996.
37UNDHA, "Situation Report on Masisi and R.~tshuru"; UNHCR, "Situation dans le Masisi."
"Human Rights Watch Arms Project, "Reanning with Jmpunity: International Support for the for the Perpetrators of the
Rwandan Genocide"; UNHCR, "Situation dans le Masisi."
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 12 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
in North Kivu are poorly equipped, paid and disciplined, which creates a situation where they may sell their services
to the highest bidder and foot from ail sides.
Because of the fighting, communities in Masisi and Rutshuru that formerly enjoyed ethnie diversity have
become increasingly monoethnic as the dominate ethnie group in each community forces others to flee. Villages in
the area are increasingly identified ~s "Hutu" or 11Hunde11 or ''Nande." As such, they become the targets of the militia
from rival groups. Since December 1995, thousands of.Hunde and Nyanga have fled from Masisi to Kisimba and
lkobo areas in Walikale, while others have fled to Goma and parts ofRutshuru. Mai-Mai have also driven Hutu out
of certain areas, particular~y in Rutshuru and at the extremities of Masisi. In February J 996, the International
Committee of the Red Cross estimated that 150,000 people from Masisi had been displaced since November 1995.39
By mid-May, Doetors Without Borders USA estimated that the number of displaced had risen to 250,000.4°
The latest round of interethnic violence began in southem and eastem parts of the Masisi zone in November
1995. Several factors contributed to rising tensions in the region that set the stage for renewed violence. Threats
by President Mobutu and other members of the Zairian govemment to close the Rwandan refugees camps by the end
of December seem to have increased the anxiety ofRwandan Hutu refugees, many of whom believed that they would
be arrested or killed ifthey were forced to retum to Rwanda. Hutu.leaders in the camps began to talk ofMasisi as
a "Hutu-land," where Rwandan Hutu could settle as an alternative to retuming to Rwanda, which had become a
'1Tutsi-land.11 These claims infuriated the area's Hunde, Nyang~ and Tembo, who view Masisi as their ancestral
territory and have feared the creation of a "greater Rwanda" or :'Hutu-land" in the region, and their leaders catled
for the camps to be closed and the refugees repatriated. Public comments by General Eluki, the chief of staff of the
Zairian army, auring an official VÎ$it in Goma in November, appeared to give official sanction for the
"autochthonous" groups to take up arms once again. In a public setting and in the presence of journalists, General
Eluki stated that the Hunde, Nyanga, and Tembo were justified in fighting for the land of their ancestors and seeking
to expel "foreigners," which was interpreted by other groups in the region to mean all Banyarwanda, not simply the
Hutu refugees.41
The immediate spark that reignited the interethnic fighting in Masisi seems to have been conflict over local
resources, particularly firewood, in the vicinity of several Rwandan refugee camps. Clashes in early December
between Mai-Mai and Zairian army soldiers at Bikenge, Masisi town, and elsewhere intensified the level.of combat,
and violence quickly spread throughout southem Masisi. Mai-Mai appear to have launched most of the initial attacks
against Hutu, but Hutu Interahamwe groups quickly responded with attacks oftheir own on predominantly Hunde
and Nyanga villages. Because of their vast numerical superiority and better arrnaments, the Hutu militia were quickly
able to dominate. By the end ofDecember, Interahamwe attacks had driven thousands ofHunde, Tembo, Nyanga,
and Tutsi out of parts of Masisi, particularly areas near the refugee camps.42
In the first months of 1996, fighting gradually spread into other parts ofMasisi and Rutshuru. Witnesses
report that the Hutu militia groups that have been involved in the attacks have contained a mixture ofRwandan and
Zairian Hutu. Nzamwitakuze, a young refugee from a cotlectivity catled Bahunde in southeastern Masisi, explains
that attacks began in his community in late 1995:
39Hoogesteyn, "Anned Rwanda .. / Reuters, Feburary 21, 1996.
•
0samantha Bolton, "3,000 Tutsi under threat in Masisi-Zaire: Only im.mediate evacuation can save lives," Medecins Sans
Frontieres, press release, May 22, 1996.
•
1"Masisi ou la guerre ~ubliée," p. viii; UNHCR, "Repatriation of Rwandàn Refugees."
•
2Marc Hoogsteyn, "Forty killed in Zaire dispute on Rwandan refugees," Reuters, December 12, 1995; Commission justice
et paix, "Masisi: Zone devastée," pp. 12-13.
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 13 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
When the Interaharnwe came to attack, they took everything. They took even our clothes. The
clothes we are wearing were given to us by our neighbors .... The abacombattant came to our area
and first killed three people who were guarding the cows. Then people began to flee. When the
abacombattant came, they were armed with guns. They could kill a few people with bullets, and
then others could be killed with machetes. Our neighbors were attacked, and our own cows were
pillaged, so we fled in fear. We fled to the church at Matanda.43
Despite being outnumbered and out-gunned by the Interahamwe, Mai-Mai a.nd Bangirima groups have
continued not only to defend their communities but to launch attacks against Hutu and Tutsi in Masisi and Rutshu~
forcing bath groups to flee certain areas. Comments by the govemor and other political and military officiais made
the militia believe that they have the support of higlier authorities in their struggle.
Beyond the practical fear of losing political power, the. Mai-Mai and Bangirima militia have been inspired
to continue their struggle by a strong sense of moral purpose. For many Hunde and Nyanga, the war is a noble
struggle to defend their ancestral lands and historical prerogatives against people thëy view as foreign interlopers.
The conflict in Masisi and Rutshuru bas expanded beyond guerrilla-style raids on villages, in which people
are killed, women raped, and goods stolen. ln recent months, open combat between Mai-Mai and lnterahamwe bas
broken out as the groups struggle for control of territory, with Tutsi, who have sought refuge in towns that have
become predominantly Hunde, targeted for killit}g by Interaharnwe. Examples of attacks are numerous and include
the following: · '
• Nearly 800 Tutsi who were gathered at the parish ofMokoto in Masisi were attacked on May 12, 1996, by
Hutu militia. Sorne 700 were able to flee to temporary safety in the largely Hunde town ofKichanga, but
as many as one hundred of the Tutsi who had sought refuge at the Mokoto church are believed to have been
killed."" .
• According to Gabriel, a Tutsi man who had sought refuge at the town of Tonga in Rutshuru, several
lnterahamwe, most coming from the refugee camps, were arrested on April 11 as they passed through Tango.
They were carrying bullets and guns which they said were to supply Interahamwe in a planned attack on the
town ofKichanga,just across the border in Masisi. According to Gabriel, the attack on Kichanga took place
the same day, but the Interahamwe were repelled by the flunde militia. Gabriel claimed to know one Hutu
and two Tutsi who were killed in the battle."'
• ln early March, Hutu militia came to attack Mweso parish, where several thousand displaced Hunde and
Tutsi had sought refuge. According to Hakizimana, a young Tutsi man from Bibwe, Interahamwe shot at
aid workers who were unloading supplies for the displaced. Hakizimana reports:
After that, the president ofMAGRIVI came, Eraste from Busumba in Masisi. He
came to Mweso with the Interahamwe and said, 4'You must give food first to the
Interahamwe if you are going to give it to the Hunde and Tutsi. If not, we will
~~~~~ .
"'Human Rights Watch/FIDH interview, Gisenyi, April 17, 1996.
~Samantha Bolton, "3,000 Tutsis under threat in Masisi-Zaire," Doctors With out Borders, May 22, 1996; and report on BBC
May 13, 1996.
"
5Human Rights Watch/FIDH interview, Nkamira Transit Camp, April 16, 1996.
"
6Human Rights Watch/FIDH inte.rview at Nkamira Transit Camp, April 17, 1996.
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 14 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
• According to various sources, in February Hutu militia attacked Sake, a town just off Lake Kivu considered
a Hunde stronghold. The attacks forced many people to tlee, including the local Hunde chief, who sought
refuge in Gama. Severa! subsequent attacks, including an attack on April 26, have led to additional deaths
and injuries.47
• Witnesses from Bibwe in northem Masisi report that early in the morning on January 25, 1996, Mai-Mai
attacked the commercial center at Bibwe, killing ten Hutu and forcing both Hutu and Tutsi to flee the
community briefly and bide. Later in the day a large group oflnterahamwe descended on the community,
killing a number of people, including several local Hutu whom they viewed as traitors. The Interahamwe
drove some 500 Hunde and Tutsi from Bibwe to seek refuge at Mweso parish.41
• The Justice and Peace Commiss!on of the Catholic ~iocese of Gama reported that Qn December 9, 1995,
Hunde militia attacked the village of Bikenge in Masisi zone. More than thirty people were killed, including
four Zairian soldiets. In reponse, F AZ forces pillaged and burned Hunde homes in a number of sites in
Masisi.'9
SENDING THE TUTSI "BACK TO RWANDA"
White fighting has displaced thousands of Hunde, Nyanga, and Hutu, driving them from their homes into
refuge in other parts of North Kivu, thousands of Tutsi have been forced to leave the country and seek refuge in
Rwanda. The Tutsi, who have generally not participated in the militia groups, have increasing
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[] |
[] |
[
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"Savile Row",
"Jermyn Street",
"UK",
"England",
"Trad",
"UK Men’s Style",
"Style Writer",
"Fashion Writer",
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"UK Blogger",
"UK Blog Awards",
"Tailoring",
"Tweed",
"Bespoke",
"Handmade",
"Craftsmanship",
""
] | null |
[
"The Tweed Pig"
] |
2017-09-30T09:40:00+01:00
|
Timeless British Classics and Hidden Gems. Traditional UK Mens Style and Lifestyle. England.
|
https://www.thetweedpig.com/favicon.ico
|
https://www.thetweedpig.com/2017/09/beards-in-army.html
| |||||||
2428
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 23
|
https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/17145/rupert_de_la_bere/worcestershire_south/recent
|
en
|
Sir Rupert De La Bere, former MP, Worcestershire South
|
[
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[
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"MSs",
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"Senedd Cymru",
"Senedd",
"Member of the Senedd"
] | null |
[] | null |
Read Sir Rupert De La Bere's contributions to Parliament, including speeches and questions
|
en
|
/images/apple-touch-60.png
|
TheyWorkForYou
|
https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/17145/rupert_de_la_bere/worcestershire_south/recent
|
The requirements on proxy voting were relaxed, allowing MPs to designate another MP to cast a vote on their behalf.
If an MP votes by proxy, it is effectively exactly the same as if they cast the vote in person and it shows up on their TheyWorkForYou voting record.
|
||||
2428
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 56
|
https://issuu.com/westpointaog/docs/west_point_magazine_fall_2015
|
en
|
West Point Magazine Fall 2015
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"WestPointAOG Follow this publisher"
] |
2015-10-15T00:00:00+00:00
|
Read West Point Magazine Fall 2015 by WestPointAOG on Issuu and browse thousands of other publications on our platform. Start here!
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
Issuu
|
https://issuu.com/westpointaog/docs/west_point_magazine_fall_2015
|
Welcome to Issuu’s blog: home to product news, tips, resources, interviews (and more) related to content marketing and publishing.
Here you'll find an answer to your question.
|
||||
2428
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 40
|
https://www.nytimes.com/sitemap/1952/09/30/
|
en
|
Site Map - September 30, 1952
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
1952-09-30T00:00:00
|
All New York Times stories published on September 30, 1952.
|
en
|
/vi-assets/static-assets/favicon-d2483f10ef688e6f89e23806b9700298.ico
| null | ||||||
2428
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 42
|
https://www.topfoto.co.uk/asset/3379757/
|
en
|
The Lord Mayor of London Sir Rupert De La Bere and Lady Mayoress at London Airport September 1953
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2019-02-21T13:57:35+00:00
|
The Lord Mayor of London Sir Rupert De La Bere and Lady Mayoress at London Airport September 1953
|
en
|
TopFoto
|
https://www.topfoto.co.uk/asset/3379757/
|
For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript. Here are the instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser.
Your download will start shortly, please do not navigate away from this page until the download prompt has appeared. Doing so may cause your download to be interrupted.
|
|||||
2428
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 81
|
https://m.facebook.com/groups/520522518060261/permalink/1139693766143130/
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en
|
Facebook
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
de
|
https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yT/r/aGT3gskzWBf.ico
| null | |||||||
2428
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 78
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https://www.geni.com/people/Reginald-De-la-B%25C3%25A9re/6000000078903508182
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en
|
Reginald De la Bére
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[] |
[] |
[
"family tree",
"genealogy",
"trace your ancestry",
"family tree maker",
"family tree search",
"family tree charts",
"family statistics",
"ancestors",
"research"
] | null |
[] |
2020-02-28T03:49:43-08:00
|
Genealogy for Reginald De la Bére (De La Bere) (1861 - 1928) family tree on Geni, with over 260 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives.
|
en
|
/touch-icon-iphone.png
|
geni_family_tree
|
https://www.geni.com/people/Reginald-De-la-B%C3%A9re/6000000078903508182
| |||||
2428
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 79
|
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/brett-sainty-22407b33_tomorrow-the-lord-mayor-of-the-city-of-london-activity-7060305355955658752-TCos
|
en
|
Brett Sainty posted on LinkedIn
|
https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D4E22AQE6Tr5Byu3iOg/feedshare-shrink_2048_1536/feedshare-shrink_2048_1536/0/1683282385998?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=1CFeMx17KPHvJ7MDSYW3Bi56m1s4MN-Bjcr0pfWmnBU
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https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D4E22AQE6Tr5Byu3iOg/feedshare-shrink_2048_1536/feedshare-shrink_2048_1536/0/1683282385998?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=1CFeMx17KPHvJ7MDSYW3Bi56m1s4MN-Bjcr0pfWmnBU
|
[
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Brett Sainty"
] |
2023-05-05T17:32:50.972000+00:00
|
Brett Sainty posted images on LinkedIn
|
en
|
https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca
|
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/brett-sainty-22407b33_tomorrow-the-lord-mayor-of-the-city-of-london-activity-7060305355955658752-TCos
|
LinkedIn and 3rd parties use essential and non-essential cookies to provide, secure, analyze and improve our Services, and to show you relevant ads (including professional and job ads) on and off LinkedIn. Learn more in our Cookie Policy.
Select Accept to consent or Reject to decline non-essential cookies for this use. You can update your choices at any time in your settings.
|
|||
2428
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 80
|
https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/archive/john-coland-chairman-of-the-committee-et-al-skinners-hall-dowgate-hill-e-c
|
en
|
John Coland, Chairman of the Committee [et al.], Skinners' Hall, Dowgate Hill, E.C.4, to Middleton Todd
|
http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/assets/burlington_house-559ef2c373c4586519e7adeea4e3e1ef.jpg
|
http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/assets/burlington_house-559ef2c373c4586519e7adeea4e3e1ef.jpg
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
The Royal Academy of Arts, located in the heart of London, is a place where art is made, exhibited and debated.
|
/assets/favicon-e93a1c04c22b9ad78053ef5c2c957ed9.ico
|
https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/archive/john-coland-chairman-of-the-committee-et-al-skinners-hall-dowgate-hill-e-c
|
Reference code
TOD/3/5/9
Title
John Coland, Chairman of the Committee [et al.], Skinners' Hall, Dowgate Hill, E.C.4, to Middleton Todd
Date
23 Mar 1954
Level
Item
Extent & medium
1 piece, with envelope
Content Description
|
||||
2428
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 21
|
https://forums.mbclub.co.uk/threads/anyone-seen-any-good-number-plates-on-cars-lately.11074/page-303
|
en
|
Anyone seen any good number plates on cars lately? | General Discussion
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"non Mercs"
] |
2009-11-07T15:22:08+00:00
|
Glasgow Lord Provost G0.
Glasgow also has V 0 at its disposal, having inherited it when Strathclyde Regional Council was abolished in 1996.
Seems...
|
en
|
/data/assets/logo/Icon192.png
|
MBClub UK - Bringing together Mercedes Enthusiasts
|
https://forums.mbclub.co.uk/threads/anyone-seen-any-good-number-plates-on-cars-lately.11074/page-303
|
Glasgow Lord Provost G0.
Glasgow also has V 0 at its disposal, having inherited it when Strathclyde Regional Council was abolished in 1996.
Seems Edinburgh set the trend for '0' plates north of the border, when S 0 was specially issued for the Lord Provost's official car after they missed out on S 1 to motoring pioneer Sir John MacDonald at its initial release in 1904. (S 1 remained in the MacDonald family until last September, when it was sold for just under £400k.)
Not to be outdone, Glasgow later secured G 0 after failing to persuade the then-owner, a Mr A Anderson, MD of local car dealership James H Galt Ltd, to part with G 1.
Other Scottish '0' plates include:
HS 0 - East Renfrewshire
RG 0 - Aberdeen
SY 0 - Midlothian
VS 0 - Inverclyde
Incidentally, we have a former Lord Provost of Edinburgh to thank for the fact that the Lord Mayor of London's official car is registered LM 0. Sir James Miller was appointed Lord Mayor of London in 1964, and promptly arranged for the City of London to be issued with a '0' plate of its own. Twelve years earlier, his predecessor Sir Rupert de la Bere (or Bôre) had acquired the plates LM 1 and LM 2 to mark his appointment as Lord Mayor, but chose to retain them upon leaving office.
i didn't know that we had V0 as well.
Councils are bloody good to themselves with our money.
Top be fair, in most cases councils either reserved these plates when they were first issued or were subsequently issued with them free of charge for their exclusive use. To that extent, they have not actually squandered public money on acquiring them. You could also argue that many of them would actually have been better off investing in number plates rather than depositing their reserves in shaky Icelandic banks...
However, bearing in mind the prices that the more attractive registrations attract these days, there is mounting public pressure for civic plates to be surrendered for sale (regardless of whether the proceeds would go to the council or to the government via the DVLA's coffers). The other issue is that in some cases it seems the DVLA is effectively leasing plates to councils. Where this is the case, many are now opting to hand the plates back at the end of the term and replacing them with Select registrations.
It's not just the plates, of course. The once de rigueur Rolls-Royce, Daimler or Coleman Milne is now likely to be replaced with a Lexus or Prius hybrid or a value-conscious Skoda Superb when the time comes. Doubtless some would like to go much further, and get rid of the cars – or even the officials themselves – altogether.
Personally speaking, I don't have a problem with mayors/provosts having the use of a distinguished official car with a distinctive plate, provided the council itself is being run efficiently. When the City of Westminster needed to replace their well cared-for but ageing Daimler DS420, they opted for a secondhand Rolls-Royce Silver Seraph and also secured a significant discount on the advertised price. That was around 7 years ago, yet it never fails to look resplendent, while its WE 1 plate - which in a former life was assigned to West Indies High Commission - lends the car an ageless grace.
Bearing in mind the recent posts about ST 1 and provosts' registrations, just thought I'd mention that when The Saint TV series was being filmed in the 1960s, the real ST 1 plate was securely attached to the Bentley of solicitor Robert Wotherspoon, who had served as Provost of Inverness from 1955-61. He was reportedly "unconcerned" at its use in the series, suggesting that his permission had not actively been sought. Incidentally, with ST originally being an Inverness-shire combination, one of Mr Wotherspoon's successors, Bill Fraser (provost from 1992-96), currently has SST 500 on his Rolls-Royce.
Mr Wotherspoon died in 1968, and I believe his widow granted permission for ST 1 to be used in 1970s series The Return of The Saint, which also occasionally featured a BMW R100RS motorbike with the just-for-show number ST 2.
By the time of the next TV outing for the Saint in 1989, Mrs Wotherspoon had long-since passed away and ST 1 had been bought by London-based solicitor Mrs S Tosswill for £15k. This time the producers could not obtain permission to use the plate on Simon Dutton's Jensen Interceptor, so instead resorted to using the then-unissued alternative 1 ST by special arrangement with Swansea. Not surprisingly, within a couple of years 1 ST was offered for sale in one of the early DVLA auctions, making a very reasonable £24k.
Mrs Tosswill presumably later had a change of heart (or perhaps a better offer) as ST 1 was back in use on Val Kilmer's Volvo C70 in the 1997 film The Saint. Fast forward to 2005, and ST 1 hit the headlines when it was offered for sale at a cool £150k. Not sure whether there were any takers, but it was still reported to be with Mrs Tosswill as recently as last year, although we know that in the meantime it has migrated from a Mini to a blue 2002 5-door Mercedes-Benz A190 Elegance. Its counterpart, 1 ST, is currently on a blue 2006 Mercedes-Benz S500. Still no sign of ST 2...
There are several sites out there that use data from the DVLA database to provide basic details.
I tend to use http://www.tyre-shopper.co.uk/ts/search/VRMSearch.aspx, as it allows you to search by just entering the registration and it doesn't care whether they're taxed/insured/sorn'd/etc. It also often returns data that doesn't show up elsewhere, which suggests they are archiving older datasets rather than overwriting them. For instance, it returns my own cars' details whether I search on their original registrations or their private plates.
Word of warning, though: it does also seem to contain some frankly bonkers info. For instance, WV 1 is shown as being on a "5-door Austin Mini 1000 hathcback". It's actually on a Volvo V50...
No sign of 129 DXD, by the way.
I think the wrong info in most cases is the previous car the plate was on.
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| 82
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https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/queen-of-prince-rupert.html
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en
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res stock photography and images
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""
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[
"Alamy Limited"
] | null |
Find the perfect queen of prince rupert stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.
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en
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Alamy
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https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/queen-of-prince-rupert.html
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Alamy and its logo are trademarks of Alamy Ltd. and are registered in certain countries. Copyright © 30/08/2024 Alamy Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 14
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https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-rupert-de-la-bere/1947
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en
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Sir Rupert De La Bere: speeches in 1947 (Hansard)
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Hansard",
"House of Commons",
"House of Lords",
"Parliament",
"UK"
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[] | null |
Sir Rupert De La Bere. 1893 - February 25, 1978. Contributions in Parliament in the year 1947.
|
en
| null |
1893 - February 25, 1978
Summary information for Sir Rupert De La Bere
Contributions
1947
ELECTRICAL PLANT PRODUCTION Written Answers
3 speeches — War Pension Code (Review) Commons
2 speeches — Empire Tobacco Commons
3 speeches — Disablement Commons
Information presented on this page was prepared from the XML source files, together with information from the History of Parliament Trust, the work of Leigh Rayment and public sources. The means by which names are recognised means that errors may remain in the data presented.
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https://www.canveyisland.org/history-2/memories/early-20th-century-canvey/my-memories-of-nightingales-store
|
en
|
My Memories of Nightingale’s Store
|
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[
"Jeff Brindle"
] |
2019-12-11T22:21:07+00:00
|
I moved to Canvey in 1936 with my parents, Ted and Grace Nightingale, and my older sister Barbara. We lived ...
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en
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https://www.canveyisland.org/favicon.ico
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CanveyIsland.org
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https://www.canveyisland.org/history-2/memories/early-20th-century-canvey/my-memories-of-nightingales-store
|
I moved to Canvey in 1936 with my parents, Ted and Grace Nightingale, and my older sister Barbara. We lived in Mayland Avenue and my father worked in London for the Anglo Saxon Petroleum Company, a subsidiary of Shell. In preparation for the outbreak of war, the company evacuated its business to Plymouth, it clearly wasn’t expecting France to fall. We left Canvey at midnight on 2nd September, traveling by a taxi driven by Albert Mercer. He stopped for fuel at Exeter and was informed that war had been declared. We lived in Plymouth for three years, during a time when much of the city was reduced to rubble, and returned to Mayland Avenue in 1942.
Soon after the war, my parents bought Walkers Stores, on the corner of Long Road and Denham Road. This must have been around 1946. Rita Walker, the daughter of the previous owners, continue to work in the shop for a time. In 1949, as the shop was becoming too small for the trade, my father decided to have it rebuilt. This led to the large two-storey building that is still standing in Long Road today. A large Nissen hut was erected behind the old shop and trade was conducted from there during the months of the rebuilding.
The new shop consisted of a general store, small butcher’s and greengrocer’s and a cafe. The butcher’s shop was let to Neville Trot and the greengrocer’s was run by my dad and my brother-in-law, Andre. I looked after the main store and my sister, Barbara and my mother, ran the café. Barbara and Andre married in 1944 and lived with their growing family in the bungalow behind the shop in 1 Denham Road. I particularly remember Ray Howard coming to the shop when he was a young boy.
Upstairs in the shop there was a function room, often used for wedding receptions, including my own in 1953. On Sundays it was let out to the Methodist Church, before they had their own building, and also the Spiritualists. We also had living accommodation upstairs, including two bedrooms. After we moved into the new shop, the Nissen hut was let to the Food Office, as rationing was still in progress for many years after the war. At that time, we served two course lunches for the princely sum of 1s 9d.
We had several clients from the Council Office, which was just along the road at that time. It was still Canvey District Council, before becoming Castle Point. My father served on the Council for many years and was elected as Chairman of the Council a few month after the flood.
On the evening of the flood my parents had been to the opening of the War Memorial Hall and, when they arrived home, remarked what a bitterly cold night it was. Soon after midnight we were awoken with somebody knocking on the door to tell us the Island was flooding. We had several inches of water in the shop, but luckily it had been built on raised ground, so did not get as much as the surrounding properties. The next morning, I drove my mother, my future mother-in-law, my sister, Barbara, and her three young children to my Aunt’s house in Barking. This was before the days of seat belts and baby seats and everybody just piled in. By the time I reached Benfleet, having driven through some deep water, I realised my brakes no longer worked! My aunt was most surprised to see all these people, as news of the flood hadn’t reached her, as we had lost our telephone communication on Canvey. She somehow managed to accommodate us all. The next morning my mother and I returned to the shop, to help clear up and supply refreshments to the many helpers who had arrived and serve the few customers who were still around.
A short time after the flood my father, in his role of Chairman of the Council, visited the Lord Mayor of London, Sir Rupert De la Bère, taking a scroll from the people of Canvey thanking him for the help they had received from the Flood Distress Fund that he had set up. The scroll read:
We the people of Canvey Island wish to express our sincere thanks for the help we have received from the Flood Disaster Fund inaugurated by Your Worship. Through you we would thank all those people of many countries and our own for their generous assistance. Our burdens have been lightened by their help. To you, sir, and to them we shall always be grateful.
Seven weeks after the flood Brian and I got married at St Katherine’s church and had our reception in the function room above the shop. Some of our photographs were taken downstairs and the stains of the flood water can be seen on the wall.
Brian had lived on Canvey since moving from Brixton in1930 with his elderly father, Thomas, and his mother, Louisa Grace, who lost her sight when he was a young boy. His father died the year before we were married. His older half-brother, Herbert – but known by the family as Sonny, was a postman on the Island at the time of the floods and is one of the forgotten victims of that tragedy. He died just two weeks later aged just 58.
In 1955 my father retired and the shop was taken over by the Co-op, two months before the birth of my first child. Coincidently, Sonny’s son, Harold – but known as Bill, became the manager at the Co-op store in the 1960s.
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https://www.greatwarforum.org/blogs/
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The Great War (1914
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2012-09-02T21:06:00+00:00
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The Great War (1914-1918) Forum
| null |
‘D’ Company, 53rd Battalion, 14th Brigade
Company Commanders
Captain Arblaster; March 1916 to July 1916 (PoW/DoW)
Captain Ramsay MC; September 1916 to September 1917 (WiA)
Second Lieutenant Cooper; March 1917 (Temp; KiA)
Captain Jackson MC; September 1917 to April 1918 (WiA)
Captain Lindsay MC; April 1918 to September 1918 (WiA)
Lieutenant Waite MC and Bar; September 1918 (Temp)
Lieutenant Thompson; September 1918 (WiA)
Captain Cooke; October 1918 to November 1918
Company Sergeant Majors
CSM Green; February 1916 to November 1916 (revert at own req)
CSM Loney; November 1916 to September 1917 (KiA)
CSM Cooling MM; January 1918 to April 1918 (WiA)
T/CSM Thompson; April 1918 to June 1918 (Cooling returned)
CSM Cooling MM; June 1918 to September 1918 (WiA)
T/CSM Lineham MM; September 1918 to December 1918 (Temp)
Company Quartermaster Sergeants
CQMS Sattler; May 1916 to July 1916 (WiA)
CQMS Campbell; September 1916 to September 1917 (WiA)
CQMS Madden; September 1917 to April 1918 (Gassed)
T/CQMS Akeroyd; May 1918 to June 1918 (Temp; unconfirmed)
CQMS Madden; August 1918 to April 1919 (RTA)
Veterans mixed with Green
(February 1916 to July 1916)
The 53rd Battalion was born with the ‘doubling of the AIF’ in February 1916 following the somewhat disastrous Gallipoli Campaign. The newly-formed 53rd Battalion was composed of members from the 1st Battalion- a New South Wales Battalion. Joining the 14th Brigade in the 5th Division, the Battalion Commander was to be Lieutenant-Colonel Ignatius Norris, a former Militia Officer. At the time of formation, the Battalion was retained in the old 1st Battalion lines at Tel-El-Kebir.
In March 1916, ‘D’ Company got its first official Company Commander; Charles Arblaster. Hailing from Melbourne, Charles had entered the Royal Military College at Duntroon in 1912, graduating shortly after war was declared in October 1914. He then enlisted in Broadmeadows in November 1914 joining the 8th Light Horse Regiment as a Subaltern. He had been a temporary Captain prior to a wounding on Gallipoli and after recuperating was unable to return to the 8th Light Horse Regiment. The fact that his Temporary-Captaincy had elapsed also made him feel neglected. Then came opportunity- the 53rd Battalion. Arblaster was accepted into the 53rd Battalion and appointed Captain, OC ‘D’ Company. Other officers who were to join the Battalion were, amongst dozens, a British Army Major Oswald Croshaw (April 12th). He was to act as Battalion Second-in-Command. The Battalion was trained in Egypt until they were transported to France, arriving there on June 27th, 1916. Captain Arblaster’s diary notes that throughout the first-half of July they inspected the ‘very simple breastwork trenches’. He was obviously not too impressed in the trenches, however they were to use this trenches in an upcoming attack near a place called Fromelles
Captain Arblaster, whilst still a Light Horse Officer. Dated 1915
On the eve of Fromelles, the Company was still under the command of Captain Arblaster. These were the officers in the company.
13 Platoon OC - Lt Albert Bowman 14 Platoon OC - 2Lt Charles Mudge 15 Platoon OC - Lt William Noble 16 Platoon OC - 2Lt Beresford Nelson
At 11am on July 19th, the Battalion was under heavy enemy shelling, likewise the Germans across No Mans land. After a wait of over 6 hours, the step-off time lurched closer. At 5:43pm, a mix comprising of half of 'A' Company and half of 'B' Company went over the top in the first wave. This was closely followed by the second halves of 'A' and 'B' Company. Third and fourth waves were also half 'C' and half 'D' Company. The battalion took the first enemy lines but faced fierce counter attacks. In the initial attack, Second Lieutenant 'Bere' Nelson was struck down by a machine gun burst some 20 yards short of the German first line and mortally wounded (Nelson was subsequently 'left behind' the following day). Second Lieutenant Charlie Mudge was blown up by a bomb around the time the Battalion took the first lines, shrapnel punctured his lungs. Private Gowndrie of his platoon said later ‘he (Mudge) said “Gowndrie, I’m done”. I asked him if I could do anything for him but he said “no”’. Lieutenant William Noble had also made it into the first line of trenches where he was badly wounded ‘covered in blood and dirt and never a move out of him’. Within the half hour of the fighting, Lieutenant Noble and Second Lieutenants Mudge and Nelson were dead and Lieutenant Bowman rendered unconscious by a shell; Lieutenant Colonel Norris, his Adjutant and the most senior Company Commander (Major Sampson) were also dead. Captain Arblaster apparently took command of the Battalion following the destruction of the Battalion chain of command, and over the night of July 19th/20th proved himself to be a ‘cool and brave leader’. In a counter attack, the good Captain evenly distributed bombs to the men along the line and personally led a charge into the open. During the night, Lieutenant Bowman awoke from his unconscious state and joined elements of the 55th Battalion. Captain Arblaster was on the left flank with the Battalion, fighting off small bombing parties. His right flank was being pressured which consequently blocked off any supplies he could've received. Arblaster led a charge to hold the right flank, though in vain. Arblaster fell severely wounded in that charge.
By 4am, the 53rd Battalion was starting to give way; they were exhausted and struggling to keep ground. A wounded Captain Arblaster gave the order to charge back to the Australian lines. At 4:20am, Colonel Cass (In command of the operation) wrote to the Brigadier 'The 53rd have lost confidence temporarily and will not willingly stand their ground'.
On the early morning of July 20th, the Germans shelled the lines once more- this consequently led to more casualties. By dawn, the Germans had a machine gun enfilading the recently-captured trenches. Lieutenant Bowman and his motely crew of the 55th Battalion were somewhat disorganized with no clear orders. Bowman sent Private Bolder to find Colonel Cass to get clear, definitive orders on what to do. Private Bolder nor Lieutenant Bowman never found Colonel Cass.
At 7am, the Germans managed to capture a trench on the right flank along with all the occupants. When Bowman found out about this, he went investigating once more going up and down nearby trenches for superiors. When asked the situation, he said 'We're in a hell of a mess and I don't know how we are going to get out of it!'. This confused situation was shared all along the front. At 8am, Bowman's position was surrounded. He ordered the men to burn whatever important items they may have that might be of use to the Germans. Shortly after 8am, he surrendered.
As stated prior, Captain Arblaster was left behind. He was captured by the Germans and subsequently sent to hospital. He died of septicaemia in Douai due to his wounds a few days later. Major Hughes (32nd Battalion) shortly after the war wrote to the parents of Captain Arblaster and commented on his death.
“The poor fellow (Arblaster) was very badly wounded. What happened before he arrived at the Hospital I cannot say, but in Hospital he was well treated and all possible was done for him. The first day, he was conscious, though suffering great pain. His wounds were dressed then, but nothing further was done. The next day his arms (both were broken) were set, under an anaesthetic. He appeared somewhat easier that night. Next morning he was again given attention, but the Surgeon told me that his case was very serious. Towards mid day he appeared to lose consciousness, and died in the early afternoon.”
When the 53rd Battalion exited the line following Fromelles on July 20th, the strength of the Battalion stood at an eye watering 4 Officers and 222 men. All of 'D' Company's platoon commanders were put out of action indefinitely- either killed or captured.
France. 11 November 1918. View of the concrete blockhouses in the German third line on the Fromelles-Aubers Ridge. It was towards these positions that the 14th Australian Infantry Brigade attacked in the battle of Fromelles on 19 July 1916.
Due to the manpower shortage, the 4 Companies were merged into 2 composite companies; that is, ‘A’ and ‘B’ Company under Captain Thomson, ‘C’ and ‘D’ Company under Captain Murray. The Battalion didn’t see much action for the following months; however by September 1916 they were climbing back up to an adequate strength. By this time, Major Croshaw was now a Lieutenant Colonel commanding the Battalion. Croshaw was a British Army regular, attached to the Australian Imperial Force. He had seen service on the veldt with the Hussars and as a Brigade Major on Gallipoli. He was Second in Command of the 53rd Battalion at Fromelles, however was detached for Brigade duties and therefore saved from death.
Enter Captain Robert ‘Bob’ Ramsay MC (pictured on civi street towards right); He had served on Gallipoli where he was commissioned in the field and won the Military Cross for actions at Lone Pine. He had been originally assigned to the 53rd Battalion, however was reassigned as Brigade Bombing Officer. Due to an accident in Egypt he was hospitalized, then he was invalided to England before he was passed as fighting fit. Reassigned to the 53rd Battalion, he joined the Battalion at Fleurbaix on September 4th. A week later at Lamotte, the Battalion went back to its traditional format with ‘D’ Company now under the command of Captain Ramsay. Ramsay was described by his Battalion Commander Lieutenant-Colonel Croshaw as ‘(the) devil, but if hell were peopled with devils of his ilk, I should ask for bi-annual leave there from the other place.’ The Battalion Chaplain, a fairly popular man by the name of Kennedy (who later authored the Whale Oil Guards which can be classed as the Battalion's history) wrote of him ‘Among the officers there was Captain Bob Ramsay. Bob, while yet a Lieutenant, had been awarded the Military Cross for bravery in Gallipoli. In the line, there was no more capable Company Commander. He was a father to every man in his company. He understood Australians thoroughly, and though he maintained strict discipline, was perhaps the most popular officer in the battalion. In the trenches he never touched alcohol. His care for the men's safety and comfort won him the regard and admiration of the Colonel. In No Man's Land he was as happy as if he were stalking kangaroos in the bush of Queensland, and was as unconcerned under a machine-gun barrage as if it were only a summer's shower-burst. In the line no officer was truer to his trust. Out of the line no officer was more irresponsible. His escapades were nightly occurrences. Many of them were laughable in the extreme. On one occasion he persuaded the driver of a motor waggon to give him a ride to Amiens. Bob's first care on arrival was to fill the unsuspecting Tommy with strong liquor and so put him out of action for at least twenty-four hours. Ramsay was perhaps the most talented officer in the old regiment. He was certainly the most interesting problem in contradictions I've tried to sole. Had Bob Ramsay, when younger, adopted soldering[sic] as a profession, had he in addition been possessed of the advantages that a liberal education bestows, I am quite sure that his military career would have been exceptionally brilliant. Even as things were, with only an ordinary education but with considerable natural ability, he was a company commander who would make his mark in any regiment. At any rate he was an asset to us. In the line he thought of nothing else but his job. Out of the line he was the most rollicking and apparently the most irresponsible officer in the Battalion. Nevertheless he was never absent from morning parade, and always appeared trim and soldierly. His laugh was a speciality, and so was his gift of winning men's affection. Captain Bob, as the men called him, could lead the way to the most dare-devil and hazardous stunts, and there was not one N.C.O., or Private, who wouldn't follow him.’
I believe that around this time, Second Lieutenant William Waite joined ‘D’ Company from the Light Horse. Second Lieutenant Waite was raised from the ranks and an original 1914er, having joined the 4th Light Horse Regiment on Gallipoli in May 1915. Later serving with the Light Horse in France, he joined the 53rd Battalion to replenish losses, joining their ranks in mid-late September 1916. Waite was to prove his worth the following years in trench-raids and at Peronne. Second Lieutenant Waite’s arrival was followed by Second Lieutenant Reginald 'Reg' Hill, also of the Light Horse, who arrived at the battalion in October 1916 and thereupon joined ‘D’ Company. On September 4th, Corporal Sydney Campbell was appointed Sergeant, then Temporary Company Quartermaster Sergeant on the same day, replacing Sergeant Austral Hunter Burns (K 19/7/16) and CQMS Edwin Sattler (W 19/7/16) respectively. On November 12th, Company Sergeant Major John Green reverted at his own request to Sergeant.
On October 20th, Corporal Egerton Judd was promoted to Sergeant, 16 Platoon, vice Sergeant Davis' field commission. A week later, Sergeant Judd was killed in action. Corporal Mawson would take his place as Sergeant of 16 Platoon.
On November 17th, 'D' Company's new Company Sergeant Major was picked; Sergeant Frederick Loney was appointed Temporary Company Sergeant Major. This promotion was confirmed on December 14th after he had shown great gallantry in action. Frederick Loney was a rather odd character though- his real name was Frederick Syer and he was at Rabaul with the Royal Australian Navy on HMAS Encounter when men of the Kennedy Regiment mutinied. He deserted on June 28th, subsequently joining the AIF on the same day under the name Loney.
It was during this time that 16 Platoon was left in the capable hands of Sergeant Mawson. He commanded the platoon from November to December 1916 during the absence of an Officer- however, he went down the line with a sickness on December 16th, with Lance Sergeant Francis Thompson assuming the rank of Temporary Sergeant for 16 Plt during Sergeant Mawson's absence.
Bully Beef and Whale Oil
(December 1916 to March 1917)
During the reconstruction period of the Battalion, Lieutenant Colonel Oswald Croshaw made the decision for the men to apply whale oil to their helmets to make them look smarter, thus earning the battalion the name ‘The Whale Oil Guards’. Also during this period, a young Private James Marshall joined ‘D’ Company as a Signaller when he was merely 18. He kept a diary on him throughout his service, describing his experiences as well as drawing them. In early 1917, he experienced his first patrol with Lieutenant Waite and the effect of the whale oil against the moon.
‘Well for our first night out on patrol, Mr Hill and Mr Waite tossed to see which would go out and Mr Waite won. There were twenty of us altogether, so felt pretty confident if we should meet Fritz. It was a brilliant moonlit night and with the snow on the ground, it was very bright indeed. We had hardly started out when we realised the great effect of our 'whale oiled' tin hats in the light. After wandering around for about an hour or so, we de[c]ided on a definite course of action. Mr Waite went one way with most of the party and Frank Cooling took four of us with him. We had barely gone 50yds when we saw a blaze of light in front of us and felt machine gun bullets in dozens around us. I was in a shell hole very quickly (before the bullets had time to reach us I think) and found Frank on the edge hanging on to the Germans rifle we had souvenired from a sniper earlier,; I tried to get him into the hole with me during which time our faces were about nine inches apart. Fritz firing at our radiant headgear was lobbing his missiles right between us, & it was (a) mighty unpleasant feeling too. One scratched the top of my helmet, & another went through the back of Frank's tunic. He soon opened up on the others though, who were attempting to get away, and so we took advantage of our chance, only to run into a 'flare king' about 50yds away. The rest of the patrol then saw us and we got out of a nasty position thanks to them. As the gunners saw the lot of us by the flare, we soon went home, and very quickly too.’
A sketch drawn by Private James Marshall in France in 1917 at Le Transloy; Courtesy of Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales
‘Another night we went out and found a party of men in a trench whom Mr Hill challenged, all of us thinking that at last we had some Germans at our mercy. Imagine our chagrin at getting our own password back from each one of the party. It was one of our own outposts who had started out to come home an[d] got lost. Another night though, we did bag a Germans party and left an officer & a couple of men there. The next morning as it was very misty we decided to go out and collect any papers or souvenirs on them. Tom Lucas and myself went out and found them, collecting various maps and papers, also a watch. I took an Iron Cross ribbon and on shewing it to Mr Hill was much surprised when he told me that they carried the Cross with them. He got out first and collected a brand new [Iron] Cross of the 1st class. I had to be satisfied with a helmet badge which I got later.’
Lieutenant Waite’s trench raids were noticed by the powers that be. From his Military Cross citation, ‘This officer took out strong patrols at night many times between 13th March and 5th April 1917. He performed exceptionally good work and showed great skill in the conduct of these patrols, thereby obtaining most valuable information which led to the entering of enemy lines at, and near [LE] TRANSLOY, and started the advance of the whole line. The information obtained by this officer and his patrols was also very largely responsible for the successful attack on DOIGNIES and LOUVERVAL on April 2nd. This work entailed lying out close to, and sometimes inside, the enemy's wire on several wet nights in succession’.
By this time, a fairly older subaltern by the name of Lieutenant William Lindsay had joined the 53rd Battalion. Lindsay had been working for a cement company when he joined the Militia in Portland in early 1914. He had been promoted to Lieutenant in July 1914 and had assisted in home-defence schemes shortly after war was declared. When 1915 came about he changed his tone to recruiting, working alongside Captain Eade at Lithgow. By 1916 he had been an instructor at Bathurst Camp when he was commissioned as a Lieutenant in March 1916. He took his first patrol out in March 1917. He described it in a letter home..
"On the night of the 16th I was detailed to take out my first patrol. I went out about midnight to some old gun pits well in front of our line and there found two other patrols; all of us under a Captain."
"After trying to find out information in the usual way, we were all sent out in turn to make a diversion. I was the last sent out. I had orders to do a certain thing which I accomplished with my heart in my mouth. I was then ordered to push into the enemy trench, so I started off feeling very scared, but luckily for me the Germans went out as we came in, and we had the satisfaction of capturing the trench we had been pounding at all winter."
"I found out afterwards that the other two patrols had got in about half an hour before me. I had charge of that portion of the trench for a few hours till my Coy. Commander came up with reinforcements and took over, when the Battalion advanced about a mile."
Identified is Lieutenant Waite in the bright overcoat in the front. Possibly to Waite’s left with his cap reversed is Captain Bob Ramsay; Dated Early 1917
During March 1917, it appears Second Lieutenant Albert Cooper had temporary command of ‘D’ Company. He was however killed when a shell blew him up on March 29th, 1917. In the Red Cross report, a soldier said ‘A couple of men (LCpl Clark, Ptes Whitton, Coe and Adams) were buried by a shell and he (Cooper) rushed out with a shovel to try and dig them out and was killed himself’. Second Lieutenant Waite erected a cross on his grave; they both had risen from the ranks of the 4th Light Horse Regiment. Speaking of shellfire, Second Lieutenant Waite made good use of the time according to Private Marshall who wrote ‘One day during a heavy bombardment by Fritz Mr Waite and I passed a very good hour or so in studying the mechanism of Germans rifles and various kinds of bombs. Though it seems rather a prevarication, we quite forgot that there was a bombardment on.’. Second Lieutenant Waite was also a souvenir hunter; Private Marshall recalls a hilarious incident involving Waite and souvenirs, ‘There was also the day when we had a 24 hours battle over a souvenir. In front of one of our bombing posts there was a big crater with several defunct Germans in it. The Adjutant, Quack, our O.C. and Mr Waite were very keen on souveniring them and at last the latter took the risk and hopped over. On looking over the other side he naturally got rather a shock to see that Fritz had a bombing post there, and he soon knew it was occupied too. He came back at the ‘toot’ followed by dozens of ‘broomstick’ bombs. He retaliated with a dozen or so of Millsies. Fritz then gave us some pineapples, which was answered by Captn. Ramsay with several rounds from the Stokes, giving one Germans a fine rise in life. As he went up about fifty feet he saw things from a very lofty aspect. We then got some of his Minnies, and had a casualty through it, which set the Captain going. After withdrawing the men from the post he got the 18pdrs. onto it and completely obliterated it.’
A drawing by Private James Marshall, ‘D’ Company, 53rd Battalion of the Somme; Courtesy of Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales
On March 13th, Temporary Sergeant Francis Thompson was promoted to substantive Sergeant for 16 Platoon. Originally he was filling in for Sergeant Mawson who had gone sick on December 16th, 1916 however Mawson was subsequently invalided home. On March 14th, Captain Ramsay had a lucky escape. He had been near Captain Trevor Francis of ‘B’ Company when a shell blew him and ‘B’ Coy’s CSM to bits, however leaving Captain Ramsay unscathed by some luck. An OR was killed by accident when a bomb went off near them on March 23rd whilst in the line, else it was mostly smooth sailing at Le Transloy.
‘Toots’ and ‘Broomstick’ bombs
(April 1917 to August 1918)
For the first half of April the Battalion was poised at Thilloy. On April 15th, both Second Lieutenants William Waite and Reginald Hill were promoted to two-pip Lieutenant. A week later on April 22nd, the Battalion was transported to Becourt Camp, spending their ANZAC Day there. From the 1st to 6th of May, the Battalion trained and took part in sports at Becourt. They moved off to the Reserve Line on May 7th at Beugny-Ypres line, the following day moving up to the frontline occupying a point near Beugnatre. This location was near a location known as Bullecourt where plenty of Australians had fallen fighting over less than 5 days prior. Their location was plastered with gas shells upon their arrival. On May 10th, Lieutenant Hill got a Blighty wound- a gunshot wound in the left hand, leg and foot. The following day saw 3 Other Ranks killed as well as 16 wounded by artillery fire. The day after that saw heavier artillery, 2 Other Ranks killed and 17 wounded. The following day had lighter artillery, and they were relieved on the night of May 13th/14th by the 54th Battalion in the line. The relief was complete by 2:15am on May 14th. Upon daylight breaking, they took up the Support Line near Noreuil. Compared to the previous line, the artillery was a lot less active, however, gas shells were fired on the evening of May 14th, wounding 2 Other Ranks. On the night of May 18th/19th, the Battalion moved to the frontline to relieve the 54th Battalion. The relief was complete by 1:45am. During that same period, a few reinforcements joined the Battalion. On May 22nd, the Battalion saw movement out in No Man's Land, moving towards their line. Upon the unknown object moving closer, it turned out it was a pair of 16th Battalion men who had escaped their captors. The Battalion was relieved once more on May 25th by the 12th R.R.R. By the end of the month, ‘C’ and ‘D’ Company were training at a place called Bealencourt.
The first half of June 1917 was spent training at Bealencourt, until June 15th when they were transported to Bouzincourt via a train ride from Varennes and a route march to Bouzincourt. A few shells were dropped, however they arrived safely at Bouzincourt at 4:30pm. The rest of the month was spent training once more. During their training there, Sergeant George Mitchell of ‘C’ Company died in a fire. On June 27th, Second Lieutenant Robert ‘Roy’ Lee (pictured right) joined the Battalion and was appointed Platoon Commander in 'D' Company. Roy, a native New South Welshman, had served in the New South Wales Lancers in peacetime and was commissioned into the AIF in January 1917 when he was 23. On July 3rd, Lieutenant Lindsay got a pip-up to Captain, making him the second-in-command to Captain Ramsay. On July 3rd, the Battalion marched to Bolton Camp. On the 18th, they were in Rubempre. The youthful Second Lieutenant Robert Lee then was sent to the ANZAC Corps School for an Infantry Course on July 22nd. Shortly before Polygon Wood, Lieutenant Hill was marked ‘P.B’, as was Private Marshall as he recounts in his diary..
‘Mr Hill was marked P.B. and could not get up the Battalion as he wished, so I did not forget to jib him about it. There was naturally a little excitement on the day when he was orderly officer and could not at first be found. The R.S.M. was in my tent discussing it when he (Mr Hill) found that he could not stay under the table any longer so he had to come out and do his duty. Rather rough on him as he was no soldier. Just before the Polygon Wood stunt came off he went up with a draft to see the Battalion but they would not let him stay as he wished to do. So he had to come back and moan with me. We both detested the place and the crowd that infested it and would have been glad to get away from it. Eventually he did while I was in hospital.’
On September 1st, Lieutenant Colonel Oswald Croshaw reassumed command of the 53rd Battalion at Lynde, having been wounded by a shell some 6 months earlier. 2 weeks later the whole Battalion route marched to Reninghest. On the 22nd they were recorded at ‘Halfway House’. On the night of September 24th/25th, they moved to the support line in front of Glencorse Wood. At midnight on the night of 25th/26th, the Battalion moved up to take its position at the assembly line. At Zero Hour, 5:50am on September 26th, the barrage opened up on No Man’s land and the Battalion rose out of their trenches, to the barrage. 2 Companies of the 53rd led the attack and advanced towards the Butte whilst remaining 60 yards short of the barrage to avoid shrapnel. 2 Platoons captured the Butte after short hand-to-hand fighting. They captured the main objective by around 6:25am, however Lieutenant-Colonel Croshaw was missing and command had fallen to Captain Roberts. On the morning of September 26th, ‘D’ Company's Company Sergeant Major Frederick Loney was tending to 'A' Coy CSM Harry Brewer after the latter had been paralyzed by a burst of bullets in the spine. Whilst he treated him, a sniper shot Loney through the neck- he died instantly, near ANZAC Redoubt. The following day, Captain Ramsay suffered a Blighty wound with a bullet fracturing his left tibia and was carried out by a Company Runner (Pte John Rowley). Despite Captain Lindsay being Ramsay's Second-in-Command and obvious successor, it appears that Captain Albert Edward Jackson MC took over command of the Company. Also, 'D' Coy's CQMS Sydney Campbell was wounded and was subsequently replaced by Corporal Daniel Madden, who assumed the rank of CQMS on September 29th. Total Battalion casualties for the action stood at 8 officers and 342 other ranks killed, wounded or missing. Amongst them was 'A' Coy CSM Harry Brewer, who was carried out alive at 4pm and treated in a pillbox. During the night, a shell landed directly on the pillbox- blown to bits.
A drawing by Private James Marshall, ‘D’ Company, 53rd Battalion of 'on the road at night on the Somme'; Courtesy of Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales
On October 1st, the 53rd Battalion was given a new commanding officer- Lieutenant Colonel W.J.R Cheeseman MC, late 30th Battalion. The following day, the battalion was transported to Reningheist Staging Camp arriving there on October 3rd. On October 10th, Lance Corporal Jim O'Rourke and Private Reg Edgeworth and two others were playing cards in a dugout in the supports at Zonnebeke when a shell exploded ontop of them. The two other unnamed men escaped, however O'Rourke and Edgeworth were half-buried and badly wounded. Private William Walmsley wrote in the Red Cross report-
'When we ran up to them we found O'Rourke and Edgeworth half buried and both dying. O'Rourke died in my arms. Both men died when I was there..'
Lieutenant John Ridley (Lewis Gun Officer) presided over the burial service for both men.
After a short spell of re-training, the Battalion re-entered the line with their CO on October 17th, entering the support line on ANZAC Ridge near Zillebeke. They remained in the support line until the 21st when they were relieved by the 30th Battalion. They were then transported to a place called Dickebusch, then onto Wippenhoek Area where they remained from October 25th to November 4th when they were transported to Neuf Berquin Area. On November 10th they were transported to the Locre Area, and the following day to the Kemmel Area, then the day after that to the support line at Wytschaete Area. On the night of November 13th/14th the Battalion assumed a position in the front line, relieving the 2nd Battalion Wiltshire Regiment; ‘D’ Company 53rd was to relieve ‘B’ Company Wiltshires in the Left Support Line. On the night of November 15th/16th the 54th Battalion relieved the 53rd Battalion’s left and as a result, ‘D’ Company relieved ‘B’ Company in the Right Support Line. The Battalion held the front line until the night of November 28th/29th when they were relieved by the 60th Battalion. From there, the Battalion was transported back to the Kemmel Area. On December 1st, the Battalion was bivouacked at Ramillies Camp and just under 2 weeks later the Battalion was transported to Desvres, then on the 14th to Menty. For the rest of December 1917 the Battalion was entrained with little else occurring of note.
In January 1918, Captain Jackson appointed his new Company Sergeant Major- Samuel ‘Frank’ Cooling. He had proved himself at Polygon Wood where he was recommended for the MM (which was promulgated in the London Gazette on January 14th 1918 on page 845). During this time, the Battalion was settled in Menty. On January 31st, the Battalion would wind up in the reserve line at Wyschaete. They moved up into the frontline nearly 3 weeks later on February 20th relieving the 56th Battalion; ‘D’ Company 53rd relieved ‘D’ Coy 56th. On the night of March 1st whilst still in the line, the ‘D’ Company was in support near the line near Hollebeke. A party was sent out on a wiring expedition, containing 1 Officer, 10 men. From what can be pieced together, a minenwerfer landed in between the party at around 10pm and this was the result.
Officer Commanding the party is unknown [Possibly Lt Anslow]
Lance Corporal Keith Comb was blown to bits by the shell
Private Stan Mears was killed by the shell
Private Ralph Pendleton was mortally wounded in the body and thigh
Private Hill was mortally wounded and apparently killed from concussion
Private Fred Kafer was wounded in the head and buttocks
Private Johnston was wounded
Private Joe Taylor returned unwounded
Private James McDonald returned unwounded
Private Arthur Whiteford returned unwounded
Private Nathaniel Wheatley returned unwounded
Private Walmsley said after the fact that ‘(they) were so badly blown about that we could not even find their paybooks’. A temporary cross was erected on the point and the bodies were reburied after the war in the Somer Farm Cemetery. Comb and Pendleton and buried together as are Hill and Mears. On March 21st and 3 weeks in the front line, a barrage fell on the 53rd Battalion’s forward posts in the line. After a few casualties had been taken, they were relieved by the 56th Battalion on the same day. They were transported to the Wippenhoek area on March 26th, then the Louvencourt on the 28th followed by the Harponville area on March 31st and remained there for nearly a week.
Members of ‘C’ Company, 53rd Battalion in the reserve line. Dated April 1st, 1918
On the night of April 5th/6th, the 53rd Battalion relieved the 17th Lancers in the Front Line near Villers-Bretonneux. ‘D’ Company was to be held in reserve, ‘C’ Coy in the support line and ‘A’ and ‘B’ Coys to take up a position in the frontline; a total of 20 officers and 498 other ranks entered the line. At dusk on April 6th, Lance Corporal Harry Kelly and Private John Christie both of 15 Platoon were sent out on a rations fatigue. Whilst on this fatigue, a HE Shell landed quite near to the both of them, killing them. Their causes of death are subjective-
Private Mick Lennon stated '..with the exception of a slight scratch on Christie's forehead (there were) no wounds on either of them, so came to the conclusion that they had been killed by the concussion of the explosion'
Private Fines Godding stated 'One (was killed) by bullet and the other with HE shell'
Either way, a shell ended both of their lives atleast indirectly or indeed directly.
On April 8th, two lighting patrol were sent out containing 30 men from ‘D’ Company each under two Subalterns from another company. They patrolled no man's land during the night and reported no enemy movement upon their return. On April 9th, Captain Lindsay was seconded to the 175th [or 174th] Brigade as a Liaison Officer leaving D Company down an officer.. The following day saw Sergeant Jack Croker rejoining the Company in the field, assuming command of the Lewis Gun Section attached to D Company- all these Lewis Gun Sections were overseen by an Officer, Lieutenant John Ridley [Later MC]. On the morning of April 11th, Captain Jackson was slightly wounded. He was not moved down the line and remained at his post. On April 17th at 4:30am, the company was badly shelled with gas. Casualties included the Battalion Commander (Cheeseman), ‘D’ Coys Lt Roy Anslow, CSM Cooling and CQMS Madden; all of whom were ‘gassed’ in the shelling. CQMS Madden's replacement would be Corporal Tom Akeroyd, however he would be promoted to substantive Sergeant the following month. CSM Cooling's replacement would be Sergeant Francis Thompson
On April 28th, Lieutenant Robert Lee along with 3 other subalterns and 62 other ranks reported to the Battalion Headquarters to be taken onto strength. Lieutenant Lee was assigned to ‘D’ Company. Captain Lindsay took over command of the Company on May 3rd after returning from his secondment. Shortly after Captain Lindsay returned, it is noted that Lieutenant Robert Lee was the OC 14 Platoon in a report. Speaking of which, it is in this period that a few fieldbook excerpts from Captain Lindsay survive. Below are the surviving pages which record promotions, recommendations, reports and plenty of information on a company level.
On the night of May 4th/5th, the 53rd Battalion moved from the reserve line to the front line, relieving the 54th Battalion. ‘D’ Company 53rd relieved ‘D’ Company 54th Battalion in the line on the right. At 11pm on May 6th, Lieutenant Hill (‘D’ Coy) took a patrol of 10 men out into no mans land. Voices were heard however no enemy sighted and they returned without incident at 1am on May 7th. On the night of May 8th/9th, the 54th Battalion relieved the 53rd Battalion and the former moved down to the reserve line. A week later in the late evening of May 16th, the Battalion relieved the 30th Battalion in the Hamel Sector. ‘D’ Company 53rd relieved ‘B’ Company 30th in the Right Reserve. At 12:10am on May 18th, Lieutenant Hill took out a patrol with 11 men; They found the location of a forward post with atleast 12 enemies, a wiring party was heard before the patrol returned at 1:40am. On the afternoon of May 18th, 18 pounders fired accidentally onto the 53rd Battalion’s front line. One of the shells badly wounded an other rank who nearly had his whole leg severed off by a shell. At 12am on May 23rd/24th, Lieutenant Hill took out another patrol with 4 men. They moved up the Vaire-Hamel road and reconnoitered the area. An enemy trench was found full of men but else nothing of note was found. They returned to the friendly lines at 1:15am. On the night of May 28th/29th, the 53rd Battalion was relieved by the 55th Battalion and the Battalion moved down to the reserve line. On the night of May 31st/June 1st, the 53rd Battalion was relieved in the reserve line by the 13th Battalion; they proceeded to settle in the Querrieu area. Whilst out of the line, new uniforms were issued, boots fixed, barbers at work and so on. On June 7th, Lieutenant Waite MC arrived back at the battalion, following a bullet in the buttocks at Polygon Wood during September last. He had an interesting time in England - moreover, losing his seniority after using a forged railway ticket and presenting said ticket to a Railway Transport Officer. An altercation and he loses seniority, though he still remains a Lieutenant and platoon commander. On June 11th, the ‘Kookaburras’, otherwise the 5th Division Concert Party supplied the Battalion with ample entertainment, performing for them in Querrieu. On June 15th, Lieutenant Hill and Major Roberts DSO were marched out to form a nucleus alongside 63 other ranks, depriving ‘D’ Company of atleast 1 officer. That same day, the Battalion moved up to the reserve line at the Franvillers System. They were to remain there until the night of June 26th/27th when they relieved the 30th Battalion in the front line. ‘D’ Company 53rd relieved ‘B’ Company 30th in the reserve. On June 30th, Lieutenant Waite (‘D’ Coy) took out a patrol and returned with an enemy machine gun, 2 belts, containers, pack, rifle and greatcoat. After quite the spell in the front line, the Battalion was relieved by the 55th Battalion on the night of July 10th/11th, and thereon moved to the support line. On the night of July 17th/18th the 53rd Battalion relieved the 54th Battalion in the front line, however moved back down to the reserve line after being relieved by the 54th Battalion on the night of July 19th/20th. By this time it was evident that there was a stunt planned in the air.
A photograph of Lieutenant Waite taken whilst in England. His Military Cross is pinned up. Dated 1918
On July 27th, the Battalion moved from the reserve line to the Front Line in preparation for the stunt. By nightfall, the battalion stood at 23 officers and 543 Other Ranks. By the morning of July 28th, ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ Company were in the line whilst ‘D’ Company was in support. The 53rd Battalion was to participate in an action at Morlancourt on July 29th, 1918. ‘D’ Company had the pure luck to be a carrying party for the action. At 1.25am, the attack began. Information into what ‘D’ Company did throughout the day is not mentioned in the War Diary, however a recommendation for the Military Cross was written up for Captain Lindsay, explaining what the Company was doing. This recommendation didn’t lead to anything, however it read in part..
This Officer was incharge of 2 platoons who acted as carrying parties for the attacking troops in the attack on the enemy trenches near Morlancourt.
It was owing to his excellent judgment and personal direction and supervision that the carrying parties (strength 45) were able to cross and re-cross “No Mans Land” in the open although subjected to Artillery and Machine Gun fire with the loss of 1 man.
Great quantities of stores, rations and water were carried by these parties and dumps established in the captured enemy line. During the night following the attack(,) ration parties carrying hot food to the men in the front line were caught in a severe enemy artillery ‘strafe’ lasting from 10.15pm to 5.am next morning.
Captain LINDSAY personally led these parties to their destination in doing so exposing himself to very great danger and although on one occasion he was badly shaken by a shell he still continued his work.
On July 30th, the Battalion came out of the line and was moved to Vaux-en-Amiénois, to which they arrived at on July 31st at 6am. August 1st saw the whole Battalion getting haircuts and company inspections across the Battalion. The next few days passed without notoriety. On the night of August 4th, the Battalion marched to the bivouacs at Querrieu, arriving at said location at 2am. The following day on the 6th, battle orders were received from the brass and the whole of the battalion was overcome by a wave of excitement for the upcoming stunt. They remained at Querrieu until the morning of August 8th, 1918..
The Last Hundred Days
(August 1918 to November 1918)
On August 8th, 1918 at 1.45am, the Battalion moved from Querrieu to the start line for the forth-coming advance. The strength of the 53rd stood at 24 officers at 432 Other Ranks. After 2 hours of waiting for Zero Hour, the trench whistles blew at 4.20am. The Battalion advanced into the morning mist. After 5 minutes of stumbling around at dawn, elements of the brigade captured the trenches near Villers-Bretonneux. By 7am, the 53rd Battalion consolidated on the recently-captured trenches in preparation for another advance. By midday, the Battalion was at Cerisy Valley. At 4pm the Battalion was advancing onto Bayonvillers where they halted and fully consolidated. During the advances on August 8th, Captain Lindsay was riding a horse when a shell landed next to the horse; the horse was blown to bits and two men wounded, however it left Captain Lindsay unscathed. These casualties would be the only ones suffered by the 53rd Battalion on that day. By the end of the day, the men were exhausted from the 12 mile advance, however the men were galvanized when they heard of the successes along the line. Private Marshall who had served in D Company before a transfer to Headquarters Company recorded the actions at Morlancourt in his diary ‘We stayed near Corbie till the barrage started, then we began to advance. The trip to our starting point was not without it’s excitement. Fritz planes were very busy and at one halt, when the troops were all smoking, he came in our direction at a great pace. But nothing extraordinary happened. We stayed on the right of the village of Villers Brettonneux(sic) for a few hours, and moved on again. We knew that it was going successfully as there were no enemy guns firing, and that was a great comfort to us too. Our big guns had been brought right up under the Germans’ noses on the night before so they had no need to move forward then. There were crowds of prisoners everywhere, and the troops spent a good deal of time in souveniring them. All of the prisoners were sure that they had lost the war, and that we would go right on to Berlin. Just before we moved off, there was a little excitement. We were all sitting about talking, when there was a terrific explosion just behind us. A big shell of a new ‘toute suite’ variety had landed about 20 yards off. There had been absolutely no sound of it’s approach at all. Naturally we all had the wind up about some more coming unannounced, but the next went further off and we heard the report of the gun first, then the shell hurtling overhead. They were fired [at] long intervals and all over the country. So we knew that he had one gun still.’ The following day, the Battalion remained in the positions captured the previous day. Strength was increased to 28 Officers and 552 Other Ranks. On August 17th, Lieutenant Reg Hill proceeded to England for a few weeks leave.
On August 22nd, Second Lieutenant Rupert Dent joined ‘D’ Company as a Platoon Commander. He was a new boy, however a Duntroon man (Dec 1916) making him very desirable, considering that most Duntroon men had been repurposed into sandbags or rear-echelon duties. He had applied for a commission in 1915 but only arrived in England in May 1918. After a spell of training, he was on his way to France with the 53rd Battalion. Despite his higher education, Second Lieutenant Dent was still the new boy and the officer with the least seniority in ‘D’ Company, however still better educated. He was to be in a stunt after nearly a week at the front. As an addition, on August 28th, CQMS Madden rejoined the Battalion after having been in England after being gassed in April 1918.
Second Lieutenant Rupert Dent. Date unknown
At 1am on September 1st, the Battalion was treated to a hot meal- for some, it would be their last. At 3.30am, the battalion moved into ‘Florine’ and ‘Prague’ Trench. As ‘C’ Company was taking up their position they were met with the most interesting sight- Germans in their trench. A quick fight ensued, with the Germans firing an SOS flare leading to a barrage falling very nearby with ‘C’ Company coming out ontop. At 6am, the whistle blew and the Battalion began their attack. The positions of the companies were ‘A’ Company - Right ; ‘B’ Company - Right Support ; ‘C’ Company - Left ; ‘D’ Company - Left Support.
In the initial advance, the Battalion was met by a heavy wire belt which was supposed to be cleared in an earlier artillery barrage. Despite heavy fire raining down on them, soldiers from Lt Waite’s platoon started to cut the wire with the motivational support of their Lewis Gunners. After what felt like an eternity, a passage was forged through the wire, allowing the attack to continue.
The ‘heavy wire belt’ that the 53rd Battalion had to cut through. This particular photograph was taken on September 2nd, 1918; Only a day after the fact with the bodies still remaining
The Company broke through the heavy wire belt and advanced to the objectives. Shortly after breaking through the wire, 'D' Company's CSM Samuel 'Frank' Cooling was shot through the calf in the left leg. Despite the wound, he continued to push on with Lt Roy Anslow's 16 Platoon. On the other side of the advance through Anvil Wood performed by ‘A’ and ‘B’ Company, a 77mm Field Gun was spotted nearby and manned by the enemy. Private Currey from ‘B’ Company didn’t hesitate and taking a Lewis Gun firing from the hip either dispersed or killed all the enemy manning the gun. Not too long afterwards, Major Murray sent an urgent message to ‘D’ Company to inform them that his left flank was in the air. Captain Lindsay moved his company to the flank of ‘C’ Company with the aim of providing support due to the absence of the 23rd Battalion. ‘D’ Company provided splendid support however sustained severe casualties via machine guns. At 11am, Lieutenant Anslow was with his 16 Platoon in an entrenched machine gun position. They were all bunched up in the trench when a barrage of 5.9inch shells landed around their position. A shell landed in the middle of the platoon, killing Lieutenant Anslow, Sergeant Taylor, Corporal Hayward, Lance Corporals Upton and Barrie as well as Privates Masson and Ries. The shell also wounded 3 others, but either way 16 Platoon was severely hindered by the loss of their senior NCOs and their officer. A wounded CSM Cooling took the initiative and commanded what remained of 16 Platoon to the objective.
Burial marker for the Anslow and his men killed by the shell. Dated 1918
At some point not too long after Anslow’s death, Lieutenant Waite had spotted an unmanned German 77mm Field Gun that had been recently liberated by Private Currey. He sent Signaller Hopkins to get it ready for action. When Hopkins arrived there he was assisted by Private Crank. The pair loaded and fired the gun to great effect on the enemy despite no knowledge about firing a field gun. They began firing on the enemies amassing on the left flank despite heavy machine gun fire. After a great many shells were fired, the enemy dispersed and both men returned to their companies.
At around 4:40pm, Captain Lindsay had suffered a gunshot wound; a bullet that fractured his left tibia. Despite his wound, he led an attack, supervised consolidation of a new position further forwards before allowing stretcher bearers to take him back to the RAP. Lieutenant Dent also was wounded by a burst of machine gun bullets which found its mark in his left shoulder. By 5pm, Lieutenant Waite was the last officer of ‘D’ Company still in the fight. He led the company with vigor towards St Denis [62c.I.22] via the St Denis-Mont St Quentin Road, killing 12 Germans along the way, settling in a location known as the Sugar Factory, with the object of making it a forward post. Waite, with his 20 men was greatly assisted by Sergeant Cuthbert Lineham who by now was commanding one of the platoons. Also of assistance was Corporal Charlie Smith who helped in collecting bombs, ammunition and other items to resupply the men; when they reached the Sugar Factory, Smith volunteered to keep a casting eye over the enemy, reporting their movement to Waite. Whilst holding the Sugar Factory, the Company wiped out a machine gun nest some 200 yards away to his front. However, unbeknownst to Waite, he had lost contact with his own Battalion and was under threat of being completely cut off and therefore risked capture.
Above is the rough ground that Waite and his Company advanced through on September 1st, 1918 towards the Sugar Factory. Infact, towards the centre-left of the photograph in the distance following along the mini-rise on the right, you can see what remains of the Sugar Factory- 3 corner pillars. Dated September 15th, 1918.
Messengers were sent out to try and tell him to fall back, yet no one found him. Shortly after midnight, a certain Private Currey (‘B’ Company) volunteered to find Waite in the dark to tell him to withdraw. He went out for the first time, not running into any Germans by some luck. When he came back to friendly lines, he went out again to no avail. The third time his Company Commander said it had to be done, to which Currey said ‘If I can’t find Mr Waite, I will stand up and shout to him’. Currey went out to find Lieutenant Waite and his party once more at 3am. When 8am rolled around and he still hadn’t found Waite, Currey yelled out ‘Waitsey, Come Back!’. A reply was met with machine guns, bolt actions, the whole kitchen sink. Luckily for everyone involved, Lieutenant Waite heard the message from Currey and quickly began bringing his company out of the Sugar Factory back to friendly lines. Private Patrick Allan, a machine gunner, was the last to leave the Sugar Factory position. Waite withdrew the Company under a smoke screen to the crossroad near Saint-Denis (62c.I.22.a.7.6) under the cover of a bank. He remained there until told to fall back by Major Murray. Peronne was a success by all accounts, with Mont St Quentin and Peronne falling over the next day or two. ‘D’ Company had gone into the line with 4 Officers and 90 other ranks - the whole battalion suffered 11 officers and 241 Other Ranks as casualties - of whom 4 officers and 47 other ranks of the Battalion were killed (11 other ranks to DoW). Captain Lindsay suffered a Blighty wound; fractured tibia on the left leg, similar to his previous Company Commander some 11 months previous. He also was to score a Military Cross at Peronne. ‘D’ Company was only left with 1 officer who had survived unwounded.. Dent had also got a Blighty wound (GSW right shoulder) and Anslow was killed with his men, leaving Lieutenant William Waite MC, as last officer standing from ‘D’ Company and by default took command of ‘D’ Company after Captain Lindsay. Coy Sgt Major Cooling had also copped it and was evacuated to hospital, making Sergeant Lineham the acting CSM until Cooling returned shortly after the wars end. Oddly enough, Waite also scored a decoration, earning a Bar to his Military Cross. Lieutenant Waite assumed command of ‘D’ Company shortly after Peronne, presumably the day after on September 2nd. It is unknown how long he was in temporary command, however whilst Waite was Company Commander he had time to write up a recommendation to the Commanding Officer. It read..
C.O.
53rd BATTALION A.I.F
I wish to bring before your notice the conspicuous gallantry and bravery in action of NO.2153 PRIVATE CRANK during the recent operations at PERONNE.
During the early stages of the attack, a 77mm Field gun was captured with about 70 rounds of ammunition. Private Crank in company with another man*, at once set to work to find out how to detonate the shell and fire the gun. Having ascertained this, he at once brought the gun to bear on the enemy who were massing, apparently for a counter attack on the left flank of the Battalion.
Immediately upon the 77mm gun opening fire, the enemy brought intense artillery and Machine Gun fire to bear on the gun; notwithstanding this, Private Crank and his comrade continued to fire with great rapidity, causing heavy casualties, and finally compelling the enemy to disperse. He then rejoined his Company.
Later in the day noticing the enemy again massing on the left flank, he, in company with another man**, remanned the captured gun and continued firing it until all the ammunition was exhausted, despite renewed enemy artillery and Machine Gun activity, and despite the fact, that there being no way of cleaning the gun there was grave risk of the barrel bursting.
(Signed) W.Waite Lieut.
O.C “D” Company 53rd Battalion A.I.F
*The other man was Lance Corporal Cec Weatherby; later a DCM
**Cec was wounded shortly after the first gun instance, the other man was Private Arthur Hopkins; later an MM
Thanks to Lieutenant Waite’s recommendation, Crank was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal despite an original recommendation for a Victoria Cross. There were many recommendations made to men of the 53rd Battalion relating to the Peronne stunt. Below are ones from 'D' Company.
Capt William Frederic Lindsay. Recommended for the MC (Awarded)
'During the attack on PERONNE on 1st September, 1918, Captain LINDSAY led his Company with the utmost gallantry in the attack.
During the advance, the left flank of the Battalion was imperilled and Captain LINDSAY under terrific Machine Gun FIre got his Company in position in the open, and brought fire to bear on the enemy massing, inflicting casualties and causing them to disperse. His action undoubtedly allowed the advance to continue and removed a serious menace to that flank of the Battalion. Throughout the action he set a fine example, and much of the success of the Battalion was due to the skillful handling of his Company.
Later on during the action, he again led an attack and although wounded, established a line with his Company and supervising the consolidation before permitting the stretcher bearers to carry him to the R.A.P'
Lt William Waite MC. Recommended for a Bar for his MC (Awarded)
'For most conspicuous gallantry an devotion to duty in action. During the attack on PERONNE on 1st September 1918 despite strong Enemy wire entanglements and Machine Gun and Artillery Barrage, Lieut. WAITE with his platoon forced a passage through the wire and moved forward to the attack. While the advance was in progress, the enemy was observed to be massing on the left which was an exposed flank, and Lieut. Waite despite heavy casualties brought his Platoon into action in the open and inflicted so many casualties in the enemies ranks that he was forced to disperse and allow the advance to continue.
In the second attack all the Officers of his Company became casualties, and he assumed command, and established posts well forward, which he successfully held until ordered to withdraw by the Commanding Officer [Lieutenant Colonel Cheeseman].
He displayed the utmost gallantry, and such disregard of personal safety throughout, that he won the admiration of all ranks.'
3261 CSM (WO.II) Samuel Frank Cooling MM. Recommended for a Bar to his MM (Never Awarded)
'This NCO has been with the Battalion since its formation and has at all times displayed the utmost gallantry, initiative and constant good work both in and out of the line.
He did valuable work on patrols on the SOMME 1916-17 and was badly wounded at BULLECOURT in May 1917
In POLYGON WOOD in September 1917 he showed great dash, courage and initiative. Although wounded on the tapes he went forward, urging his men on, showing utter disregard for his own personal safety, his conduct helping greatly towards the success of the operation.
At PERONNE in September 1918, CSM Cooling again set a fine example to his men, being wounded at the beginning of the operation he carried on, and when his platoon officer (Lt Anslow) was killed he took command till the objective was reached.'
3582 Sgt James Patrick Joseph Sullivan. Recommended for the MM (Never Awarded)
'In the attack on PERONNE on the morning of the 1st September, Sergeant Sullivan took his platoon into action and remained in command throughout the attack. He displayed very high powers of leadership and maintained complete control of his command throughout. He took every opportunity of reorganizing his platoon as casualties occurred and by utter disregard for his own personal safety set a splendid example to his men, into whom he infused a spirit of absolute confidence in their leader.
On reaching the final objective he rendered very valuable assistance to his Company Commander during the organization of his Company.'
5474 LCpl Amos John Turner. Recommended for the MM (Awarded)
'In the recent attack on PERONNE on the 1st September 1918, this N.C.O. showed great coolness and daring in working his Lewis Gun. Throughout the action he kept up a constant fire although he himself was subjected to heavy machine gun and artillery fire, and inflicted a large number of casualties on the enemy. In the latter part of the advance he was severely wounded in the shoulder and also had the Butt blown off his gun. However, he still continued in action until loss of blood and weakness forced him leave the line for medical attention.'
2474 LCpl Richard Quantrill. Recommended for the MM (Awarded)
'In the attack on PERONNE on 1st September 1918 this N.C.O. rendered the greatest assistance to his Company Commander in controlling and reorganising his section. When the objective was reached he took charge of an isolated post on the Left Flank displaying splendid powers of leadership and control. Under heavy artillery and machine gun fire he assisted in digging out several men who had been buried by shells and helped attending to the wounded.
At all times he set a splendid example to the men of his Platoon.'
4852 LCpl Albert Edward Lonsdale Smith. Recommended for the MM (Awarded)
'For conspicuous courage and coolness in action during the attack on PERONNE on 1st September 1918. This N.C.O. when in Charge of a Lewis Gun displayed great initiative in the early part of the advance in supplying covering fire for his Platoon. During the greater part of the advance he used his gun from the hip and was successful in gaining superiority of fire thus enabling his platoon to advance. Later while covering the consolidation of his Company he was almost surrounded by the enemy; however he brought his gun into action and was successful in beating them off. He kept his gun firing until it was put out of action by a direct hit. Smith at once returned to his Company, procured another gun and brought it into action inflicting great losses on the enemy and silencing two enemy Machine Guns.'
2247 LCpl Oscar William Smith. Recommended for the DCM (Awarded)
'For conspicuous gallantry and determination in action at Peronne, 1 September, 1918. He was sent to get in touch with the brigade on the left, and had to cross open ground swept by machine gun fire. On the way he was held up by a machine gun post, which opened fire. He at once shot the observer, killed the crew of six, and captured the gun.'
5380 Signaller Arthur John Hopkins. Recommended for a DCM (Awarded MM)
'For conspicuous gallantry during the attack on PERONNE on 1st September 1918. During the early stages of the attack an Enemy 77.mm. gun was captured with a large supply of ammunition. He helped another man to work this gun having first ascertained how to detonate the shells, and fire the gun, despite the fact that the enemy immediately opened up with heavy artillery and machine gun fire directed against them, and despite the fact that owing to their being no method of cleaning the gun there was great danger of the barrel bursting. The fire from this gun was brought to bear on a quarry on the left flank of the Battalion, where the enemy were assembling, apparently with a view to a counter attack, and such heavy casualties were caused that they were forced to disperse. The action of this man contributed largely to the success of the operation as the Left Flank of the Battalion at that time was in a very exposed position, and if a counter attack had been launched there would have been grave risk of the Battalion being cut off.'
In a Special Order posted by Lieutenant-Colonel Cheeseman on December 13th, 1918, it announced all the awards for the Peronne stunt. There was a VC, DSO, 2 bars to MC, 6 MCs, 7 DCMs, 2 bars to MM and 19 MMs. Of these, members of D Coy were awarded..
1 Bar to MC - Lieutenant Waite MC
1 MC - Captain Lindsay
1 DCM - Pte Oscar Smith
4 MMs - Coy Sgt Maj Lineham, Sgt Croker, LCpl Brickie Smith, Sig Hopkins,
In the days following Peronne, Lieutenant Hill would return from his leave, assuming command of his platoon once more. On September 4th at the bivouacs at Herrecourt, the General Officer Commanding 5th Division, with Brigadier-General 14th Brigade inspected and addressed the men of the 53rd Battalion with great praise in respect of the actions at Morlancourt and Peronne. The following day saw a thunderstorm roll onto them whilst they moved their bivouacs. By this time, the Battalion stood at 23 officers and 281 men. On September 7th whilst the Battalion was camped at Le Mesnil, Major Lucas and Lieutenant Waite went back to Peronne to check that all battalion dead were buried. It had turned out that the 1st Brigade had been bivouacked at Peronne and had buried all the dead. On September 12th, a few German planes were spotted overhead- 2 were shot down and 3 turned tail and ran. On that same day, some machine gun practice took place during which time 'D' Coy's 5343 Private Beech was accidentally killed by a live bullet mixed in a machine gun belt. On September 26th, some 2 weeks after the aerial attack, Lieutenant-Colonel Cheeseman called a conference of all Company Commanders. During this conference, the Colonel outlined an upcoming stunt to come in the following days. At 7:30pm the following day, the Battalion marched out of Le Mesnil and moved towards a place near Hervilly.
On September 30th, Colonel Cheeseman was sent away to a conference at 3am on an upcoming attack that was to occur later that day. With zero hour fixed for 6am, they were expected to step off at below adequate fighting strength. The Battalion’s Companies were instead to work in conjunction- 'A' and 'B' Company would work together on one objective whilst 'C' and 'D' Company would take on another. Captain Wilson would take 'C' and 'D' Company into the attack whilst Captain Jhonson MC took 'A' and 'B'. A certain Lieutenant Arthur Thompson would assume command of 'D' Company. Little is known of his service, mainly due to the fact that his record consists of virtually 3 pages. What is known is that he was 18 when he enlisted in 1915, and was granted a commission the following year.
The Battalion passed the jump-off point just a few minutes past 6am; the role of ‘C' and 'D’ Company was ‘that of mopping up the (Bellicourt) Tunnel and vicinity’. On the advance to the tunnel, the company came under intense machine gun and artillery fire. Captain Wilson ably led the two Companies past the first line of trenches at 9am, before he was shot through the neck (severing his windpipe) with a machine gun bullet. He fell, his death almost instantaneous.
Around this time, Lieutenant Thompson was severely wounded leading 'D' Company along a canal. Lieutenant Hill was leading his 15 Platoon the far flung left flank of the company, but due to heavy casualties being taken he was eventually separated from the company, leaving himself and 6 of his men isolated on that flank of the line. It is said that he continued the advance with merely Sergeants Smith, Callaghan and Quantrill, a Corporal and 2 other men to avoid the flank of the battalion collapsing. After a short advance they were met with a most unusual sight- a machine gun strong post which was pouring enfilading fire on the battalion. Lieutenant Hill didn’t hesitate; he personally led a skeleton charge against the post, killing 20 Germans and capturing 3 machine guns. It was only a very short time before he became a double entrance dugout which had machine guns on each entrance.. Lieutenant Hill, assisted by Sergeant Charlie Smith, collected a few stick grenades and gallantly ran towards the bunker with revolver in hand, shooting 3 men along the way and lobbing grenades all the while. When the smoke cleared, he had killed 15 along the way basically singlehandedly, also capturing 2 machine guns. He then received immediate orders to assist ‘A/B’ Company at the Le Catalet Trench System at around 2pm. Upon reaching said location, he ‘commenced bombing up the trench, and cleared it for a distance of 600 yards’ with Private Charlie Baker leading as the 'bayonet man'. He and five men in that bombing party had killed 20 odd and captured 7 machine guns, however was obliged to withdraw 200 yards when he was too far from the line. Upon falling back, he established a vital bomb block at around 3pm with the valuable assistance of Sergeants Smith and Dick Callaghan whilst Corporal Reg Lyons watched from afar, providing support along with Sergeant William Smith. The bomb block is listed at location A.22.d.45.65. The bomb block was held until midnight. During the action, Lieutenant Hill is also listed to have captured 2 German 77mm field guns.
The men of that party were-
Lt Reginald Hill [Officer Commanding; awarded DSO]
Sgt Charlie Smith [awarded DCM]
Sgt Dick Callaghan [awarded DCM]
Sgt Richard Quantrill [awarded MM]
T/Cpl Charlie Taylor [awarded MM]
LCpl William Borserio [recommended MM]
Pte Charlie Baker [recommended MM]
*It is confusing as to how many men were involved due to confliction of stories, however I believe it was only 1 officer and 6 men that were involved in that 'charge', per citations.
On October 1st, Lieutenant Hill, Sergeant Quantrill and a handful of other ranks went out on patrol to find the German line. They were successful in this, also locating some German machine gun posts in the process; in that daylight patrol, no one was wounded despite coming under machine gun fire. At 9:30pm on October 2nd, the Battalion was relieved by the 6th Inniskilling in the line. At the end of it, Lieutenant Hill was the subject of many letters. Lieutenant Cooke, Sergeants Quantrill, Charlie Smith and one of the Corporals involved all sent in recommendations to Colonel Cheeseman. As a result of his exemplary gallantry, Lieutenant Hill was awarded a DSO for his actions, and the others involved duly decorated.
Then-Second Lieutenant Hill. Dated perhaps 1916-17.
On October 3rd, the Battalion buried Captain Wilson MC, Lieutenant Althouse and Second Lieutenant Ralph MM at Tincourt. Also, Captain Jhonson MC, OC of ‘A/B’ Company was to die of wounds sustained in the action on October 2nd, 1918. Despite the casualties, spirits were apparently high whilst the battalion billeted at Villeret. The following day, Lieutenant-Colonel Cheeseman MC addressed the troops, thanking them for their effort in the battle just a few days prior. Reorganization is said to have taken place during this time. On October 5th, they winded up at Le Mesnil then onto St Maxent on October 7th. Upon arrival at St Maxent, the Battalion stood at 24 Officers and 306 Other Ranks. For nearly a week it rained on the Battalion in varying strength until the clouds cleared on October 13th. Around this time, Lieutenant Justin Cooke, 53rd Battalion was appointed Captain which coincided with his taking command of ‘D’ Company, 53rd Battalion in October 1918. He had started out as a recently-married Second Lieutenant in 1915 with the 8th Battalion in Victoria and had worked his way up to Captain with only one wound stripe on his sleeve for a gas attack in April 1918.
The then-Lieutenant Justin Cooke, whilst with a Training Battalion in England.
For the rest of October 1918, inter-battalion competitions took place with men from each company representing their companies. Decides from that, the war diary states ‘(St Maxent) is mostly without extraordinary incident’. This is a bit of an understatement- On October 5th, Sergeant Croker was admitted to hospital with Broncho-Pneumonia. He succumbed some 9 days later. He was later awarded an MM and Bar for actions at Peronne and Bellicourt. He was the last wartime casualty for D Company before the armistice.
On October 22nd, the strength of the Battalion was depleted and stood at 27 Officers and 289 Other Ranks. Lieutenant-Colonel Cheeseman saw the positives of the depleted numbers by stating ‘it is possible to train every man (on) the Lewis Gun, and the Battalion in consequence is becoming a Battalion of Lewis Gunners, which is most useful knowledge to have in case of emergency’. By the turn of the month the battalion had only risen to 29 Officers and 328 Other Ranks. On November 8th the ‘Miss Lina Ashwells Concert Party’ performed a few sketches for the Battalion in St Maxent. On November the 11th, 1918, Colonel Cheeseman paraded the battalion under unknown pretenses. He began reading parts of Prince Litchnowsky’s disclosures showing why Germany was to blame for the war, and commented at the end as a side note “By the way, hostilities will cease at 11am today”. Everyone was rejoicing, less a few who didn’t believe that it was actually over. When the whole village found out, ‘the village immediately became almost festive with bunting’.
The surviving members of ‘D’ Company, 53rd Battalion were photographed with merely 5 officers* and 42 men with their appropriate webbing on. At the end of the war, soldiers of the Company returned home and were subsequently discharged in 1919/20, returning to civilian life.
*One of the officers may be Temporary Company Sergeant Major Lineham
Identified is Lieutenant William Waite MC (Later Bar); second from front, sixth from left. Also identified is Lieutenant Justin Cooke who is on Waite’s left shoulder with a tall posture.
It is worth noting that Lieutenant Rupert Dent, who had been wounded at Peronne on September 1st was getting acquainted with Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon; later known as the Queen Mother to most. He met her whilst he was recuperating at Glamis Castle in Scotland and they became good friends and very fond of eachother. They took walks in the garden and taught Elizabeth a thing or two. When Rupert was to be Returned to Australia, Elizabeth's mother wrote in a letter ‘I want to thank you for the good advice you gave my Elizabeth. I profited by it even more than she did. I needed it more than she does. Do let us hear from you from time to time. We shall never forget you’. Dent destroyed the letters to avoid embarrassment however his family still knew about it all. When he was asked by his children about how close they were, Rupert responded ‘Well, we took lots of long walks together. A gentleman doesn't tell’. In 2013, surviving letters of the affair were found in an old drawer and later sold for the large sum of $3600 AUD.
A final bit worth mentioning; Company Sergeant Major Samuel Cooling MM had joined the 53rd Battalion in Egypt in 1916. He then served at Fromelles where he was wounded; later wounded at Polygon Wood; then wounded on April 17th during an attack; then finally wounded at Peronne. He had been wounded at every major attack committed by the 53rd Battalion with the exceptions of the quiet period at Le Transloy, the battle near Bellicourt and actions on August 8th 1918. He finished the war with 4 wound stripes to his name.
At wars end, the officers and men of the 53rd Battalion had 1 VC, 5 DSO’s, 24 MCs and 3 bars, 28 DCMs, 76 MMs and 4 bars, 4 MSMs, 20 MiDs per the AWM Of these numbers, atleast 1 DSO, 2 MCs [1 bar], 5 DCMs and 15 MMs [1 bar] are known to have been awarded to the officers and men of ‘D’ Company. The Battalion had also suffered a total of 657 dead- either from Killed in Action, sickness, missing, etc. Of that number, atleast 86 can be accounted for from ‘D’ Company.
Honours known to be awarded to the officers and men of 'D' Company
Distinguished Service Order
Lieutenant Reginald Valentine Hill D.S.O, MiD
Military Cross
Captain William Frederic Lindsay M.C
Lieutenant William Waite M.C and Bar
Distinguished Conduct Medal
C.Q.M.S Daniel Madden D.C.M
Sergeant Charles Smith D.C.M
Sergeant Richard Leslie Callaghan D.C.M
Corporal Henry Hubbert D.C.M
Corporal Oscar William Smith D.C.M
Military Medal
C.S.M Samuel Frank Cooling M.M
T/C.S.M Cuthbert Claude Lineham M.M
Sergeant Jack Everard Burns Croker M.M and Bar
Sergeant James Joseph Fox M.M
Sergeant Reginald Armand Lyons M.M
Sergeant Vincent John Scully M.M
Sergeant Richard Quantrill M.M
L/Sergeant James William Haines M.M
Corporal James Henry Harrop M.M
Corporal Charles Taylor M.M
LCpl Amos John Leslie Turner M.M
LCpl Albert Edward Lonsdale Smith M.M
Signaller Arthur John Hopkins M.M
Private James Donald Black M.M, MiD
Private John Semple M.M
Survivors of ‘D’ Company
Below are the names of those who served in the Company throughout the war who survived the war. Ofcourse this list may not be completely accurate but it paints a perspective.
Note: This list is those who I have confirmed to have served in ‘D’ Company at one point or another.
Captain Robert Ramsay MC, MiD (1888-1965) - A few misgivings in the interwar period. Rejoined in the Second World War, becoming a Major. He was involved in the Cowra Breakout and shortly thereafter resigned his commission. Died May 23rd 1976
Captain William Frederic Lindsay MC, ED (1880-1940) - stayed in the Militia, gaining the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and an ED. His men respected him greatly. Died June 11th 1940
Captain Justin Sidney Cooke (1888-1949) - Born in England however immigrated when he was a baby. He married in 1915 and was a Victorian. Gassed in April 1918 and rose to command the Company. Died July 25th 1949.
Captain Albert Edward Jackson MC (1894-1955) - Started out as a Private soldier, rising to the rank of Captain. Served in the Second War at home as a Major. Died July 25th 1955.
Lieutenant William Waite MC and Bar (1888-1976) - Became a farmer and suffered many hardships with the terrible land. Rejoined in the Second World War as a Lieutenant in ‘C’ Company, 8th Garrison Battalion; his divisional commander was General Murray- a former 53rd Battalion officer. Died August 28th 1976
Lieutenant Rupert Octavius Dent (1890-1982) - Whilst recuperating in England met the Queen’s Mother and made friends with her. CMF Captain during the Second World War, serving at home. Died December 31st 1982.
Lieutenant Arthur Oswald Thompson (1897-1980) - Little is really known. He married in Lewisham in 1927. Died March 13th 1980
[15 Plt] Lieutenant Reginald Valentine Hill DSO, MiD (1892-1928) - Being gassed and wounded led to his early death. Died August 15th 1928
Lieutenant James Patrick Joseph Sullivan (1893-1965) - Recommended for Officer Training and also for an MM at Peronne. Given the King's Commission 5/1/1919. Died August 16th 1965
[14 Plt] Lieutenant Robert Arthur ‘Roy’ Lee (1893-1956) - Joined the Battalion in June ‘17, spending the best (latter) half of 1918 at schools. Died September 8th 1956.
Second Lieutenant Edwin Thomas Sattler (1887-1949) - Wounded as CQMS at Fromelles. Commissioned July 1917 and probably reassigned to a different Company. Died July 6th 1949
Company Sergeant Major Samuel Frank Cooling MM (1890-1977) - CSM from 15/1/1918 after the death of CSM Loney at Polygon Wood. Wounded 4 times, probably more than anyone else in the Company. Later Second World War VDC Lieutenant. Died July 9th 1977
Temporary Company Sergeant Major Cuthbert Claude Lineham MM (1892-1971) - T/CSM after CSM Cooling wounded at Peronne, also scored the MM at Peronne. Settled in Canberra; Died May 29th 1971
Company Quartermaster Sergeant Daniel Madden DCM (1888-1934) - Settled in Wellington and then Dubbo as a Barman after the war. Died September 20th 1934
Company Quartermaster Sergeant Sydney Denison Campbell MiD (c.1880-a.1954) - Experienced soldier by the time of the war. Died after 1954
Private Harley Augustus Rudd (1882-1960) - Died in 1960.
Sergeant James Joseph Fox MM (1891-1941) - MM for Morlancourt. Died October 2nd, 1941
Private James Marshall (1899-1959) - Diarist; was only 17 when he enlisted in 1916. Enlisted into the AFC in 1920, then RAAF in 1921, discharged 1928. Enlisted as a Flying Officer in a Second World War RAAF; Home Service. Died July 10th 1959
[15 Plt] Private John/Joseph Samuel Carlisle (1893-1961) - Died April 12th 1961
Private George St Clair Griffin (1893-1950) - Diarist. Found work as Boatshed Proprietor. Died July 23rd 1950
[16 Plt] Sergeant Francis William Thompson (1885-1940) - T/CSM after CSM Cooling gassed on 17/4/1918. Died 1940
Sergeant John Laing (1875-1947) - RAN Officer 39-45. Died in 1947
[15 Plt] Sergeant Charles Smith DCM (1895-?) - Recommended for a DCM and MM for actions in late 1918. Unsure on fate.
Sergeant Norman Cresswell Ruddel Condell (1895-1972) - Former Light Horseman; in 1954 he was a Farmer in Wagga Wagga. Died October 10th 1972
[14 Plt] Private Herbert George Delaney (1895-1961) - Originally 1st Pioneer Battalion and a '17 man. Died sometime in 1961.
Company Sergeant Major (or Sergeant) Frank Charles Linaker (1897-1955) - AWL at Durban on 10/9/1919 and was tried by Court Martial whilst on RTA. Acquitted. Found work as a Police Constable. Died June 22nd 1955
Sergeant Reginald Armand Lyons MM (?-?) - MM for Bellicourt.
Sergeant John Timothy Doherty (1886-1955) - Worked as Labourer prior to the war. Died June 14th 1955
Sergeant David William Levy (1894-1956) - Served in the Second World War. Died January 10th 1956
Corporal Charles Taylor MM (1894/1897-?) - MM at Bellicourt on 30/9/1918 to 2/10/1918. Died sometime after 1960.
[15 Plt] Corporal Thomas Rawson (1889 - 1966) - Wounded in Action 26/3/1918 and invalided home. Died November 11th 1966
Sergeant Richard Quantrill MM (1892-?) - Later found work at the Civil Transport Office at Dar-as-Salaam in Tanganyika. Last recorded at said location in October 1920. Unsure when he died.
Corporal James Henry Harrop MM (1894-1944) - Won the MM at Bullecourt. Died May 30th or June 1st 1944
Lance Corporal Erle Russell Ewin (1896-1959) - Settled in Blayney after the war. Died April 22nd 1959
[HQ Plt] Signaller Arthur John Hopkins MM (1886-1945) - MM for Peronne, manning a field gun with Crank DCM. Died May 20th 1945
[HQ Plt] Private Clive Barberie (1899-1974) - Stretcher Bearer with 'D' Coy. Died 1974
Lance Corporal Albert Victor Stimson (1890-1979) - Lived in Cabramatta/Canley Vale in the interwar period. Died December 10th 1979
[HQ Plt?] Lance Corporal Albert Edward Lonsdale ‘Brickie’ Smith MM (1888-1964) - Recommended for a DCM at Peronne however got an MM instead for manning a Lewis Gun. Re-enlisted for the Second World War, retired to Bega. D Coy Machine Gun Section. Died December 8th 1964
[HQ Plt] Private Hector Allan Ingram (1891-1969) - Died November 14th 1969
Temporary Corporal John Charles Varcoe (1897-1986) - After the war he became a drover, breaking horses. Settled in Boggabri, NSW. Died September 18th 1986
[14 Plt] Lance Corporal Stewart Gideon McGlashan (1897-1964) - Found work as a carpenter after the war. Died June 5th 1964
Private John James Baker (1891-1971) - Postwar Timberworker. Died December 22nd 1971
Lance Corporal Eli Bramall (1889-1973) - Carpenter postwar; Died February 8th 1973
[13 Plt] Second Corporal Leonard Robert Fookes (1896-1949) - Wounded in April 1918 and transferred to Provosts. Died August 4th 1949
Private Alfred Abbiss (1882-1968) - Horse Driver. Enlisted for the Second World War. Died August 20th 1968
Lance Sergeant Arthur Lawrence Harrison (1893-1970) - Captured at Fromelles 19/7/1916. Died July 19th 1970
[13 Plt] Private John Robinson Wylie (1898-?) - Died after 1932
[HQ Plt?] Private Robert James Bassett (1880-1924) - Pioneer with D Coy. Died of War Injuries (Gassed) February 11th 1924
[14 Plt] Private Frederick Arthur Hollands (1899-1927) - Underaged. Died in 1927
Private Henry John Walter Phillips (1894-1962) - Died August 2nd 1962
[15 Plt] Private George James Fyvie (1891-1940) - Died September 29th 1940
Private William John Gillman (1896-1963) - Died March 11th 1963.
[16 Plt] Private James Stephen Johnson (1885-1947) - Died October 10th 1947
Lance Sergeant James William Haines MM (1890-1960) - MM for Morlancourt. Died August 31st 1960
Private Robert Sinclair Fitzsimmons (1899-1985) - Transferred to AMC. Served in the Second War. Died December 13th 1985
Sergeant Richard Leslie ‘Dick’ Callaghan DCM (1893-1937) - DCM for Bellicourt. Died October 30th 1937
Private James Alfred Amey (1896-1971) - Later transferred to the 3rd Battalion. Died July 18th 1971
[14 Plt] Private John Thomas Black (1891-?) - Untraceable.
[16 Plt] Private Herbert George Radford (1891-1962) - Served in the Second War in the 11th Garrison Battalion. Died July 1st 1962
Driver Frederick Francis Riley (1892-?) - Untraceable
Corporal Thomas Charles Akeroyd (1881-1942) - Died in 1942
Private John Bateman (1891-?) - Untraceable
Private Patrick O’Malley (1885-1938) - Died February 5th 1938
Lance Corporal William Keith ‘Bill’ Wilson (1895-1965) - Died May 20th 1965
[15 Plt] Private Jack Temp (1898-?) - Fate Unknown
[14 Plt] Lance Corporal James Denston (1890-1942) - Died October 5th 1942
Private Joseph Essex Hodges (1881-1958) - Died November 1st 1958
Private Harry George Walker (1885-1932) - Died in 1932
Private Alexander Wright (1881-?) - Untraceable
Lance Corporal Edward Clarence Skelley (1890-1950) - Charged with Manslaughter in 1909 (bail). Died January 4th 1950
Private Edward Wallace Waites (1894-1968) - Married in England in 1918. Died April 13th 1968
[15 Plt] Private William John Simmons (1876-?) - Tram Conductor and a Kiwi.
Corporal Henry James Rumbelow (1891-1979) - Died in 1979
Private Henry William ‘Bill’ Ough (1892-1973) - Died February 20th 1973
Sergeant John O’Driscoll (1881-?) - Died after 1935
[16 Plt] Lance Corporal Arthur Ernest Stonestreet (1896-1990) - Probably last surviving ‘D’ Company digger. Died March 22nd 1990
Corporal Claude William Harris (1899-?) - Died after 1960
Lance Corporal Robert Steele Miller (1881-?) - Died after 1924
Private Carl Magnus Thorston Synnerdahl (1893-1956) - Died March 16th 1956
[15 Plt] Private William Walter Jarman (1898-1950) - Died June 17th 1950
Private Cecil Henry Blane (1896-1928) - Died July 18th 1928
Lance Corporal Amos John Leslie Turner MM (1893-1981) - MM at Peronne manning a Lewis Gun whilst badly shot up. D Coy Machine Gun Section. Died May 23rd 1971
[15 Plt] Private Bernard Aloysius Daly (1897-1971) - Died March 17th 1971
Private James Donald Black MM, MiD (1892-?) - MM at Bellicourt. Second World War WO2; Pacific theatre and MiD. Died after 1946
[15 Plt] Corporal George Watson (1888-1935) - Died August 22nd 1935
Private Charles Melton (1868-1945) - Died October 5th 1945
[15 Plt] Private William Walmsley (1891-1963) - Died November 16th 1963
Private Harris Page (1891-1951) - Died March 12th 1951
Private James Henry Wigginton (1897-1944) - Died in 1944
Private Albert Victor Payne (1895-1932) - Invalided 1917. Died September 22nd 1932
Private Walter Sealy Joseph Welsh (1896-1978) - Invalided 1917. Died in 1978
Private Joseph Henry Goodman (1894-1970) - Died May 5th 1970
Private Harry Walker Rigby Knight (1892-1953) - A British-born soldier. Was in the Second War as CMF. Died August 18th 1953
[14 Plt] Private Joseph Owen Duffecy (1888-1956) - Died May 10th 1956
[HQ Plt] Private Sidney Francis Griffiths (1879-1958) - Company Runner. Died March 5th 1958
Private Frederick George Smith (1899-1956) - Died in 1956
[16 Plt] Sergeant Norman Leonard Mawson (1888-1949) - Commanded 16 Plt during Nov 1916. Invalided 1917. Died April 12th 1949
[16 Plt] Private Jack Bass (1895-?) - Died after 1945
[16 Plt] Private John Semple MM (1888-1953) - Died August 24th 1953
Private Michael Lennon (1875-1934) - Died September 18th 1934
Private Patrick Joseph O’Brien (1892-1964) - Died June 8th 1964
Private George Henry Kingsmill (1897-1974) - Later 5th MG Btn. Died May 19th 1974
[16 Plt] Lance Corporal Frank Weitzel (1886-1971) - Invalided 1918. Died September 21st 1971
[14 Plt] Private John Claude McGrogan (1896-1971) - Recommended for an MM at Peronne. Died June 6th 1971
Private Patrick Seymour Allan (1897-?) - Recommended for an MM at Peronne. Instead given CiC Congratulations card. D Coy Machine Gun Section. Possibly died 1978.
[HQ Plt] Corporal Henry Hubbert DCM (1883/1887-1958) - DCM for Polygon Wood. One of 'D' Coy's Stretcher Bearer. Died August 25th 1958
Private Oliver John Jones (1890-1958) - Died March 16th 1958
Private Charles Arthur Jones (1893-1955) - Invalided out after Bullecourt wounding. Died August 7th 1955
Private Claude Evans (1893-1972) - Later served in the Second World War at home. Died November 24th 1972
Private Forbes George White (1887-1958) - Later served in the Second War at home. Died June 16th 1958
Lance Sergeant Andrew Alfred Porter (1896-1977) - Died May 3rd 1977
[14 Plt] Lance Corporal Frederick Alfred Baber (1892-1959) - Died May 13th 1959
Private Joseph Taylor (1884-?) - Before enlisting he was a Miner. Died after 1920
Private Arthur George Whiteford (1884-1959) - Served in the Second War at home. Died October 9th 1959
[16 Plt] Private Thomas Arthur 'Art' White (1890-1971) - Died April 22nd 1971
Private Reginald Andrew Hamilton (1891-1935) - Died November 7th 1935
[16 Plt] Private George Thomas Ellison (1893-1924) - Died November 15th 1924
Lance Corporal Charles Joseph Roberts (1893-?) - Invalided 1917. Died after 1963
[14 Plt] Corporal Arthur Oxley Crassingham (1894-1980) - Commanded 6 Section of 14 Platoon at Fromelles. Died March 21st 1980
[HQ Plt] Private William Henry Haile (1894-1942) - Signaller, Coy HQ. Died July 28th 1942
Private Arthur Rupert Pike (1891-1934) - Court martialled twice over. Died November 19th 1934
Corporal James Sylvester Lewis McDonald (1891-1935) - Invalided 1918. Settled in Hornsby Died September 7th 1935
Private Nathaniel Thomas Wheatley (1893-1977) - Died January 30th 1977
Corporal Oscar William Smith DCM (1891-1967) - DCM for Peronne as a runner, later served in the Second War. Died July 31st 1967
[14 Plt] Private Daniel Michael Regan (1900-1968) - Born 1900 (Claimed 1897) Enlisted 1915 and discharged Underaged 1917. Died April 15th 1968
Private Stanley Alick Dalton (1894-1968) - Shell shocked. Died April 30th 1958
Sergeant Gilbert Alderton (1894-?) - Invalided 1918 after being wounded in May ‘18. Died after discharge.
Corporal Dougald Fittar Stanton (1889-1975) - Captured at Fromelles. Died September 1st 1975
Lance Corporal Thomas Kilroy (c.1890-?) - Untraced
Private Cecil Ernest Vircoe (1899-1966) - Died November 10th 1966.
[16 Plt] Private Raymond Lyness Cameron (1894-1967) - Original 1914 man [7LHR]. Died November 10th 1967
Honor Roll for ‘D’ Company
Burial party for those of the 53rd Battalion Killed in Action at Peronne on September 1st, 1918. Dated September 21st, 1918.
Note: This list is those who I have confirmed to have served in ‘D’ Company at one point or another.
Captain Charles Arblaster (OC Coy); Died of Wounds July 24th 1916 (PoW)
[16 Plt] Lieutenant Roy Anslow (OC 16Plt); Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[15 Plt] Lieutenant William Edward Noble (OC 15Plt); Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[14 Plt] Second Lieutenant Charles Edward Mudge (OC 14Plt); Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[16 Plt] Second Lieutenant Beresford Joseph Nelson (OC 16Plt); Killed in Action July 19th 1916
Second Lieutenant Albert Edward Cooper (Acting OC Coy); Killed in Action March 29th 1917
Coy Sgt Major Frederick William Loney; Killed in Action September 26th 1917
Sergeant Austral Hunter Burns; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[16 Plt] Sergeant William Stephen Taylor; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[13 Plt] Sergeant John William Camp; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[HQ Plt] Sergeant Jack Everard Burns Croker MM and Bar; Died of Illness October 14th 1918
Sergeant Charles Stevens Hill; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[14 Plt] Sergeant Roy Gordon Barrack; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[16 Plt] Corporal Wilfred James Rose; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[16 Plt] Corporal Archie Ferdinand Hayward; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
Corporal James Gilroy Wilcox; Killed in Action September 27th 1917
[15 Plt] Corporal Joseph Lahiff; Died of Illness/Wounds October 23rd 1918
Corporal John Beresford Bryson; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[15 Plt] Lance Corporal Harry Kelly; Killed in Action April 6th 1918
[14 Plt] Lance Corporal Peter Alexander Thompson; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[14 Plt] Lance Corporal John Frederick Keith Comb; Killed in Action March 1st 1918
[14 Plt] Lance Corporal Charles Thomas Clarke; Died of Wounds March 31st 1917
Lance Corporal William John Grove; Died of Wounds October 1st 1918
[16 Plt] Lance Corporal Clarence Lancelot Upton; Died of Wounds September 1st 1918
[16 Plt] Lance Corporal William Picken Barrie; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[14 Plt] Lance Corporal Joseph O’Rourke; Killed in Action October 20th 1917
[14 Plt] Private James Albert Ahern; Died of Wounds April 27th 1918
[16 Plt] Private William Maitland Douglas Masson; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[16 Plt] Private Henry Masson; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[14 Plt] Percy Gladstone Moate; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[16 Plt] Private Percy Edward Sowter; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[14 Plt] Private George Craig; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[14 Plt] Private Sylvester James Gollan; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
Private Hector Adams; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[13 Plt] Private James Edward Adams; Killed in Action March 29th 1917
Private David Roylstone Leslie Abbott; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[13 Plt] Private James Lawrence; Killed in Action September 27th 1917
Private Robert Henry Scott; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[16 Plt] Private Robert Thomas Logan; Killed in Action September 23rd 1917
Private Hector Francis Bowen Trevena; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
Private Harry Turner; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[14 Plt] Private Sidney Richard Pratt; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[14 Plt] Private Alfred Ernest Main; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
Private Arthur Turner; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[14 Plt] Private Stanley Johnson Mears; Killed in Action March 1st 1918
[14 Plt] Private George Roland James Hill; Killed in Action March 1st 1918
[13 Plt] Private Ralph Pendleton; Killed in Action March 1st 1918
Private Nicholas Mainger; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
Private William Bernard Tier (att. HQ Coy); Killed in Action December 20th 1916
Private James Youman; Killed in Action September 30th 1918
[14 Plt] Private Sydney Alexander Meloy; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
Private/Signaller John Victor Wright; Killed in Action September 26th 1917
Private Frederick William Alexander Smith; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[16 Plt] Private Thomas Henry Kidd; Killed in Action November 1st 1916
Private William Howard Birch; Killed in Action September 24th 1917
Private Claude George Coote; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[14 Plt] Private William Crossman; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[16 Plt] Private Norman Charles Edgely; Died of Wounds July 7th 1918
[15 Plt] Private Reginald Ignatius Edgeworth; Killed in Action October 20th 1917
[14 Plt] Private Eric Manning Baker; Killed in Action September 27th, 1917
Private Archibald Patrick Lannen; Killed in Action September 23rd 1917
[14 Plt] Private Charles Hollingshead Fryer; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[15 Plt] Private Fines Henry Godding; Killed in Action September 30th 1918
Private Frederick William Beech; Accidentally Killed September 12th 1918
Private John Henry Alfred Coe; Killed in Action March 29th 1917
Private Cecil Grant; Killed in Action March 29th 1917
[14 Plt] Private Patrick Joseph Carey; Killed in Action September 23rd 1917
Private Frederick Alonza Fuller; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[15 Plt] Private John Clarence Christie; Killed in Action April 6th 1918
Private Patrick Kelly; Captured 6/4/1918; Died September 6th 1918
[16 Plt] Private Charles George Ries; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[14 Plt] Private Bertram Stanley Grice; Died of Wounds October 2nd 1918
[16 Plt] Private William Hewit; Killed in Action September 23rd 1917
[14 Plt] Private Ernest William Bradley; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[14 Plt] Private Frederick Kafer; Died of Wounds September 1st 1918
[14 Plt] Private William Herbert Hilbourne; Died of Wounds September 26th 1917
[16 Plt] Private Joshua Ismay; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
Private Frank Hill; Killed in Action September 26th, 1917
Private Thomas Henry Kidd; Killed in Action November 1st 1916
Private Charles John Baker; Died of Influenza March 2nd 1919
Private Nicholas Mainger; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
Private William Wallace John Pruss; Killed in Action March 13th 1917
Private Cyril Herbert Read; Killed in Action January 2nd 1917
Private Ernest Wilkinson Ashton; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[16 Plt] Private Joseph Brough Littleton; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[HQ Plt] Private (Signaller) William Frederick Ingle; Killed in Action October 19th 1917
The Draft
This is the story of a group of seventy men who fought as Infantry in France during the First World War. Their experience is not exceptional, rather their journey echoes one that most young men had with the Infantry from 1916 onwards. They arrived together in France in early October 1916 as draft replacements, as most men after 1915 did, into a battle proven and bruised Infantry Battalion. My great uncle was amongst these 70 men. At War’s end some twenty-five months later less than a handful would remain. This is their story.
Most of the men came from the towns North of Manchester: Radcliffe, Oldham, Blackpool, Accrington, Burnley and such. A number came from further afield such as Durham, Birmingham, Stoke, Cardiff or the suburbs of Manchester itself. In the main they were Lancashire men. They were labourers, farmers, mill workers, printers, miners, clerks, butchers, a schoolteacher and a solitary glass polisher.
There is no comprehensive history for these men. I have used their medal roll to identify and confirm them as a group. Surviving service records, Unit war diaries, pension cards, newspaper archives, casualty reports and a variety of archive documents have been considered. There are still gaps. I have attempted to be factual and have tried to avoid any conjecture but in some cases I have made some reasonable assumptions.
Their shared experience began with Infantry training at Press Health in Shropshire. This was initially with the 21st Reserve Battalion of the Lancashire Fusiliers. Their journeys to basic training were mixed. In the main they appear to have been volunteers but a number comprised some of the first mobilised conscripts of the campaign. Those conscripted were sent direct to the 21st from civilian life.
Many others had volunteered in December 1915 under the Derby Scheme and were mobilised at Preston in May 1916 into the Royal Field Artillery (RFA). A handful of men from the Northeast of England were equally briefly in the RFA but found their Unit transferred to Preston alongside the others and into the 8th Reserve Battery, 2a Reserve Brigade. Other men found themselves conscripted into the RFA equally briefly. After a month or so all the RFA men were sent en-masse on the 17th of June to the Lancashire Fusiliers for Infantry training, at the time the Army needed more infantrymen than gunners so there was little choice or science involved.
For a few men, their journey was different. One man was a territorial solider who had finished his period of engagement but then was rapidly returned to the Colours via conscription. Other men had volunteered, but following unknown but not unusual delays were conscripted straight into the 21st.
They were not necessarily all together or in the same training platoons at Press Heath but they would have been going through training at the same time. When they arrived in Shropshire, the battles of 1914 and 1915 were long past. The pre-war regular army was largely gone, the originals very few and the impact of the Battles of the Somme from July 1916 would be being realised whilst they sweated through their four months of Infantry training in Shropshire.
A further administrative change occurred on the 1st of September towards the end of their course when the Army re-organised all the Infantry training units. The bespoke regimental system was deemed too inefficient and more generic Training Reserve Battalions (TRBs) would now be formed. Our men became part of the 72nd TRB. It’s likely they didn’t notice any difference.
Pte Tom Cunliffe 27561 from Blackburn almost didn’t get accepted at all as he was just 5ft tall. The Lancashire Fusiliers didn’t want him, but the Army insisted, and he stayed. Pte Robert Collier 27562 from Stockport kept going absent without leave with punishments of increasingly severity. He was absent for 24 days over five occasions. Why he kept receiving leave as he never seemed keen or able to return on time remains unknown. Both would be dead in less than a year. In fact, from surviving service records a theme of men being 24 or 48 hours late back from leave was quite common. They appear to have received pre deployment leave in the middle of September and many took advantage of an extra day or two with family before returning to face a minor punishment. No doubt it was deemed worth the small fine and confinement to barracks give what they knew was coming.
On Friday 6th October 1916, training complete, they left for France. On the Saturday they arrived at No 30 Infantry Base Depot (IBD) at Etaples. This was the wrong Depot for men joining the Lancashire Fusiliers but the recent reorganisations in the Army meant the rules were changing. At some point back in the UK it had been decided that these men were needed in the 1st Battalion East Lancashire Regiment and as such they would go to 30 IBD for kitting and preparation and not 23 IBD, the Lancashire Fusilier Depo
|
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https://www.londonremembers.com/subjects/sir-rupert-de-la-bere-kcvo-mp
|
en
|
Sir Rupert De la Bere, KCVO, MP
|
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[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
London Remembers is a website aiming to capture all memorials in London
|
en
|
https://d2kdkfqxnvpuu9.cloudfront.net/assets/favicon-83a7d3b05282993f5887becfe49ac862a5afe205a1b6cab9da2071be649422a7.ico
|
London Remembers
|
https://www.londonremembers.com/subjects/sir-rupert-de-la-bere-kcvo-mp/
|
Bernard Joseph Brown, CBE, JP
Person, Politics & Administration
Sir Thomas More
Person, Execution, Literature, Politics & Administration, Seriously Famous
Fela Kuti
Person, Music / songs, Politics & Administration, Nigeria
Lewisham District Board of Works
Group, Politics & Administration
|
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https://m.facebook.com/groups/520522518060261/posts/1139693766143130/
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en
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Facebook
|
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de
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https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yT/r/aGT3gskzWBf.ico
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0
| 4
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https://www.academia.edu/62831997/British_Infantry_Battalion_Commanders_in_the_First_World_War
|
en
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British Infantry Battalion Commanders in the First World War
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Peter Hodgkinson",
"independent.academia.edu"
] |
2021-12-01T00:00:00
|
British Infantry Battalion Commanders in the First World War
|
https://www.academia.edu/62831997/British_Infantry_Battalion_Commanders_in_the_First_World_War
|
At the beginning of the First World War junior officers for the volunteer ‘New Army’ units of the British Army were often recruited from outside of the traditional officer class, with local commanders being given considerable discretion in awarding commissions. This was the case with the 36th (Ulster) Division were many of the officers, along with the rank and file were recruited directly from the Ulster Volunteer Force. From 1916 a new system of officer selection was introduced with the creation of Officer Training Battalions. This paper looks at the experience of William Oswald who was commissioned into the 36th Division in 1914, was subsequently forced to resign his commission, served in the ranks, and was commissioned again in 1918. By examining his experience, it provides an insight into how the commissioning process worked in the early and later stages of the War.
This is a study of the development of the tactical and operational methods of the 12th Division of the British Expeditionary Force in France in the First World War. It seeks to explore the development of the tactical and operational practices of the 12th Division, and by extrapolation the BEF, during the course of the war. ‘Tactics’ and ‘operations’ (the latter is admittedly an anachronism) are ill-defined words, particularly in the case of the First World War. Exactly where the dividing line between tactics and operations lies is not of great importance: this study simply examines the way in which the 12th Division sought to achieve the objectives laid down for it by higher commands. This obviously removes from consideration matters in which the Division had no say, such as the debate over whether attacks should aim for a ‘breakthrough’, or ‘bite and hold’. Tactics and operations range from the use of individual weapons, such as hand grenades and rifles, by small groups of men, to the detailed plans of artillery bombardments and infantry formations drawn up for major offensives. This study does not attempt to give a narrative account of the service of the 12th Division during the First World War. Nor, for reasons of space, can it consider every offensive and defensive action made by the 12th Division. Analysis therefore focuses on the major battles of the Division. The focus is on offensive rather than defensive action, since the BEF was on the strategic and operational offensive for the majority of the war. In addition, the soldiers of the BEF trained primarily for offensive action. Space restrictions also mean that this study concentrates on the infantry and artillery of the 12th Division. It must, however, be observed that many other branches of the Division also played important parts in the preparation for, and the conduct of, the Division’s war service: for example, the pioneers, Royal Engineers, Royal Army Service Corps and Royal Army Medical Corps.
MICHAEL DUREY For the past thirty years historians have focused on examining the processes involved in turning the British Army into a war-winning force by the second half of 1918. The trajectory of the army's development as it discovered and implemented a successful combined arms strategy has sometimes been described as a 'learning curve'. This concept embraces much more than battlefield tactics and includes analysis of the development of military doctrine and training programmes; logistics; the use of new technology; and command and control at the higher echelons of the BEF (divisions, corps and armies). 1 The learning curve has had its critics and even some of those who accept its basic premise see it as more like a rollercoaster than a smooth upward curve. 2 All, however, acknowledge that the process accelerated with the Battle of the Somme, when the enormous quantities of military hardware essential for success-not just shells for the artillery but Lewis guns and trench mortars for the infantry, tanks and better aeroplanes for the RFC-became available and the "new" British Army underwent its first major trial in an offensive campaign on the continent. 3 Moreover, the full arsenal of military arms required to achieve battlefield success only arrived in the middle
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https://imsvintagephotos.com/products/sir-rupert-de-la-bere-vintage-photograph
|
en
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Sir Rupert de la Bere - Vintage Photograph
|
http://imsvintagephotos.com/cdn/shop/products/4987629-front.jpg?v=1710713959
|
http://imsvintagephotos.com/cdn/shop/products/4987629-front.jpg?v=1710713959
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[
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This is a study of Sir Rupert de la Bere, who is a Member of Parliament for South Worcestershire and an Alderman of the City of London for the Ward of Tower. The photograph was taken by FAYER and is copyrighted by Camera Press Ltd. This is a study of Sir Rupert de la Bere, who is a Member of Parliament for South Worces
|
en
|
//imsvintagephotos.com/cdn/shop/files/Logo_180x_89d8c5d6-4eaa-4717-92eb-95bdcd930ab7_96x96.png?v=1624381563
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IMS Vintage Photos
|
https://imsvintagephotos.com/products/sir-rupert-de-la-bere-vintage-photograph
|
This is a study of Sir Rupert de la Bere, who is a Member of Parliament for South Worcestershire and an Alderman of the City of London for the Ward of Tower. The photograph was taken by FAYER and is copyrighted by Camera Press Ltd. This is a study of Sir Rupert de la Bere, who is a Member of Parliament for South Worcestershire and an Alderman of the City of London for the Ward of Tower. The photograph was taken by FAYER and is copyrighted by Camera Press Ltd.
Click here to see more photos that was in the same folder from the archive
Click here to see more photos that have similar category
Dimensions: 11.9 x 17.1 cm
IMS SKU: SCAN-IMS-04987629/IMS-A14_Allmant-Bean-Berv_F
THIS IS THE ONLY AND LAST ITEM IN STOCK
All our press photos are LIMITED ARCHIVE ORIGINALS - they are the actual prints that were used by the newspapers, they are not reprints or digital prints produced by us. All the prints are at least 30 years old and up to 100 years old.
OWN A PIECE OF HISTORY
What you will buy from us has a true historical value and authenticity. These items are true artifacts and collectibles, a real unique piece of history. All these old photos have a story to tell and come from reliable sources. We get our prints directly from the press archives where they have been stored for up to a hundred years. These prints have never been accessible to the public before.
EACH PRINT IS UNIQUE AND HISTORIC
SEE the BACKSIDE OF the PHOTO - many times the image for sale will present stamps, dates, and other publication details - these marks attest to and increase the value of the press photos. Since the photos are old press photographs they may have scratches, lines, or other wears of time, which just underlines the authenticity and age of the photos. In the past, the photos were often parts of a series or were mass-produced by the archives. Nowadays, their number is decimated - many were destroyed by time, use, or natural disasters. Few were preserved and are nowadays carefully stored in our archives.
INVEST AND COLLECT
Press photos have been available to the public for just a few years, and similar to baseball cards, they have attracted investors and collectors. The value of original Press Photos prints has been steadily increasing in value and is expected to to continue doing so.
HELP US PRESERVE HISTORY
The IMS vintage photos project is unique in Europe. We help preserve and digitize old press archives, by allowing the public to buy the original prints for the first time. A unique chance to own a real piece of history. When you buy from us you help support the project or digitize and save these photos that might otherwise be lost forever.
IMPORTANT! WHEN BUYING PHOTOS FROM US:
All the original vintage images are sold without watermarks. The prints are all over 30 years old and have been in the storage of the newspapers for decades. We sell them in the same conditions they were given to us by the archives.
Learn more about our unique photographs by watching the video here below:
|
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https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C3443984
|
en
|
Sir Rupert De La Bere, Lord Mayor of London: proposed honour in connection with Lord...
|
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[
"government information",
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"national archives",
"public records",
"manuscripts",
"documents"
] | null |
[
"The National Archives"
] | null |
The official archive of the UK government. Our vision is to lead and transform information management, guarantee the survival of today's information for tomorrow and bring history to life for everyone.
|
en
|
/Content/images/favicon.png
| null |
This record has not been digitised and cannot be downloaded.
You can order records in advance to be ready for you when you visit Kew. You will need a reader's ticket to do this. Or, you can request a quotation for a copy to be sent to you.
|
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https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2018/9-march/news/uk/from-the-archive-roger-bannister-runs-to-save-england-s-historic-churches
|
en
|
From the archive: Roger Bannister runs to save England’s historic churches
|
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Sir Roger Bannister, the Olympic athlete, died on Saturday, aged 88. In the 1950s, he took part in a series of relays to raise money for the Historic Churches Preservation Trust. This report was published on the front page of the Church Times on 5 December, 1952
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https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2018/9-march/news/uk/from-the-archive-roger-bannister-runs-to-save-england-s-historic-churches
|
Athletes begin a ten years’ race to save England’s historic churches
The Historic Churches Preservation Trust appeal was inaugurated last Monday, when a relay of runners carried the first contributions from the Mansion House to St. Martin-in-the-Fields. The Archbishop of Canterbury was waiting to receive them.
The first runner was Mr. Hamilton Kerr, a Member of Parliament, who once represented Oxford in the half-mile. He received from the Lord. Mayor of London, Sir Rupert De la Bere, a red dispatch-box containing his gift. From the Mansion House the dispatchbox was taken to St. Mary-le-Bow, and then on to St. Paul’s Cathedral, St. Bride’s, Fleet-street, St. Dunstan-in-the-West, St. Clement Danes, and St. Mary-le-Strand. Gifts on behalf of each of these churches were placed in the box as it changed hands.
Handbells and hooters
Five of the seven runners had represented Great Britain in the Olympic Games, one — Mr. Vernon Morgan — as long ago as 1928. Mr. Alan Pennington, who ran from St. Dunstan’s, Fleetstreet, was given a musical welcome at St. Clement Danes. Canon John Douglas’s renowned handbell ringers from St. Michael Royal, Dowgate Hill, were there to receive him.
The last runner, Mr. Roger Bannister, who competed in the fifteen-hundred metres race at Helsinki this year, ran the whole length of the Strand. Bus drivers “hooted” their encouragement; office workers and Christmas shoppers stood on the kerb-side, as interested spectators of a novel inauguration.
At the service in St. Martin’s, the Archbishop of Canterbury said that year by year Churchpeople had raised very large sums to preserve their churches; probably once in every generation every parish in the country had had to carry through a major work of costly repair. Then in 1939 the whole of this unceasing process stopped dead, and the ravages of time, weather, beetle and rot increased.
Advertisement
In the year 1948 it became possible to restart on a general scale the work of repair, and it at once became clear that this was more than a local problem. A careful and exhaustive scrutiny by a first-class committee, set up by the Church Assembly, found that to retrieve the loss of the war years, to overcome arrears and to establish these historic churches in good repair would require, over a period of ten years, a sum of £4,000,000. This was over and above what the parishes were doing for themselves. There were eight thousand churches over four hundred years old. Presuming that of the total of sixteen thousand churches in the country, only ten thousand could be called “ historic,” four million pounds meant, on an average, a grant of only £400 to each one of these churches.
The Primate strongly asserted that the appeal deserved to be answered not only by individuals, but by every kind of body and institution which represented the national life.
Awaiting judgment of posterity
The Lord Chancellor (Lord Simmonds) said that if Churchpeople tailed now in their object, that failure would be disastrous. A heavy responsibility lay on them all. “We are not slow to express grief and indignation at the profane manner in which our churches were mutilated in the sixteenth and, even more, in the seventeenth centuries; we are apt to condemn, perhaps too hastily, some of the later restoration which has disfigured noble buildings. But there are sins of omission just as there are sins of commission. If we, by our present neglect, allowed historic churches to fall into irretrievable ruin, then it is we whom the judgment of posterity will rightly condemn.”
£136,068 for a start
The total so far received or promised is £136,068. The Pilgrim Trust has decided to give £100,000 to the Trust in ten annual instalments of £ 10,000 each.
All contributions to the appeal fund should be sent to the Secretary, Historic Churches Preservation Trust, Fulham Palace, London, S.W.6.
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https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/rupert-de-la-bere
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Sir Rupert De la Bere
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The Royal Academy of Arts, located in the heart of London, is a place where art is made, exhibited and debated.
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Correspondence relating to the portrait of Sir Rupert De la Bere
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Correspondence relating to the portrait of Sir Rupert De la Bere
File TOD/3/7/53
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380377
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Rupert de la Bère
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1953 LONDON Rupert De La BERE looks his daughter cutting the wedding cake *Photo
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Dear Customers, shipments will be suspended from August 30th to September 9th.
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Sir Cameron de la Bère, 2nd Bt.
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https://www.icj-cij.org/index.php/node/141860
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Volume II - Annexes
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INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
CASE CONCERNING ARMED
ACTIVITIES
ON THE TERRITORY
OFCONGO
DEMOCRA TIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
V.
UGANDA
COUNTER-MEMORIAL
SUBMITTED BY
THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA
VOLUME II
ANNEXES
21 APRIL 2001
VOLUME II
ANNEXES
INDEX OF ANNEXES
IN CHRONOLOGICAL OROER
1 7 Sept. 1990
Annex 1:
19 Aug. 1995
Annex 2:
31 Aug. 1995
Annex 3:
23 Mar. 1996
Annex 4:
24 Apr. 1996
Annex 5:
VOLUME II
Report on U ganda/Zaire Matters of Security
Concem to U ganda presented by Amama
Mbabazi, then Director General of the
President's Office, to the Adrninistrator
General, National Documentation Agency,
Zaire, 17 September 1990 ( obtained from
Chieftaincy ofMilitary Intelligence)
Minutes from Meeting of "Elders" of the West
Nile Bank Front Military High Command, 19
August 1995 ( obtained from Chieftaincy of
Military Intelligence)
Report of the Ugandan Delegation to the 2"d
Regional Border Meeting Between the
Districts of Kisoro, Kasese, Rukungiri,
Bundibugyo, Bushenyi and North-Kivu
Province (Zaïre) 28 - 31 August 95 Held at
Mbarara ( obtained from Chieftaincy of
Military Intelligence)
Letter From West Nile Bank Front Military
High Command to Major Motindo, Imbokolo,
Zaïre, 23 March 1996 ( obtained from
Chieftaincy ofMilitary Intelligence)
Report Regarding Enemy Attack on Kisoro
Detachment, 24 April 1996 ( obtained from
Chieftaincy ofMilitary Intelligence)
10 June 1996
Annex 6:
15 June 1996
Annex 7:
July 1996
Annex 8:
16 Sept. 1996
Annex 9:
20 Sept. 1996
Annex 10:
15 Oct. 1996
Annex 11:
2 July 1997
Annex 12:
13 Sept. 1997
Annex 13:
Situational Report from Resident District
Commissioner/Kisoro on Activities of Hajji
Muhammed Kabeba's Group in Zaïre, 10 June
1996 ( obtained from Chieftaincy of Military
Intelligence)
Operational Report Covering Period from 22
April 1996 Up to Date, 15 June 1996
( obtained from Chieftaincy of Military
Intelligence)
Human Rights Watch/Africa, Zaire: Forced to
Flee, Violence Against the Tutsis in Zaire,
Vol. 8, No. 2(A), July 1996
United Nations Economie and Social Council,
Report on the situation of human rights in
Zaire, prepared by the Special Rapporteur, Mr.
Robert Garret6n, in accordance with
Commission resolution 1996/77,
E/CN.4/1997/6/Add.l, 16 September 1996
Combat Analysis Report on WNBF in West
Nile, 20 September 1996 ( obtained from
Chieftaincy of Military Intelligence)
Minutes of District Security Situation Review
Meeting Held at Bunagana on 15 October,
1996 ( obtained from Chieftaincy of Military
Intelligence)
Report Regarding Threat Assessment in South
Western Districts Kisoro, Kabale and
Rukungiri, 2 July 1997 (obtained from
Chieftaincy of Military Intelligence)
Monthly Report for the Month of August 1997
Regarding General Security Situation in the
Area of Mbarara, 13 September 1997
( obtained from Chieftaincy of Military
Intelligence)
2
Oct. 1997
Annex 14:
Jan. 1998
Annex 15:
1998
Annex 16:
6 Feb. 1998
Annex 17:
13 Feb. 1998
Annex 18:
27 Apr. 1998
Annex 19:
27 June 1998
Annex 20:
9 Aug. 1998
Annex 21:
13 Aug. 1998
Annex 22:
Human Rights Watch/ Africa, The Democratic
Republic of the Congo: What Kabila is
Hiding, Vol. 9, No. 5(A), October 1997
Human Rights Watch, Wor/d Report 1998:
The Children 's Rights Project, J anuary 1998
Training Agreement between the Govemment
of the Republic of Uganda and the
Government of the Democratic Republic of
Congo for the Training in Public Order for the
Police of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Report Regarding Security/Military Situation
in Eastern Congo (27 January - 4 February
1998), 6 February 1998 ( obtained from
Chieftaincy ofMilitary Intelligence)
Situational Report, 13 February 1998
(obtained from Chieftaincy of Military
Intelligence)
Protocol dated 27 April 1998 Between the
Democratic Republic of Congo and Republic
of Uganda on Security Along the Common
Border
Report of Interrogation of Captured ADF
Rebel Fred Tukore, 27 June 1998 (obtained
from Chieftaincy ofMilitary Intelligence)
Statement by H.E. Y oweri Kaguta Museveni,
President of the Republic of Uganda, on
Background to the Situation in the Great
Lakes Region, 9 August 1998
Human Rights Watch Press Release, "HR W
Alarmed About Radio Broadcasts and the
Incitement of Ethnie Violence in the DRC,"
13 August 1998
3
21 Aug. 1998
Annex 23:
23 Aug. 1998
Annex 24:
3 Sept. 1998
Annex 25:
8 Sept. 1998
Annex 26:
11 Sept. 1998
Annex 27:
18 Oct. 1998
Annex 28:
20 Oct. 1998
Annex 29:
27 Oct. 1998
Annex 30:
Nov. 1998
Annex 31:
Letter dated 21 August 1998 from the
Embassy of the Republic of Uganda to the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Democratic
Republic of Congo
Communique of the Summit Meeting of the
SADC on the Democratic Republic of the
Congo, 23 August 1998
Amnesty International, Democratic Republic
of Congo: A Long-standing Crisis Spinning
out of Contrai, AFR 62/033/1998, 3
September 1998
Joint Communique of the Second Victoria
Falls Surnmit, 8 September 1998
Position of the High Command ofUganda on
the Presence of the UPDF in the DRC, 11
September 1998 (obtained from Chieftaincy of
Military Intelligence)
Communique of the East African Co-operation
Heads of State Summit on the Security
Situation in the Democratic Republic of
Congo, 18 October 1998
Press Statement by United States Department
of State regarding the Congo Conflict, 20
October 1998
Media Statement Issued by the Regional
Meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs and
Defence on the Situation in the Democratic
Republic of Congo Held in Lusaka, Zambia
from 26-27 October 1998
Uganda's Position on Issues of Peace and
Security in the Great Lakes Region, November
1998
4
16Dec.1998
Annex 32:
18 Dec. 1998
Annex 33:
1999
Annex 34:
16 Jan. 1999
Annex 35:
18 Jan. 1999
Annex 36:
Feb. 1999
Annex 37:
Mar. 1999
Annex 38:
1 Mar. 1999
Annex 39:
Letter dated 15 December 1998 from the
Permanent Representative of Uganda to the
United Nations Addressed to the President of
the Security Council, S/1998/1180, 16
December 1998
Letter dated 18 December 1998 from the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of
Uganda to the DRC Ministry of Foreign
Affairs
Jean-Claude Willame, L'Odyssée Kabila:
Trajectoire pour un Congo nouveau?
(Karthala Press, 1999), pp. 222-23
Communique of the Regional Meeting of
Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Defence on
the Situation in the Democratic Republic of
Congo held in Lusaka, Zambia from 14th to
16th January 1999
Press Release on Summit of Regional Leaders
on the Situation in the Democratic Republic of
the Congo, held in Windhoek, Namibia,
18 J anuary 1999
Human Rights Watch, Democratic Republic of
Congo: Casualties of War -- Civilians, Rule
of Law, and Democratic Freedoms, Vol. 11,
No. 01 (A), February 1999
Human Rights Watch, Background Paper on
Slavery and Slavery Redemption in the Sudan,
March 1999
Memorandum dated 1 March 1999 from
Colonel Henry Tumukunde to H.E. Y oweri
Museveni Regarding Kidnap of Foreign
Tourists in Bwindi ( obtained from
Chieftaincy ofMilitary Intelligence)
5
1 Mar. 1999
Annex 40:
10 Mar. 1999
Annex 41:
23 Mar. 1999
Annex 42:
17 Apr. 1999
Annex 43:
1 June 1999
Annex 44:
10 July 1999
Annex 45:
Rough Translations of Notes Left on Bodies of
Executed Hostages and Letter Sent with
Released Hostage, Bwindi Impenetrable
National Park, Uganda, 1 March 1999
( obtained from Chieftaincy of Military
Intelligence)
Report on Proceedings of the 1561
h Session of
the International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO) Council, Montreal, Canada, 10 March
1999
Statement by Hon. Amama Mbabazi to the
United Nations General Assembly, 95th
plenary meeting, A/53/PV.95, 23 March 1999
Press Statement on the Second Meeting of the
Committee on the Implementation of the
Ceasefire Agreement in the Democratic
Republic of Congo, held in Lusaka, Zambia,
from 16-17 April 1999
Joint Communique Issued by the Republic of
Uganda and the Democratic Republic of
Congo, 1 June 1999
Agreement for a Ceasefire in the Democratic
Republic of Congo ("Lusaka Agreement"),
S/1999/815, 10 July 1999
6
TCUCIUI, l'AOMIHISTU" ICAlll'AU.
Tcuno•cr SOll/1. OUA, OUJ. o,u a 4117'. • .. . .
'" Uf COll(S,ONOCWCC ON B l / 9 0
, .... I UIJICI '"'''' ouor, •o . ......................................... . TMC l(tUIUC Of UCAlfO•
17 SEPTEMBER 1990
The Administrator General
National Documentation Agency
Kinshasa
ZAIRE
Dear Sir
UCMANNEX
PRESIOEtffS OFFICE.
PARLIAMENTARY DUILOIHGS, .
P.O. ·BOX 7168 •
KAMPALA, UGANDA.
RF. : UGANDA/ZAIRE_MATTEflS_OF_SECURITY_fQ~f~~~-TO_UGANDA
I have the honour to present to you the attached detoiled repo~t
or ma~ters or security concern to Ugonda Government, in the
relationship between our two countries, as I promised in our
last meeting on 9 September 1990 .
!n order to consolidate the good neighbourliness betwecn our
two countries could you address the issues raised in this
report .
Wi th compliments, ·I remain,
Truly
AUAMA MBABAZI
DIRECTOR_GENERAL
~Q~~Q~L;AIRE_SECURITY_CONCERNS
1. -A-RM--ED- -A--TT-A-C-K-S- --IN-T-O- --U-G-A-N-D-A
Armed Zaireans have been attacking somc border areas in
Uganda; particularly nwenshama fishing villngc in
RukÙngiri district, committing robberies and terrorising
the masses there. Consequently, Ugandans have · lost the
following properties;
On 22.4.90 Mr. MUGISHA lost 45 fish-nets
24.5.90 36 fish nets were 1ost from Mr. DENON
NSHEMEREIRWE's boat No. K. 138.
23.6.90 30 fish nets were lost from Mr. DYAMUGISHA
KIJURA's lloat;
7.7 . 90
10.8.90
Mr. DAGASIIA who was on the boat, ·was kidnapped
to unknown destination and has not returned
since then.
Mr. JOHNSON DAGUMIRE lost boat No.K. 128 with
40 fish nets; Mr. MUGISHA ZEFERINO lost boat
NO . K. 112 with 50 rishncts .
Mrs. SSEMDEDA lost one boat cngine and 47
fish nets.
2. HARRASSMENT OF UGANDANS IN ZAIRE
i Zairean security officiels have been arrcsting,
detaining and torturing Ugandans, as evidenced by
the following incidents:
On 6.3.90 Mr. DAYANGA PETER, a businessman was
arrested in Zaire and released several
days later, after his money had bcen
stolcn by Zaircun sccurity officluls.
12.3.90 Sorne Ugandans who had crosscd to ISHASliA
market were harrassed by Zaire soldiers,
and one FRED KAPERE, a Ugandan ~aG arrested
and relensed after 20,000/= was extorted
from him.
6 . 6 . 90 Zaire authorities arrested 4 Uganda
officials who had crossed to ARIWALA
market. The Ugandans were released on
2.9 . 90 nfter being severely tortured.
They were:
MWAKA BERNARD, AUUKAL HARRAN, KAUO MAWANDA
and RWANYAKA-CWAMDA.
14.6.90 3 Ugandan businessmen were arrested in
ARU, Zaire and by early September 1990
they had not been released. · These were:
YASSIN DAUDI, SULEIMAN MOHAMMED and
ARAFATA TADAN.
22.7 . 90 At SONGO-LENDU londing shore, Zoire
soldiers kidnopped 4 Ugondons i~ O~INY
GODFREY, ODAGA GODFREY and Om/AIIG OZELE •
. . . . /2
2
ii Sorne Ugandans were killcd in Zaire, cg.
In early May 1990, Zairean authorities killed !~e
following Ugandans who had crossed to Zairc:
RUKYERA, RWASISHANA, MUGIRIMANA, TURYAMUREDA MUDAMBI,
NYANSIO, TUMURANZYE, KADOGO, KATEMDA AND μYftNDUSYA .
On 18.6.90 4 Ugandans were killed in Virunga National
Park of Zaire.
3. CAR_THEFTS
Armed thugs have been
crossing 1nto Zaire.
the border allow the
protection of Zaire.
stealing vehicles from U~a~da and'
Zaire security officiols along
robbers safe passage and give them
i Car_robberi_incidents
28.8.89 A Toyota Land Cruser No. UXU 981 belonging
to (Medicine San-Son Frontiers (MSF) was
stolen from Nebbi district and crossed to Zaïre.
19.9 . 89 A Motor vehicles No . UPA 703 Tata Lorry was
stolen from Ugonda by 7 ormed thugs who
crossed to Zaïre wïth it.
11.10.89 2 armed thugs robbed a motor vehicle No.
UWS 999 a Mercedes Denz, and crossed with it
to Zaire.
27.2.90 11 armed men led by ADINANI, a notorious
Ugandan car robber hiding in Zaïre, robbed
a Tata Lorry No. UPW 161, belonging to
Arua Cooperativc Transport Society and crpssed
with it to Zaïre.
ii Lack of cooperation from Zaire authorities in dealing
-w-i-th-- -c-a-r- -ro--b-b-e-r-s- ------------------------------------
On 25.5.90 Zaire authoritics rounded up the following
Ugandan car robbers based in Zaire:
ADINANI NASURU, ABDU MADHIVA, SHALA SHOLABA, FE~TO
AFETA , WILFRED AGOTA, ONHAMA FELIX, ABIMA KEMISI,
SHELEMAN.OBHITRE, SOSO KELE, and EDWARD SIMDA. When
the District Administrator, ARUA approached Zaïre
authorities in ARU, to secure extradition of these
thugs, Zairean military authorities demanded Ushs
2 million, as a bribe for them to release the criminals.
iii The following cors were stolen between 1907 and 1989
from UGANDA and crossed to Zaïre where they were
re-registered:
•• •• / 3
.. ,...
4 .
3
OLD_REG. _N·o. NEW_REG._NO ___ _
UXI 021 Mitshubis hi H.Z 9561
UWN 423 Mercedes Denz KN 7668 J
uxs 404 Toyota KN 7721 M
UXT 641 Toyota KN 0343 .M
Other Uganda vehicles in Zaire, bearing Zai~e Re~istration
Numbers are:
Reg ._No._ -M-a-k-e· - !Xe!:_
KN 5694 C Pajero
KN 9597 B ..
KN 0844 L Il
KN 8118 M Tata Lorry
KN 1380 K Fiat "
KN 7721 M Toyota Corolla
KN 9938 B Il "
KN 7969 M Isuzu Troopcr
KN 7520 J
KN 9556 M
KN 0386 N
NZ 9561 B Pajero
NZ 0307 C.": Toyota Corolle
NZ 0288 C Il Il
NZ 0258 " Pick up
NZ 0276 C Isuzû Trooper
NZ 5172 C "
NZ 9009 B
NZ 8164 M
NZ 0607 B
NZ 7752 D
NZ 0202 e Mercedes
Benz Car
NZ 0386 C Mini eus
NZ 3289 C Suzuki
-U-G-AN-D-A-N- --D-IS-S-I-D-E-N-T--S -...-I. N- --Z-A-IR-E- . ~ ....
i Dissident_Groues ., .
à. NATIONAL MOVEMENT FOR LIBE~ATIO~- Ot U~ANDA (NMLU) .. -------------------------------------------------
Amon Bazira
Amos KAMBERE
Stephen BALUKU
Fenhnnzi BWAMBALE
... /4
BENI
Il ..
Il
'
Lt. Col. KASHIRINGI
Lt. MULIWABYO JULIAN
Lt •. MUSANGE TOM
Dr. KIHANDI
Maj. Gen •. Isaac LUMAGO
Brig. Dusman SADUNI
Brig. Isaac MALIYAMUNGU
Brig. ·TABAN LIPAYI
Col. Elly HASSAN
Maj. GALA
Maj. ~UMA AYIGA
Capt. Ali MUSA
Capt. ARIBAKU
Lt. ADUDU
Lt. YASIN
SHADAN AYOO
c. NINTH OCTODER MOVEMENT (NOM)
Lt. col. ATIIOCON
Capt. ONEN
Capt. OKECHA
Capt. OPETU
ABEL SIMBA
ABDU MECHO
DENI
KIKURA
Il
LUME TRADING CENTRE
MDOKORO
ALIWARA
ALIWARA
MAIIAGI
Il
Il
Il
Il
DJEGU
~2~~!~!~ Most of these dissidents had been arrested by
Zaire authorities but were later released.
d. -SA--N-C-T-U-A-R-I-E-S- -O-F --A-N-T-I--U-G-A-N-D-A-- -D-I-SS-I-D-E-N--T-S- -IN-- -Z-A-IR--E
MUMBILI
BAFASENDO
YAMBAYO
OMBOKE
LUME
KIBATA
Bunia
Beni Zone
in Rwenzori Mountains
in Ituri Forest
e. -C-O-L-L-A-B-O-R-A-T-IO-N- --B-E-T-~-EE-N-- -T-H-E --D-I-S-S-ID-E-N--T-S- -A-N-D --Z-A-IR-E-A-N-- -A-U-T-H-O-R-IT-Y- -
On 1.6.90, Uganda dissidents held a meeting a MUTAWA
military barracks ctüïir~~-:by·:a Zairëërt, Maj·;.:.TAMBWE.
Among the Uganda rebeli who attended were: ·
FRED MUKASA, HAJI TIBAHA, llaji JUMA, Drig. DUSMAN, SADUNI
and Cap t. ABDULHAI. Th~ë'!::iiiè"'ét:ing~''w·és-.-~è:'àl1·ëdïx.i,tO discuss ·:::;fil!
a strategy for fighting · tin1,f'lrG·ovëfr-ninent; •
• • • / 5
5
f. -M-E-E-T-IN-G--S --O-F --U-G-AN-D-A-N- --D-IS-S-I-D-E-N-T--S- -IN-- -Z-A-IR--EOn
1.6 . 90 Ugandan rebels belonging to FUNA, held a
meeting at EMBOKOLO chaired by Lt. Col. AODULLATIFF
and attended by among others Brig. DUSMAN SADUNI,
Maj. Gen. ISAAC LUMAGO.
On 21.6.90 rebels held a aeeting at Embokqlo choired
by Capt . OKWERA and attended by among othcrs Lt. ~LI
CHAKU.
g. ATTACKS_BY UGANDAN_DISSIDENTS_BASED_IN_ZAIRE_
i On 23.4.90 about 60 rebels attacked NRA at NdanduKisinge
sub-county. The rebels who sustained
serious casualties, were taken to Nyakûndi in
Zaire for treatment.
ii In early July, 1990, some Ugandan rebels under the
command of ADINANI, NSIMDA and MADIRA fired at an
NRA Post located at Gombe - Koboko county, Arua
District. · This group was arrested in Zoire. Uganda
government demanded their extradition but Zaire .
authoritics refused to extradite them.
iii On 18.7.90 4 armed thugs fired et NRA .'troops at
ADRAMACAKU along the Uganda/Zairc border after
which the group withdrew inside Zaire.
iv On 11.8.90, 20 armed rebels of Daziro's group
attacked Kilembe Mines and shot 2 guards and ottempted
to blow up electricity substations at Dugoye.
5. ~!Q~~!!Q~_OF_UGANDA'S_AIR_SPACE_AND TERRITORIAL_DORDERS
i On 2.4.90, a helicopter from Zaire ille~ally entered
Uganda and hovered over Rwenshama fishing village
before returning to Zaire.
ii On l l.4.90 armed Zairean soldiers entered Uganda via
Dusunga, Dunyanguge, Kikora and Kisiri in Dundibugyo.
• 1 ~ UCMANNEX ;
...
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'
UCMANNEX3
•2ND. REGIONAL :BORDER MEEil'INO .l}El't·TEEN THE DISTRICTS OF .. ~asoao,KAS~E. ROOJNOIRI1;:
BUND:Ùll,1JtO,BUSHEllY I AND 1roJiTH-KIVU PROVINCE(ZAIRE) 26°' _: 31 AUG 95'"HELD AT MBARARA
REPORT PRESENTED BY UGA1'DAN DELEGATION
; 0·i1ow~. .. g ,the Uganda.}za.ire border meatings of Rukungiri , (Jan 92) Kasese1 (Sep 92)
and tha.t of Goma(Apr 95) respectively, several issues remained untackled. In due
regardl the Uganda delegation for the 2nd border meeting presents the following
issues that it feels can be solved by such meeting.
(1) SECURITY POLITICAL
r
A. J.CTS OF PROVOCATION BY ZAIREAN OOVERfil.IENT
13. lIARRA.SMENT OF UGANDAN CITIZENS
c. ROBBEIIY
D. VIOLATION' OF U~TDAN AIRSP ~Ç~.
E 'l'ICLATION OF lJll,UGRATION ·LAWS
(2) ECONOMIC
A.. !30RDER TRAira
13. ESTABLISBlOE?IT OF COMMIDIICATION LINK BET\~f 'MORTH.X:tVU AND UClANlM :BY ROAD
(TRANSPORT)
Ct CUSTOMS
D. TOURISM
E. FISBERIES
(3) SOCIAL
A. FAILURE OF THE ZAIREAll CONSULATE (KASESE) TO MEET ITS FINAllCILA 8BLIGATI0N
B • UGAND}Jl PROPEilTI~ IN ZAIRE
C • REFUm1E3 ( UGAJTDANS)
D. CUALTURAL EXHAUGES
(4) A.O.B
SECURITY /POLITICAL
ACTS OF PROVOCATION BY ZAIREAll OOVER?1?,OEllT
U~anda Àa.s noted wi th çeat concel"n that acta of .11ggression euch as 12obilisa.tion
!r·-a.in1ng .u,O: a.l.'1... ..: 6 01: ugC.:. ....... :.:·. . i.11:1.1.8 are being carrieci ourfrom· Zaîre-.-.. . . . .... .. . . . . .. .... .. ........... . .
Caes in point
(iJ.. :.~ -feh 1995, Ha.mis Kai~;u.1 \ de:.ôfe!-:àffd~ewn:.o·aïëi-.iâl~:.:-:lorl:ier· ~~.!!~! .. ~f_lfi"~ : ~·~:i;t .. ': .·
~;r..g ~)~o.lD.a .· c~p. qroia.sed f ol'l:l . Z l i~.~.:.:.~!l:~ .~T~~l'î·gTÔùp'.:îri ""Busêrùléa-Hoima~ i : · · · ,.
Ugârida,"' On .cap+.ure, they i111pl:1 01,1.ted ..tliEh~s...Goyç~~~·· - · · · · .. ··:.
:O..I l~~.!L~~g~ei>{ •i ·~;---·, -gd,'ir1niic_1c.·_1,_;jii . ïf,h °l$5M}ièW@~
Za±T · · ~ - · allies .. e"&h Jiiobi11ë1..n recriïitin "·and r .. · · ·
and eoldiors o the defunct U da amy UA and UNLA : ~om- ref:ugeë · 5)ÎUl1J!S • in N .~.JIJ.lll'
Zaire _1nto est Ni e Brl.nk Front WllBF U~~d .. rebel· or~sation of T,t Col J'~a Oris•
1\ - . ,...
These-,ma..- ·recru1. ts ·anâ. -otliers "i".ooiHsed. lrom ll .We~tem Ugaii'da ·cross into Suda.n
thro~ DIOOKOI.0 (MIDKOI.O) 2l~d BlzÏ.'"1 · . ~ : • • • # •
(iii) · Fui:therto (ii) ·abo ,1e, · tf?.in~d.\1est .une ~ rebels leave the Suda.n?,and E_:1ter
Zaire thrn~ ·Eaazi. and go tè t'ough Mbokolo, Oo>4be and Aruu and enter irito..,Ugar.:la
with anti-tank 111ines thro~h c;ur West~rn borde; 'with· Za.ire. These mines have b~/ en ..
~la."lted on ~oad.a ins~de A.rua ~.istriot in·'·Ujfdl1d&~ · Sof'ar there bave been eeven :
incidences in such mine explosions destroyir.g vehicles, killed and injured a number
of innocent civilians.
(iv) Rebel ~ nf ~-Tn <>+ uu ~ n~ .. ·. "
. :~
·tJIJilding with an RPG in Koboko town. The rebela retreated into Zaire while f'iring
• several rounds. ·
(v) On 19 May 95 l"ür Uga:!dan rebels ente:~-~Jd Ui:anda from 'Bunia and\.tt'bked Pa.id.ha
Uganda ColllJllercial ·Bar.k• The attackors had intended to rob paidha UCB b'rallch. 03 of the
attaokers were however k.illed and 0) rifles captured from them. The fourt~ esoaped
and entered Zaire""à'1>istol. Two Uganda policerner. were injured in the attack.
" (vi) on 09 Aug 95' Za,i.raan troops crossed into Uganda and seriouàl;r woF.ded Sefuroza
Mbalnbu a refugeé wo~an from Dulyata village., Bunya.ngw.e pari.ah borde.dng Zail'.8•-~
(Vii) On 04 Oct 94 a mortar shell vas fired into Uganda by FAZ at 1Cab1dyiri near
Mpondwe border post.
(viii) On o8 Mar 95 FAZ conducted a milita.ry exercise at Kyeshero/Butogota near
Uganda bo~der, an act that ca.used a lot of panic to the local Ugandans at the border.
(ix) mn April 95 one ASUMAN KIHATlfE a suspected Zairean Intelligence agent/sm:P waa
arrested at !3utogota.
(x) On 18 Feb 95 à Zairoan '1ad,y called Shtùcala Kateike suspected of espionage was
arrested at t,tpondwe whil.e in possession of a hand grena.d,>e
(xi) On 10 Jun 95 a Zairean Captaiu armed wi th a pi stol crossed into Uganda at
13usunga customs.
(xii) On 1,3 Jun 95 a Zairea.n Captain of Kasindi a.ru.y unit croased :tnto Ugaada and
threatened the 21/c 21 Bn of possibly launching an attack aga1.n$t Ugandâ. ~s f'ollowe
the death of a Zairean businesSIIBll , one Baluloe who had been killed oeij 10 Jun 1995,
300 meters inside Zn.ire.
(xiii) On 11 Jul 95 throe à.rmed Zaireans orossed into Uganda and murderect onè Balabiri
and Christopher Mbony-. in Oisld ta village, Nyarusiza sub county· K!ëèirÔ district~ ,,. .. . -...J
(xiV ~ On 19 Aug 95 a Uga.ndan by the narnes of.:", ulius Tembo was shot inside Zaire for
unlo1o'Wl1 reasons and ia curreutly imd~r!:oing treatment.
{;cv) Zaire continues to harbour Ugandan rebel commandera who launch attacks on
Ûganda from Zél.irean territory. ·
~'or example ~-
( 1) Hosea Muh.indo
(2) Maj Gen Lumago
(.3) Lt Col Kisule
(4) Comd Denis Lukale
(5) Amos Kambere
(6) Haji Kabeba
(7) Lt Col .,..bdalntiff'
(a) Ng.!iClc~o
(9) Lt Col Athochon and. oth.!re
~·:- ·--m.. '•U U.$!,!'ZFIT--OJ.t' tiGt,XDAl.- ~ITIZN?lS: . ·- -
Jl~~~G.;..9.~.0~l'l!!lO.~~~.~~,P-f>~:~-~ -·~:l'~ .. ~.~-I.~o:;.&4in.,q)f.,;,:i4~rd·~111.~i:it:,·~.oab)n,_of,•.monoy -and ..
,.co'n!~.;c_?-~~~eir tr~y~!._~ocllll!ent9 ~ .=.• x as~:lili - and j3J1rnaD&{abo roadblo'*:a.. · · ·
-~ ~ · · 'ROB3:::RY ·
On 21 Jul 95 four heads of cattle belongi.ng to John Sendege of Oaaovu, l1jtarU.Siza in
Kisoro-Ugru1da ..rere ro~".1:!~ a!lè. talc ,n to Z_air~ by Zaircnns. In the process of this .
robbery tï·:o bullet.s we:,:o shot in Casovu, lly!"'1'Usiza sub co~ in Kisoro by the robbers ,
D VIOLATION' OF UOAlIDA AD 3PACE
(i) In tha à.f't.,rnoon of 21 Feb 95 ir. K sese, three Zairean military aircrafts over
flew areas of .:{itoma, BwerJ a."ld nakinyunb·. in Ugd.llda and flew back to Zaire.
~i) In Jul 95 a Zairea.11 aircraft over(ew Iéisoro in Uganda and back to Zaire. ~. VIO!.A.TI01i OF IM~UGRATIOU LAWS
Cases of ille;i:ê>l e .. trv i nt.o l'.n»..to "'" '1~J. -- .. . ..
2.
A•
l3.
ECC>?:Of.tIC
l3order trade
Uga.nda notes With concc11, that whenever there have been incindences of~se1urit.
nature, Zairaan autho~ilies have ove: reacted at times closing the border.This
has often bd t~Ôlo~ of Ka.sindi, Mpondwe and .Dunagar.a markets cauaing
Ul'.neces~a.ry sufrering to the border citizens.
CO?oi!,!t.DITCATIOU LilOC
Border tensionu have mrui.y times interfered wi th inter-cow.try communioatio· •
FJ;-ee movements should bo encouraged as it helps in clearing unnecessar,y
suspicionu. ·
C. CUSTOMS
D. TOURISM
The encroachcent Wn li!gahinga. l:ationcl Park !>y Zaireans undermines the touriet.
ind.ustry which is a major !;Ource of income fo',!' Uganda..
E. FISHERIES
B.
~. ..
Violation of territorib-1 waters by Zairean fishermen have bJen noted especiall;
on lakes, Eduard and Albert.
SOCIAL
The Zairean Consulate in Xasose has for the last two years not made its
~ c.v..r • finanoial o:>ligations e.g house rent • This aot i1:1 likely to ~the ensting
good relations: l1i th the local population.
Uganda property in ~ire.
- 3ome robbed/stolen vehicles and motorcycles from Uganda are in Zaire. Motor
vehicle ret:."is'trii-tion number UXU 442 (Land Cruiser) belong:ing to J..rua Dioeese
is cur1·entl:r being dri ven by an immigration off'icer at Bunya and motorcycle
UM 1460 belo11ging to tho Uganda medical departmcnt is also seen in Bunya.
C. UG:J.:DAN REr•'UOEES IN ZAIRE
· volunta.ry repairiation of Ugandan ref'ugees should be encouraged.
D. CULTURAL EX~
ExcàOJ1gc in !., .. ort:...,111u:.;ic w1tl. otlwr iï~]dlshould be encouragad.
4• A.C.B
25.5.95 nr Okia Hare1in0,tone - 57 yrs driver of u.c.T.U assaulted and robbed of
80,000/. at Humang~bo
25.5.95 Mr Julius Bakumba aged 42 yrs driver of u.c.T.U UWS 818, assaulted and
robbed of 50 litres of dieael ~d spare tyre.
26. 5. 95 Mr Siraje Zari b.rende 52 yrs a ss·aul te-d and ro bbed of , 35 and 25 litres
of diesol.
Il
"
Mr Santo .Bakahebwa aged 40 yrs assaulted and robbed ~f , 35 and 25 litre
diesel.
b1z- KS.:<:ooza Joseph 8.89d 72 yrs robbed of 15,000/. and 25 litres ot diesel ..
UCMANNEX
·--......
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·. ! .
. . '
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'l'Os 2 DIV .CO KD
l'MI 2 I1IV I.0
SUBI Rl • ~AJZ. OR XISOBO DWITACll
CI3, CX>J'lFIDEtiTIAL
lX>RI 24•04..9o
Tut
UCMANNEX
HQ 2 INF' DIVISION
PO GOX 1559
.\ IHARARA
Tel : 20180, 21409 214 J 6
Fnx: 20150
1. en 22.oï;.9.6' ~cl:-:'0600!·'~ ah' anèaY r~ h.ttaok~ 'â· 1dètt~ o'f· 2·5 :aâtta!ion
1n Kiao;n:,. The sa.id' 'W , : a· 1i· lt>oat'e4 ::in' XS.Boici -~ b'n'· dbamkà1 xo~· ~ an~ i. -· ~ ~ të poeetnt~~*·tia1{~i~er~~·U,.pri ·" '·~'-i,j:'~tiie ·c,J;,_, ~':
püsoei· ~ Op~t'.9,··ilie ~ (~~Ji;\lb. th~ ~ . '. · ~èn:~.'.:;::·~· ~ ~ ~tü ~~ ~ ai'te~• k.Ulinë ·m ·io'l.#î~· .. . . \r'.~'. ~ng ~ iie~sé:, L-~ -~1 ~: ~ -~
were tclteh oût '01: the etoiè"ài:ia put out id.\ie-.:·!~ \ie're' !nÎnèdiateti' hànded out '.to . ,
~hoir· C9ll~·~es V~ ;tiad; ~~ un~e~ whilê; 'th~-·~:va~ ~~aei: ZIIOW.d -~~.~_. .
ers·t,btel' lienr the 'ctaf8llee1 !'1fi'th one -~ aoldJ.er :(eap~vel and oommand.eered en lf(X)
I,and Cruise~· f'rom 'a. ~hite' couple. rua''wü :the "vahiëlé' 'ihtandad ià'r oarl:7:ins ·a.;ai. the
a:rm.s durin ~ thdrawal. T'.ais plan' "follëd.' tw'. thE> 'coàrnàh~er --~ -: . t exc:1 ted"''tmd ' . .
drove' the ·~ciJ.'o to· the. IDlddJ.e:~fi tovn '.m1ct'tri.e·d .~ oall~'paopÎ&~attd~·all( W th-·~
lt ~u.s durin th1s~ ~oki tliat~\~ râW~T'â:rr.t.véd:~sn~ ~ ·'the 'tin~ :, . .
otill' 1.n tho8
~ ld.llibg '(J7 or tliea'- lilblûalhâlj4'. rebei' ~~miderai The veblÔl.e . .
whioh' had. ba91'.i ·~re'd' wa.e int~'d! ~ the 'èlaf'.Giioii ~ ëhof a.t/ ground.ed sa '
the raboi'o' usillg 1 t " wero' also Jdlled' ü;î ,tlle prooff,'a';.i ! • . 1.1•• .
1
t : t • • • • • : • : ~ ., •. • i :
2. 'I'he en · ' · · · acoordlhg \o' 1h'.to'rmàt1ori':i\W~~ ·l111~ 'rebel:s' ·:t.ntor.t'-· 1
osat~d s'el)e.n~~, ho~ :lllO.H, th'.an'.· ·2ëf ~C,.! :~ :1i.f~t.r.t~:e:/,~~!~se' tiren~~ b:4,
anti-tànk ~a,·. 07 st1clc ·'grenades ahd e.'bouit" ~ i-otmda· ~ imino. • Th97 ·a1eo bd. ' ·
oewral panaas.' 1or food they oarned roaated oasoovâ ai.la '«fnuts.' !r2>.e;r wore -a.reoo'ed . :
in civ:Uiah ofc:rthoa.· . : .
·· ·· t
1
4- Alf ALYS:tS
oJole, '!'ha rabels were~o· suooeed 1i1 d1so.rganiaing the ·dettsch :due -io" the tolloidhg
..-.. ... :...:..._. , ... , ~-'did tü.;)~;;",,.;-,' Heov tèr knov iiha'i: our ilien vm \u.·881'me·d. foe- 'im' ' ·-·-•- \""I -~ _.. .JS ·..:...L _I; . . . . . . . onsnii:Jg u-a.i.ning exorcise' and tbat the ~ liai-e' "iri· tli:a ~ .. ~ .
(b) Th4 ,i~\y' routine" ,nia "cttuii'ed'. ~cl 'aÏl lbbpb'ol){ât~'oited'..1
~;. .
(o) 'l'hq khw th:Àt ~orcoment·a; f':ram icabal.ë~ voul.i! "'tak:e' not "iatui •thazi··-·
OJ hours "i!htoli l ,a enotigh time tô break lnto store·e.• "steal amo and ·cross
back to %aj.1'9. . ,
(b) The ooimty Chi.et• s Offioe· 1à rigb.t in the d.tJrénoe· béoause the barlÎ,
acks is in tlio Chiala Bl."GM\ ~ote 'thà.t' the Cbiet"·iètohtim.ies' to· lioiic hitri,. reGieve vi'sitors,; ta:q,~~ \t·o.' The &A11··~ ·\ ·a1 n'en' 'to' the office
bloak or th.o Chle.t.· 'I'he abow faot~·-~ ·: ü \b"' tlie 'a~e ·ohb.rt~"' of
land. in nsoro and Xabnl.(i ar..& a 'so rel~\'ion· ~ ~ 'Wan'o'e: elsavhèN .·
is va~ ù.im'aul t ·. , .
OBS'ERV'A'l'IOmJ ._
'l'hs eneoe_r·must havé ahar~~•bcnit· 1s ~ ~ "lli'e ~ l>eoatiee
llhat thoy bad planned. 't<>' load. on· th9 vehiclê Yais ·re~ anêl )àaàe:··w~ vbi.~ ha4 '
baen ·gt.ven' to: the ·~ed :rebel"b vëre· •omidohe'd.; ah1d. rècmre<f.1itatlie tollo1'1lia ~
out ~ the ll11~fe\ ·en·em;r gro,i;>;· 'tha:1:· at~acloeèt rii vire· ;,\!, l'e;! o1i~ 8~~ i.liol~ ~e~ · ... '
avera11~ Oêxrzmandarhl~ea $oeA, oe ~ tca:,tüNa· Çi:i ..,e ~ ~& !total' 1, .. ~wmr ~'
liaji !(ababà 'irJ.11 contiÏllle··to· plan" cle'atabi.11·a:auoh~. '"t • a lata:r :as.th'.,... slio~d 'bë: l'lOted
that Zaire· tJovt ':fo'roslj' airs ittvolYéd· 't~iim' ·no~ ~~~.! 'l'he:re~ 1-f~!zië~ t, ~ •
f?o~e.tlon~·idth VN!P ot Oria.~): num~Tc;t. ~ · ~ ·~ ·al.ms li~ '-~ .
1n aatnhmu ana ~ ' hrea' àre ~~~W\li~,.~ 1i. " )éd' tilA. ~ ·~·
X:akeli~i 'b0ing" "àn etmil'o~ltÙhlltü 'n 'th 'oloa1{èônne\iùo1i' ~~. tomë·i~dëe rûlorâ "en~.
CQOperation· 'ot the interahàmiio' w~ 1oe· lia'.à asiJUl'K o~ .1~i: to~ illl' Msi·a' 1n·· ~
'Ogand& and lbmr.dae' À: gU:llt prof'ife· 'Ôf lr:abebà 'e}._a biB ~ë1~·~~·é9'9 °Va8 sent 'to1
, '
you nth photoa· dato·d.· 17" Da·o 93· lléf' rmA./211!1/rrtr/AB titlo1d' "~tuatl.oh' Alb?lK Uganda-' ·
Zsire Bord.or".· ~ woro oopi'ed ·to' mr.. In oa.ae' tliia· ~'ro.f'1le' 'is' rù,t 't'nr.oe'nbl e i n: yov
reoo:ro.s, I otill ma.intaih' a :file! ot "llHW."•
- 2 !..
'.'1. ••
~ SUOOEST.Ieml 1
1. I. suggeet tbat the ex> 25 Bn, OC 1A' Coy 25 :Bn and. the OP'ro 25 lm abould 'be.
oap.ed to «:plain w~ all thoee ndatakas Vere ·oom.rnitt~ whloli re·oul:ted into ·aath ~t
our 07 solcllaro, 02 ooldiors Wives· and 01 child. They_ abould bear the re·aponsibiliV,
Of the loao of &mB and. othor conaoquemce'3 be~ thsro· la no· reason H~ (1 l>orde.r '
unit in a hostile eriviroalont 'alwtwl 'bé. d.i'sa.xmed 8op~n117 ·at' nieiit· 'on tho rrete:xt '
ot tra1nins• ·
2. I reque·st ·for a oon~~ ritto~ to _a.saist. m:e· :d.t~ ·re~à ·to f'u1.ly:
boost 'oe:/ n·otwoek both into.rnal' and. u:ternal. In oonslëteât tinanoeng bas ~tq
aurt~od izi;f_ capabill ty" to ~ - sevoral ·agent~' ·ot :the_ ~o :~m~~· ~. ~ )1re ~~
agents ·sent acro&B tha border néod ·substahtial finanêing oo flff.~ taâ:1.ng as .has
b&ên. =reneoted 1n· ri:i colleotio~ plarus-:~-rr m;f O!i"ioe ë;o\ùd ~V,~ ?_orex 'tunc1 •. , .
reinstateèt on regular be.sis,. it vould 80 along vat ib.' hëlpiM ~ planning.· Thia
.rogiozi hàa Dl8.cy' 'Willillg people' ahcl the 'Za,S.rois aaros~' 08 thq ·êc,'l.di'ON or oi Villan à
are sO corrupt that· ~ t:h mone.r aiq ïd.hd ot Wormo.tlbri '.oan be Jiérnab.'.\• Our 1o·w:· ~ . .
B.BGnts··c1er.tnete]i need ~"tatton' 1fhen taak.9d b'tt·~Wif· aa'oipen.t.. .. )tr boi-der . .•
pG1'90 , . ,. . ~.. a, f . . , , ... ', . \.L .• . . hilal iri' l3undi'titgyb r_âhâliiîtogot·. /;;taganc· . Chsnilda.'àha ~t1 ""z :Border) :
. co:i.sisterrt fundihg and X'81iabla ·bazl'sport . theii netwol:kaé' All these problema ·.
have been· preeentec1. ~~ ;t:ilne~ :tii tlie :rouow1ng ·èÔrreepohciérioës ë:1. ther to iou ' · -
oopied. to IIU ~ vi~'i '. :i ··
: .•..
(1) Cci~~~Î;àia11·~~et;"-Si0Rm" datri 2B/31')6' Rllt HQ/2l>IV/110 ·
(2) ·~:d.1a~nc1à~~ !è!a\e~~ ~~. ·tf~ 95· Retr 'IfQ/2llIV/m/10 •
,q ·i· :· . '.-;: .,l,.. . ~ ~ .. -L • • • ·· · - ~ •. , , .·• 1 : (3) tt . . 1!
1,
; .:~.\-~ :\ ·:: ·.05 Sc,p 7;; on :i.ru:11:traUop: ~ .a .in llB:01'0: br . ..
en ' • lti ::tliid' ~. ·r ~ ni'i..nbipall,T . ,. : 'ati~f 1 err.::, 'da r . . t ot· 2·1: 13n· . ···i.: ,."1:1 .... ,;. . . • ~ • r~ augge g P o:,men J
88 A 'l(bol9,~ tQ n~·;~!"\ 1 •
(4) ·eorre·apoh~~oe~ M~!-~/;4 Râf ~21Jri'/oe/TA 11 ..
In conCllueiOn, . !t ~. ~. ., -~~· ~.e d: 't~f! ~ .0\%1".Nn\' \ii:tuation· 1n thia .. '
region io' n'ot oo' mùàb: a· ~'iy bîl.itari· ,~bl'.~~ ïf èan 1)è· Jfuhdlôà "'tij inteïll' . ~ , .
aod thooe smalr lÇ'OupB rieutrall'eod 'WliU~ oür ï!o~o·erf shouiêl ndt relax 'ih' éiM' :;. a
b:i~r iriourmoh· • ... ' ' .
TELEPHONE:
UCMANNJ
OFFICE OF THE CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVE
KISORO DISTRICT,
IN ANY CORRESPONOENCE ON SEC/ 2
THIS SUBJECT PLEASE QUOTE NO . ........................ .
P.O. BOX 123, '
KISORO.
THC u uauc: o, UÇAHOA
11CONFIDENTIAL"
10th June, 1996.
H.E. The President of
the Repub;l.ic of Uganda,
P. O.Box · 7168,
Kampala.
Your Excellency,
RE: SITUATIONAL REPORT ON ACTIVITIES OF HAJJI MUHAMMED
KABEBA'S GROUP IN ZAIRE
1. . T~" Î'ëbèl:gn,~p .. ~f ·H;jj'i ' M~~ëd. Kâbeba- itï Zaire is
currnntly conqêntrâtlngl·o"n· rë·cn11 tllig péopie-'from ·,
• . ,,. •. , ·,.:_ • • •, -'•, : - • • • .... t ,:-.... 1,.:,· . .~ :..;,· •, .•. ... _; .,.. .. ~ ... , - . t:" .• ,
Ugarida espeèially'runong Muslims and Zaire especially
·among Rwandese rnïdiiêS'~oB mp's' ··of GATARE and KIBUMBA-•
. 'l'hey are prepar1n~ -for.·more. ·attacks On' Uganda ·
P.S~_eciallÏ :1n_ thè. !)ist~icts of _KIS_QRO' ~~ RÙ~G~ .• -.
2. They so far have three camps in Zaire namely;
(1) KINYANDONYI Training Camp with around two hundred and
fifty (250) trainess under the leadership of Hajji
RASHID, a Nubian and former Amin• s soldier. This Carap
is located 9 miles from Rutshuni to Ishasha ro1d. It
1s near BUSANZA side of Uganda.
. (·l >· !ülloei;;mt'~i.frOriâ:.~'.fôtiY~trrè'a:=-1im'. ·tramee s:;vμ ·~
....- -'~e~~li- §~~ i~·:m ·cK· - 0.:_@c--I-jfjô*-·"· ~'1~~~~;~ï-!1c~~1 u~,~o~· F\=ci:b~=~ ,m.__ ..... -~-- ~ i - • • • • - .. H.-. • • • •• • , ., ... ,--.,"f, :an;qaoe C ·e'f RJHQWGIR I D fats# ctr·~:-... , ~;:·. · - .. .. ....
~ · . .. -
111) NYAMI~MA - MUGOGO - KATWEIGURU area w~th ~round three
hundred and twenty (32~) traibe~~- ~t 1~ located hear
" .. ... --·-· .
Kab~ba:' s own home ~so tow~rds BUTOGOT~·I Th~ Camp is
near MUNYANGA lil.ll ·that overlooks Uganc1.a:.
1
./2
11 CONFIDENT IA L"
- ~ ..
3. The can~;1s are ail located ir(.areas wi th hills tr~it
overlook Uganda. These bills have been receded to
be used for positioning support weapons once they
start fighting U ganda.
4. bere:. is co-ordinatio~ among .. rebel groups .
';gâ1.nst Uganda in Zaire starti g ~rom the JUMA ORIS
group i.n . ARUA Ùp to KABEBA t s group near KISORO and . : .
RUKUNG_IRI. :Each gro~ bas been given its own area of
responsibili ty. Hajji Kâbéb'à."iS'"'l.ii'·'cbarge of ·. . ... .... . ., . . . ..... . ... .. . . ~ ... . . . . ... '"'\"'" ".·· . ,,. .
. ~-is~~~?_ 1 !i;ng KISQ.B.Q_~UJCt?NGplI using_ ZAIRE as ~~--
~ : -· . -·· ..
5. ~ H8:jji KA.BEBA~ s group is assisted by his sons who work
il'.l the ref'ugee camps• stores to get food and other
logistics. The three sons are:
(1) ALI MUJEMA
(11) MUSA BUKYAKYA
111) MAJIDU FIZII
However, be al,.so· has éioser ·_links witb .. th~ INT~~
Officers who ~ake jo'i~~- p_!_i!!!lJEg .. ~g~n_~~ .. μg~_a_ with h,im.- .
He .. 'is al.ways :at GATARE-Càmp1. the ·. headqùàrters· of;
. . . --~-........ , .... .... .... ~~n·"·~r· ··"·:""'i' • .•.•. · .. 1f'"-,; ~:-::.~. · ···: .;;·· •
INTE~_...:J..n . ZAtRE. ~ T_be __ FRENCH and SUDANESE are a:J;sè,_ ·
.involved iri. assistirig' tliésë~?rébé1 ''groups~ '~·
6. Recommendations:
. .
(i) Diplomatie pressure on Zaire for constant regional
meetings should be exerted.
(11) Refresher course for Local Defence Forces in Kisoro
should be organised after which they would be
deployed. ·At least money should be released for
training about 150 personnel.
SSIONER KISORO.
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UCMANNE:X
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH/AFRICA , ,
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE
DES .LIGUES DES DROITS DE L'HOMME
ZAIRE
FORCED TO FLEE
Violence Against the Tutsis in Zaïre
Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
iNTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
RECOMMENDATIONS ... .... .. .. ... . .. . .. . ... .. . ... . . ... ... ·. . . . . . • . . . . 4
To the International Community ................ '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
To the Govemment of Zaïre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 4
To the Govemment of Rwanda ........... : .......... . ............... 4
ORIGINS OF THE BANY ARW ANDA COMMUNITY IN ZAIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
SOURCES OF CONFLICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . 6
THE OUTBREAK OF VIOLENCE . . . . . • . . • • • . . • • • • • • . • • • • . • . • • • • • . • • . . . • • 8
GENOCIDE IN RWANDA AND ETHNIC CONFLICT IN ZAIRE . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 10
THE CURRENT CONFLICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 12
SENDING THE TUTSI "BACK TO RWANDA" ..•..• . • • •.. ........ .. ...... 15
A CAMPAIGN TO CREATE ETHNIC ENCLAVES ............ .. . . .... .. ... 19
COMPLICITY OF THE ZA1RIAN GOVERNMENT . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 21
THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 27
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH
485 FlFTH A VENUE
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE
DES LIGUES DES DROITS DE L'HOMME
17 PASSAGE DE LA MAIN D'OR
PARlS 750ll
TEL:(331)43552518
FAX:(331)43551880
NEW YORK, NY 10017-6104
TEL: (212) 972-8400
FAX: (212) 972-0905
E-MAIL: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
The reg ion of North Kivu in eastem Zaïre has been the site of recurrent interethnic violence since 1992, often
carried out with the complicity of Zairian regional and national leaders and the Zairian security forces. The explosion
of violence in 1993 pitted the mostly Zairian Tutsis and Hutus against other Zairian ethnié·groups in the region, but
the situation was exacerbated by the arrivai in Goma of some 720,000 largely Hutu refugees from Rwanda after the
genocide in July 1994.1 The influx of refugees served to reignite the ethnie violence and to break down the HutuTutsi
alliance, leading to attacks against the Tutsi population by both sides. The violence in North Kivu has left
hundreds dead, some 250,000 displaced and approximately 16,000 Tutsis forced to flee as refugees to Rwanda. The
goal of the attacks is to drive out rival ethnie groups and to create ethnicatly pure enclaves. ·
This"report focuses on the violence against Tutsis, which has been particularly severe since late 1995, and
escalated in 1996. Given the recent history of unresolved conflict in the region and the arms flows into the area that
accompanied the refugees, an esèalation of deadly violence in North Kivu was sadly predictable.
The conflict in North Kivu is complex and involves a series of shifting conflicts among the ethnie groups
and the refugee community. The conflict originally involved the Hutu and Tutsi ethnie groups, known as the
••aanyarwanda,'' who constitute nearly half of the population of North Kivu but have been largely excluded from
regional political office and administrative posts, against the Hund~ Nyanga, and Nandê ethnie groups (autochtones),
who consider themselves native to the region and have sought to protect their potitical power. Despite the long
history of the Banyarwanda in Zaïre, the other groups have accused them ofbeing foreign interlopers, exploiting local
populations and unworthy of citizenship and political power. Sorne Zairians feared that the Banyarwanda had
designs to take over North Kivu, which further increased the animosity toward them.
Beginning in March 1993, Hunde, Nyanga, and Nande militia groups called Mai-Mai or_ Bangirima,2 which
apparently had the support of local Zairian political officiais, began to attack the Banyârwânda popuiàtion in several
zones of North Kivu. ln response, the Hutu, who were the main targets of the attacks, formed their own militia.
Attacks and counterattacks by rival ethnie militia continued for nearly six months, leaving approximately 6,000 dead
and displacing an estimated 250,000. Through the action oflocal nongovemmental organizations (NGOs), churches,
and the intervention of the central Zairian govemment, which deployed elite troops in Masisi, a tenuous peace was
restored to the region in July 1993, and most people were able to retum to their home cÔmmunities. However, none
of the underlying political issues weie resolved, thus setting the stage for the resumption of violence.
TI1e genocide in neighl:ioring Rwanda in 1994 and the subsequent flight of mostly Hutu Rwandan refugees
into North Kivu fanned interethnic tensions in the region. The Rwandan refugees arrived in Zaire well-anned, and
they worked to politicize and organize the local Zairian Hutu population,joining together with Zairian Hutu to fonn
joint Interahamwe3 militia groups. The massive inflow of refugees augmented significantly the numeric advantage
1According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), in June 1996 there was a total of 1.1 million
Rwandan refugees in Zaire: 716,000 in Goma; 316,400 in Bukavu; and 71,800 in Uvira.
2The tenns "Bangirima" and "Mai-Mai" both refer to militia èomposed of groups that considered themselves autochthonous
to North Kivu. White the tenns are used to some extentintêrcliangeably bY. the population in the region, "Mai-Mai" generally
refcrs to Hunde and Nyanga militia in Masisi and Walikale, white "Bangirima" are Hunde, Nyanga, and Nande militia in Rutshuru
and Lubero.
• . .. •dl!f. • ' •• I •,-... JThe lnterahamwe, which means "those who attack togetlièr," was founded in Rwanda as the youth wing of the National
Rwandan Movement for Democracy and Developmënt (MRND), the party.of fonner President Juvenal Habyari~~~a'. Following
the introduction ofmultiparty politics in mid-1991, the Interahamwe gradually was fransfonned into a civilian militia.
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 2 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
of the Banyarwanda, increasing tensions between the Banyarwanda and other groups. In addition, genocide and
ethnie conflict in Rwanda led to a divide within the Banyarwanda community in Zaire between Hutu and Tutsi, a·nd
thousands of Tutsis in Zaire crossed over to Rwanda and Uganda in the months following the end of the genocide:
In late 1995; the level of violence in North Kivu intensified sharply, following several confrontations in
Masisi between Zairian soldiers and various militia groups. Attacks by rival Interahamwe and Mai-Mai/Bangirima
militia quickly spread throughout Masisi and Rutshuru Zones. In contrast to the 1993 conflict, Hutu have had an
upper hand in recent clashes, due to their abundant armaments and extensive militia organization, but Mai-Mai have
also succeeded in pushing Hutu out of certain areas, particularly in Walikate, Lubero, and Rutshuru. Tutsi, who have
not been involved in the militia, have been attacked by both Interahamwe and Mai-Mai, and ihousands have been
forced to flee into Rwanda. Violence by various militias in North Kivu has gradually intensified and spread into the
surrounding zones ofLubero and Walikate.
Zairian authorities have shown little interest in ending the violence. On the contrary, testimony from
witnesses interviewed by Human Rights Watch/Africa and the Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de
l'Homme (FIDH) researchers indicates complicity in the violence against Tutsi on the part of Zairian government
officiais and military personnel at the local, regional, and national levels. Witnesses report that local Zairian officiais
and soldiers participated in recent militia attacks against Tutsi, and there is ev.idence of official involvement in
attacks by Hutu and Hunde militia since the beginning of the conflict in 1993. National and regional politicians have
been unwilling to take steps that might hait the attacks, including publicly denouncing the abuses and supporting a
disciplined military presence in the region to protect civilians. The few soldiers and police stationed in the area have
themselves frequently profited from the situation, looting from the various sides and essentially selling their services
to the highest bidder, which has contributed to the climate of impunity. The regional governor fueled the conflict
in 1993 when he suggested that security forces would assist efforts by Nyanga and Hunde to "exterminate" the
Banyarwanda.
The international community has responded to the growing conflict in North Kivu with silence and
indifference. The poor handling of the refugee crisis exacerbated the simmering conflict in North Kivu, with
predictable consequences. Efforts by local and international NGOs to alert the international community about the
potential for renewed violence were ignored. In April 1996, even as killings were taking place on a daily basis and
thousands were being displaced, France announced a resumption ofbilateral aid to the Zairian government:' which
had been eut off in late 1991.
The conflict is also increasing tensions between the governments of Rwanda and Zaire, with each side
accusing the other of manipulating the refugee situation in their respective country and with both sides denying
citizenship to the Tutsi refugees. The Zairian government denies that the Tutsi refugees are Zairian, and
representatives of the government have gQne so far as to deny that Kinyarwanda is even spoken in Zaïre. The
Rwanda government contends that the refugees are Zairian citizens fleeing violence, and established a refugee camp
in Gisenyi, about a kilometer away from the border. Despite appeals by the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR) that the camp be moved away from the border, the govemment has refused. Clearly, the presence
of refugee camps so close to both side~ of the border poses serious security risks for the refugees and for their hast
countries. If the conflict continues to escalate, bath Zaire and the Great Lakes region in general cou Id face further
disastrous consequences.
4françois Raitberger, "Mobutu hails 'courageous; French Aid to Zaïre," Reuters, April 26, 1996.
Human Rights Watch(Africa and FIDH 3 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
RECOMMENDATIONS
To the International Community:
• · Hold the Zairian government accountable for the actions against the Tutsi population in North Kivu and other
attacks against civilians. The government must be urged to launch an immediate investigation into the
complicity of its military and civilian personnel in the attacks, and to prosecute those responsible.
• Encourage the peaceful and voluntary repatriation of Rwandan refugees from Zaire. The international
c-0mmunity should provide the means necessary to isolate the camps to prevent further infiltration of ex-FAR
and Rwandari Interahamwe into North Kivu. and to ensure that Zairian soldiers involved in abuses against
refugees be prosecuted.
• Pressure the Rwàndan govemment to improve its human rights record and to create a climate conducive to
the return ofRwandan refugees. Provide adequate support for the Rwandanjudicial system and urge the
R wandan government to begin free and fair trials for those accused of involvement-in the I 994 genocide,
so that refugees currently in Zaïre can be guaranteed just treatment upon their return to Rwanda.
• Monitor the conduct of Zairian forces involved in Operation Kimia toward the civilian population to ensure
that civilians from ail ethnie groups are protected and that ail militia are disarmed.
• Deploy international monitors at airports and border crossings in eastern Zaïre to enforce the UN arms
embargo against the formër Rwandan military and militia.
• Support the establishment of a UN commission of inquiry into the abuses against civilians in North Kivu.
• Ensure that no bilateral or multilateral assistance, other than humanitarian aid, is provided to· the Zairian
government unless it ends ail support to the militias operating in Zaire, investigates and prosecutes soldiers
responsible for abuses against civilians, and complies with Security Council Resolution 978 calling on
member states to arrest persans suspected of participating in the genocide in Rwanda for prosecution in
national courts or by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.
To the Governmeot of Zaïre:
• Immediately cease ail support for Mai-Mai, Bangirima, Interahamwe, and any other militia with a record
of gross human rights abuses. This should include an end to the provision of armaments and logistical
assistance, participation by government officers and military personnel in militia attacks, and public
pronouncements of support for the militia by military and political officiais.
• Leaders at all levels of government -national, regional, and local- should publicly denounce the ethnie
violence in North Kivu. lnvestigate and identify those political, administrative, and military officiais who
have participated in militia attacks or profited from the insecurity to pillage or rape, and immediately remove
them from their posts and begin prosecution.
• The right to nationality must be respected. The government of Zaïre must cease denationalizating those
members of the Banyarwanda community who qualify for Zairian citizenship; no one should be rendered
stateless.
• The Zairian government must support efforts to encourage the peaceful and voluntary repatriation of
Rwandan refugees in Zaïre. Ail assistance to the former Rwandan government, ex-Forces Armées
Rwandaises, and Hutu militia mÙst be stopped; in particular, the provision of arms and related training and
materials in violation o(the United Nations embargo against these forces.
• The Zairian government must cooperate with the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and bring
perpetrators of the 1994 genocide to justice, including turning over indicted suspects to the International
Tribunal. ·
• Ensure security to allow the safe return of Zairian Tutsi refugees from Rwanda .
• Allow access throughout North Kivu for local and internationaljournalists and other independent observers .
To the Govcrnment of-Rwanda:
• Create conditions within Rwanda that would favor the peaceful and voluntary return of refugees from Zaire,
including respecting rights to freedom of expression, movement, and assembly regardless of ethnicity and
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 4 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
•
beginning trials for those currently imprisoned in Rwanda under accusations of participation in the 1994
genocide.
Provide safe and secure haven for refugees from the conflict in Zaïre. Locate the refugee camp a sufficient
distance from the Zaïre border that refugees will not be exposed to the threàt of attack from zàire. The
current site, 800 meters from the Zairian border, places the refugees at risk.
Establish screening procedures in the refugee camp to determine if the Tutsis from .Zaïre qualify as refugees .
ORIGINS OF THE BANYARW ANDA COMMUNITY IN ZAIRE
The region of North Kivu lies on the northe~ shores of Lake Kivu, along Zaire's eastern border with Rwanda
and Uganda. The Region is divided into six administrative zones: Masisi, Rutshuru, Kalehe, Walikale, Lubero, and
Gorria,5 it contains a diverse ethnie mix of Hunde, Nan de, Nyanga, and Tembo, as well as the Kinyarwanda-speaking
Hutu and Tutsi, together known as Banyarwanda. The Banyarwanda made up roughly 50 percent of the population
in North Kivu (though they constitute the majority in certain regions), with the Hutu comprising about 40 percent
and the Tutsi about 10 percent.
The origins of the Banyarwanda population in North Kivu are diverse. The arbitrary establishment of
colonial boundaries placed a large population of people formerly subject to the Rwandan king outside Rwandan
territory.6 The capricious manner in which the European colonial powers carved up the African continent placed
several regions formerly connected to the pre-colonial Rwandan kingdom within the boundaries of the Belgian
Congo. Under the principles set down in the 1885 Conference of Berlin and formalized in a convention signed in
1910 between Germany, Belgium, and England, the Rwandan territories ofGoma, Jomba, Bwisha, and the Island
of ldjwi, among others, were attached to the Belgian Congo, while the region of Bufumbira was integrated into the
British colony of Uganda. Accordingly, some of the Banyarwanda descend from families that have lived for
centuries on land which today lies within Zaïre.
When Belgium assumed control of Rwanda from German y during the First World War, Rwanda was already
·a densely populated territory. Belgian colonial administrators established a policy encouraging Rwandans to
emigrate into Zaïre to supply labor for plantations that were being establishe~ in the lightly populated district of
Masisi. Administrators in Kivu and Rwanda signed a formai agreement in 1937 organizing the migration and
creating Rwandan areas within Masisi. Other Rwandans were brought in as laborers in Kalehe, Rutshuru, and Shaba.
In addition to the formai program of tabor migration, which continued until 1955, many H;utu and Tutsi -both from
Rwanda and from Jomba and other territories within Zaïre- independ~ntly migrated into the districts ofMasisi,
Walikale, Rutshuru, and Lubero seeking land for cultivation or for grazing goats and cattle.7
•
In addition to economic migrants, North Kivu has welcomed thousands of poli.tical refugees fleeing conflicts
in Rwanda. After the uprising against Tutsi colonial administrators in Rwanda in 1959, thousands of Tutsi fled into
Zaïre. Thousands more Tutsi arrived in Zaire during repeated outbreaks of ethnie violence in Rwanda in the eariy
5Each zone within the region is sub-divided into several collectivities, anq these collectivities are themselves sub-divided into
localities and groupements.
6Aloys Tegera, "La réconciliation commu~;utaire: Le cas des massacres au Nord-Kivu," in A~dre Guich~oua, editor:ï.~s ·
crises politiques au B11run_di et au Rwanda (/993-1994) (Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 1995), pp. 395-402;
UNHCR, "La sitμations dans le Masisi et les propositions de la Sous-Délégation," March 18, 1996.
'Tegera, "La réconciliation communautaire," p. 396; UNHCR, "La situation dans le Masisi." March 1996.
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 5 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
1960s, in 1973, and again in the early 1990s.• Finally, in 1994 nearly one million mostly Hutu refugees fled into
North Kivu at the end of the genocide and in advance of the Rwandan Patriotic Front taking power in Rwanda. White
the majority of these recent refugees has been housed in refugee camps, others have settled outs ide the camps in the
zones of Goma, Masisi, Rutshuru, and Kalehe and have integrated into existing Hutu communities.9 The villages
in North_ Kivu were frequently multiethnic, and these Hutu communities are often found within villages consisting
of other ethnie groups.
Border changes, economic migration, and political conflict have combined to make Banyarwanda the largest
group in North Kivu and a sizable majority of the population in certain areas of the region. Of the estimated 600,000
people living in Masisi zone before interethnic violence broke out in 1993, 75-80 percent were Banyarwanda, while
the remaining 20-25 percent were primarily Hunde, along with some Nyanga and Tembo. Banyarwanda were also
the majority iri parts of Bwito and Bwisha collectivities in Rutshuru zone, and they were the largest group in Goma.10
SOURCES OF CONFLICT
Land distribution and economic competition have been at the root of conflicts between the Banyarwanda and
other groups looking for political power. In general, th~ Tutsi have cleared large tracts of land in the region to use
as pasturage for grazing their cattle and goats, white the Hutu predominantly cleared land for fanning. As the
Banyarwanda population has increased, particularly following the arrivai of many Tutsi refugees front Rwanda
beginning in 1959, they have gradually migrated further and further from the Rwanda border. In Walikale, Masisi,
and other districts, the Banyarwanda have cleared large areas of forest to use for farming and grazing, Ieading to
conflicts with the local Hunde population who have traditionally used the forests for hunting game. The
Banyarwanda have been quite successful in the regional and national economies, supplying livestock and produce
to markets as far away as the Zairian capital Kinshasa. The relative prosperity of the Banyarwanda has contributed
to resentment by other groups in the region.11 Despite their numeric significance and long history in North Kivu, the
Banyarwanda have enjoyed little politieal power, at least in terms of formai politieal and administrative positions.
Residents of North Kivu have disagreed about the treatment of the Banyarwanda in Zaire. The Banyarwanda
believe that they have been discriminated against in terms of employment and education. However, other Zairian
groups contend that the Banyarwanda have had advantages over other Zairians, including disproportionate access
to higher edueation in Zaïre. The perception on both sides of the conflict that the other has been privileged bas clearly
fueled resentments and increased tensions between the communities. · ·
Another key issue in the conflict involves nationality, which was recognized and later taken away from the
Banyarwanda. Other ethnie groups in Kivu have justified their political dominance by arguing that the Banyarwanda
are foreigners who have no claim to Zairian citizenship. In practice, members of other ethnie groups make no
distinction between those Banyarwanda whose families lived on Zairian territory prior to colonial boundary changes
and those whose families migrated into the area more recently. It is important to note that the nationality issue has
been used only against'the Banyarwanda. and not against other ethnie groups that were divided along Zaire's borders
at independence.
,;.Masisi ou la guerre oubliée," ANB·BIA Supplement, p. viii; Tegera, "~ réconciliation communautaire," p. 397.
9"Masisi ou la guerre ou.bliée," p. viii; UNHCR, "Repatriation·ofRw~ndan Refugees from Eastern Zaire," ~arch 1996.
1°Tegera. "La réconciliation communautaire," pp. 398-399; UNHCR, "Repatriation ofRwandan Refugees from Eastern Zaïre."
11 Marc Hoogesteyn, "Anned Rwanda Hutus uproot spear•carrying tribesmen," Reuters, February 21, 1996; Tegera, "La
réconciliation communautaire,'' p. 399; and Human Rights Watch/FJDH interviews with Zairian refugees in Rwanda, April 1996.
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 6 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
The issue of nationality has been a recurrent source of contention in Eastern Zaïre, especially relating to voter
eligibility in electoral periods. After Zaïre gained independence in 1960, a nationality law granted Zairian citizenship
for anyone who had been living in Zaïre for ten years. Although most Banyarwanda quatified for citizenship under
these terms, provincial authorities in North Kivu excluded them from civil service posts in the early 1960s. A 1972
law adopted as part of President Mobutu's "authenticity" program reiterated the principles of the earlier nationality
Jaw, granting Zairian citizenship to anyone whose family was living in Zaïre on January 1, 1960, and had since
maintained continuous residence.12 In Article 15, nationality was specificalty granted to people from "RuandaUrundi"
who were on Zairian (Congolese) territory before January 1, 1950 and continued to reside in Zaïre. No
distinction was made between Banyarwanda who had lived in Zaïre for generations and those who had arrived as
political refugees or economic migrants in later years.
The nationality issue came to the fore again in 1981 when the Zairian parliament approved a revision to
citizenship laws that accorded citizenship onJy to those who could demonstrate that their ancestors lived in Z~ire
prior to August 1, 1885. Although many Banyarwanda qualified for citizenship under these new ru les, ancestry was
difficult to demonstrate, and in practice both the non-Banyarwanda public and the govemment tended to treat
Banyarwanda as a single group. The law did not specifically state that citizenship would be revoked from those who
had already acquired it; nevertheless, the effect of the law was to deny citizenship rights to a substantial portion of
Zairian Kinyarwanda-speakers and practicalty denied rights to most others.13 The nationality issue was summarized
in a report by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on human rights in Zaïre as folJows:
The tensions [in North Kivu] are caused by two retated probtems. The first arises from the right of
the Banyarwanda to Zairian nationality. This was recognized in the 1964 Constitution and in the
law of 1965, which allowed them to vote in 1965 and 1967; it was left unchanged in the 1967
Constitution, and confirmed once again by Decree Law No. 71-020 of 1971; then it was restricted
under Law No. 002 of 1972 to those living in Kivu since before 1960, abolished by law in 1981 t!nd
taken over by the CNS [Sovereign National Conference] in 1992. The second problems is derived
from the first, namely that recognizing the Banyarwanda as Zairians would give them the right to
vote in any elections which might be held.14
In practice, however, the 1981 Jaw was never active)y enforced, and identity cards were never revoked. After
officially enjôying the rights of citizenship for two decades, the Banyarwanda did not passively accept the revocation
oftheir nationality. In the mid-1980s, Hutu from throughout North Kivu fonned an ethnie organization, known as
a "mutual," to unite Hutu and defend their interests. Initially an agricultural association, MAGRIVI, the Agricultural
Mutual ofVirunga, gradually became politicized. In 1991, when Banyarwanda were excJuded from participation
in the national conference held in Kinshasa to debate the political future of the country, organizers of MAGRIVI urged
Hutu in North Kivu to protest by rejecting the authority oflocal Hunde chiefs and refusing to pay taxes, a particularly
serious threat given the economic importance of the Banyarwanda.'s
12Jean-Baptiste Kayigamba, "Zaire-Human Rights: Thousands Flee Ethnie Cleansing," lnterPress Service, April 7, 1996; U.S.
Committee for Refugees (USCR), "lnducing the Deluge," p. 9.
13See "Ordonnance-Loi No 71-020 due 26 mars 1971 relative à l'acquisition de la nationalité congolaise par les personnes
originaires du Rwanda-Urundi établies au Congo au 30 juin 1960," and ''{.oi No 81-002 du 29 juin 1982.n Also see: UNHCR.
"Repatriation ofRwandan Refugees from Eastern Zaire;" USCR, "Inducing the Deluge,11 pp. 8-9.
14United Nations Commission on Human Rights, "Report on the situation of human rights in Zaïre, prepared by the Special
Rapporteur, Mr. Roberto <;,arret6n, in accordance- wtih Commission resolution 1995/69," E/CN.4/1996/66, 29 January 1996, p.10-
11.
15Kayigamba, "Zaire-Human Rights."
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 7 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
THE OUTBREAK OF VIOLENCE
With democratic elections becoming an increasingly imminent possibility in the early 1990s, the growing
political organization of the Hutu posed a serious threat to the political power ofHunde, Nande, and other ethnie
groups. Given the numerical majority of Banyarwanda, members of other groups would have difficulty retaining
the chieftaincies and other political positions, and their associated prerogatives, ifBanyarwanda were allowed to vote.
TI1e threat of losing power in elections was particularly serious for Nyanga and Hunde, who compriseà _:,nly 4 and
3 percent, respectively, of the population of the region of North Kivu as a whole.16 Local authorities th\,;S !aunchic:~
a program in 1991 to identify and register Zairian nationals, a process that sought to exclude most Banyarwanda, and
make them ineligible to vote in future elections.17
Political conflicts combined with continuing clashes over land use to create a highly volatile situation in
North Kivu. Tensions in the region came to a peak in March I 993 when the then govemor of North Kivu, Jean-Pierre
Kalumbo Mboho, publicly questioned the nationality of Banyarwanda and suggested that the security forces would
assist efforts by Nyanga and Hunde to "exterminate" Banyarwanda. The govemor was suspended in late July I 993.18
Attacks by Mai-Mai militia in Masisi and Walikale zones and Bangirima in Rutshuru and Lubero zones
apparently began several days after the governor's comments. Hutu protests over the arrest of a MAGRIVI leader
.seem to have been the spark that ignited the violence. On March 20, Mai-Mai attacked Banyarwanda at Ntoto market
in Walikale, after Banyarwanda raised a political party flag that other groups erroneously claimed was the flag of
a foreign government. By the next day, violence had spread throughout Walikale and Masisi zones.19
The U.S. Committee for Refugees reported that 1,000 people are estimated to have been killed injust the first
two days of fighting. By April, attacks against Banyarwanda had spread into Lubero and Rutshuru zones. With
anned support from local gendarmes, Mai-Mai and Bangirima militia attacked Hutu and Tutsi with guns, machetes
and spears and bumed hundreds of homes. After several months of such attacks, some Banyarwanda, primarily Hutu
who could build on the existing MAGRJVI organization, formed their own militia groups to counter-attack, killing
Hunde and Nyanga and buming their homes.20
Violence by ail sides in North Kivu continued from March until July 1993. Official Zairian govemment
statistics estimated that 6,000 people were killed during the six months of the conflict, but estimates of the number
of dead by OXFAM, Medecins Sans Frontieres, Caritas, and other in~ependent observers range from 7,000 and to as
high as 40,000, the large majority being Hutu. The UNHCR est.imated that 350,000 people were displaced by the
violence.21 The fighting started a process of ethnie pogroms and clearances in which members of the dominant ethnie
16Tegera, "La réconciliation communautaire," p. 399.
17USCR, "lnducing the Deluge," pp. 9-10:· .
11Amnesty International, "Zaïre: Violence Against Democracy," September 16, 1993, p. 22 and "Masisi ou la guerre oubliée,"
p. viii. ·
''Raymond Luaula, "Leur nationalité zaîroise ne se marchande pas!," Umo/a (Kinshasa), February 28, 1996, p. 2; "Masisi ou
Ja guerre oublié;" p. vii; Tegera,''La réconciliation communautaire," pp. 395-396; USCR, "Inducing the Deluge," p. 10.
20"MasisÎ ou la guerre oubliée," pp. vii-viii; Tegera, "La réconciliation c~~in~nautaire," pp. 395-396; USCR, "Inducing the
Deluge."
21"Masisi ou la guerre oubliée," p. vii; Hugh Nevill, "Explosive ~ix crackting in Eastern Zaire," Agence France Presse.
October 18, 1994; UNHCR, "Repatriation of Rwandan Refugees from Eastern Zaire"; Kayigamba, "Zaire-Human Rights.11
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 8 July 1996, Vol. 8, l'.'Jo. 2 {A)
group in each area drove out members of minority ethnie groups. The ryfai-Mai and Bangirima militia drove Hutu
out ofLubero zone and the districts ofKisimba and Ikobo in Walikale zone, while Hutu fighters drove Hunde and
Nyanga out of much ofMasisi zone and the collectivities ofBwito and Bwisha in Rutshuru zone. The violence in
1993 began a process of establishing ethnie enclaves where ethnie groups had formerly lived together in multiethnic
communities. Communities that had formerly included Hutu, Tutsi, and Hunde, now became almost exclusively
Hutu or exclusively Hunde.22
The position of Tutsi in this conflict varied from one area to the next. ln some areas, they were lumped
together with the Hutu as a single Banyarwanda population and thus were targeted. ln o~er areas, because they were
not organized politically, they were not considered threatening and were left untouched. According to Emmanuel,
a Munyarwanda from Walikale, "In Masisi ... sometimes the Hunde killed Tutsi, sometimes Hutu killed Tutsi. In
Ikobo, the Hunde left the Tutsi atone. In Kisimba, Hunde chased out both Hutu and Tutsi. And in Bwito, Hutu
chased out the Hunde, and the Tutsi stayed."23 According to other sources, in some areas ofMasisi and Rutshuru,
Hutu and Tutsi joined together to fight against the Hunde and other groups.2
'
Although the Mai-Mai and Bangirima were civilian militla composed primarily of youths, both local
witnesses and international observers agree that they were acting with the approval and encouragement of local
·Hunde and Nande govemment officiais. According to ~girabakunzi, a Tutsi from Lubero zone:
The traditional chiefs, the baami, said that the Hutu were chased out [of Lubero and Walikale]
because of MAGRIVI. There was much hatred against the Hutu mutual association MAGRlVI. This
organization had entered into potitics and was trying to have its own chiefs. Because ofthis, there
was a big conflict between the chiefs, who were Nande and Hunde, and the Hutu. The Hutu were
chased by groups of bandits who were not afraid of shedding blood. But the chiefs were behind
them. They were supported by the chiefs. After they were done, there was not a single Hutu left in
our area. But we Tutsi did not have any problems. The chiefs told us that they had no problems
with the Tutsi, because we did not have a mutual association."
The role of the Zairian military and security forces in the 1993 conflict is unclear. Sorne witnesses claim
that members of the Forces Armées Zaïroises (F AZ) joined with the Bangirima in attacking Banyarwanda. Sorne
Hunde claim that FAZ soldiers were offering special protection to the Banyarwanda, who, unlike the Hunde, could
afford to pay for the service. Reports from several organizations of the Catholic Church contend that gendarmes
offered extensive support to the Mai-Mai for its attacks. Numerous accounts make clear that in many cases rather
than intervening to calm the situation, soldiers took advantage of the insecurity to loot from bath sides in the
conflict.16 What is clear, however, is that the govemment threatened to strip the Kinyarwanda-speaking population
of its Zairian nationality and so to marginalize it from political life, a goal shared with those attacking them. At the
same time, the governor had openly expressed support for their "extermination/'
22La commission justice et paix/Diocese de Goma, "Masisi: ·zone devastée, victime de sa richesse, du tribalisme ou du
pouvoir, Mondé Nouveau (Goma), November-December 1995; USCR. "lnducing the Deluge"; and testimonies taken by Human
Rights Watch/FIDH from Zairean refugees.
23Human Rights Watch/FIDH interview, Gisenyi, Rwanda, April 17, 1996.
24Kayigamba, "Zaire-Human Rights."
i~Human Rights Watch/FIDH interview, Nkamira Transit Camp, Rwanda, April 5, 1996.
26USCR, "Inducing the _De luge," p. 1 O; "Masisi ou la guerre oubliée," p. viii.
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 9 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
The violence continued in North Kivu with varying degrees of intensity until July 1993, when a group of
churches and local non-govemmental organizations (NGOs) brought members of the warring groups together in ar
effort to ease tensions in the region. The meetings concluded that the conflict had been manipulated by Zairian
politicians, but failed to resolve the underlying issues. Also in July, President Mobutu visited Goma and
sul>sequently deployed troops from the Special Presidential Division (DSP), the country'~ most elite military division.
The DsP did not overtly take sides, but rather helped to prevent fighting and to bring some order to the area.27
However, the key issues of nationality, land distribution, and political representation had not been resolved, and
government officiais at both the provincial and national levels showed no interest in seeking a lasting resolution.
Severa( meetings sponsored by OXFAM, church groups, and other local NGOS brought together members ofvarious
ethnie groups in early 1994. The meetings produced proposais for bringing a lasting peace to the region --chief
among them a resolution to the nationality issue-- but the proposais received no response frcim government officiais.
With tensions still high and tens of thousands of people still displaced from their homes, conrutions were ripe for
renewed conflict. 21
GENOCIDE IN RWANDA AND ETHNIC CONFLICT IN ZAIRE
The spark that reignited ethnie violence in North Kivu was the genocide set into motion in Rwanda after the
airplane crash that killed the presidents of Rwanda and Burundi in April 1994, and the renewed fighting between the
RPF and Rwandan govemment forces. When word began to filter into Zaïre about the massacres taking place in
Rwanda, sharp divisions developed between the Tutsi and Hutu communities in Zaïre. Reportsïndicate that a few
Hutu attacks against Tutsi in Zaïre took place as early as May of 1'994, but violence against Tutsi becarne much more
widespread after the arrivai in North Kivu of an estimated 720,000 Hutu refugees from Rwanda in July. The majority
ofthese refugees, many of whom were involved in massacres of Tutsi in Rwanda, settled in refugee camps around
Goma, but others integrated into local Hutu communities in Goma, Rutshuru, Kalehe, and Masisi.29
Witnesses report that Interahamwe militia continued their violence against Tutsi after their arrivai in Zaïre
and the first attacks by Interahamwe against Tutsi in Zaire took place the last week of July 1994. Semasaka, a Tutsi
who was living in the town of Sake in southem Masisi, recounts the attack on bis family in August 1994:
The Hutu refugees fleeing Rwanda came to Masisi in July 1994. They tried to stay in groups
together. They wanted to continue what they had started in Rwanda. The Hutu who came from
Rwanda held secret meetings at night with the Hutu from Zaïre, and the Zairian Hutu began to (onn ..
Interahamwe together with the Rwandan Hutu. They began to steal cows, to take Tutsi women by
force. They began to kill and pillage and rape, just as they had done in Rwanda ... The area is vast
there, and there were many cows, so it was a good place for us. But you can't stay in a place where
they are killing you.
My family was attacked by Rwandan military [ex-FAR, Forces Armées Rwandaises]. I was atour
home at Centre Sake with my mother and father and six children. A large group attacked. They
were wearing R wandao military unifonns. When they attacked, I jumped out of a back window, and
. so I was able to escape. ~ut ail the rest were killed, my mother and father and the children. This
27United Nations Department ofHumanitarian Affairs, Integrated Regionai Jnfonnation Network, "Situation Report on Masisi
and Rutshuru, North Kivu, Zaïre," May 10, 1996.
21UNDHA, "Situation Report on Masisi;" Commission Justice et Paix, "Masisi: Zone devastée," p. 12.
29Nevill, "Explosive Mix Crackling"; Commission Justice et Paix, "Masisi: Zone devastée"; "Masisi ou la guerre oubliée";
UNDHA, "Situation Report on Masisi."
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 10 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)'
was August 4, and I came here [to Rwanda] August 1.Sth. My family had been there in Masisi since
1959.30
The anti-Tutsi violence in Masisi and Rutshuru zones continued for several months, reaching a peak in
September, then diminishing in October. The Zairian army sent approximately one hundred troops to Masisi in
October to reinforce the military presence in the region, but according to reports from the area, the military often
joined in the looting and killing. The violence drave many Rwandan Tutsi refugees, like Semasaka, whose families
had been in Zaire for decades, to flee to Rwanda, where a govemment installed by the Tutsi-dominated Rwandan
Patriotic Front (RPF) had taken power."
Even after this wave of violence diminished, tensions in North Kivu remained high. The arrivai in the region
of the Hutu refugees intensified anti-Banyarwanda sentiment among other groups in North Kivu. The new refugees
themselves were a highly potiticized group who, according to many sources, worked to politicize local Hutu.
Numerous witnesses interviewed by Hum an Rights Watch/ Africa and FIDH reported that Hutu refugees from Rwanda
integrated into Zairian Hutu communities. Sorne reports indicate that they gave militia training to local Hutu, similar
to the training given to Interahamwe in Rwanda before the genocide.32 The Hutu community in Zaïre thus became
increasingly well organized and increasingly well armed, due to the massive quantities ofweapons brought by the
refugees and the Rwandan army fleeîng the RPF, or flown into Goma afterwards as the routed army regrouped.u
The additional F AZ troop reinforcements that the govemment in Kinshasa sent to Masisi and other parts of
North Kivu in 1994 in response to the influx ofRwandan refugees and renewed tensions seems to have contributed
to the insecurity. Rather than sending the more disciplined DSP, the govemment sent a regiment known as the
Parachute Commandos or "Paras," who were underpaid and undisciplined, and began to prey on the population.
The Paras demanded bribes, pillaged, and, according to various reports, chose sides and participated in the
local conflict. Nzamwitakuze, a Tutsi refuge from Bahunde collectivity in Masisi, explained. "The govemment
placed soldiers around, but the. soldîers themselves just came to attack and pillage goods.11
,.
In May and June of 1995, the ethnie militia, known collectively as the "combatants,11 (abacombattant)
launched renewed attacks.35 The Mai-Mai and Bangirima groups ofHunde, Nande, and Nyanga fought with Hutu
30Human Rights Watch/FIDH Interview, Gisenyi, April 6, 1996.
11La commission justice et paix, "Masisi: Zone devastée," pp. 12-13; Nevill, "Explosive mix crackling in Eastern Zaïre''; and
Human Rights Watch/FJDH interviews, Gisenyi and Nkamira, April 1996.
321n late 1993 and early 1994, pararnilitary training was given to Interahamwe members, including instructions on how to Joad
and tire a gun. Most observers consider this training to have been in preparatïon for the ge_nocide that began in April 1994.
nHuman Rights Watch Anns Project, "Rwanda/Zaïre: Reanning with lmpunity: International Support for the Perpetrators
of the Rwandan Genocîde," vol. 7, no. 4, May 1995; UNDHA, "Situation Report on Masïsi;" and HRW/FIDH interviews in
Gisenyi and Nkamira in April 1996.
'
4"Masisi ou la guerre oubliée," p. viii; UNDHA, "Situation Report on Masïsi." Quote from Human Rights Watch/FJDH
interview in Gisenyi, April 17, 1996.
• 35 Given the complexity of the ethnie mix and the conflict in North Kivu, the tenns used by people from the area to discuss
the ethnie militia are not.completely consistent. As mentioned above, "Mai-Mai" and "Bangïrima" are used to some extent
ïnterchangeably, but they also have a regional basis. The tenn "combatants," (abacombattant) is used by some people in the area
to refer to ail ethnie militia but the tenn is used by others to refer to the Hutu mititia. The term "lnterahamwe" is used by some
to refer to ail Hutu militia and by others exclusively to refer to Hutu militia from Rwanda. Given the mixing of Zairian and
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 11 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
Interahamwe militia in Masisi and Rutshuru. Both sides attacked villages, pillaging and buming homes, displacing
thousands of people and furthering the process of establishing ethnie enclaves. At this time, Tutsi families, both
Zairian nationals and refugèes from Rwanda's ethnie conflicts in the 1960s and 1970s, were ·targeted by both groups.
According to Livania, a young woman from Bishusha in Rutshuru zone:
Before the arrivai of the Interahamwe, there were no problems for Tutsi in our area. After the
Interahamwe came, problems started with the Bahunde. The Bahunde said, "What are you doing
still here when others are returning to their country?"
The signais of trouble began in May [1995]. The combatants came little by little, pillaging. The
Hunde pillaged at one bouse and then another. They came in groups of more or less ten people,
pillaging here and there. Things became really hot in June, when there was a great number of homes
pillaged. These groups, though, came only to pillage. No one was killed or hurt. The killing in our
area bas just started now .... The Hunde began to pillage the abjects from the bouse and cattle. Tuen
the Interahamwe followed after with threatening comments. These attacks in our community took
place during one week [in June 1995). The Hunde came several times and attacked. They took
things, then left. Tuen the Interahamwe would corne around and tell us to leave. They did not
attack, but they came by to threaten us.36
As with the attacks in July and August 1994, these renewed assaults encouraged many ofthose Rwandan
Tutsi families who had been living for decades as refugees in Zaire to retum to Rwanda. While some Tutsi would
certainly have chosen voluntarily to retum to Rwanda following the victory of the RPF, the violence carried out by
the Interahamwe and Mai-Mai forced many Tutsi to leave Zaïre against their will. Through pillaging, these Tutsi
families lost their livestock and their household goods, and in fleeing they lost their land. According to UNHCR,
38,000 Tutsi retumed to Rwanda from Zaïre in 1995. According to various reports, rather than calming the situation,
the Zairian military participated in the pillaging. Nevertheless, by July 1995 the fighting and attacks had again
tapered off.37 •
THE CURRENT CONFLICT
White the potential for an escalation of fighting in North Kivu was quite high, when fighting broke out in
July 1994 and May 1995, the Zairian govemment made no concerted effort to intervene to establish order and protect
civilians. In fact, the Zairian govemment was complicit in the distribution of arms to the former Rwandan military
and militia. Throughout the refugec crisis, the Zairian govemment bas supported the former Rwandan authorities and
facilitated the training and arming of its troops and militia in the refugee camps. The govemment bas allowed its
territory to be used as a conduit for weapons supplies to the ex-FAR, and cargo companies based in Zaire have acted
under contracts with Zairian officiais to transport these weapons.31 The vast increase in arms flows to the region has
been a key factor in exacerbating the conflict in North Kivu, and helped set the stage for a renewal of interethnic
fighting and killing in Kivu. The situation is further complicated by the fact that the Zairian security forces stationed
Rwandan Hutu in the militia, the term "Interahamwe" is used in this report tp refer to all Hutu militia.
16Interviewed in Nkamira commercial center, April 16, 1996.
37UNDHA, "Situation Report on Masisi and R.~tshuru"; UNHCR, "Situation dans le Masisi."
"Human Rights Watch Arms Project, "Reanning with Jmpunity: International Support for the for the Perpetrators of the
Rwandan Genocide"; UNHCR, "Situation dans le Masisi."
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 12 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
in North Kivu are poorly equipped, paid and disciplined, which creates a situation where they may sell their services
to the highest bidder and foot from ail sides.
Because of the fighting, communities in Masisi and Rutshuru that formerly enjoyed ethnie diversity have
become increasingly monoethnic as the dominate ethnie group in each community forces others to flee. Villages in
the area are increasingly identified ~s "Hutu" or 11Hunde11 or ''Nande." As such, they become the targets of the militia
from rival groups. Since December 1995, thousands of.Hunde and Nyanga have fled from Masisi to Kisimba and
lkobo areas in Walikale, while others have fled to Goma and parts ofRutshuru. Mai-Mai have also driven Hutu out
of certain areas, particular~y in Rutshuru and at the extremities of Masisi. In February J 996, the International
Committee of the Red Cross estimated that 150,000 people from Masisi had been displaced since November 1995.39
By mid-May, Doetors Without Borders USA estimated that the number of displaced had risen to 250,000.4°
The latest round of interethnic violence began in southem and eastem parts of the Masisi zone in November
1995. Several factors contributed to rising tensions in the region that set the stage for renewed violence. Threats
by President Mobutu and other members of the Zairian govemment to close the Rwandan refugees camps by the end
of December seem to have increased the anxiety ofRwandan Hutu refugees, many of whom believed that they would
be arrested or killed ifthey were forced to retum to Rwanda. Hutu.leaders in the camps began to talk ofMasisi as
a "Hutu-land," where Rwandan Hutu could settle as an alternative to retuming to Rwanda, which had become a
'1Tutsi-land.11 These claims infuriated the area's Hunde, Nyang~ and Tembo, who view Masisi as their ancestral
territory and have feared the creation of a "greater Rwanda" or :'Hutu-land" in the region, and their leaders catled
for the camps to be closed and the refugees repatriated. Public comments by General Eluki, the chief of staff of the
Zairian army, auring an official VÎ$it in Goma in November, appeared to give official sanction for the
"autochthonous" groups to take up arms once again. In a public setting and in the presence of journalists, General
Eluki stated that the Hunde, Nyanga, and Tembo were justified in fighting for the land of their ancestors and seeking
to expel "foreigners," which was interpreted by other groups in the region to mean all Banyarwanda, not simply the
Hutu refugees.41
The immediate spark that reignited the interethnic fighting in Masisi seems to have been conflict over local
resources, particularly firewood, in the vicinity of several Rwandan refugee camps. Clashes in early December
between Mai-Mai and Zairian army soldiers at Bikenge, Masisi town, and elsewhere intensified the level.of combat,
and violence quickly spread throughout southem Masisi. Mai-Mai appear to have launched most of the initial attacks
against Hutu, but Hutu Interahamwe groups quickly responded with attacks oftheir own on predominantly Hunde
and Nyanga villages. Because of their vast numerical superiority and better arrnaments, the Hutu militia were quickly
able to dominate. By the end ofDecember, Interahamwe attacks had driven thousands ofHunde, Tembo, Nyanga,
and Tutsi out of parts of Masisi, particularly areas near the refugee camps.42
In the first months of 1996, fighting gradually spread into other parts ofMasisi and Rutshuru. Witnesses
report that the Hutu militia groups that have been involved in the attacks have contained a mixture ofRwandan and
Zairian Hutu. Nzamwitakuze, a young refugee from a cotlectivity catled Bahunde in southeastern Masisi, explains
that attacks began in his community in late 1995:
39Hoogesteyn, "Anned Rwanda .. / Reuters, Feburary 21, 1996.
•
0samantha Bolton, "3,000 Tutsi under threat in Masisi-Zaire: Only im.mediate evacuation can save lives," Medecins Sans
Frontieres, press release, May 22, 1996.
•
1"Masisi ou la guerre ~ubliée," p. viii; UNHCR, "Repatriation of Rwandàn Refugees."
•
2Marc Hoogsteyn, "Forty killed in Zaire dispute on Rwandan refugees," Reuters, December 12, 1995; Commission justice
et paix, "Masisi: Zone devastée," pp. 12-13.
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 13 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
When the Interaharnwe came to attack, they took everything. They took even our clothes. The
clothes we are wearing were given to us by our neighbors .... The abacombattant came to our area
and first killed three people who were guarding the cows. Then people began to flee. When the
abacombattant came, they were armed with guns. They could kill a few people with bullets, and
then others could be killed with machetes. Our neighbors were attacked, and our own cows were
pillaged, so we fled in fear. We fled to the church at Matanda.43
Despite being outnumbered and out-gunned by the Interahamwe, Mai-Mai a.nd Bangirima groups have
continued not only to defend their communities but to launch attacks against Hutu and Tutsi in Masisi and Rutshu~
forcing bath groups to flee certain areas. Comments by the govemor and other political and military officiais made
the militia believe that they have the support of higlier authorities in their struggle.
Beyond the practical fear of losing political power, the. Mai-Mai and Bangirima militia have been inspired
to continue their struggle by a strong sense of moral purpose. For many Hunde and Nyanga, the war is a noble
struggle to defend their ancestral lands and historical prerogatives against people thëy view as foreign interlopers.
The conflict in Masisi and Rutshuru bas expanded beyond guerrilla-style raids on villages, in which people
are killed, women raped, and goods stolen. ln recent months, open combat between Mai-Mai and lnterahamwe bas
broken out as the groups struggle for control of territory, with Tutsi, who have sought refuge in towns that have
become predominantly Hunde, targeted for killit}g by Interaharnwe. Examples of attacks are numerous and include
the following: · '
• Nearly 800 Tutsi who were gathered at the parish ofMokoto in Masisi were attacked on May 12, 1996, by
Hutu militia. Sorne 700 were able to flee to temporary safety in the largely Hunde town ofKichanga, but
as many as one hundred of the Tutsi who had sought refuge at the Mokoto church are believed to have been
killed."" .
• According to Gabriel, a Tutsi man who had sought refuge at the town of Tonga in Rutshuru, several
lnterahamwe, most coming from the refugee camps, were arrested on April 11 as they passed through Tango.
They were carrying bullets and guns which they said were to supply Interahamwe in a planned attack on the
town ofKichanga,just across the border in Masisi. According to Gabriel, the attack on Kichanga took place
the same day, but the Interahamwe were repelled by the flunde militia. Gabriel claimed to know one Hutu
and two Tutsi who were killed in the battle."'
• ln early March, Hutu militia came to attack Mweso parish, where several thousand displaced Hunde and
Tutsi had sought refuge. According to Hakizimana, a young Tutsi man from Bibwe, Interahamwe shot at
aid workers who were unloading supplies for the displaced. Hakizimana reports:
After that, the president ofMAGRIVI came, Eraste from Busumba in Masisi. He
came to Mweso with the Interahamwe and said, 4'You must give food first to the
Interahamwe if you are going to give it to the Hunde and Tutsi. If not, we will
~~~~~ .
"'Human Rights Watch/FIDH interview, Gisenyi, April 17, 1996.
~Samantha Bolton, "3,000 Tutsis under threat in Masisi-Zaire," Doctors With out Borders, May 22, 1996; and report on BBC
May 13, 1996.
"
5Human Rights Watch/FIDH interview, Nkamira Transit Camp, April 16, 1996.
"
6Human Rights Watch/FIDH inte.rview at Nkamira Transit Camp, April 17, 1996.
Human Rights Watch/Africa and FIDH 14 July 1996, Vol. 8, No. 2 (A)
• According to various sources, in February Hutu militia attacked Sake, a town just off Lake Kivu considered
a Hunde stronghold. The attacks forced many people to tlee, including the local Hunde chief, who sought
refuge in Gama. Severa! subsequent attacks, including an attack on April 26, have led to additional deaths
and injuries.47
• Witnesses from Bibwe in northem Masisi report that early in the morning on January 25, 1996, Mai-Mai
attacked the commercial center at Bibwe, killing ten Hutu and forcing both Hutu and Tutsi to flee the
community briefly and bide. Later in the day a large group oflnterahamwe descended on the community,
killing a number of people, including several local Hutu whom they viewed as traitors. The Interahamwe
drove some 500 Hunde and Tutsi from Bibwe to seek refuge at Mweso parish.41
• The Justice and Peace Commiss!on of the Catholic ~iocese of Gama reported that Qn December 9, 1995,
Hunde militia attacked the village of Bikenge in Masisi zone. More than thirty people were killed, including
four Zairian soldiets. In reponse, F AZ forces pillaged and burned Hunde homes in a number of sites in
Masisi.'9
SENDING THE TUTSI "BACK TO RWANDA"
White fighting has displaced thousands of Hunde, Nyanga, and Hutu, driving them from their homes into
refuge in other parts of North Kivu, thousands of Tutsi have been forced to leave the country and seek refuge in
Rwanda. The Tutsi, who have generally not participated in the militia groups, have increasing
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Sir Rupert de la Bere introduces Aldermen and members of the Corporation to the Queen Mother during the ceremony at the
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Download this stock image (alb5450195) from album-online.com - The Queen Mother Receive the Freedom of the City -- Sir Rupert de la Bere introduces Aldermen and members of the Corporation to the Queen Mother during the ceremony at the Guildhall. H.M.Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother accompanied by Princess Margaret, drove from Buckingham Palace to the ancient Guildhall, where she received the Freedom of the City of London at the hands of the Lord Mayor Sir Rupert de la Bere. October 28, 1953. (Photo by Sport & General Press Agency Limited).
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WW2 – Broadway History Society
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Posts about WW2 written by Broadway History Society
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Broadway History Society
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https://broadwayhistorysociety.wordpress.com/category/ww2/
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A War Nursery near Broadway is Founded
During the autumn of 1940, seven young children were removed from the dangers of living in war torn London to rural Buckland just outside Broadway. The evacuation and rehoming of the children was funded by the American Red Cross and the Surdna Foundation1 who had arranged for The Waifs and Strays Society (now The Church of England Children’s Society) to run a War Nursery2 at Buckland Manor.
In July 1940, Lady Ismay of nearby Wormington Grange3, whose husband, General Hastings Ismay was Winston Churchill’s chief military assistant, had taken in 30 London evacuees under the age of two. Children under five4 were difficult to place with families and Lady Ismay was approached by the Society’s secretary, Mr W.R. Vaughan, to find another suitable home for a small number of very young children.
At the time there were three Receiving Nurseries in London in which children under five were received for medical inspection, issue of clothing, etc., before being evacuated to the country to nurseries set up to specially cater for their needs.
Mr & Mrs Charles T. Scott of Buckland Manor offered their home to the Society and by November 1940, seven youngsters had taken up residence in a wing of the house under the care of Matron Miss Bride. Mrs Jane Scott (who became the Nursery’s Commandant) was often seen taking the children for a walk and her cook, Margaret ‘Bessie’ Andrews, prepared the children’s meals. Lady Victoria Forester, Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Mary, who lived at Furze Hill, Willersey, was also involved in the children’s welfare. Clothes and toys for the children were provided by the Women’s Voluntary Services both in London and Broadway, and additional children’s clothing from sewing parties held in the village.
Miss Bride told a reporter from The Evesham Journal that the children can “run just where they like” and although many arrived tearful and homesick they soon settled into life in the Cotswolds countryside. Miss Bride’s charges were all from London; Tony (the eldest), Maureen (the youngest, aged 20 months), Ernest, Eileen, David, Sailor and Ronald.
Queen Mary visits the War Nursery at Buckland Manor
By 1944, under Matron Miss Frank, the nursery at Buckland Manor had grown to be one of the largest in the area caring for 36 children5. Amongst the children, all aged under five, were children of Birmingham City transport workers as well as those with parents serving in HM Forces.
On Thursday 10th August 1944, Queen Mary paid an informal visit to Buckland Manor to see the children. The Queen was accompanied by Lady Constance Milnes Gaskell, Lady Victoria Forester and Major Forester, the local MP William Morrison and his wife Katharine Morrison, and Colonel George Mackie (County Director of the British Red Cross). The Queen stayed for half an hour and on leaving was presented with a bouquet of roses by two year old Gillian Adams from Birmingham.
The War Nursery at Buckland Manor closed down shortly after the end of the Second World War in late 1945/early 19466.
Debbie Williamson
Broadway History Society
Notes:
The Surdna Foundation was established as a charitable foundation in 1917 by the American John Emory Andrus to pursue a range of philanthropic purposes.
The first War Nursery was set up in February 1940 at Dallington in Northamptonshire. By the end of 1940, 30 nurseries were in existence housing over a thousand babies and young children. After the United States of America entered the war in 1942, the Ministry of Health undertook full financial responsibility for the nurseries, the total number of which grew to 400.
In November 1942, Eleanor Roosevelt, the First Lady of the United States ( 4 March 1933 – 12 April 1945) visited the War Nursery at Wormington Grange.
Approximately 89%, of all under fives evacuated were sent from the London area, and by August, 1945, the Metropolitan Evacuation Panel had dealt with applications for over 60,000 children many of which were applying for temporary evacuation. 9,046 young children were evacuated through the London Receiving Nurseries.
The War Nursery at Wormington Grange had also increased in size, caring for up to 60 children.
The War Nurseries were gradually closed after the end of the war. However, some 10,000 children across all ages were unable to return home for various reasons and had to be cared for until homes could be found. The War Nursery at Wormington Grange closed in February 1946.
Town Class Destroyer HMS Broadway (H90) was first launched on 14th February 1920 and was the first ex-American destroyer involved in the capture of a U-boat during in the Atlantic during the Second World War.
The ship, originally commissioned and launched by Miss Victoria Hunt as USS Hunt (DD 194), was built by Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. in Virginia in the United States. She was one of 50 US Navy destroyers transferred to the Royal Navy from the US Navy as part of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement of 2nd September 1940.
On 8th October 1940, USS Hunt was commissioned as HMS Broadway in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, for use by the Royal Navy. Like all the other ex-US Navy destroyers transferred to the Royal Navy in 1940, her name was common to a village/town in England and a town in the US. HMS Broadway arrived at HM Dockyard Devonport on the south coast on 29th October for a refit and modification to be used as a Royal Navy convoy escort in the Atlantic.
Following the commissioning of the destroyer, Broadway’s Parish Councillor, Gordon Russell, agreed to give a talk to the BBC on the village of Broadway. However, the Chairman of the Parish Council, Arthur Williams JP, strongly objected to the talk on the grounds that ‘the enemy is likely to vent his wrath in a particular village that has given its name to one of His Majesty’s ships’. On 2nd January 1941, Williams sent a telegram to the BBC who replied that they could not stop the programme going ahead as it had already been publicised. Williams then sent a wire to Herbert Morrison, Home Secretary to the wartime coalition, stating that the airing of the programme would give ‘unnecessary publicity, and possible menace to the village’ and he also sent a telegram to the local Evesham MP, Mr Rupert De la Bère. Following discussions between the two, it was decided that the BBC programme should go ahead as it would not adversely affect Broadway or endanger the village or its residents in any way.
HMS Broadway, Convoy Escort and the Capture of an Enigma Machine
After undergoing initial trials HMS Broadway was taken to Scapa Flow for further preparations and to join the 11th Escort Group. However, she sustained damage during the trials and was repaired in Hull, then at the Clyde and Liverpool shipyards before work was finally completed on her back at Devonport and she was finally ready to go to war as an escort of convoys in the mid-Atlantic passage. HMS Broadway returned to Liverpool from where on 28th April 1941 she joined the 7th Escort Group, Western Approaches Command, in Iceland.
On 9th May 1941, whilst under the command of Lt. Commander Thomas Taylor, RN, and whilst protecting the Atlantic convoys with the help of destroyer HMS Bulldog and corvette HMS Aubretia, she assisted in the capture of German U-boat U-110 between Greenland and Iceland.
U-110, commanded by U-boat ace Lt. Fritz-Julius Lemp1, had successfully sunk two British ships during the Battle of the Atlantic. On the 9th May the U-boat was first detected by HMS Aubretia’s listening device and the corvette subsequently moved to engage the U-boat with depth charges. U-110 survived this first assault but when the two destroyers HMS Bulldog and HMS Broadway joined the attack the U-boat was forced to surface and HMS Bulldog’s captain set a course to ram the the boat. Lemp seeing this ordered his crew to abandon ship.
U-110 was captured (the first U-boat capture during the Second World War) and a boarding party was sent from HMS Bulldog under the command of Lieutenant Commander David Balme. On board, Radio Operator William Stewart Pollock noticed a unusual looking typewriter. He unscrewed it from the desk, gathered it up and later discovered he had taken a German Navy Enigma decoder machine and codebooks, the first operational Enigma machine captured during the war.
Once in the water, Lemp attempted to swim back to the U-boat when he realised that the scuttling charges were not going to detonate and that his boat might be captured and this was the last anyone saw of him.
The original plan was to tow the U-110 to Iceland. Fortuitously, the U-boat sank whilst under tow. Had the boat reached Iceland, it seems certain that German spies would have seen it and passed word back to Germany.
Although the German Navy (the Kriegsmarine) developed codes that were more complex after this capture, it gave Alan Turing and the code breakers at Bletchley Park their first insight into the Enigma code. The Bletchley Park cryptanalysts had found this code more complex and secure than that used by the Germany’s army and airforce.
Four officers and men of HMS Broadway were mentioned in dispatches and Lt. Commander Thomas Taylor received the DSC and Chief Stoker Arthur Harry Capelin P/K-46363 was awarded the DSM.
HMS Broadway continued to escort Atlantic convoys during 1942 and 1943 and on 12th May 1943, commanded by Lt. Commander Evelyn Henry Chavasse2, she joined frigate HMS Lagan and aircraft from escort carrier HMS Biter in destroying another German submarine, U-89, which was sunk northeast of the Azores.
After undergoing a refit at Belfast in September 1943, HMS Broadway became a target ship for aircraft and served as such at Rosyth in Scotland until the war ended in Europe, retiring from service during the summer of 1945. HMS Broadway was finally decommissioned and sold for scrap in May 1948.
HMS Broadway received the battle honours, Atlantic 1941-43 and North Sea 1944 for taking part in the sinking of two U-boats and the attacks on many others during which she covered nearly 100,000 miles on duty. She was known for her ‘Magic Eye’ which she had painted on her bows to ward off evil.
Support for HMS Broadway from the Broadway Branch of the British Legion
During the war HMS Broadway was one of two ships adopted by the village (the other being HMS Terrapin3). The Broadway branch of the British Legion undertook to supply HMS Broadway with comforts from the branch’s special war fund. Records, books, games, irons, writing paper, cards and envelopes and a box of football gear from Broadway United Football Club (the club had been suspended for the duration of the war) along with cheques to be spent by the ship’s commanding officer on the crew were amongst items sent. Several fundraisers were held in the village during the war: on Boxing Day 1941, Broadway United Football Club held a dance at the Lifford Memorial Hall to raise money for the crew and £284 was sent to the fund to provide further sports equipment for those on board the destroyer.
In June 1943, a badge made of pear wood was presented to the HMS Broadway by the Broadway branch of the British Legion on behalf of the village (see photo above). The shield was designed by the officers of the ship and partly by the artist, Major W.T. Hart of Chipping Campden. The badge, surrounded by the Naval Crown represents the albatross, being the badge of the US Navy, Broadway Tower and crossed anchors being common to both Navies. The badge was initially on view in J.B. Ball’s shop window on the High Street but is now on the wall in St Michael’s Church. A cast brass shield was also presented by the village to the ship for the ship’s bridge.
HMS Broadway’s Bell
The bell from HMS Broadway was salvaged when the ship was decommissioned. In 1951, in a ceremony at City Hall, the bell was presented by the Admiralty to Mayor Impelliteri of New York along with a leather bound volume relating the exploits of the destroyer after she joined the Royal Navy. The bell was later put into safe keeping at the the Lygon Arms Hotel, in the village, which was under the management of Donald Russell at the time. It was presented to the citizens of Broadway by Captain R.G. Mackay, British Naval representative on the United Nations Military Staff Committee, on behalf of the Admiralty.
The bell is currently on display at the Lygon Arms Hotel, High Street, Broadway, and will shortly be moved to Broadway Museum and Art Gallery, Tudor House, 65 High Street, Broadway.
Talk on HMS Broadway – 18th November 2019
To find out more about HMS Broadway, on Monday 18th November 2019, Doug Eyre, will be giving an illustrated talk entitled 1941, HMS Broadway and the Capture of the German Naval Enigma Machine in the Lifford Memorial Hall, Lower Green, Broadway, starting at 7pm. All welcome. Non-members of the Society £3.
Doug Eyre is Broadway Museum and Art Gallery’s resident artist and he has painted a picture depicting the important 1941 engagement that involved HMS Broadway and the discovery of the Enigma machine and codebooks.
Debbie Williamson
Broadway History Society
Notes:
1. Fritz-Julius Lemp commanded U-28, U-30 and U-110 and sank the British passenger ship SS Athenia, in violation of the Hague conventions in September 1939.
2. Reverend Evelyn Henry Chavasse, DSO, DSC (1906-1991) served in the Royal Navy during the Second World War. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Commander on 1st February 1937 and to the rank of Commander on 30th June 1943. He was ordained in 1954.
3. HMS Terrapin was a British submarine of the third group of the T class. She was built as P323 by Vickers Armstrong, Barrow and Belliss and Morcom Ltd, and launched on 31st August 1943.
4. The Boxing Day Dance raised £55 14s 6d. £28 went to HMS Broadway and the balance to the football club fund.
The following account of Broadway Station and Broadway’s Postal Service was written in 1979 by Maurice Andrews MBE (1923-2016). Maurice Charles Andrews was born and grew up in Broadway where he attended Broadway Council School. The Second World War and work took Maurice away from Broadway but he later returned with his family in 1948. Maurice was Broadway Correspondent at the Evesham Journal for many years, a Parish Councillor for both Broadway and Willersey and a member of many clubs and organisations in Broadway. During his retirement, Maurice often gave wonderfully detailed talks on the Cotswolds and on the village he loved. The following account is from Maurice’s personal records that were donated to Broadway History Society by his daughter.
The Railway and the Post
The opening of the railway station in Broadway must have been a great day for the locals. It certainly was for the business people for whom it was a great increase in the number of visitors to an already well known village.
My father1 was then sixteen years of age, and living in Willersey, and in the years before the actual opening date he and his brothers had watched the progress of the construction of the line. He has told me often how, after coming in from work with the horses and waggons, he had to go across the fields at the back of the family’s cottage to bring back his younger brother, Harry, who with the other Willersey youngsters were watching the men at work.
The station opened on 1st August 1904 and dray loads of people came from the villages around to witness the opening ceremony. Many came from Willersey, including my father, and the children who were still at school were taken on drays to Broadway then treated to a ride on the train to Stratford. My mother2, then eighteen and working at the Broadway vicarage, took time off to attend with her father and mother, and sister Emily.
By the late 1920s my brothers and sisters, and I, came into contact with the life of the railway station when we were collecting the newspapers for delivery to the village. We delivered to homes from Evesham Road Reservoir up to Court Farm at the foot of the hill, and from The Vineyard down to The Lodge at the old church (St Eadburgha’s, Snowshill Road). We would probably be working on father’s allotment at The Meadow, beyond the railway on the Childswickham Road, and as soon as we heard the train coming along the line – the ‘coffee pot’ we called it – we would leave out onion tying or whatever jobs we were doing to run to the station to meet it.
Some of the porters I remember were Frank Phillips3 and later Vic Hunt and Len Lloyd, the signalman, leaning out of his signal box and keeping an eye on things. George Collins, the shunter, was in the Goods Yard and others ‘on the line’ were Bill Horne, Ben Kilby and George Holford.
At the station daily, to collect parcels for delivery around the area would be Philip Rose and his son, Geoffrey, with their horse and dray, and to meet the visitors there would be the cars from the Lygon Arms and the big houses. At the time of arrival and departure of a train there would be much activity and bustle, then the station would be deserted and peace and quiet would return.
It is quieter today. No trains, no staff, no neat platforms, with their flowerbeds. Surely it is obvious to us all now, in 1979, with almost every road in the country packed with heavy lorries and cars, that the closure of many of our railway stations and routes was a great mistake. My guess is before the end of the century work will be put in hand to revive some of the old railway lines and stations, I hope so – who knows, as in 1904, in 2004 there may be another opening ceremony at Broadway Station4.
Broadway’s Postmen
Closely connected with life at the railway station were the village postmen. As Broadway was one of the bigger villages the local Post Office had many postmen to cover a wide area of the surrounding villages. The postmen in my boyhood days wore the old ‘bucket’ helmets and nearly all the rounds were done on foot. I remember such postmen as Arthur Parker5, father of Arthur Parker the decorator, George Keyte, Arnold Folkes, Charlie Jarrett6, Teddy Charlwood, Walter Preston, ‘Postman’ Hall and “Postman’ Green (I never did hear the forenames of the last two – it was always ‘Postman”).
The Andrews boys came into contact with the postmen when they bought the mail to the station, and collected the incoming mail, and as we took the newspapers from the incoming train we had to undo the bundles quickly so that the postmen could have first copy.
‘Postman’ Green7 had three sons, David, John and Philip – Philip too became a postman – and our family members often relate an amusing story regarding David. At school, Mr Bridgman8 was nearing the end of a scripture lesson and he asked the class “Who was David’s father?”. A wit at the back of the class as quick as lightning replied “Mr Green the postman!”
‘Postman’ Hall lived in the cottage next to the Coach and Horses and Teddy Charlwood lived at Mill Avenue. Teddy was a former Army Sergeant-Major and I remember him in the early years of the 1939-1945 war, before I joined the forces, using his former skills in teaching us, the Local Defence Volunteers (later the Home Guard), our rifle drill. Teddy’s son Arthur, was also an Army man for many years.
Life for the village postmen is now very different. Most of them have motor vans in which to make their deliveries, unlike those of long ago who had to walk from Broadway, in all sorts of weather to Farncombe, Aston Somerville, Childswickham, Willersey, Saintbury, Buckland and to Stanton. However, like the railwaymen, the postmen, even today, especially in the rural areas, are an important part of the community and I always think there is something special about their character.
Maurice C. Andrews MBE
1979
Broadway History Society
Notes:
1. George Gazey Andrews, born Willersey on 9th March 1888.
2. Mary Andrews (née Pulley), born Broadway on 29th September 1886.
3. Frank Alfred Phillips (1897-1993) – see Broadway Remembers for further information.
4. Broadway Station was re-opened, part of the GWSR Steam Railway on 30th March 2018. The railway now operates a full steam and heritage diesel train service between Broadway and Cheltenham Racecourse via Toddington (the railway’s headquarters), Hayles Abbey, Winchcombe and Gotherington.
5. Arthur Parker MM, born Broadway in 1897 – see Broadway Remembers for further information.
6. Charles Jarrett joined the Post Office in 1918 after being discharged with wounds from the Royal Warwickshire Regiment in 1917. He retired in December 1954 after 36 years with the Post Office.
7. Harry John Green was born in Clerkenwell, London, in 1844, and served as a postman in Broadway for many years.
8. Archibald Bridgman, Headmaster of Broadway Council School.
Earl Coventry Builds a Beacon Tower above Broadway
The site of Broadway Tower was common land until about 1771. The enclosure of Common land granted this to Sir George William, the 6th Earl of Coventry, who owned nearby Spring Hill House as well as Croome Court in Pershore.
In October 1797, Admiral Duncan, later Earl Camperdown, won a naval victory over the Dutch at Camperdown (north of Haarlem). In celebration a bonfire was lit on Broadway Beacon Hill with fireworks and other events organised by Thomas Coventry, youngest son of Lord Coventry. The Countess of Coventry was so impressed that she persuaded Lord Coventry to erect a tower there. Plans for an ornamental folly were initially discussed with Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown (who had designed the parkland surrounding Spring Hill) and the project was completed in 1799 by the architect James Wyatt after Brown’s death. The 65 foot Beacon Tower with its saxon castle design stands at 1024 feet above sea-level, the highest little castle in the Cotswolds.
Sir Thomas Phillipps and the Broadway Printing Press
Following the 6th Earl’s death, John Coventry, his second son, inherited the Tower and surrounding land. In the 1820s it was sold to the eccentric bibliophile Sir Thomas Phillipps who owned the nearby Middle Hill Estate. Thomas used the Tower from 1827 to house his printing press but during his ownership he neglected the building and it fell into disrepair.
In 1837 the vantage point of Broadway Tower was again used as a site for a Beacon Bonfire. On 20th June 1837, Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee, an evening procession from the village ended with a bonfire at Broadway Beacon, one of 2,548 bonfires lit across the country to celebrate the Jubilee.
Gloves and Famous Visitors
Thomas Phillipps ceased to use the Tower after his move to Cheltenham in 1863. It is recorded that the Tower was used by glove makers for a while before 1866 when Cormell Price took out a lease on the building as a holiday home for himself and his friends. The location of the Tower with its wonderful views attracted many visitors including the English artist and designer Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris. It is believed that in 1876 William Morris wrote a letter from Broadway Tower which led to the formation of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings by William Morris and Philip Webb in 1877. Cormell Price, known affectionately by his friends as the ‘Knight of Broadway Tower’, and the Stanley family, reluctantly left the Tower after 11 years when Cormell gave up his tenancy in September 1878, after the death of Thomas Phillipps.
The Tower during the Second World War
About 1930, still under the ownership of the Middle Hill Estate, the Hollington family moved in as tenant famers. Mr and Mrs Hollington brought up their family there, cooking on a portable stove and climbing the winding stairs by candlelight as there was no electric light or gas. During the Second World War, whilst tenanted by Mr Hollington (who had joined the Observer Corps), the Tower was used as a look out post to map enemy aircraft.
On 2nd June 1943, a Whitley bomber on a training mission from Honeybourne airfield, crashed next to the tower in poor visibility. The crew: Pilot HG Hagen, Sgt EG Ekins, Flt Sgt DH Kelly, Sgt DA Marriott and Sgt RS Phillips all lost their lives in the crash.
Broadway Tower and the Royal Observation Corps
Broadway Tower remained part of the Middle Hill Estate until 1949 when on the death of Miss Emily Georgina Hingley it was offered to the National Trust as a gift. The Trust declined and the Tower subsequently passed to the Dulverton Batsford Estates when it was rescued by the Hon. Frederick Anthony Wills, 2nd Baron Dulverton of Batsford (1915-1992).
In 1950, following the Second World War, a new above ground concrete slab observation post, known as an Orlit A, was built. It was a very basic structure consisting of two small, separate rooms, equipped with little more than a telephone line that connected the men that manned the post to the regional control centre.
During the ‘Cold War’, a secret Royal Observer Corps nuclear bunker was built in 1961 approximately 180 metres from the Tower. As part of a larger network of 1,653 bunkers around the country, it served as an early warning system – built to study the effects of radioactive fallout from a nuclear attack. It was manned continuously from 1961, up until it’s decommissioning in 1991 at the end of the Cold War. The bunker has since been restored and is open to the public on certain weekends of the year.
Broadway Tower Today
During Lord Dulverton’s ownership the land surrounding the Tower was developed in to a Country Park with its own herd of red deer and the Tower was converted in to a Museum.
The grounds and the Tower, with its wonderful views across up to 16 counties, are now in the ownership of the Will family and are open to the public most days.
Today we remember Able Seaman Robert Warner Clarke of Broadway who died, aged 19, 76 years ago during the Second World War. Robert, known as Bob, was a member of the crew on submarine HMS P311 when she was sunk by a mine on 8th January 19431 off the coast of Tavolara Island, a small island to the north east of Sardinia.
Bob, was born in Broadway, one of nine children of Frank Thomas Clarke and May Clarke (née Meadows). After the outbreak of the Second World War, Bob enlisted with the Royal Navy Submarine Service and was posted to serve on HMS P311.
HMS P311 was a T-class submarine and the only boat of her class never to have been given a name. She was launched on 5th March 1942 and commissioned 5 months later on 7th August. HMS P311 was supposed to have been assigned the name Tutankhamen but was lost before this was formally done. She had joined the 10th Submarine Flotilla at Malta from Scotland in November 1942 and was attacked and sunk whilst en-route to Maddalena, Sardinia sometime between her final signal on 31st December 1942 and her failure to report on 8th January 19431.
When HMS P311 was lost she was carrying a crew of 71 men, commanded by Richard Douglas Cayley, DSO, RN2. The wreck recently found by divers on 21st May 2016 close to Tavolara Island in the Mediterranean. The vessel is reported to be in good condition with only her bow damaged by the mine explosion and all the bodies of the men are reported to be still on-board having died of suffocation.
Prior to her sinking, whilst in Malta, Able Seaman (no. P/JX 321879) Robert Clarke sent the following letters3 home to his family in Broadway:
4th December 1942
Dear Mum, Dad and all at home,
I hope you received the cable alright & that you are having some good weather & keeping well. I am feeling lovely as where I am the weather is scorching hot. How is everyone down Broadway, tell Dennis Cook4 I will drop him a line very soon but it’s hard to say how long it will take to reach him. When you write to Sid5 tell him I am ok but I don’t expect to see him for a very long time. I wish I could tell you where I am & what this place is like but I can’t.
When you write to me it is best to send it by CW Graphs as they don’t take long to travel.
I am only allowed to send one page so for now I will close with lots of love to all.
From Bob.
20th December 1942
Dear Mum, Dad and all at home,
I hope this short letter finds you in the best of health as it leaves me. I hope you all had a good Xmas as I didn’t do so bad myself accordingly. Last night I had a great surprise I walked into a club with my mate and met Eddie Procter6 the chap from Willersey who married Kathleen Keyte from the bottom of our avenue, he looks well and seems quite happy, him and I are going out together tomorrow if everything is ok.
Has Sid been home on leave lately or has he gone abroad? I would like to see him now. I expect it will be a long while before I am home again but when I do come I hope to have some money saved up. Did you get the £2 I sent to go on my Savings Book that Auntie has got? I will send some more as soon as I can if you will put it on the Book for me.
Give my best to Nibs and all the rest, and tell Kathleen Keyte I saw Eddie.
With all my love Mum,
From Bob.
Bob and the rest of the crew of HMS P311 are commemorated on the Portsmouth Naval War Memorial (Panel 74, Column 1) in Hampshire and Bob is commemorated on the War Memorial in Broadway.
Debbie Williamson
Broadway History Society
Notes:
HMS P311 was reported overdue on 8th January 1943 when she failed to return to base and it is now presumed that she was sunk by Italian mines on or around 2nd January 1943.
Richard Douglas Cayley (1907-1943) was one of the most decorated British submariners of the Second World War. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in 1941. His prowess earned him the nickname “Deadeye Dick”.
Bob’s letters are published with the permission of Andy Clarke.
Dennis G. Cook (1922-1977).
Sid was Bob’s older brother born in Broadway in 1921. Lance Corporal 11416496 Sydney Richard Clarke served with the 7th Battalion York and Lancaster Regiment. during the Second World War. He died, aged 24, on 1st April 1946 and is buried in the churchyard at St Eadburgha’s Church, Snowshill Road, Broadway, and is commemorated on Broadway War Memorial.
Edgar William Proctor served with the 44 Squadron Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve as a Flight Sergeant/Air Gunner. He was killed, aged 22, on 22nd January 1944 and is buried in Berlin 1939-1945 War Cemetery, Germany, Collective Grave 6. L. 1-7. Son of Thomas and Emily Proctor and husband of Kathleen Elsie Proctor of Broadway, Worcestershire, he is commemorated on Broadway War Memorial.
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https://icharta.com/1953-london-mansion-house-rupert-de-la-bere-al-matrimonio-della-figlia-camilla/
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1953 LONDON Mansion House - Rupert DE LA BÈRE al matrimonio della figlia Camilla
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Fotografia d'epoca con didascalia coeva al verso. CONDIZIONI: FAIR (lieve piegature; sovraimpressione; vari aloni) FORMATO: 15x20 cm
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ICharta
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https://icharta.com/1953-london-mansion-house-rupert-de-la-bere-al-matrimonio-della-figlia-camilla/
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Dear Customers, shipments will be suspended from August 30th to September 9th.
However, it will still be possible to place orders as usual, and for any information or requests, you can contact icharta@gmail.com
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https://broadwayhistorysociety.wordpress.com/broadway-fete-1938/
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Broadway Fete, Monday 2 August 1938
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2022-01-12T09:09:33+00:00
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From the Cheltenham Chronicle: Mr. Rupert De la Bere, M.P. performed the opening ceremony at the annual fete in aid of funds of Broadway Congregational church which took place at Luggers Hill on Monday, by permission of Mr. Clement V. Parsons. A large number of people were present, Mr. D.G.S. Russell presided at the opening…
|
en
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Broadway History Society
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https://broadwayhistorysociety.wordpress.com/broadway-fete-1938/
|
Mr. Rupert De la Bere, M.P. performed the opening ceremony at the annual fete in aid of funds of Broadway Congregational church which took place at Luggers Hill on Monday, by permission of Mr. Clement V. Parsons. A large number of people were present, Mr. D.G.S. Russell presided at the opening ceremony, and introduced Mr. De la Bere, who in declaring the fete open, thanked Mrs. Kemp for her work. The Rev. Arthur Wakelin (Broadway Congregational minister), thanked Mr. De la Bere and Mr. Don Russell for their presence and keen interest, also Mr. Clement Parsons for lending his beautiful gardens, and all who helped. A feature of the programme was a baby show, and the judge was Dr. Dorothy Neate, of Fladbury, assisted by Nurse Green of Guiting. The prize winners were, under 12 months, 1 Olive Whitton, 2 James Brookes; over 12 months 1 Brian Clarke, 2 Jean Warren. Another attractive item, “The Pageant of the Flowers” was presented by Mrs. Jones’s pupils. A fine programme of music was played, under the direction of Mr. L.J. Hensley. There were a number of stalls and sideshows. The programme wound up with a well attended dance in the Lifford Hall, when music was played by Frank Styles and his band, from Wickhamford.
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https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/john-rupert.html
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res stock photography and images
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Find the perfect john rupert stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.
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Alamy
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https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/john-rupert.html
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Alamy and its logo are trademarks of Alamy Ltd. and are registered in certain countries. Copyright © 12/08/2024 Alamy Ltd. All rights reserved.
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https://npgshop.org.uk/products/sir-rupert-de-la-bere-1st-bt-npg-x167068-print
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Sir Rupert de la Bère, 1st Bt Portrait Print
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High quality digital portrait print, made to order to your choice of size, paper finish, and frame, from the National Portrait Gallery Collection
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National Portrait Gallery Shop
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https://npgshop.org.uk/products/sir-rupert-de-la-bere-1st-bt-npg-x167068-print
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Extra small 102mm x 153mm £6.00
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Images are printed in their original proportions, within a white border, on the paper of your choice. Please note that dimensions listed above are for the paper size only.
The Photo paper has a semi-gloss finish, ideally suited to reproductions of photographs, while the Art paper has a matt textured surface that works particularly well for reproductions of drawings, etchings and some paintings.
If selecting a frame for Photo paper small or medium, please note that the frame is black, made from solid sustainable wood in the UK, and the dimensions are:
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Ordering to the EU: From 31 July 2024 customs duties, import VAT and handling fees may apply to all orders shipped to the EU, and the customer is liable for these charges. Please note that international customs duties and sales taxes may apply to some orders outside the UK, and that the customer is liable for these charges.
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Teemill shipping rates are charged separately to National Portrait Gallery shipping charges. Please note that both shipping charges may apply in some cases due to items being shipped from different locations.
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https://medium.com/%40simonspat73/following-the-threads-reconstructing-the-life-of-daisy-blossom-elkan-1876-1966-a811546aeba4
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Following the threads: Reconstructing the life of Daisy Blossom Elkan 1876–1966
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2020-10-13T16:14:31.648000+00:00
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I came across Daisy Blossom Elkan while researching my family tree. She is a distant cousin of my paternal grandfather. I was charmed by her name and intrigued by her transformation from what was…
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https://miro.medium.com/v2/5d8de952517e8160e40ef9841c781cdc14a5db313057fa3c3de41c6f5b494b19
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Medium
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https://medium.com/@simonspat73/following-the-threads-reconstructing-the-life-of-daisy-blossom-elkan-1876-1966-a811546aeba4
|
I came across Daisy Blossom Elkan while researching my family tree. She is a distant cousin of my paternal grandfather. I was charmed by her name and intrigued by her transformation from what was apparently a conventional, middle-class Jewish girl, whose father was born in London’s east end and whose mother was an immigrant to becoming the wife of a member of the British aristocracy. All I knew was that she was born in the USA, brought up in Kilburn and St Johns Wood, married briefly to someone I had no information about, was a milliner and then in her 60s married an Honourable. Just how much could I find out? Daisy herself is almost invisible in the written record, although some of her great nieces and nephews are still living, would anyone remember what she was like?
I have chosen to write about the people I can connect directly with Daisy; her family, partners, clients, employees and friends. These people themselves are almost lost to history. Nobody has kept their archives or their letters and remarkably few of them had families who have preserved a memory but they were energetic and distinctive characters, living in times of great change and challenge. Daisy’s story brings them together.
The Elkan Family
Daisy was the second of four daughters born to Alexander and Amelia Elkan. The Elkan family can be traced back to Hamburg in Germany in the Eighteenth century, they were engaged in the tobacco industry in various ways, as importers and brokers, as cigar makers, as shopkeepers and salesmen. As far as can be traced they were never in poverty but their businesses had failures and successes and the family adapted to changing conditions, taking what opportunities they could to support themselves. When Alexander Elkan died on June 28 1924 and Amelia on 13 December 1929, each daughter inherited enough money to enable them to live comfortably and invest in their own families and businesses.
Daisy’s father, Alexander Elkan arrived in New York City in 1865 at the age of 16. The oldest son of a London tobacconist, described as artistic and talented, he was seeking his fortune. It was the end of the American Civil War and New York was booming. The first sky scrapers were being built, immigrants from all over Europe were flooding to the city and the swamps and hills of Manhattan were rapidly being turned into housing and factories. The city was unsanitary with litter strewn cobbled streets, cheaply built accommodation which lacked ventilation and basic sewerage. Even so, fortunes could be made. Alexander got a job as a salesman of jewellery and fancy goods possibly working for the Josephi family. A family story tells how he first saw Amelia Josephi at a fancy dress party when she was dressed as a jockey in a scarlet tunic, sitting on a table swinging her legs and determined to marry her. [i]
Daisy’s mother, Amelia was the daughter of Edward Josephi who with his brothers, had come to New York from St Petersburg, Russia and set up a jewellery business. By 1860 Edward and his wife, Sarah and their eight children were living in a $10,000 property on West 22nd Street and able to employ four servants. In 1862 Edward and his oldest son David, travelled by sea to gold rich San Francisco to open the California branch of their business. On the return journey Edward died when a fire on board caused the steamer Golden Gate to sink off the coast of Mexico. After her husband’s death, Sarah Josephi continued the jewellery business at 58 Nassau Street while David ran the San Francisco branch. Sarah and her daughters visited San Francisco in 1869 and shortly after they had all returned, Amelia and Alexander were married.
Alexander and Amelia’s daughters, Mabel Pearl born in 1874, Daisy Blossom in 1876, and Blanche Maud in 1877 were born in Manhattan and by 1880 the family had moved to suburban Bayonne City, NJ where the youngest, Florence was born. Bayonne was formed as a township in 1861 and became a City in 1869. It had a boatbuilding and yachting industry while its farmers, fishers and oystermen supplied the nearby New York markets. Its hotels and beaches attracted wealthy New Yorkers, gaining it the epithet “Newport on the Hudson”. The area was becoming more urbanised and attracted many European immigrants with jobs in the developing oil refinery and other industries but in the 1870s and 80s it was an attractive place for successful New Yorkers to raise their families.
Alexander travelled with a servant to London aboard the Adriatic in April 1875, which was probably his first visit home. His father, Isaac Elkan had died the year before and his sister Sarah, having recovered from financial difficulties in the year before their father’s death was running their business, Bewlay & Co. tobacconist and pipe retailer. Isaac and Rebecca Elkan had lived above their shop in The Strand but it was becoming less suitable for the sort of family lifestyle their children wanted. In December 1872, Isaac had been a member of a delegation of shop keepers petitioning the police to do something about the lawlessness and nuisance in the area which was driving away respectable trade. The Strand was at the heart of the night time entertainment economy in London with theatres and many drinking establishments. The delegation noted that between the Lyceum Theatre and Newcastle Street — a distance of some 700 yards, there were 11 public houses. They estimated this amounted to “2 gin shops for every 7 households” on the Strand. As well as drunkenness, the area was attracting vagrants, itinerant street traders and thieves. It was so bad that theatre owners had to employ linkmen to guide their clients to their carriages after a performance. Not surprisingly, there was a “constant parade of prostitutes” and hawkers selling indecent and sensationalist prints.[ii] Rebecca moved to St Johns Wood, a fast-developing residential area to the north-west of London.
Alexander’s visit home would have coincided with the birth of his older sister Rachel and her jeweller husband, John Bessie’s eighth child and his sister Kate’s wedding to Frederick Jacobs, a pawnbroker and ship owner from Swansea. After attending to family and business affairs, he returned to New York and his young family at the end of the year. Things were changing. The American economy had suffered during the “Long Depression” (1873–1879), The Josephi’s New York business had ceased by 1883 and there was a further crisis in 1884 which saw the collapse of many New York banks. In London, the Elkan’s tobacco business was in need of new direction and it’s likely the family looked to Alexander to provide leadership and maybe some fresh American ideas. He and Amelia brought their family to England around 1884 in the City of Rome by way of Havana, where they made useful contacts amongst the cigar manufacturers. It took a while to establish a profitable business, Minnie took in sewing and Alexander supplemented his income by sketching portraits. However, he quickly formed a partnership with a neighbour, Frank Morris, to import cigars with a warehouse at 106 Fenchurch Street. Alexander also replaced his mother as director of the retailer Bewlay & Co. which maintained the shop in The Strand.
The Alexander Elkan family lived at various addresses in the St Johns Wood area, close to their relations and other well-heeled acquaintances. At least some of the girls may have attended The French School in Brondesbury Villas which was opened in 1887 by sisters, Louise and Alice Bocher. Advertisements for the school emphasised it was a day and boarding school with a homely atmosphere for “gentlemen’s daughters only”. French was taught “by an interesting and novel method by means of objects, facts & pictures, French in a French family”. Other subjects were, “English, languages and accomplishments, callisthenics, gymnastics and painting”[iii]. A Miss Elkan (likely to have been Florence) performed in a short play at a concert put on by the school in December 1889 in Kilburn Town Hall[iv].
Alexander was a seat holder at the St Johns Wood Synagogue which had been established in 1876. As the area developed, the congregation grew rapidly and in 1882 it moved to a new building in Abbey Road where it remained until 1964. St Johns Wood was a founding member of the United Synagogue said by some to be the Jewish equivalent of the Church of England, mainstream orthodox, accommodating a range of views on liturgy and proudly British. Alexander’s brother John was on the Board of Management. In 1889, Mabel Elkan won a prize for Hebrew and Religion at the synagogue’s Sunday school and attended a prizegiving at Kilburn Town Hall with speeches made by the Rev. Dr Herman Adler, who became Chief Rabbi in 1891 and other rabbis and community leaders. Adler praised the religious education of girls and women of the ‘leisured classes’. Rev. Berman Berliner, the director of classes advocated being “good Jews and good Englishmen” [sic] and asserted you could only be happy if you were a true believer. Mr Alderman Phillips told the audience that Judaism taught good neighbourliness, virtue and moderation. Jews were to “earn their money fairly and not to hanker after luxuries”. Rev. Prof. Marks told the students that their hard work made them good members of the community, the “duties of women are at the root of society” and encouraged them to put their learning to use by teaching others.[v]
Daisy’s elder sister, Blanche Maud Elkan, beautiful charming and sympathetic and an accomplished pianist and singer; married Lawrance Stanley Phillips early in 1899. He was, according to his son, Eric “a very down to earth and strong minded man”. Already established as a cigar importer, he became a director of Morris & Elkan. The families had been neighbours in the Strand and he probably always felt close to the Elkans. As Alexander and Amelia grew older, L. Stanley supported his wife’s parents and took the role of ‘man of the family’ with regard to his unmarried and widowed sisters-in law. It was he who was contacted when Mabel’s son Jack ran away from school to enlist in the First World War and in her will, Amelia noted his “support and many kindnesses”. Maudie and Lawrance had two sons, Frank and Eric.
In May 1908, Morris & Elkan was acquired by John Hunter Wiltshire & Co Ltd. for £25,000. The company was quoted on the stock exchange issuing 85,000 preference shares at £1 paying a guaranteed 7% dividend each. Alexander Elkan was the chairman of the new company styled as John Hunter, Morris & Elkan Ltd. as well as continuing his directorships of cigar and pipe retailers, Carlin & Co. and Bewlay & Co. When L Stanley Phillips, became managing director, he was keen to expand by acquisition and purchased the tobacco manufacturer, J. L. Van Gelder & Co and tobacco importer, Joseph Travers & Co. Ltd. In 1911 John Hunter Morris & Elkan acquired a controlling interest in Allones & Co of Havana which gave it a Cuban factory and the world-wide rights to the Ramon Allones brand of Havana cigars. Agencies were established throughout the world and sales flourished even when the First World War imposed restrictions on the import of cigars.
Ordinary shareholders received a dividend of 10% throughout the 1920s although in 1921 high costs of production and taxation of profits caused the company to close a factory in Guildford and devise a plan to share any excess profits with its employees. This met with resistance from some shareholders who thought they would lose their annual bonus payments. As a result of the 1929 Wall Street Crash and following depression, the dividend for ordinary shareholders was reduced to 7.5% in 1930–31 and reduced again to 5% the following year. In 1933 the company reorganised its capital, paying the preference shareholders only a guaranteed 6% with no ordinary share dividend paid that year. The restructuring resulted in improved profits and dividend payments of between 3% and 6% continued until 1940.
In 1940 importation of Havana cigars was banned and when finally allowed in 1953 was subject to quotas and high import duty. John Hunter Morris and Elkan turned to importing cigars from India but there was a consolidation in the cigar market and a number of mergers and acquisitions which cumulated in ownership passing to the Freeman family who owned their arch rival J. Frankau & Co. L Stanley Phillips died in 1957 and Blanche in 1958. Their son, Frank Phillips went into the cigar business while his brother Eric became a civil servant.
Mabel Pearl Elkan, Daisy’s younger sister married Lionel Benjamin at Bayswater Synagogue on 17 September 1894. Lionel was a stockbroker and bullion dealer who had been born in Melbourne where his father David had property and business interests. Lionel’s wealth should have been secure when he inherited a large legacy on his father’s death in 1893 but he lost all his money on the stock exchange and that finished his banking career. Perhaps his marriage to Mabel was a means of financial salvation as by 1905 Lionel was also a cigar merchant, with a shop in Queen Victoria Street. The stress of business probably contributed to him having a nervous breakdown around 1914 and he was confined to a nursing home where he died in 1917. Despite his financial and psychological problems, he had regained his fortune and his estate was worth £23,997.
Mabel and Lionel had three children. Sybil, Eileen and Jack. The family’s demands caused a Runton, Norfolk lodging house keeper to bring a court action against them for loss of earnings in 1905. Mrs Benjamin had booked a sitting room and three bedrooms at one guinea per room per week for a month’s holiday and on the first night she asked for three baths to be filled with hot water in the space of 15 minutes. The landlady said this was not possible and Mabel lost her temper. Although there were no further problems, the Benjamins left after a week. The judge ruled in the landlady’s favour and awarded her £8 8s for three weeks lost earnings and costs[vi].
In September 1940 Mabel changed her surname by deed poll to Benham, although she and her son Jack had been using this name for some years prior to the formality. Eric Phillips, her nephew remembered her as “tall and rather stiff with a great concern for appearances”[vii]
Jack Elkan David Benham was born on 23rd July 1900. He was educated at Haileybury School. A boxer, athlete and member of the officer training corps, his academic results were poor and he failed to qualify to read engineering at London University. In 1915, he ran away from school to enlist but his housemaster telegraphed his mother and uncle and the next day he was found and brought back to school. Jack left Haileybury at the end of the Easter term 1918 and joined the Royal Air Force. He did his flying training in Egypt but was demobilised in March 1919 when he joined John Hunter, Morris & Elkan, becoming a member of the board in 1930. In 1934 L. Stanley Phillips agreed British marketing rights with Menendez y Garcia, the inventor of the Montecristo premium cigar. L. Stanley asked Jack to design a livery for the brand. Using the theme of Alexandre Dumas’s Count of Monte Cristo, Jack’s design was innovative and eye catching with the emblem of crossed epees surrounding the ‘fleur de lys’ in red and gold on a bright yellow background surrounded by a chequered strip.
Jack enjoyed “boxing, motorcycling… and knocking around with beautiful young ladies and all sorts and conditions of men”[viii]. He continued flying as a hobby, joining №600 Squadron (City of London) Auxiliary Air Force, based at RAF Hendon flying Avro Tutors. However, he left in 1932 and took up parachute jumping. Flight Magazine in its 27th June 1935 report of the Insurance Flying Club’s Party at Hanworth Park commented “The programme … included a parachute jump by Mr. J. E. Benham, who, it is said, recently found life rather dull after his previous experiences and so took up parachute jumping as a means of making life a little more interesting”. In the anticipation of another war, Jack re-joined the RAF in 1938. Described as 6 foot 2 ¾ inches tall with brown eyes and black hair going grey, he listed his abilities to drive a car, a lorry and a motor bike. He could swim, shoot, bicycle, fly, box, sketch and read a map. He gave his religion as Church of England and his occupation as company director with a private income. On 4th July 1940 he was posted as Chief Instructor at the newly formed Central Landing School at Ringway Airfield. Their job was to teach Commando Units, the Parachute Regiment and Special Operations Executive (SOE) Agents how to parachute jump and to perfect the equipment and adapt the aircraft which would be used. Jack’s commanding officer praised him for “writing the whole of the parachute training manual in his spare time, over and above doing the duty of Chief Ground Instructor” and making over fifty parachute descents. In August 1941 he was posted as Dispatch Officer, Tempsford Aerodrome, the home of the SOE squadrons 138 and 161. The SOE recruited, trained and inserted agents into enemy territory and the RAF provided the transport to fly the agents and their equipment. Wing Commander Jack Benham, Royal Auxiliary Air Force, was reported missing on 28th January 1942. He was on board a Whitley V Bomber No. Z6728, returning from an SOE operation over Belgium. Engine failure forced them to ditch twenty miles from the English coast and the crew presumably drowned. His name is recorded on the Royal Air Force Memorial at Runnymede in Surrey.
Jack’s sisters, Sybil and Eileen married two brothers, Charles and David Davis who were hat manufacturers. Eileen and David had a son, Michael in 1925 but Eileen died of pneumonia caused by neglect due to severe post-natal depression in 1931. Sybil and Charles also had a son, Richard born in 1924, and cared for Michael after his mother’s death.
As a young woman Daisy’s youngest sister, Florence Elkan, known as Flossie, took part in amateur concert parties for charitable causes. Described as “gay and naughty”, plump with fair hair and blue eyes. She is credited in 1903 as performing for member of the Jewish Working Men’s Club and Lad’s Institute and the East London Jewish Communal League at the Stepney Jewish Schools, and playing “Poppy” in the comic opera San Toy for the Charing Cross Hospital Improvement League. She was a member of an amateur troupe called The Londoners who performed Florodora at the Queen Street Theatre [ix] Excerpts from this performance were included in a programme attended by the Princess of Wales at the Queens Hall in aid of the Paddington Green Children’s Hospital in June 1903. Flossie reprised her role as “Lady Holyrood”. The reviewer in The Queen described the costumes rather than the dramatic performances, describing Flossie’s “large matinee hat with white ostrich feathers, feather boa and pretty summer toilette” and her second act “grey dress with a black hat surrounded with small flowers”[x] I wonder if this is early evidence of her sister, Daisy’s skill as a milliner and dressmaker.
In 1905 Florence married Max Paul Stettheimer, a tobacco merchant from Frankfurt am Main in Germany. They “wined and dined their way around London” and lived at the smart address of 62 Hamilton Terrace but by 1910 Max Paul had disappeared and Florence was living alone. Her father helped to arrange a divorce in Frankfurt in 1914 and she changed her name by deed poll to Mrs Florence Elkan. Max Paul Stettheimer remarried in Frankfurt in 1924 to Anna Maria Barbara Weldschmitt. In 1928 he was convicted in Germany of smuggling wines, spirits and cigars. He said he had obtained the goods via the wife of a member of the British Rhine Army occupying forces and had sold them to customers in unoccupied Germany.[xi]
Florence remained living in Hamilton Terrace until 1939 and developed a career as a breeder of pekingese dogs. She won prizes at dog shows across the country throughout the 1930s and the pedigree records her prize winners; T’su Ting, Tai Pan, Bimbo, Marigold, Wee Dah, T’sun Tsun, White Boi T’sun and White Boi of Fewling amongst others[xii]. According to her nephew, she loved entertaining wealthy gentlemen and embarking on intense but short lived friendships with women[xiii]. In the late 1930s a fellow Pekingese breeder, Walter Horace Weil and his partner Gertrude Johnson came to share her house at 26 Hamilton Terrace. Walter was a retired stockbroker who had been born in St Johns Wood and lived and worked in London until the First World War. In 1901–3 he had been involved in a series of court cases where he was accused of fraud and defaulting on payment for shares. After this he retired from the Stock Exchange but was the owner of several tenement properties in London and a Director of the newly rebuilt Adelphi Theatre. He provided financial backing for the popular musical theatre production Florodora. Around 1910 he separated from his wife and in 1911 was living in London with Gertrude Johnson. Weil and Johnson moved to Poulton le Fylde, Lancashire where Gertrude was known as Mrs Weil. They became leading members of the pekingese breeding community. Their Wun Dah of Chinatown was a seven times champion and sired a record breaking 15 full champions.[xiv] Walter was a judge of the breed and the couple travelled around Britain organising and attending dog shows. They could have met Florence through their theatrical connections or at dog shows and may even have been instrumental in her taking up dog breeding. Florence, Walter and Gertrude moved to Ewhurst, Surrey at the outbreak of the Second World War. One winter morning in January 1941, 78 year old Walter went out for a walk in nearby woods and dropped down dead. Gertrude did not stay living with Florence and this was the end of their dog breeding careers although Florence remained at By The Way in Somersby Lane, Ewhurst increasingly disabled due to arthritis, until her death in 1965.
Aged 22, Daisy ran away from home and married John Roberts at Paddington Register Office on 7 September 1899. Although he gave his occupation as brewer, John had been unsuccessful in that trade and was dependent on his father, Arthur Roberts. Arthur was a comedian and a superstar of the late Victorian and Edwardian music halls. Born in London the son of a tailor’s fitter who worked for Poole’s in Savile Row, Arthur started his career as a comic singer, giving up a job as a solicitor’s clerk to tour the country. Quick witted and talented, he developed various comic routines, silly walks, songs and characters. He invented the term ‘spoof’ and by the 1890s had his own company of music hall performers, was famous internationally and a very wealthy man. He benefitted from The Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII’s interest in the theatre and music hall and was invited to private parties and gentlemen’s clubs as well as touring the country maintaining his popular appeal. When he appeared in court to account for his son’s debts the judge was more interested in his jokes than his solvency. Arthur was a fan of horse racing and a gambler. His circle of friends included bookmakers and publicans, jockeys and trainers, and aristocratic followers of the sport of kings as well as music hall performers, theatrical agents and empresarios. His own financial situation had ups and downs, he often complained of being short of money or having to pay too much tax but he enjoyed a close family life at his large residence at 30 Maida Vale with his childhood sweetheart, Emma Veal and their two children, Emma Louise, known as Cissy and John.
In 1896 at the age of 21 John Roberts had purchased for £3,500 the Teign Brewery in Teignmouth, Devon from George Curtis who had operated it for many years. The steam brewery with an associated pub and dwelling dated from the 17th Century, selling the beer it produced at the adjoining pub and to local hotels. When John purchased the business there was only one employee, a young man who claimed to be the chief brewer. John appears to have had no knowledge of brewing or of business. Arthur Roberts had taken out a £4,000 mortgage for the purchase of the brewery and John was supposed to pay him back. Arthur paid the interest on the mortgage regularly but John made no money and “never paid him a thing”.
In 1897 John Roberts was fined for not declaring beer production properly for tax purposes. He was sued by a hop merchant for non-payment of invoices and by a local upholsterer who had not been paid for work commissioned by the brewery. John applied to his father for help. Arthur, who had already paid a total of £4,155 for his son’s venture, took over as owner and licensee and offered to repay his son’s creditors at 5 shillings in the pound.[xv]
In 1897 the brewery became the property of Arthur Roberts & Co. A manager, John Deane Brown was appointed and the business was recoopered and restocked. In an important case regarding the law about tied houses, Roberts and Brown applied for an injunction against a Mr Heaton, the landlord of the Royal Hotel, Dawlish who had agreed to buy beer only from George Curtis when he owned the Teign Brewery. Roberts and Brown argued that this was a contract with the brewery, irrespective of its ownership but the judge, while commenting on the deficiencies of the contract, refused to grant the injunction, allowing Heaton to buy beer from other producers. [xvi]
Daisy, from a successful business family, might have been a good catch for John. Despite the difference in religion she was liked by her in-laws and perhaps her business sense could have won John some independence. However, he had tuberculosis which was already advanced at the time of his marriage. He died on 12 December 1899 when they had been married only three months. Arthur Roberts sold his interest in the brewery after John’s death. Daisy was left almost penniless and began working as a couture milliner. She stayed close to her mother and sister in law. She was listed in the 1901 census as living with the family at 30 Maida Vale[xvii] and was on holiday at the fashionable new Hotel Metropole in Brighton with Emma and Cissy in April 1908.
Emma Roberts died in 1915. In his autobiography, Fifty Years of Spoof, Arthur, in financial difficulties and with his career in decline due to the growing popularity of moving pictures and radio, admitted to a period of loneliness and depression after his wife’s death. However, he married again in 1922 and his career revived in a touring “legends of music hall” show. He died in 1933.
Daisy was recorded in the 1911 census living with her sister, Florence at 10 Hamilton Terrace. Her occupation is recorded as milliner and her status as an employer. Her parents and other sisters were all living close by and its likely she spent time helping and supporting her family when illness struck, babies were born or there were marital difficulties. She may well have designed and made the costumes for Flossie’s theatrical performances and this may be how she became a milliner, owning or managing a business as well as making hats herself. I cannot find out how she learnt this trade but Arthur Roberts had contacts with the high-end tailoring trade and the Elkans had relations and acquaintances who were involved in tailoring, dressmaking and millinery. She may even have gone to Paris for a time at one of the famous fashion houses such as Suzanne Talbot. By 1913 Daisy was fully independent and living in her own flat at 8 Newcastle House, Northumberland Street, Marylebone (now Luxborough Street).
Elsie Petre
In February 1914 Daisy Roberts became the chairman and managing director of the newly established court dressmaker and milliner Ann Talbot Ltd with premises at 5 George Street, Hanover Square and capital of £3,000 in partnership with the Hon. Mrs Albert Petre. All shares were owned by Daisy Roberts and the Hon. Katherine Elsie Emma Petre and both agreed to offer their share to the other if they decided to relinquish them or on the death of either partner. Although it is not known how they met, this relationship lasted until Elsie’s death in 1930.
Katherine Elsie Clark was born in 1856, the eldest of the 13 children of William Robinson Clark the rector of St Mary Magdalen, Taunton, Somerset and his wife Elizabeth. William and Elizabeth separated around 1873 when she converted to Catholicism. William Robinson Clark emigrated to Canada in 1882 and had a distinguished career as the Professor of Moral and Mental Philosophy at the University of Trinity College, Toronto. He married twice more, and died in Toronto in 1912.
Elsie spent her girlhood engaged in the conventional activities of a clergyman’s family. As “a little girl” she laid the foundation stone for the St Mary’s National School in 1866, her father giving a speech about the benefits of education for all. With her siblings she was involved in running stalls at charity bazaars and raising funds for church decorations. At Christmas time in 1876 Elsie attended a fancy-dress ball in the London Hotel, Taunton dressed as “Kathleen Mavourneen”, the heroine of a sentimental song that was popular during the American Civil War[i]. She was chief bridesmaid, in “a beautifully embroidered dress”, at the wedding of her sister Margaret to Alan Summerly Cole in 1879. Alan was the son of Henry Cole, one of the founders of the South Kensington Museum (later the Victoria and Albert Museum) and was an expert in textiles, particularly lace. In 1881, Elsie, her mother and youngest sister, Hilda were living in Holdenhurst, Hampshire. Elsie married The Hon. Albert Petre, a stockbroker who was a son of Lord Petre in 1883 in Gibraltar. The Petres were an old and wealthy Roman Catholic landowning family, based in Essex. A week after her marriage while in Spain, on the way home, Elsie contracted typhoid fever and nearly died. She recovered slowly and then had their only son, Rupert in 1884. She didn’t fully take her role in society until May 1885 when she was formally presented to Queen Victoria. Thereafter, Mrs Albert Petre was a regular at court, herself presenting debutantes to the Queen and becoming a member of the Prince of Wales’s set. The Prince of Wales and his entourage enjoyed horse racing and during the 1890s Elise was seen at the major race meetings. The newspaper reports comment on the clothing of the ladies as much if not more than the performance of the horses and Elsie was a leader of fashion. She was spotted in October 1890 at Kempton “in a smart blue serge gown braided in gold”[ii], in March 1892 at Sandown “in black with a large black hat trimmed with black feathers and point de venise lace”[iii], and in July 1892 at Sandown wearing a “black ground covered foulard with waistcoat of chaudron crepe de chine”[iv]
Elsie and Albert had no children who survived childhood, there was a stillborn baby in 1893 and Rupert Petre died aged 11 in 1895 while in France. The couple remained married and at least officially living at the same address in Kensington but appear to have led increasingly separate lives. It was rumoured that Elise was one of Edward VII’s many mistresses, she was certainly a close friend and gained the epithet “Queen of Marienbad”. However, Elsie maintained good relations with the wider Petre family. Henry Petre, Albert’s half-brother brought her an expensive birthday present and in 1899, Elsie’s younger sister Audrey married Albert’s nephew, Bernard who was the 14th Baron Petre. The birthday present from her brother-in-law was the cause of a court case brought by Mr Arthur Pitson, a goldsmith and jeweller against the executors of the Hon. Henry Petre’s estate in 1900. Pitson had lent emerald and diamond ornaments to Elsie for two state occasions in 1899. When she returned the ornaments the second time, she told him that Hon. Henry Petre wished to buy them for her as a birthday gift and he would pay £1200 in four quarterly instalments. However, Henry died before he could pay the final amount and his executors refused to pay because Henry’s second wife, Sophie said that although she had the invoice and receipts for three payments, she knew nothing about the jewels. Pitson said in court that Sophie had a case pending against Elsie to have the jewels returned. The judge found in favour of the jeweller but it’s not recorded if Sophie ever obtained the jewels.[v]
Albert and Elsie had attended the wedding of the actor, Charles Hawtrey to Madeleine Sherrife in June 1886. Hawtrey, who eventually became Elsie’s second husband, was a close friend and after Edward VII’s accession to the throne, was often at her side at Marienbad where the King and members of the British aristocracy took the waters every summer. Another Marienbad visitor described Elsie “Warm hearted, humorous and wise, she rarely led the talk but possessed to perfection the art of keeping it alive. Her great joy was to listen to Charles Hawtrey at his favourite amusement of mimicking the person to whom he happened at that moment to be talking”[vi]. Marienbad was a relaxed resort, the routine comprised of early walks to take the waters, conversation and refreshments at cafes, golf, massages and other treatments and a regime of light meals. In the evenings, there was a theatre and regular concerts as well as bridge parties but the cure was the priority and everyone had an early night. Edward VII visited Marienbad every year during his reign, using the time in Europe to conduct diplomacy and maintain good relations with foreign politicians and royalty, most of whom were related to him.
In England, Edward VII and his queen, Alexandra revived court social life with formal Courts and state balls as well as royal visits to notable stately homes, the theatre and sporting events. Mrs Albert Petre was reported in June 1905 at Ascot in “black with a black straw toque trimmed with long sweeping white plumes[vii]” and with her husband at a state ball in honour of King of Spain. In October 1906 she was at Newmarket in a severe tailor-made dress and at Court in 1908 wearing “a gown of white satin veiled with tambour lace and trimmed with long lines of silver embroidery terminating in a fringe of silver. The corsage arranged with graduated waist belt of diamond embroidery and on the shoulders true lovers’ knots in diamonds finished with diamond fringe. Train of cloth of silver embroidered with roses in silver tissue”[viii]. She was at Newmarket in October 1908 wearing “dull heliotrope shantung with feathers to match her heliotrope hat[ix]” and in November she was at Newbury races in “brown and black checked cloth with a fur coat and large brown hat decked with clipped brown and grey ostrich feathers”[x].
Elise and her sister Margaret Cole, became members of a committee established to obtain new patters for the use of lace makers so as to revive the Irish lace industry. Alan Cole documented the committee in his 1888 publication, A Renaissance in Irish Lace Making. It raised subscriptions from a group of wealthy and titled individuals and institutions concerned with textiles, held competitions and awarded prizes for patterns, funded production and exhibited examples of lacemaking. After the Great Potato Famine, Irish lacemaking had largely been preserved in convents which Alan Cole and his colleagues on the committee visited and encouraged teachers and designers to attend courses at the South Kensington Museum. Lace was often a feature of the gowns and dresses that Elsie wore to state balls and other court occasions. She was a supporter of women’s education more generally. In Feb 1905 she participated in tableaux vivants with many famous people at the Savoy Hotel in aid of The Circle a proposed meeting place for women involved in education or literary work.
Elsie’s oldest brother William Clark (later William Lyon-Clark) went to Bengal where he became a successful tea planter. He married in 1884 in Cachar, Assam and had five sons but divorced in 1896. William returned to England with his sons in the early 1900s and established himself into the landed gentry of North Devon. He played polo, keeping ponies and playing for various local sides and was on the committee of the Devon Large Black Pig Society. He married again in 1909. Nellie, his wife, was presented at Court, sponsored by his sister, Audrey in 1911 and they had one son. In 1913 they moved to Kingston Bagpuize in Berkshire where William held office as Assistant Commissioner of the North Berkshire Boy Scouts and they participated in hunt balls, garden parties and the other pursuits of county society before this marriage also broke down. The 1916 divorce petition alleged he had been physically and psychologically violent, causing Nellie to miscarry, refusing to speak to her, harassing and stalking her as well as committing adultery on numerous occasions.
William Lyon-Clark was one of the four directors of Ann Talbot Ltd. He was also, along with their sister Hilda de Windt, a witness at Elsie’s second marriage to the actor Charles Hawtrey in 1919. William married for the third time in 1928 and he and his wife Irene lived, apparently happily in the South of France until his death in 1934. He was an executor of Elsie’s will.
After King Edward VII’s death in 1910, the new King George V adopted a more restrained attitude to court life and without its Royal patronage the fashionable status of Marienbad declined. Elsie’s life changed, although she continued to play golf and attend parties. Her last visit to Marienbad was in August 1913 when she was seen playing golf with Charles Hawtrey and others.
Throughout the Edwardian period, wealthy women began to pursue careers that were in addition to their duties in society and in running their households. A 1910 article in the Tatler reviewed the trend. “ Twenty years ago Lady Granville Gordon started a hat shop in Park Street, Grosvenor Square … Mrs Maxwell Heron called herself Madame Rita and joined the once world famous firm of Elise in Regent Street” [i] The article also notes more recent examples of society milliners and dressmakers including Mrs Jack Cumming “well known in the racing set” with a shop, Machinka in Dover Street, Countess Tabbricotti in Park Street, Lady Rachel Byng trading as Levana, Hon. Mrs Turnour, Mrs Bertie Dormer (Olivette), Hon. Lady Hervey-Bathurst and Lady Moira O’Brien in Sloan Street. Following these examples and no doubt using her reputation as a leader of fashion and her knowledge of design, in January 1914, Elsie went into partnership with Daisy Roberts and established herself as a court dressmaker with the company name of Ann Talbot Ltd.
The Hon. Albert Petre died in 1917 but Elsie’s social life continued and she spent time with a “modern” set of younger men and women who spent time playing cards and living in less formal circumstances. Her generosity and perhaps a certain carelessness with money was the cause of a minor scandal when she accused a friend of stealing. The accused, Miss Hilda Honywood, brought a counter claim of libel and the case went to court. “Mrs Katherine Elsie Emma Petre sued the London County Westminster and Parrs Bank Ltd to recover £100 wrongly paid to Miss H. Honywood, a secretary to a bridge club in Kingston Hill”. On June 19 1918, Elsie and Hilda shared a cab with another lady, Marjorie Higgins from a card playing session at Coombe Oak, Kingston Hill to London. When they got to the Brompton Road, Elsie asked Hilda to go into the bank and pay £20 into Elsie’s account while she went into a hairdresser’s shop. Later she found a cheque for £100 had been cashed. Hilda Honywood disputed the accusation that she had forged the cheque and kept the money. In the witness box, Elsie said she had not given Hilda a blank cheque and anyway did not get the £100, she only realised money had been removed from her account a month or so later when she was checking her pass book. She believed Hilda was guilty of theft and had asked Charles Hawtrey to intervene. Elsie said she had cheques from Charley Hawtrey from time to time, as payment of returns on an investment made by her late husband in a play put on by Hawtrey. She admitted she had a cheque from him at the time, which was paid in on the 20th it was not cashed on the 19th She also said she lent money to Hawtrey, a habitual gambler, from time to time.
Charles Hawtrey told the court he had known Elsie for 30 years and also knew Hilda. He had been at the cards party on the 19th. When she discovered the loss, Elsie showed him the cheque book and he had asked Hilda to come and see him about it. Hilda told him she couldn’t remember what she’d done but whatever it was at the request of Elsie. Charles then called on Hilda at Baron de Forests’ house, Coombe Hurst at Kingston Hill and told her Elsie thought she’d forged the cheque and kept the money. Hilda said it was “a blasted lie” Elsie had asked her to cash the cheque and had signed it in the cab. The bank manager had asked to whom he should make the cheque payable and she said “whoever you like, to me will do” She gave the notes to Elsie back in the cab. She told Charles that she would fight, it was Elsie’s word against hers. Charles offered to lend her money so she could pay Elsie back but she refused and said she was entirely innocent. Hawtrey said he knew Hilda gambled at Chemin de Fer and sometimes lost considerable amounts. He knew her well and addressed her as “My dear Honey”
Miss Hilda Honywood was the daughter of Sir John Honywood Bt., mayor of Ashford in Kent. The court report gave her age as 27 but she was actually born in 1886, making her 32 in 1919. She was living at 27 Westminster Palace Gardens, Artillery Row, Westminster. Her testimony described how Elsie had asked her to cash a cheque and given it to her in an envelope. When the bank manager opened the envelope, he found the cheque was signed but not otherwise filled in. He asked Hilda what to do and she said “make it out to whoever you want. I will do” The manager filled it in and made it payable to her, she endorsed it and when the manager asked how she wanted the cash she asked for £10 notes which she gave to Elsie right away. Talking of her relationship with Hawtrey she said she called him Charles and he called her “Honey”. Charles had told her that Elsie said she’d forged the cheque. He told her to pay the money back and no one would ever know, he offered to lend her the money but she was furious because she was innocent. She had a small income of £50 per year from a landed estate in Kent and earnt around £2 per week as a chauffeuse. Mr Keiller of Charles Street had been making presents to her for 3 or 4 years “for a very special reason” that amounted to £300 per year. Hilda was secretary of a bridge club and played cards every day, mostly winning. She also played chemin de fer, winning and losing “heaps” but never staking more than she could afford to lose. She had been involved in motor ambulance work with Lady Forbes and had handled money associated with this. Her honesty was supported by evidence from the Earl of Wemyss who was the treasurer of the ambulance charity. The Judge decided nobody had acted fraudulently, the bank acted with Mrs Petre’s authority, she must have “mis-recollected” the events and had therefore not perjured herself. Hilda was innocent. Charles Hawtrey was thanked for the attempt to clear the matter up. The case was settled “to the satisfaction of all” [ii].
Hilda Honywood was an example of the changing roles of upper-class women in the wake of the First World War in that she lived alone, could drive and worked for at least some of her living as a chauffeur, and openly gambled. The Mr Keiller of Charles Street who paid her for “a very special reason” was Alexander Keiller, a former Royal Naval Air Force officer, racing driver, skier and archaeologist who was later responsible for excavations at Avebury and Windmill Hill. In 1915 he had separated from his first wife and no doubt Hilda was the co-respondent in his 1918 divorce. Hilda never married and died in 1952.
Elsie Petre and Charles Hawtrey were married later in 1919. The wedding announcement was an occasion for reminding society that Elsie was “Ann Talbot” but after this, her involvement in the company was less active, although her social prominence and wealthy friends were an asset. After Elsie and Charles were married, she was known as Mrs Charles Hawtrey, and later when he was knighted, she resumed the title Honourable. They lived happily until Charles’s death in 1923. After she was widowed, Elsie gradually resumed life as a party goer. The Bystander commented on a dinner party held at her “pleasant little Georgian house” Elsie was “as full of energy as ever… she is the most indefatigable woman in London”[i]. She was a member of Toby’s Club in Bruton Street Mews and only months before her death, took the role of a herald in an amateur production of Cinderella put on and filmed by members. The reporter said her performance was “worth coming some miles to see”[ii]. On 14 Nov 1930, aged 74 she died of a heart attack at her home in Hertford Street. The Bystander’s obituary noted her energy and generosity “Until a few weeks ago she was playing golf and attending dance parties and not only enjoying herself but seeing that those with her enjoyed themselves too. Yet she never made herself ridiculous and always had that curious dignity… she was one of the wittiest women I ever met… and had an extremely kind heart”[iii] Her funeral was attended by a mixture of family, society theatrical friends including the sometime playwright and empresario Arthur Eliot who was to become Daisy’s brother-in-law.
Ann Talbot Ltd
Court dressmakers and tailors had authorisation from the Lord Chamberlain to provide costumes and regalia for ceremonial occasions, most particularly the royal Courts where aristocratic debutants and newly married women were presented to the Queen. The male equivalent, the Levee was an occasion for men to wear uniforms and robes of office so the speciality of court tailors was knowing the exact requirement for each rank, regiment, diplomatic and civil position. For women, the Lord Chamberlain and the Queen would ask a famous dressmaker to provide some suggestions for designs and the Queen would decide on the different models for young women and older women. All the court dressmakers could then work to those models, while creating individual interpretations for their clients. This favoured UK designers and was supposed to keep a lid on extravagance, maintaining a sense of quality and dignity at court. It did mean that jewellery was at least as important as dress for displaying wealth and individuality.
Before the turn of the 20th Century court dressmakers and tailors largely concentrated on regalia and ceremonial dress with aristocratic families employing their own dressmakers for the round of social events outside of court. In the post war period, the number of London dressmaking companies increased with both experienced dressmakers and aristocratic women investing in and in some cases designing, women’s clothing, floristry and millinery. Lady Duff Gordon (Lucile) was the pioneer in this field in the early 1900s. Other court dressmakers evolved from tailoring firms which often specialised in day wear and sporting apparel. Although the association with “trade” was still thought to be improper for a true aristocrat the barriers that were rigidly applied in Victorian times were being eroded with the elevation of many wealthy businessmen to the peerage and it was often their wives who as well as being customers, were enterprising and business minded and took advantage of one of the few areas where married women could be acknowledged as experts and play a full role in business earning their own independent income. There were around 90 to 100 court dressmakers based in Mayfair, around Hanover Square and Berkeley Square alone. In 1924 when the industry was at its peak, court dressmakers represented 33% of all dressmakers in London.
The court dressmakers were busiest during the London Season when as well as attending the royal courts, society women needed ball gowns, outfits for the theatre, dinner parties, gallery openings and sporting events. “Dressing was a costly, highly considered and time-consuming business”[i]. A court dressmaker understood the precise details of British dress codes and would ensure her clients did not embarrass themselves with a sartorial faux pas. They also made wedding gowns, day wear and specialist items which, although based on a sample design, often imported from Paris, would be altered to fit the specific client and to appear unique to her. In the Edwardian era the concept of going to the dressmaker as part of a lady’s social life took hold. Court dressmakers established their shops as salons where clients could meet, take refreshments and view the latest fashions. “Hanover Square [would be] filled with waiting carriages and there were usually little groups of spectators waiting to see the notables”[ii]. As well as royalty and other titled ladies, the wives and daughters of millionaires, foreign nobility, singers, actresses, and other celebrities were to be seen.
Court dressmakers employed women in fairly large numbers, some within the showrooms as designers, sales women, models, management and administration staff and of course numerous seamstresses, embroiderers, milliners, apprentices and finishers in workrooms at the back or in the basement. In the 1920s the job of model or mannequin became attractive to young women who could earn some money while wearing the best dresses, being photographed and invited to parties. Excellent movement as well as a slender figure was essential and finishing schools began to offer lessons in modelling alongside the more traditional curtseying and deportment. Models were directly employed by the dressmakers and much of their work was showing the garments to clients privately in the showroom. Although would be models often had to pay to start or work for nothing for a while, their earnings could rise to 23 shillings a week. There were newspaper reports that mannequins were too slender and customers could not fit into the dresses shown. Some dressmakers resorted to tricks like making the dress to the exact measurements of a particular client, and pinning it to make it fit the slender model. The pins were removed before Madame tried it on so she got the perfect fit and was flattered into purchasing.
Lucile had invented the fashion parade with live models in 1902. She envisaged the parade as “entertaining as a play”, had programmes printed and invited the select guests. By the 1920s these events became part of the social season for the invited audiences of the rich and famous, valued customers and the press. They initially involved large meals, lavish decorations and musical entertainment as well as the parade of models showing off the latest fashions and jewellery. As these parades became more common the catering was reduced and other innovations were introduced such as having an actress or titled lady introduce the designs, having two models show the same garment and having morning and evening events. Fashionable women found they were rushing from one parade to another during the season and didn’t have time for lavish hospitality.
Court dressmakers employed expert fitters a well as designers and experienced seamstresses. Clients’ measurements were carefully recorded and some garments, whether imported from Paris or designed in house were displayed as samples from which the customers could select a style and fabric. The dressmaker would then receive the measurements and design instructions and have to carefully measure the expensive materials so the garment could be made. It was the dressmaker hands’ responsibility to produce the finished item. This often involved using their skill and creativity to make a design into something wearable and to fit the measurements of every bump and curve of the client’s body. Designers might focus on the detail of the front of a gown but only provide minimal sketches for the back so a skilled dressmaker could use a lot of creativity.
Often a theatrical producer would contract a court dressmaker to make costumes for the principals of a west end show or play. In which case the dressmaker would have to attend the theatre to make any repairs to the costumes and help dress the performers. This was an attractive job in the fashion heart of London, working with the finest materials for an exclusive clientele. Although this was a skilled workforce with reasonable rates of pay for experienced needlewomen and sales staff, working conditions were poor, employment unreliable and pay low for the less skilled in the industry. While the exceptionally well-paid millinery workshop manager working for FJ and L Wilson of Hanover Square in 1913 earned £860 per year[iii] the average for a skilled dressmaker — a ‘first hand’ or workroom supervisor — in an elite establishment was more like £120 a year. Assistants’ wages ranged from £30 to £70.
The court dressmakers operated in a competitive market, not only in London but they competed with their counterparts in Paris, some of whom also opened branches in London. Materials and trimmings were expensive and although their clients were rich, they were often slow to pay their bills. There was considerable turnover of businesses entering and leaving the market. With advertising restricted to discreet descriptions in women’s magazines and word of mouth amongst the elite, attracting a sizable and prominent clientele was vital.
Ann Talbot Ltd. was registered as company number 133842 on 9 February 1914. Its business premises were at 5, 6 and 7 George Street, Hanover Square (now St George Street) and its purpose was court dressmaker. It had capital of £3,000 by means of 1,500 one-pound preference shares and 1,500 one-pound ordinary shares. Daisy Roberts was the chairman and managing director. When Ann Talbot was first established the company began by designing costumes for the stage which, in the relatively drab times of the First World War, was a good way to have the clothes written about in the newspapers and illustrated magazines and seen by potential clients without being accused of unpatriotic extravagance. Elsie Petre was able to use her connections in the theatrical world as well as her connections at court. Ann Talbot Ltd. came to prominence when the futurist inspired costumes for the play Things We’d Like to Know which opened on the 18 March 1914 at the Apollo Theatre got almost as much press as the play itself. The Manchester Courier for example said. “The mantles and hats designed by Mrs Petre who recently set up business as Ann Talbot in Hanover Square, and worn in the play by Dorothy Minto and Helen Hayes are very good work and strongly futurist… It is said that
Ann Talbot already has a large clientele[iv]”. Describing Miss Minto’s dresses it continues “One in pink taffeta lightly shot with mauve of Futurist style for the afternoon … the bodice cut all in one is veiled with ivory shadow lace caught at the back of the neck with black velvet bows” and for the evening “A Futurist picture frock in white taffeta”. Miss Helen Hayes, playing the heroine’s aunt, wears “a black lead hat trimmed with two black feathers crossing at the edge of the shiny brim”[v]. Other theatrical costume credits for Ann Talbot were Please Help Emily at the Playhouse Theatre in January 1916, The Boomerang at the Queens Theatre in May 1916, Anthony in Wonderland at the Sphere Theatre in February 1917 and in May 1917 Wanted: a husband at the Playhouse Theatre starring Gladys Cooper.
Events to support the war effort and charitable causes were another means of attracting the attention of potential customers and establishing the company’s good reputation as a patriotic British business. Ann Talbot Ltd did their part by donating dresses for sale at a grand bazaar at the Albert Hall in aid of St Dunstan’s Fund for blinded servicemen. The bazaar was opened by Queen Alexandra and many titled ladies as well as society magazines such as The Tatler and The Bystander and even the Prime Minister, Lloyd George donated items and managed stalls. The dresses, worn by models were paraded during the event.
The company recapitalised in 1919 issuing 18,500 ordinary £1 shares to bring the total to £21,500. In addition to Daisy and Elsie Petre, the other board members were Elsie’s brother Major William Lyon-Clark, and Mr Charles Albert Radermacher, a chartered accountant. Daisy had control over the appointment of directors and was managing director, taking all the day to day business decisions. The company advertised for skilled and assistant dressmakers ready for the full resumption of high society and court events.
In 1916 Daisy moved from her flat in Northumberland Street to 91 New Cavendish Street and had a telephone installed when telephone ownership was still unusual for private individuals. She moved again in 1917 to Flat C De Walden Court, 85 New Cavendish Street. This was a spacious apartment with dining room, drawing room, three bedrooms, kitchen, bathroom and a servant’s bedroom in an elegant art nouveau building on the corner of new Cavendish Street and Hallam Street in Fitzrovia. Daisy could walk to work in George Street within 10 minutes. In 1924 she moved to 41 Hill Street, Mayfair. Here she owned the first-floor apartment and also some rooms on the second floor. She employed a maid, Emily Reeves who was to stay with her until the 1940s and remain a friend for life.
Some early Ann Talbot designs worn by Miss Emilie Grigsby (1876–1964) are held in the Victoria and Albert Museum. Considered to be one of the great international beauties, with extremely pale, almost transparent skin and golden hair, her clothes were purchased from couturiers in London, Paris, and New York, and demonstrated an elegantly avant-garde approach to style. Emilie had been the mistress of the railroad tycoon Charles T Yerkes who built her a mansion in New York where she kept collections of scientific instruments, furniture, books and jewellery. She had visited London with Yerkes when he had interests in the building of the London underground railway and became a frequent visitor to Europe. After Yerkes’ death, with her reputation making it impossible for her to reach the highest ranks of New York society and after a being named in too many scandals, Emilie sold up and moved permanently to England in 1912. She was not welcomed by the court, but at her Mayfair house, 80 Brook Street, she entertained distinguished soldiers, poets and artists including William Butler Yeats, and Auguste Rodin. The New York Times stated “Society was nervous of accepting her but she could out-entertain her rivals with wines and cooking beyond their ken,” Rupert Brooke, the poet, “spent his last night in England at [her country cottage] Old Meadows and the lines he wrote in the visitors’ book were afterwards engraved in bronze over the door.”
In the First World War Emilie helped to raise funds for wounded soldiers, sponsoring a theatrical pageant at the Shaftesbury Theatre in 1917 but she specialised in comforts for the most senior officers. Her Sixteenth Century country cottage in West Drayton was a welcome retreat for Field Marshalls Sir John French, Lord Kitchener and General Sir John Cowans, who was Emilie’s lover. “At her country cottage, Old Meadows, … French and Kitchener met there for a quiet dinner while sentries ensured seclusion”. She was known as “the mascot of the High Command”. Emilie also benefitted from a close friendship with Lieut. Col. Mackay Mackay, the Assistant Provost Marshall of the Western Command, based in Chester who visited Old Meadows “almost every weekend”. Mackay was court marshalled in 1918 for arranging for soldiers under his command to work as gardeners and chicken keepers for Miss Grigsby. He had also arranged for soldiers to work as chauffeurs, waiters and gardeners for his other wealthy acquaintances and at his London club when they should have been on military duties. The soldiers wore civilian clothes and received their army pay as well as what they were paid for their unofficial work while the army paid for their travel to and from Chester[vi]. Perhaps the soldiers were more honest that the local gardener that Emilie had engaged in 1914 who was convicted of stealing the vegetables he had grown because he said his 25 shillings a week wages were insufficient for his needs.
Emilie was friendly with the American actress Miss Doris Keane, attending the premier of her performance in Romance in 1915 and staying with her in Paris in 1923. She lent money to the Duke of Leinster in 1933 but he was insolvent and she sued him for the repayment of £2000. In 1939 Miss Grigsby “red haired and hospitable with an endless fund of reminisces” was showing off her art collection in her flat in Park Street, Mayfair and remembering for the gossip columnists how Auguste Rodin stayed with her at Brook Street during the First World War and was inspired by her collection of Roman sculptures[vii]. Emilie travelled to India where the Rajah of Jaipur is said to have unsuccessfully proposed marriage and given her a diamond studded cigarette case. She returned to America and, due to travel restrictions, spent the Second World War there before returning to England, where she continued to live in style, although without the funds, until her death in 1964. When she died, she left her clothes to her maid who had no use for them so they were acquired by the Victoria and Albert Museum where they form a significant part of their 20th Century costume collection.
Ann Talbot’s theatrical commissions continued with Enter Madame written by and starring Gilda Varesi, at the Royalty Theatre in 1922, Billeted, starring Athene Seyler, The Awful Truth at the Royalty in 1926 and Autumn starring Flora Robson and a young Jack Hawkins at St Martins Theatre in 1937. The other major publicity activity fashion parades, had become commonplace by the late 1920s so there was competition to attract attention. Novelties such as fashion parades at horse racing meetings, celebrity announcers and ever more lavish and expensive dresses were necessary. In 1928 Ann Talbot made the most of its British credentials and partnered with the National Jewellers Association of Great Britain to stage the Jewel Song Parade which rivalled the attractions of a similar parade of Paris fashions organised by Nancy Cunard and was intended to launch a campaign to have London recognised as the international centre of fashion. In a scenario worthy of a heist movie, scores of fashionable guests were locked into the ballroom of the newly opened May Fair Hotel for the afternoon of 4 December 1928 with guards to ensure nobody left before the £2,000,000 worth of jewels on display had been safely locked away at the end of the show. Not only was the parade a celebration of British design, it was also intended to show the correct relationship between jewels and frocks for different occasions. The very fashionable wife of the Minister for Transport, Mrs Wilfrid Ashley was hostess and said “The creative British dress designer is in every way the artistic equal of the Parisian”. The event was written up in the illustrated papers and there were articles in many provincial newspapers. Publicity was further enhanced by the heart-warming story of the choice of a London pavement artist to make an artistic record of the event, although there is no evidence of his work.[viii]
The show was opened with a rendition of Marguerite’s Jewel Song from the opera, Faust, sung by Miss Olive Goss while she “fondled an almost priceless pearl and diamond necklace, emerald bracelets and other gems lying in a golden casket”. The parade took the form of “a day in a woman’s life” showing clothing appropriate for different times of the day with jewels chosen to complement the colour and style of the garments. The morning section included a pink satin and ecru cobweb lace boudoir gown and cap with emerald and jade jewellery. A red stockinette morning dress and three-quarter length coat trimmed with beaver fur was worn with ropes of blue beads. The afternoon dress of black velvet with diamond accessories was followed by a black panne evening gown with a diamond buckle side fastening and a coat trimmed with ermine while the bed time outfit was a pair of Turkish style bright red satin pyjamas and a multi-coloured coat edged with sable, worn with gold and enamel jewellery. The Sketch explained for readers the scientific colour theory behind the next section, a choice of contrasting jewels and fabric colours which informed a selection of evening dresses and jewels. An orange chiffon evening gown was complemented by a long turquoise necklace, lime chiffon was worn with pearls, yellow satin with platinum and sapphires, a red chenille gown was complemented by diamonds and emeralds and an amethyst embroidered velvet and net by rubies. The bride in a white satin frock tied with a sash and accompanied only by diamonds was “a triumph of simplicity”. The final mannequin represented a view into the future. “The 1950 Girl” wore a black lace gown with diamond shoulder straps and diamond bracelets “like long scintillating snakes” wound around her bare arms. The gown was slashed to the knee to reveal a diamond garter on her silk stockings. A coronet and long diamond earrings completed the vision of a glittering future.[ix]
In 1929, Ann Talbot Ltd. was occupying parts of three buildings in George Street and when the opportunity came, they moved to a whole house at 35 Berkeley Square. This had been the home of Stephen Courtauld. When the Courtaulds moved to Portland Square, the ground floor had been converted into a milliner’s shop owned by an Australian, Mrs Mabel Meillon. Ann Talbot Ltd. purchased the 6,000 sq. foot leasehold property for £5000 at auction on 4 December 1928 with vacant possession and Mrs Meillon returned to Melbourne.
The six-storey house had 4 reception rooms, 9 bedrooms, 4 bathrooms with servants’ quarters, kitchen and storerooms in the basement. There was an electrically powered lift, heating and hot water system. Ground rent was £1600 per annum. The Courtaulds had also built a two-storey picture gallery in the back garden. Alterations were made to convert the gallery into a showroom with a covered passage from the front of the house, and convert the bedrooms into offices and work rooms. A fire escape was installed and permission sought to change the front windows so as to create a shop window. The business moved in in 1931.
Berkeley Square had become the centre of fashionable London shopping. In 1937 there were 21 dressmakers, 10 milliners, 4 beauty salons and a dog grooming parlour in the square. There were also two car showrooms, two florists and two photographers. It hasn’t changed much today except that there are fewer private residences and the clothes shops are to be found in the surrounding streets while the square itself now has mainly offices and exclusive hotels and clubs. Number 35 looks unchanged on the outside and is now an office block.
The Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the following depression affected the country but society and the court, and thus the dressmakers continued much as before. In 1930 court dressmakers were complaining that, despite much interest in the London Season and more debutantes than ever, trade was down. Queen Mary stipulated that court gowns should be British designed and made, which helped to bolster the trade and there were still wealthy families and celebrities to patronise the shops in Mayfair. However, the competition from “princesses and baronesses who set up little dress shops” was a perennial problem. One “very charming” long established Mayfair dressmaker told a reporter with a “wry smile” in 1929 “We haven’t got the Countess of___________ this time. She has gone to ________ for her gown. They are friends and the families know each other very well… [The Countess] was very nice about it and took the trouble to come here and explain… she knew she wouldn’t be as well served as we know all her likes and dislikes and her style…. That one gown makes a difference of over £40 to us”[x]. The papers railed against young married aristocratic women who were “playing at shops”. They didn’t need, and often didn’t make any money and were not prepared to put time and effort into their ventures which were often short lived, making employment for the paid staff in the industry more precarious.
Dressmaker’s bills could be significant and problematic both for the dressmakers and the customers. A dressmaker might ‘lend’ items to a prominent client for the publicity and prestige value. There may be an expectation of payment at a later date or actual credit extended to a customer. Some dressmakers regularly operated as unofficial money lenders. Although the aristocracy, beset by high taxation and the expense of maintaining ancestral palaces and castles was a slowly declining market, the families of wealthy manufacturers, less interested in formal court dress but needing ball gowns, wedding dresses and a wardrobe that showed off their wealth were becoming an important clientele. Wealthy men realised that the clothing of their female relatives was an important part of their stature in society and gave their wives and daughters allowances for clothing. The amount varied according to the wealth and generosity of the husband but one newspaper advised a figure of £100 for every £1000 of income as a minimum.
Despite its financial and legal troubles early in the decade, Ann Talbot Ltd continued to prosper in the 1930s. Its designs were included in a fashion parade seen by the Queen and exhibited at the 1938 British Empire Exhibition in Glasgow that year. Mr Edward H Symonds, Chairman of the large fashion house, Revile and founder of the British Colour Council, who was responsible for involving the British textile industry in the exhibition estimated the fashion industry was the third largest sector in the British Empire with an annual income of £500 million pounds. Mrs Walter Elliot, a Scottish politician and civil servant said the aim of the Fashion Theatre was “to show British fabric made up by the greatest dress designers in the country”[xi]. However, Daisy was approaching retirement age. She had been the sole owner of Ann Talbot Ltd since Elsie Hawtrey’s death in 1930. The building at 41 Hill Street where Daisy had lived since 1924 was to be demolished, war was approaching with the promise of restrictions on raw materials and on the ability and inclination of the wealthy to spend on luxuries. In November 1938, having wound up the business she surrendered the lease of 35 Berkeley Square back to the Grosvenor Estate. Some stock was sold to provincial retailers who advertised their special purchase of items designed by Ann Talbot during 1939. In 1944 Jaqmar at 16 Grosvenor Street W1 (more recently famous for their silk scarves) began advertising as Ann Talbot and offering a collection of dresses, coats and hats. This company advertised throughout 1944 and until May 1945 when it announced it would be taking no further orders due to staff shortages and pressure of work
Wealthy women were generally educated to be socially and artistically skilled and were not expected to manage their own money. With little financial awareness or understanding it was not uncommon for a woman to get into considerable debt if her taste outstripped her allowance or her husband’s budget. If the marriage was failing a woman might try to win her husband’s attention by making herself more alluring with expensive clothes and jewellery. If that failed, an enticing way of embarrassing the husband was to buy clothes and jewellery and say the husband would pay. More than one court case concerned a husband disputing a dressmaker’s bill and alleging he had forbidden his wife to pledge his credit. The case of Lady Muriel Bowden and her dealing with Ann Talbot Ltd. is the most extreme.
Muriel Bowden
Mary (Muriel) Douglas was born in West Kilbride, Ayrshire in 1888, the eldest daughter of a mining agent. Mary’s father died before 1917 and her widowed mother adopted the surname Ker-Douglas. Mary was briefly married to a Mr Smythe and around 1912, had a daughter, also named Muriel. In 1920 she married the industrialist, Sir Harold Bowden who was son of Sir Frank Bowden Bt., owner of the Raleigh Bicycle Company. He had been married previously and had a son, Frank born in 1909 and a daughter, Ruth born in 1911. Sir Frank Bowden died in 1921 and Harold inherited the business and the Baronetcy, becoming Lord Bowden. He also inherited the lease of the Bestwood Estate, north of Nottingham and the newly-weds established it as their lavish stately home with regular shooting, fishing and house parties. Amelia Bowden, Harold’s mother moved away from Bestwood Lodge to a smaller home and maintained her active local charitable work.
Harold was concerned with industrial welfare, making his company an example by establishing company social and sports organisations and maintaining wages despite the unstable economic conditions. He believed in modernising and improving productivity by efficient working and a motivated workforce. He was the Chair of the British Cycle and Motor Manufacturers Association where he promoted exports, lobbied against trade tariffs and encouraged politicians to support industrial development. The Bowdens supported motor car and motorcycling events, Muriel often awarding prizes for feats of speed, endurance and engineering. They were developing skills in publicising both their business and themselves and with the help of their wealth and lavish entertaining, moving up in social circles. Muriel, was photographed for the Tatler of 7 November 1923, described as a “charming hostess” and wearing a fur coat and her trademark ropes of pearls. Bestwood Lodge had 42 bedrooms and there were at least 17 indoor servants. When her pet Pomeranian went missing Muriel was able to set 26 gamekeepers to look for him. She had an unlimited clothing allowance which she spent at the London and Paris fashion houses and jewellers.
In 1925 Muriel was finding her own voice in public affairs. She wrote a letter to the press encouraging housewives to buy British and Empire products which caused considerable favourable reaction. Her argument was that if there was demand in Britain for apples and other out of season produce from Australia and New Zealand, it would encourage emigration to those countries which would alleviate unemployment in the UK. She attended the Queen’s court in June 1925 wearing a silver lamé gown shot with mauve and draped with old Brussels lace and a train of mauve and silver brocade lined with mauve velvet. However, her interests were predominantly outdoors and sporting, she learnt to drive a motor car and was often pictured fishing or shooting.
In July 1926 there was a glittering reception for 350 guests following a refurbishment of some of the rooms at Bestwood Lodge. The reporter described thousands of flowers specially grown and transported from Sussex for the occasion, the electrically lit conservatory, pergolas and Japanese garden and the panelled ballroom ceiling. Muriel wore a “wonderful frock” in egg shell blue, richly embroidered with diamante and sliver beads, ropes of pearls, bracelets of rubies, emeralds and sapphires and a shell pink feather fan. However, all was not well and she had to cancel several engagements due to concussion caused, she said, by banging her head on the door of her car. She also visited the Cote d’Azur on her own rather than going sailing with her husband. It transpired later that they discussed separation at this time and agreed that if they were to separate Muriel would receive a financial settlement of £130,000.
The relationship recovered however and the Bowdens had an extended visit to America where they met Henry Ford and visited Harold’s birth place in San Francisco. On their return Harold bought a yacht, the Maid Marion which they used at Cowes and also for cruising accompanied by friends and either Harold’s daughter Ruth or Muriel’s daughter, known as Miss Muriel Bowden. Muriel supervised the yacht’s interior decoration with deep sapphire blue carpets, attractive chintzes and white panelled walls.
Muriel continued to write for the press. A 1927 article in the Empire Review “A Plea for More Air” praised short skirts and cropped hair for women and advocated the same approach to practical dressing for men. “The cult of clipped hair and skirts is woman’s long-delayed awakening to the folly of stuffiness” men should wear kilts and cricket shirts and do away with collars and ties and bowler hats. Quotations from this article and other epigrams were often included in the papers during the following years and she was celebrated as a coiner of witty bon mots, mostly about the changing role of women. “Women’s fashions today reflect not merely a mood or a mode, they reflect a civilization”, “Thanks to education women have become fact not fancy” She wrote another letter about buying British products, this time focussing on Scottish linen in 1929.
Daisy and Muriel met at a luncheon party in May 1928. Muriel admired Daisy’s dress and on learning that she owned Ann Talbot Ltd., became a regular customer. Although the illustrated papers mainly covered the Bowden’s shooting parties and Muriel was often pictured in outdoor clothing, she was getting a reputation as a very well-dressed woman. A description of her attending a first night at the theatre in May 1929 notes “ her dark brown hair centre-parted and softly waved and coiled in a little knot on her neck … looking beautiful in a black velvet wrap with a waist deep collar and wide cuffs of ermine and a black lace gown with a long trail of black velvet petalled chrysanthemums caught against the right and transparent lace shoulder strap and hanging far down over the skirt flounce. The other shoulder strap being of diamante[i]”. She had her portrait painted twice by Philip de Laszlo and attended the viewing at the French Gallery in June 1929.
Harold made a speech about the danger of communism and the impact on business of Russia’s five-year economic plan which he saw as using “slave labour to create cheap, shoddy goods to flood the market”. Prince Georgy of Russia, a relative of the deposed Tsar, was a guest at Bestwood in November 1928. Another member of this shooting party was the Hon. Christian Eliot, brother of the Earl of St Germans. Daisy Roberts, who was living with him, was also invited as a house guest. . Daisy described the occasion “Everything was marvellously luxurious. When I got to Nottingham station everyone knew that we were guests at Bestwood and we were received most royally. The style of living was marvellous, at the very height of luxury.[ii]” Daisy was on first name terms with Harold and Muriel. At Christmas she dined with the Bowdens at the Embassy Club. She remarked to Harold on how lovely Muriel looked, of course Muriel was wearing an Ann Talbot creation.
Daisy entertained Harold and Muriel to lunch at her flat in March 1929 and they talked business. She had been at pains not to spoil the friendship by making any difficulty about Muriel’s account, she had always provided a quote before Muriel’s orders were confirmed and Muriel always asked the price of the clothes she was buying. At this point, Daisy was under the impression that there was no difficulty with Muriel being able to pay her bills. She didn’t think Muriel was particularly extravagant, she was dressing in a manner in keeping with her husband’s chosen status and lifestyle and her clothes were comparable with other women in her circle. They met again at a supper party at the Savoy in April which was the last time they all met socially. A bill for £680 worth of clothes was eventually paid in October 1930 and Muriel continued to order dresses, furs, gowns and coats.
Muriel was elected president of the London Ladies Motorcycle Club in 1929. She said she didn’t ride herself but enjoyed riding pillion. Her work in promoting women’s sport began in earnest and she also became a member of the committee of the Women’s Automobile and Sports Association (WASA). She organised a ball for the WASA at the May Fair Hotel at which there was a boxing match, a fashion parade of sports clothes and a race of 11 “girls riding miniature motor cars” around the ballroom. The boxing match caused some controversy because it was a real ‘fight to the finish’. Muriel said “There are many ladies who would secretly like to see a proper boxing match but would not care to be seen going to the stadium”[iii]. Her exhortations for women to take up sports were published in the newspapers and her quotable quotes continued “The motorcycling woman represents the highest peak of female emancipation … At one o’clock on a Saturday [women] could put on their macks, fill up their machines and set out on a trip that could be as exciting as any TT race”. “The hand that rocked the cradle is equally at home with the carburettor” At a speech to the London Ladies Motor Club her theme was the importance of the pedal bicycle in increasing mobility, changing fashions, improving health and leisure and promoting equality of the sexes.
Harold was chairman of the British Olympic Association from 1931 to 35 and in that capacity attended the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. He was accompanied by his son, Frank who was a keen sportsman. Muriel had another busy year in 1931, attending dinners and events associated with the Olympic team where she exhorted women to learn to be good sports while Harold encouraged British athletes to be good winners and to be competitive. As a leader in the women’s motor sport movement, Muriel was on the committee that was planning the building of a large speedway facility on the Lincolnshire coast. She awarded prizes at the Nottingham Flying Club and the Women’s Amateur Athletics Championship. Muriel also hit the headlines when she lost a £400 brooch in a hotel in Glasgow and when she suspected one of her cooks to be involved with a notorious murder. The cook was soon found and was completely innocent but there is no report of what happened to the brooch. Harold’s daughter, Ruth (Kiki) was a debutante in 1931. Dresses for her and for the woman who was to present her at court were ordered from Ann Talbot. The dresses cost 50 guineas and 45 guineas. Daisy was asked to make the price as low as possible and to expect a cash payment immediately. Harold paid the bill by cheque.
Later that year, it became clear that the couple had put up the appearance of a successful and happy relationship while in private, there were frequent and violent rows. Muriel said she was often frightened and terrified; their rows were always about money. The doorman of the block of flats where they stayed in London described an incident where Muriel was “crying and moaning” and left the building wearing a fur coat over her nightdress at 1am, returning at 4am. At Christmas 1930 Harold had thrown a shoe at her and the final straw come with an argument about the cost of catering for a house party in July 1931. As Muriel stormed out, Harold hit her in the back and she fell to the floor, her mouth bleeding. Chasing after her, he mistook another woman for his wife and assaulted her, grabbing her arm and swearing for which he apologised when he realised his mistake.
Muriel fled to Gleneagles in Scotland, in a Rolls Royce driven by Harold’s chauffeur. She wrote to Harold but he threw the letter on the fire and telephoned to demand the car be returned immediately and threatened the chauffeur with prison. The chauffeur and car returned but the wife stayed away. Harold then followed her to Gleneagles where further arguments took place. The first indication of trouble about payment of her dressmakers’ bills was when Muriel invited Daisy to lunch in October 1931 and told her she could not settle her account but that it would be paid by the end of January. Daisy said she had no idea at that time that the Bowdens were having marital difficulties.
In January 1932 Muriel suffered a heart attack and a relapse in March which kept her at home but when she recovered, she wrote to Harold “I …am in a state of collapse. I cannot stand your violent temper any longer and I am afraid you will kill me…I am so frightened” Harold wrote to her “We cannot go on like this. I am going”. He left for the Olympic Games in Los Angeles. Later he wrote “Now we are separate and you have got your provision”. Muriel left Bestwood and rented Kelburn Castle, near Largs in Ayrshire.
In July 1932 Amy Johnson and fellow aviator, Jim Mollison were married after knowing each other for only a few weeks. They were extremely famous for their flying achievements and the whole world was eager to see them. Muriel made quite a coup when she invited them to Kelburn Castle for some relative peace and quiet on their honeymoon and they arrived in separate planes after racing from London. They stayed for a few days, watching some motor boating and attending a performance at Largs Pavilion. The aviators then left for Ireland to prepare for Mollison’s solo flight to America. Johnson was invited back to Kelburn to wait until he returned but it is not clear if she accepted this invitation. After this, Muriel hosted a shooting party, attended a reception for pilots at the Grosvenor House Hotel and the races at Ayr and Ascot but in November The Bystander noted “Lady Bowden has become almost too thin”[iv] and the news broke that she had applied for a judicial separation from her husband.
The separation hearing was in February 1933. Muriel alleged Harold had been consistently cruel to her since 1926. She said she had been hit by a shoe and he had hit her with his fists, causing bruising to her arms and back. He had an uncontrollable temper and frightened her with his violent language. Muriel’s daughter and her niece corroborated the incident of the shoe throwing. Harold denied cruelty. He admitted Muriel’s extravagance drove him to distraction and he had lost his temper occasionally. He produced witnesses to support his claim that she had often hit him and was rude to him, humiliating him in public. He had eventually said to her “if you hit me, I shall do the same” In court Muriel admitted to debts of £25,000 and her daughter, who had an allowance of £400 per year also had debts amounting to £900. The jury found in Harold’s favour and there was no legal separation but the couple lived apart from then on. After the hearing, Harold stated publicly that Muriel did not have the right to pledge his credit which resulted in a number of claims from milliners, dressmakers and other businesses for money she owed to them. Harold asked for the smaller claims to be adjourned until he could come to an arrangement about some of the larger amounts but he paid £8 to Miss Y Lewin, a milliner of South Moulton Street and £12 3s 6d to Mrs E F Fresco, a lingerie manufacturer.
In May 1933 Ann Talbot Ltd. brought an action in the Kings Bench Division before a special jury against Lord Bowden for unpaid bills for clothing ordered between October 1930 and January 1932, amounting to £1,781. He contested the case saying he was not responsible for his wife’s debts and had made her an adequate allowance. They were living separately and the dressmaker should have been aware of her financial situation. The case turned on the necessity of Muriel’s clothing purchases, the risks taken by Ann Talbot in extending her credit and the sufficiency of the allowance that Harold gave to his wife. During the hearing Daisy gave evidence of her relationship with the Bowdens, the luxury of their lifestyle and her understanding up to 1932 that Harold would pay the bills.
It transpired that Muriel had run up bills with other dressmakers and that Harold had been paying her debts for three years at about £7000 per year. He gave evidence that he had had to make some economies after 1928 as his income had diminished. He had reduced the number of servants at Bestwood and given up his fishing lakes at Newstead Abbey. He had also reduced Muriel’s clothing allowance to £2400. He admitted they had had “a very serious quarrels” and “serious discussions” about money and that he was “astonished and dumbfounded” when he discovered she owed £12,000 in March 1929. He arranged an overdraft so that the debts could be paid and Muriel promised not to get into debt again. “She said I had been good to her and she would not forget it”. In June 1929, he found she had ordered a fur coat worth £350 and made her return it. A Nottingham jeweller informed him in July that she had ordered a bracelet worth £860 and in October further dressmaker’s bills came in to the value of £600. Harold arranged another overdraft paying a total of £11,600 so she could get “really square” with her creditors. He told her at that point that they “could not possibly go on like that and they would have to part if she ran into debt again” In the words of Dennis Pritt KC, Harold’s lawyer, Muriel “could not stop spending” and ran up another £15,000 debt by February 1933.
Daisy was questioned about Ann Talbot Ltd.’s view on married women’s debts. She said some women had dress allowances and some did not but if they could not pay, the business would “look to the husband” to settle the bills. Ann Talbot’s lawyer, Malcolm Hilbery KC also said “a married woman living with her husband… acts as his agent within certain limits” If a tradesperson supplied goods “within the domestic apartment that is ordinarily confided to the management of a wife, the husband is liable if these are reasonable necessities for the style of living he has chosen.” The court found in Ann Talbot’s favour against Muriel and for Harold against Ann Talbot. Muriel was to pay all costs[v]. That summer, hunger marchers in Nottingham protesting against the means test, referred to Muriel’s expensive purchasing on their banners and the case was mentioned in parliament in a debate about the proposal to impose a tax on cooperative societies.[vi]
In the protectionist customs regime of the 1930s, duty was payable on clothing purchased abroad and was particularly high for business imports. Cases of dressmakers smuggling in examples of the latest Paris designs so they could be copied in Britain were reported in the press. Although individuals also had to pay duty on clothes along with other luxury items purchased abroad it was less than that payable by businesses so employees or other women might be persuaded or paid to buy new dresses in Paris as if for personal use, pay the reduced duty and then pass or sell the clothes to the dressmaker. Some women tried to avoid duty all together and the customs service at Folkestone had considerable work in inspecting the luggage of wealthy women and their entourages. In July 1933, Muriel was caught trying to evade customs duty when she returned from a visit to Paris. The Folkestone Petty Sessions found that she and an American friend, Mrs Leonora Florentine Preston Marsaudon had conspired to evade duty on a silk velvet cape valued at £87, a silk dress valued at £5 15s and silk corsets valued at £3 2s 6d. Denying the dress was hers Muriel said “I would not dream of wearing such a cheap dress”. However, she admitted to the underwear saying “[Mrs Marsaudon] could not fit into them” and even raising her skirt to show she was wearing similar items, much to the embarrassment of the customs officers. The magistrates found the case proven and Muriel was fined £150[vii].
Muriel was summonsed for allegedly obtaining money totalling £2,855 by false pretences from Col. Gerald Thomas Rawnsley between February and November 1934. This caused her a mental breakdown; she could not attend Marlborough Street Police Court to answer the charges because she was a patient in the London Clinic. However, she had been seen at a dinner party and was receiving phone calls and visitors in hospital so the magistrate was suspicious of her illness and requested an independent medical examination. Despite this, the breakdown persisted and she briefly went into a mental home at Roehampton. Her daughter applied to have an official receiver appointed under the Lunacy Act because she could not manage her affairs but Muriel applied for the receiver to be discharged and then went abroad. The false pretences case was eventually withdrawn.
The Bystander of March 1937 noted that on the Riviera “Lord Portarlington is busy showing an admiring throng of friends over his royal blue Rolls Royce. … Lady Bowden (who’s out with her daughter, Mrs Charles Clarke) is so envious that she decided on the spot to order herself a new car” [viii]. At the same time, there was a petition by her creditors for her to be declared bankrupt and again she became ill with nervous exhaustion and was unable to attend court or to meet the accountant appointed to go through her affairs. In August she eventually met the creditors and sobbing, admitted to living “slightly above her income” She maintained she had only been loaned the use of a Rolls Royce while in France and had assets of £2,866 against liabilities of £13,251 including a hotel bill of £1,633. In 1935 she had ‘sold’ £5,000 of her annual allowance back to Harold in exchange for a £20,000 lump sum and applied for a divorce in 1936. The bankruptcy agreement allocated £3,000 of her income for payment of the creditors, leaving her with £2,000 per annum. The bankruptcy registrar appealed, it would take over 5 years to pay back the creditors at the current rate and divorce proceedings were under way. When the divorce was made absolute in less than a year, the creditors would get no further money. He asked that all her income to be used to pay the creditors and as this would leave her with no income, her husband who had £50,000 annual income could support her. He said Sir Harold had made a good bargain when he paid her the lump sum in exchange for the annual income. The appeal was dismissed, the judges criticised the creditors for not making proper enquiries into her financial state.
Undaunted, Muriel was photographed with friends at the Trianon nightclub in November 1937 in furs and diamonds but looking haunted. This picture was presented to her during the hearing for discharge from bankruptcy in March 1938. She had abandoned her divorce proceedings and as a result there was hope that the creditors would eventually get their bills paid in full. Muriel told the hearing that she considered her £5,000 annual allowance a “poor income”. In tears she exclaimed that she was giving up her freedom so she could pay her debts. The receiver said she was recklessly extravagant and the discharge was granted suspended for 18 months.
Her daughter Muriel married Charles W. Clarke in 1934. Charles was a bankrupt and the marriage lasted only a few months before she returned to live with her mother. She too spent extravagantly and incurred gambling debts. After trying to avoid the official receiver Muriel Clarke was declared bankrupt in December 1937. Her debts of £1,584 included £643 of wine and groceries. It was reported that when she lived with her mother, they kept a large staff. Muriel Clarke was also prosecuted for attempting to sell items that she had not paid for and did not belong to her while her assets were under administration. Her lawyer told the bankruptcy hearing that “she had been brought up in the lap of luxury and had no idea of the value of money.”[ix] In 1940 Muriel’s house was bombed and she claimed she had lost her home and all its contents. Bouncing back in 1942 she was “always very slim and very gay” dancing at the De Guise in Edinburgh[x]. In 1946 she was prosecuted for non-payment of three year’s surtax, a total of £2,043. She gave as the excuse that she was waiting for her war damage claim for £8,750 to come through, the judge had some harsh things to say about not paying tax and living above her means but granted a stay of execution if she paid £800 of the unpaid tax immediately. Muriel changed her name to Dame Mary Dickie Bowden. She lived at 109 Park Street, London and her last address was Butterfield House, Rathfarnham, Co. Dublin. In October 1952 she collapsed while visiting her sister in Glasgow. She was thought to have taken an overdose of sleeping tablets and was taken to hospital but never regained consciousness and died three days later on 23 October. Muriel’s estate — £796 3s 1d was left to her daughter and went directly to the administrator to pay off debts. Her daughter, by then known as Muriel Douglas Hobbs died in 1970 in San Antonio, Texas of liver failure caused by cirrhosis.
Muriel was still formally married to Harold and in the same edition of the newspapers that announced her death was the notice of his intended marriage to June MacKay Bowden who had lived with him for 4 years and had changed her name to Bowden by deed poll.
Daisy Eliot
Daisy’s nephew remembers her as “independent minded and courageous. She had a quiet voice and gentle and sympathetic manner which won her confidences all round. She mingled romantic ideas with good business sense in a fascinating way. She was most loyal and generous to those she liked but relentless in her disapproval of those who had earned her displeasure”[i]. I can imagine Daisy, smart and well dressed with the confidence of an established business woman walking briskly from her flat in Hill Street to her premises around the corner in Berkeley Square. In the evening she would have gone to restaurants and night clubs with friends some of whom were also clients although keeping business and pleasure separate was a lesson she had learnt. I am sure she spent time with her sisters and other family members but how can we know who were her personal friends? This is where the written records are lacking and the memories do not exist. Even in the Jazz Age of the 1920s and 30s the social world was small, friendships were bounded by social class and depended on being introduced by mutual acquaintances.
Daisy and Christian Eliot met when he was in charge of the Military Passport Office and she was travelling to and from Paris on business. They were probably lovers as early as 1922 when “Daisy” sent a floral tribute to the funeral of John Granville Cornwallis Eliot, the 6th Earl of St Germans[ii] they lived together at Cavendish Street and later at Hill Street. This was somewhat scandalous but did not prevent them both being invited to join a shooting party at Bestwood Lodge in November 1928. In 1935 he moved in to 41 Hill Street, where Daisy was living and in 1938, they were married. Born in 1872 and known to his family as Chrissie, he left Charterhouse School in 1889 to study civil engineering and practiced as an architect, specialising in interior design. He did some alterations to the interior of 3 Savile Row for his aunt, Lady Enid Layard in 1903, as she recorded in her journal. “I employed Chrissie Eliot, now head of the firm of Allen & Mannooch in Mount St, to do work in [3 Savile Row]. He has built me a passage leading out of the dining room over the yard to the studio. I asked him also to put a bath into my dressing room. He said this could quite well be done, and he asked to see the place of the drains in order to make the necessary arrangements, but was sure it would be all right. However, on applying the test he found everything much the contrary, and we came to the conclusion that they must i
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Lieutenant Rupert DE LA BERE Royal Garrison Artillery.
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Edward G Nightingale
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Ashorttimeafterthefloodmyfather,inhisroleofChairmanoftheCouncil,visitedtheLordMayorofLondon,SirRupertDelaBère,takingascrollfromthepeopleofCanveythankinghimforthehelptheyhadreceivedfromtheFloodDistressFundthathehadsetup
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A short time after the flood my father, in his role of Chairman of the Council, visited the Lord Mayor of London, Sir Rupert De la Bère, taking a scroll from the people of Canvey thanking him for the help they had received from the Flood Distress Fund that he had set up.
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The Great War (1914
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2012-09-02T21:06:00+00:00
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The Great War (1914-1918) Forum
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‘D’ Company, 53rd Battalion, 14th Brigade
Company Commanders
Captain Arblaster; March 1916 to July 1916 (PoW/DoW)
Captain Ramsay MC; September 1916 to September 1917 (WiA)
Second Lieutenant Cooper; March 1917 (Temp; KiA)
Captain Jackson MC; September 1917 to April 1918 (WiA)
Captain Lindsay MC; April 1918 to September 1918 (WiA)
Lieutenant Waite MC and Bar; September 1918 (Temp)
Lieutenant Thompson; September 1918 (WiA)
Captain Cooke; October 1918 to November 1918
Company Sergeant Majors
CSM Green; February 1916 to November 1916 (revert at own req)
CSM Loney; November 1916 to September 1917 (KiA)
CSM Cooling MM; January 1918 to April 1918 (WiA)
T/CSM Thompson; April 1918 to June 1918 (Cooling returned)
CSM Cooling MM; June 1918 to September 1918 (WiA)
T/CSM Lineham MM; September 1918 to December 1918 (Temp)
Company Quartermaster Sergeants
CQMS Sattler; May 1916 to July 1916 (WiA)
CQMS Campbell; September 1916 to September 1917 (WiA)
CQMS Madden; September 1917 to April 1918 (Gassed)
T/CQMS Akeroyd; May 1918 to June 1918 (Temp; unconfirmed)
CQMS Madden; August 1918 to April 1919 (RTA)
Veterans mixed with Green
(February 1916 to July 1916)
The 53rd Battalion was born with the ‘doubling of the AIF’ in February 1916 following the somewhat disastrous Gallipoli Campaign. The newly-formed 53rd Battalion was composed of members from the 1st Battalion- a New South Wales Battalion. Joining the 14th Brigade in the 5th Division, the Battalion Commander was to be Lieutenant-Colonel Ignatius Norris, a former Militia Officer. At the time of formation, the Battalion was retained in the old 1st Battalion lines at Tel-El-Kebir.
In March 1916, ‘D’ Company got its first official Company Commander; Charles Arblaster. Hailing from Melbourne, Charles had entered the Royal Military College at Duntroon in 1912, graduating shortly after war was declared in October 1914. He then enlisted in Broadmeadows in November 1914 joining the 8th Light Horse Regiment as a Subaltern. He had been a temporary Captain prior to a wounding on Gallipoli and after recuperating was unable to return to the 8th Light Horse Regiment. The fact that his Temporary-Captaincy had elapsed also made him feel neglected. Then came opportunity- the 53rd Battalion. Arblaster was accepted into the 53rd Battalion and appointed Captain, OC ‘D’ Company. Other officers who were to join the Battalion were, amongst dozens, a British Army Major Oswald Croshaw (April 12th). He was to act as Battalion Second-in-Command. The Battalion was trained in Egypt until they were transported to France, arriving there on June 27th, 1916. Captain Arblaster’s diary notes that throughout the first-half of July they inspected the ‘very simple breastwork trenches’. He was obviously not too impressed in the trenches, however they were to use this trenches in an upcoming attack near a place called Fromelles
Captain Arblaster, whilst still a Light Horse Officer. Dated 1915
On the eve of Fromelles, the Company was still under the command of Captain Arblaster. These were the officers in the company.
13 Platoon OC - Lt Albert Bowman 14 Platoon OC - 2Lt Charles Mudge 15 Platoon OC - Lt William Noble 16 Platoon OC - 2Lt Beresford Nelson
At 11am on July 19th, the Battalion was under heavy enemy shelling, likewise the Germans across No Mans land. After a wait of over 6 hours, the step-off time lurched closer. At 5:43pm, a mix comprising of half of 'A' Company and half of 'B' Company went over the top in the first wave. This was closely followed by the second halves of 'A' and 'B' Company. Third and fourth waves were also half 'C' and half 'D' Company. The battalion took the first enemy lines but faced fierce counter attacks. In the initial attack, Second Lieutenant 'Bere' Nelson was struck down by a machine gun burst some 20 yards short of the German first line and mortally wounded (Nelson was subsequently 'left behind' the following day). Second Lieutenant Charlie Mudge was blown up by a bomb around the time the Battalion took the first lines, shrapnel punctured his lungs. Private Gowndrie of his platoon said later ‘he (Mudge) said “Gowndrie, I’m done”. I asked him if I could do anything for him but he said “no”’. Lieutenant William Noble had also made it into the first line of trenches where he was badly wounded ‘covered in blood and dirt and never a move out of him’. Within the half hour of the fighting, Lieutenant Noble and Second Lieutenants Mudge and Nelson were dead and Lieutenant Bowman rendered unconscious by a shell; Lieutenant Colonel Norris, his Adjutant and the most senior Company Commander (Major Sampson) were also dead. Captain Arblaster apparently took command of the Battalion following the destruction of the Battalion chain of command, and over the night of July 19th/20th proved himself to be a ‘cool and brave leader’. In a counter attack, the good Captain evenly distributed bombs to the men along the line and personally led a charge into the open. During the night, Lieutenant Bowman awoke from his unconscious state and joined elements of the 55th Battalion. Captain Arblaster was on the left flank with the Battalion, fighting off small bombing parties. His right flank was being pressured which consequently blocked off any supplies he could've received. Arblaster led a charge to hold the right flank, though in vain. Arblaster fell severely wounded in that charge.
By 4am, the 53rd Battalion was starting to give way; they were exhausted and struggling to keep ground. A wounded Captain Arblaster gave the order to charge back to the Australian lines. At 4:20am, Colonel Cass (In command of the operation) wrote to the Brigadier 'The 53rd have lost confidence temporarily and will not willingly stand their ground'.
On the early morning of July 20th, the Germans shelled the lines once more- this consequently led to more casualties. By dawn, the Germans had a machine gun enfilading the recently-captured trenches. Lieutenant Bowman and his motely crew of the 55th Battalion were somewhat disorganized with no clear orders. Bowman sent Private Bolder to find Colonel Cass to get clear, definitive orders on what to do. Private Bolder nor Lieutenant Bowman never found Colonel Cass.
At 7am, the Germans managed to capture a trench on the right flank along with all the occupants. When Bowman found out about this, he went investigating once more going up and down nearby trenches for superiors. When asked the situation, he said 'We're in a hell of a mess and I don't know how we are going to get out of it!'. This confused situation was shared all along the front. At 8am, Bowman's position was surrounded. He ordered the men to burn whatever important items they may have that might be of use to the Germans. Shortly after 8am, he surrendered.
As stated prior, Captain Arblaster was left behind. He was captured by the Germans and subsequently sent to hospital. He died of septicaemia in Douai due to his wounds a few days later. Major Hughes (32nd Battalion) shortly after the war wrote to the parents of Captain Arblaster and commented on his death.
“The poor fellow (Arblaster) was very badly wounded. What happened before he arrived at the Hospital I cannot say, but in Hospital he was well treated and all possible was done for him. The first day, he was conscious, though suffering great pain. His wounds were dressed then, but nothing further was done. The next day his arms (both were broken) were set, under an anaesthetic. He appeared somewhat easier that night. Next morning he was again given attention, but the Surgeon told me that his case was very serious. Towards mid day he appeared to lose consciousness, and died in the early afternoon.”
When the 53rd Battalion exited the line following Fromelles on July 20th, the strength of the Battalion stood at an eye watering 4 Officers and 222 men. All of 'D' Company's platoon commanders were put out of action indefinitely- either killed or captured.
France. 11 November 1918. View of the concrete blockhouses in the German third line on the Fromelles-Aubers Ridge. It was towards these positions that the 14th Australian Infantry Brigade attacked in the battle of Fromelles on 19 July 1916.
Due to the manpower shortage, the 4 Companies were merged into 2 composite companies; that is, ‘A’ and ‘B’ Company under Captain Thomson, ‘C’ and ‘D’ Company under Captain Murray. The Battalion didn’t see much action for the following months; however by September 1916 they were climbing back up to an adequate strength. By this time, Major Croshaw was now a Lieutenant Colonel commanding the Battalion. Croshaw was a British Army regular, attached to the Australian Imperial Force. He had seen service on the veldt with the Hussars and as a Brigade Major on Gallipoli. He was Second in Command of the 53rd Battalion at Fromelles, however was detached for Brigade duties and therefore saved from death.
Enter Captain Robert ‘Bob’ Ramsay MC (pictured on civi street towards right); He had served on Gallipoli where he was commissioned in the field and won the Military Cross for actions at Lone Pine. He had been originally assigned to the 53rd Battalion, however was reassigned as Brigade Bombing Officer. Due to an accident in Egypt he was hospitalized, then he was invalided to England before he was passed as fighting fit. Reassigned to the 53rd Battalion, he joined the Battalion at Fleurbaix on September 4th. A week later at Lamotte, the Battalion went back to its traditional format with ‘D’ Company now under the command of Captain Ramsay. Ramsay was described by his Battalion Commander Lieutenant-Colonel Croshaw as ‘(the) devil, but if hell were peopled with devils of his ilk, I should ask for bi-annual leave there from the other place.’ The Battalion Chaplain, a fairly popular man by the name of Kennedy (who later authored the Whale Oil Guards which can be classed as the Battalion's history) wrote of him ‘Among the officers there was Captain Bob Ramsay. Bob, while yet a Lieutenant, had been awarded the Military Cross for bravery in Gallipoli. In the line, there was no more capable Company Commander. He was a father to every man in his company. He understood Australians thoroughly, and though he maintained strict discipline, was perhaps the most popular officer in the battalion. In the trenches he never touched alcohol. His care for the men's safety and comfort won him the regard and admiration of the Colonel. In No Man's Land he was as happy as if he were stalking kangaroos in the bush of Queensland, and was as unconcerned under a machine-gun barrage as if it were only a summer's shower-burst. In the line no officer was truer to his trust. Out of the line no officer was more irresponsible. His escapades were nightly occurrences. Many of them were laughable in the extreme. On one occasion he persuaded the driver of a motor waggon to give him a ride to Amiens. Bob's first care on arrival was to fill the unsuspecting Tommy with strong liquor and so put him out of action for at least twenty-four hours. Ramsay was perhaps the most talented officer in the old regiment. He was certainly the most interesting problem in contradictions I've tried to sole. Had Bob Ramsay, when younger, adopted soldering[sic] as a profession, had he in addition been possessed of the advantages that a liberal education bestows, I am quite sure that his military career would have been exceptionally brilliant. Even as things were, with only an ordinary education but with considerable natural ability, he was a company commander who would make his mark in any regiment. At any rate he was an asset to us. In the line he thought of nothing else but his job. Out of the line he was the most rollicking and apparently the most irresponsible officer in the Battalion. Nevertheless he was never absent from morning parade, and always appeared trim and soldierly. His laugh was a speciality, and so was his gift of winning men's affection. Captain Bob, as the men called him, could lead the way to the most dare-devil and hazardous stunts, and there was not one N.C.O., or Private, who wouldn't follow him.’
I believe that around this time, Second Lieutenant William Waite joined ‘D’ Company from the Light Horse. Second Lieutenant Waite was raised from the ranks and an original 1914er, having joined the 4th Light Horse Regiment on Gallipoli in May 1915. Later serving with the Light Horse in France, he joined the 53rd Battalion to replenish losses, joining their ranks in mid-late September 1916. Waite was to prove his worth the following years in trench-raids and at Peronne. Second Lieutenant Waite’s arrival was followed by Second Lieutenant Reginald 'Reg' Hill, also of the Light Horse, who arrived at the battalion in October 1916 and thereupon joined ‘D’ Company. On September 4th, Corporal Sydney Campbell was appointed Sergeant, then Temporary Company Quartermaster Sergeant on the same day, replacing Sergeant Austral Hunter Burns (K 19/7/16) and CQMS Edwin Sattler (W 19/7/16) respectively. On November 12th, Company Sergeant Major John Green reverted at his own request to Sergeant.
On October 20th, Corporal Egerton Judd was promoted to Sergeant, 16 Platoon, vice Sergeant Davis' field commission. A week later, Sergeant Judd was killed in action. Corporal Mawson would take his place as Sergeant of 16 Platoon.
On November 17th, 'D' Company's new Company Sergeant Major was picked; Sergeant Frederick Loney was appointed Temporary Company Sergeant Major. This promotion was confirmed on December 14th after he had shown great gallantry in action. Frederick Loney was a rather odd character though- his real name was Frederick Syer and he was at Rabaul with the Royal Australian Navy on HMAS Encounter when men of the Kennedy Regiment mutinied. He deserted on June 28th, subsequently joining the AIF on the same day under the name Loney.
It was during this time that 16 Platoon was left in the capable hands of Sergeant Mawson. He commanded the platoon from November to December 1916 during the absence of an Officer- however, he went down the line with a sickness on December 16th, with Lance Sergeant Francis Thompson assuming the rank of Temporary Sergeant for 16 Plt during Sergeant Mawson's absence.
Bully Beef and Whale Oil
(December 1916 to March 1917)
During the reconstruction period of the Battalion, Lieutenant Colonel Oswald Croshaw made the decision for the men to apply whale oil to their helmets to make them look smarter, thus earning the battalion the name ‘The Whale Oil Guards’. Also during this period, a young Private James Marshall joined ‘D’ Company as a Signaller when he was merely 18. He kept a diary on him throughout his service, describing his experiences as well as drawing them. In early 1917, he experienced his first patrol with Lieutenant Waite and the effect of the whale oil against the moon.
‘Well for our first night out on patrol, Mr Hill and Mr Waite tossed to see which would go out and Mr Waite won. There were twenty of us altogether, so felt pretty confident if we should meet Fritz. It was a brilliant moonlit night and with the snow on the ground, it was very bright indeed. We had hardly started out when we realised the great effect of our 'whale oiled' tin hats in the light. After wandering around for about an hour or so, we de[c]ided on a definite course of action. Mr Waite went one way with most of the party and Frank Cooling took four of us with him. We had barely gone 50yds when we saw a blaze of light in front of us and felt machine gun bullets in dozens around us. I was in a shell hole very quickly (before the bullets had time to reach us I think) and found Frank on the edge hanging on to the Germans rifle we had souvenired from a sniper earlier,; I tried to get him into the hole with me during which time our faces were about nine inches apart. Fritz firing at our radiant headgear was lobbing his missiles right between us, & it was (a) mighty unpleasant feeling too. One scratched the top of my helmet, & another went through the back of Frank's tunic. He soon opened up on the others though, who were attempting to get away, and so we took advantage of our chance, only to run into a 'flare king' about 50yds away. The rest of the patrol then saw us and we got out of a nasty position thanks to them. As the gunners saw the lot of us by the flare, we soon went home, and very quickly too.’
A sketch drawn by Private James Marshall in France in 1917 at Le Transloy; Courtesy of Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales
‘Another night we went out and found a party of men in a trench whom Mr Hill challenged, all of us thinking that at last we had some Germans at our mercy. Imagine our chagrin at getting our own password back from each one of the party. It was one of our own outposts who had started out to come home an[d] got lost. Another night though, we did bag a Germans party and left an officer & a couple of men there. The next morning as it was very misty we decided to go out and collect any papers or souvenirs on them. Tom Lucas and myself went out and found them, collecting various maps and papers, also a watch. I took an Iron Cross ribbon and on shewing it to Mr Hill was much surprised when he told me that they carried the Cross with them. He got out first and collected a brand new [Iron] Cross of the 1st class. I had to be satisfied with a helmet badge which I got later.’
Lieutenant Waite’s trench raids were noticed by the powers that be. From his Military Cross citation, ‘This officer took out strong patrols at night many times between 13th March and 5th April 1917. He performed exceptionally good work and showed great skill in the conduct of these patrols, thereby obtaining most valuable information which led to the entering of enemy lines at, and near [LE] TRANSLOY, and started the advance of the whole line. The information obtained by this officer and his patrols was also very largely responsible for the successful attack on DOIGNIES and LOUVERVAL on April 2nd. This work entailed lying out close to, and sometimes inside, the enemy's wire on several wet nights in succession’.
By this time, a fairly older subaltern by the name of Lieutenant William Lindsay had joined the 53rd Battalion. Lindsay had been working for a cement company when he joined the Militia in Portland in early 1914. He had been promoted to Lieutenant in July 1914 and had assisted in home-defence schemes shortly after war was declared. When 1915 came about he changed his tone to recruiting, working alongside Captain Eade at Lithgow. By 1916 he had been an instructor at Bathurst Camp when he was commissioned as a Lieutenant in March 1916. He took his first patrol out in March 1917. He described it in a letter home..
"On the night of the 16th I was detailed to take out my first patrol. I went out about midnight to some old gun pits well in front of our line and there found two other patrols; all of us under a Captain."
"After trying to find out information in the usual way, we were all sent out in turn to make a diversion. I was the last sent out. I had orders to do a certain thing which I accomplished with my heart in my mouth. I was then ordered to push into the enemy trench, so I started off feeling very scared, but luckily for me the Germans went out as we came in, and we had the satisfaction of capturing the trench we had been pounding at all winter."
"I found out afterwards that the other two patrols had got in about half an hour before me. I had charge of that portion of the trench for a few hours till my Coy. Commander came up with reinforcements and took over, when the Battalion advanced about a mile."
Identified is Lieutenant Waite in the bright overcoat in the front. Possibly to Waite’s left with his cap reversed is Captain Bob Ramsay; Dated Early 1917
During March 1917, it appears Second Lieutenant Albert Cooper had temporary command of ‘D’ Company. He was however killed when a shell blew him up on March 29th, 1917. In the Red Cross report, a soldier said ‘A couple of men (LCpl Clark, Ptes Whitton, Coe and Adams) were buried by a shell and he (Cooper) rushed out with a shovel to try and dig them out and was killed himself’. Second Lieutenant Waite erected a cross on his grave; they both had risen from the ranks of the 4th Light Horse Regiment. Speaking of shellfire, Second Lieutenant Waite made good use of the time according to Private Marshall who wrote ‘One day during a heavy bombardment by Fritz Mr Waite and I passed a very good hour or so in studying the mechanism of Germans rifles and various kinds of bombs. Though it seems rather a prevarication, we quite forgot that there was a bombardment on.’. Second Lieutenant Waite was also a souvenir hunter; Private Marshall recalls a hilarious incident involving Waite and souvenirs, ‘There was also the day when we had a 24 hours battle over a souvenir. In front of one of our bombing posts there was a big crater with several defunct Germans in it. The Adjutant, Quack, our O.C. and Mr Waite were very keen on souveniring them and at last the latter took the risk and hopped over. On looking over the other side he naturally got rather a shock to see that Fritz had a bombing post there, and he soon knew it was occupied too. He came back at the ‘toot’ followed by dozens of ‘broomstick’ bombs. He retaliated with a dozen or so of Millsies. Fritz then gave us some pineapples, which was answered by Captn. Ramsay with several rounds from the Stokes, giving one Germans a fine rise in life. As he went up about fifty feet he saw things from a very lofty aspect. We then got some of his Minnies, and had a casualty through it, which set the Captain going. After withdrawing the men from the post he got the 18pdrs. onto it and completely obliterated it.’
A drawing by Private James Marshall, ‘D’ Company, 53rd Battalion of the Somme; Courtesy of Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales
On March 13th, Temporary Sergeant Francis Thompson was promoted to substantive Sergeant for 16 Platoon. Originally he was filling in for Sergeant Mawson who had gone sick on December 16th, 1916 however Mawson was subsequently invalided home. On March 14th, Captain Ramsay had a lucky escape. He had been near Captain Trevor Francis of ‘B’ Company when a shell blew him and ‘B’ Coy’s CSM to bits, however leaving Captain Ramsay unscathed by some luck. An OR was killed by accident when a bomb went off near them on March 23rd whilst in the line, else it was mostly smooth sailing at Le Transloy.
‘Toots’ and ‘Broomstick’ bombs
(April 1917 to August 1918)
For the first half of April the Battalion was poised at Thilloy. On April 15th, both Second Lieutenants William Waite and Reginald Hill were promoted to two-pip Lieutenant. A week later on April 22nd, the Battalion was transported to Becourt Camp, spending their ANZAC Day there. From the 1st to 6th of May, the Battalion trained and took part in sports at Becourt. They moved off to the Reserve Line on May 7th at Beugny-Ypres line, the following day moving up to the frontline occupying a point near Beugnatre. This location was near a location known as Bullecourt where plenty of Australians had fallen fighting over less than 5 days prior. Their location was plastered with gas shells upon their arrival. On May 10th, Lieutenant Hill got a Blighty wound- a gunshot wound in the left hand, leg and foot. The following day saw 3 Other Ranks killed as well as 16 wounded by artillery fire. The day after that saw heavier artillery, 2 Other Ranks killed and 17 wounded. The following day had lighter artillery, and they were relieved on the night of May 13th/14th by the 54th Battalion in the line. The relief was complete by 2:15am on May 14th. Upon daylight breaking, they took up the Support Line near Noreuil. Compared to the previous line, the artillery was a lot less active, however, gas shells were fired on the evening of May 14th, wounding 2 Other Ranks. On the night of May 18th/19th, the Battalion moved to the frontline to relieve the 54th Battalion. The relief was complete by 1:45am. During that same period, a few reinforcements joined the Battalion. On May 22nd, the Battalion saw movement out in No Man's Land, moving towards their line. Upon the unknown object moving closer, it turned out it was a pair of 16th Battalion men who had escaped their captors. The Battalion was relieved once more on May 25th by the 12th R.R.R. By the end of the month, ‘C’ and ‘D’ Company were training at a place called Bealencourt.
The first half of June 1917 was spent training at Bealencourt, until June 15th when they were transported to Bouzincourt via a train ride from Varennes and a route march to Bouzincourt. A few shells were dropped, however they arrived safely at Bouzincourt at 4:30pm. The rest of the month was spent training once more. During their training there, Sergeant George Mitchell of ‘C’ Company died in a fire. On June 27th, Second Lieutenant Robert ‘Roy’ Lee (pictured right) joined the Battalion and was appointed Platoon Commander in 'D' Company. Roy, a native New South Welshman, had served in the New South Wales Lancers in peacetime and was commissioned into the AIF in January 1917 when he was 23. On July 3rd, Lieutenant Lindsay got a pip-up to Captain, making him the second-in-command to Captain Ramsay. On July 3rd, the Battalion marched to Bolton Camp. On the 18th, they were in Rubempre. The youthful Second Lieutenant Robert Lee then was sent to the ANZAC Corps School for an Infantry Course on July 22nd. Shortly before Polygon Wood, Lieutenant Hill was marked ‘P.B’, as was Private Marshall as he recounts in his diary..
‘Mr Hill was marked P.B. and could not get up the Battalion as he wished, so I did not forget to jib him about it. There was naturally a little excitement on the day when he was orderly officer and could not at first be found. The R.S.M. was in my tent discussing it when he (Mr Hill) found that he could not stay under the table any longer so he had to come out and do his duty. Rather rough on him as he was no soldier. Just before the Polygon Wood stunt came off he went up with a draft to see the Battalion but they would not let him stay as he wished to do. So he had to come back and moan with me. We both detested the place and the crowd that infested it and would have been glad to get away from it. Eventually he did while I was in hospital.’
On September 1st, Lieutenant Colonel Oswald Croshaw reassumed command of the 53rd Battalion at Lynde, having been wounded by a shell some 6 months earlier. 2 weeks later the whole Battalion route marched to Reninghest. On the 22nd they were recorded at ‘Halfway House’. On the night of September 24th/25th, they moved to the support line in front of Glencorse Wood. At midnight on the night of 25th/26th, the Battalion moved up to take its position at the assembly line. At Zero Hour, 5:50am on September 26th, the barrage opened up on No Man’s land and the Battalion rose out of their trenches, to the barrage. 2 Companies of the 53rd led the attack and advanced towards the Butte whilst remaining 60 yards short of the barrage to avoid shrapnel. 2 Platoons captured the Butte after short hand-to-hand fighting. They captured the main objective by around 6:25am, however Lieutenant-Colonel Croshaw was missing and command had fallen to Captain Roberts. On the morning of September 26th, ‘D’ Company's Company Sergeant Major Frederick Loney was tending to 'A' Coy CSM Harry Brewer after the latter had been paralyzed by a burst of bullets in the spine. Whilst he treated him, a sniper shot Loney through the neck- he died instantly, near ANZAC Redoubt. The following day, Captain Ramsay suffered a Blighty wound with a bullet fracturing his left tibia and was carried out by a Company Runner (Pte John Rowley). Despite Captain Lindsay being Ramsay's Second-in-Command and obvious successor, it appears that Captain Albert Edward Jackson MC took over command of the Company. Also, 'D' Coy's CQMS Sydney Campbell was wounded and was subsequently replaced by Corporal Daniel Madden, who assumed the rank of CQMS on September 29th. Total Battalion casualties for the action stood at 8 officers and 342 other ranks killed, wounded or missing. Amongst them was 'A' Coy CSM Harry Brewer, who was carried out alive at 4pm and treated in a pillbox. During the night, a shell landed directly on the pillbox- blown to bits.
A drawing by Private James Marshall, ‘D’ Company, 53rd Battalion of 'on the road at night on the Somme'; Courtesy of Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales
On October 1st, the 53rd Battalion was given a new commanding officer- Lieutenant Colonel W.J.R Cheeseman MC, late 30th Battalion. The following day, the battalion was transported to Reningheist Staging Camp arriving there on October 3rd. On October 10th, Lance Corporal Jim O'Rourke and Private Reg Edgeworth and two others were playing cards in a dugout in the supports at Zonnebeke when a shell exploded ontop of them. The two other unnamed men escaped, however O'Rourke and Edgeworth were half-buried and badly wounded. Private William Walmsley wrote in the Red Cross report-
'When we ran up to them we found O'Rourke and Edgeworth half buried and both dying. O'Rourke died in my arms. Both men died when I was there..'
Lieutenant John Ridley (Lewis Gun Officer) presided over the burial service for both men.
After a short spell of re-training, the Battalion re-entered the line with their CO on October 17th, entering the support line on ANZAC Ridge near Zillebeke. They remained in the support line until the 21st when they were relieved by the 30th Battalion. They were then transported to a place called Dickebusch, then onto Wippenhoek Area where they remained from October 25th to November 4th when they were transported to Neuf Berquin Area. On November 10th they were transported to the Locre Area, and the following day to the Kemmel Area, then the day after that to the support line at Wytschaete Area. On the night of November 13th/14th the Battalion assumed a position in the front line, relieving the 2nd Battalion Wiltshire Regiment; ‘D’ Company 53rd was to relieve ‘B’ Company Wiltshires in the Left Support Line. On the night of November 15th/16th the 54th Battalion relieved the 53rd Battalion’s left and as a result, ‘D’ Company relieved ‘B’ Company in the Right Support Line. The Battalion held the front line until the night of November 28th/29th when they were relieved by the 60th Battalion. From there, the Battalion was transported back to the Kemmel Area. On December 1st, the Battalion was bivouacked at Ramillies Camp and just under 2 weeks later the Battalion was transported to Desvres, then on the 14th to Menty. For the rest of December 1917 the Battalion was entrained with little else occurring of note.
In January 1918, Captain Jackson appointed his new Company Sergeant Major- Samuel ‘Frank’ Cooling. He had proved himself at Polygon Wood where he was recommended for the MM (which was promulgated in the London Gazette on January 14th 1918 on page 845). During this time, the Battalion was settled in Menty. On January 31st, the Battalion would wind up in the reserve line at Wyschaete. They moved up into the frontline nearly 3 weeks later on February 20th relieving the 56th Battalion; ‘D’ Company 53rd relieved ‘D’ Coy 56th. On the night of March 1st whilst still in the line, the ‘D’ Company was in support near the line near Hollebeke. A party was sent out on a wiring expedition, containing 1 Officer, 10 men. From what can be pieced together, a minenwerfer landed in between the party at around 10pm and this was the result.
Officer Commanding the party is unknown [Possibly Lt Anslow]
Lance Corporal Keith Comb was blown to bits by the shell
Private Stan Mears was killed by the shell
Private Ralph Pendleton was mortally wounded in the body and thigh
Private Hill was mortally wounded and apparently killed from concussion
Private Fred Kafer was wounded in the head and buttocks
Private Johnston was wounded
Private Joe Taylor returned unwounded
Private James McDonald returned unwounded
Private Arthur Whiteford returned unwounded
Private Nathaniel Wheatley returned unwounded
Private Walmsley said after the fact that ‘(they) were so badly blown about that we could not even find their paybooks’. A temporary cross was erected on the point and the bodies were reburied after the war in the Somer Farm Cemetery. Comb and Pendleton and buried together as are Hill and Mears. On March 21st and 3 weeks in the front line, a barrage fell on the 53rd Battalion’s forward posts in the line. After a few casualties had been taken, they were relieved by the 56th Battalion on the same day. They were transported to the Wippenhoek area on March 26th, then the Louvencourt on the 28th followed by the Harponville area on March 31st and remained there for nearly a week.
Members of ‘C’ Company, 53rd Battalion in the reserve line. Dated April 1st, 1918
On the night of April 5th/6th, the 53rd Battalion relieved the 17th Lancers in the Front Line near Villers-Bretonneux. ‘D’ Company was to be held in reserve, ‘C’ Coy in the support line and ‘A’ and ‘B’ Coys to take up a position in the frontline; a total of 20 officers and 498 other ranks entered the line. At dusk on April 6th, Lance Corporal Harry Kelly and Private John Christie both of 15 Platoon were sent out on a rations fatigue. Whilst on this fatigue, a HE Shell landed quite near to the both of them, killing them. Their causes of death are subjective-
Private Mick Lennon stated '..with the exception of a slight scratch on Christie's forehead (there were) no wounds on either of them, so came to the conclusion that they had been killed by the concussion of the explosion'
Private Fines Godding stated 'One (was killed) by bullet and the other with HE shell'
Either way, a shell ended both of their lives atleast indirectly or indeed directly.
On April 8th, two lighting patrol were sent out containing 30 men from ‘D’ Company each under two Subalterns from another company. They patrolled no man's land during the night and reported no enemy movement upon their return. On April 9th, Captain Lindsay was seconded to the 175th [or 174th] Brigade as a Liaison Officer leaving D Company down an officer.. The following day saw Sergeant Jack Croker rejoining the Company in the field, assuming command of the Lewis Gun Section attached to D Company- all these Lewis Gun Sections were overseen by an Officer, Lieutenant John Ridley [Later MC]. On the morning of April 11th, Captain Jackson was slightly wounded. He was not moved down the line and remained at his post. On April 17th at 4:30am, the company was badly shelled with gas. Casualties included the Battalion Commander (Cheeseman), ‘D’ Coys Lt Roy Anslow, CSM Cooling and CQMS Madden; all of whom were ‘gassed’ in the shelling. CQMS Madden's replacement would be Corporal Tom Akeroyd, however he would be promoted to substantive Sergeant the following month. CSM Cooling's replacement would be Sergeant Francis Thompson
On April 28th, Lieutenant Robert Lee along with 3 other subalterns and 62 other ranks reported to the Battalion Headquarters to be taken onto strength. Lieutenant Lee was assigned to ‘D’ Company. Captain Lindsay took over command of the Company on May 3rd after returning from his secondment. Shortly after Captain Lindsay returned, it is noted that Lieutenant Robert Lee was the OC 14 Platoon in a report. Speaking of which, it is in this period that a few fieldbook excerpts from Captain Lindsay survive. Below are the surviving pages which record promotions, recommendations, reports and plenty of information on a company level.
On the night of May 4th/5th, the 53rd Battalion moved from the reserve line to the front line, relieving the 54th Battalion. ‘D’ Company 53rd relieved ‘D’ Company 54th Battalion in the line on the right. At 11pm on May 6th, Lieutenant Hill (‘D’ Coy) took a patrol of 10 men out into no mans land. Voices were heard however no enemy sighted and they returned without incident at 1am on May 7th. On the night of May 8th/9th, the 54th Battalion relieved the 53rd Battalion and the former moved down to the reserve line. A week later in the late evening of May 16th, the Battalion relieved the 30th Battalion in the Hamel Sector. ‘D’ Company 53rd relieved ‘B’ Company 30th in the Right Reserve. At 12:10am on May 18th, Lieutenant Hill took out a patrol with 11 men; They found the location of a forward post with atleast 12 enemies, a wiring party was heard before the patrol returned at 1:40am. On the afternoon of May 18th, 18 pounders fired accidentally onto the 53rd Battalion’s front line. One of the shells badly wounded an other rank who nearly had his whole leg severed off by a shell. At 12am on May 23rd/24th, Lieutenant Hill took out another patrol with 4 men. They moved up the Vaire-Hamel road and reconnoitered the area. An enemy trench was found full of men but else nothing of note was found. They returned to the friendly lines at 1:15am. On the night of May 28th/29th, the 53rd Battalion was relieved by the 55th Battalion and the Battalion moved down to the reserve line. On the night of May 31st/June 1st, the 53rd Battalion was relieved in the reserve line by the 13th Battalion; they proceeded to settle in the Querrieu area. Whilst out of the line, new uniforms were issued, boots fixed, barbers at work and so on. On June 7th, Lieutenant Waite MC arrived back at the battalion, following a bullet in the buttocks at Polygon Wood during September last. He had an interesting time in England - moreover, losing his seniority after using a forged railway ticket and presenting said ticket to a Railway Transport Officer. An altercation and he loses seniority, though he still remains a Lieutenant and platoon commander. On June 11th, the ‘Kookaburras’, otherwise the 5th Division Concert Party supplied the Battalion with ample entertainment, performing for them in Querrieu. On June 15th, Lieutenant Hill and Major Roberts DSO were marched out to form a nucleus alongside 63 other ranks, depriving ‘D’ Company of atleast 1 officer. That same day, the Battalion moved up to the reserve line at the Franvillers System. They were to remain there until the night of June 26th/27th when they relieved the 30th Battalion in the front line. ‘D’ Company 53rd relieved ‘B’ Company 30th in the reserve. On June 30th, Lieutenant Waite (‘D’ Coy) took out a patrol and returned with an enemy machine gun, 2 belts, containers, pack, rifle and greatcoat. After quite the spell in the front line, the Battalion was relieved by the 55th Battalion on the night of July 10th/11th, and thereon moved to the support line. On the night of July 17th/18th the 53rd Battalion relieved the 54th Battalion in the front line, however moved back down to the reserve line after being relieved by the 54th Battalion on the night of July 19th/20th. By this time it was evident that there was a stunt planned in the air.
A photograph of Lieutenant Waite taken whilst in England. His Military Cross is pinned up. Dated 1918
On July 27th, the Battalion moved from the reserve line to the Front Line in preparation for the stunt. By nightfall, the battalion stood at 23 officers and 543 Other Ranks. By the morning of July 28th, ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ Company were in the line whilst ‘D’ Company was in support. The 53rd Battalion was to participate in an action at Morlancourt on July 29th, 1918. ‘D’ Company had the pure luck to be a carrying party for the action. At 1.25am, the attack began. Information into what ‘D’ Company did throughout the day is not mentioned in the War Diary, however a recommendation for the Military Cross was written up for Captain Lindsay, explaining what the Company was doing. This recommendation didn’t lead to anything, however it read in part..
This Officer was incharge of 2 platoons who acted as carrying parties for the attacking troops in the attack on the enemy trenches near Morlancourt.
It was owing to his excellent judgment and personal direction and supervision that the carrying parties (strength 45) were able to cross and re-cross “No Mans Land” in the open although subjected to Artillery and Machine Gun fire with the loss of 1 man.
Great quantities of stores, rations and water were carried by these parties and dumps established in the captured enemy line. During the night following the attack(,) ration parties carrying hot food to the men in the front line were caught in a severe enemy artillery ‘strafe’ lasting from 10.15pm to 5.am next morning.
Captain LINDSAY personally led these parties to their destination in doing so exposing himself to very great danger and although on one occasion he was badly shaken by a shell he still continued his work.
On July 30th, the Battalion came out of the line and was moved to Vaux-en-Amiénois, to which they arrived at on July 31st at 6am. August 1st saw the whole Battalion getting haircuts and company inspections across the Battalion. The next few days passed without notoriety. On the night of August 4th, the Battalion marched to the bivouacs at Querrieu, arriving at said location at 2am. The following day on the 6th, battle orders were received from the brass and the whole of the battalion was overcome by a wave of excitement for the upcoming stunt. They remained at Querrieu until the morning of August 8th, 1918..
The Last Hundred Days
(August 1918 to November 1918)
On August 8th, 1918 at 1.45am, the Battalion moved from Querrieu to the start line for the forth-coming advance. The strength of the 53rd stood at 24 officers at 432 Other Ranks. After 2 hours of waiting for Zero Hour, the trench whistles blew at 4.20am. The Battalion advanced into the morning mist. After 5 minutes of stumbling around at dawn, elements of the brigade captured the trenches near Villers-Bretonneux. By 7am, the 53rd Battalion consolidated on the recently-captured trenches in preparation for another advance. By midday, the Battalion was at Cerisy Valley. At 4pm the Battalion was advancing onto Bayonvillers where they halted and fully consolidated. During the advances on August 8th, Captain Lindsay was riding a horse when a shell landed next to the horse; the horse was blown to bits and two men wounded, however it left Captain Lindsay unscathed. These casualties would be the only ones suffered by the 53rd Battalion on that day. By the end of the day, the men were exhausted from the 12 mile advance, however the men were galvanized when they heard of the successes along the line. Private Marshall who had served in D Company before a transfer to Headquarters Company recorded the actions at Morlancourt in his diary ‘We stayed near Corbie till the barrage started, then we began to advance. The trip to our starting point was not without it’s excitement. Fritz planes were very busy and at one halt, when the troops were all smoking, he came in our direction at a great pace. But nothing extraordinary happened. We stayed on the right of the village of Villers Brettonneux(sic) for a few hours, and moved on again. We knew that it was going successfully as there were no enemy guns firing, and that was a great comfort to us too. Our big guns had been brought right up under the Germans’ noses on the night before so they had no need to move forward then. There were crowds of prisoners everywhere, and the troops spent a good deal of time in souveniring them. All of the prisoners were sure that they had lost the war, and that we would go right on to Berlin. Just before we moved off, there was a little excitement. We were all sitting about talking, when there was a terrific explosion just behind us. A big shell of a new ‘toute suite’ variety had landed about 20 yards off. There had been absolutely no sound of it’s approach at all. Naturally we all had the wind up about some more coming unannounced, but the next went further off and we heard the report of the gun first, then the shell hurtling overhead. They were fired [at] long intervals and all over the country. So we knew that he had one gun still.’ The following day, the Battalion remained in the positions captured the previous day. Strength was increased to 28 Officers and 552 Other Ranks. On August 17th, Lieutenant Reg Hill proceeded to England for a few weeks leave.
On August 22nd, Second Lieutenant Rupert Dent joined ‘D’ Company as a Platoon Commander. He was a new boy, however a Duntroon man (Dec 1916) making him very desirable, considering that most Duntroon men had been repurposed into sandbags or rear-echelon duties. He had applied for a commission in 1915 but only arrived in England in May 1918. After a spell of training, he was on his way to France with the 53rd Battalion. Despite his higher education, Second Lieutenant Dent was still the new boy and the officer with the least seniority in ‘D’ Company, however still better educated. He was to be in a stunt after nearly a week at the front. As an addition, on August 28th, CQMS Madden rejoined the Battalion after having been in England after being gassed in April 1918.
Second Lieutenant Rupert Dent. Date unknown
At 1am on September 1st, the Battalion was treated to a hot meal- for some, it would be their last. At 3.30am, the battalion moved into ‘Florine’ and ‘Prague’ Trench. As ‘C’ Company was taking up their position they were met with the most interesting sight- Germans in their trench. A quick fight ensued, with the Germans firing an SOS flare leading to a barrage falling very nearby with ‘C’ Company coming out ontop. At 6am, the whistle blew and the Battalion began their attack. The positions of the companies were ‘A’ Company - Right ; ‘B’ Company - Right Support ; ‘C’ Company - Left ; ‘D’ Company - Left Support.
In the initial advance, the Battalion was met by a heavy wire belt which was supposed to be cleared in an earlier artillery barrage. Despite heavy fire raining down on them, soldiers from Lt Waite’s platoon started to cut the wire with the motivational support of their Lewis Gunners. After what felt like an eternity, a passage was forged through the wire, allowing the attack to continue.
The ‘heavy wire belt’ that the 53rd Battalion had to cut through. This particular photograph was taken on September 2nd, 1918; Only a day after the fact with the bodies still remaining
The Company broke through the heavy wire belt and advanced to the objectives. Shortly after breaking through the wire, 'D' Company's CSM Samuel 'Frank' Cooling was shot through the calf in the left leg. Despite the wound, he continued to push on with Lt Roy Anslow's 16 Platoon. On the other side of the advance through Anvil Wood performed by ‘A’ and ‘B’ Company, a 77mm Field Gun was spotted nearby and manned by the enemy. Private Currey from ‘B’ Company didn’t hesitate and taking a Lewis Gun firing from the hip either dispersed or killed all the enemy manning the gun. Not too long afterwards, Major Murray sent an urgent message to ‘D’ Company to inform them that his left flank was in the air. Captain Lindsay moved his company to the flank of ‘C’ Company with the aim of providing support due to the absence of the 23rd Battalion. ‘D’ Company provided splendid support however sustained severe casualties via machine guns. At 11am, Lieutenant Anslow was with his 16 Platoon in an entrenched machine gun position. They were all bunched up in the trench when a barrage of 5.9inch shells landed around their position. A shell landed in the middle of the platoon, killing Lieutenant Anslow, Sergeant Taylor, Corporal Hayward, Lance Corporals Upton and Barrie as well as Privates Masson and Ries. The shell also wounded 3 others, but either way 16 Platoon was severely hindered by the loss of their senior NCOs and their officer. A wounded CSM Cooling took the initiative and commanded what remained of 16 Platoon to the objective.
Burial marker for the Anslow and his men killed by the shell. Dated 1918
At some point not too long after Anslow’s death, Lieutenant Waite had spotted an unmanned German 77mm Field Gun that had been recently liberated by Private Currey. He sent Signaller Hopkins to get it ready for action. When Hopkins arrived there he was assisted by Private Crank. The pair loaded and fired the gun to great effect on the enemy despite no knowledge about firing a field gun. They began firing on the enemies amassing on the left flank despite heavy machine gun fire. After a great many shells were fired, the enemy dispersed and both men returned to their companies.
At around 4:40pm, Captain Lindsay had suffered a gunshot wound; a bullet that fractured his left tibia. Despite his wound, he led an attack, supervised consolidation of a new position further forwards before allowing stretcher bearers to take him back to the RAP. Lieutenant Dent also was wounded by a burst of machine gun bullets which found its mark in his left shoulder. By 5pm, Lieutenant Waite was the last officer of ‘D’ Company still in the fight. He led the company with vigor towards St Denis [62c.I.22] via the St Denis-Mont St Quentin Road, killing 12 Germans along the way, settling in a location known as the Sugar Factory, with the object of making it a forward post. Waite, with his 20 men was greatly assisted by Sergeant Cuthbert Lineham who by now was commanding one of the platoons. Also of assistance was Corporal Charlie Smith who helped in collecting bombs, ammunition and other items to resupply the men; when they reached the Sugar Factory, Smith volunteered to keep a casting eye over the enemy, reporting their movement to Waite. Whilst holding the Sugar Factory, the Company wiped out a machine gun nest some 200 yards away to his front. However, unbeknownst to Waite, he had lost contact with his own Battalion and was under threat of being completely cut off and therefore risked capture.
Above is the rough ground that Waite and his Company advanced through on September 1st, 1918 towards the Sugar Factory. Infact, towards the centre-left of the photograph in the distance following along the mini-rise on the right, you can see what remains of the Sugar Factory- 3 corner pillars. Dated September 15th, 1918.
Messengers were sent out to try and tell him to fall back, yet no one found him. Shortly after midnight, a certain Private Currey (‘B’ Company) volunteered to find Waite in the dark to tell him to withdraw. He went out for the first time, not running into any Germans by some luck. When he came back to friendly lines, he went out again to no avail. The third time his Company Commander said it had to be done, to which Currey said ‘If I can’t find Mr Waite, I will stand up and shout to him’. Currey went out to find Lieutenant Waite and his party once more at 3am. When 8am rolled around and he still hadn’t found Waite, Currey yelled out ‘Waitsey, Come Back!’. A reply was met with machine guns, bolt actions, the whole kitchen sink. Luckily for everyone involved, Lieutenant Waite heard the message from Currey and quickly began bringing his company out of the Sugar Factory back to friendly lines. Private Patrick Allan, a machine gunner, was the last to leave the Sugar Factory position. Waite withdrew the Company under a smoke screen to the crossroad near Saint-Denis (62c.I.22.a.7.6) under the cover of a bank. He remained there until told to fall back by Major Murray. Peronne was a success by all accounts, with Mont St Quentin and Peronne falling over the next day or two. ‘D’ Company had gone into the line with 4 Officers and 90 other ranks - the whole battalion suffered 11 officers and 241 Other Ranks as casualties - of whom 4 officers and 47 other ranks of the Battalion were killed (11 other ranks to DoW). Captain Lindsay suffered a Blighty wound; fractured tibia on the left leg, similar to his previous Company Commander some 11 months previous. He also was to score a Military Cross at Peronne. ‘D’ Company was only left with 1 officer who had survived unwounded.. Dent had also got a Blighty wound (GSW right shoulder) and Anslow was killed with his men, leaving Lieutenant William Waite MC, as last officer standing from ‘D’ Company and by default took command of ‘D’ Company after Captain Lindsay. Coy Sgt Major Cooling had also copped it and was evacuated to hospital, making Sergeant Lineham the acting CSM until Cooling returned shortly after the wars end. Oddly enough, Waite also scored a decoration, earning a Bar to his Military Cross. Lieutenant Waite assumed command of ‘D’ Company shortly after Peronne, presumably the day after on September 2nd. It is unknown how long he was in temporary command, however whilst Waite was Company Commander he had time to write up a recommendation to the Commanding Officer. It read..
C.O.
53rd BATTALION A.I.F
I wish to bring before your notice the conspicuous gallantry and bravery in action of NO.2153 PRIVATE CRANK during the recent operations at PERONNE.
During the early stages of the attack, a 77mm Field gun was captured with about 70 rounds of ammunition. Private Crank in company with another man*, at once set to work to find out how to detonate the shell and fire the gun. Having ascertained this, he at once brought the gun to bear on the enemy who were massing, apparently for a counter attack on the left flank of the Battalion.
Immediately upon the 77mm gun opening fire, the enemy brought intense artillery and Machine Gun fire to bear on the gun; notwithstanding this, Private Crank and his comrade continued to fire with great rapidity, causing heavy casualties, and finally compelling the enemy to disperse. He then rejoined his Company.
Later in the day noticing the enemy again massing on the left flank, he, in company with another man**, remanned the captured gun and continued firing it until all the ammunition was exhausted, despite renewed enemy artillery and Machine Gun activity, and despite the fact, that there being no way of cleaning the gun there was grave risk of the barrel bursting.
(Signed) W.Waite Lieut.
O.C “D” Company 53rd Battalion A.I.F
*The other man was Lance Corporal Cec Weatherby; later a DCM
**Cec was wounded shortly after the first gun instance, the other man was Private Arthur Hopkins; later an MM
Thanks to Lieutenant Waite’s recommendation, Crank was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal despite an original recommendation for a Victoria Cross. There were many recommendations made to men of the 53rd Battalion relating to the Peronne stunt. Below are ones from 'D' Company.
Capt William Frederic Lindsay. Recommended for the MC (Awarded)
'During the attack on PERONNE on 1st September, 1918, Captain LINDSAY led his Company with the utmost gallantry in the attack.
During the advance, the left flank of the Battalion was imperilled and Captain LINDSAY under terrific Machine Gun FIre got his Company in position in the open, and brought fire to bear on the enemy massing, inflicting casualties and causing them to disperse. His action undoubtedly allowed the advance to continue and removed a serious menace to that flank of the Battalion. Throughout the action he set a fine example, and much of the success of the Battalion was due to the skillful handling of his Company.
Later on during the action, he again led an attack and although wounded, established a line with his Company and supervising the consolidation before permitting the stretcher bearers to carry him to the R.A.P'
Lt William Waite MC. Recommended for a Bar for his MC (Awarded)
'For most conspicuous gallantry an devotion to duty in action. During the attack on PERONNE on 1st September 1918 despite strong Enemy wire entanglements and Machine Gun and Artillery Barrage, Lieut. WAITE with his platoon forced a passage through the wire and moved forward to the attack. While the advance was in progress, the enemy was observed to be massing on the left which was an exposed flank, and Lieut. Waite despite heavy casualties brought his Platoon into action in the open and inflicted so many casualties in the enemies ranks that he was forced to disperse and allow the advance to continue.
In the second attack all the Officers of his Company became casualties, and he assumed command, and established posts well forward, which he successfully held until ordered to withdraw by the Commanding Officer [Lieutenant Colonel Cheeseman].
He displayed the utmost gallantry, and such disregard of personal safety throughout, that he won the admiration of all ranks.'
3261 CSM (WO.II) Samuel Frank Cooling MM. Recommended for a Bar to his MM (Never Awarded)
'This NCO has been with the Battalion since its formation and has at all times displayed the utmost gallantry, initiative and constant good work both in and out of the line.
He did valuable work on patrols on the SOMME 1916-17 and was badly wounded at BULLECOURT in May 1917
In POLYGON WOOD in September 1917 he showed great dash, courage and initiative. Although wounded on the tapes he went forward, urging his men on, showing utter disregard for his own personal safety, his conduct helping greatly towards the success of the operation.
At PERONNE in September 1918, CSM Cooling again set a fine example to his men, being wounded at the beginning of the operation he carried on, and when his platoon officer (Lt Anslow) was killed he took command till the objective was reached.'
3582 Sgt James Patrick Joseph Sullivan. Recommended for the MM (Never Awarded)
'In the attack on PERONNE on the morning of the 1st September, Sergeant Sullivan took his platoon into action and remained in command throughout the attack. He displayed very high powers of leadership and maintained complete control of his command throughout. He took every opportunity of reorganizing his platoon as casualties occurred and by utter disregard for his own personal safety set a splendid example to his men, into whom he infused a spirit of absolute confidence in their leader.
On reaching the final objective he rendered very valuable assistance to his Company Commander during the organization of his Company.'
5474 LCpl Amos John Turner. Recommended for the MM (Awarded)
'In the recent attack on PERONNE on the 1st September 1918, this N.C.O. showed great coolness and daring in working his Lewis Gun. Throughout the action he kept up a constant fire although he himself was subjected to heavy machine gun and artillery fire, and inflicted a large number of casualties on the enemy. In the latter part of the advance he was severely wounded in the shoulder and also had the Butt blown off his gun. However, he still continued in action until loss of blood and weakness forced him leave the line for medical attention.'
2474 LCpl Richard Quantrill. Recommended for the MM (Awarded)
'In the attack on PERONNE on 1st September 1918 this N.C.O. rendered the greatest assistance to his Company Commander in controlling and reorganising his section. When the objective was reached he took charge of an isolated post on the Left Flank displaying splendid powers of leadership and control. Under heavy artillery and machine gun fire he assisted in digging out several men who had been buried by shells and helped attending to the wounded.
At all times he set a splendid example to the men of his Platoon.'
4852 LCpl Albert Edward Lonsdale Smith. Recommended for the MM (Awarded)
'For conspicuous courage and coolness in action during the attack on PERONNE on 1st September 1918. This N.C.O. when in Charge of a Lewis Gun displayed great initiative in the early part of the advance in supplying covering fire for his Platoon. During the greater part of the advance he used his gun from the hip and was successful in gaining superiority of fire thus enabling his platoon to advance. Later while covering the consolidation of his Company he was almost surrounded by the enemy; however he brought his gun into action and was successful in beating them off. He kept his gun firing until it was put out of action by a direct hit. Smith at once returned to his Company, procured another gun and brought it into action inflicting great losses on the enemy and silencing two enemy Machine Guns.'
2247 LCpl Oscar William Smith. Recommended for the DCM (Awarded)
'For conspicuous gallantry and determination in action at Peronne, 1 September, 1918. He was sent to get in touch with the brigade on the left, and had to cross open ground swept by machine gun fire. On the way he was held up by a machine gun post, which opened fire. He at once shot the observer, killed the crew of six, and captured the gun.'
5380 Signaller Arthur John Hopkins. Recommended for a DCM (Awarded MM)
'For conspicuous gallantry during the attack on PERONNE on 1st September 1918. During the early stages of the attack an Enemy 77.mm. gun was captured with a large supply of ammunition. He helped another man to work this gun having first ascertained how to detonate the shells, and fire the gun, despite the fact that the enemy immediately opened up with heavy artillery and machine gun fire directed against them, and despite the fact that owing to their being no method of cleaning the gun there was great danger of the barrel bursting. The fire from this gun was brought to bear on a quarry on the left flank of the Battalion, where the enemy were assembling, apparently with a view to a counter attack, and such heavy casualties were caused that they were forced to disperse. The action of this man contributed largely to the success of the operation as the Left Flank of the Battalion at that time was in a very exposed position, and if a counter attack had been launched there would have been grave risk of the Battalion being cut off.'
In a Special Order posted by Lieutenant-Colonel Cheeseman on December 13th, 1918, it announced all the awards for the Peronne stunt. There was a VC, DSO, 2 bars to MC, 6 MCs, 7 DCMs, 2 bars to MM and 19 MMs. Of these, members of D Coy were awarded..
1 Bar to MC - Lieutenant Waite MC
1 MC - Captain Lindsay
1 DCM - Pte Oscar Smith
4 MMs - Coy Sgt Maj Lineham, Sgt Croker, LCpl Brickie Smith, Sig Hopkins,
In the days following Peronne, Lieutenant Hill would return from his leave, assuming command of his platoon once more. On September 4th at the bivouacs at Herrecourt, the General Officer Commanding 5th Division, with Brigadier-General 14th Brigade inspected and addressed the men of the 53rd Battalion with great praise in respect of the actions at Morlancourt and Peronne. The following day saw a thunderstorm roll onto them whilst they moved their bivouacs. By this time, the Battalion stood at 23 officers and 281 men. On September 7th whilst the Battalion was camped at Le Mesnil, Major Lucas and Lieutenant Waite went back to Peronne to check that all battalion dead were buried. It had turned out that the 1st Brigade had been bivouacked at Peronne and had buried all the dead. On September 12th, a few German planes were spotted overhead- 2 were shot down and 3 turned tail and ran. On that same day, some machine gun practice took place during which time 'D' Coy's 5343 Private Beech was accidentally killed by a live bullet mixed in a machine gun belt. On September 26th, some 2 weeks after the aerial attack, Lieutenant-Colonel Cheeseman called a conference of all Company Commanders. During this conference, the Colonel outlined an upcoming stunt to come in the following days. At 7:30pm the following day, the Battalion marched out of Le Mesnil and moved towards a place near Hervilly.
On September 30th, Colonel Cheeseman was sent away to a conference at 3am on an upcoming attack that was to occur later that day. With zero hour fixed for 6am, they were expected to step off at below adequate fighting strength. The Battalion’s Companies were instead to work in conjunction- 'A' and 'B' Company would work together on one objective whilst 'C' and 'D' Company would take on another. Captain Wilson would take 'C' and 'D' Company into the attack whilst Captain Jhonson MC took 'A' and 'B'. A certain Lieutenant Arthur Thompson would assume command of 'D' Company. Little is known of his service, mainly due to the fact that his record consists of virtually 3 pages. What is known is that he was 18 when he enlisted in 1915, and was granted a commission the following year.
The Battalion passed the jump-off point just a few minutes past 6am; the role of ‘C' and 'D’ Company was ‘that of mopping up the (Bellicourt) Tunnel and vicinity’. On the advance to the tunnel, the company came under intense machine gun and artillery fire. Captain Wilson ably led the two Companies past the first line of trenches at 9am, before he was shot through the neck (severing his windpipe) with a machine gun bullet. He fell, his death almost instantaneous.
Around this time, Lieutenant Thompson was severely wounded leading 'D' Company along a canal. Lieutenant Hill was leading his 15 Platoon the far flung left flank of the company, but due to heavy casualties being taken he was eventually separated from the company, leaving himself and 6 of his men isolated on that flank of the line. It is said that he continued the advance with merely Sergeants Smith, Callaghan and Quantrill, a Corporal and 2 other men to avoid the flank of the battalion collapsing. After a short advance they were met with a most unusual sight- a machine gun strong post which was pouring enfilading fire on the battalion. Lieutenant Hill didn’t hesitate; he personally led a skeleton charge against the post, killing 20 Germans and capturing 3 machine guns. It was only a very short time before he became a double entrance dugout which had machine guns on each entrance.. Lieutenant Hill, assisted by Sergeant Charlie Smith, collected a few stick grenades and gallantly ran towards the bunker with revolver in hand, shooting 3 men along the way and lobbing grenades all the while. When the smoke cleared, he had killed 15 along the way basically singlehandedly, also capturing 2 machine guns. He then received immediate orders to assist ‘A/B’ Company at the Le Catalet Trench System at around 2pm. Upon reaching said location, he ‘commenced bombing up the trench, and cleared it for a distance of 600 yards’ with Private Charlie Baker leading as the 'bayonet man'. He and five men in that bombing party had killed 20 odd and captured 7 machine guns, however was obliged to withdraw 200 yards when he was too far from the line. Upon falling back, he established a vital bomb block at around 3pm with the valuable assistance of Sergeants Smith and Dick Callaghan whilst Corporal Reg Lyons watched from afar, providing support along with Sergeant William Smith. The bomb block is listed at location A.22.d.45.65. The bomb block was held until midnight. During the action, Lieutenant Hill is also listed to have captured 2 German 77mm field guns.
The men of that party were-
Lt Reginald Hill [Officer Commanding; awarded DSO]
Sgt Charlie Smith [awarded DCM]
Sgt Dick Callaghan [awarded DCM]
Sgt Richard Quantrill [awarded MM]
T/Cpl Charlie Taylor [awarded MM]
LCpl William Borserio [recommended MM]
Pte Charlie Baker [recommended MM]
*It is confusing as to how many men were involved due to confliction of stories, however I believe it was only 1 officer and 6 men that were involved in that 'charge', per citations.
On October 1st, Lieutenant Hill, Sergeant Quantrill and a handful of other ranks went out on patrol to find the German line. They were successful in this, also locating some German machine gun posts in the process; in that daylight patrol, no one was wounded despite coming under machine gun fire. At 9:30pm on October 2nd, the Battalion was relieved by the 6th Inniskilling in the line. At the end of it, Lieutenant Hill was the subject of many letters. Lieutenant Cooke, Sergeants Quantrill, Charlie Smith and one of the Corporals involved all sent in recommendations to Colonel Cheeseman. As a result of his exemplary gallantry, Lieutenant Hill was awarded a DSO for his actions, and the others involved duly decorated.
Then-Second Lieutenant Hill. Dated perhaps 1916-17.
On October 3rd, the Battalion buried Captain Wilson MC, Lieutenant Althouse and Second Lieutenant Ralph MM at Tincourt. Also, Captain Jhonson MC, OC of ‘A/B’ Company was to die of wounds sustained in the action on October 2nd, 1918. Despite the casualties, spirits were apparently high whilst the battalion billeted at Villeret. The following day, Lieutenant-Colonel Cheeseman MC addressed the troops, thanking them for their effort in the battle just a few days prior. Reorganization is said to have taken place during this time. On October 5th, they winded up at Le Mesnil then onto St Maxent on October 7th. Upon arrival at St Maxent, the Battalion stood at 24 Officers and 306 Other Ranks. For nearly a week it rained on the Battalion in varying strength until the clouds cleared on October 13th. Around this time, Lieutenant Justin Cooke, 53rd Battalion was appointed Captain which coincided with his taking command of ‘D’ Company, 53rd Battalion in October 1918. He had started out as a recently-married Second Lieutenant in 1915 with the 8th Battalion in Victoria and had worked his way up to Captain with only one wound stripe on his sleeve for a gas attack in April 1918.
The then-Lieutenant Justin Cooke, whilst with a Training Battalion in England.
For the rest of October 1918, inter-battalion competitions took place with men from each company representing their companies. Decides from that, the war diary states ‘(St Maxent) is mostly without extraordinary incident’. This is a bit of an understatement- On October 5th, Sergeant Croker was admitted to hospital with Broncho-Pneumonia. He succumbed some 9 days later. He was later awarded an MM and Bar for actions at Peronne and Bellicourt. He was the last wartime casualty for D Company before the armistice.
On October 22nd, the strength of the Battalion was depleted and stood at 27 Officers and 289 Other Ranks. Lieutenant-Colonel Cheeseman saw the positives of the depleted numbers by stating ‘it is possible to train every man (on) the Lewis Gun, and the Battalion in consequence is becoming a Battalion of Lewis Gunners, which is most useful knowledge to have in case of emergency’. By the turn of the month the battalion had only risen to 29 Officers and 328 Other Ranks. On November 8th the ‘Miss Lina Ashwells Concert Party’ performed a few sketches for the Battalion in St Maxent. On November the 11th, 1918, Colonel Cheeseman paraded the battalion under unknown pretenses. He began reading parts of Prince Litchnowsky’s disclosures showing why Germany was to blame for the war, and commented at the end as a side note “By the way, hostilities will cease at 11am today”. Everyone was rejoicing, less a few who didn’t believe that it was actually over. When the whole village found out, ‘the village immediately became almost festive with bunting’.
The surviving members of ‘D’ Company, 53rd Battalion were photographed with merely 5 officers* and 42 men with their appropriate webbing on. At the end of the war, soldiers of the Company returned home and were subsequently discharged in 1919/20, returning to civilian life.
*One of the officers may be Temporary Company Sergeant Major Lineham
Identified is Lieutenant William Waite MC (Later Bar); second from front, sixth from left. Also identified is Lieutenant Justin Cooke who is on Waite’s left shoulder with a tall posture.
It is worth noting that Lieutenant Rupert Dent, who had been wounded at Peronne on September 1st was getting acquainted with Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon; later known as the Queen Mother to most. He met her whilst he was recuperating at Glamis Castle in Scotland and they became good friends and very fond of eachother. They took walks in the garden and taught Elizabeth a thing or two. When Rupert was to be Returned to Australia, Elizabeth's mother wrote in a letter ‘I want to thank you for the good advice you gave my Elizabeth. I profited by it even more than she did. I needed it more than she does. Do let us hear from you from time to time. We shall never forget you’. Dent destroyed the letters to avoid embarrassment however his family still knew about it all. When he was asked by his children about how close they were, Rupert responded ‘Well, we took lots of long walks together. A gentleman doesn't tell’. In 2013, surviving letters of the affair were found in an old drawer and later sold for the large sum of $3600 AUD.
A final bit worth mentioning; Company Sergeant Major Samuel Cooling MM had joined the 53rd Battalion in Egypt in 1916. He then served at Fromelles where he was wounded; later wounded at Polygon Wood; then wounded on April 17th during an attack; then finally wounded at Peronne. He had been wounded at every major attack committed by the 53rd Battalion with the exceptions of the quiet period at Le Transloy, the battle near Bellicourt and actions on August 8th 1918. He finished the war with 4 wound stripes to his name.
At wars end, the officers and men of the 53rd Battalion had 1 VC, 5 DSO’s, 24 MCs and 3 bars, 28 DCMs, 76 MMs and 4 bars, 4 MSMs, 20 MiDs per the AWM Of these numbers, atleast 1 DSO, 2 MCs [1 bar], 5 DCMs and 15 MMs [1 bar] are known to have been awarded to the officers and men of ‘D’ Company. The Battalion had also suffered a total of 657 dead- either from Killed in Action, sickness, missing, etc. Of that number, atleast 86 can be accounted for from ‘D’ Company.
Honours known to be awarded to the officers and men of 'D' Company
Distinguished Service Order
Lieutenant Reginald Valentine Hill D.S.O, MiD
Military Cross
Captain William Frederic Lindsay M.C
Lieutenant William Waite M.C and Bar
Distinguished Conduct Medal
C.Q.M.S Daniel Madden D.C.M
Sergeant Charles Smith D.C.M
Sergeant Richard Leslie Callaghan D.C.M
Corporal Henry Hubbert D.C.M
Corporal Oscar William Smith D.C.M
Military Medal
C.S.M Samuel Frank Cooling M.M
T/C.S.M Cuthbert Claude Lineham M.M
Sergeant Jack Everard Burns Croker M.M and Bar
Sergeant James Joseph Fox M.M
Sergeant Reginald Armand Lyons M.M
Sergeant Vincent John Scully M.M
Sergeant Richard Quantrill M.M
L/Sergeant James William Haines M.M
Corporal James Henry Harrop M.M
Corporal Charles Taylor M.M
LCpl Amos John Leslie Turner M.M
LCpl Albert Edward Lonsdale Smith M.M
Signaller Arthur John Hopkins M.M
Private James Donald Black M.M, MiD
Private John Semple M.M
Survivors of ‘D’ Company
Below are the names of those who served in the Company throughout the war who survived the war. Ofcourse this list may not be completely accurate but it paints a perspective.
Note: This list is those who I have confirmed to have served in ‘D’ Company at one point or another.
Captain Robert Ramsay MC, MiD (1888-1965) - A few misgivings in the interwar period. Rejoined in the Second World War, becoming a Major. He was involved in the Cowra Breakout and shortly thereafter resigned his commission. Died May 23rd 1976
Captain William Frederic Lindsay MC, ED (1880-1940) - stayed in the Militia, gaining the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and an ED. His men respected him greatly. Died June 11th 1940
Captain Justin Sidney Cooke (1888-1949) - Born in England however immigrated when he was a baby. He married in 1915 and was a Victorian. Gassed in April 1918 and rose to command the Company. Died July 25th 1949.
Captain Albert Edward Jackson MC (1894-1955) - Started out as a Private soldier, rising to the rank of Captain. Served in the Second War at home as a Major. Died July 25th 1955.
Lieutenant William Waite MC and Bar (1888-1976) - Became a farmer and suffered many hardships with the terrible land. Rejoined in the Second World War as a Lieutenant in ‘C’ Company, 8th Garrison Battalion; his divisional commander was General Murray- a former 53rd Battalion officer. Died August 28th 1976
Lieutenant Rupert Octavius Dent (1890-1982) - Whilst recuperating in England met the Queen’s Mother and made friends with her. CMF Captain during the Second World War, serving at home. Died December 31st 1982.
Lieutenant Arthur Oswald Thompson (1897-1980) - Little is really known. He married in Lewisham in 1927. Died March 13th 1980
[15 Plt] Lieutenant Reginald Valentine Hill DSO, MiD (1892-1928) - Being gassed and wounded led to his early death. Died August 15th 1928
Lieutenant James Patrick Joseph Sullivan (1893-1965) - Recommended for Officer Training and also for an MM at Peronne. Given the King's Commission 5/1/1919. Died August 16th 1965
[14 Plt] Lieutenant Robert Arthur ‘Roy’ Lee (1893-1956) - Joined the Battalion in June ‘17, spending the best (latter) half of 1918 at schools. Died September 8th 1956.
Second Lieutenant Edwin Thomas Sattler (1887-1949) - Wounded as CQMS at Fromelles. Commissioned July 1917 and probably reassigned to a different Company. Died July 6th 1949
Company Sergeant Major Samuel Frank Cooling MM (1890-1977) - CSM from 15/1/1918 after the death of CSM Loney at Polygon Wood. Wounded 4 times, probably more than anyone else in the Company. Later Second World War VDC Lieutenant. Died July 9th 1977
Temporary Company Sergeant Major Cuthbert Claude Lineham MM (1892-1971) - T/CSM after CSM Cooling wounded at Peronne, also scored the MM at Peronne. Settled in Canberra; Died May 29th 1971
Company Quartermaster Sergeant Daniel Madden DCM (1888-1934) - Settled in Wellington and then Dubbo as a Barman after the war. Died September 20th 1934
Company Quartermaster Sergeant Sydney Denison Campbell MiD (c.1880-a.1954) - Experienced soldier by the time of the war. Died after 1954
Private Harley Augustus Rudd (1882-1960) - Died in 1960.
Sergeant James Joseph Fox MM (1891-1941) - MM for Morlancourt. Died October 2nd, 1941
Private James Marshall (1899-1959) - Diarist; was only 17 when he enlisted in 1916. Enlisted into the AFC in 1920, then RAAF in 1921, discharged 1928. Enlisted as a Flying Officer in a Second World War RAAF; Home Service. Died July 10th 1959
[15 Plt] Private John/Joseph Samuel Carlisle (1893-1961) - Died April 12th 1961
Private George St Clair Griffin (1893-1950) - Diarist. Found work as Boatshed Proprietor. Died July 23rd 1950
[16 Plt] Sergeant Francis William Thompson (1885-1940) - T/CSM after CSM Cooling gassed on 17/4/1918. Died 1940
Sergeant John Laing (1875-1947) - RAN Officer 39-45. Died in 1947
[15 Plt] Sergeant Charles Smith DCM (1895-?) - Recommended for a DCM and MM for actions in late 1918. Unsure on fate.
Sergeant Norman Cresswell Ruddel Condell (1895-1972) - Former Light Horseman; in 1954 he was a Farmer in Wagga Wagga. Died October 10th 1972
[14 Plt] Private Herbert George Delaney (1895-1961) - Originally 1st Pioneer Battalion and a '17 man. Died sometime in 1961.
Company Sergeant Major (or Sergeant) Frank Charles Linaker (1897-1955) - AWL at Durban on 10/9/1919 and was tried by Court Martial whilst on RTA. Acquitted. Found work as a Police Constable. Died June 22nd 1955
Sergeant Reginald Armand Lyons MM (?-?) - MM for Bellicourt.
Sergeant John Timothy Doherty (1886-1955) - Worked as Labourer prior to the war. Died June 14th 1955
Sergeant David William Levy (1894-1956) - Served in the Second World War. Died January 10th 1956
Corporal Charles Taylor MM (1894/1897-?) - MM at Bellicourt on 30/9/1918 to 2/10/1918. Died sometime after 1960.
[15 Plt] Corporal Thomas Rawson (1889 - 1966) - Wounded in Action 26/3/1918 and invalided home. Died November 11th 1966
Sergeant Richard Quantrill MM (1892-?) - Later found work at the Civil Transport Office at Dar-as-Salaam in Tanganyika. Last recorded at said location in October 1920. Unsure when he died.
Corporal James Henry Harrop MM (1894-1944) - Won the MM at Bullecourt. Died May 30th or June 1st 1944
Lance Corporal Erle Russell Ewin (1896-1959) - Settled in Blayney after the war. Died April 22nd 1959
[HQ Plt] Signaller Arthur John Hopkins MM (1886-1945) - MM for Peronne, manning a field gun with Crank DCM. Died May 20th 1945
[HQ Plt] Private Clive Barberie (1899-1974) - Stretcher Bearer with 'D' Coy. Died 1974
Lance Corporal Albert Victor Stimson (1890-1979) - Lived in Cabramatta/Canley Vale in the interwar period. Died December 10th 1979
[HQ Plt?] Lance Corporal Albert Edward Lonsdale ‘Brickie’ Smith MM (1888-1964) - Recommended for a DCM at Peronne however got an MM instead for manning a Lewis Gun. Re-enlisted for the Second World War, retired to Bega. D Coy Machine Gun Section. Died December 8th 1964
[HQ Plt] Private Hector Allan Ingram (1891-1969) - Died November 14th 1969
Temporary Corporal John Charles Varcoe (1897-1986) - After the war he became a drover, breaking horses. Settled in Boggabri, NSW. Died September 18th 1986
[14 Plt] Lance Corporal Stewart Gideon McGlashan (1897-1964) - Found work as a carpenter after the war. Died June 5th 1964
Private John James Baker (1891-1971) - Postwar Timberworker. Died December 22nd 1971
Lance Corporal Eli Bramall (1889-1973) - Carpenter postwar; Died February 8th 1973
[13 Plt] Second Corporal Leonard Robert Fookes (1896-1949) - Wounded in April 1918 and transferred to Provosts. Died August 4th 1949
Private Alfred Abbiss (1882-1968) - Horse Driver. Enlisted for the Second World War. Died August 20th 1968
Lance Sergeant Arthur Lawrence Harrison (1893-1970) - Captured at Fromelles 19/7/1916. Died July 19th 1970
[13 Plt] Private John Robinson Wylie (1898-?) - Died after 1932
[HQ Plt?] Private Robert James Bassett (1880-1924) - Pioneer with D Coy. Died of War Injuries (Gassed) February 11th 1924
[14 Plt] Private Frederick Arthur Hollands (1899-1927) - Underaged. Died in 1927
Private Henry John Walter Phillips (1894-1962) - Died August 2nd 1962
[15 Plt] Private George James Fyvie (1891-1940) - Died September 29th 1940
Private William John Gillman (1896-1963) - Died March 11th 1963.
[16 Plt] Private James Stephen Johnson (1885-1947) - Died October 10th 1947
Lance Sergeant James William Haines MM (1890-1960) - MM for Morlancourt. Died August 31st 1960
Private Robert Sinclair Fitzsimmons (1899-1985) - Transferred to AMC. Served in the Second War. Died December 13th 1985
Sergeant Richard Leslie ‘Dick’ Callaghan DCM (1893-1937) - DCM for Bellicourt. Died October 30th 1937
Private James Alfred Amey (1896-1971) - Later transferred to the 3rd Battalion. Died July 18th 1971
[14 Plt] Private John Thomas Black (1891-?) - Untraceable.
[16 Plt] Private Herbert George Radford (1891-1962) - Served in the Second War in the 11th Garrison Battalion. Died July 1st 1962
Driver Frederick Francis Riley (1892-?) - Untraceable
Corporal Thomas Charles Akeroyd (1881-1942) - Died in 1942
Private John Bateman (1891-?) - Untraceable
Private Patrick O’Malley (1885-1938) - Died February 5th 1938
Lance Corporal William Keith ‘Bill’ Wilson (1895-1965) - Died May 20th 1965
[15 Plt] Private Jack Temp (1898-?) - Fate Unknown
[14 Plt] Lance Corporal James Denston (1890-1942) - Died October 5th 1942
Private Joseph Essex Hodges (1881-1958) - Died November 1st 1958
Private Harry George Walker (1885-1932) - Died in 1932
Private Alexander Wright (1881-?) - Untraceable
Lance Corporal Edward Clarence Skelley (1890-1950) - Charged with Manslaughter in 1909 (bail). Died January 4th 1950
Private Edward Wallace Waites (1894-1968) - Married in England in 1918. Died April 13th 1968
[15 Plt] Private William John Simmons (1876-?) - Tram Conductor and a Kiwi.
Corporal Henry James Rumbelow (1891-1979) - Died in 1979
Private Henry William ‘Bill’ Ough (1892-1973) - Died February 20th 1973
Sergeant John O’Driscoll (1881-?) - Died after 1935
[16 Plt] Lance Corporal Arthur Ernest Stonestreet (1896-1990) - Probably last surviving ‘D’ Company digger. Died March 22nd 1990
Corporal Claude William Harris (1899-?) - Died after 1960
Lance Corporal Robert Steele Miller (1881-?) - Died after 1924
Private Carl Magnus Thorston Synnerdahl (1893-1956) - Died March 16th 1956
[15 Plt] Private William Walter Jarman (1898-1950) - Died June 17th 1950
Private Cecil Henry Blane (1896-1928) - Died July 18th 1928
Lance Corporal Amos John Leslie Turner MM (1893-1981) - MM at Peronne manning a Lewis Gun whilst badly shot up. D Coy Machine Gun Section. Died May 23rd 1971
[15 Plt] Private Bernard Aloysius Daly (1897-1971) - Died March 17th 1971
Private James Donald Black MM, MiD (1892-?) - MM at Bellicourt. Second World War WO2; Pacific theatre and MiD. Died after 1946
[15 Plt] Corporal George Watson (1888-1935) - Died August 22nd 1935
Private Charles Melton (1868-1945) - Died October 5th 1945
[15 Plt] Private William Walmsley (1891-1963) - Died November 16th 1963
Private Harris Page (1891-1951) - Died March 12th 1951
Private James Henry Wigginton (1897-1944) - Died in 1944
Private Albert Victor Payne (1895-1932) - Invalided 1917. Died September 22nd 1932
Private Walter Sealy Joseph Welsh (1896-1978) - Invalided 1917. Died in 1978
Private Joseph Henry Goodman (1894-1970) - Died May 5th 1970
Private Harry Walker Rigby Knight (1892-1953) - A British-born soldier. Was in the Second War as CMF. Died August 18th 1953
[14 Plt] Private Joseph Owen Duffecy (1888-1956) - Died May 10th 1956
[HQ Plt] Private Sidney Francis Griffiths (1879-1958) - Company Runner. Died March 5th 1958
Private Frederick George Smith (1899-1956) - Died in 1956
[16 Plt] Sergeant Norman Leonard Mawson (1888-1949) - Commanded 16 Plt during Nov 1916. Invalided 1917. Died April 12th 1949
[16 Plt] Private Jack Bass (1895-?) - Died after 1945
[16 Plt] Private John Semple MM (1888-1953) - Died August 24th 1953
Private Michael Lennon (1875-1934) - Died September 18th 1934
Private Patrick Joseph O’Brien (1892-1964) - Died June 8th 1964
Private George Henry Kingsmill (1897-1974) - Later 5th MG Btn. Died May 19th 1974
[16 Plt] Lance Corporal Frank Weitzel (1886-1971) - Invalided 1918. Died September 21st 1971
[14 Plt] Private John Claude McGrogan (1896-1971) - Recommended for an MM at Peronne. Died June 6th 1971
Private Patrick Seymour Allan (1897-?) - Recommended for an MM at Peronne. Instead given CiC Congratulations card. D Coy Machine Gun Section. Possibly died 1978.
[HQ Plt] Corporal Henry Hubbert DCM (1883/1887-1958) - DCM for Polygon Wood. One of 'D' Coy's Stretcher Bearer. Died August 25th 1958
Private Oliver John Jones (1890-1958) - Died March 16th 1958
Private Charles Arthur Jones (1893-1955) - Invalided out after Bullecourt wounding. Died August 7th 1955
Private Claude Evans (1893-1972) - Later served in the Second World War at home. Died November 24th 1972
Private Forbes George White (1887-1958) - Later served in the Second War at home. Died June 16th 1958
Lance Sergeant Andrew Alfred Porter (1896-1977) - Died May 3rd 1977
[14 Plt] Lance Corporal Frederick Alfred Baber (1892-1959) - Died May 13th 1959
Private Joseph Taylor (1884-?) - Before enlisting he was a Miner. Died after 1920
Private Arthur George Whiteford (1884-1959) - Served in the Second War at home. Died October 9th 1959
[16 Plt] Private Thomas Arthur 'Art' White (1890-1971) - Died April 22nd 1971
Private Reginald Andrew Hamilton (1891-1935) - Died November 7th 1935
[16 Plt] Private George Thomas Ellison (1893-1924) - Died November 15th 1924
Lance Corporal Charles Joseph Roberts (1893-?) - Invalided 1917. Died after 1963
[14 Plt] Corporal Arthur Oxley Crassingham (1894-1980) - Commanded 6 Section of 14 Platoon at Fromelles. Died March 21st 1980
[HQ Plt] Private William Henry Haile (1894-1942) - Signaller, Coy HQ. Died July 28th 1942
Private Arthur Rupert Pike (1891-1934) - Court martialled twice over. Died November 19th 1934
Corporal James Sylvester Lewis McDonald (1891-1935) - Invalided 1918. Settled in Hornsby Died September 7th 1935
Private Nathaniel Thomas Wheatley (1893-1977) - Died January 30th 1977
Corporal Oscar William Smith DCM (1891-1967) - DCM for Peronne as a runner, later served in the Second War. Died July 31st 1967
[14 Plt] Private Daniel Michael Regan (1900-1968) - Born 1900 (Claimed 1897) Enlisted 1915 and discharged Underaged 1917. Died April 15th 1968
Private Stanley Alick Dalton (1894-1968) - Shell shocked. Died April 30th 1958
Sergeant Gilbert Alderton (1894-?) - Invalided 1918 after being wounded in May ‘18. Died after discharge.
Corporal Dougald Fittar Stanton (1889-1975) - Captured at Fromelles. Died September 1st 1975
Lance Corporal Thomas Kilroy (c.1890-?) - Untraced
Private Cecil Ernest Vircoe (1899-1966) - Died November 10th 1966.
[16 Plt] Private Raymond Lyness Cameron (1894-1967) - Original 1914 man [7LHR]. Died November 10th 1967
Honor Roll for ‘D’ Company
Burial party for those of the 53rd Battalion Killed in Action at Peronne on September 1st, 1918. Dated September 21st, 1918.
Note: This list is those who I have confirmed to have served in ‘D’ Company at one point or another.
Captain Charles Arblaster (OC Coy); Died of Wounds July 24th 1916 (PoW)
[16 Plt] Lieutenant Roy Anslow (OC 16Plt); Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[15 Plt] Lieutenant William Edward Noble (OC 15Plt); Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[14 Plt] Second Lieutenant Charles Edward Mudge (OC 14Plt); Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[16 Plt] Second Lieutenant Beresford Joseph Nelson (OC 16Plt); Killed in Action July 19th 1916
Second Lieutenant Albert Edward Cooper (Acting OC Coy); Killed in Action March 29th 1917
Coy Sgt Major Frederick William Loney; Killed in Action September 26th 1917
Sergeant Austral Hunter Burns; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[16 Plt] Sergeant William Stephen Taylor; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[13 Plt] Sergeant John William Camp; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[HQ Plt] Sergeant Jack Everard Burns Croker MM and Bar; Died of Illness October 14th 1918
Sergeant Charles Stevens Hill; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[14 Plt] Sergeant Roy Gordon Barrack; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[16 Plt] Corporal Wilfred James Rose; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[16 Plt] Corporal Archie Ferdinand Hayward; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
Corporal James Gilroy Wilcox; Killed in Action September 27th 1917
[15 Plt] Corporal Joseph Lahiff; Died of Illness/Wounds October 23rd 1918
Corporal John Beresford Bryson; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[15 Plt] Lance Corporal Harry Kelly; Killed in Action April 6th 1918
[14 Plt] Lance Corporal Peter Alexander Thompson; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[14 Plt] Lance Corporal John Frederick Keith Comb; Killed in Action March 1st 1918
[14 Plt] Lance Corporal Charles Thomas Clarke; Died of Wounds March 31st 1917
Lance Corporal William John Grove; Died of Wounds October 1st 1918
[16 Plt] Lance Corporal Clarence Lancelot Upton; Died of Wounds September 1st 1918
[16 Plt] Lance Corporal William Picken Barrie; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[14 Plt] Lance Corporal Joseph O’Rourke; Killed in Action October 20th 1917
[14 Plt] Private James Albert Ahern; Died of Wounds April 27th 1918
[16 Plt] Private William Maitland Douglas Masson; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[16 Plt] Private Henry Masson; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[14 Plt] Percy Gladstone Moate; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[16 Plt] Private Percy Edward Sowter; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[14 Plt] Private George Craig; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[14 Plt] Private Sylvester James Gollan; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
Private Hector Adams; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[13 Plt] Private James Edward Adams; Killed in Action March 29th 1917
Private David Roylstone Leslie Abbott; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[13 Plt] Private James Lawrence; Killed in Action September 27th 1917
Private Robert Henry Scott; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[16 Plt] Private Robert Thomas Logan; Killed in Action September 23rd 1917
Private Hector Francis Bowen Trevena; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
Private Harry Turner; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[14 Plt] Private Sidney Richard Pratt; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[14 Plt] Private Alfred Ernest Main; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
Private Arthur Turner; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[14 Plt] Private Stanley Johnson Mears; Killed in Action March 1st 1918
[14 Plt] Private George Roland James Hill; Killed in Action March 1st 1918
[13 Plt] Private Ralph Pendleton; Killed in Action March 1st 1918
Private Nicholas Mainger; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
Private William Bernard Tier (att. HQ Coy); Killed in Action December 20th 1916
Private James Youman; Killed in Action September 30th 1918
[14 Plt] Private Sydney Alexander Meloy; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
Private/Signaller John Victor Wright; Killed in Action September 26th 1917
Private Frederick William Alexander Smith; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[16 Plt] Private Thomas Henry Kidd; Killed in Action November 1st 1916
Private William Howard Birch; Killed in Action September 24th 1917
Private Claude George Coote; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[14 Plt] Private William Crossman; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[16 Plt] Private Norman Charles Edgely; Died of Wounds July 7th 1918
[15 Plt] Private Reginald Ignatius Edgeworth; Killed in Action October 20th 1917
[14 Plt] Private Eric Manning Baker; Killed in Action September 27th, 1917
Private Archibald Patrick Lannen; Killed in Action September 23rd 1917
[14 Plt] Private Charles Hollingshead Fryer; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[15 Plt] Private Fines Henry Godding; Killed in Action September 30th 1918
Private Frederick William Beech; Accidentally Killed September 12th 1918
Private John Henry Alfred Coe; Killed in Action March 29th 1917
Private Cecil Grant; Killed in Action March 29th 1917
[14 Plt] Private Patrick Joseph Carey; Killed in Action September 23rd 1917
Private Frederick Alonza Fuller; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[15 Plt] Private John Clarence Christie; Killed in Action April 6th 1918
Private Patrick Kelly; Captured 6/4/1918; Died September 6th 1918
[16 Plt] Private Charles George Ries; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[14 Plt] Private Bertram Stanley Grice; Died of Wounds October 2nd 1918
[16 Plt] Private William Hewit; Killed in Action September 23rd 1917
[14 Plt] Private Ernest William Bradley; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[14 Plt] Private Frederick Kafer; Died of Wounds September 1st 1918
[14 Plt] Private William Herbert Hilbourne; Died of Wounds September 26th 1917
[16 Plt] Private Joshua Ismay; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
Private Frank Hill; Killed in Action September 26th, 1917
Private Thomas Henry Kidd; Killed in Action November 1st 1916
Private Charles John Baker; Died of Influenza March 2nd 1919
Private Nicholas Mainger; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
Private William Wallace John Pruss; Killed in Action March 13th 1917
Private Cyril Herbert Read; Killed in Action January 2nd 1917
Private Ernest Wilkinson Ashton; Killed in Action July 19th 1916
[16 Plt] Private Joseph Brough Littleton; Killed in Action September 1st 1918
[HQ Plt] Private (Signaller) William Frederick Ingle; Killed in Action October 19th 1917
The Draft
This is the story of a group of seventy men who fought as Infantry in France during the First World War. Their experience is not exceptional, rather their journey echoes one that most young men had with the Infantry from 1916 onwards. They arrived together in France in early October 1916 as draft replacements, as most men after 1915 did, into a battle proven and bruised Infantry Battalion. My great uncle was amongst these 70 men. At War’s end some twenty-five months later less than a handful would remain. This is their story.
Most of the men came from the towns North of Manchester: Radcliffe, Oldham, Blackpool, Accrington, Burnley and such. A number came from further afield such as Durham, Birmingham, Stoke, Cardiff or the suburbs of Manchester itself. In the main they were Lancashire men. They were labourers, farmers, mill workers, printers, miners, clerks, butchers, a schoolteacher and a solitary glass polisher.
There is no comprehensive history for these men. I have used their medal roll to identify and confirm them as a group. Surviving service records, Unit war diaries, pension cards, newspaper archives, casualty reports and a variety of archive documents have been considered. There are still gaps. I have attempted to be factual and have tried to avoid any conjecture but in some cases I have made some reasonable assumptions.
Their shared experience began with Infantry training at Press Health in Shropshire. This was initially with the 21st Reserve Battalion of the Lancashire Fusiliers. Their journeys to basic training were mixed. In the main they appear to have been volunteers but a number comprised some of the first mobilised conscripts of the campaign. Those conscripted were sent direct to the 21st from civilian life.
Many others had volunteered in December 1915 under the Derby Scheme and were mobilised at Preston in May 1916 into the Royal Field Artillery (RFA). A handful of men from the Northeast of England were equally briefly in the RFA but found their Unit transferred to Preston alongside the others and into the 8th Reserve Battery, 2a Reserve Brigade. Other men found themselves conscripted into the RFA equally briefly. After a month or so all the RFA men were sent en-masse on the 17th of June to the Lancashire Fusiliers for Infantry training, at the time the Army needed more infantrymen than gunners so there was little choice or science involved.
For a few men, their journey was different. One man was a territorial solider who had finished his period of engagement but then was rapidly returned to the Colours via conscription. Other men had volunteered, but following unknown but not unusual delays were conscripted straight into the 21st.
They were not necessarily all together or in the same training platoons at Press Heath but they would have been going through training at the same time. When they arrived in Shropshire, the battles of 1914 and 1915 were long past. The pre-war regular army was largely gone, the originals very few and the impact of the Battles of the Somme from July 1916 would be being realised whilst they sweated through their four months of Infantry training in Shropshire.
A further administrative change occurred on the 1st of September towards the end of their course when the Army re-organised all the Infantry training units. The bespoke regimental system was deemed too inefficient and more generic Training Reserve Battalions (TRBs) would now be formed. Our men became part of the 72nd TRB. It’s likely they didn’t notice any difference.
Pte Tom Cunliffe 27561 from Blackburn almost didn’t get accepted at all as he was just 5ft tall. The Lancashire Fusiliers didn’t want him, but the Army insisted, and he stayed. Pte Robert Collier 27562 from Stockport kept going absent without leave with punishments of increasingly severity. He was absent for 24 days over five occasions. Why he kept receiving leave as he never seemed keen or able to return on time remains unknown. Both would be dead in less than a year. In fact, from surviving service records a theme of men being 24 or 48 hours late back from leave was quite common. They appear to have received pre deployment leave in the middle of September and many took advantage of an extra day or two with family before returning to face a minor punishment. No doubt it was deemed worth the small fine and confinement to barracks give what they knew was coming.
On Friday 6th October 1916, training complete, they left for France. On the Saturday they arrived at No 30 Infantry Base Depot (IBD) at Etaples. This was the wrong Depot for men joining the Lancashire Fusiliers but the recent reorganisations in the Army meant the rules were changing. At some point back in the UK it had been decided that these men were needed in the 1st Battalion East Lancashire Regiment and as such they would go to 30 IBD for kitting and preparation and not 23 IBD, the Lancashire Fusilier Depo
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https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/rupert-hill.html
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res stock photography and images
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Find the perfect rupert hill stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.
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Alamy
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https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/rupert-hill.html
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Alamy and its logo are trademarks of Alamy Ltd. and are registered in certain countries. Copyright © 12/08/2024 Alamy Ltd. All rights reserved.
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https://museumandarchives.redcross.org.uk/objects/35057
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Military_history/British_military_history_task_force
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Military_history/British_military_history_task_force
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Welcome to the British military history task force. If you have any questions about articles or are generally seeking advice, you're encouraged to ask at the main military history talk page, or you can directly approach one of the task force participants below.
The coordinators of the Military history WikiProject can be contacted here.
This task force includes the military history of the United Kingdom, as well as the military histories of its component states (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) in the period before its formation. It also covers earlier military affairs in the same location, such as Roman Britain and the Anglo-Saxon principalities.
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dbpedia
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https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/rupert-hill.html
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en
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res stock photography and images
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Find the perfect rupert hill stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.
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Alamy
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https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/rupert-hill.html
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Alamy and its logo are trademarks of Alamy Ltd. and are registered in certain countries. Copyright © 27/08/2024 Alamy Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Opening of Canvey Island Headquarters
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https://museumandarchives.redcross.org.uk/objects/35056
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https://degreesofclarity.com/quotes/
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Degrees of Clarity
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Personal site of Brandon Oto.
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en
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Quotes
A collection of quotes, excerpts, and memorable credos from film, television, books, and miscellaneous sources. Some are well-known, others less so, a few quite original.
I’ve done the best I could to fully and accurately cite each source; when I cannot do so, I have tried to make that clear as well.
Danielle Sucher
I don’t like hurting people. Is that so hard to understand? When I go to bed at night, I can sleep easily, knowing that I fought for freedom, and for less suffering rather than more. That I stood by someone accused so that he would not have to stand alone.
I can’t know whether anyone is truly guilty or innocent, or what they deserve, and frankly, I don’t care. We all deserve at least one person on the damn planet willing to stand there next to us and fight on our behalf.
[Legal Agility blog (now unavailable), on why she chose criminal defense law]
Mary Shelley
Are you, then, so easily turned from your design? Did you not call this a glorious expedition? And wherefore was it glorious? Not because the way was smooth and placid as a southern sea, but because it was full of dangers and terror, because at every new incident your fortitude was to be called forth and your courage exhibited, because danger and death surrounded it, and these you were to brave and overcome. For this was it a glorious, for this was it an honorable undertaking. You were hereafter to be hailed as the benefactors of your species, your names adored as belonging to brave men who encountered death for honor and the benefit of mankind. And now, behold, with the first imagination of danger, or, if you will, the first mighty and terrific trial of your courage, you shrink away and are content to be handed down as men who had not strength enough to endure cold and peril; and so, poor souls, they were chilly and returned to their warm firesides. Why, that requires not this preparation; ye need not have come thus far and dragged your captain to the shame of a defeat merely to prove yourselves cowards. Oh! Be men, or be more than men. Be steady to your purposes and firm as a rock. This ice is not made of such stuff as your hearts may be; it is mutable and cannot withstand you if you say that it shall not. Do not return to your families with the stigma of disgrace marked on your brows. Return as heroes who have fought and conquered and who know not what it is to turn their backs on the foe.
[Frankenstein]
Rafael Sabatini
He was born with the gift of laughter and a sense that the world was mad.
[First line of Scaramouche, and the author’s epitaph]
Iain M. Banks
(Once, in a market in Robunde, he had brought her a caged bird because it sang so beautifully. He took it to the room they were hiring while she completed her thesis paper on temple acoustics.
She thanked him graciously, walked to the window, opened the cage’s door and shooed the little bird out; it flew away over the square, singing. She watched the bird for a moment until it disappeared, then looked around to him with an expression that was at once apologetic, defiant and concerned. He was leaning against the door frame, smiling at her.)
[Look to Windward]
Abraham Verghese
She felt the familiar calmness of an emergency, but she understood the falseness of that feeling, now that it was her life at stake.
[Cutting for Stone]
Royal Humane Society
Suppose but one in ten restored, what man would think the designs of the society unimportant, were himself, his relation, or his friend—that one?
[Early days of the Royal Humane Society, dedicated to rescuing drowning victims in Britain]
Royal Humane Society
lateat scintillula forsans
[“a small spark may, perhaps, lie hidden.” Motto of the Royal Humane Society.]
Bertrand Russell
Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a great ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.
I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy—ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness—that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what—at last—I have found.
With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.
Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate this evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.
This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.
[Autobiography]
Neil deGrasse Tyson
The problem, often not discovered until late in life, is that when you look for things in life like love, meaning, motivation, it implies they are sitting behind a tree or under a rock. The most successful people in life recognize, that in life they create their own love, they manufacture their own meaning, they generate their own motivation.
For me, I am driven by two main philosophies, know more today about the world than I knew yesterday. And lessen the suffering of others. You’d be surprised how far that gets you.
[From a Reddit AMA]
Tecumseh
Always give a word or sign of salute when meeting or passing a friend, or even a stranger, if in a lonely place.
[Unknown]
Kelly Grayson
You should bother, because EMTs are privileged to play in life’s great game. Too many unlucky people watch the action thunder by, stuck at a desk, or watching it on television at home.
[“A Pep Talk...”]
Richard Bausch
You touch one part of it, and the whole thing shivers, from one end to the other. It’s such a delicate thing, revision, and revision is where the artistry is; and so you have to be ruthless, and put away anything—even parts you like the sound of, even the matters that speak from your secret self to who you hope you are—put away anything that does not contribute to the whole thing. And God damn it is hard.
[Unknown]
Thom Dick
An EMT’s most basic job is to notice stuff and then wonder about it.
[“Small Talk”]
George Santayana
. . . until the curtain was rung down on the last act of the drama (and it might have no last act!) he wished the intellectual cripples and the moral hunchbacks not to be jeered at; perhaps they might turn out to be the heroes of the play.
[On William James, quoted in Linda Simon’s William James Remembered]
Robert M. Sapolsky
[1] Soon we’re forgoing immediate pleasure in order to get good grades in order to get into a good college in order to get a good job in order to get into the nursing home of our choice.
[2] A relationship is the price you pay for the anticipation of it.
[Assorted, from Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers]
James Boswell
DEMPSTER: We have hardly a right to abuse this tragedy; for bad as it is, how vain should either of us be to write one not near so good.
JOHNSON: Why no, Sir; this is not just reasoning. You may abuse a tragedy, though you cannot write one. You may scold a carpenter who has made you a bad table, though you cannot make a table. It is not your trade to make tables.
[Life of Johnson]
Drew Anderson
Depression is an indicator that your life sucks.
[Word of mouth, reportedly paraphrasing Neil Jacobson]
Barry Eisler
“The City. Can’t you hear it? People. Machines. Even thoughts so thick your bones feel it and your ear almost catches it.”
[Rain Fall]
Gregory David Roberts
It took me a long time and most of the world to learn what I know about love and fate and the choices we make, but the heart of it came to me in an instant, while I was chained to a wall and being tortured. I realized, somehow, through the screaming in my mind, that even in that shackled, bloody helplessness, I was still free: free to hate the men who were torturing me, or to forgive them. It doesn’t sound like much, I know. But in the flinch and bite of the chain, when it’s all you’ve got, that freedom is a universe of possibility. And the choice you make, between hating and forgiving, can become the story of your life.
[Shantaram]
Christopher Logue
Come to the edge.
We might fall.
Come to the edge.
It’s too high!
COME TO THE EDGE!
And they came,
and he pushed,
and they flew.
[“Come to the Edge.” Usually misattributed to Guillaume Apollinaire.]
Gilmore
He surprises me with beauty.
[By the electronic composer Gilmore, in reference to the work of Aphex Twin. Quoted in an academic paper.]
Karel and Josef Capek
And to flash from the forge for a moment, and perish, is all our desire.
[The Insect Play]
Ray Bradbury
The good writers touch life often. The mediocre ones run a quick hand over her. The bad ones rape her and leave her for the flies.
[Fahrenheit 451]
Unknown
There’s a parable about a woman who goes to a psychiatrist. The shrink says, “What’s the problem?” The woman says, “I’m dead.” The shrink tries to explain to her: no, you can’t be dead, you’re walking around, talking, you’re obviously alive. But he can’t convince her. Finally, he gets her to agree that dead people don’t bleed. He whips out a pin and jabs her in the hand. She looks at the blood welling up from the wound and says, “Son of a bitch! Dead people do bleed!”
[Unknown]
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
Through our great good fortune, in our youth our hearts were touched with fire.
[Speech to a veteran’s group on Memorial Day, post Civil War]
Norman Maclean
“All there is to thinking,” he said, “is seeing something noticeable which makes you see something you weren’t noticing which makes you see something that isn’t even visible.”
[A River Runs Through It (novel)]
Unknown
No sé. No hice el mundo.
[Spoken by a lizard, as I recall, in a Spanish-language children’s story]
Edward Albee
There is chaos behind the civility, of course.
[The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia?]
Unknown
Fiat justitia ruat caelum
[“Let Justice be done though the Heavens fall.” Unclear original source. Alternately Fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus (Let Justice be done, though the world perish), purportedly the motto of Ferdinand I.]
C.S. Lewis
In a sense a child does not long for fairy land as a boy longs to be the hero of the first eleven. Does anyone suppose that he really and prosaically longs for all the dangers and discomforts of a fairy tale?—really wants dragons in contemporary England? It is not so. It would be much truer to say that fairy land arouses a longing for he knows not what. It stirs and troubles him (to his life-long enrichment) with the dim sense of something beyond his reach and, far from dulling or emptying the actual world, gives it a new dimension of depth. He does not despise real woods because he has read of enchanted woods: the reading makes all real woods a little enchanted. This is a special kind of longing.
[The Chronicles of Narnia, afterword]
John Steakley
“He’s the best of us. The best of our best, the best that each of us will ever build or ever love. So pray for this Guardian of our growth and choose him well, for if he be not truly blessed, then our designs are surely frivolous and our future but a tragic waste of hope. Bless our best and adore for he doth bear our measure to the Cosmos.”
[Armor]
Herman Melville
[1] It is not down in any map; true places never are.
[2] God keep me from ever completing anything.
[3] Oh, Time, Strength, Cash, and Patience!
[4] A laugh’s the wisest, easiest answer to all that’s queer
[5] Swerve me? ye cannot swerve me, else ye swerve yourselves!
[Assorted, from Moby Dick]
William Shakespeare
FOOL: If thou wert my Fool, nuncle, I’d have thee beaten for being old before thy time.
LEAR: How’s that?
FOOL: Thou shouldst not have been old till thou hadst been wise.
[King Lear]
Ursula K. Le Guin
“ . . . she obeys me, but only because she wants to.”
“It’s the only justification for obedience,” Ged observed.
[Tehanu]
Eric Shaver
I haven’t gotten to the point of wanting to jump off a building, but there have been a few days where it sounded pretty interesting. At least then I’d know if I could fly.
[Personal correspondence]
Gregory Benford
If you are losing at a game, change the game.
[“A Hunger for the Infinite”]
“Mister Skin”
Dyson spheres need great big walls
To keep the world from spilling out
They make them out of buckyballs
And use gravitons for grout
[Unknown; quoted here]
Revelation
and his voice was like the sound of rushing waters.
[Revelation 1:15, from the New International Version of the Bible]
Simon and Garfunkel
“Kathy, I’m lost,” I said, though I knew she was sleeping.
[“America”, written by Paul Simon, from Bookends]
Oscar Wilde
After the first glass, you see things as you wish they were. After the second, you see things as they are not. Finally you see things as they really are, which is the most horrible thing in the world.
[Purportedly in reference to absinthe. Possibly apocryphal.]
Blaise Pascal
When we wish to correct with advantage and to show another that he errs, we must notice from what side he views the matter, for on that side it is usually true, and admit that truth to him, but reveal to him the side on which it is false. He is satisfied with that, for he sees that he was not mistaken and that he only failed to see all sides. Now, no one is offended at not seeing everything; but one does not like to be mistaken, and that perhaps arises from the fact that man naturally cannot see everything, and that naturally he cannot err in the side he looks at, since the perceptions of our senses are always true.
[Pensées, section 9]
Maurice Baring
Bright gifts and festal crowns to him they bore.
The brave, the wise, the mighty and the fair
Acclaimed him lord of the unconquered air.
But he who, thanks to more than mortal lore,
The albatross, the eagle could outsoar
Now stripped of his large wings, and unaware
Of the loud jubilee, in mute despair,
Withdrew to weep alone on Cumae’s shore.
To one who asked he spoke: “My son to-day
Was drowned; he flew too near the burning ray,
That struck his wings, and from the empty sky
He was hurled headlong to the envying sea:
He nevermore shall climb the skies with me,
And I no more shall have the heart to fly.”
[“Daedalus,” anthologized in Icarus: An Anthology of the Poetry of Flight (1938, by “R de la Bere”—perhaps Rupert De la Bère?—and cadets of the Royal Air Force academy, World War I era).]
Cuthbert Hicks
I am blind: I have never seen
Sun gold nor silver moon,
Nor the fairy faces of flowers,
Nor the radiant noon.
They speak of the dawn and the dusk,
And the smile of a child,
Of the deep red heart of a rose,
As of God, undefiled.
But I learnt from the air to-day
(On a bird’s wings I flew)
That the earth could never contain
All of the God I knew.
I felt the blue mantle of space,
And kissed the cloud’s white hem,
I heard the stars’ majestic choir,
And sang my praise with them.
Now joy is mine through my long night,
I do not feel the rod,
For I have danced the streets of heaven,
And touched the face of God.
[“The Blind Man Flies” anthologized in Icarus: An Anthology of the Poetry of Flight (1938, by “R de la Bere”—perhaps Rupert De la Bère?—and cadets of the Royal Air Force academy, World War I era).]
Christian Hamilton
Gods: I have flown!
All my young body is broken on the rocks
And all the red cliffs swim before my eyes—
The summer haze, perhaps—or my sight fails—
Dim world, these eyes of mine shall open soon
On great Olympus. Hah! I shall tell Jove
That I have flown—I, Icarus, a mortal!
Oh, the sun burns down pitiless upon me
And on my crushed white wings—my wings—my wings—
Why did I fly so high? I might by now
Be safe, if only—only—Ah, but FLYING
High and yet higher into the burning blue
Above the ochre crags and jade green sea!
How could I help it—how do otherwise?
And when the softening wax upon my shoulders
Let the great plumes slip sideways and I fell
Hardly was terror there. I saw the rocks
Rush up to meet me, and I knew that never
Never would Icarus rise again.
But I have flown—have flown. These are my wings,
All crushed and torn and dabbled—they are wings,
And this day on Olympus Jove shall know. . . .
How the cliffs shudder . . . and the sun is scorching . . .
Pain stabs my broken body so—I die—
Gods: I have flown!
[“Icarus” anthologized in Icarus: An Anthology of the Poetry of Flight (1938, by “R de la Bere”—perhaps Rupert De la Bère?—and cadets of the Royal Air Force academy, World War I era).]
Anonymous
Bird of the fierce delight,
Brother of foam as white
And winged as foam is,
Wheeling again from flight
To some unfooted height
Where your blithe home is:
Bird of the wind and spray,
Crying by night and day
Sorrowful laughter,
How shall man’s thought survey
Your will or your wings’ way,
Or follow after?
What pride is man’s, and why,
Angel of air, should I
Joy to be human?
You walk and swim and fly,
Laugh like a man and cry
Like any woman.
I would your spirit were mine
When your wings dip and shine,
Smoothly advancing;
I drink a breathless wine
Of speed in your divine
Aerial dancing.
[“To a Sea-Gull” anthologized in Icarus: An Anthology of the Poetry of Flight (1938, by “R de la Bere”—perhaps Rupert De la Bère?—and cadets of the Royal Air Force academy, World War I era).]
BP Young
How can they know that joy to be alive
Who have not flown?
To loop and spin and roll and climb and dive,
The very sky one’s own,
The urge of power while engines race,
The sting of speed,
The rude winds’ buffet on one’s face,
To live indeed.
How can they know the grandeur of the sky,
The earth below,
The restless sea, and waves that break and die
With ceaseless ebb and flow;
The morning sun on drifting clouds
And rolling downs—
And valley mist that shrouds
The chimneyed towns?
So long has puny man to earth been chained
Who now is free,
And with the conquest of the air has gained
A glorious liberty.
How splendid is this gift He gave
On high to roam,
The sun a friend, the earth a slave,
The heavens home.
[“Flight” anthologized in Icarus: An Anthology of the Poetry of Flight (1938, by “R de la Bere”—perhaps Rupert De la Bère?—and cadets of the Royal Air Force academy, World War I era).]
Ernest Rhys
With the wings of a bird and the heart of a man he compass’d his flight,
And the cities and seas, as he flew, were like smoke at his feet.
He lived a great life while we slept, in the dark of the night,
And went home by the mariners’ road, down the stars’ empty street.
[“The New Icarus,” originally from Rhymes for Everyman. Anthologized in Icarus: An Anthology of the Poetry of Flight (1938, by “R de la Bere”—perhaps Rupert De la Bère?—and cadets of the Royal Air Force academy, World War I era).]
Unknown
The men who billow down the sea in ships
Have earned these ages tributes justly high;
But now is newly told on peoples’s lips
Of men in airy craft who seek the sky.
Flung freely through their newer kingdom won,
Clean wings describe the geometric arc,
And hurtle down the starlight to the dark
Or gambol with the spear-shafts of the sun.
A newer kingdom and a newer race—
They spurn with pride the lowly creed of earth,
And glory in the boundlessness of space,
Where worlds through aeons past have leapt to birth.
Though mortal span is told in numbered weeks
They brush eternity with youthful cheeks.
[“A Newer Kingdom,” unknown source; reprinted here]
Socrates
It seems to me not only that absolute greatness will never be great and small at once, but also that greatness in us never admits smallness, and will not be exceeded. One of two things must happen: either the greater will give way and fly at the approach of its opposite, the less, or it will perish. It will not stand its ground, and receive smallness, and be other than it was, just as I stand my ground, and receive smallness, and remain the very same small man that I was. But greatness cannot endure to be small, being great. Just in the same way again smallness in us will never become nor be great; nor will any opposite, while it remains what it was, become or be at the same time the opposite of what it was. Either it goes away or it perishes in the change.
[“Phaedo,” 102e–103a (Ancient Philosophy, Bard and Kaufmann 5th edition, Cornford translation)]
Socrates
We are just in that state; we dwell in a hollow of the earth, and think that we are dwelling on its surface; and we call the air heaven, and think it to be the heaven wherein the stars run their courses. But the truth is that we are too weak and slow to pass through to the surface of the air. For if any man could reach the surface, or take wings and fly upward, he would look up and see a world beyond, just as the fishes look forth from the sea, and behold our world. And he would know that that was the real heaven, and the real light, and the real earth, if his nature were able to endure the sight.
[“Phaedo,” 109d–110a (Ancient Philosophy, Bard and Kaufmann 5th edition, Cornford translation)]
Parmenides
[13] First of all the gods she devised Love.
[14] Shining by night with a light not her own, wandering round the earth.
[Fragments. (From Ancient Philosophy, Bard and Kaufmann 5th edition, Cornford translation)]
Unknown
waeron hleahtorsmithum handa belocene
[the hands of the laughter-smiths were clasped shut]
[“Exodus,” from the Old English Junius Manuscript (section XLII, line 43)]
Plato
So the nature required to make a really noble Guardian of our commonwealth will be swift and strong, spirited, and philosophic.
[Republic, III 376c (Ancient Philosophy 5th edition, Bard and Kaufmann, Cornford translation)]
Bill Watterson
Reading those turgid philosophers here in these remote stone buildings may not get you a job, but if those books have forced you to ask yourself questions about what makes life truthful, purposeful, meaningful, and redeeming, you have the Swiss Army Knife of mental tools, and it’s going to come in handy all the time.
[Commencement address at Kenyon College, 1990, quoted here]
Adam Warren
I don’t do this STUPID JOB because I want to be LIKED or ACCEPTED or whatever —
although that WOULD be fucking NICE —
I do this STUPID JOB because I’m DRIVEN to do it —
unlike YOU, I do this stupid, STUPID job
BECAUSE THIS IS WHAT I AM
[Empowered, issue 4]
Tim Minear
Inara: Mal, you don’t have to die alone.
Mal: Everybody dies alone.
[Firefly, “Out of Gas”]
Tim Minear, Joss Whedon
Tracey: When you can’t run, you crawl. And when you can’t crawl, you... when you can’t do that...
Zoe: You find someone to carry you.
[Firefly, “The Message”]
Karl Gajdusek, Michael deBruyn
If we have souls, they are made of the love we share.
[Oblivion]
Jacques Rancière
Disagreement is not the conflict between one who says white and another who says black. It is the conflict between one who says white and another who also says white but does not understand the same thing by it.
[Disagreement: Politics and Philosophy]
Laura Hudson Kittrell
Strong her sails and brave is she
[“Sailing Song”]
Edna St. Vincent Millay
The world stands out on either side
No wider than the heart is wide.
[“Renascence”]
Roger Ebert
“Kindness” covers all of my political beliefs. No need to spell them out. I believe that if, at the end, according to our abilities, we have done something to make others a little happier, and something to make ourselves a little happier, that is about the best we can do. To make others less happy is a crime. To make ourselves unhappy is where all crime starts. We must try to contribute joy to the world. That is true no matter what our problems, our health, our circumstances. We must try. I didn’t always know this and am happy I lived long enough to find it out.
[“I do not fear death”, originally in Life Itself: A Memoir]
HP Lovecraft
To be bitter is to attribute intent and personality to the formless, infinite, unchanging and unchangeable void. We drift on a chartless, resistless sea. Let us sing when we can, and forget the rest.
[Unknown]
Unknown
[1] Mrs. Nurse, will you hold my hand? I’ve never died before and I’m scared.
[2] Mommy, if I died, would you love me?
[Two separate children in extremis. Quoted by paramedic Alice “Twink” Dalton]
Algernon Charles Swinburne
I am tired of tears and laughter,
And men that laugh and weep;
Of what may come hereafter
For men that sow to reap:
I am weary of days and hours,
Blown buds of barren flowers,
Desires and dreams and powers
And everything but sleep.
. . . From too much love of living,
From hope and fear set free,
We thank with brief thanksgiving
Whatever gods may be
That no life lives for ever;
That dead men rise up never;
That even the weariest river
Winds somewhere safe to sea.
[“The Garden of Proserpine”]
Bruce Cockburn
Got to kick at the darkness ’til it bleeds daylight
[“Lovers in a Dangerous Time”]
Niccolò Machiavelli
[1] There is nothing more difficult to carry out, nor more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to handle, than to initiate a new order of things.
[2] Hence it comes that all armed prophets have been victorious, and all unarmed prophets have been destroyed.
[Assorted, from The Prince]
Craig Douglas
Seek safety at the heart of danger.
[SDF forums (no longer available)]
Robert Nozick
One way to determine if a view is inadequate is to check its consequences in particular cases, sometimes extreme ones, but if someone always decided what the result should be in any case by applying the given view itself, this would preclude discovering it did not correctly fit the case. Readers who hold they would plug in to the machine should notice whether their first impulse was not to do so, followed later by the thought that since only experiences could matter, the machine would be all right after all.
[“Happiness”]
Matthew Woodring Stover
Each of us is the sum of our scars.
[Blade of Tyshalle]
Tex
If my memory ever gets wiped I hope the recollection of my former self doesn’t depend on you people.
[Old IBO IRC]
Pierre Bosquet
C’est magnifique, mais ce n’est pas la guerre
[“It is magnificent, but it is not war.” Reportedly spoken during the Crimean War by the French Marshal Bosquet, upon hearing of the events of the infamous “Charge of the light brigade.”]
Louis XIV
Ultima ratio regum
[“Last argument of kings.” Stamped on French cannons during the reign of King Louis XIV.]
“MBCook”
NT is a weak form of unix like a doughnut is a weak form of a particle accelerator.
[Slashdot]
Samuel Shem
Once, when I mentioned this to second-year medical students, one raised his hand, “We learned empathy already.” What? “Yes, last year in interviewing. Empathy is when you repeat the last three words the patient says and nod your head.”
[Harvard Medical School commencement, 2009]
Samuel Shem
[1] I make my patients feel like they’re still part of life, part of some grand nutty scheme instead of alone with their diseases. With me, they still feel part of the human race.
[2] You’ve always perched yourself at a slight angle to the universe.
[Assorted, from The House of God]
Joe Connelly
I usually try to imagine what a regular person would do, someone more in tune with the supplies and demands of human nature, and once I realize a regular person would never find himself in this position, I try to think like a hero in the movies.
[Bringing Out the Dead, novel]
Paul Schrader
It’s not your fault. No one asked you to suffer. That was your idea.
[Bringing Out the Dead, film]
Atul Gawande
At times, in medicine, you feel you are inside a colossal and impossibly complex machine whose gears will turn for you only according to their own arbitrary rhythm. The notion that human caring, the effort to do better for people, might make a difference can seem hopelessly naive. But it isn’t.
[Better]
Unknown
The modest merits of this good citizen may, so far as the public are concerned, be summed up in the simple statement that he has saved upwards of 30 lives from drowning. When we consider what are the awards usually apportioned by mankind to the destroyers of their species, the presentation of a gold watch and chain, accompanied by a framed parchment from the Royal Humane Society, in the precincts of a disused School Room, must appear an inadequate acknowledgment of services so signal. But we are new at the business and shall improve as we go forward.
[Town of Sunderland, recognizing Harry Watts for the individual rescue of thirty-six near-drownings. Quoted in Life of Harry Watts: Sixty years sailor and diver]
Alfred Spencer
There is a hackneyed platitude to the effect that virtue is its own reward, but it is safe to say that the average man does not find such a result sufficient. It might be so in an ideal world inhabited by ideal people, but in this work-a-day world, in addition to the approval of our conscience, we love to have the approval of our fellows and to know that our acts are appreciated, and especially is this the case when we are actuated by altruistic motives. This is, of course, a form of vanity, but then vanity is almost a universal failing.
[Life of Harry Watts: Sixty years sailor and diver]
Jeph Jacques
Maturity is knowing you were an idiot in the past. Wisdom is knowing that you’ll be an idiot in the future. And common sense is knowing that you should try not to be an idiot now.
[Questionable Content]
Friedrich Nietzsche
How much of personal timidity and vulnerability does this masquerade of a sickly recluse betray?
[From Beyond Good and Evil, on Spinoza]
Friedrich Nietzsche
Two different things wanteth the true man: danger and diversion. Therefore wanteth he woman, as the most dangerous plaything.
[Thus Spake Zaruthustra]
Anais Nin
I want to leave a scar on the world.
[Henry and June]
Richard Linklater
[1] As the pattern gets more intricate and subtle, being swept along is no longer enough.
[2] Giacometti was once run down by a car, and he recalled falling into a lucid faint, a sudden exhilaration, as he realized that — at last — something was happening to him.
[3] Exercise your human mind as thoroughly as possible, knowing it is only an exercise. Build beautiful artifacts, solve problems, explore the secrets of the physical universe, savor the input from all the senses.
[4] The trick is to combine your waking, rational abilities with the infinite possibilities of your dreams — ’cause if you can do that, you can do anything.
[5] I have but recently returned from the valley of the shadow of death. I am raptorously breathing in all the odors and essences of life. I’ve been the brink of total oblivion. I’ve remembered and ferment a desire to remember everything.
[Assorted, from Waking Life]
!Kung bushman
Why should we plant, when there are so many mongongo nuts in the world?
[Quoted in Malcolm Gladwell’s Outliers]
Malcolm Gladwell
He’d had to make his way alone, and no one — not rock stars, not professional athletes, not software billionaires, and not even geniuses — ever makes it alone.
[Outliers]
John L Parker
You don’t even get to play unless you have already won the genetic lottery. Then you have to win the nurture lottery, then the happenstance lottery, and then just in general be incredibly lucky in every conceivable way, and then you will have earned the right to work your ass off like most civilians could never possibly imagine. Then you might — might — get to stand up there like a dodo all teary-eyed pretending you knew the words to your anthem.
[Again to Carthage]
William Faulkner
they kilt us but they ain’t whupped us yit
[“Wash”]
Leonardo DaVinci
When once you have tasted flight, you will forever walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward, for there you have been, and there you will always want to be.
[attributed to Leonardo DaVinci]
Unknown
In an apparently non-political case of imitation of Thich Quang Duc, the young son of an American officer based at the U.S. Embassy in Saigon doused himself with gasoline and set himself on fire. He was seriously burned before the fire was extinguished and later could only offer the explanation that “I wanted to see what it was like.”
[Wikipedia on Thich Quang Duc]
Eric Weinberg
I love you and there’s absolutely nothing you can do about it.
[Scrubs, “My Words of Wisdom”]
Prentice Penny
Why do I want to be a doctor? Well... because doctors give people second chances. And we all deserve a second chance.
[Scrubs, “Our Couples”]
Richard Linklater, Ethan Hawke, Julie Delpy
You need to resign yourself to the awkwardness of life. Only if you find peace within yourself will you find true connection with others.
[Before Sunset]
Chris Adrian
It seemed a marvel to her that any mortal should suffer for lack of love, and yet she had never known a mortal who didn’t feel unloved. There was enough love just in this ugly hallway, she thought, that no one should ever feel the lack of it again. She peered at the parents, imagining their hearts like machines, manufacturing surfeit upon surfeit of love for their children, and then wondered how something could be so awesome and so utterly powerless.
[“A Tiny Feast,” The New Yorker, April 20, 2009]
Carolyn Delaney
He always said if there was any way he could help someone, he would.
[On her late husband Joe Delaney, killed rescuing three children from drowning; quoted by CollegeFootball.org (now unavailable)]
Joe Posnanski
He had track-star speed, but what caught you was the way he attacked bigger men, ran fearlessly through tiny fractures of daylight.
[On Joe Delaney, from NepaChiefs.com (now unavailable)]
Anonymous
I think I am in love.
And I don’t know if I want to be.
I am kind of scared.
[PostSecret]
Michael Allin
It is difficult to associate these horrors with the proud civilizations that created them: Sparta, Rome, the knights of Europe, the samurai... they worshipped strength, because it is strength that makes all other values possible. Nothing survives without it. Who knows what delicate wonders have died out of the world, for want of the strength to survive.
[Enter the Dragon]
David Mamet
Those who have “something to fall back on” invariably fall back on it. They intended to all along. That’s why they provided themselves with it. But those with no alternative see the world differently.
[Unknown]
William James
[1] We find hope satisfactory.
[2] As they stand, they remind one of Hegel’s man who wanted “fruit,” but rejected cherries, pears, and grapes, because they were not fruit in the abstract. We offer them the full quart-pot, and they cry for the empty quart-capacity.
[Assorted, from The Meaning of Truth]
Neil Gaiman
He was close enough that Shadow could see his face: old but contented, the face of a man who had sipped life’s vinegar and found it, by and large, to be mostly whiskey, and good whiskey at that.
[American Gods]
Mark Twight
Can you feel how empty and hollow your days are, how devoid of meaning? Have you forgotten what it’s like to really live a day that fulfills you deeply as a human being?
[From the old Gym Jones website]
Joe Simpson
It seemed, sometimes, fleetingly, you could come close to the ineffable edge of perfection when it all goes to glory for the briefest of moments, an inarticulate moment, that leaves you with a vulnerable shattered sense of wonderment. It was life enhancing: pure emotion.
[On mountaineering, from The Beckoning Silence]
Eli Attie
I would rather spend my life close to the birds than waste it wishing I had wings.
[House, “Dying Changes Everything”]
David Shore
There’s no cure for dying.
[House, “One Day, One Room”]
Unknown
May I never see in the patient anything but a fellow creature in pain.
[Oath of Maimonides]
Max Ehrmann
And whether or not it is clear to you, no doubt the universe is unfolding as it should. Therefore be at peace with God, whatever you conceive Him to be, and whatever your labours and aspirations, in the noisy confusion of life keep peace with your soul. With all its shams, drudgery, and broken dreams, it is still a beautiful world.
[“Desiderata”]
Samuel Gross
The person, although severely injured, congratulates himself upon having made an excellent escape, and flatters himself that he is not only in no danger, but that he will soon be well; in fact, to look at him one would hardly suppose, at first sight, that there was anything serious the matter with him; the countenance appears well, the breathing is good, the pulse is but little affected, except that it is too soft and frequent, and the mind, calm and collected, possesses its wonted vigor, the patient asking and answering questions very much as in health. But a more careful examination soon serves to show that deep mischief is lurking in the system; that the machinery of life has been rudely unhinged, and the whole system profoundly shocked; in a word, that the nervous fluid has been exhausted, and that there is not enough power in the constitution to reproduce and maintain it.
[A System of Surgery, on shock]
Wilfred Trotter
Disease often tells its secrets in a casual parenthesis.
[The Collected Papers of Wilfred Trotter]
Eric Roston
Carbon structures life. Oxygen ignites it.
[The Carbon Age]
Unknown
It was a common practice to light a bonfire close to any shipwreck that could not be rescued immediately. This was done to let the surfmen have enough light to see the shipwreck, help keep the watching surfman warm, and let the survivors of the shipwreck know that they had not been abandoned.
[Wikipedia article on Joshua James]
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https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/17145/rupert_de_la_bere/worcestershire_south
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Sir Rupert De La Bere, former MP, Worcestershire South
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Read Sir Rupert De La Bere's contributions to Parliament, including speeches and questions
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TheyWorkForYou
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https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/17145/rupert_de_la_bere/worcestershire_south
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Support TheyWorkForYou's work in the new Parliament
TheyWorkForYou is run by mySociety, a small UK charity.
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For an explanation of the vote descriptions please see our page about voting information on TheyWorkForYou.
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https://www.pinterest.com/pin/the-4th-duke-of-sutherland-1851-1913-cromartie-sutherland-levesongower-attending-the-stafford-butler-wedding-at-st-peter--518476975834255752/
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The 4th Duke of Sutherland (1851 - 1913), Cromartie Sutherland Leveson-Gower, attending the Stafford - Butler wedding at St Peter's in Eaton Square, London. (1024×740) 11th-april-1912-the-4th-duke-of-sutherland-cromartie-sutherland
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Pinterest
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https://www.pinterest.com/pin/the-4th-duke-of-sutherland-1851-1913-cromartie-sutherland-levesongower-attending-the-stafford-butler-wedding-at-st-peters-in-eaton-square-london-10--518476975834255752/
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https://books.google.com/books/about/John_Heywood_Entertainer.html%3Fid%3DRBtaAAAAMAAJ
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Google Books
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https://books.google.com/
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Search the world's most comprehensive index of full-text books.
My library
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https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C1139045
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Lieutenant Rupert DE LA BERE Royal Garrison Artillery.
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This record has not been digitised and cannot be downloaded.
You can order records in advance to be ready for you when you visit Kew. You will need a reader's ticket to do this. Or, you can request a quotation for a copy to be sent to you.
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https://historicimages.com/products/spa42615
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1951 Press Photo Sir Rupert de la Bere, new London's Lord Mayor - spa42615
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Sir Rupert de la Bere, London's newly elected Lord Mayor , waves his plumed bonnet from the black and gold coach in which he greeted the citizenry yePhoto measures 6 x 8.5 inches.Photo is dated 11/11/1951.Photo back:
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//historicimages.com/cdn/shop/files/FAV_ico_180x180.jpg?v=1659117296
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Historic Images
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https://historicimages.com/products/spa42615
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Every photo in our collection is an original vintage print from a newspaper or news service archive, not a digital image. Please see our FAQ for more information.
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https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/sir-rupert-de-la-bere.html
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res stock photography and images
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Find the perfect sir rupert de la bere stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.
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Alamy
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https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/sir-rupert-de-la-bere.html
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Alamy and its logo are trademarks of Alamy Ltd. and are registered in certain countries. Copyright © 12/08/2024 Alamy Ltd. All rights reserved.
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https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/rupert-de-la-bere
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Sir Rupert De la Bere
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http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/assets/burlington_house-559ef2c373c4586519e7adeea4e3e1ef.jpg
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The Royal Academy of Arts, located in the heart of London, is a place where art is made, exhibited and debated.
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https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/rupert-de-la-bere
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Correspondence relating to the portrait of Sir Rupert De la Bere
Item TOD/3/11/16
Correspondence relating to the portrait of Sir Rupert De la Bere
File TOD/3/7/53
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https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/Colin/Misc/Stratfords/Stratfords04.html
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GENUKI: The Stratford Family
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Stratford family:
Contents
Gloucestershire:
The Stratfords
By Gerald H. Stratford.
Chapter 4. The Pedigree and Who Married Whom.
The Head of the Pedigree as recorded by the Herald's Visitations, i.e. John De Stratford, was Member of Parliament for Gloucestershire, and married Elizabeth the daughter of Mohan Walgrave, leaving a son and heir
Robert De Stratford, the grandfather of the above was an original Burgess for the Town of Stratford upon Avon, and had issue of John, Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert, Bishop of Chichester, Henry, a Clerk in the King's Service, Thomas, Dean of Gloucester and, Stephen. This Stephen was the father of the above John the head of the recorded Pedigree in 1314
The recorded son of the above was Sir Stephen Stratford, Knight, who married Elizabeth, the daughter of Lord Robert Monthault. At this time any person holding land to the yearly value of £25, or more was obliged to take the title and obligations of a Knight.
There is the following entry in 'Some Feudal Coats of Arms'
Monthault, Sir Roger, Baron 1295, Henry the Third Roll, bore Arms, Azure and Lion Rampant Argent.
The Glover and Howard Rolls, his brother Sir Robert, Bannoret, Baron in 1290, bore the same Arms at the Battle of Falkirk in 1298, and at the siege of Carlowe Rock in 1300. A further entry is Sir Andrew Monthault of Masendon, bore, at the siege of Calais, 1345 to 1348, Azure a Lion Rampant Argent, a Bordure Or.
Ranulphus, Earl of Chester, descended from Leofries, Earl of Leicester, was succeeded by his heir, Hugh, Earl of Chester, who lived only ten years, dying in the May of 1243, and being buried at Wymundham Priory in Norfolk, which his ancestors had founded. He left his great inheritance to his four sisters, and their descendants. The eldest married Robert De Tatstall, Isabell married John FitzAlan, Nichola married Roger Somery, and Cecilia married Roger Monthault, insomuch as that in the 28th year of Henry the Third, Cecilia had the Castle and Manor of Rising in Norfolk with Coventry, and held many great Lordships.
Roger De Monthault was one of the Earl of Chester's Barons, and Seneschall of Chester in the 30th year of Henry the Third having a Charter of Free Warren dated the 26th of March of that year, and in the 33rd year of Henry the Third Geoffrey De Langley made a suit with him for diverting a stream in Coventry from its original concourse. In the 34th year of Henry the Third, he intended visiting the holy Land, and to assist him he was furnished with a large amount of money by the Monks of Coventry, for which consideration with Cecilia his wife, of whose inheritance was joined along with the Advowson of St. Michael Church, and Chapelrys thereto belonging to the said Monks in Fee Ferme, in which sale were exerted to them and to their heirs their Manor House at Cheylesmore with the enclosed Park and the Religious House, or Frier's Minor, situated near to the said Park, along with the Advowson of Sponne Hospital, having Free Liberty to the said Roger Monthault and heirs whenever they should visit Coventry for hunting and hawking within the precincts of the said Manor.
A Fine levied in the 34th year of Henry the Third, by Roger De Monthault a Cecilia for Warranty of the afore mentioned premises was so granted, Cecilia in her widowhood by her Deed of Release quit all he interest of the said Manor as also the Hospital and Chapel of Sponne, sometime pertaining to the Abbey of Basing in Flint.
After this in the 3rd year of Edward the First, upon the extent of the Manor after the death of Robert De Monthault, the son and heir of the afar mentioned Roger, the Manor House, with the Park, and the Mill, were valued at five Marks per annum, the rent thereto £39.9.7d.
In the 9th year of the Reign of Edward the Second, the Prior of Coventry and Robert De Monthault were certified Lords of this Place which Robert, being brother and heir to Roger, the son of the last mentioned Robert with Emme his wife, and in the First year of Edward the Third levied a Fine of all Interests here, by the name of the Manor of Cheylesmore of £96.6.8d yearly rent.
Leofries was not only Earl of Leicester but the Earl of Mercia, and married the legendary Lady Godiva, who rode through the streets of Coventry naked, thus entering the Stratford Pedigree on the maternal side.
The Pedigree is shown thus.
Leofricus Comes Leicester temp Ethelred Rigis Mercia AD 716
/
Algarus Primus above 836, Wiglaff the King of Mercians.
/
Algarus Secundus above 860, beorred King of Mercians but slain at Ketheven by
Danes in 870 /
Leofries Secundus
/
Leofwinus Comes, about the year 1,000 under King Ethelred
/
Leofricus, Count of Mercia founder of Coventry Abbey, died 13th Conf, married
Goditha dau of Thorold, Earl of Leicester. /
Algaraus, Earl of mercia died 1059.
/
Lucia, married her first cousin Ranulphus De Bricaford, Earl of Chester
Ranulphus, Earl of Chester. /
Hugo, Earl of Chester, leaving no issue, his co-heiress including his sister Cecilia
who married Robert De Monthault.
The two are obviously the same Family as their Coat Armour is identical except that Sir Andrew had a Bordure Or for difference indicating he was a younger son.
The issue of Sir Stephen Stratford and Elizabeth Monthault was John, where it is recorded that he married Maud, the daughter of Sir Henry Ceeley Knight, of the County of Nottingham.
The Ceeley Family was of Norman Descent, the head of the Pedigree being :e Sire Ce Gaulle, who came over with the Duke of Normandy in 1066. From the former was descended Sir Benedict Ceeley, living during the reign of King Edward the Third, distinguishing himself under the Black Prince. His son, Sir Henry Ceeley, a large wool Merchant, purchased an Estate in the Cotswold area of Gloucestershire.
John Stratford's direct son and heir, was Henry who married Margaret Loudham whose Pedigree is as follows. Richard Barwell of the County of Leicester had a son and heir, Richard, who married Eleanor, the daughter and heiress of William Stoke. They had issue of a daughter and heiress who married Rafe Loudham. Margaret was the daughter and heiress of this marriage. At his death Henry's heir was John Stratford, who married Elizabeth Stenmarsh, the daughter of John Stenmarsh of the County of Stafford. They left issue of a son and heir Sir John Stratford.
Sir John Stratford, was buried at the Priory of the Holy Trinity in London, an had married the daughter and heiress of Henry Eyton, by Catherine his wife. She had been the co-heiress of Thomas Langley the son of Sir Henry Langley, and it is the quartering of these Family Arms which were presented and accepted at the Herald's Visitations of Gloucestershire as previously recited.
During the Reign of Henry the Third, at Pinley, Geoff De Langley, a man of great note, at this time made it his seat, probably due to the nearness to Coventry, for in the 22nd year of Henry the Third, he had a grant from the King of certain timber and trees out of the Kenilworth Woods for the building of his house,. which became the chief seat of the Family.
The first of note of the Family was in Henry the Second's time, when the King confirmed a Grant made by one Geoff De Langley, to the Monks of Combe, named Hendeberg, in the County of Warwick, and it is likely that he was the father of the afore said Geoff De Langley. The Geoff De Langley Senior was the first Marshal of the King's Household, an office normally belonging to the Earl Marshal of England in Fee, who, with the King's consent, would appoint a Knight under him to execute the same. He appeared to be so efficient at this task and thrifty that the King held him in some great respect, although others did not hold him in such awe as he cut back on allowances for the King's Table and lessened the hospitality at Court.
In the 23rd year of Henry the Third's Reign, he obtained a Charter of Free Warren in all his lands and in the 26th year of Henry the Third, he attended the King on his expedition to Gascoign, where his reputation again further profited and advanced. In the 34th year of Henry the Third he obtained a Patent to his own use, dated the 29th of December, of benefit accruing by expedition of dogs throughout all the forests of England, and on the following 4th of March he became Justice of the King's Forests from the Trent southwards. A few days later he was appointed Governor of the Castle and Honour of Rockingham in Northamptonshire, and had a Licence to stop up and enclose a certain highway which interposed between his house and the woods at Pinley.
An author wrote:
About these times, saith he, a certain Knight, called Geoffrey De Langley, who was Bailiff to the King and a strict Inquisitor after all trespasses committed in forests, rode through most parts of England. In which office he behaved himself with cunning, forwardness and violence, in extorting vast sums of money especially from the Northern Gentry, as that the very Auditors themselves were astonished at such a mass. And for the better carrying on this course of operation he rode with a great company of attendants, all well armed, so that if any of those against whom he proceeded did but seem to excuse themselves in a muttering way, their enemy's being Judges, he presently caused them to be cast into prison. Neither did he use any proportion in the punishment suitable to the offence, for, were it but the killing of a fawn or a hare, and that crossing the way in a man's passage, though he were a great Nobleman that did it, he would ruin him. So that his cruelty made the memory of his predecessors precious.
A younger son of his was in the Welsh expedition along with his brother Walter in the 41st year of Henry the Third. Walter obtained a special exemption from serving on any juries so long as he lived. He died leaving a son and heir, John De Langley, 22 years of age and a younger son Robert. Sir Henry Langley afore mentioned, was in direct descent of the afore said Geoffrey De Langley.
The Family of Eyton, were living at a very early period at Eyton on the Wyldmores, and are presumed from their Armorial Bearings, to have been of the early Vassals of Pantule, Baron Wem, who was the mesne Lord of Eyton, at the time of the Domesday Book Survey. The first named of the Pedigree is Robert De Eyton, who witnessed a Grant to Robert Corbet to the Abbey of Shrewsbury, together with William, Alan, and Hugh, sons of Hugh Pantule, and Granted himself that Religious House, the lands of Buttery, during the Reign of Henry the Second. The ninth in descent from Robert was John De Eyton, Sheriff of Shropshire in 1394, who had issue of the afore mentioned Henry Eyton. Sir John Stratford and Catherine Eyton left issue of a son and heir, Robert Stratford who married Anne, the daughter and heiress of Nicholas Attwood of the County of Stafford, leaving issue of a son and heir, Richard Stratford.
At the Herald's Visitations of Gloucestershire in 1543, Richard Stratford then described as of Farmcote and Hawling, replied to the College the recorded and accepted fore going Pedigree, adding the Pedigree currently living at the time. Richard Stratford, living in 1484, married Frances the daughter of Thomas Kirkeby, leaving a son and heir, John Stratford.
The afore mentioned John Stratford, was known as of Farmcote, and married Margaret, the daughter of Richard Howell, dying in 1553, being at that time the Lord of the Manor of Farmcote, Hawling, Guiting Power, Temple Guiting, Sudeley, Hailes, Wyck Rissington, Upper Swell, Cold Aston, and Aston Blank. He was one of the Commissioners along with Richard Tracy responsible for the Dissolution of Hailes Abbey. His second son William, was responsible for a large number of descendants. One married into the Rouse Family of Rouse Lench, Rutters of Quinton, and on married Thomas Whitmore of the Pantry of Charles the Second, another son William was slain in a Duel by Holte of London. The second son William Stratford, married secondly into the Walwyn Family and the Arms of Stratford and Walwyn are still above the old doorway at Farmcote Manor House. This marriage amongst other descent, was responsible for the Walford Branch of the Stratford's in Herefordshire, near Ross on Wye.
The Walwyn's are of very Ancient descent from Gwallain of Walwyn Castle in Pembrokeshire of which Family was Sir Philip Walwyn who had certain lands assigned to him by William Rufus. The eleventh in direct descent from Sir Philip was John Walwyn of Longford who married Agnes, the daughter and co-heir of Simon Milborne, and had nine sons and three daughters. The eighth son , George, married Anne, the daughter of Simon Beaumont Esquire of Oxfordshire, and had issue of Edward of Southam, who married Christiana, the daughter of John Stratford of Farmcote. The ninth son married Brina, the daughter of Bridges of Hall Court, having issue of Anne, who married the afore mentioned William Stratford of Farmcote.
The third son of John Stratford and Margaret Howell was Richard of Hawling, whose son and grandsons married into the Cole Family, Bannisters of Turkdean, the De La Bere Family, and the Dovers of Cotswold Games fame. Through these marriages can be traced a relationship with the Bard William Shakespeare.
My main concern is now to continue with the direct descent from John Stratford, Archbishop of Canterbury, and myself, and all i am attempting to at this point is relating to the reader the origination and relationships with other notable families.
The eldest son of John Stratford and Margaret Howell, was another John Stratford, who married Margaret, the daughter of Sir Robert Tracy of Toddington in Gloucestershire. the Family of Tracy has so much history peculiar to itself that i will dwell on my maternal descent through this Family in a separate chapter later on.
John Stratford and Margaret Tracy, had a son and heir, Henry, whom I will deal with shortly. Their second son was Richard, third son George, fourth Edward, fifth Charles, and the sixth Gyles of London. Gyles and his wife both died young leaving issue of two sons. These children were fostered by his brother Anthony, whom Mr. Pullman refers to in his letter to William Dugdale mentioned earlier. Anthony became Lord of the manor of Bushley, near Tewkesbury. One of the sons was the founder of the Merevale Branch of the Stratford Family, and eventually the Earldom of Aldborough, County Kildare, in the Kingdom of Ireland. The seventh son was John, the tobacco grower, and the eighth was Anthony, Lord of the manor of Bushley, who married Margaret Haywood. they had issue and this branch settled in this place until the Manor was sold to the Dowderswell Family, and the house, namely Payn's Place.
His nephew, Sir William Tracy, lived with them for a time at Bushley, and a descendent of Anthony's was killed at the Battle of Worcester, in the Royalist cause during the Civil War. An entry in the Parish register of Bushley reads.
Anthony Stratford, Gentleman, who although he was not buried, was not with standing, not to be forgotten, or left out of this place, for that ye remembrance of this man will not easily be forgotten. I have not heard of any man that was buried within forty years that his death was made lamented by all sorts of people than this man was. He died on horse back, riding towards Stanway in Gloucestershire and was buried in Stanway Church on the 16th of March 1608.
He had married Margaret Haywood at Bushley on the 26th of April 1577. Another brother William, is not mentioned by the Herald's but in a deed of complaint he is stated as residing in Bristol, and a most unsavoury character.
The son and heir of John Stratford and Margaret Tracy was Henry who married Mary the daughter of John Maire of the County of Chester. He was in London when press ganged into the Navy, and died under Capt Shackley at the Siege of Ostend, but he left issue of a son and heir John Stratford of Farmcote. This John Stratford married Mary Throgmorton, the daughter of Sir Anthony Throgmorton, thus formulating a relationship with Sir Walter Raleigh. It was probably through this relationship that the Stratford family cultivated tobacco in the Cotswolds, which of course is another story. They had five sons, George his heir, Robert who served with Sir Francis Drake and died on one of his expeditions, Anthony who emigrated to Ireland, and was possibly the gentleman described as the Governor of Fort Dungannon, John, known as John of Prestbury, and who was responsible for that branch of the Stratford's, and Henry.
George Stratford, the eldest son and her of John Stratford and Mary Throgmorton, was known as of Sudeley. In fact he married at Didbrook Parish Church on the 1st of October 1601, Elizabeth the daughter of William Hobby of Hailles Abbey. This William Hobby was buried at Didbrook on the 17th of March 1602, aged 103 years old, making him being born in 1499. George Stratford was buried at Didbrook on the 19th of December 1632. Again there are several Cadet Branches descended from George Stratford and Elizabeth Hobby.
The son and heir of the afar mentioned George and Elizabeth, was William Stratford who was baptised at Didbrook on the 25th of August 1602, and buried at Farmcote on the 13th of September 1682. He served as a Royalist during the Civil war in the 18th Regiment of Foot, and in 1640 he was described as an Ensign, with a retiring Rank of Major. He billeted Prince Rupert's Cavalry at Farmcote, and entertained the Prince their on the night prior to the Battle of Edgehill. he was sequested for £763 for his Estates by Parliament.
He married firstly Anne the daughter of Moore of Payne's Farm, Cockerup, having issue by her which resulted in the Stratford Branches of Milham Post, and Swindon Village, Cheltenham, with Francis Paul Stratford, Master in Chancery of Bedford Square and Thorpe Lubenham Hall being one of his descendents.
William Stratford married secondly Lady Magdeline Overbury, his eldest son's mother in law, and the widow of Sir Walter Overbury, and married thirdly Susannah Leigh, the widow of George Leigh of Longborough, and she was buried in the Chancel of Shipton Sollers Parish Church beside her first husband.
The son and heir of William Stratford and Anne Moore was William Stratford baptised at Farmcote on the 26th of April 1635, and married at Barton on the Heath on the 30th of November 1665, Anne, the daughter of Sir Water and lady Magdeline Overbury, and being buried at Farmcote on the 23rd of July 1711.
He was described in his later life as living at Little Farmcote. This Family relationship of course, relates the maternal descent with the famous mystery of Sir Thomas Overbury, who was subject of murder and intrigue in the Tower of London. The eldest son of William Stratford and Anne Overbury was baptised at Walford on the 28th of March 1668, but appears not to have survived as Walter Overbury Stratford was their heir, although there was another younger brother Thomas and a daughter Anne. the Family of Overbury will be dealt with in a later Chapter.
Walter Overbury Stratford, was baptised at Barton on the Heath on the 16th of December 1672, and was responsible for the financial downfall of the Main Stock of the family, and it was during his lifetime that the Farmcote Estate was Mortgaged, but in his defence he was buried at Farmcote on the 1st of July 1753 and the Estate was not finally given up until 1754, being sold in 1756.
Walter Overbury Stratford, married firstly Anne, the daughter of Charles Guillam of Woodmancote in 1700, having a son George who died, Mary who never married, and Anne who married William Lawrence of Sevenhampton. Anne Guillam died and Water Overbury Stratford married secondly Frances the daughter of John Bapters of Bristol, and Anne Charmont, known as Bapters, alias Draghay, with issue of nine sons.
The eldest son John Overbury Stratford died in infancy, and the second son, William was baptised at Guiting Power on the 8th of September 1715, lived in London and died in 1782, leaving issue of William his son and his grandson William Samuel Stratford, Secretary of the Astrological Society, born in 1790, and the Branch eventually died out with John Farmcote Henry Stratford who provided brass's and an Altar Cross for Guiting Power Parish Church and Farmcote Chapel.
Other sons of Walter Overbury Stratford and Frances, were Walter, baptised 7th of April 1716, Thomas whom we shall look at later, Edward baptised 12th July 1718. Ferdinando, baptised 4th July 1719, a Surveyor, of London who Surveyed the Hawling Estates, Anthony, who went to America, baptised on the 17th of February 1720, Francis baptised 14th January 1722, and George who was baptised on the 2nd of July 1724, all at Guiting Power Parish Church. George Stratford, the youngest son, lived at Wootton Warwen, and was buried there in April 1791. He was the founder of the Birmingham and Sheffield Branches.
Thomas Stratford, the fourth son of Walter Overbury Stratford and Frances Bapters was baptised at Guiting Power on the 9th of June 1717, and married by Banns, on the 20th of January 1745, Sarah Davis of Bisley, and resided there until his death, being buried there on the 14th of March 1784. He left issue of at least four sons, and a daughter, including William Stratford, my Great Great Great Grandfather.
William Stratford afore mentioned was born at Bisley in 1748, and married firstly on the 28th of October 1771 at Charlton Abbott's Anne Painter, who was buried at Sevenhampton on the 10th of November 1791. They had no issue, and William married secondly on the 16th of November 1795, Mary Acock, but a baptism is recorded of a William Stratford the son of William Stratford and Mary Acock previous to their marriage on the 14th of June 1795. This afore mentioned William married and settled at Prestbury having amongst other issue Thomas, who married Mary Burford, and she died shortly after having a daughter Elizabeth, who was brought up at Sevenhampton by Sarah Ellis the sister of the said William, ie. Thomas's father. William Stratford and Mary Acock had other issue of Thomas, who is described later and Richard an Ironmonger at Condicote when he died in 1865.
Further issue of this Marriage was Sarah whom I have just described, whose descendent Sandra Hands now resides at Fareham, Hants, and Martha who died very young, and Mary Acock never recovered from a difficult birth.
Thomas Stratford my Great Great Grandfather was baptised at Sevenhampton on the 14th of April 1797, and married Mary Hill of Liskeard. He died on the 26th of march 1869, at Swindon Village, Cheltenham, the birthplace of his mother. He enlisted in the Royal Marines at Plymouth on the 22nd of January 1824, and by the 9th of March 1844 had served 21 years and was still serving, they left issue of three sons, and two daughters, one son of which was my Great Grandfather, John George Stratford who was born at East Stonehouse, Plymouth, on the 1st of August 1834.
John George Stratford joined his father on H.M.S. Druid, aged 7 years, on the 10th of August 1841, and was admitted to the Lower School. Greenwich on the 19th of August 1845. He married on the 6th of September 1855, Mary Anne Day, at St. George's, East Stonehouse. He died on the 12th of March 1867, of Pethesis at the age of 33 years. He left issue of Mary, born in 1862, who never married, Priscilla born in 1860, who married Thomas Corner of Dawlish, and my Grandfather William Richard Thomas Stratford.
William Richard Thomas Stratford, was born at East Stonehouse on the 28th of February 1865, and married Nellie Comer of Dawlish on the 21st of December 1890. as you may have gathered, brother and sister married brother and sister. He was twice Mayor of Truro, and Lord Mayor, a Headmaster of a Public School, a Provincial Grand Master of the Grand Masonic Lodge and a friend of Edward the Eighth. He died on the 2nd of February 1953, being buried at Kenwyn, Truro, leaving issue of four sons, William O'Grady Stratford, Willie Stratford, my father Gerald Stratford, and Alan John Stratford. My father Gerald Stratford was a Brevet Colonel in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, and a Headmaster, born on the 18th of February 1896, and married Frances Mabel Howland, the daughter of Leonard Howland who at that time was General Manager of the Carron Iron and Steel works in Scotland, on the 13th of July 1918, and died at Dinnington on the 1st of February 1955, leaving issue of myself and an older brother.
I was born at Dinnington on the 3rd of June 1934, and married Rita May Hodkin the daughter of Sydney James Hodkin a builder on the 26th of February 1955.
Next Part
Data transcribed by Colin Hinson from:
A document written by
Gerald H. Stratford in 1988.
Reproduced here by permission
© Gerald H. Stratford.
This page is copyright. Do not copy any part of this page or website other than for personal use or as given in the conditions of use.
Web-page generated by "DB2html" data-base extraction software ©Colin Hinson 2014
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https://imsvintagephotos.com/products/the-city-council-chairman-carl-albert-andersson-is-greeted-by-sir-rupert-de-la-bere-at-the-stockholm-visit-vintage-photograph-1848483
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The city council chairman Carl Albert Andersson is greeted by Sir Rupert De la Bere at the Stockholm visit - Vintage Photograph
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Stadsordföranden Carl Albert Andersson hälsas av Sir Rupert De la Bere vid Stockholmbesöket Dimensions: 20.3 x 24.3 cm IMS SKU: SCAN-TT-01848483 IMPORTANT! WHEN BUYING PHOTOS FROM US: All the original vintage images are sold without watermarks. All our press photos are LIMITED ARCHIVE ORIGINALS - they are not reprints
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IMS Vintage Photos
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https://imsvintagephotos.com/products/the-city-council-chairman-carl-albert-andersson-is-greeted-by-sir-rupert-de-la-bere-at-the-stockholm-visit-vintage-photograph-1848483
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Stadsordföranden Carl Albert Andersson hälsas av Sir Rupert De la Bere vid Stockholmbesöket
Dimensions: 20.3 x 24.3 cm
IMS SKU: SCAN-TT-01848483
THIS IS THE ONLY AND LAST ITEM IN STOCK
All our press photos are LIMITED ARCHIVE ORIGINALS - they are the actual prints that were used by the newspapers, they are not reprints or digital prints produced by us. All the prints are at least 30 years old and up to 100 years old.
OWN A PIECE OF HISTORY
What you will buy from us has a true historical value and authenticity. These items are true artifacts and collectibles, a real unique piece of history. All these old photos have a story to tell and come from reliable sources. We get our prints directly from the press archives where they have been stored for up to a hundred years. These prints have never been accessible to the public before.
EACH PRINT IS UNIQUE AND HISTORIC
SEE the BACKSIDE OF the PHOTO - many times the image for sale will present stamps, dates, and other publication details - these marks attest to and increase the value of the press photos. Since the photos are old press photographs they may have scratches, lines, or other wears of time, which just underlines the authenticity and age of the photos. In the past, the photos were often parts of a series or were mass-produced by the archives. Nowadays, their number is decimated - many were destroyed by time, use, or natural disasters. Few were preserved and are nowadays carefully stored in our archives.
INVEST AND COLLECT
Press photos have been available to the public for just a few years, and similar to baseball cards, they have attracted investors and collectors. The value of original Press Photos prints has been steadily increasing in value and is expected to to continue doing so.
HELP US PRESERVE HISTORY
The IMS vintage photos project is unique in Europe. We help preserve and digitize old press archives, by allowing the public to buy the original prints for the first time. A unique chance to own a real piece of history. When you buy from us you help support the project or digitize and save these photos that might otherwise be lost forever.
IMPORTANT! WHEN BUYING PHOTOS FROM US:
All the original vintage images are sold without watermarks. The prints are all over 30 years old and have been in the storage of the newspapers for decades. We sell them in the same conditions they were given to us by the archives.
Learn more about our unique photographs by watching the video here below:
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https://www.nytimes.com/1952/09/30/archives/london-picks-lord-mayor-sir-rupert-de-la-bere-to-govern-during.html
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LONDON PICKS LORD MAYOR; Sir Rupert de la Bere to Govern During Coronation Year
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1952-09-30T00:00:00
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Sir R de la Bere elected Lord Mayor
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https://www.nytimes.com/1952/09/30/archives/london-picks-lord-mayor-sir-rupert-de-la-bere-to-govern-during.html
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Advertisement
SKIP ADVERTISEMENT
LONDON PICKS LORD MAYOR; Sir Rupert de la Bere to Govern During Coronation Year
Sept. 30, 1952
See the article in its original context from
September 30, 1952 , Page 4Buy Reprints
TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers.
Full text is unavailable for this digitized archive article. Subscribers may view the full text of this article in its original form through TimesMachine.
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https://www.angloboerwar.com/other-information/16-other-information/1843-mentions-in-despatches-army
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Mentions in despatches
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Boer War mentions in despatches MID Army Navy
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My grateful thanks to Ian Linney for correcting this scanned text and making this page much more useful to researchers. The page can be searched using Ctrl + F.
Index of mentions for major actions:
Willow Grange, 23 Nov 99
Belmont, 23 Nov 99
Enslin, 25 Nov 99
Modder River, 28 Nov 99
Magersfontein, 10 - 11 Dec 99
Stormberg, 10 Dec 99
Colenso, 15 Dec 99
Colesberg, 15 Dec 99 - 25 Jan 00
Spion Kop, 24-27 Jan 00
Vaal Krantz, 6 - 8 Feb 00
Kimberley, 13 Sep 99 - 15 Feb 00
Sannah's Post, 30 - 31 Mar 00
Mafeking, 13 Oct 99 - 17 May 00
Ladysmith
Spion Kop, 16 - 25 Jan 00
Wepener, 2 - 25 Apr 00
Faber's Put, 30 May 00
WILLOW GRANGE, November 23, 1899.
From Major General Hildyard's report, November 24, 1899: -
Staff-Major Munro, Brigade Major, and Lieutenant Blair, ADC, were of good value to me.
West Yorkshire Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Colonel Kitchener led the assaulting force with energy and judgment, and all ranks behaved admirably. Major Hobbs was taken prisoner owing to his remaining too long attending to the wounded; he led the first line of the assault with judgment and good sense. The services of Lieutenant Nicholson have been specially brought to my notice for attention to duty and the situation when others were inclined to deal with matters of less importance; I recommend him for special reward. I also recommend Private Montgomery for a Distinguished Conduct medal; after being wounded in one leg he continued fighting in the firing line until again wounded.
Bearer Company-Major Ricketts commanded, and did good service both at the time and in connection with the removal of the wounded.
Guide-The services of Mr Chapman, who was so unfortunately killed, were of the greatest value; his intimate knowledge of the ground alone made it possible to carry out the operation. I sincerely trust it may be found possible to bestow on his widow some mark of recognition of his distinguished service.
BELMONT, November 23, 1899.
From Lieutenant General Methuen's despatch, November 26, 1899: -
Staff Major General Sir H Colvile has already gained my entire confidence; nothing is ever likely to shake his coolness. Captain Bulfin, brigade major, on whose shoulders great responsibility rested, did admirable work.
Scots Guards (1st Battalion)-The greatest credit is due to Colonel Paget for the manner in which he carried cut his orders, and for the intelligent handling of his battalion when left to his own resources. I note with pleasure the valuable services rendered by Lieutenant-Colonel Pulteney, and the courage displayed by Lieutenant Bulkeley and by Lieutenant Alexander (General Colville says, "Both insisted on going on after they were wounded"). The 9th Brigade had taken a correct bearing, Lieutenant Festing leading, a duty he performed admirably, and I regret he was wounded.
Yorkshire Light Infantry-Major Earle's leading, knowledge, and coolness were most noticeable.
Royal Army Medical Corps-By 10.30 my division was in camp, by 1 all my wounded were in a comfortable house being carefully tended, by 5 p.m. next day the hospital train conveyed the less severe cases to Orange River, the graver cases to Cape Town. This is the most perfect work I have ever heard of in war, and reflects the highest credit on Colonel Townsend.
From Major General Sir H Colvile's report:-
Staff Captain G Nugent, ADC, and my Brigade Major, Captain Ruggles-Brise; the latter was entrusted with leading the two battalions to Gun Hill, a task in which he was handicapped by never having seen the ground by daylight.
Grenadier Guards (3rd Battalion-Daring the assault on Gun Hill, Lieutenant and Adjutant Fryer, who was leading the men with extraordinary gallantry, was killed. Lieutenant Colonel Crabbe was also leading with great gallantry. 2nd Lieutenant Powell's leading was very noticeable.
Coldstream Guards (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel Codrington's battalion was well and correctly handled. Colonel Codrington draws particular attention to the skilful handling of his company by Captain Fielding, the coolness displayed by Lieutenant the Honourable C. Douglas-Pennant, and the complete control exercised over his company by 2nd Lieutenant Price Jones. 2nd Battalion-Lieutenant Colonel Stopford's battalion had less severe work than the others, but I consider its advance under fire was distinctly well performed. Colonel Stopford particularly calls attention to the services of Major the Honourable A Henniker-Major and Captain Shute.
ENSLIN, November 25, 1899.
From Lieutenant Colonel Money's report, November 26, 1899:-
Staff-Captain Bulfin and Lieutenant Taylor rendered me great assistance, and were near me at the final assault.
Yorkshire Light Infantry-Sergeant Waterhouse at a critical moment acted with great coolness, and shot down one of the enemy's sharpshooters, who had been doing great execution to our men advancing at a range of 1,150 yards.
MODDER RIVER, November 28th, 1899.
From Lord Methuen's despatch, December 1, 1899:
Staff Lieutenant Colonel Northcott, who never left me, fell mortally wounded. The Army has lost one of the ablest officers in the Service, and I cannot express the grief his death has caused me. I personally bring to notice the value of Lieutenant Colonel Rhodes's service and Major Streatfield's service in sending forward reinforcements to Major General Pole-Carew, for on this movement the result of the evening's success depended. Captain Bulfin, Yorkshire Regiment, did his duty admirably. The valuable services of Captain Nugent, ADC, and Captain Ruggles-Brise are again noted.
Royal Artillery-Major Lindsay, 75th Battery, ignored a painful wound, and continued in command of his battery. Lieutenant Begbie, suddenly placed in command of his battery, led it, and brought it into action with great coolness. Captain Farrell, wounded a second time, continued to do his duty, having first placed a wounded man on one of the gun carriages. Wounded gunners and drivers continued at their duty. Lieutenant Rockford Boyd, on this, as on former occasions, showed himself reliable and capable of acting without orders.
Grenadier Guards (3rd Battalion)-Major Count Gleichen, CMG, showed coolness throughout the engagement, especially in attending to the wounded under a heavy fire. Sergeant Brown and Private Martin, who helped him, were both shot. Captain H Bathurst, was of great value in rallying a number of Grenadiers and Coldstreams shaken by the fire. Lieutenant the Honourable A Russell showed great coolness in working the machine gun, which he did with marked success. Sergeant Major Cooke displayed remarkable coolness under fire.
Coldstream Guards-Major Granville Smith volunteered to find a ford, which he did in dangerous mud and a strong river. Captain and Adjutant Steele did excellent service during the day. Sergeant Major S Wright showed great coolness when a change of ammunition carts was being made, and was of great value at a critical time. Drill and Colour Sergeant Price rendered excellent service at Belmont and Modder River, whilst commanding half a company. Drill and Colour Sergeant Plunkett collected 150 men, and helped the 9th Brigade crossing the river under Captain Lord Newtown Butler. Lance Corporal Webb twice asked leave to go into the open to bind up the wounds of a Grenadier; under a heavy fire he succeeded in his object.
Scots Guards (1st Battalion)-I call special attention to Colonel Paget's cheerfulness and intelligence under the most trying surroundings. He draws attention to the good services of the Master of Ruthven.
Northumberland Fusiliers-Major the Honourable C Lambton rendered invaluable assistance to brigadier. Lieutenant Percival managed with great difficulty to establish himself with a small party on a point near railway, from which, by his judgment and coolness, he was able to keep down fire of enemy, many of his small party being killed. Lance Corporal R Delaney, Privates J East, Segar, and Snowdon, under very heavy fire picked up and brought in a wounded man of Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. Private Smarley, No. 1 of Maxim detachment, showed great coolness and judgment when wounded.
Yorkshire Light Infantry-Lieutenant Colonel Barter rendered invaluable assistance to brigadier.
Royal Army Medical Corps-Captain Moores, although wounded in hand, said nothing, but continued his duties.
MAGERSFONTEIN, December 10, 11, 1899
From Lord Methuen's despatch, February 15, 1900.
Staff I have to express my appreciation of the clear orders given out, and the careful arrangements made by Colonel Douglas, ADC, my chief staff officer, for the attack. Major General Sir H Colvile showed coolness and judgment throughout two trying days. The same remark applies to Major General Babington. Lieutenant Cuthbert, Scots Guards, my extra ADC, showed considerable coolness in taking a message from me to the Gordon Highlanders; a volley was fired at him, killing his horse; he took off wallets and saddle and returned, letting me learn from others how he had behaved. Major Maberley, RHA, acting galloper to Major General Babington, after rallying 30 or 40 men of different regiments, was severely wounded. Captain Ruggles-Brise, brigade-major, and the ADC; of Sir H Colvile's staff, again earn honourable mention, not only in delivering orders, but also for their clear and accurate description of the position.
9th Lancers-Major Little, in the firing line, did good work all day. Lieutenant Allhusen did good work with Maxims.
12th Lancers-Lieutenant Colonel the Earl of Airlie did excellent work with two dismounted squadrons, when good service was much needed. Lieutenant Macnaghten did good work with Maxims.
Mounted Infantry-Major Milton, commanding, behaved gallantly, and was shot three times before he died; he was making a successful effort to rally some men of the Highland Brigade.
Royal Artillery-I again recognise the business-like manner in which Lieutenant Colonel Hall, commanding RA, carries out his duties in the field. Major Bannatine Allason performed splendid work, and assisted greatly in checking enemy on right of our attack.
Coldstream Guards-Lieutenant Colonel Codrington, commanding, though wounded, insisted on remaining in command of his battalion till nightfall. Major the Honourable W Lambton refused to be carried because the bearers were exposed to fire. He remained on the ground 37 hours without food or water. Major the Marquis of Winchester was killed whilst displaying almost reckless courage. Sergeant Wilkinson, 2nd Battalion, showed courage in collecting ammunition. Corporal Bartlet, 2nd Battalion, under a very heavy fire went 1,000 yards to get a stretcher for Major Milton. Corporal Webb, 2nd Battalion, showed great courage in taking messages.
Scots Guards-Captain the Master of Ruthven performed, as on several other occasions, valuable services.
Royal Highlanders-Corporal Gayner, rallying men, and by his example encouraging his comrades.
Highland Light Infantry-Majors Garland and Honourable H Anson performed good service throughout the day. Captains Richardson and Wolfe Murray were wounded, but remained in the front with their companies. Captain and Adjutant Cowan, DSO, gallantly led and rallied has men, and was killed at close quarters. Sergeant Major Stevens rallied men. Sergeant McDonald's gallant behaviour specially brought to notice for carrying messages to guns and to medical officer under heavy fire. Lance Corporal Fraser, Sergeant Piper Boss, and Piper McLelIan specially brought to notice for their cheery conduct under fire and helping to rally men. Captain Shaul brought to notice for several specific cases of bravery when in charge of stretcher bearers of battalion. Privates Peat, Richmond, and Stewart did excellent service and set a good example to their comrades.
Seaforth Highlanders-Captain Honourable Forbes Sempill rallied and led his men straight up to the front in a conspicuous and gallant manner. Lieutenant Grant did good service, taking messages to the front from Colonel Hughes-Hallett under a heavy fire. Lieutenant Lindsay, very gallant and conspicuous behaviour when in charge of Maxim gun. Band-Sergeant Hoare, conspicuous for his coolness and gallantry during the day in helping Dr Ensor to succour wounded; personally carried Captain Fetherstonhaugh (wounded) on his back some 800 yards to dressing station.
Gordon Highlanders-Captain K B Towse recommended for special reward by his commanding officer for his gallantry and devotion in assisting the late Colonel Downman when mortally wounded in the retirement, and when close up to the front of the firing line; he endeavoured to carry Colonel Downman on his back, but finding this not possible supported him till joined by Colour Sergeant Nelson and Lance Corporal Hodgson; the conduct of these non-commissioned officers is described as admirable.
Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders-Captain A Campbell displayed great coolness throughout the day, and helped to dress the wounds of Captain Gordon under a hot fire. Lance Corporal Ray and Private Phipps specially mentioned by Major General Babington as having helped him to rally men and take them into the firing line. Private Johnson helped to remove a wounded Highlander from the front under a heavy fire.
Royal Army Medical Corps-Major O'Donnell and Lieutenant Delap were indefatigable in attending wounded under fire. Lieutenant Douglas showed great gallantry and devotion, under a very severe fire, in advancing in the open and attending to Captain Gordon, Gordon Highlanders, who was wounded; also attending to Major Robinson and other wounded men under a fearful fire.
Cape Medical Corps-Private A Bettington, Cape Mounted Rifles (attached) helped to remove a wounded Highlander from the front under a heavy fire.
STORMBERG, December 10, 1899.
Lieutenant General Gatacre in his report, January 19, 1900, brings the following to the notice of the Commander-in-Chief: -
Royal Field Artillery-Major E M Perceval, 77th Battery, though severely wounded, continued to command his battery till the end of the day.
Northumberland Fusiliers (2nd Battalion)-2nd Lieutenant Duncombe-Shafto, Band-Sergeant J Stone, Colour Sergeant A Landen, Private G Benson.
COLENSO, December 15, 1899.
In a despatch from Chieveley, December 16, General Buller brings the following cases of distinguished services in the field to notice:-
At Colenso, on December 15, the detachments serving the guns of the 14th and 66th Batteries RFA had all been either killed, wounded, or driven from their guns by infantry fire at close range, and the guns were deserted. About 500 yards behind the guns was a donga, in which some of the few horses and drivers left alive were sheltered. The intervening space was swept by shell and rifle fire. Captain Congreve, Rifle Brigade, who was in the donga, assisted to hook a team into a limber, went out and assisted to limber up a gun; being wounded he took shelter, but seeing Lieutenant Roberts fall badly wounded he went out again and brought him in. Some idea of the nature of the fire may be gathered from the fact that Captain Congreve was shot through the leg, through the toe of his boot, grazed on the elbow and shoulder, and his horse shot in three places. Lieutenant Honourable F Roberts) King's Royal Rifles, assisted Captain Congreve; he was wounded in three places. Corporal Nurse, RFA, 66th Battery, also assisted. I recommend the above three for the Victoria Cross.
Drivers H Taylor, Young, Petts, Rockall, Lucas, and Williams, all of the 66th Battery RFA, rode the teams; each team brought in a gun. I recommend all six for the medal for Distinguished Conduct in the Field.
Shortly afterwards Captain H L Reed, 7th Battery RFA, who had heard of the difficulty, brought down three teams from his battery to see if he could be of any use. He was wounded, as were five of the thirteen men who rode with him; one was killed, his body was found on the field, and 13 out of 21 horses were killed before he got half-way to the guns, and he was obliged to retire. I recommend Captain Reed for the Victoria Cross.
Non-commissioned officers and men, 7th Battery RFA, recommended for medal for Distinguished Service in the Field: Corporals A Clark (wounded), B J Money, Acting-Bombardier J H Reeve; Drivers C J Woodward, W Robertson (wounded). W Wright (wounded). A C Hawking, J P Lennox, A Nugent (killed), J Warden, A Felton (wounded), T Musgrove, Trumpeter W W Ayles (wounded).
I have differentiated in my recommendations, because I thought that a recommendation for the Victoria Cross required proof of initiative, something more, in fact, than mere obedience to orders, and for this reason I have not recommended Captain Schofield, RA, who was acting under orders, though I desire to record his conduct as most gallant.
From General Buller's despatch, December 17, 1899: -
Royal Field Artillery-2nd Lieutenant Holford, 14th Battery, displayed particular gallantry.
Devon Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Colonel Bullock behaved with great gallantry; he did not receive the orders to retire; his party defended themselves and the wounded of the two batteries till nightfall, inflicting considerable loss on enemy, and it was only when surrounded that he consented to surrender, because enemy said they would shoot the wounded if he did not.
COLESBERG, December 15, 1899, to January 25, 1900
From Lieutenant -General French's despatch, February 2: -
Staff-Major Generals J P Brabazon, CB, and B A P Clements, DSO, have rendered me much assistance, and I am anxious to acknowledge their valuable services. Colonel T E Stephenson, Essex Regiment, has, on several occasions, rendered me valuable assistance; his leading of the infantry brigade during the reconnaissance in force on January 25 was excellent. Major D Haig, 7th Hussars, Acting AAG and CSO, has shown throughout the same zeal, untiring energy, and consummate ability as have characterised his conduct and bearing since the very commencement of the campaign (in Natal), during the whole of which time he has acted in this capacity; I have had occasion to speak of him in a similar sense in former despatches. Captain J Vaughan, 7th Hussars, my senior ADC, has acted for the past two months as DAAG, and has done excellent service in that capacity. Major G O Welch and Captain T D Foster, ASC, DAAG's, have shown untiring zeal and energy in supervising the transport and supply services, which, in a force operating as this has been, on a very wide front, and often many miles from a railway, has been an arduous and difficult task. I am much indebted to Major Honourable H A Lawrence, 17th Lancers, for the great assistance he has. rendered me in having established such an excellent system of intelligence; his good work has been attended with the best results. Captain P A Kenna, VC, 21st Lancers, provost-marshal, has performed his duties with zeal and energy: he has on more than one occasion shown an excellent example of bravery by going personally to the assistance of wounded men. Lieutenant S L Barry, 10th Hussars, divisional signalling officer, has performed excellent service. Lieutenant Sir J Milbanke, Baronet, 10th Hussars (wounded), and Captain J F Laycock, Nottingham Yeomanry, my ADC's, have displayed the same marked zeal, energy, and conspicuous courage as I have commented upon in former despatches.
1st Life Guards-Major G Carter has at various times shown considerable skill and resolution as squadron commander in the field, and has done valuable service.
2nd Life Guards-Lieutenant C Champion-de Crespigny, when in command of a patrol on January 19, showed great gallantry, and an excellent example to his men, in bringing wounded men out of action.
6th Dragoon Guards-Colonel T C Porter has frequently been employed as a brigadier and in command of advanced posts; he has always carried out the tasks allotted to him with much skill, zeal, and indefatigable energy. Major F S Garratt has at various times shown considerable skill and resolution as squadron commander in the field, and has done valuable service.
6th Dragoons-Major E H H Allenby has at various times shown considerable skill and resolution as squadron commander in the field, and has done valuable service. Major M F Rimington, employed in command of a Corps of Guides, has rendered me much assistance since he has been attached to this command.
Royal Horse Artillery-Lieutenant Colonel F J W Eustace, officer commanding BA, Cavalry Division, has displayed conspicuous skill and sound judgment in his handling of the artillery, which has played so important a part throughout these operations; he has been of the greatest help to me, and indefatigable when the most severe strain was thrown upon him and his command. He has received much help from his adjutant, Captain A D'A King, who is deserving of great commendation. Majors Sir J H Jervis-White-Jervis, Baronet, and B Burton deserve the highest credit for the manner in which they have worked their batteries throughout these operations; in face, very often, of a most galling fire from the enemy's well-concealed and protected artillery positions, they have uniformly maintained an excellent practice with most telling effect on the enemy. Lieutenants E F Talbot-Ponsonby, J W F Lamont, J B Aldridge, and W G Thompson (wounded and a prisoner), deserve mention for signal services they have performed with their guns.
Royal Field Artillery-Major A E A Butcher, who joined with his battery of field artillery soon after the bombardment of Colesberg was commenced, with great energy and perseverance succeeded in placing two field guns on the top of a steep hill called Coles Kop, 800 ft high, and from this commanding position has inflicted great damage and loss on the enemy.
Royal Engineers-Brevet Major A G Hunter-Weston has commanded the field equipment, RE, attached to the Cavalry Division, and has acted as CRE to this force. I am much indebted to him for many services performed, not the least of which has consisted in his maintaining a perfect system of telegraphic and telephonic communication throughout the force on a front of 38 miles. He has received able assistance from Captain C O C Bowen, Lieutenant C Russell-Brown, and 2nd Lieutenant H L Mackworth.
Mounted Infantry-Captain H De B De Lisle, DSO, Durham Light Infantry, has done excellent service in temporary command; his action in the engagement of January 4, and the reconnaisance of the 25th, was of special value. Captain A H S Hart, East Surrey Regiment, and Lieutenant C Saunders, Dorset Regiment (attached), on two occasions made valuable reconnaissance sketches of important parts of the enemy's position with very indifferent cover in a nullah (down which they had crept), from a galling fire. Captain H L Buck-Keene, Oxford Light Infantry, Lieutenants Honourable C B Clegg-Hill, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, and L K Smith, Boyaf Scots, have done specially good service.
Yorkshire Regiment-Lieutenant Colonel H Bowles has done very good service at critical times in command of his battalion. Captain M H Orr was dangerously wounded during the attack on New Zealand Hill, which post he commanded with great credit.
Royal Berkshire Regiment-To Major F W N Mc-Cracken and the four companies serving with this force is the successful attack on Colesberg on January 1 principally due; I cannot speak too highly of this officer's coolness, courage, and intrepidity, or of the gallantry and discipline displayed by his officers and men in making the night assault which he led so well; the regiment have intrenched themselves, and have established such an excellent system of defence that the enemy's fire, although nearly unceasing, is practically harmless. In connection with this work, I bring forward the names of Lieutenant A G E Bingley, acting adjutant, and Captain Sir T E S Pasley, Baronet. [Marker p10/1]
New Zealand Mounted Infantry-Major A W Bobin, commanding, deserves special mention for the frequent occasions upon which he and his men have performed signal service during these operations.
New Zealand Mounted Rifles-On January 15, in Boer attack on Stinger's Farm, which was held by one company Yorkshire Regt, and one company New Zealand Mounted Rifles, Captain Orr, Yorkshire Regiment, who was in command, was badly wounded, and the Sergeant Major killed. Captain W R N Madocks, RA (attached), saw the critical situation of the Yorkshires, and that they were practically without a leader'; with the greatest promptitude he took a few of his men to the west side of the hill, and rallied the troops holding it; be caused them to line their intrenchments and stem the enemy's advance; he then jumped up, gave the order to fix bayonets, and charge down the hill, upon which the Boers immediately turned; the greatest credit is due to Captain Hadocks and his New Zealanders for their prompt action.
Royal Army Medical Corps-Major H G Hathaway has been attached to my staff since my arrival at Naauwpoort; he has been unremitting in his attention to the sick and wounded; he has on several occasions and at critical times carried messages to commanders of units in the ield, and his services have been most useful
SPION KOP, January 24-27, 1900
From Sir R Buller’s despatch on the withdrawal, January 30:-
Royal Engineers (Pontoon Troop)-I must specially mention Major Irvine, and his men of the Pontoon Troop, who were untiring. When all men were over, the chesses of the pontoon bridge were so worn by the traffic that I do not think they would have lasted another half-hour.
VAAL KRANTZ, February 6-8, 1900
From General Buller's despatch of February 8, detailing the operations from January 26:-
Royal Field Artillery-Lieutenant T M Archdale, 78th Battery, specially mentioned for the manner in which he withdrew the battery waggons under a heavy enfilade fire, which struck two out of the three waggons and several horses.
Royal Engineers (Pontoon Troop)-Major Irvine, and the officers, non-commissioned officers and men deserve much praise.
Durham Light Infantry-Lieutenant Colonel Woodland, Brevet Lieutenant Colonel FitzGerald, Captains McMahon, Barter, and Gumming, and Lieutenant Cochrane, Colour Sergeants Waiton, Johnson, Williams, Shea, Noble, Tilley; Sergeants Crump, Thomas, Iles; Corporals Kelly, Pratt; Privates Hall, Allien, Ismay, Miller, Nicholson, Stansfield.
Rifle Brigade-Lieutenant Colonel Norcott; Majors H F M Wilson, Lamb; 2nd Lieutenant Boston; Sergeant J Brooke; Acting Sergeant J Alderson; Privates S Molloy (since died of wounds), T Perry.
Royal Army Medical Corps-Lieutenant J J W Prescott specially mentioned for his care of the wounded in despite of a heavy fire.
KIMBERLEY, September 13, 1899, to February 15, 1900.
From Lieutenant Colonel Kekewich's despatch, February 15:-
Staff-I wish to place on record the brilliant services of the late Brevet Major (local Lieutenant Colonel) H S Turner; in him the Army has lost a most valuable officer; he was a great organiser, full of energy, and possessed of real ability and courage; he was the principal organiser of the Town Guards, and acted as my staff officer, carrying out his duties with marked success under great difficulties; ... he commanded the mounted troops in numerous reconnaissances and sorties, and I cannot speak too highly of the manner in which he conducted them and loyally carried out my orders. Captain (local Major) W A J O'Meara, RE, my intelligence officer, carried out his many duties to my entire satisfaction, … and is, I consider, a most hardworking and capable staff officer; ... he also successfully carried out the duties of Director of Army Telegraphs; I cannot praise his good work too highly. Lieutenant (local Captain) D S Maclnnes, RE, worked out most carefully and constructed with marked ability and success the engineer operations for the defence; on Major Turner taking over command of mounted troops, cannot speak too highly of the manner in which he earned out his heavy and very responsible duties.
Royal Garrison Artillery-Major (local Lieutenant Colonel) G D Chamier commanded the artillery in the siege operations; he has carried out his very responsible duties my satisfaction, and the efficient and mobile condition of the artillery is greatly due to his energy; his advice has always been of the greatest assistance to me.
Royal Engineers-Lieutenant R L McClintock has done good work, both in the field and in the fortress.
Loyal North Lancashire Regiment (1st Battalion)-Major (local Lieutenant Colonel) W H E Murray was in command of half the battalion and the Infantry Reserve daring siege, and performed his duties with success; also rendered valuable service in connection with supplies. Captain T H O'Brien was in command of a very important section of the defences; he performed his responsible duties to my entire satisfaction. Lieutenant F W Woodward did excellent work as signalling officer, and after Lieutenant and Adjutant Lowndes was wounded he also took over duties of acting adjutant Lieutenant C de Putron did excellent work as assistant signalling officer; also performed duties of brigade transport officer to my entire satisfaction. Lieutenant (local Captain) W Clifford commanded mounted infantry detachment, and had much hard work in connection with patrolling duties in early days of siege; has subsequently performed duties of acting adjutant Kimberley Light Horse with marked success; his conduct in action on many occasions has been most distinguished (wounded November 28). 2nd Lieutenant A McC Webster commanded armoured train in reconnaissances and sorties in neighbourhood, and displayed excellent judgment on all occasions. Sergeant Major E C Mudge, Sergeants H Herbert, H Helland, Corporal J Hopwood are deserving of mention for good work.
Army Service Corps-Captain (local) Major) H V Gorle had an exceedingly onerous task to fulfil in arranging for victualling and supply of garrison and 50,000 people in the town; I cannot speak too highly of his zeal and resource. Corporal F Benwell has done excellent work, and is worthy of special promotion.
Royal Army Medical Corps-Lieutenant C J O’Gorman was the only officer of his corps here, and in consequence had much hard work and responsibility; I consider him a very valuable officer.
Cape Police-Commissioner (local Lieutenant Colonel) M B Robinson assisted me in every way in his power; his duties have been many and various, and he has carried them out to my entire satisfaction. Inspector (local Major) F H Elliot performed the heavy duties of staff officer to the mounted troops with much tact and zeal; has shown much gallantry in action on numerous occasions. Inspector (local Major) W E Ayliff is a brave and efficient officer (wounded November 3). Inspector (local Major) S Lorimer rendered most valuable services, and has been of the greatest assistance in connection with intelligence and other duties. Sub-Inspector (local Captain) J W Colvin most successfully performed duties of quartermaster under most difficult circumstances. Sub-Inspector (local Captain) M K Crozier performed excellent service as adjutant to the mounted police. Sub-Inspector (local Captain) S White commanded artillery section with great success (wounded December 9). Sub-Inspector (local Captain) Cummings is a most deserving officer, and has shown conspicuous gallantry on several occasions. Corporal F R Castens, Privates J Maloney, A Carr, G R Mathieson, S Brown are deserving of mention for good work.
Colonial Ordnance Department-Captain C L Ricketts has proved himself a most valuable officer; I much appreciate the zealous and careful manner in which he nas carried out his very responsible duties; - also rendered valuable services in connection with supplies.
Diamond Fields Artillery-Captain (local Major) S May invariably handled his guns with much coolness under fire; is a most deserving and efficient officer. Surgeon Lieutenant A J Ortlepp (attached) rendered considerable assistance to wounded in the field.
Diamond Fields Horse-Major T H Rodger is a resourceful and excellent officer, always ready and cool under fire. Sergeant A B Nicholetts on several occasions undertook duties which involved great personal risk; he carried despatches to our troops engaged on November 25.
Kimberley Regiment-Lieutenant Colonel R A Finlayson commanded his regiment and a section of defence with marked success. Major A O Black commanded a section of defence, and rendered good service. Captain and Adjutant E T Humphrys performed his duties with great zeal and tact. Surgeon Major J A J Smith (attached) rendered most valuable assistance to wounded in the field. Sergeant S H MacCullum is deserving of mention for good work.
Kimberley Light Horse-Major (local Lieutenant Colonel) T O Peakman was associated in early days of siege with organisation of Town Guard; his experience and local knowledge were of great assistance to me; subsequently he commanded a squadron of Light Horse, and on death of Lieutenant Colonel Turner was selected by me for command of all mounted corps; he has shown much courage under fire, and is a most deserving and excellent officer (wounded November 18). Major R.G.Scott, VC, is an officer of tried experience and gallantry; has on all occasions exhibited the best qualities of an officer. Captain H T Ap-Bowen commanded a squadron with much success, and has on several occasions shown great gallantry in action (very severely wounded November 25). Captain H Mahoney performed distinguished service (wounded November 25). Captain J A Smith as quartermaster performed much hard work in connection with equipping irregular forces under great difficulties. Captain J W Robertson performed the duties of paymaster, and has also acted as galloper to the late Lieutenant Colonel Turner in a most efficient manner. Captain W E Rickman handled his men with great coolness; his conduct on many occasions has been most distinguished. Captain G E Heberden, Medical Officer, frequently accompanied mounted troops in several sorties and reconnaissances, and rendered most valuable services in attending to wounded. Lieutenant C A Hawker performed excellent service (wounded November 22). Lieutenant W Newdigate did much good work with his squadron; has also executed valuable survey work in connection with defence works; Lieutenant D B Fenn proved himself an invaluable officer; he supplied much valuable information before the out break of the war, and has done real good work with mounted troops from the first day Imperial troops arrived. Lieutenant G Harris has done good service and shown conspicuous gallantry. Lieutenant R Chatfield is an excellent officer; he has shown conspicuous gallantry. Sergeant Major W H Oatley, Corporal H Harris, Trooper A H Armstrong are deserving of mention for good work.
Beaconsfield Town Guard-Major J R Fraser, late Loyal North Lancashire Regiment (retired list), at first as staff officer, and later as commanding officer, did excellent work, and has shown great energy and resource. Captain C A Blackbeard did much good work in connection with interior economy of Town Guard and keeping order in township of Beaconsfield. Captain W Nelson performed valuable services in connection with collection of information, and also in procuring enemy's cattle for food supply of garrison.
Kimberley Town Guard-Lieutenant Colonel D Harris, VD, arrived when Town Guard was in course of being raised; he threw himself most heartily into the work, and was of the greatest assistance; much praise is due to him for his good work in looking after the comforts and interests of Town Guard in different works and redoubts, which entailed much hard work and fatigue. Captain S Richards did good work as staff officer. Captain B E A O'Meara performed duties of garrison adjutant and quartermaster with much zeal and energy; has rendered valuable services. Captain T Tyson performed duties of assistant military censor to my complete satisfaction. Captain W Pickering rendered much valuable assistance from date of my arrival, and during a portion of siege commanded a section of defence with success. Captain T L Angel did good work in command of Cyclist Corps. Lieutenant E F Raynham, assistant to the intelligence officer, rendered me very great assistance in dealing with correspondence of a confidential nature. The following officers also did good work:-Captains F Maudy, L R Grimmer, W S Elkin, H Pim, J Adams, C E Hertog, J Morton, C Tabuteau, E H Moseley, G Wiite, W H Faulkner, A Blum, H Rugg, J Armstrong; Lieutenants C D Lucas, H Tabuteau, J J Coghlan, T Callen, W G Wright, J A Carr, J B Dunbar, S O'Molony. Sergeant Major J P Russell, late RE, as warrant officer, did much valuable work in connection with superintendence of native labour employed on construction of defence works. Sergeant J Russel, Cyclist Corps, is deserving of mention for good work.
Civilians-Right Honourable C J Rhodes (Honourable Colonel, Kimberley Light Horse), took a special interest in the raising of Kimberley LH, and worked most zealously in providing horses for all mounted troops; to him, therefore, is, in a large measure, due the credit for rapidity with which mobility of my mounted corps was obtained. The Mayor, Mr H A Oliver, rendered excellent services, of which I cannot speak too highly; he has shown real courage, and to him is due much credit for keeping up the spirits of inhabitants during the most trying period of siege. The ex-Mayor, Mr R H Henderson, was indefatigable, and rendered most valuable services in connection with formation of committees dealing with questions of internal order, supplies, etc; to him was also due the efficiency of Fire Brigade and Municipal Police. Mr J Denoon Duncan performed excellent work as Prosecutor before the Court of Summary Jurisdiction; also rendered most valuable assistance in connection with the regulating of supplies; his advice on legal matters has been invaluable. Mr E A Judge, Civil Commissioner, has done excellent work as a member of the Court of Summary Jurisdiction, and rendered me considerable assistance in other matters. Mr G C Bayne, Resident Magistrate, did valuable work as a member of Court of Summary Jurisdiction. Mr C K O'Molony, Town Clerk, did good work in connection with records of numerous committees which assembled from time to time. Mr L H Cochrane, District Engineer, Cape Government Railways, rendered valuable assistance in connection with railway work. Mr J Gilbert, Superintending Engineer, Cape Government Telegraphs, did good work in connection with telephone service to various forts. Mr W D Fynn rendered valuable assistance in procuring intelligence of enemy's movements, etc Mr W J Gardner, Acting Postmaster, did much good work in connection with duties of postal department. Mr J E Symons did excellent work in connection with signalling duties of fortress.
Kimberley Hospital-Dr W Russell, MD, Resident Surgeon, rendered services in connection with reception and treatment of sick and wounded, of which I cannot speak too highly. Dr T L Shiels, MB, Assistant Resident Surgeon, did a considerable amount of hard work in attending to wounded. I cannot speak too highly of the energy and zeal displayed by the following visiting surgeons: Doctors E O Ashe, A H Watkins, J E Mackenzie, J Mathias, W J Westerfield, W W Stoney.
LORD ROBERTS' RECOMMENDATIONS Lord Roberts, in his despatch March 31, 1900, brings to notice the following:-
Major General H Lord Kitchener of Khartoum, RE, has filled the important post of Chief of the Staff, and I am greatly indebted to him for his counsel and cordial support on all occasions; I consider he has rendered invaluable service to the State.
Lieutenant Colonel H Cowan, RA, has filled the post of Military Secretary; in that important position he has done most excellent work; he is able, painstaking, and methodical, and possessed of sound judgment; I could not wish for a more useful Military Secretary.
Colonel N Chamberlain, ISC, Private Secretary, gives me entire satisfaction; his work is constant, and he carries it on with zeal and intelligence; I cannot speak too highly of his assistance.
Lieutenant Colonel J Byron, Royal Australian Art.; Major S Denison, Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry; Captain H Watermeyer, Cape Town Highlanders, ADC's. [Marker p12/1]
Colonel Viscount Downe was deputed to accompany the Military Attaches representing foreign Powers, and has discharged his duties with tact and discretion.
Major General G Pretyman, RA, acted as headquarters commandant to my entire satisfaction. I selected him to take charge of General Cronje on the journey to Oape Town, and on my arrival here I appointed him to the responsible post of Military Governor of Bloemfontein.
Lieutenant Colonel G Henderson (local Colonel), York and Lancaster Regiment, Director of Military Intelligence, reorganised the Intelligence Department., and gave me valuable and reliable information regarding the physical features of the country and the dispositions of the enemy.
Captain C Mackenzie (Brevet Major and local Lieutenant Colonel), Seaforth Highlanders. On Colonel Henderson being invalided, he was succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel Mackenzie, who afforded me material assistance by the accurate and valuable reports he submitted. Lieutenant Colonel Mackenzie has drawn special attention to the good service rendered in the Intelligence Branch by Major C Hume, RA
Major General W Kelly, CB, DAQ, has afforded me very great assistance in the responsible position he has filled, and the vigilance and energy he has shown in the performance of his duties have been most marked.
Major H Hamilton (local Lieutenant Colonel), DSO, DAAG
Captain R Poore (Brevet Major), 7th Hussars, Provost-Marshal, exercised his responsible duties, whether as regards care of prisoners or in maintaining order in camp and on line of march, most satisfactorily.
Colonel G Marshall (local Major General), RA, has been untiring in his supervision of the large force of artillery in this country, and I would specially refer to the value of the service he rendered during the bombardment of enemy's entrenchments from February 19 to 27, 1900. Major General Marshall mentions the able and unceasing assistance he has received from Major (local Lieutenant Colonel) H Sclater, AAG, RA
Colonel E Wood (local Major General), RE, Chief Engineer, supervised arrangements for pushing forward trenches towards enemy's laager at Paardeberg, and the successful result attained there is due in large measure to his efforts.
Colonel Sir W Nicholson (local Major General), RE, undertook, at my request, organisation of a transport department in the limited time available; he performed this duty with conspicuous ability.
Colonel W Richardson, ASC, DAG, Director of Supplies, has successfully overcome many difficulties connected with arranging for the supplies of the Army in a district where scarcely any forage, and no rations, except fresh meat, are procurable.
Lieutenant Colonel R Hippisley, RE, Director of Telegraphs, was indefatigable in endeavouring to ensure that I should be in communication with the whole of my force. That such a result was on most occasions attained, despite the distance which had to be traversed in an enemy's country, is most creditable to him, as well as to Captain E Godfrey-Faussett, RE, who was in immediate command of the Telegraph Division during the march to Bloemfontein.
Captain E Girouard (Brevet Major and local Lieutenant Colonel), DSO, RE, Director of Railways, has carried out his duties in a highly creditable manner; the concentration of troops prior to my advance was carried out by him without a hitch, and he has recently performed valuable services in restoring through railway communication between the Orange Free State and Cape Colony.
Surgeon-General W Wilson, MB, has had responsible and important duties to perform; the arrangements necessary to provide for the wants of the many sick and wounded nave required unremitting care and forethought, and the successful way in which they have been carried out reflects the greatest credit on horn.
Colonel W Stevenson, Royal Army Medical Corps, has been PMO with the force, and I desire to draw attention not only to the efficient manner in which he has supervised the working of the corps, bat also to the assistance I have received from him at all times.
Mr Watson Cheyne, FRS, and Mr Kendal Franks, FRCSI, consulting surgeons, who accompanied the Army, have rendered invaluable service by their advice and assistance to the medical officers. They have been unwearying in their work among the wounded and sick, and, humanly speaking, many a valuable life has been saved by their skill.
Major J Fiaschi, NSW Medical Staff Corps, is deserving of special mention on account of the assistance which he rendered to the sick and wounded, as well as upon the efficient condition in which he has kept the ambulance under his command.
Honourable Colonel Lord Stanley, 2nd VB Loyal North Lancashire Regiment, has carried out the difficult duties of Press censor with tact and discretion.
The following officers, non-commissioned officers, and men have distinguished themselves: -
Army Service Corps-Brevet Colonel F F Johnson, staff officer to director of supplies; Captain R Ford, Lieutenant P G P Lea.
Transport Department-Captain W T Furse, RA, DAAG; Majors S S long, ASC, J T Johnson, RA; Brevet Lieutenant Colonel F I Maise, DSO, Coldstream Guards.
Army Veterinary Department-Veterinary Captain L J Blenkinsop, DSO; Veterinary Lieutenant H T Sawyer.
Lieutenant General Sir F Forestier-Walker, commanding the lines of communication, has had heavy and responsible work, not only in questions relating to disembarkation of troops and military stores, but especially in despatching them to the front; he has carried out these duties with credit to himseif and with advantage to the public service.
Cavalry Division.
Major General J French (local Lieutenant General), commanding, carried out to my entire satisfaction the arduous and important duties entrusted to his charge. By his rapid movement from Dekiels Drift to Kimberley he relieved that beleaguered town on February 15, 1900; after engaging the enemy the following day he made a forced march to Koedoesrand Drift and cut off line of retreat of enemy's force. He bore a distinguished share in engagements of March 7, 10, and 13, on which latter date ne dislodged enemy from vicinity of Bloemfontein.
Cavalry Divisional Staff and Troops-Lieutenant Colonel W Donovan, Royal Army Medical Corps, PMO, Major (local Lieutenant Colonel) D Haig, 7th Hussars, AAG; Majors Honourable H Lawrence, 17th Lancers, DAAG for Intelligence, and Honourable C E Bingham, 1st Life Guards, ADC
Royal Horse Artillery-Lieutenant Colonels W Davidson, F Eustace, A Rochfort; Majors Sir J Jervis-White-Jervis, Baronet, B Burton; Corporal G Hearu; Gunner F Wallace; Trumpeter R Hanna.
French's Scouts-Sergeant Green and Private Penny.
Civil Guide-Mr Hogg.
Army Service Corps-Staff Sergeant Major Sinfield.
1st Cavalry Brigade.
Lieutenant Colonel T Porter (Brevet Colonel) commanded, and handled his troops with ability during operations of March 12 and 13, 1900.
Lieutenant Colonel Honourable W Alexander, Royal Scots Greys, commanded at actions of Riet and Modder Rivers in Colonel Porter's absence with most satisfactory results.
6th Dragoon Guards-Major A Sprot; 2nd Lieutenant W J S Rundle; Sergeants W J Bowman, A Crawshay; Corporal A Blackmail; Privates G Bunn, J Buckenham, H Cowley.
2nd Dragoons-Major H J Scobell; Lieutenant A G Seymour; Sergeant A J Pott; Private A Elliott.
6th Dragoons-Major E H H Allenby.
2nd Cavalry Brigade.
Major and Brevet Colonel R G Broadwood (Brigadier General) commanded with exceptional ability and dash throughout the operations.
Household Cavalry Regiment-Lieutenant Colonel Sir A D Neeld, Baronet, 2nd Life Guards; Lieutenants Honourable R Ward and Honourable A V Meade, Royal Horse Guards; Corporal Majors C Putman, 1st Life Guards, and W Silwood, 2nd Life Guards: Corporal of Horse T Taylor, Royal Horse Guards.
10th Hussars-Lieutenant Colonel B B W Fisher; Sergeant S Sanders; Pioneer Sergeant E Engleheart; Lance Sergeant P Thwaites; Lance Corporal A Nugent; Private M Johnson.
12th Lancers.-Lieutenant Colonel D S W Earl of Airlie; Lieutenant O Fane.
3rd Cavalry Brigade.
Lieutenant Colonel J Gordon (Brigadier General) commanded with distinction, and his services in leading the advance brigade of Cavalry Division during advance on Kimberley are specially worthy of mention.
9th Lancers-Major (local Lieutenant Colonel) M Little; Lieutenant Lord F Hamilton- Temple-Blackwood; 2nd Lieutenant L de V Sadleir-Jackson; Corporals C Wilson, C Green, T Mitchell; Privates C Stanford, T Holman.
16th Lancers-Major S Frewen; Lieutenant Honourable C M Evans-Freke; Captain F Nash; Privates G Chanlish, E Daniel, F Moseley.
Royal Engineers-Captain and Brevet Major A G Hunter-Weston; Lieutenant J E R Charles; Corporal F Kirby; Lance Corporal S Edwards; Sappers J Redding, J Webb, J Parsons.
Mounted Infantry with Cavalry Division. 1st Mounted Infantry Brigade-Major E A H Alderson (Brevet Lieutenant Colonel), Royal West Kent Regiment, commanding.
Roberts's Horse-Lieutenant Colonel H L Dawson, 9th Bengal Lancers; Captain A W Pack Beresford; Tprs. L Chadwick, C H Worrod.
New Zealand Mounted Infantry-Major A W Robin.
Rimington's Guides-Major F M Rimington, 6th Dragoons; Lieutenants R C Master, KRRC, W F Murray; Corporal W Kirton; Guides E Christian, H E Jackson.
2nd Mounted Infantry Brigade-Major P Le Gallais (Brevet Lieutenant Colonel), 8th Hussars, commanding.
6th Regiment Mounted Infantry-Captain (local Lieutenant Col ) H De Lisle, DSO, Durham Light Infantry; Captains R Fanshawe, Oxford Light Infantry; W V Pennefather, Welsh Regiment; Lieutenant B Anley, Essex Regiment; Sergeant F M'Cay and Private W Taylor, Gordon Highlanders.
8th Regiment Mounted Infantry-Major (local Lieutenant Colonel} W C Ross, Durham Light Infantry
CIV Mounted Infantry-Lieutenant Colonel (Honourable Colonel) H Cholmondeley, London Rifle Brigade.
Kitchener's Horse-Major (local Lieutenant Colonel) N Legge, DSO, 20th Hussars; Captain W Congreve, VC, Rifle Brigade; Captain H MacAndrew, 5th Bengal Cavalry; Captain and Adjutant C Ritchie; Lieutenant J Jackson; Squadron Quartermaster Sergeant D Bree; Troopers T Maldrett, T Huckle, A Miller, A Lewis.
Nesbltt's Horse-Major Currie.
New South Wales Mounted Infantry-Captain J M Antill, Corporal English.
3rd Mounted Infantry Brigade-Major C G Martyr (Brevet Lieutenant Colonel), DSO, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, commanding.
Queensland Mounted Infantry-Captains D Reid and R Browne.
4th Mounted Infantry Brigade-Colonel C Ridley, commanding, performed conspicuous service when enemy attacked convoy under his charge on February 15, and on other occasions subsequently.
5th Regiment Mounted Infantry-Lieutenant Colonel E Bainbridge, East Kent Regiment.
7th Regiment Mounted Infantry-Captain W Holland, Worcester Regiment
Guards Brigade.
Colonel R Pole-Carew (local Major General) commanded in a highly efficient manner. Though the troops under his command have had no opportunity of engaging enemy during period under review, they have performed excellent service throughout.
6th Infantry Division.
Major General T Kelly-Kenny (local Lieutenant General), commanding, conducted with conspicuous ability operations which resulted in force under General Cronje being surrounded by our troops at Paardeberg; he also performed distinguished service in command of his division in actions of March 7 and 10, at Poplar Grove and Driefontein.
Divisional Staff and Troops-MajorC Monro, Royal West Surrey Regiment, DAAG; Captain (Brevet Major) C Vandeleur, DSO, Scots Guards; Captain W H Booth, ADC, East Kent Regiment; Lieutenant Colonel W Gubbins, MB, Major W Pike, Captain E Andersen, Lieutenant J Berne, RAMC; Reverend J Blackbourne, chaplain; Majors R Harrison, W Connollv, Captains C Stevens, J Hobson, Lieutenant A Devenish, Corporal C Bowles (82nd Battery), Gunner G Fox (76th Battery), RFA.
13th Infantry Brigade-Colonel C Knox (local Major General), commanding, performed distinguished services on several occasions, notably during rear-guard action of February 16, and action of February 18, on which occasion he was wounded.
East Kent Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel (Brevet Colonel) R Hickson; Captain R M'Douall; Lieutenant L Hickson, Royal West Kent Regiment (attached); Sergeant W Stainforth; Private G White.
Gloucester Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel R Lindsell; Captain C Moss; Lieutenant and Adjutant E Le Mottee.
West Riding Regiment (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel C Lloyd, DSO, Major B Le Marchant; Captain O Harris, Lieutenant and W Tyndall; Lance Corporal T Hinchcliffe; Private C Horsley.
Oxford Light Infantry (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel Honourable A Dalzell; Captain E Lethbridge and F Henley.
18th Infantry Brigade-Colonel T Stephenson (Brigadier General), commanding, rendered valuable service in command of his brigade on February 18 at Paardeberg, and again at Abraham's Kraal on March 10, 1900.
Yorkshire Regiment (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel Bowles; Major J Fearon; Captain M Ferrar; Sergeant B Richardson; Lance Corporal A Hatton.
Welsh Regiment (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel B Bamfield; Major (Brevet Lieutenant Colonel) W Gifford; Captain C Mor-land; Lieutenant C Berkeley; 2nd Lieutenant H Lloyd; Sergeant F Bristowe; Privates J Foulny, G Argent, J Williams.
Essex Regiment (1st Battalion)-Major H Nason; Brevet Lieutenant Colonel R Tudway; Captain W Legge, O G Godfrey Faussett; Lieutenant and Adjutant A Pratt; Colour Sergeants F Hewlett, A Brandon; Sergeants J Francis, H Crabb, P Long; Lance Sergeant H B Offfen; Corporal F Fenner; Privates C Shanks, S Copplestone, W Campbell
7th Infantry Division.
Major General C Tucker (local Lieutenant General), commanding, was in personal command of force which returned to Waterval Drift on February 15; he subsequently rendered valuable services at Paardeberg, and during action at Poplar Grove on March 7, 1900.
Divisional Staff and Troops-Lieutenant Colonel R Maxwell, RE
14th Infantry Brigade-Major General Sir H Chermside, commanding, came specially to my notice by the good service he rendered in assisting to prevent escape of General Cronje's force eastward at Paardeberg, and for the efficient condition of his brigade.
Norfolk Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Captain J Marriott; Corporal R Chilvers.
Lincoln Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Captain J J Howley.
King's Own Scottish Borderers (1st Battalion)- Captain J Pratt; Lieutenant E Young; Colour Sergeant G Armstrong; Sergeant J Larkin; Private C Peebles.
18th Infantry Brigade-Major General A Wavell, commanding, carried out his duties most satisfactorily during march to Bloemfbntein, and dislodged enemy from Jacobsdal on February 15.
9th Infantry Division.
Major General Sir H Colvile (local Lieutenant Gen), commanding, contributed materially to success of operations which took place between February 16 and 17, and commanded his division with distinction in engagement at Poplar Grove on March 7, 1900.
Divisional Staff and Troops-Major (Brevet Lieutenant Colonel) J S Ewart, Cameron Highlanders, AAG; Captain H G Ruggles-Brise, Grenadier Guards, DAAG; Major Count Gleichen, CMG, DAAG for Intelligence; Reverend J Robertson, Chaplain to Forces; Staff Sergeant Major W Nash, ASC
Royal Engineers-Lieutenant Colonel W Kincaid; Captain F Boileau; Lieutenants E Wilson, H Musgrave.
Highland (3rd Infantry) Brigade-Colonel H Macdonald (local Major General), commanding, whose services on February 7 in engagement at Koedoesberg have already been brought to notice, led his brigade with distinguished personal gallantry at Paardeberg on February 18, 1900, until wounded.
Royal Highlanders (2nd Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel A Carthew-Yorstoun; Major N Cuthbertson; Lieutenant J Hamilton; 2nd Lieutenant C West; Pioneer Sergeant T Howden; Piper D Cameron; Privates J Hastie, J R MacGregor, W Forrest.
Seaforth Highlanders (2nd Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel J Hughes-Hallett led the Highland Brigade out of action on February 18, and commanded it subsequently in an efficient manner; Captain E Cowans; Lance Corporal C M'Kenzie; Privates E Steele, H Christian, J Hunter, T Birch, T Rollie.
Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel A Wilson; Corporal Ferrier; Privates A Luke, C M'Laren, J Macdonald.
Royal Army Medical Corps-Corporal W Glasgow.
Cape Medical Bearer Company-Captain J J Brownlee; Sergeant A Bettington.
19th Infantry Brigade-Lieutenant Colonel H Smith-Dorrien (Brevet Colonel, local Major General), commanding, rendered valuable and distinguished service on each occasion on which his brigade was engaged.
Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (2nd Battalion)-Major G. Ashby; Captains F Rhodes, G Rawlinson, J Mander; Col-Sergeants D Owen, H J Smith; Sergeant F, J Symons; Corporals H Cooper, A Bedford; Bugler C Best; Privates J Thompson, B Cole, Retallick, C Haythorpe.
Shropshire Light Infantry (2nd Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel J Spens; Captain C Higginson; Colour Sergeants S Bertram, Lea; Sergeant W Henshaw; Privates E Bawden, R Meredith.
Gordon Highlanders (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel F Macbean.; Captain W Gordon; Lieutenant D Younger; Sergeants A Austin, J Sanders, J Wills; Lance Corporal R Edmondstone.
Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry-Lieutenant Colonel W Otter, Canadian Staff, ADC to Governor-General of Canada; Majors L Buchan, O Pelletier (Lieutenant Colonels); Captains H Stairs (Captain 6th Princess Louise’s Fusiliers); Lieutenant and Adjutant A Macdonnell (Captain); Sergeant Utton; Privates J Kennedy, H Andrews, J H Dixon, C Duncafe, F Page.
Bearer Company Royal Army Medical Corps-Major R Sawyer; Capt P Probyn; Sergeant Major F Crookes; Corporal A Ralfe; Private F Farrell.
Killed in action or Died of Wounds-The following rendered conspicuously valuable services; had they survived, l should have brought their names prominently to notice:-
Colonell O Hannay, commanding 1st Brigade Mounted Infantry.
Lieutenant Colonel W Aldworth, commanding 2nd Battalion Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry.
Lieutenant Colonel C Umphelby, Royal Australian Artillery
Captain and Adjutant D Lomax, 1st Battalion Welsh Regiment
Lieutenant F Parsons, 1st Battalion Essex Regiment
Lieutenant G Grieve, NSW Forces, attached 2nd Battalion Royal Highlanders.
2nd Lieutenants R M'Clure and D Monypenny, 2nd Batn Seaforth Highlanders.
SANNAH'S POST, March 30-31, 1900
Brigadier General Broadwood, in his despatch, April 20, 1900, says the reason the reverse was not more serious is, in a great measure, due to the skilful handling of his brigade, during the 31st, by Lieutenant Colonel Alderson. Conspicuous gallantry was shown by the whole of Q Battery RHA, and by the following, who assisted to withdraw the guns under heavy fire: -
West Riding Regiment-Private Parry.
Essex Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Lieutenant Stirling, Private Bright.
Shropshire Light Infantry (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Grover (killed).
Durham Light Infantry (2nd Battalion)-Lieutenants Ainsworth, Way, Ashburner; Lance Corporal Steele; Privates Pickford, Horton.
Roberts's Horse-Lieutenant Maxwell, DSO, 18th Bengal Lancers (attached).
The following risked their lives to save comrades under heavy fire.
Essex Regiment-Captain Gore Anley.
Roberts's Horse-Sergeant J C Collins; Privates T Murphy, V D Todd.
MAFEKING, October 13, 1899, to May 17, 1900
From Major General Baden-Powell's despatch, May 18, 1900:
Major Lord E Cecil, DSO, as chief staff officer, was of the greatest assistance to me; he stuck pluckily to his work, although much hampered by sickness during the first part of the siege; he did a great amount of hard work in the first organisation of the frontier force, and his tact and unruffled temperament enabled our staff dealings with the Colonial civilians to be carried on with the least possible friction.
Captain Ryan, ASC, as DAAG (B), proved an exceptionally capable and energetic supply officer; on his shoulders fell the whole work of feeding the entire community-garrison, non-combatants, and natives-a duty which he carried out with conspicuous success.
Lieutenant Honourable A Hanbury-Tracey, Royal Horse Guards, as intelligence officer and press censor, has worked hard and successfully, and with tact and firmness in his dealings with press correspondents.
Captain O Wilson, Royal Horse Guards, as my ADC, in addition to his other duties, had charge of the soup and sowens kitchens, and did most useful work.
Honourable Lieutenant M'Kenzie, as transport officer, did excellent work in the organisation of his departments and in the purchase of mules and material, etc In addition to his other duties he acted as extra ADC to me, and was an exceptionally energetic and useful staff officer.
Major Panzera, BSA Police, as commanding artillery, showed himself a smart and practical gunner, endowed with the greatest zeal, coupled with personal gallantry in action. The great success gained by our little guns, even when opposed to the modern armament of the enemy, was largely due to his organisation and handling of them. He acted as my brigade major and proved himself a most reliable and useful staff officer.
Major C Vyvyan (local Lieutenant Colonel), East Kent Regiment, was base commandant, commanding engineer, and for three months town commandant; as such he organised the Town Guard and defences in the first instance. To his untiring zeal and ability the successful defence is largly due. He carried out a very heavy amount of work, practically single-handed, with conspicuous success.
Major Anderson, Royal Army Medical Corps, showed throughout untiring zeal, coupled with coolness and gallantry, in attending the wounded under fire, in addition to his eminent professional ability. Latterly, as PMO, his unfailing tact and administrative capabilities rendered his services of greatest value. The strain of his devotion to his duty told heavily on his health.
Medical Staff Dr W Hayes, Surgeon-Major Holmden, BSA Police, and Dr T Hayes, worked with conspicuous ceal and skill under a never-ending strain of work; all very frequently under fire in carrying out their duties, even in their own hospital.
Captain Greener, paymaster BSA Police, as chief paymaster, rendered most efficient and valuable service; he kept accounts of all Government expenditures and receipts, in addition to his ordinary accounts. By his care and zeal I am convinced that the Government were saved much expense.
Bechuanaland Rifles-Captain Cowan, commanding, had his corps in such a condition of efficiency as enabled me to employ them in all respects as regular troops; he was at all times ready and zealous in the performance of any duty assigned to him. Sergeant Cook, specially recommended for clever and plucky scouting and for gallantry in action.
British South Africa Police-Colonel Walford commanded southern defences with his detachment throughout with conspicuous success; always cool and quick to see what was wanted, his services were most valuable. Captains A Williams and Scholfield and Lieutenant Daniells did much good and useful service.
Cape Police-Inspector Brown commanded detachment of Division 2; he and the splendid lot of men under his command did excellent work throughout, especially in occupation of trenches in brickfields, where for over a month they were within close range of enemy's works, and constantly on the alert and under fire. Inspector March commanded detachment of Division 1 throughout, and carried out his duties most efficiently and zealously. Trooper (local Sergeant Major) Hodgson acted as Sergeant Major to ASC, and was of the greatest help to Captain Ryan.
Colonial Contingent-Corporal (local Lieutenant) Currie, City Police, did exceptionally good service in command of the contingent, to wnich he succeeded when Captain Goodyear (who originally raised the corps) was severely wounded while gallantly leading his men. Sergeant Major Taylor, for gallantry and general good work in the brickfields, scouting, blowing up a kiln occupied by enemy, etc (killed in action).
Protectorate Regiment-Lieutenant Colonel Hore, Stafford Regiment, raised, organised, and commanded regiment, which did invaluable service. Major Godley, Royal Dublin Fusiliers, as adjutant, had much to do with the successful organisation of the corps when first raised; as commander of western defences throughout his services were of the highest value; his coolness, readiness of resource, and tactfulness in dealing with the Colonials made him an ideal officer for such command in action; he was my right hand in the defence, I cannot speak too highly of his good work. Captain Marsh, Royal West Kent Regiment, commanded a squadron with very good results; he also had charge of defence of native stadt, and displayed great tact and patience in his successful management of the natives. Capt, Vernon, KRRC, was a most successful officer in command of a squadron, and displayed the greatest gallantry in action (killed in action, December 26). Captain FitzClarence, Royal Fusiliers, commanded a squadron; he distinguished himself on numerous occasions by his personal gallantry and exceptional soldierly qualities (twice wounded). Lieutenant (local Captain) Lord C Bentinck, 9th Lancers, commanded a squadron with very good results; he did good service by his zeal and readiness in action. Lieutenants Holden, Greenfield and Feltham did much good and useful work.
Cattle Guards, etc-The following organised and commanded, with most satisfactory results, the native cattle guards, watchmen, etc:-Captain (local) M'Kenzie, Zulus, etc; Mr D Webster, Fingoes; Corporal (local Sergeant) Abrams, Cape Police, Baralongs.
Signalling Staff Sergeant Major Moffatt, for gallantry in action in bringing a sergeant out of action under heavy fire; also for good work as a signaller.
Town Guard-Major Goold-Adams, Resident Commissioner of the Protectorate, commanded during last half of siege; his extensive knowledge of the country and people (both native and white) was of the greatest value, and his advice was always most willingly at my disposal; I am greatly indebted for the great assistance he at all times afforded me. Captain (local) More, resident railway engineer, organised most effectively the railway employees into a paid division for the armoured train and a division for the Guard; his energy and resourcefulness were conspicuous throughout; the armoured trains, defence railway, search-light, etc, were made under his supervision.
Nursing staff-The work done by the lady nurses was beyond all praise. Miss Hill, the matron of the Victoria Hospital, was assisted by a number of lady volunteers, in addition to her regular staff, consisting of Mrs Pannister and Miss Gamble. Mother Superior Teresa and eight Sisters of Mercy also worked in the hospital. Lady Sarah Wilson, assisted by other ladies, managed the Convalescent Hospital. Miss Craufurd managed the Women and Children's Hospital. These ladies worked with the greatest zeal and self devotion throughout. The protracted strain of heavy work, frequently carried out under fire (Lady Sarah Wilson was wounded), told on most of them, Miss Hill being at one time prostrated by overwork. It was largely due to their unremitting devotion and skill that the wounded, in so many cases, made marvellous recoveries, and the health of the garrison remained so good.
Civil-Mr C Bell, resident magistrate and civil commissioner, had entire charge of native affairs, and managed the chiefs with great tact, and very successfully at a critical time, when they were inclined to sit on the fence and see which was going to win, and were being tempted with offers from the Boers; as magistrate he also rendered me great assistance. Mr F Whlteley's (Mayor of Mafeking) services were invaluable; in a most public-spirited manner he took up, at my request, the difficult task of arranging for the feeding and housing of all the women and children, and carried out their management with marked success; he was much assisted by Mr Rowlands, who gave up his house, garden, water supply, etc, to be used by the laager. Reverend W Weekes also rendered valuable service in assisting in management of women's laager, etc Mr Howat, post and telegraph master, with his staff, Messrs Campbell, Simpson, and M'Leod, did invaluable work in connecting up and in keeping in communication with headquarters the whole of the defence works by telephone. Mr Heal, the jailer, carried out most arduous and difficult duties most loyally and efficiently (killed by a shell, May 12). Sergeant Stewart, Cape Police, rendered valuable service as head of civil police. Mr Millar, head of refugees' laager, displayed much zeal and did excellent work in management of refugees' laager and defences, etc
For Special Recognition-In a despatch of June 6, General Baden-Powell recommends the following from amongst the above:-
Lieutenant Colonel Walford; Majors Panzera, Godley, Vyvyan, Lord E Cecil; Captain Ryan; all of whom did exceptionally good service.
Capt FitzClarence, for personal gallantry, recommended for the VC; Captains Marsh and Ashley-Williams, and Lieutenant Lord C Bentinck, good service in action; Major Anderson, medical service; Major Goold-Adams and Mr C O H Bell, civil and political services.
Mr F Whiteley (mayor of Mafeking), eminent civil services; his reward would be highly appreciated by the townspeople, as recognition of their share in the defence.
The following ladies for hospital services: Miss Hill, Mother Teresa, Lady Sarah Wilson, Miss Crauford; latter also for attending wounded Boers under fire on May 12.
SIR G WHITE'S RECOMMENDATIONS
Sir G White, in his despatch, dated Ladysmith, December, 2, 1899, brings to notice the following as being "eminently deserving of reward": -
The late Lieutenant General Sir W Penn Symons, KCB, I cannot too strongly record my opinion of the energy and courage shown by this distinguished general officer in the exercise of his command, until he was mortally wounded in the action at Talana Hill, near Dundee, October 20; in him the country has lost an officer of high ability and a leader of exceptional valour.
Major General Sir A Hunter, KCB, DSO, Chief of the Staff. The services of this officer have been of the very highest value to the State; his zeal is indefatigable, and he has carried out the business of the force under my command so as to relieve me of all anxiety; he is equally good in the field, and has the gift of carrying with him all with whom he is brought in contact; I have every confidence in recommending this officer for advancement as one fitted for the highest commands.
Major General J French, commanding the cavalry, rendered me most valuable assistance; he commanded the troops engaged at Elandslaagte, where his dispositions resulted in the most decisive victory; I consider his services have merited very special recognition.
Brigadier General J Yule succeeded to the command of the Dundee force when Major General Sir W Penn Symons was wounded, and had a difficult duty to carry out; he conducted the retirement of the force from Dundee to Ladysmith with marked success.
Brigadier General O Wolfe-Murray, commanding lines of communication, is an officer of great administrative ability, and has done his work excellently well; he has been specially selected for this most important post from the confidence felt in him, and, as it is one that entails hard work and is not as popular as employment in the front, I think the value of the service should be exceptionally recognised.
Colonel I Hamilton, CB, DSO, has acted as brigadier-general in command of a brigade since my headquarters have been established at Ladysmith; I have made a special recommendation in favour of this officer for the manner in which he led the infantry at Elandslaagte on October 21 and consider him an officer of special ability who is well fitted for higher rank and command.
Colonel B Duff, ISC, has been my assistant military secretary, and has discharged the duties of the office with marked ability and success; his advancement will be a benefit to the Service, and he is well fitted for the highest staff appointments.
Brevet Colonel E Ward, CB, ASC, AAG (b). I cannot speak too highly of this officer; his forethought in collecting supplies in Ladysmith while railway communication was open with the sea at Durban has enabled me to occupy the position here with perfect confidence that the garrison could not be starved out. When the force originally at Dundee was thrown back on Ladysmith, having had to abandon the supplies provided for it, Colonel Ward's provision was ample, even for the extra strain thus thrown on the supply, as well as to meet the necessity of finding rations for the civil population; his power of work and resources are most marked, and he has won the confidence of all. I consider him an officer of the highest administrative ability, and recommend him most strongly for recognition.
Colonel C Downing, commanding RA, has been my adviser on all artillery matters, and I count myself fortunate in having had the assistance of such an experienced and highly-educated artillery officer.
Colonel W Knox, CB, colonel on the staff, Ladysmith, has, from the appointment he holds, been left in command of Ladysmith on all occasions when the field army has gone out; his services have been very valuable,
Colonel W Royston, commanding Natal Volunteer Force. The services which Colonel Royston and the forces under his command have rendered to the State and Colony have been of the very highest value; in him, I have found a bold and successful leader, and an adviser whose experience of the Colony and of the enemy has been of great value to me; employed on arduous duty, from the commencement of the campaign in touch with the enemy, I have found him prompt and ready for every emergency; he and his force reflect the highest credit on the Colony of Natal.
Colonel J Dartnell, Chief Commissioner Natal Police, rendered valuable services to the late Lieutenant General Sir W Penn Symons and to Brigadier General Yule when the Dundee column fell back on Ladysmith; his advice and experience were of the highest value, and I found him always ready and willing to help me in any way in his power.
Brevet Colonel Sir H Rawlinson, Baronet, Coldstream Guards, DAAG, has acted as AAG since this force was formed, and has proved himself a staff officer of very high ability; he has great power of work, and carries out his duties pleasantly and thoroughly; he is also a most valuable staff officer in action, and possessed of a quick eye and great dash; I recommend him for advancement.
Lieutenant Colonel R Exham, Royal Army Medical Corps, PMO, has had an anxious time in the charge of the sick and wounded of this force, and has done everything in his power to meet the medical requirements of the various phases of the present campaign; his zeal and assiduity are worthy of recognition.
Royal Field Artillery-The services of the artillery have been so valuable that I have special pleasure in recommending Lieutenant Colonels J Coxhead and E Pickwoad, commanding brigade divisions. I consider the following have well earned special mention:-Majors J Dawkins, 13th Battery; W Blewitt, 21st Battery; C Goulburn, 42nd Battery; A Abdy, 53 Battery; J Manifold, 67th Battery; F Wing, 69th Battery.
Major S Rice, RE, acting as CRE, has been indefatigable in the discharge of his duties, and his services have been most valuable in preparing the entrenched positions occupied by the garrison, and in other matters connected with this particular branch.
Major E Altham, Royal Scots, AAG, Field Intelligence, has had a very difficult office to fill. I consider has has done all that was possible; he has kept me informed of the enemy's movements, as well as changes, in his strength and dispositions. I have a very high opinion of his ability and aptitude for the particular branch in which he is employed.
Major D Henderson, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, DAAG, Field Intelligence, is a most painstaking and reliable intelligence officer; he possesses boldness, discretion, and reticence, and is an officer of high promise.
Major W Adye, Royal Irish Rifles, DAAG, Field Intelligence, has proved himself an officer of a most adventurous spirit in reconnoitring and reporting on the enemy's positions, and his services have been valuable to me.
Major H Morgan, DSO, ASC, Assistant Director of Supplies, rendered most valuable service in disembarking and entraining the first reinforcements that arrived in Natal, and hurrying them on to the front.
The following carried out the duties of their departments with advantage to the State and credit to themselves:-Veterinary Lieutenant Colonel I Mathews, PVO; Majors W Savile, RA, Army Ordnance Department.; A Murray, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, who acted as staff officer to Brigadier General Yule during retirement from Dundee; Brevet Lieutenant Colonel H Lawson, BE, AAG, lines of communication and commanding at Durban; Major S Grant, RE, special service.
Railway Administration-This, under David Hunter, CMG, was most excellently carried out, and was worked most harmoniously and successfully in concert with the military and naval officers.
Excellent Service-Colonel C E Beckett, CB, AAG; Lieutenant Colonel R W Mapleton, Royal Army Medical Corps; Major C Hamilton, RA, who has been acting throughout as DAAG on my Headquarter Staff; Major H Mullaly, RE, DAAG; Brevet Major A King, Royal Lancaster Regiment, ADC to Major General Sir A Hunter, KCB, DSO; Captain F Lyon, RFA, ADC; Captain J Young, RE, railway staff officer; Captain F Tatham, Natal Mounted Rifles; Reverend E Macpherson, BA, senior chaplain, Church of England; Reverend O Watkins, acting Wesleyan chaplain; T Bennett, resident magistrate, Ladysmith; D Giles, resident magistrate, Upper Tugela magistracy; Conductor W Ashmore, Indian unattached list; Quartermaster Sergeant E Morton, Corps of Military Staff Clerks; Sergeant P Burke, Staff Clerk Section, ASC; Guides A Allison, T Loxton, and P Greathead, Natal Corps of Guides.
The following were brought to notice by general officer commanding and officers commanding units: -
4th Dragoon Guards (attached to 5th Dragoon Guards)-Captain G Mappin.
5th Lancers-Major A C King, Lieutenant and Adjutant H H Hulse.
7th Hussars-Major D Haig; Captain R G Brooke, DSO
11th Hussars-Lieutenant P Fitzgerald.
Royal Field Artillery-Captain W Thwaites, 53rd Battery
Royal Engineers-Captain G H Fowke; Corporall H Rawlinson; Sappers S Hudson, C Spurling.
Devon Regiment (1st Battalion)-Major M C Curry; Captains W Lafone, H L Ravenshaw (adjutant); Lieutenants J Masterson, H Field; Colour Sergeant G Palmer.
Somerset Light Infantry-Captain J Vallentin.
Leicester Regiment (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant B Weldon.
Scottish Rifles (1st Battalion) (attached to 2nd Battalion King's Royal Rifle Corps)-Lieutenant N Tod.
King's Royal Rifle Corps (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel R Gunning (killed in action); Captain and Adjutant H Blore (killed in action); 2nd Lieutenant R E Reade rendered himself conspicuous by his gallant service during the attack on Waggon Hill, January 6, 1900. Bandmaster F Tyler. 2nd Battalion-Major H Buchanan-Riddell.
Manchester Regiment (1st Battalion)-Major 3. Watson; Captain A Marden; Lieutenant H Fisher; Sergeant R, Lloyd.
Gordon Highlanders (2nd Battalion)-Major W Scott; Captains C Macready, E Streatfeild (adjutant); Sergeant H Shepherd.
Royal Dublin Fusiliers (2nd Battalion)-Major S Bird; Captain M Lowndes (adjutant); G A Weldon (killed in action).
Army Service Corps-Captain A Long; 1st Class Sergeant Major T Curtis.
Royal Army Medical Corps-Lieutenant Colonel P Johnston; Majors H Martin, M Kerin; Captain G Walker; Sergeant Major Cadogan.
Indian Staff Corps-Major W Wickham.
Imperial Light Horse-Colonel J Scott-Chisholme (killed in action), Majors A Wools-Sampson, W Karri Davis, Captains J Orr, C Mullins, J Knapp (killed in action).
Natal Volunteer Force-Major H Bru-de-Wold (Senior Staff Officer, Natal Volunteer Force), Permanent Staff, Natal Volunteer Force; Captain H Platt, Volunteer Medical Staff.
Indian Commissariat-Transport Department-Conductor H Young; Sub-Conductor M Tyler.
From Sir G White’s despatch, March 23, 1900. [Marker p17/2]
Major General Sir A Hunter, who acted as my Chief of the Staff, is an offieer of well-known reputation. I cannot speak too highly of him, whether for the performance of staff duties or for bold leading in the field; he is a most loyal and efficient staff officer, and I recommend him for advancement with the utmost confidence, being well assured such a step would be for the good of the State.
Major General F Howard, commanding 8th Brigade and in charge of Section B of defences, has proved himself a careful and able administrator; the works constructed in his section were exceptionally strong and well maintained.
Colonel I Hamilton, commanding 7th Brigade and in charge of Section C of defences, has during whole of operations been in charge of the most exposed and most extended front, including the immense position of Caesar's Camp and Waggon Hill, over four miles of perimeter. I cannot speak too highly of his indefatigable zeal in organising the defence of his front, and in keeping up the hearts of all under him by his constant and personal supervision; his leadership on January 6 was the most marked factor in the success of the defence.
Colonel W Knox, colonel on staff in charge of Section A of defences, exercised the command entrusted to him with great zeal and skill. The works constructed on his front were models of semi-permanent entrenchment, laid out from the commencement on a pIan which enabled him to strengthen them day by day until they became practically impregnable; he is an officer of fine nerve and a strong disciplinarian. I trust his services may be adequately rewarded.
Colonel W Royston, commanding Natal Volunteer Forces, and in charge of Section D of defences. I can only repeat the high praise which I had the pleasure to bestow on Colonel Royston in my despatch of December 2. He commanded Section D in an admirable manner, and with his force, though much reduced in numbers by casualties and disease, continued to the end to perform invaluable service. He is an officer exceptionally suited to his important position as commandant of the Natal Volunteer Forces, and I trust he may receive some suitable reward.
Major General J Brocklehurst continued to command the Cavalry Brigade until the horses became useless from starvation; in all cavalry actions round Ladysmith his personal gallantry was conspicuous.
Colonel C Downing, commanding RA, did all that a highly-trained specialist couid do to assist me, both as regards the employment of his batteries as mobile units and also in their distribution and action when it became necessary to demobilise them and place the guns in fixed epaulments; he is an officer in whose knowledge and judgment in artillery matters I have every confidence.
Major S Rice, commanding RE, was indefatigable in his exertions both by day and night, and showed considerable skill in laying out works and in giving to commanders of sections of the defences that advice and assistance in their construction which the trained officers of the Royal Engineers can so ably afford.
Brevet Colonel E Ward, CB, ASC, AAG (b). As the siege continued and the supply difficulties constantly increased, his cheerful ingenuity met every difficulty with ever-fresh expedients; he is unquestionably the very best supply officer I have ever met, and to his resource, foresight, and inventiveness the successful defence for so long a period is very largely due; he is exceptionally deserving of reward, and I trust that he may receive tne advancement which his services have merited.
Colonel B Duff, ISC, assistant military secretary, performed the duties of his office with his characteristic ability and zeal; he also took a prominent part in the general staff duties of headquarters, in which his services were equally valuable; this officer is fitted for the highest posts.
Colonel R Exham, Royal Army Medical Corps, did all that a PMO could do in organising the medical services under circumstances of exceptional difficulty, and with personnel and materiel both inadequate for a siege of such long duration, accompanied by such a great amount of sickness.
Lieutenant Colonel R Mapleton, Royal Army Medical Corps, in charge of Intombi Hospital Camp, was placed in a most exceptional position, in charge of a neutral camp, where maintenance of discipline in the ordinary way was impossible, but in face of all difficulties he did everything possible to maintain sanitation of the camp and to ensure the well-being of sick and wounded.
Veterinary Lieutenant Colonel I Matthews, Army Veterinary Department, PVO, did excellent work in maintaining: so far as want of proper forage would admit, the efficiency of all animals belonging to the force; he was a very valuable adviser on veterinary matters both to myself and to general officer commanding Cavalry Brigade.
Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Sir H Rawlinson, Baronet, Coldstream Guards, DAAG, who officiated throughout the siege as AAG (a), is a staff officer of great ability and activity, with a wonderful eye for the topography of the country; his constant observations of enemy s positions and movements were of much value to me in forecasting their intentions; he is well worthy of advancement.
Brevet Lieutenant Colonel H Lawson, additional AAG (a), is a staff officer of the highest ability and the soundest judgment, and rendered me most valuable service.
Major B Altham, AAG for Intelligence, has had to contend with all the difficulties inseparable from intelligence work under the limitations imposed by siege conditions; all that was possible under these conditions he has done, and I consider him an excellent intelligence officer in every respect.
Brevet Major H Henderson, DAAG for Intelligence. Towards the latter end of the siege Major Altham was attacked by enteric fever, and Major Henderson assumed charge of the Field Intelligence Department.; he is a bold and accurate reconnoitrer, and the intelligence he brought back was always reliable; whether as a subordinate or as head of Field Intelligence Department. he has always afforded me the greatest assistance. I recommend him for reward.
Major C Hamilton, DAAG (a), has done a good deal of most useful work, and has shown himself a Staff officer of high promise.
Major W Hawkins, Director of Army Telegraphs, was indefatigable in maintaining electric communication between my headauarters and all portions of defence; the service thus rendered was of highest value, and conduced greatly to the successful defence.
Major G Heath, in charge of Balloon Section, is a bold and enterprising aeronaut, and rendered useful service; the constant watch which he kept on enemy's movements being a source of much disquiet to them.
Major W Savile, Senior Ordnance Officer, conducted the duties of his department with zeal and ability.
Colonel J Dartnell, Chief Commissioner, Natal Police, possesses an exceptional knowledge of the Colony of Natal and of native character; I am greatly obliged to him for the advice and assistance which he has always been ready to afford me, of which I have availed myself freely, and which I have found of the highest value.
Magistrates-MrT Bennett, Resident Magistrate, was placed by me in charge of the civil camp at Intombi, and performed much good service in strictly enforcing the conditions on which I was permitted by Commandant General Joubert to maintain that camp. Mr D Giles acted as resident magistrate during Mr Bennett's absence, and was of great assistance in maintaining discipline among the civil population, both European and native.
Chaplains-Reverends E Macpherson, O Watkins, T Murray, and Father Ford, senior chaplains of the Church of England, Wesleyan, Presbyterian, and Roman Catholic denominations respectively, showed the greatest zeal and self-sacrifice in their attention to the sick and wounded as well as in their ministrations to those in health.
Especial Thanks are due to Lieutenant Colonel St J C Gore, 5th Dragoon Guards; Major E C Knox, 18th Hussars. Royal Field Artillery: Lieutenant Colonel J A Coxhead, 2nd Brigade Division; Majors J W G Dawkins, 13th Battery; W E Blewitt, 21st Battery; C E Goulburn, 42nd Battery; A J Abdy, 53rd Battery; J F Manifold, 67th Battery; F D V Wing, 69th Battery; Lieutenant Colonel C W Park, 1st Battalion Devon Regiment Lieutenant Colonel A E R Curran, 1st Battalion Manchester Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel C T E Metcalfe, 2nd Battalion Rifle Brigade. Major (local Lieutenant Colonel) A H M Edwards, 5th Dragoon Guards, commanding Imperial Light Horse.
Excellent Service has been rendered by Lieutenant Colonel J Stoneman, ASC, DAAG; Majors J R Dick, Army Pay Department.; F H Treherne, Royal Army Medical Corps; S C N Grant, RE; J F Bateson, Royal Army Medical Corps; H Mulkly, RE, DAAG; A J Murray, DAAG; Brevet Major A J King, Royal Lancaster Regiment, ADC to Major General Hunter; Major E Ludlow, ASC, DAAG (b); Captains J Young, RE, railway staff officer; F Lyon, RFA, ADC; F Tatham, Natal Mounted Rifles; Lieutenant J Walker, Royal Highlanders, divisional signalling officer; Conductor W Ashmore, Indian unattached list; Mr J Farquhar, Mayor of Ladysmith; Mr A Henderson, in charge of Native Guide Establishment.
The following have been brought to notice by general officers commanding, heads of departments, and officers commanding units:
4th Dragoon Guards-Lieutenant B H H Mathew-Lannowe.
5th Dragoon Guards-Lieutenant and Adjutant W Q Winwood.
5th Lancers-Major A C King.
11th Hussars-Lieutenant PD Fitzgerald.
16th Lancers-Captain G P Wyndham, Brigade Major, Cavalry Brigade.
18th Hussars-Major H T Laming; Lance Sergeant W Howard.
19th Hussars-Major H D Fanshawe; Lieutenant and Adjutant M Archer-Shee.
Royal Artillery-CaptainsA L Walker, E S E W Russell, staff.
Royal Field Artillery-21st Battery: Lieutenant R E Ramsden; Battery Sergeant Major W Crouch; Sergeants T Brace, O Ellis, G J Randall; Farrier-Sergeant J Nunn; Trumpeter G J Will. 42nd Battery: Lieutenant S W Douglas; Battery Sergeant Major W Hull; Battery Qrmr-Sergeant F Stannard; Sergeants D Heriot, C Grant; Gunner S Gawtry. Balloon Section: Corporals W Burtenshaw, W Pearce. 53rd Battery: Battery Sergeant J Vevers; Battery Quartermaster Sergeant T Fogarty; Sergeants J Boseley, H Gill; Bombardier A Cook; Acting Bombardier W Thomas; Gunner J Bourne. 69th Battery: Battery Quartermaster Sergeant W H Viney. 1st Brigade Divisional Ammunition Column: Major E S May; Captain H W A Christie; Regimental Sergeant Major E J Ellard; Sergeant H Wilson. 2nd Brigade Divisional Ammunition Column; Battery Quartermaster Sergeant E Strange; Corporal H Gray.
Royal Garrison Artillery-No 10 Mountain Battery: Sergeants J Roxburgh, J Lyons, G French; Gunners E Greenfield, W Shields, B Greenwood, E Holtham, T Woods.
Royal Engineers-Lieutenant R J T Digby-Jones (killed January 6). 23rd Field Company: 2nd Lieutenant J B B Denis (killed January 6); Sergeants C Jackson (killed) , F Land, E Piggott, H Herrington; Corporals H Rawlinson, W Rich; 2nd Corporals J Stewart, A Melvin, W Berry; Lance Corporals F Hockaday, H Bailey (killed), J Denniss, J Trebett; Sappers C Catchpole, H Rutt, G Sansum, A Snow, J H Cooper, H G Guyatt, J Geraghty, S Hudson, J Higgins, C Jacobs, C M'Kenzie, L Shaw, W Spurling, J Vardy. Telegraph Battalion: Troop Sergeant Major W Shaw; 2nd Corporal H Bleach; Sapper F J T Hedges.
Royal West Surrey Regiment (1st Battalion)-Brevet Major D Mackworth (killed January 6).
Liverpool Regiment (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel L S Mellor, Lieutenant and Adjutant L M Jones.
Devon Regiment (1st Battalion)-Major M O Curry; Captains W B Lafone (killed in action January 6); H S L Ravenshaw (adjutant); Lieutenants J E I Masterson, H N Field (killed in action January 6); Colour Sergeant G Palmer, Lance Corporals A Young, F Rowe; Privates T Brimmicombe, R Hansford, E Norman, H Cox.
Somerset Light Infantry-Captain J M Vallentin (Brigade-Major 7th Infantry Brigade); Lieutenant C Walker (killed in action January 6).
Leicester Regiment (1st Battalion)-Major E Scott, Capt L Sherer; Privates Hickinbottom, C Willars, F J Green.
Royal Irish Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Private M Healey, nursing orderly.
Scottish Rifles (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant N H Tod, attached to 2nd Battalion KRRC (killed in action January 6); Private A M'Kay, nursing orderly.
West Riding Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Sergeant C Sims.
King's Royal Rifle Corps (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel W Campbell; Captains E Northey, H Blore (adjutant); Bandmaster F Tyler; Sergeant F Curtis; Lance Sergeant W Beck; Lance Corporals J Mitchell, T Edmondson. 2nd Battalion- Majors H Buchanan-Riddell, Acting DAAG Divisional Troops; H Boweti (killed in action January 6); Col-Sergeant T Maple; Sergeant Gt. Hoad; Corporals A Green, F Maclachlan; Lance Corporal A Hoare; Private T Cross.
Manchester Regiment (1st Battalion)-Major J Watson; Captain A Marden; Lieutenant H Fisher; Sergeants M Gresty, E Grant, E Lloyd; Lance Corporals J M'Dowall, G Roberts; Privates R Scott, J Pitts, E Newton, A Hor-ribin, D Coyle, A M Smith (dead), H Stones, E Van Ryne, E Biggins.
Gordon Highlanders (2nd Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel W Scott, Major C Miller-Wallnutt (killed in action January 6); Colour Sergeant W Pryce; Sergeants R Milne, H Shepherd, J Morrice; Corporal H Gordon; Lance Corporal H Smith.
Royal Irish Fusiliers (1st Battalion)-Colour Sergeants T Linnane, J Hayes.
Rifle Brigade-Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Honourable C G Fortescue, CMG Brigade-Major 8th Brigade); Captain H E Vernon, DSO, ADC to GOC, 8th Brigade. 2nd Battalion-Brevet Major G Thesiger; Captains H Biddulph, J Gough, G Paley; Lieutenant and Adjutant Honourable H Dawnay; Colour Sergeants G Hodder, J Archer; Sergeants W Danton, F Williams, F Lewis, A Wombwell, W Dickenson; Sergeant Master-Tailor G W Simpson.
Army Service Corps-Captains A Long, A Seccombe; 1st Class Staff Sergeant Major T Curtis, Staff Quartermaster Sergeant J Blay; Staff Sergeants B Bartholomew, W S Banning; Company Sergeant Major T Bennett; Company Quartermaster Sergeant A Grainer; Sergeants J Baker, H J Jordan (Staff Clerk Section).
Indian Commissariat-Transport Department- Major D M Thompson; Conductor H Young; Sub-Conductors M W Tyler, W Calvert; Staff Sergeants W T Kee, W Lloyd, W Hayman, B T Harding.
Army Ordnance Corps-Sub-Conductor H Bees; Sergeants W H Hall, W Ford.
Royal Army Medical Corps-Lieutenant Colonel S H Carter; Majors H Martin, R L Love, M W Kerin, S Westcott, D Bruce; Captain G Walker (died of enteric fever February 23); Sergeant Major F Bruce; 2nd Class Staff Sergeant Burrows; Sergeants L Jones, E J Cadogan, G B Walker; Private F G Bright.
Indian Subordinate Medical Department-1st Class Assist-Surgeons J Moore, J Farrell, A M'lntyre; 2nd Class Assist-Surgs. E St Romaine, V Chiodetti.
Indian Medical Service-Major W H W Elliot.
Imperial Light Horse-Major D E Doveton (died of wounds February 14); Surgeon-Major W T F Davies; Captain C Fowler; Corporals C Russell, W Weir.
Natal Volunteer Force-Lieutenant Colonel E M Greene, commanding Natal Carbineers; Majors R W Evans, commanding Natal Mounted Rifles; F J Rethman, commanding Border Mounted Rifles; H T Bru-de-Wold, CSO; J Hyslop, PMO.
Natal Volunteer Medical Staff Captain H T Platt.
Army Nursing Sisters-Superintendent E Dowse; Nursing Sisters E Noble, A Bond, J Hoadley, M Hill. Civilian: B Ludlow, S Patterson, J Charleson, J Borlase, S Lees, R Shappere, H Ross, A Keightly, M Brice, E Stowe, D Belton, I Stowe, K Hill, L Yeatman, S Otto, E Early, M Nicolson, C Thompson, K Driver, K Champion, M Tentney, R Davies, S Ruiter, E Bromilon.
Civilians-Corps of Guides-Guides T Allison, L. Ashby, H Thornhill. Attached Army Service Corps: Head Conductor Macfarlane; Conductors Bell, Inglethorpe. Attached Army Ordnance Corps: Storeholder J Keefe; Foreman W Blake. Volunteers serving with Bearer Company: Messrs J Taylor, R H Coverton, W Jackson, F Ellis, P Smythe.
SPION KOP, January 16 to 25, 1900 From Sir C Warren's despatch, February 1, 1900:-
1st (Royal) Dragoons-The dispositions of the regiment throughout were carried out in a most skilful way by Colonel J Burn-Murdoch, and he, with Captain Honourable A Hamilton Russell, and Privates W Barnard and A Holdsworth, ascended Spion Kop after its evacuation, on morning of 25th, at great personal risk to ascertain whether it had been re-occupied by Boers.
Royal Artillery-Major J Hanwell went up to top of Spion Kop during the heaviest firing to reconnoitre as to possibility of placing guns upon it, and, subsequently, went up with a naval gun prior to abandonment of the hill.
Royal Engineers-Colonel E M Wood, CRE, reports that he would have specially mentioned Major E M Massy, commanding No. 17 Company, for his gallant conduct had he lived. This officer was killed in the firing line while personally superintending the entrenchment.
Royal West Surrey Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel E O F Hamilton mentions that Lieutenant H W Smith on January 21, having advanced to a donga in front of Boer position, after being shot through chest (the bullet coming out through his back), continued to lead his men till he fell exhausted, and took cover above the donga, till 3 p.m., when he managed to get into it; he remained there till dark, after his company had retired, accompanied by one man, and had sufficient strength to walk down the donga, almost to the hospital; he set his men a splendid example of coolness, courage, and endurance. He also mentions that the following stretcher bearers, Privates J Burgess, H Madox, A Penfold, J Phister, with Major Hinde, Royal Army Medical Corps, volunteered to go to top of Sugar Loaf Hill and bring down the body of Major Childe; on the plateau they were exposed to heavy fire.
Royal Lancaster Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Colonel M Crofton, commanding, reports that 2nd Lieutenant J Stansfield, 2nd Battalion Gordon Highlanders, attached to ambulance company, was conspicuously energetic throughout whole day under fire, and doing splendid work for wounded. Private Moore worked hard under a heavy fire, distributing ammunition, which rendered him a conspicuous mark to enemy. Private Roberts moved about bandaging wounded men under a heavy fire, and saved at least one man's life. Privates M McConnell and W Tatton, doctor's orderlies, behaved especially well under fire, helping wounded.
West Yorkshire Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Colonel F W Kitchener, commanding, reports that Lieutenant A M Royall conducted a patrol to within 500 yards of Boer trenches to examine ground for an advance; out of 16 men he had only one man killed and two wounded, although exposed all day to full view of enemy on open ground on a grass slope; his conduct showed exceptional coolness and intelligence. Private J Morant carried back a message from Lieutenant Royall under very heavy fire and was wounded.
Lancashire Fusiliers (2nd Battalion)-The officer commanding reports with regard to action of 20th, that Captain O Woolley-Dod, though severely wounded in hand at 5.30 p.m., continued with his company till end of action, and did duty under fire on following day till 10.30 a.m. With regard to action on Spion Kop, he reports that Capt
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Lord Mayor of London Shares Photo of Coronation Robe, Worn at Queen Crowning
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"Cara Lynn Shultz",
"www.facebook.com"
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2023-05-04T13:50:26-04:00
|
The Lord Mayor Nicholas Lyons will wear an elaborate red velvet robe that was last worn to Queen Elizabeth's coronation in 1953
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/favicon.ico
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Peoplemag
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https://people.com/royals/lord-mayor-london-shares-photo-coronation-robe-worn-queen-elizabeth-crowning/
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The coronation of King Charles and Queen Camilla will be filled with impressive pageantry and tradition, from the crowns to the coaches to, of course, the attire.
As Lord Mayor Nicholas Lyons shared on Twitter Thursday, he'll also be wearing an elaborate robe at Saturday's ceremony — which was also worn 70 years ago, when then-Lord Mayor Sir Rupert de la Bere attended Queen Elizabeth's 1953 coronation.
"As we prepare for the #Coronation, I look forward to wearing this splendid red velvet robe which was worn by my predecessor to Queen Elizabeth II's coronation in 1953. Kindly lent by the Skinners' Company," he wrote about the long robe, which is adorned with ornate gold trim and white fur embellishments.
The robe's significance dates back to medieval times, as the Skinners' Company is one of the Great Twelve Livery Companies of the City of London. The organization, which is now a charity that works with schools and housing shelters, has its roots in the medieval trade guild of furriers and was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1327.
And while he holds the title of "mayor," Nicholas Lyons's role as Lord Mayor is an entirely different elected role from the Mayor of London, currently Sadiq Khan.
"The Lord Mayor of the City of London is the head of the City of London Corporation, the governing body of the Square Mile dedicated to a vibrant and thriving City," according to the City of London's official website.
He also serves as an ambassador for the U.K.'s financial and professional services center.
The Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, is perhaps better known to the public, as he fulfills a more traditional political role and "is responsible for the strategic governance of Greater London," which includes transportation, city services and the police and fire departments.
Whereas the Mayor of London is a relatively new position that was created in 2000 as a four-year elected term, Lord Mayor is a one-year elected term — and one of the world's oldest elected civic offices. (Lyons is the 694th person to hold the role.)
As such, there was no "Mayor of London" in attendance at Queen Elizabeth's coronation.
Of course, King Charles and Queen Camilla will wear elaborate traditional robes at Saturday's ceremony.
Following tradition, the King and Queen Consort will each wear two different robes during the coronation: the Robes of State and the Robes of Estate. Robes of State are worn on arrival at Westminster Abbey while the Robes of Estate are worn on departure and are traditionally more personalized.
The King's Robe of State is made of crimson velvet and was worn by King George VI, the monarch's grandfather, at his 1937 coronation. For his second robe of the coronation service, King Charles will change into the King's Robe of Estate, made of purple silk velvet embroidered in gold. It, too, was worn by King George VI in 1937.
Can't get enough of PEOPLE's Royals coverage? Sign up for our free Royals newsletter to get the latest updates on Kate Middleton, Meghan Markle and more!
As for Queen Camilla, she will wear the Robe of State that was originally made for Queen Elizabeth, King Charles' mother, for her 1953 coronation. It is made of crimson velvet and has been conserved with adjustments made by Ede and Ravenscroft ahead of the coronation.
A new Robe of Estate was created for Queen Camilla, made by Ede and Ravenscroft and designed and hand embroidered by the Royal School of Needlework. It is a purple velvet, matching the King's Robe of Estate.
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https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/List_of_British_generals_and_brigadiers
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en
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List of British generals and brigadiers
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"Contributors to Military Wiki"
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2024-08-29T17:42:07+00:00
|
This is a list of people who held general officer rank or the rank of brigadier (together now recognized as starred officers) in the British Army, Royal Marines, British Indian Army or other military force. It does not include English Army generals or Scottish Army generals. Neither England nor...
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en
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/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico
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Military Wiki
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https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/List_of_British_generals_and_brigadiers
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This is a list of people who held general officer rank or the rank of brigadier (together now recognized as starred officers) in the British Army, Royal Marines, British Indian Army or other military force.
It does not include English Army generals or Scottish Army generals. Neither England nor Scotland has had its own army since the Acts of Union in 1707. Generals promoted by the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1922-present) are included.
See also Category:British generals - note that a "Brigadier" is not classed as a "general" in the British Army, despite being a NATO 1-star equivalent rank.[1]
Hence, in the lists below:
1* = Brigadier General/Brigadier
2* = Major General
3* = Lieutenant General
4* = General
(dates after the name are birth and death)
A[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes Major General Abadie, Henry Richard 1841 1915 Major General Abbott, Herbert Edward Stacy 1814 1883 General Abbott, Sir James 1807 1896 Brigadier Abbott, Burton Edward 1906 [2] Abbott, Leonard Henry [3] General Abercrombie, James 1706 1781 General Abercromby of Airthrey, Robert 1740 1827 Lieutenant General Abercromby, Sir John 1772 1817 Lieutenant General Abercromby, Sir Ralph 1734 1801 Lieutenant General Abinger, William Scarlett, 3rd Baron 1826 1892 Major General Abraham, Kevin David 1960 [4] Major General Abraham, Sir William 1897 1980 [2] Lieutenant General Acland, Wroth Palmer 1770 1816 Major General Acland, Sir John 1928 2006 General Adam, Frederick 1784 1853 Brigadier General Adam, Frederick John Stuart 1837 1920 Indian Staff Corps Lieutenant General Adams, Alexander 1835 Brigadier General Adams, Thomas 1730 (circa) 1764 posthumously promoted Major General Adams, John Worthington 1764 1837 Major General Sir Adair, Allan Henry Shafto 1897 1988 Major General Adams, Robert Bellew 1856 1928 General Adam, Ronald 1885 1982 Brigadier General Adlercron, Rodolph Ladeveze 1873 1966 GOC Infantry Brigade and Calais Base[3] Major General Addison, George Henry 1876 1964 [2] Brigadier Addison, Leonard Joseph Lancelot 1902 1975 [2] Brigadier Addison, William Michael Rutherford 1935 2000 Brigadier Adye, John Frederick 1900 1977 [2] General Adye, John Miller 1819 1900 Brigadier General Agnew, James 1719 1777 Ainslie, Henry Sandys GOC Infantry Brigade[3] General Airey, Richard Airey, 1st Baron 1803 1881 Major General Airy, Christopher 1934 Major General Aitken, Arthur 1861 1924 temporary Major-General Brigadier Afridi, Monowar Khan 1900 1968 [2] Brigadier Aikenhead, David Francis 1895 1955 [2] Brigadier Aird-Smith, William 1893 1942 [2] Lieutenant General Airey, Terence 1900 1983 Brigadier Aitken, William Henry Hutton 1898 1978 [2] Major General Aizlewood, John Aldam 1895 1990 General Akehurst, Sir John 1930 2007 Major General Akerman, William Philip Jopp 1888 1972 [2] Major General Alban, Clifton Edward Rawdon Grant 1889 unknown [2] General Albemarle, George Keppel, 3rd Earl of 1724 1772 General Albemarle, George Keppel, 6th Earl of 1799 1891 Lieutenant General Albemarle, Willem van Keppel, 2nd Earl of 1702 1754 Lieutenant General Alderson, Sir Edwin 1859 1927 Brigadier Aldous, James Robert Travers 1898 1985 [2] Lieutenant General Alderson, Edwin 1859 1927 [3] Brigadier General Alexander, Charles Henry 1856 1946 CRA[3] Major General Alexander, Henry Lethbridge 1878 1944 CB, CMG, DSO - DA&QMG[3] Major General Alexander, Henry Templer 1911 1977 Major General Alexander, Ernest Wright 1870 1934 GOCRA Major General Alfieri, Frederick John 1892 1961 [2] General Alison, 2nd Baronet, Sir Archibald 1826 1907 Brigadier General Allan, Percy Stuart GOC 155th Brigade, 52nd (Lowland) Division TF[5] Brigadier General Allason, Walter 1875 1960 GOC 52nd Infantry Brigade, 17th (Northern) Division[5] Brigadier General Allen, Alfred James Whitacre 1857 1939 GOC 74th Brigade, 25th Division[5] Brigadier Allen, Algernon Anderson Johnston 1894 Military Commander of Jerusalem, Lydda and Gaza Districts[2] Brigadier Allen, Basil George 1893 [2] Brigadier Allen, Frederick Josephus 1897 [2] Brigadier Allen, John Robert 1893 [2] Brigadier Allen, John Frederick Whitacre 1890 1976 MC[2] Major General Allen, Robert Hall 1886 1984 [2] Brigadier Allen, Ronald Lewis 1916 1986 Royal Army Ordnance Corps Lieutenant General Allfrey, Sir Charles Walter 1895 1964 General Officer Commanding V Corps during the Italian Campaign. Brigadier General Allgood, William Henry Loraine 1868 1957 GOC 45th Brigade, 15th (Scottish) Division[5] Brigadier Allison, George Frederick KBE MC 1888 1946 Royal Army Medical Corps[2] Brigadier Allison, William Wigram 1895 1984 Commanding Officer 307th Infantry Brigade [North-West Europe][2] Brigadier Allman-Smith, Edward Percival 1886 1969 Deputy Director of Medical Services in British Palestine and Trans-Jordan[2] Brigadier Alms, George Frederick Hill 1895 Royal Engineers[2] Brigadier Alston, Llewellyn Arthur Augustus CBE DSO MC 1890 1968 Royal Welch Fusiliers[2] Major General Alten, Sir Charles GCB 1764 1840 Led Wellington's 3rd Division during the Hundred Days Brigadier Ambrose, Robert Denis OBE, MC 1896 1974 Inspector-General of Frontier Corps[2] Major General Amps, Leon Williamson 1892 1989 Director of Works, War Office[2] General Ancaster and Kesteven, Peregrine Bertie, 3rd Duke of 1714 1778 Brigadier Anderson, Austin Thomas 1868 1949 [6] Lieutenant General Anderson, Sir Charles Alexander 1857 1940 GOC Corps[3] Major General Anderson, Nelson Graham 1875 1945 [3] Brigadier General Anderson, Stuart Milligan DSO CRA[3] Lieutenant General Anderson, Warren Hastings 1872 1930 Quartermaster-General to the Forces; MGGS[3] Brigadier General Anderson, A. T. 1886 1949 An Australian brigadier-general who received the Légion d'honneur when a colonel in the British Army Brigadier Anderson, Andrew 1890 [7] Commanding Officer 11th Indian Infantry Brigade [North Africa]; POW in Colditz Major General Anderson, Alexander Vass 1895 1963 Director of Civil Affairs at the War Office[2] Lieutenant General Anderson, Sir Desmond Francis 1885 1967 Command III and then II Corps Brigadier Anderson, Sir Duncan Law KBE TD|CEng FICE MIStructE 1901 1980 [8] Brigadier Anderson, Sir Gilmour Menzies 1914 1977 Commanding Officer of the 16th Infantry Brigade[2] General Anderson, Sir John D'Arcy 1908 1988 Deputy Chief of Imperial General Staff[2] Major General Anderson, Sir John Evelyn 1916 2007 Signals Officer-in-Chief.[2] General Anderson, Sir Kenneth Arthur Noel 1891 1959 Commander of the British First Army Lieutenant General Anderson, Sir Richard Neville 1907 1979 General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Northern Ireland Command Brigadier Anderson, Robert Charles Beckett DSO 1895 1982 A&SH[2] Brigadier Andrews, Reginald Wood MC 1897 1978 Royal Regiment of Artillery[2] Brigadier Angus, Tom Hardy 1889 1984 Director of Air, Army Headquarters India[2] Brigadier Anketell-Jones, Seymour Willoughby OBE, MC 1898 1972 Deputy Director of Ordnance Services[2] Brigadier General Anley, Barnett Dyer Lempriere Gray CMG, DSO. 1873 1954 GOC 125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade TA[3] Brigadier General Anley, Frederick Gore CB CMG 1864 1936 GOG No 8 Demobilisation Area[3] Brigadier General William Bower Anley DSO 1871 19?? Commander, Heavy Artillery (CHA). Commanding the heavy artillery of VII Corps, three days before the Armistice.[3] Brigadier Annesley, Francis Dighton 1888 1983 [2] Major General Anson, Edward 1826 1925 Major General Anson, George 1797 1857 General Anson, George 1769 1849 GCB General Anson, William 1772 1847 Brigadier Anstey, John 1907 2000 deputy head of SOE's India Mission. Brigadier Anstice, John Henry 1897 1970 Lieutenant General Anstruther, Philip 1680 !c. 1680 1760 Brigadier Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe, Richard 1908 1985 [2] Lieutenant General Applegate, Dick 1955 living Brigadier Appleton, Gilbert Leonard 1894 1970 [2] Major General Appleyard, Kenelm Charles 1894 1967 [2] Major General Appleyard, Frederick Ernest 1829 1911 General ap Rhys Pryce, Henry Edward 1874 1950 GOC Infantry Brigade[3] Brigadier General Arbuthnot, Alexander George 1873 1961 CMG, DSO[9] Lieutenant General Arbuthnot, Charles George 1824 1899 GCB General Arbuthnot, Charles George James 1801 1870 Brigadier General Dalrymple Arbuthnot 1867 1941 CRA Major General George Alexander Arbuthnot [2][9] Major General Bingham Arbuthnot 1803 1867 [3][9] Major General Henry Thomas Arbuthnot [4][9] General Sir Hugh Arbuthnot 1780 1868 Major General Robert Keith Arbuthnott, 15th Viscount of Arbuthnott 1900 1980 General Sir Robert Arbuthnot, KCB 1773 1853 Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Arbuthnot, KCB 1776 1849 General William Arbuthnot (artillery officer) 1876 [5][9] Major General William Arbuthnot (cavalry officer) 1838 1893 [6][9] Major General St. John Desmond Arcedeckne-Butler 1896 1959 Royal Corps of Signals[2] Brigadier Arthur Somerville Archdale 1882 1948 [2] General John Archer 1924 1999 Brigadier Henry Archer 1883 1970 Brigadier Brian Mortimer Archibald 1906 1993 [2] Brigadier Gordon King Archibald 1885 1942 [2] Major General Sidney Charles Manley Archibald 1890 1973 [2] Reginald Le Normand Brabazon, Lord Ardee GOC Infantry Brigade[3] Brigadier Philip Alexander Arden 1892 [2] Brigadier Eustace Alford Arderne 1899 [2] General John Campbell, 4th Duke of Argyll c. 1693 1770 Major General Robert Henry Bertram Arkwright 1903 1971 [2] General Charles Clement Armitage 1881 1973 [2] Brigadier Edward Leathley Armitage 1957 [2] Edward Hume Armitage CRA[3] Charles Johnstone Armstrong Chief Engineer[3] Brigadier Charles Douglas Armstrong 1897 1985 [2] Brigadier Edward Francis Egerton Armstrong 1890 Corps of Royal Engineers[2] Brigadier John Cardew Armstrong 1887 1953 [2] Major General John Armstrong 1674 1742 Brigadier Sereld John Armstrong 1894 [2] Brigadier Walter Johnston Armstrong 1907 [2] Major General Richard Armstrong c. 1782 1854 George Ayscough Armytage GOC Infantry Brigade[3] Brigadier Harry William Hugh Armytage 1890 [2] Major General Allan Cholmondeley Arnold 1893 1962 [2] Brigadier General Benedict Arnold 1741 1801 Major General in the Continental Army of the American colonies Major General Stanley Arnott 1888 1972 [2] Lieutenant General Sir George Arthur, 1st Baronet 1784 1854 Brigadier Robert Duncan Harris Arundell 1904 1989 [2] General Sir Charles Asgill, 2nd Baronet 1762 1823 Brigadier Edwin Raymond Ash 1897 [2] Lionel Forbes Ashburner GOC Infantry Brigade[3] Major General Cromer Ashburnham 1831 1917 General William Ashe-à Court c. 1708 1781 Brigadier Brenton Haliburton Ashmore 1900 [2] Major General Edward Ashmore 1872 1953 GOC RFC Brigade and CRA Brigadier Harold Kenneth Ashworth 1903 1978 [2] Brigadier General Henry Francis Askwith BGRA[3] Major General Alfred Rimbault Aslett 1901 1980 [2] Cecil Faber Aspinall BGGS[3] Brigadier General Arthur Asquith 1883 1939 GOC Infantry Brigade General John Asser 1867 1949 IG Communications[3] Sir George Aston GOC Infantry Division[3] Llewellyn William Atcherley DA&QMG[3] Major General Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone 1874 1957 Head of British Mission Belgian GQG Ben Atkinson DA&QMG[3] Edwin Henry De Vere Atkinson Chief Engineer [3] Major General Leonard Atkinson 1910 1990 Brigadier General John Stewart-Murray, 8th Duke of Atholl 1871 1942 Brigadier Robert Ringrose Gelston Atkins 1891 [2] Brigadier David John Atkinson 1909 Brigadier Charles John Attfield 1898 [2] Brigadier Herbert Arthur Reginald Aubrey 1883 1954 [2] Lieutenant General Samuel Auchmuty 1756 1822 Brigadier Edward Gordon Audland 1896 1976 [2] Major General Arthur Bramston Austin 1893 1967 [2] Brigadier Richard Andrew Austin 1892 [2] Brigadier Geoffrey William Auten 1896 [2] Brigadier Alec Pendock Aveline 1897 1982 [2] Lieutenant General Sir Fenton Aylmer, 13th Baronet 1862 1935 Victoria Cross recipient General Matthew Whitworth-Aylmer, 5th Baron Aylmer 1775 1850
B[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes Lieutenant General William Babtie 1859 1920 Major General Anthony Bacon 1796 1864 Lieutenant General Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell 1857 1941 General Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet 1757 1829 Brigadier John Edmund Alexander Baird CMG CBE 1900 1958 Brigadier General Arthur Slade Baker 1863 1943 Lieutenant General Thomas Durand Baker 1837 1893 Lieutenant General Robert Balfour, 6th of Balbirnie 1772 1837 Major General Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres 1752 1825 General Nisbet Balfour 1743 1823 Lieutenant General Philip Balfour 1898 1977 Brigadier General Colin Robert Ballard 1868 1941 Lieutenant General John Archibald Ballard 1829 1880 Lieutenant General Henry Balneavis (general) KH OBE Lieutenant General Colin Muir Barber 1897 1964 General Evelyn Barker 1894 1983 General George Digby Barker 1833 1914 Brigadier General George Robert Barker 1817 1861 Lieutenant General Michael Barker 1884 1960 General Andrew Barnard 1773 1855 General Charles Loudon Barnard, KCB 1823 1902 Royal Marine Artillery[10] Lieutenant General Edward Barnes 1776 1838 Field Marshal Arthur Barrett 1857 1926 Major General John Barrington 1764 Major General John Barrington 1726 1768 Major General Harry Barron 1847 1921 Major General Richard Barrons 1959 Present Major General C. W. Barry 1829 1902 Royal Engineers[11] Major General Philip Barry Royal Engineers Major General Arthur Edward Barstow 1888 1942 Major General Charles St Leger Barter 1857 1931 General William Bartholomew 1877 1962 Major General Geoffrey Barton 1844 1922 Lieutenant General Edric Bastyan 1903 1980 Brigadier General Hugh Bateman-Champain 1869 1933 General Charles Bates ca. 1827 1902 Madras Staff Corps[12] Major General John Bates ca. 1823 1902 Indian Army[13] General Hugh Beach 1923 Present Major General Daniel Beak 1891 1967 Major General Edmund Charles Beard 1894 1974 Brigadier General William Beckett 1862 1956 Major General Clifford Thomason Beckett 1891 1972 General George Beckwith 1753 1823 Lieutenant General Thomas Sydney Beckwith 1772 1831 Major General Merton Beckwith-Smith 1890 1942 Major General Edward William Derrington Bell 1824 1879 Major General John Bellasis 1808 Brigadier General Sir Edward Bellingham, 5th Baronet 1879 1956 Major General Harcourt Mortimer Bengough 1837 1922 General Henry Roxby Benson 1818 1892 General William Beresford, General the 1st Viscount Beresford 1768 1854 Lieutenant General Noel Beresford-Peirse 1887 1953 General George Berkeley 1785 1857 Lieutenant General Edward Cecil Bethune 1855 1930 Brigadier William Patrick Bewley 1937 Present Major General Horatio Pettus Mackintosh Berney-Ficklin 1892 1961 General Robert Biddulph 1835 1918 General Peter de la Billière 1934 Present Brigadier General George Baillie-Hamilton, Lord Binning 1856 1917 Major General Graham Binns Unknown Present General Noel Birch 1865 1939 Lieutenant General Clarence Bird 1885 1986 Field Marshal William Birdwood 1865 1951 Major General Charles Blackader 1869 1921 General Cecil Blacker 1916 2002 General Jeremy Blacker 1939 2005 Major General Nathaniel Blackwell (general) Governor and Commander in Chief of the Island of Tobago Lieutenant General Chandos Blair 1919 2011 General James Blair 1828 1905 Victoria Cross recipient Lieutenant General William Blakeney, 1st Baron Blakeney 1671/1672 1761 Lieutenant General Humphrey Bland 1686 1763 Brigadier General William St Colum Bland 1868 1950 Major General Alan Bruce Blaxland 1892 1962 Lieutenant General Andrew Blayney, 11th Baron Blayney 1770 1834 General Edward Bligh 1769 1840 Lieutenant General Thomas Bligh 1685 1775 Major General Adam Block 1951 2008 Brigadier David Block CBE DSO MC 1908 2001 General Thomas Blomefield 1744 1822 General Bindon Blood 1842 1940 Lieutenant General Benjamin Bloomfield, 1st Baron Bloomfield 1768 1846 General John Bloomfield c. 1793 1880 Major General Barrington Campbell, 3rd Baron Blythswood 1845 1918 Brigadier John William Boast [14][15] Major General Eberhardt Otto George von Bock 1814 Major General Eric Bols 1904 1985 Lieutenant General Louis Bols 1867 1930 Lieutenant General Charles Powlett, 3rd Duke of Bolton 1685 1754 Lieutenant General Charles Powlett, 5th Duke of Bolton c. 1718 1765 Lieutenant General Lionel Vivian Bond 1884 1961 Major General Charles Hamilton Boucher 1898 1951 Major General John Boughey, Wiltshire Regt 1845 1932 Lieutenant General Eustace Fane Bourchier, CB 1822 1902 Royal Engineers[16] General Richard Bourke 1777 1855 General Geoffrey Bourne, Baron Bourne 1902 1982 Major General William Bowen 1898 1961 Lieutenant General Roger Bower 1903 1990 General Henry Brackenbury 1837 1914 General Edward Braddock 1695 1755 Brigadier General Roland Bradford 1892 1917 Victoria Cross recipient General Adrian Bradshaw 1958 Present Major General John Bradstreet 1714 1774 Major General Sir John Braithwaite, 1st Baronet 1739 1803 General Walter Braithwaite 1865 1945 Brigadier General William Garnett Braithwaite 1870 1937 Air Vice Marshal Sefton Brancker 1877 1930 (previously Major General) Major General Maxwell Spieker Brander 1884 1972 General Robert Bray 1908 1983 Major General Robert Bridgeman, 2nd Viscount Bridgeman 1896 1982 Lieutenant General Charles James Briggs 1865 1941 Major General George Briggs Lieutenant General Harold Rawdon Briggs 1894 1952 Major General Raymond Briggs 1895 1985 Lieutenant General Robin Brims 1951 Present Major General Thomas Brisbane 1773 1860 Major General Horton Brisco Coldstream Guards and/or EICS Brigadier Andrew Bristow Royal Corps of Signals Lieutenant General Charles Broad 1882 1976 Lieutenant General Robert George Broadwood 1862 1917 Major General Isaac Brock, of Guernsey 1769 1812 Major General Thomas Brodie 1903 1993 Major General Charles Broke Vere 1779 1843 Major General Joseph Brome c. 1713 1796 Brigadier General William Bromley-Davenport 1862 1949 Brigadier General Hugh Fenwick Brooke 1871 1948 Air chief marshal Robert Brooke-Popham 1878 1953 formerly Brigadier General Brigadier Alan Brown 1909 1971 Lieutenant General Chris Brown Present General George Brown 1790 1865 Brigadier General Edward Stevenson Browne 1852 1907 Victoria Cross recipient Major General James Browne 1839 1896 Brigadier General Montfort Browne fl. 1760 1780 General Samuel Browne 1824 1901 Victoria Cross recipient Lieutenant General Frederick Browning 1896 1965 General Nevil Brownjohn 1897 1973 Field Marshal Charles Henry Brownlow 1831 1916 General Robert Brownrigg 1759 1833 Brigadier General Charles Granville Bruce 1866 1939 General Roy Bucher 1895 1980 Lieutenant General Gerard Bucknall 1894 1980 Major General Major General Denys Herbert Vintcent Buckle (1902-1994) 1902 1994 General Edward Bulfin 1862 1939 General Redvers Buller 1839 1908 Lieutenant General Sir Henry Bunbury, 7th Baronet 1778 1860 Brigadier Noël Louis St Pierre Bunbury 1890 1971 General Edward Burgess 1927 2015 General John Burgoyne 1722 1792 Major General Edwyn Sherard Burnaby 1830 1883 General Charles Burnett 1843 1915 General John Burnett-Stuart 1875 1958 Major General Edward Lawson, 4th Baron Burnham 1890 1963 Major General George Burns 1911 1997 General Sir Harry Burrard, 1st Baronet, of Lymington 1755 1813 Lieutenant General Brocas Burrows 1894 1967 Brigadier General George Burrows 1827 1917 General Edmond Francis Burton ca. 1820 1902 Madras Army[17] Lieutenant General Edmund Burton 1943 Present [18] Brigadier Ralph Burton 1768 Major General Peter J. Bush OBE General Mervyn Butler 1913 1976 Lieutenant General Richard Butler 1870 1935 Lieutenant General William Butler 1838 1910 Field Marshal Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy 1862 1935
C[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes General William Martin Cafe 1826 1906 Major General Granby Thomas Calcraf 1770 1820 Major General Percy George Calvert-Jones 1977 [19] Brigadier James Michael Calvert 1913 1998 General Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet 1769 1843 General David Campbell 1869 1936 Major General Sir John Campbell, 2nd Baronet 1807 1855 Major General Jock Campbell 1894 1942 Brigadier General Douglas Campbell 1854 1977 later Douglas of Mains CB[19] Brigadier General John Vaughan Campbell 1876 1944 Major General Victor Campbell 1905 1990 Lieutenant General William Pitcairn Campbell 1856 1933 Major General John Capper 1861 1955 Major General Thompson Capper 1863 1915 Major General Constantine Phipps Carey, CB 1835 1906 Royal Engineers[20] General Henry Alexander Carleton, CB 1814 1900 Royal Artillery[21] Brigadier General John Carnac 1716 1800 Brigadier General Arthur Dalzell, 13th Earl of Carnwath 1851 1941 Lieutenant General Laurence Carr 1886 1954 Lieutenant General Harold Carrington 1882 1964 Brigadier General Charles Frederick Carson 1886 1960 Brigadier General R.A. Carruthers [22] Major General George Carter-Campbell 1869 1921 Lieutenant General Adrian Carton de Wiart 1880 1963 Victoria Cross recipient Field Marshal James Cassels 1907 1996 General Robert Cassels 1876 1959 Lieutenant General James Caulfeild 1782 1852 Field Marshal Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan 1865 1946 Lieutenant General Richard Lambart, 6th Earl of Cavan 1778 Major General William Frederick Cavaye 1845 1926 Major General Orfeur Cavenagh 1820 1891 Brigadier General Alfred Cavendish 1859 1943 Brigadier Arnold Cazenove 1898 1969 General Crawford Chamberlain 1821 1902 Field Marshal Neville Bowles Chamberlain 1820 1902 Claude Raul Champion de Crespigny, 5th Baronet 1878 1941 General George Channer 1843 1905 Victoria Cross recipient Brigadier General John Charteris 1877 1946 General Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford 1827 1905 Field Marshal Philip Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode 1869 1950 Lieutenant General Edward Chippindall 1827 1902 Colonel of the Green Howards[23] Major General John Churcher 1905 1997 Major General Wyndham Childs 1876 1846 General Philip Christison 1893 1993 Lieutenant General John George Walters Clark 1892 1948 General George Calvert Clarke, CB 1814 1900 Royal Scots Greys[24] Brigadier General Goland Clarke 1875 1944 Lieutenant General Travers Clarke 1871 1962 General Tredway Clarke 1764 1858 Brigadier Gilbert Clayton 1875 1929 Major General Ralph Arthur Penrhyn Clements 1855 1909 Major General Henry Hugh Clifford VC KCMG CB 1826 1883 Victoria Cross recipient Major General Robert Clive 1725 1774 Major General Barry Close 1756 1813 Major General Basil Coad 1906 1980 General Alexander Cobbe 1870 1931 Victoria Cross recipient Brigadier General James Kilvington Cochrane 1873 1948 Lieutenant General Alfred Codrington 1854 1945 Major General Robert Codrington 1803 1895 Major General Clifford Coffin 1870 1959 Victoria Cross recipient Edward Sacheverell D'Ewes Coke Major General John Talbot Coke 1841 1912 General Lowry Cole 1772 1842 Major General George Pomeroy Colley 1835 1881 Major General Thomas Bernard Collinson 1821 1902 Royal Engineers[25] Lieutenant General Daniel Colquhoun 1848 (plaque in Craig Parish Church) Major General John Frederick Boyce Combe 1895 1967 General Walter Norris Congreve 1862 1927 Victoria Cross recipient Major General James Cooke-Collis 1876 1941 General George Cooper 1925 Present Lieutenant General John Cooper 1955 Present Major General Simon Cooper 1936 Present General Eyre Coote (British Army officer) 1762 1823 Lieutenant General Eyre Coote (East India Company officer) 1726 1783 Lieutenant General John Cope 1690 1760 Major General Patrick Cordingley 1944 Present General James Edward Cordner 1829 1901 Indian Army[26] Lieutenant General Roddy Cordy-Simpson 1944 Present General Edmund Boyle, 8th Earl of Cork 1767 1856 General Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis 1738 1805 Lieutenant General Edward Cornwallis 1713 1776 Brigadier General Edmund Costello 1873 1949 Victoria Cross recipient General Arthur Cotton 1803 1899 Major General Charles McClintock Cotton 1821 1900 Honorary Major-General[27] Field Marshal Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere 1773 1865 Lieutenant General Sydney Cotton 1792 1874 Lieutenant General Willoughby Cotton 1783 1860 Major General David Tennant Cowan 1896 1983 General Samuel Cowan 1941 Present General John Cowans 1862 1921 Lieutenant General Gary Coward 1955 Present Lieutenant General John Cowley 1905 1993 Brigadier General Edgar William Cox 1882 1918 General Vaughan Cox 1860 1923 Lieutenant General John William Cox, KCB 1821 1901 British Army general serving in Afghanistan and in the Crimea War[28] Major General Percy Cox 1864 1937 General James Henry Craig 1748 1812 Brigadier David Cranston 1945 Present Lieutenant General Charles Craufurd 1761 1821 Major General Robert Craufurd 1764 1812 Major General William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven 1770 1825 Major General George Lindsay-Crawford, 22nd Earl of Crawford 1758 1808 Lieutenant General John Lindsay, 20th Earl of Crawford 1702 1749 General Kenneth Crawford 1895 1961 General O'Moore Creagh 1848 1923 Major General Michael O'Moore Creagh 1892 1970 General Timothy Creasey 1923 1986 General John Crewe, 2nd Baron Crewe bap. 1772 1835 General John Crocker 1896 1963 General John ffolliott Crofton 1800 1885 Lieutenant General Napier Crookenden 1915 2002 Major General Tim Cross 1951 Present Major General Joseph Crowdy 1923 2009 Major General George Gordon Cunliffe 1829 1900 Bengal Staff Corps[29] General Alan Cunningham 1887 1983 Edward Cust 1794 1878 Lieutenant General John Cutts, 1st Baron Cutts 1661 1707 'Salamander'
D[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes General Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre 1777 1853 Major General George Charles D'Aguilar 1784 1855 General George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie 1770 1838 General John Dalling c. 1731 1798 General Hew Whitefoord Dalrymple 1750 1830 General William Dalrymple 1736 1807 Major General Charles Daniell 1827 1889 General Lord Dannatt 1950 Present Major General Matthew Darby-Griffith 1772 1823 Major General Henry Darling, KCB 1780 1845 General Kenneth Darling, GBE, KCB, DSO 1909 1998 General Ralph Darling, GCH 1772 1858 Major General Basil Davey 1897 1959 Major General Alexander Davidson ca 1827 1902 Royal Engineers, later Bombay Engineers[30] General Francis Davies 1864 1948 Major General Peter R. Davies, CB 1938 Present GOC Wales [31] Major General Richard Hutton Davies 1861 1918 Major General Henry d'Avigdor-Goldsmid 1909 1976 Major General Jack d'Avigdor-Goldsmid 1912 1987 Major General Gronow Davis 1828 1891 General Sir John Davis, KCB 1832 1901 commanded the troops at Malta (1884-1887), in command of the Dublin District (1887-1890), and of the Southern Regimental District (1893-1898)[32] Major General Guy Dawnay 1878 1952 Major General Bertrand Dawson, 1st Viscount Dawson of Penn 1864 1945 Brigadier General Douglas Dawson 1854 1933 Major General Vesey John Dawson 1853 1930 General Sir Henry de Bathe, 4th Baronet 1823 1907 Major General Thomas de Courcy Hamilton 1825 1908 Major General Freddie de Guingand 1900 1979 Brigadier Ivan de la Bere 1893 1970 General Oliver De Lancey c. 1749 1822 Major General Oliver De Lancey, Sr. 1718 1785 General Beauvoir De Lisle 1864 1955 Lieutenant General Dudley FitzGerald-de Ros, 23rd Baron de Ros 1827 1907 Major General Anthony Deane-Drummond 1917 2012 Brigadier General Wyndham Deedes 1883 1956 Major General Rohan Delacombe 1906 1991 Lieutenant General Walter Sinclair Delamain 1862 1932 Lieutenant General Cedric Delves 1947 Present Brigadier Theodore Delves Broughton 1872 1944 General Miles Dempsey 1896 1969 Major General Thomas Dennehy 1829 1915 Lieutenant General Reginald Denning 1894 1990 Lieutenant General Thomas Desaguliers 1721 1780 Field Marshal Cyril Deverell 1874 1947 General Jack Deverell 1945 Present Major General Robert Henry Dick 1787 1846 Major General Alexander Dickson 1777 1840 General Collingwood Dickson 1817 1904 Victoria Cross recipient Major General Edward Thompson Dickson 1850 1938 Major General Jeremiah Dickson c. 1775 1848 Field Marshal John Dill 1881 1944 Brigadier Harry Kenneth Dimoline 1903 1972 Major General William Alfred Dimoline 1897 1964 Lieutenant General Alexander Dirom 1757 1830 Major General Matthew Charles Dixon 1821 1905 Victoria Cross recipient Lieutenant General William Dobbie 1879 1964 Lieutenant General Charles Macpherson Dobell 1869 1954 Major General Alured Dodsworth General George Don 1756 1832 Brigadier General Hay Frederick Donaldson 1856 1916 Lieutenant General Rufane Shaw Donkin 1772 1841 General John Hely-Hutchinson, 2nd Earl of Donoughmore 1757 1832 Major General Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester 1724 1808 Major General Eric Dorman-Smith 1895 1969 Lieutenant General Archibald Douglas of Kirkton 1707 1778 was a Scottish Member of Parliament and army officer. General Charles Whittingham Horsley Douglas, GCB, ADC 1850 1914 General Charles W. H. Douglas 1850 1914 Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS) General Howard Douglas 1776 1861 British general and colonial administrator Major General Henry Edward Manning Douglas 1875 1939 Victoria Cross recipient Major General Henry McDonell de Wend Douglas 1897 Bengal Staff Corps Lieutenant General Hon. James Douglas 1691) Was Colonel of the Scots Regiment of Footguards Major General James Archibald Douglas CMG CIE 1862 General John Douglas 1817 -1888) 1817 1888 Major General John Primrose Douglas 1908 1975 Honorary Surgeon to the Queen Lieutenant General Sir Kenneth MacKenzie Douglas, 1st Baronet 1754 1833 Lieutenant General Neil Douglas 1779/80 1853 Commanded 1/79th (Highland) Rgmt of Foot, in the 5th Anglo-German Division at the Battle of Waterloo Major General Robert Douglas 1727 1809 Governor of 's-Hertogenbosch in the Netherlands in 1784 Major General Robert Percy Douglas 1804 1891 4th baronet of Carr Major General Robert Douglas of Garlston, NB c1744 1798 Major General Robert Douglas 1828 Of the 55th foot, formerly Adjutant-General in the West Indies. Brigadier General Thomas Monteath Douglas 1788 1868 an army officer in the East India Company Brigadier General William Douglas of Kirkness c1690 1747 a Member of Parliament and a soldier. Major General Sir William Douglas 1858 1920 Major General Octavius Douglas-Hamilton 1821 1904 Lieutenant General Arthur Dowler 1895 1963 Lieutenant General Ernest Down 1902 1980 Major General Hugh Dawnay, 8th Viscount Downe 1844 1924 General Charles Hastings Doyle 1804 1883 Lieutenant General William Draper 1721 1787 Lieutenant General Christopher Drewry Present General Gordon Drummond 1772 1854 Lieutenant General Drury Drury-Lowe 1830 1908 General John Philip Du Cane 1865 1947 Lieutenant General Alan Colquhoun Duff, CB, OBE, MC, Cmdr LM (USA) 1895 1973 Royal Engineers General Alexander Duff 1777 1851 Alexander Gordon Duff GOC Infantry Brigade General Beauchamp Duff, GCB, GCSI, GCVO 1855 1918 General James Duff 1752 1839 Major General Winston Dugan, 1st Baron Dugan of Victoria 1876 1951 Major General Harvey Tuckett Duncan, CSI 1826 1900 Indian Staff Corps Brigadier Herbert Cecil Duncan 1895 1942 General David Dundas 1735 1820 General Francis Dundas c.1759 1824 Major General John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee 1648 1689 Lieutenant General Douglas Cochrane, 12th Earl of Dundonald 1852 1935 Major General Josias Dunn 1837 1900 Royal Irish Fusiliers, Hon. Major-General[33] Major General Lionel Dunsterville 1865 1946 Major General Henry Marion Durand 1812 1871 Lieutenant General James Durand 1766 Lieutenant General Benjamin D'Urban 1777 1849 Major General Elias Walker Durnford 1774 1850 Brigadier General Reginald Dyer 1864 1927 Brigadier Vivian Dykes 1898 1943
E[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes Lieutenant General Ralph Eastwood 1890 1959 General William Edmeston 1804 formerly of the 48th Regiment of Foot Brigadier General James Edward Edmonds 1861 1956 Lieutenant General James Bevan Edwards 1834 1922 Brigadier General Francis Howard, 1st Earl of Effingham c. 1683 1743 Lieutenant General Thomas Howard, 2nd Earl of Effingham 1714 1763 Field Marshal Charles Egerton 1848 1921 General Archibald Montgomerie, 11th Earl of Eglinton 1726 1796 Lieutenant General Edmond Elles 1848 1934 Lieutenant General Hugh Elles 1880 1945 Lieutenant General John Elley 1764 1839 General Charles Ellice 1823 1888 Marshal of the Royal Air Force Edward Ellington 1877 1967 (formerly Major General) Major General Christopher Haslett Elliott 1947 Present Major General Granville Elliott 1713 1759 Major General Roger Elliott 1665 1714 Major General Sir Howard Elphinstone, 1st Baronet 1773 1846 Major General Howard Craufurd Elphinstone 1829 1890 Victoria Cross recipient Major General William George Keith Elphinstone 1782 1842 General Poole England 1787 1884 Lieutenant General Thomas Erle 1650 1720 Major General Charles Hay, 20th Earl of Erroll 1852 1927 General George Erskine 1899 1965 Lieutenant General Sir William Erskine, 1st Baronet 1728 1795 Major General Sir William Erskine, 2nd Baronet 1770 1813 Lieutenant General Vernon Erskine-Crum 1918 1971 General Basil Eugster 1914 1984 General De Lacy Evans 1787 1870 Lieutenant General Geoffrey Charles Evans 1901 1987 Brigadier Lewis Pugh Evans 1881 1962 Lieutenant General Thomas Evans 1776 1863 Lieutenant General William Evans Lieutenant General William Evelyn 1723 1783 Brigadier Harry Frank Everard General James Everard 1962 Present Lieutenant General John Fullerton Evetts 1891 1988 Lieutenant General Spencer Ewart 1861 1930
F[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes General Henry Fane 1778 1840 General Edmund Fanning 1739 1818 General Charles Fanshawe ca.1817 1901 Colonel-Commandant Royal Engineers[34] Major General Evelyn Fanshawe 1895 1979 General Martin Farndale 1929 2000 Major General Andrew Farquhar 1953 Present General Anthony Farrar-Hockley 1924 2006 Major General Dair Farrar-Hockley 1946 Present Major General Robert Nicholas Faunce HM Indian Army, Commander of Burma Division, lost when the SS Cheduba sank in the BAy of Bengal, May 1869 General William Fawcett 1727 1804 General William Feilding 1836 1895 General Henry Ferguson Davie 1797 1885 General Sir Charles Fergusson, 7th Baronet 1865 1951 General James Fergusson 1787 1865 Major General Edward Robert Festing 1831 1912 Major General Francis Worgan Festing 1833 1886 Brigadier General Francis Leycester Festing 1877 1947 Field Marshal Francis Wogan Festing 1902 1976 Lieutenant General Andrew Figgures 1950 Present Lieutenant General Bertie Fisher 1878 1972 Major General Lord Michael Fitzalan-Howard 1917 2007 Brigadier General Charles FitzClarence 1865 1914 Victoria Cross recipient Major General Mordaunt Martin FitzGerald ca. 1832 1902 Royal Artillery[35] General Desmond Fitzpatrick 1912 2002 General Richard FitzPatrick 1748 1813 General Lord Charles FitzRoy 1764 1829 Major General William FitzRoy 1830 1902 Lieutenant General Frederick Fitzwygram 1823 1904 Brigadier Edward "Ted" Flint 1960 Present Brigadier Sir Henry Floyd, 5th Baronet 1899 1968 General Sir John Floyd, 1st Baronet 1748 1818 Lieutenant General Arthur Floyer-Acland 1885 1980 Brigadier Stafford Floyer-Acland 1916 1994 Lieutenant General John Paul Foley 1939 Present Major General Henry Bowreman Foote 1904 1993 Victoria Cross recipient General John Forbes 1707 1759 General Robert Ford 1923 2015 Brigadier William Marshall Fordham 1875 1959 General William Charles Forrest, CB 1819 1902 [36] Brigadier General Charles Granville Fortescue 1861 1951 Major General Victor Fortune 1883 1949 Lieutenant General George Henry Fowke 1864 1936 Major General Charles Christopher Fowkes 1894 1966 Brigadier Arthur Laurence Fowler [37] Major General Francis John Fowler 1864 1939 Brigadier General Sidney Goodall Francis 1874 1955 Lieutenant General William Edmund Franklyn, KCB 1856 1914 Major General Alexander Robert Fraser 1820 1900 3rd Madras Light Cavalry[38] Major General Thomas Harte Franks, KCB 1808 1862 General David Fraser, GBE 1920 2012 Major General Theodore Fraser 1865 1953 Brigadier William Fraser 1890 1964 Major General William Archibald Kenneth Fraser 1886 1969 Lieutenant General Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg 1889 1963 Victoria Cross recipient Lieutenant General William Furse 1865 1953 Lieutenant General Albert Fytche 1820 1892
G[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes Major General Henry Gage, 3rd Viscount Gage 1761 1808 General Thomas Gage 1719/20 1787 Lieutenant General Charles Gairdner 1898 1983 General Richard Gale 1896 1982 Lieutenant General Alexander Galloway 1895 1977 Lieutenant General Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway 1648 1720 Brigadier W. C. V. Galwey 1897 1977 Lieutenant General James Gammell 1892 1975 General Robert Gardiner 1781 1864 General George Garth 1733 1819 General Thomas Garth 1744 1829 General John Garvock 1817 1878 Major General William Julius Gascoigne 1844 1926 Lieutenant General Isaac Gascoyne 1763 1841 General Alfred Gaselee 1844 1918 Lieutenant General William Forbes Gatacre 1843 1906 General John Francis Gathorne-Hardy 1874 1949 Brigadier General Alexander Gibb 1872 1958 General John Gibbon 1917 1997 General George Giffard 1886 1964 Major General Glyn Gilbert 1920 2003 Major General Peter Gilchrist 1952 Present General Webb Gillman 1870 1933 Brigadier General Sir Robert Gilmour, 1st Baronet 1857 1939 Major General Henry Gladwin 1729/30 1791 Brigadier General Duncan Glasfurd 1873 1916 Major General Lord Edward Gleichen 1863 1937 Lieutenant General James Murray, 1st Baron Glenlyon 1782 1837 General James Glover 1929 2000 Lieutenant General John Plumptre Carr Glyn 1837 1912 Major General Joseph Godby 1902 Royal Artillery[39] General Alexander Godley 1867 1957 General Alfred Reade Godwin-Austen 1889 1963 Lieutenant General Thomas Goldie of Goldielea Major General Frederic John Goldsmid 1818 1908 Major General Walter Tuckfield Goldsworthy 1837 1911 Major General Sir William Gooch, 1st Baronet 1681 1751 General Richard Goodbody 1903 1981 Lieutenant General Charles Augustus Goodfellow 1836 1915 Victoria Cross recipient Lieutenant General Gerald Goodlake 1832 1890 Victoria Cross recipient Lieutenant General Richard Elton Goodwin 1908 1986 Major General Frederick Gordon 1861 1927 General Sir James Willoughby Gordon, 1st Baronet 1772 1851 General George Gordon, 5th Duke of Gordon 1770 1836 Major General Joseph Maria Gordon 1856 1929 General Lord Adam Gordon c. 1726 1801 General William Gordon 1736 1816 General Robert Gordon-Finlayson 1881 1956 Lieutenant General George Gordon-Lennox 1908 1988 General Charles Stephen Gore 1793 1869 Lieutenant General George Gorringe 1868 1945 Lieutenant General William Gott 1897 1942 General Charles John Stanley Gough 1832 1912 Victoria Cross recipient General Hubert Gough 1870 1963 General Hugh Henry Gough 1833 1909 Victoria Cross recipient Brigadier General John Gough 1871 1915 Victoria Cross recipient General Michael Gow 1924 2013 Brigadier General Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie 1872 1955 Victoria Cross recipient General Douglas Gracey 1894 1964 Major General David Graeme 1716 1797 Major General Douglas Graham 1893 1971 Lieutenant General Gerald Graham 1831 1899 Victoria Cross recipient Major General John Graham 1923 2012 Lieutenant General John Manners, Marquess of Granby 1721 1770 Lieutenant General Colquhoun Grant 1764 1835 Major General James Grant 1720 1806 Major General James Grant 1778 1852 General James Hope Grant 1808 1875 Lieutenant General Scott Grant 1944 Present General Timothy Granville-Chapman 1947 Present Lieutenant General Arthur Edward Grasett 1888 1971 Lieutenant General Michael Gray 1932 2011 General George Richard Greaves 1831 1922 Brigadier General Arthur Frank Umfreville Green 1878 Major General William Green 1882 1947 [40] Lieutenant General William Wyndham Green 1887 1979 Major General Stuart Greeves 1897 1989 Lieutenant General Andrew Gregory 1957 Present Major General Guy Gregson 1906 1988 General Charles Grey 1804 1870 Lieutenant General Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey c 1729 1807 Lieutenant General George de Grey, 3rd Baron Walsingham 1776 1831 Lieutenant General James Grierson 1859 1914 Lieutenant General Charles Griffiths 1763 1829 Brigadier General George Grogan 1875 1962 Victoria Cross recipient Lieutenant General Francis Grose c. 1758 1814 Brigadier General Edward Grove 1852 1932 Major General Colin Gubbins 1896 1976 Brigadier General Gordon Guggisberg 1869 1930 Lieutenant General John Christopher Guise 1826 1895 Victoria Cross recipient Field Marshal Charles Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank 1938 Present General Roland Guy 1928 2005 Lieutenant General Willoughby Gwatkin 1859 1925 Major General Llewellyn Gwynne 1863 1957
H[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes General John Hackett 5 November 1910 9 September 1997) Major General Charles Hadden 1854 1924 Major General Frederick Edward Hadow 28 October 1836 15 May 1915 Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig 19 June 1861 29 January 1928 General Robert Haining KCB DSO 1882 1959 Major General Edmund Hakewill-Smith KCVO, CB, CBE, MC 1896 1986 General Richard Haking, GBE, KCB, KCMG 24 January 1862 9 June 1945 General James Aylmer Lowthorpe Haldane GCMG, KCB, DSO 17 November 1862 19 April 1950 Lieutenant General Frederick Haldimand KB 11 August 1718 5 June 1791 General Colin Halkett General Baron Hugh Halkett Major General Richard Hebden O'Grady Haly William O'Grady Haly General Bruce Hamilton 1857 1936 General during World War I. Major General Geoffrey (Goff) Hamilton [41] Major General Hubert Hamilton 1861 1914 served in Mahdist War in Egypt, Second Boer War, First World War General Sir Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton 1853 1947 commanded the ill-fated Mediterranean Expeditionary Force during the Battle of Gallipoli General James Inglis Hamilton before 1742 1803 Served in Seven Years' War, American War of Independence, French Revolutionary Wars Lieutenant General Sir John Hamilton, 1st Baronet, of Woodbrook 1755 1835 Served as an officer in the Honourable East India Company, the British Army and during the Napoleonic Wars the Portuguese Army. He saw action across the world from India to the West Indies General Alexander Hamilton-Gordon 1817 1890 Was a Scottish soldier and Liberal Party politician Lieutenant General Alexander Hamilton-Gordon 1859 1939 Was a general during First World War Lieutenant General Edward Bruce Hamley Major General Frederick Hammersley Brigadier General Thomas Brand, 3rd Viscount Hampden Major General John Hanbury-Williams Field Marshal John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton Major General Francis Pym Harding General Arthur Edward Hardinge Lieutenant General William Hargrave Brigadier Kenneth Hargreaves General Charles Harington Harington General Charles Henry Pepys Harington General Alexander Harley General Jack Harman Lieutenant General George Montague Harper J J Harper General Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington General William Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Harrington Lieutenant General George Harris, 1st Baron Harris Lieutenant General Ian Harris Lieutenant General William Harris, 2nd Baron Harris Major General Desmond Harrison Major General Eric George William Warde Harrison, CB, CBE, MC Arthur Fitzroy Hart Lieutenant General Henry George Hart General Reginald Clare Hart General Alan Hartley Brigadier General Arthur Henry Seton Hart-Synnot C.B.C. "Roscoe" Harvey 1900 1996 Major General Charles Offley Harvey Lieutenant General Edward Harvey Lieutenant General John Harvey General Sir Charles Hastings, 1st Baronet Lieutenant General Sir Henry Havelock-Allan, 1st Baronet Major General Henry Havelock Lieutenant General John Hawkesworth Lieutenant General Henry Hawley Brigadier General Lord John Hay Major General John Charles Hay ca. 1830 1902 Madras Staff Corps[42] Major General Mian Hayaud Din Lieutenant General Robert Hayman-Joyce Lieutenant General Lewis Heath Brigadier General Charles Edensor Heathcote General George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield 1717 1790 Lieutenant General David Henderson Major General Kennett Gregg Henderson, CB 1836 1902 [43] General William Heneker General Arthur James Herbert Lieutenant General Otway Herbert Lieutenant General Percy Egerton Herbert William Norman Herbert [44] Major General Francis John Hercy 1835 1902 [45] Major General James Heriot-Maitland, KCB 1837 1902 Royal Engineers[46] Brigadier Carl Arthur Hewitt MBE MA 1954 General Reginald Hewetson General Sir George Hewett, 1st Baronet Major General William Bernard Hickie General George Higginson Major General John Hill Major General Sir John Hill, KCB 1834 1902 Royal Bombay Engineers[47] General Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill Walter Pitts Hendy Hill 1877 1942 [48] Lieutenant General James Hills-Johnes Major General Frederick Hime 1836 1902 Royal Engineers[49] Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Hislop, 1st Baronet Major General Percy Hobart Major General Michael Hobbs General Edward Hodge Major General Henry West Hodgson Major-General First World War Brigadier General Rudolph Trower Hogg Major General Daniel Hoghton Lieutenant General Arthur Holland Major General Spencer Edmund Hollond Lieutenant General Henry Holmes Lieutenant General William Holmes Major General Arthur Holworthy Major General Ralph Hone Brigadier Maxwell Richard Julian Hope-Thomson D.S.O., O.B.E., M.C. 1911 1990 Lieutenant General Sir John Hope General John Hope, 4th Earl of Hopetoun Major General George F. Hopkinson Major General Peregrine Hopson Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne Lieutenant General Brian Horrocks Brigadier General William Horwood General Beaumont Hotham, 3rd Baron Hotham General Nick Houghton Lieutenant General David House General Sir William Houston, 1st Baronet General Charles Howard Major General Francis Howard General Patrick Howard-Dobson General John Cradock, 1st Baron Howden Lieutenant General Emanuel Scrope Howe Brigadier General George Howe, 3rd Viscount Howe General Richard Curzon-Howe, 3rd Earl Howe General William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe General Geoffrey Howlett Major General Hubert Huddleston Major General Charles Edward Hudson Major General Ivor Hughes Major General Charles Hull Field Marshal Richard Hull General Peter Hunt General Archibald Hunter General Martin Hunter Lieutenant General Peter Hunter Robert Hunter Lieutenant General Aylmer Hunter-Weston General John Huske Major General Robert Hutchison, 1st Baron Hutchison of Montrose Lieutenant General Balfour Oliphant Hutchison Lieutenant General Edward Hutton Lieutenant General Thomas Jacomb Hutton General Charles Huxtable Henry Hyde, RE
I[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes Major General James Illingworth Brigadier Cecil Edward Ronald Ince 1897 1988 [2] Brigadier General Adrian Beare Incledon-Webber GOC Infantry Brigade[3] Field Marshal Peter Inge Brigadier General Charles St Maur Ingham CRA [3] Brigadier General John Darnley Ingles GOC Infantry Brigade[3] Brigadier Frederick Reed Inglis 1896 [2] Major General George Henry Inglis 1902 197 [2] Major General John Drummond Inglis 1895 1965 [2] Lieutenant General William Inglis Major General Edward Charles Ingouville-Williams GOC Infantry Division[3] Brigadier David James Innes [50][51] Lieutenant General James John McLeod Innes Brigadier John Innes 1907 [2] Major General Roland Debenham Inskip 1885 1971 [2] Field Marshal William Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside GOC Infantry Brigade[3] Brigadier General Alfred Ernest Irvine GOC Infantry Brigade[3] Major General Godfrey George Howy Irving GOC Infantry Brigade[3] Lieutenant General Alistair Irwin Major General James Murray Irwin DMS General John Irwin Lieutenant General Noel Mackintosh Stuart Irwin 1892 1972 [2] Major General Stephen Fenemore Irwin 1895 1964 [2] General Hastings Lionel, Baron Ismay of Wormington 1887 1965 Brigadier Thomas Ivor-Moore 1897 1946 [2]
J[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes Brigadier General Archibald Jack 1874 1939 Brigadier General James Lochhead Jack 1880 1962 Brigadier General Arnold Jackson 1891 1972 General Henry Jackson 1879 1972 General Mike Jackson 1944 Present Lieutenant General Richard Downes Jackson 1777 1845 General William Jackson 1917 1999 Field Marshal Claud Jacob 1917 1999 Major General Herbert Jacob 1806 1890 Lieutenant General Ian Jacob 1899 1993 Brigadier General John Jacob 1812 1858 Major General Henry James 1803 1877 Brigadier Rolph James 1930 2010 [52] Major General Millis Jefferis 1899 1963 Brigadier General Patrick Douglas Jeffreys 1848 1922 General George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys 1878 1960 Major General Alexander Jenkins ca.1827 1902 Madras Staff Corps[53] Major General Charles Vernon Jenkins 1830 1901 Bengal Staff Corps Major General David Jenkins Present Major General Henry Edward Jerome 1830 1901 Victoria Cross recipient Lieutenant General William Jervois 1821 1897 Brigadier Brigadier Thomas Smith (T.S) Jobson (1938-41) Major General Dudley Graham Johnson 1884 1975 Victoria Cross recipient General Garry Johnson 1937 Present Brigadier General Francis Earl Johnston 1871 1917 Lieutenant General Maurice Robert Johnston 1929 Present Major General Robert Maxwell Johnstone 1914 1990 General Alan Jolly 1910 1977 Major General Major General Anthony Jones MC General Edward Jones 1936 2007 Major General John Thomas Jones 1783 1843 Brigadier General Lumley Jones 1887 1918 Lieutenant General Love Jones-Parry 1781 1853 Lieutenant General David Judd Present
K[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes Major General Jamie Kadolski Brigadier General Richard Kane 1662 1736 Major General William Heape Kay Lieutenant General John Keane, 1st Baron Keane 1781 1844 Lieutenant General John Manley Arbuthnot Keane, 3rd Baron, GCB, GCH Lieutenant General Henry Sheehy Keating 1775 1847 Lieutenant General Richard Harte Keatinge 1825 1904 Victoria Cross recipient General Charles Keightley 1901 1974 Major General Robert Kekewich 1854 1914 Major General Vernon Kell 1873 1942 General Thomas Kelly-Kenny 1840 1914 Major General George Kemball 1859 1941 General James Kempt c. 1765 1854 Major General Douglas Kendrew 1910 1989 Brigadier General Paul Aloysius Kenna 1862 1915 Major General Andrew Kennett General Brian Kenny 1934 2017 Hon. Major General Katharine, Duchess of Kent 1933 Present Major General Lionel Richard Kenyon General William Keppel 1834 Lieutenant General William Keppel 1727 1782 Walter Ker Major General Lord Ralph Drury Kerr General Sir Edward Kerrison, 1st Baronet 1776 1853 Major General Billy Key 1895 1986 Major General Iftikhar Khan 1907 1949 Lieutenant General Muhammad Anwar Khan 1915 Present Brigadier General Muhammed Akbar Khan 1897 1993 Brigadier General Muhammed Zafar Khan 1908 1983 General Francis Needham, 1st Earl of Kilmorey 1748 1832 Lieutenant General Brian Kimmins 1899 1979 General Frank King 1919 1998 General Evelyn Pierrepont, 2nd Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull 1711 1773 General Walter Kirke 1877 1949 Major General Lamont Kirkland Present General Sidney Kirkman 1895 1982 General George Macaulay Kirkpatrick 1866 1950 Brigadier Frederick Kisch 1888 1943 Lieutenant General John Kiszely 1948 Present Field Marshal Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener 1850 1916 Lieutenant General Walter Kitchener 1858 1912 General Frank Kitson 1926 Present General William Thomas Knollys 1797 1883 Major General Alfred Knox 1870 1964 Lieutenant General Charles Edmond Knox 1846 1938 General Harry Knox 1873 1971
L[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes General Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake 1744 1808 Lieutenant General Percy Lake 1855 Major General Charles F. G. Lamb 1902 Bengal Staff Corps[54] Lieutenant General Graeme Lamb1940 1953 Present General John Lambert 1772 1847 Major General John Lambton 1710 1794 Major General George Lammie 1891 1946 Major General Herman Landon 1859 1948 Major General Algernon Philip Yorke Langhorne 1882 1945 Brigadier General Harold Stephen Langhorne 1866 1932 General George Colt Langley 1810 1896 Royal Marines General Gerald Lathbury 1906 1978 Major General Percy Laurie 1880 1962 Lieutenant General Robert Law c. 1788 1874 Lieutenant General Sydney Turing Barlow Lawford 1865 1953 Brigadier General Charles Lawrence 1709 1760 General George St Patrick Lawrence 1804 1884 Major General John Craig Lawrence 1963 Present Lieutenant General Henry Merrick Lawson 1859 1933 General Richard Lawson 1927 Present Brigadier Joseph Laycock 1867 1952 Major General Robert Laycock 1907 1968 Major General Roger Eustace Le Fleming 1895 1962 Major General John Le Marchant 1766 1812 Lieutenant General John Le Marchant 1803 1874 General Edward Pemberton Leach 1847 1913 Brigadier General Henry Leach 1870 1936 Lieutenant General David Leakey 1952 Present General John Learmont 1934 Present Lieutenant General Henry Leask 1913 2004 Brigadier General Noel Lee Lieutenant General Oliver Leese 1894 1978 Major General William Leet 1833 1898 Victoria Cross recipient Major General John Henry Lefroy 1817 1890 General Edward Owen Leggatt ca. 1825 1902 Madras Staff Corps[55] Brigadier General William Kaye Legge 1869 1946 Lieutenant General William Boog Leishman 1865 1926 Lieutenant General James Leith 1763 1816 General Alexander Leith Hay 1758 1838 General Peter Leng 1925 2009 General Lord George Lennox 1737 1805 Lieutenant General Wilbraham Lennox 1830 1897 Lieutenant General Walter Lentaigne 1899 1955 Major General Alexander Leslie 1731 1794 Major General John Sydney Lethbridge 1897 1961 Major General Alfred George Lewis Major General Claude Liardet 1881 1966 Lieutenant General Edward Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier 1740 1782 Brigadier General Luke Lillingstone 1653 1713 Lieutenant General Louis Lillywhite 1948 Present Lieutenant General James Lindsay 1815 1874 Lieutenant General Albemarle Bertie, 9th Earl of Lindsey 1744 1818 Major General Louis Lipsett 1874 1918 Brigadier General Malcolm Orme Little 1857 1931 Major General Owen Edward Pennefather Lloyd 1854 1941 Victoria Cross recipient Major General Wilfrid Lewis Lloyd 1896 1944 Major General David Lloyd Owen 1917 2001 Major General Edward Loch, 2nd Baron Loch 1873 1942 Lieutenant General Kenneth Loch 1890 1961 Major General Rupert Lochner 1891 1965 General Rob Lockhart 1893 1981 General William Lockhart 1841 1900 General Charles Loewen 1900 1986 Major General Frederick Joseph Loftus-Tottenham 1898 1987 Lieutenant General Samuel Lomax 1855 1915 Lieutenant General Robert Ballard Long 1771 1825 Brigadier General Walter Long 1879 1917 Air vice-marshal Charles Longcroft 1883 1958 Brigadier General Thomas Pakenham, 5th Earl of Longford 1864 1915 Lieutenant General William Kerr, 2nd Marquess of Lothian 1661 1722 General William Kerr, 4th Marquess of Lothian 1710 1775 Major General Charles Louis, Bt. 1813 1900 Colonel commandant, Royal Marines.[56] Major General James Louis CB, DSO, OBE 1944 1945 Commanding Officer 48 RM Commando Simon Fraser of Lovat 1726 1782 Brigadier Simon Fraser, 14th Lord Lovat 1871 1933 Major General Hudson Lowe 1769 1844 Major General William Lowe 1861 1944 Major General Cecil Lowther 1869 1940 Lieutenant General Richard Luard 1827 1891 Major General Cuthbert Lucas 1879 1958 Major General Henry Lukin 1860 1925 General Henry Lumley c. 1658 1722 General William Lumley 1769 1850 Brigadier General Alfred Forbes Lumsden Royal Scots. Brigadier General Frederick Lumsden 1872 1918 Lieutenant General Harry Burnett Lumsden 1821 1896 Lieutenant General Herbert Lumsden 1897 1945 General Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch 1748 1843 Lieutenant General Humphrey Lyons 1802 1873 General Daniel Lysons 1816 1898 Lieutenant General Harry Lyster 1830 1922 General Neville Lyttelton 1845 1931 Lieutenant General Richard Lyttelton 1718 1770
M[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood 1897 1965 Lieutenant General Edward Macarthur 1789 1872 Major General William McBean 1818 1878 Brigadier General Charles MacCarthy 1764 1824 General John McColl 1952 Present Lieutenant General Frederick McCracken 1859 1949 General Richard McCreery 1898 1967 Lieutenant General Godfrey Macdonald, 3rd Baron Macdonald of Sleat 1775 1832 Major General Hector MacDonald 1853 1903 Lieutenant General John Macdonald 1795 1850 General James Macdonnell 1781 1857 Lieutenant General George Macdonogh 1865 1942 Major General Robert McDouall 1774 1848 General Patrick Leonard MacDougall 1819 1894 Major General Charles MacGregor 1840 1887 Major General Alexander Anderson McHardy 1868 1958 Brigadier General Duncan Sayre MacInnes 1860 1918 Major General Donald Macintyre 1831 1903 Victoria Cross recipient Major General Colin John Mackenzie 1861 1956 General Jeremy Mackenzie 1941 Present Kenneth MacKenzie (British Army officer) Lieutenant General Alexander Mackenzie Fraser 1758 1809 Brigadier General Augustus de Segur McKerrell CB General William Henry Mackinnon 1852 1929 Major General Henry John Maclean 1827 1915 Rifle Brigade; A. A. and D.Q.M.G. in Ireland 1879-84 Major General Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet 1911 1996 Major General Peter Maclean of Lazonby Hall 1813 1901 Royal Artillery Lieutenant General Donald Kenneth McLeod 1885 1958 Lieutenant General John Macleod 1752 1833 Lieutenant General Roderick McLeod 1905 1980 Allan McLeod General Gordon MacMillan (British Army officer) 1897 1986 [[Lieutenant General (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] Sir John Richard Alexander MacMillan KCB, CBE 8 February 1932 was [[Scottish Command|General Officer Commanding Scotland]]. Lieutenant General George Fletcher MacMunn General William McMurdo 1819 1894 Brigadier General Arthur George McNalty 1871 1958 [57] Major General John McNeill (British Army officer) 1831 1904 Brigadier General Dougal Campbell McPherson MBE, REME and RAOC ″British Army Lists 1940-1946 1943 4th Quarter Part 1 Vol 1)″ Lieutenant General Herbert MacPherson 1827 1886 Major General William Macpherson 1858 1927 Major General Lachlan Macquarie 1762 1824 General Nevil Macready 1862 1946 Brigadier General John Macready 1887 1957 General Bryan Mahon 1862 1930 General Frederick Maitland 1763 1848 General Peregrine Maitland 1777 1854 Lieutenant General Thomas Maitland 1760 1824 Major General James Herbert Samuel Majury CB, MBE, GOC, West Midland District, from 1970 to 1973 Major General Vivian Majendie 1886 1960 Major General Wilfrid Malleson 1866 1946 Major General Christopher Maltby 1891 1980 Brigadier General Henry Osborne Mance 1875 1966 Major General Lord Charles Manners (British Army officer, died 1761) 1761 General Lord Charles Manners (1780–1855) 1780 1855 Major General Lord Robert Manners (British Army officer, born 1781) 1781 1835 General Lord Robert Manners (British Army officer, died 1782) c. 1721 1782 Brigadier General William Manning 1863 1932 Lieutenant General Mark Mans 1955 Present General Robert Mansergh 1900 1970 Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough 1706 1758 General John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough 1650 172 Major General John Charles Oakes Marriott 1895 1978 Major General Patrick Marriott 1958 Present Lieutenant General William Marshall 1865 1939 General James Marshall-Cornwall 1887 1985 Major General Edward Charles Marston ca 1822 1902 Bombay Army[58] Lieutenant General Giffard Le Quesne Martel 1889 1958 Major General Richard James Coombe Marter 1833 1902 King's Dragoon Guards[59] Brigadier General Samuel Masham, 1st Baron Masham 1678/9 1758 Lieutenant General Noel Mason-MacFarlane 1889 1953 Lieutenant General Hugh Massy 1884 1965 Brigadier Tim Massy-Beresford 1896 1987 General Torquhil Matheson 1871 1963 General Frederick Francis Maude 1821 1897 Lieutenant General Stanley Maude 1864 1917 Major General Frederick Maurice 1871 1951 Major General John Frederick Maurice 1841 1912 General Ivor Maxse 1862 1958 Brigadier General Francis Aylmer Maxwell 1871 1917 General John Maxwell 1859 1929 Major General Ronald Charles Maxwell General Reginald May 1879 1958 Lieutenant General Simon Mayall 1956 Present General Mosley Mayne 1889 1955 General Richard John Meade 1821 1894 Brigadier General Reginald Brabazon, 13th Earl of Meath 1869 1949 General William Medows 1738 1813 Brigadier General William Hope Meiklejohn 1845 1909 Major General Charles Melliss 1862 1936 General Robert Melvill 1723 1809 General Henry Dundas, 3rd Viscount Melville 1801 1876 Major General Mungo Melvin 1955 Present Lieutenant General Robert Menzies 1944 Present Major General Stewart Menzies 1890 1968 General Cavalié Mercer 1783 1868 Major General William Merewether 1825 1880 General Frank Messervy 1893 1974 Field Marshal Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen 1845 1932 Major General Godwin Michelmore 1894 1982 General George Middlemore 1850 General Frederick Dobson Middleton 1825 1898 Major General Eric Miles 1891 1977 Lieutenant General Herbert Miles 1850 1926 Major General Austin Timeous Miller CB MC and bar 1888 Field Marshal George Milne, 1st Baron Milne 1866 1948 General George Milner 1760 1836 Brigadier General F.J. Moberly Brigadier Nicky Moffat 1962 General John Mogg 1913 2001 Lieutenant General George Molesworth 1890 1968 Major General Gilbert Monckton, 2nd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley 1915 2006 Lieutenant General Robert Monckton 1726 1782 Brigadier General Ernest Money 1866 1952 Major General Robert Cotton Money 1888 1985 General Sir Charles Monro, 1st Baronet 1860 1929 Brigadier General Francis Stewart Montague-Bates 1876 1954 Lieutenant General Alan Richard Montagu-Stuart-Wortley Major General Edward Montagu-Stuart-Wortley 1857 1934 Field Marshal Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd 1871 1947 Major General Arthur Thomas Moore 1830 1913 General James Newton Rodney Moore 1905 1985 Lieutenant General John Moore 1761 1809 Lieutenant General Harry Mordaunt 1663 1720 General John Mordaunt 1697 1780 Lieutenant General Charles Morgan 1741 1818 Lieutenant General Frederick E. Morgan 1894 1967 Brigadier General J. H. Morgan 1876 1955 General William Duthie Morgan 1891 1977 General Thomas Morland 1865 1925 General Thomas Morony 1927 1989 General Edwin Morris 1889 1970 Brigadier General George Mortimer Morris 1871 1954 Lieutenant General John Ignatius Morris (1842–1902) 1842 1902 Royal Marines Major General Staats Long Morris 1728 1800 General George Morrison 1703 1799 Brigadier General Joseph Wanton Morrison 1783 1826 Brigadier General Brigadier General Edward Morton CBE Major General William Elliot Morton 1821 1902 Royal Engineers[60] General David Mostyn 1928 2007 General John Mostyn c.1709 1779 Major General J. E. B. Seely, 1st Baron Mottistone 1868 1947 Major General Berkeley Moynihan, 1st Baron Moynihan 1865 1936 General Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave 1755 1831 General Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar 1726 1805 Lieutenant General William Munro died 1821 [61] General William Munro 1818 1880 (Maj-Gen 1837, Lt-Gen 1846)[62] Major General William Munro [63] Major General George FitzClarence, 1st Earl of Munster 1794 1842 General Archibald Murray 1860 1945 General George Murray 1772 1846 General Horatius Murray 1903 1989 General James Murray 1721 1794 General Sir John Murray, 8th Baronet c. 1768 1827 General Sir John Irvine Murray 1902) Indian Army[64] Major General Robert Murray CSI, Director-General of Indian Telegraphs Major General David Murray-Lyon 1890 1975 Lieutenant General James Wolfe Murray 1853 1919 Major General Alfred Musson 1900 1995 General Geoffrey Musson 1910 2008
N[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes General Charles Edward Nairne 1836 1899 General Charles James Napier 1782 1853 Lieutenant General George Thomas Napier 1784 1855 General William Francis Patrick Napier 1785 1860 Major General Eric Paytherus Nares 1892 1947 Brigadier General John Nation 1874 1946 Lieutenant General Philip Neame 1888 1978 General Francis Needham, 1st Earl of Kilmorey 1748 1832 86th Foot Major General Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 1748 1832 Lieutenant General Edward Newdegate 1825 1902 Major General Christopher Richard Havard Nicholl Brigadier David William Dillwyn Nicholl Brigadier John Nichols 1896 1954 General Cameron Nicholson 1898 1979 Brigadier Claude Nicholson 1898 1943 Lieutenant General Francis Nicholson 1655 1727 Brigadier General John Sanctuary Nicholson 1863 1924 Lieutenant General Lothian Nicholson 1827 1893 Major General William Henry Snyder Nickerson 1875 1954 Lieutenant General William Nicolay 1771 1842 General John Nixon 1857 1921 Major General Amos Godsell Robert Norcott 1777 1838 Lieutenant General William Sherbrooke Ramsey Norcott 1804 1886 Major General Miles Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk 1915 2002 Lieutenant General Willoughby Norrie, 1st Baron Norrie 1893 1977 Makor General Edward Northey 1868 1953 Lieutenant General George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland 1665 1716 Lieutenant General Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland 1742 1817 General Chapple Norton 1746 1818 Lieutenant General Edward F. Norton 1884 1954 Major General Edward Nugent Norton 1828 1900 Madras Staff Corps, Honorary Major-General[65] Major General Charles Roland Sykes Notley 1939 Charles Roland Sykes Notley, born 1939)[66] Brigadier General George Colborne Nugent 1864 1915 Lieutenant General Archibald Nye 1895 1967
O[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes General Richard O'Connor 1889 1981 Major General Luke O'Connor 1831 1915 General Kevin O'Donoghue 1947 Present General James Oglethorpe 1696 1785 General Charles O'Hara 1740 1802 Major General Louis Oldfield 1872 1949 General Laurence Oliphant 1846 1914 General William Olpherts 1822 1902 Major General Michael O'Moore Creagh 1892 1970 General Denzil Onslow 1770 1838 Lieutenant General Richard Onslow c.1697 1760 Major General Harry Ord 1819 1885 General James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde 1665 1745 Major General Charles Boyle, 4th Earl of Orrery 1674 1731 General John Oswald 1771 1840 General Loftus William Otway 1775 1854 Lieutenant general John Owen 1777 1857 Major General Walter Hayes Oxley [67]
P[]
Q-R[]
S[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes General Edward Sabine 1788 1883 General Joseph Sabine c. 1661 1739 Major General Charles Sackville-West, 4th Baron Sackville 1870 1962 George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville 1716 1785 Brigadier general Lionel Sadleir-Jackson 1876 1932 Major General Robert Sale 1782 1845 Major General Guy Salisbury-Jones 1896 1985 Major General Harold Francis Salt 1879 1971 Lieutenant General Alexander Fraser, 17th Lord Saltoun 1785 1853 General William Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst 1819 1876 Lieutenant General Richard Hieram Sankey 1829 1908 Major General Euston Sartorius 1844 1925 Victoria Cross recipient Major General Reginald Sartorius 1841 1907 Victoria Cross recipient General Thomas Saumarez 1760 1845 Lieutenant General Reginald Savory 1894 1980 Major General Aldred Lumley, 10th Earl of Scarbrough 1857 1945 Brigadier general Osbert Lumley Father of Roger Lumley Major General Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough 1896 1969 Son of Osbert Lumley General James Yorke Scarlett 1799 1871 Major General Henry Schaw, CB 1829 1902 Royal Engineers[79] Lieutenant General Edmond Schreiber 1890 1972 General Henry Sclater 1855 1923 Major General Henry Jenner Scobell 1859 1912 Lieutenant General Ronald Scobie 1893 1969 General Geoffrey Scoones 1893 1975 Major General James Bruce Scott 1892 1974 Major General Thomas Scott, CB 1897 1968 Indian Army [80] Major General Thomas Scott 1905 1976 Major General Logan Scott-Bowden 1920 2014 General William Scotter 1922 1981 Brigadier general Robert Scott-Kerr 1859 1942 Lieutenant General Francis Mackenzie, 1st Baron Seaforth 1754 1815 Lieutenant General Edward Seager 1812 1883 General Sir John Sebright, 6th Baronet 1725 1794 Lieutenant General Henry Hamilton Settle 1847 1923 Brigadier general Horace Sewell 1881 1953 General Sir Francis Seymour, 1st Baronet 1813 1890 Lieutenant General William Seymour 1664 1728 General John Sharp 1917 1977 General James Shaw Kennedy 1788 1865 Lieutenant General Frederick Shaw 1861 1942 Major General Hugh Shaw 1839 1904 Victoria Cross recipient Major General David Shaw (British Army officer) 1957 Present Major General Jonathan Shaw (British Army officer) 1957 Present General Roger Hale Sheaffe 1763 1851 Major General Philip James Shears 1887 1972 Brigadier Michael J. Sheehan (general) 1899 1975 Michael Sheehan CBE (1899-1975) General John Coape Sherbrooke 1764 1830 Major General Thomas Shirley Son of William Shirley General William Shirley 1694 1771 Father of Thomas Shirley General Richard Shirreff 1955 Present Major General Stephen Shoosmith 1900 1956 Lieutenant General Henry Shrapnel 1761 1842 Major General John Shrimpton General Cameron Shute 1866 1936 Major General Herbert Taylor Siborne 1826 1902 Royal Engineers[81] Lieutenant General John Graves Simcoe 1752 1806 Major General Frank Keith Simmons 1888 1952 Major General John Alexander Sinclair 1897 1977 Lieutenant General Patrick Sinclair 1736 1820 Lieutenant General Pratap Singh of Idar 1845 1922 General Andrew Skeen 1873 1935 General Sir John Slade, 1st Baronet 1762 1859 Major General Rudolf Carl von Slatin 1857 1832 Field marshal William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim 1891 1970 Brigadier general Henry Stanhope Sloman 1861 1945 General Robert Sloper 1729 1802 Major General John Small 1726 1796 Major General Gerald Smallwood 1889 1977 Lieutenant General Arthur Smith 1890 1977 Brigadier general Clement Leslie Smith 1878 1927 Victoria Cross recipient Major General Francis Smith 1723 1791 Lieutenant General Sir Harry Smith, 1st Baronet 1787 1860 General Sir Lionel Smith, 1st Baronet 1778 1842 General Rupert Smith 1943 Present General Horace Smith-Dorrien 1858 1930 General Edward Selby Smyth 1819 1896 Major General George Stracey Smyth 1767 1823 General Henry Augustus Smyth 1825 1906 Brigadier Sir John Smyth, 1st Baronet 1893 1983 Victoria Cross recipient and acting Major General Lieutenant General Leicester Smyth 1829 1891 Major General Nevill Smyth 1868 1941 Victoria Cross recipient Lieutenant General Thomas D'Oyly Snow 1858 1940 General Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset 1684 1750 Lieutenant General Edward Arthur Somerset 1817 1886 General Lord Edward Somerset 1776 1842 Lieutenant General Henry Somerset 1794 1862 Major General Edward Spears 1886 1974 Brigadier general Frederick Spring 1878 1963 Lieutenant General William Spry 1734 1802 General James St Clair 1688 1762 Major General Roger Ellis Tudor St. John 1911 1998 Major General Anthony St Leger 1731/32 1786 General John St George 1812 1891 Major General Lee Stack 1868 1924 Major General Samuel Stallard ca 1824 1902 Bengal Artillery[82] James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope c. 1673 1721 Brigadier Alexander Stanier 1899 1995 Brigadier general Henry Calvert Stanley-Clarke 1872 1943 General Edward Stanton 1827 1907 General John Stanwix c. 1690 1766 Lieutenant General William Staveley 1784 1854 General Charles Staveley 1817 1896 Major General James Anthony Steel ca.1825 1902 Bengal Staff Corps, Honorary Major-General[83] General James Steele 1894 1975 General Thomas Montagu Steele 1820 1890 Field marshal Sir Donald Stewart, 1st Baronet 1824 1900 Major General Herbert Stewart 1843 1885 Brigadier Ian MacAlister Stewart 1895 1987 Lieutenant General Giles Stibbert 1734 1809 General John Stibbon 1935 2014 General William Stirling 1907 1973 Lieutenant General Henry William Stisted 1817 1875 General Hugh Stockwell 1903 1986 Brigadier Michael J. Stone 1953 Present Lieutenant General Frederick Stopford 1854 1929 General Montagu Stopford 1892 1971 Lieutenant General Henry Knight Storks 1811 1874 Lieutenant General Richard Strachey 1817 1908 Lieutenant General Charles Stuart 1753 1801 Major General James Stuart 1793 General James Stuart 1741 1815 Lieutenant General John Stuart, Count of Maida 1759 1815 Brigadier general Herbert Studd 1870 1947 General John Howard, 15th Earl of Suffolk 1739 1820 General Cecil Sugden 1903 1963 Lieutenant General John Swayne 1890 1964 Major General Robert Charles Ochiltree Stuart 1861 1948 DG of Indian Army Ordnance Major General Ernest Swinton 1868 1951 Brigadier general Percy Sykes 1867 1945 Air vice-marshal Frederick Sykes 1877 1954 Major General Matthew Sykes 1955 Present Major General William Penn Symons 1843 1899 Lieutenant General Coote Synge-Hutchinson 1832 1902 Colonel of the 19th Hussars[84]
T[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes Major General Reginald Talbot 1841 1929 Major General Nigel Tapp 1904 1991 General Banastre Tarleton 1754 1833 Lieutenant general Herbert Taylor 1775 1839 General Robert Taylor 1760 1839 Francis, Duke of Teck 1837 1900 Major General Christopher Teesdale 1833 1893 Field marshal Gerald Templer 1898 1979 Brigadier James Noel Tetley 1898 1971 Andrew Rutherford, 1st Earl of Teviot 1664 Major General George Thesiger 1868 1915 General Gwilym Ivor Thomas 1893 1972 Major General Lechmere Thomas 1897 1981 General Noel Thomas 1915 1983 Vivian Davenport Thomas Major General Walter Babington Thomas 1919 2017 Major General David Philips Thomson CB, CBE, MC, Major General Julian Thompson 1934 Present [85] Major General Thomas Perronet Thompson 1783 1869 James Noel Thomson 1888 1979 General Mowbray Thomson 1832 1917 Noel Arbuthnot Thomson GOC Infantry Brigade General Andrew Thorne 1885 1970 Major General Harry Cumming-Bruce, 7th Baron Thurlow 1910 1971 General William Thwaites 1868 1947 Brigadier Christopher Tickell Brigadier Thomas William Tilbrook Queen's Royal Irish Hussars Lieutenant general Thomas Tollemache c. 1651 1694 Major General Henry Tombs 1825 1874 Victoria Cross recipient Major General John Tombs 1777 1848 General William Percival Tomkins, CIE 1841 Colonel-Commandant, Royal Engineers Patrick Tonyn 1725 1804 Major General Henry Torrens (British Army officer) 1779 1828 Lieutenant general Henry Torrens 1823 1889 Major General George Byng, 3rd Viscount Torrington 1701 1750 General John Gray Touch ca 1822 1902 Madras Staff Corps[86] Major General Philip Tower 1917 2006 Major General Charles Townshend (British Army officer) 1861 1924 Lieutenant general Frederick Traill-Burroughs 1831 1905 General Richard Trant 1928 2007 Cyrus Trapaud 1715 1801 General James Travers 1820 1884 Victoria Cross recipient Lieutenant general Paul Travers 1928 1983 Brigadier General Hon. John Frederick Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis 1878 1915 Major General Charles Trelawny 1653 1731 Brigadier General Henry Trelawny c. 1658 1702 Marshal of the Royal Air Force Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard 1873 1956 Major General Ivor Herbert, 1st Baron Treowen 1851 1933 Major General William Spottiswoode Trevor 1831 1907 Lieutenant general Philip Trousdell 1948 Present Lieutenant general Charles Tucker 1838 1935 Lieutenant general Henry Hugh Tudor 1871 1965 Lieutenant general Francis Tuker 1894 1967 Major General Alexander Bruce Tulloch 1838 1920 Major General Alexander Murray Tulloch 1803 1864 Major General Charles Turner 1826 Major General Alfred Edward Turner 1842 1918 General Harry Tuzo 1917 1998 General Philip Geoffrey Twining 1861 1920 James Arbuthnot Tyler, CRA Major General Timothy Tyler Julian Dallas Tyndale Tyndale-Biscoe Commandant Remount Depot Brigadier General John Tytler 1825 1880 Victoria Cross recipient
U[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes Major General Peter Alfred Ullman 1897 1972 Percy Umfreville Director of Military Prisons Brigadier William Ernest Underhill 1898 1968 Herbert Crofton Campbell Uniacke GOCRA Brigadier Robert Babington Everard Upton 1896 Major General Robert Elliott Urquhart 1901 1988 Brigadier Thomas Clive Usher 1907 1982 Major General John Edward Utterson-Kelso 1893 1972
V[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes Major General Henry Tanfield Vachell 1902 Royal Artillery[87] Brigadier Croxton Sillery Vale 1896 1975 [2] Brigadier Claude Max Vallentin 1896 [2] Major General Albert Robert Valon 1885 1971 [2] Brigadier Mark Charles van der Lande CBE General Sir John Ormsby Vandeleur 1763 1849 Brigadier John Ormsby Evelyn Vandeleur 1903 1988 [2] Brigadier Jacob William Van Reenan 1889 [2] Brigadier Arthur Bowen Van Straubenzee 1891 1967 [2] Casimir Cartwright van Straubenzee (1867-1956) 1867 1956 GOCRA [3] Casimir Henry Claude Van Straubenzee 1864 1943 GOC Infantry Brigade [3] Berkeley Vaughan GOC Infantry Brigade [3] Edward Vaughan GOC Infantry Brigade [3] Henry Osman Vaughan CHA [3] Lieutenant General John Vaughan c. 1731 1795 John Vaughan 1871 1956 GOC Cavalry Division & Insp QMG Services [3][88] Louis Ridley Vaughan MGGS [3] Robert Edward Vaughan DA&QMG [3] Brigadier William Edmund Vaudrey 1894 1968 [2] Brigadier Edward William Drummond Vaughan 1894 1953 See Vincigliata[2] Brigadier Gerald Birdwood Vaughan-Hughes 1896 1983 [2] Brigadier Charles Hilary Vaughan Pritchard 1905 1976 [2] Brigadier Harley Gerald Veasey 1896 1982 [2] Brigadier Charles Michael Dillwyn-Venables-Llewelyn 1900 1976 [2] Brigadier Arthur Noel Venning 1895 [2] General Walter King Venning 1882 1964 [2] Major General Gerald Lloyd Verney 1900 1957 [2] Charles Broke Vere Major General William Henry McNeile Verschoyle-Campbell 1884 1946 [2] Brigadier John Vicary 1893 [2] Brigadier James Sholto Vickers 1910 [2] Lieutenant General Wilmot Gordon Hilton Vickers 1890 1987 [2] Brigadier Richard Montague Villiers 1905 1973 [2] Brigadier Frederick Hubert Vinden 1895 1977 [2] Brigadier George Arthur Viner 1900 [2] Brigadier John Alan Vivian 1898 [2] Brigadier Robert John Volkers 1908 [2] Brigadier John Leslie Von der Heyde 1896 1974 [2] Stanley Brenton von Donop William John Vousden Charles Vallancey John Vaughan 1975 Richard Vickers Freddie Viggers John Vincent Hussey Vivian, 1st Baron Vivian Major General Colwyn Henry Hughes Vulliamy 1894 1972 [2] Richard Vyse Richard William Howard Vyse Maj.-Gen. Charles Vyvyan 29 Sep 1944 Major General Ralph Ernest Vyvyan 1891 1971 [2]
W[]
X-Y[]
Rank Name Born Died Notes Lieutenant General David Ximenes Hon. Henry Yarde-Buller British Mission to French GQG [3] Brigadier Morris Yates 1900 [2] Clement Yatman GOC Infantry Brigade[3] Brigadier Kenneth Darlaston Yearsley 1891 [2] Brigadier Herbert Charles James Yeo 1892 [2] Robert Young GOC Infantry Brigade[3] Major General Peter Young 1912 1976 [96] Elton Younger Major General Bernard Keith Young 1892 1969 [2] Brigadier Desmond Young 1892 1966 [2] Brigadier Henry Ayerst Young 1895 1952 [2] Brigadier Peter Young 1915 1988 [2] Major General John Edward Talbot Younger 1888 1974 [2] Major General Ralph Younger 1904 1985 [2] Brigadier George Edward Younghusband 1896 1970 [2] Field marshal John French, 1st Earl of Ypres 1852 1925
See also[]
List of field marshals of the British Army
List of British Army full generals
List of Royal Air Force air chief marshals
Category:Generals
[]
Official website of the British Army
References[]
This article contains more content and information than its corresponding article on Wikipedia (view authors).
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https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Sir_Peter_Agnew,_1st_Baronet
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Sir Peter Agnew, 1st Baronet
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2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00
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Commander Sir Peter Garnett Agnew, 1st Baronet (9 July 1900 – 26 August 1990) was an officer in the Royal Navy and a Conservative Party politician. Agnew was born in Bucklow, Cheshire,[1] a son of C.L. Agnew of Knutsford.[2] Educated at Repton School, he entered the Royal Navy on 25 October...
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/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico
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Military Wiki
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https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Sir_Peter_Agnew,_1st_Baronet
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Commander Sir Peter Garnett Agnew, 1st Baronet (9 July 1900 – 26 August 1990) was an officer in the Royal Navy and a Conservative Party politician.
Biography[]
Education and naval career[]
Agnew was born in Bucklow, Cheshire,[1] a son of C.L. Agnew of Knutsford.[2] Educated at Repton School, he entered the Royal Navy on 25 October 1918, trained at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant on 15 May 1921.[1][2]
Receiving promotion to lieutenant on 15 April 1923, he served on the sloop Bluebell on the China Station from August 1923 until January 1925, before serving on the battlecruiser Renown from March 1926 until July 1927. After a term as Aide-de-camp to the Governor of Jamaica, he was assigned to the battleship Queen Elizabeth in August 1928, transferring to the Royal Yacht Victoria and Albert in May 1930. On 15 April 1931 he was promoted to lieutenant-commander, but retired from the Navy on 29 May at his own request.[1]
Election to Parliament[]
Agnew was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for the Camborne constituency in Cornwall, at the 1931 general election.[3] He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Walter Runciman, the President of the Board of Trade, in 1935–37, and to Sir Philip Sassoon, First Commissioner of Works, in 1937–39. He was an Assistant Government Whip in May–July 1945, and held the Conservative Whip from August 1945 until February 1950.[1] Agnew held the seat until the constituency's abolition at the 1950 general election.[3] He contested the constituency of Falmouth and Camborne, but lost to Harold Hayman.[1]
World War II[]
Agnew returned to naval service in August 1939. He was executive officer of the destroyer Bedouin in March–October 1940, and was promoted to commander on 9 July 1940. He was in command of the destroyer Ramsey from November 1940 to March 1941, receiving a Mention in Despatches on 1 January 1941. He then served aboard the heavy cruiser Kent from May 1941 until August 1942. From January 1943 until June 1944 he was on the staff of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich.[1]
Return to Parliament[]
He re-entered the House of Commons at the 1955 general election as MP for South Worcestershire, and was re-elected there until his retirement at the 1966 general election.
Other activities[]
Agnew was a Member of the House of Laity in the Church of England Assembly, 1935–65, a Church Commissioner for England, 1948–68, and a trustee of the Historic Churches Preservation Trust, 1968-.[1]
He served as chairman of the Iran Society, 1966–73,[4] and received the Order of Homayoun from Iran in 1973.[1]
From 1974 to 1976, Agnew was President of the European Documentation and Information Centre (CEDI), and was awarded the Order of Civil Merit (Orden del Mérito Civil) from Spain in 1977.[1]
Baronetage[]
He was made a baronet, of Clendry, in the County of Wigtown, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 31 January 1957. After his death in 1990 at the age of 90, he was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son, Sir Quentin Agnew-Somerville, 2nd Baronet, father of the actress Geraldine Somerville.[5]
Personal life[]
Agnew was married twice; firstly to Enid Frances Boan, daughter of Henry Boan of Perth, Western Australia, in 1928.[2] They had one son. Enid died in 1982, and in 1984 he married Julie Marie Watson. They were divorced in 1987.[6]
References[]
[]
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Commander Sir Peter Agnew
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https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/17145/rupert_de_la_bere/worcestershire_south
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Sir Rupert De La Bere, former MP, Worcestershire South
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Read Sir Rupert De La Bere's contributions to Parliament, including speeches and questions
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TheyWorkForYou
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https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/17145/rupert_de_la_bere/worcestershire_south
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Support TheyWorkForYou's work in the new Parliament
TheyWorkForYou is run by mySociety, a small UK charity.
We're a very efficient operation and do a lot with a small team. At the moment TheyWorkForYou, which is used by millions of people each year, is run with less than the equivalent of one full-time person.
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https://degreesofclarity.com/quotes/
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Degrees of Clarity
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Personal site of Brandon Oto.
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Quotes
A collection of quotes, excerpts, and memorable credos from film, television, books, and miscellaneous sources. Some are well-known, others less so, a few quite original.
I’ve done the best I could to fully and accurately cite each source; when I cannot do so, I have tried to make that clear as well.
Danielle Sucher
I don’t like hurting people. Is that so hard to understand? When I go to bed at night, I can sleep easily, knowing that I fought for freedom, and for less suffering rather than more. That I stood by someone accused so that he would not have to stand alone.
I can’t know whether anyone is truly guilty or innocent, or what they deserve, and frankly, I don’t care. We all deserve at least one person on the damn planet willing to stand there next to us and fight on our behalf.
[Legal Agility blog (now unavailable), on why she chose criminal defense law]
Mary Shelley
Are you, then, so easily turned from your design? Did you not call this a glorious expedition? And wherefore was it glorious? Not because the way was smooth and placid as a southern sea, but because it was full of dangers and terror, because at every new incident your fortitude was to be called forth and your courage exhibited, because danger and death surrounded it, and these you were to brave and overcome. For this was it a glorious, for this was it an honorable undertaking. You were hereafter to be hailed as the benefactors of your species, your names adored as belonging to brave men who encountered death for honor and the benefit of mankind. And now, behold, with the first imagination of danger, or, if you will, the first mighty and terrific trial of your courage, you shrink away and are content to be handed down as men who had not strength enough to endure cold and peril; and so, poor souls, they were chilly and returned to their warm firesides. Why, that requires not this preparation; ye need not have come thus far and dragged your captain to the shame of a defeat merely to prove yourselves cowards. Oh! Be men, or be more than men. Be steady to your purposes and firm as a rock. This ice is not made of such stuff as your hearts may be; it is mutable and cannot withstand you if you say that it shall not. Do not return to your families with the stigma of disgrace marked on your brows. Return as heroes who have fought and conquered and who know not what it is to turn their backs on the foe.
[Frankenstein]
Rafael Sabatini
He was born with the gift of laughter and a sense that the world was mad.
[First line of Scaramouche, and the author’s epitaph]
Iain M. Banks
(Once, in a market in Robunde, he had brought her a caged bird because it sang so beautifully. He took it to the room they were hiring while she completed her thesis paper on temple acoustics.
She thanked him graciously, walked to the window, opened the cage’s door and shooed the little bird out; it flew away over the square, singing. She watched the bird for a moment until it disappeared, then looked around to him with an expression that was at once apologetic, defiant and concerned. He was leaning against the door frame, smiling at her.)
[Look to Windward]
Abraham Verghese
She felt the familiar calmness of an emergency, but she understood the falseness of that feeling, now that it was her life at stake.
[Cutting for Stone]
Royal Humane Society
Suppose but one in ten restored, what man would think the designs of the society unimportant, were himself, his relation, or his friend—that one?
[Early days of the Royal Humane Society, dedicated to rescuing drowning victims in Britain]
Royal Humane Society
lateat scintillula forsans
[“a small spark may, perhaps, lie hidden.” Motto of the Royal Humane Society.]
Bertrand Russell
Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a great ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.
I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy—ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness—that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what—at last—I have found.
With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.
Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate this evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.
This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.
[Autobiography]
Neil deGrasse Tyson
The problem, often not discovered until late in life, is that when you look for things in life like love, meaning, motivation, it implies they are sitting behind a tree or under a rock. The most successful people in life recognize, that in life they create their own love, they manufacture their own meaning, they generate their own motivation.
For me, I am driven by two main philosophies, know more today about the world than I knew yesterday. And lessen the suffering of others. You’d be surprised how far that gets you.
[From a Reddit AMA]
Tecumseh
Always give a word or sign of salute when meeting or passing a friend, or even a stranger, if in a lonely place.
[Unknown]
Kelly Grayson
You should bother, because EMTs are privileged to play in life’s great game. Too many unlucky people watch the action thunder by, stuck at a desk, or watching it on television at home.
[“A Pep Talk...”]
Richard Bausch
You touch one part of it, and the whole thing shivers, from one end to the other. It’s such a delicate thing, revision, and revision is where the artistry is; and so you have to be ruthless, and put away anything—even parts you like the sound of, even the matters that speak from your secret self to who you hope you are—put away anything that does not contribute to the whole thing. And God damn it is hard.
[Unknown]
Thom Dick
An EMT’s most basic job is to notice stuff and then wonder about it.
[“Small Talk”]
George Santayana
. . . until the curtain was rung down on the last act of the drama (and it might have no last act!) he wished the intellectual cripples and the moral hunchbacks not to be jeered at; perhaps they might turn out to be the heroes of the play.
[On William James, quoted in Linda Simon’s William James Remembered]
Robert M. Sapolsky
[1] Soon we’re forgoing immediate pleasure in order to get good grades in order to get into a good college in order to get a good job in order to get into the nursing home of our choice.
[2] A relationship is the price you pay for the anticipation of it.
[Assorted, from Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers]
James Boswell
DEMPSTER: We have hardly a right to abuse this tragedy; for bad as it is, how vain should either of us be to write one not near so good.
JOHNSON: Why no, Sir; this is not just reasoning. You may abuse a tragedy, though you cannot write one. You may scold a carpenter who has made you a bad table, though you cannot make a table. It is not your trade to make tables.
[Life of Johnson]
Drew Anderson
Depression is an indicator that your life sucks.
[Word of mouth, reportedly paraphrasing Neil Jacobson]
Barry Eisler
“The City. Can’t you hear it? People. Machines. Even thoughts so thick your bones feel it and your ear almost catches it.”
[Rain Fall]
Gregory David Roberts
It took me a long time and most of the world to learn what I know about love and fate and the choices we make, but the heart of it came to me in an instant, while I was chained to a wall and being tortured. I realized, somehow, through the screaming in my mind, that even in that shackled, bloody helplessness, I was still free: free to hate the men who were torturing me, or to forgive them. It doesn’t sound like much, I know. But in the flinch and bite of the chain, when it’s all you’ve got, that freedom is a universe of possibility. And the choice you make, between hating and forgiving, can become the story of your life.
[Shantaram]
Christopher Logue
Come to the edge.
We might fall.
Come to the edge.
It’s too high!
COME TO THE EDGE!
And they came,
and he pushed,
and they flew.
[“Come to the Edge.” Usually misattributed to Guillaume Apollinaire.]
Gilmore
He surprises me with beauty.
[By the electronic composer Gilmore, in reference to the work of Aphex Twin. Quoted in an academic paper.]
Karel and Josef Capek
And to flash from the forge for a moment, and perish, is all our desire.
[The Insect Play]
Ray Bradbury
The good writers touch life often. The mediocre ones run a quick hand over her. The bad ones rape her and leave her for the flies.
[Fahrenheit 451]
Unknown
There’s a parable about a woman who goes to a psychiatrist. The shrink says, “What’s the problem?” The woman says, “I’m dead.” The shrink tries to explain to her: no, you can’t be dead, you’re walking around, talking, you’re obviously alive. But he can’t convince her. Finally, he gets her to agree that dead people don’t bleed. He whips out a pin and jabs her in the hand. She looks at the blood welling up from the wound and says, “Son of a bitch! Dead people do bleed!”
[Unknown]
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
Through our great good fortune, in our youth our hearts were touched with fire.
[Speech to a veteran’s group on Memorial Day, post Civil War]
Norman Maclean
“All there is to thinking,” he said, “is seeing something noticeable which makes you see something you weren’t noticing which makes you see something that isn’t even visible.”
[A River Runs Through It (novel)]
Unknown
No sé. No hice el mundo.
[Spoken by a lizard, as I recall, in a Spanish-language children’s story]
Edward Albee
There is chaos behind the civility, of course.
[The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia?]
Unknown
Fiat justitia ruat caelum
[“Let Justice be done though the Heavens fall.” Unclear original source. Alternately Fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus (Let Justice be done, though the world perish), purportedly the motto of Ferdinand I.]
C.S. Lewis
In a sense a child does not long for fairy land as a boy longs to be the hero of the first eleven. Does anyone suppose that he really and prosaically longs for all the dangers and discomforts of a fairy tale?—really wants dragons in contemporary England? It is not so. It would be much truer to say that fairy land arouses a longing for he knows not what. It stirs and troubles him (to his life-long enrichment) with the dim sense of something beyond his reach and, far from dulling or emptying the actual world, gives it a new dimension of depth. He does not despise real woods because he has read of enchanted woods: the reading makes all real woods a little enchanted. This is a special kind of longing.
[The Chronicles of Narnia, afterword]
John Steakley
“He’s the best of us. The best of our best, the best that each of us will ever build or ever love. So pray for this Guardian of our growth and choose him well, for if he be not truly blessed, then our designs are surely frivolous and our future but a tragic waste of hope. Bless our best and adore for he doth bear our measure to the Cosmos.”
[Armor]
Herman Melville
[1] It is not down in any map; true places never are.
[2] God keep me from ever completing anything.
[3] Oh, Time, Strength, Cash, and Patience!
[4] A laugh’s the wisest, easiest answer to all that’s queer
[5] Swerve me? ye cannot swerve me, else ye swerve yourselves!
[Assorted, from Moby Dick]
William Shakespeare
FOOL: If thou wert my Fool, nuncle, I’d have thee beaten for being old before thy time.
LEAR: How’s that?
FOOL: Thou shouldst not have been old till thou hadst been wise.
[King Lear]
Ursula K. Le Guin
“ . . . she obeys me, but only because she wants to.”
“It’s the only justification for obedience,” Ged observed.
[Tehanu]
Eric Shaver
I haven’t gotten to the point of wanting to jump off a building, but there have been a few days where it sounded pretty interesting. At least then I’d know if I could fly.
[Personal correspondence]
Gregory Benford
If you are losing at a game, change the game.
[“A Hunger for the Infinite”]
“Mister Skin”
Dyson spheres need great big walls
To keep the world from spilling out
They make them out of buckyballs
And use gravitons for grout
[Unknown; quoted here]
Revelation
and his voice was like the sound of rushing waters.
[Revelation 1:15, from the New International Version of the Bible]
Simon and Garfunkel
“Kathy, I’m lost,” I said, though I knew she was sleeping.
[“America”, written by Paul Simon, from Bookends]
Oscar Wilde
After the first glass, you see things as you wish they were. After the second, you see things as they are not. Finally you see things as they really are, which is the most horrible thing in the world.
[Purportedly in reference to absinthe. Possibly apocryphal.]
Blaise Pascal
When we wish to correct with advantage and to show another that he errs, we must notice from what side he views the matter, for on that side it is usually true, and admit that truth to him, but reveal to him the side on which it is false. He is satisfied with that, for he sees that he was not mistaken and that he only failed to see all sides. Now, no one is offended at not seeing everything; but one does not like to be mistaken, and that perhaps arises from the fact that man naturally cannot see everything, and that naturally he cannot err in the side he looks at, since the perceptions of our senses are always true.
[Pensées, section 9]
Maurice Baring
Bright gifts and festal crowns to him they bore.
The brave, the wise, the mighty and the fair
Acclaimed him lord of the unconquered air.
But he who, thanks to more than mortal lore,
The albatross, the eagle could outsoar
Now stripped of his large wings, and unaware
Of the loud jubilee, in mute despair,
Withdrew to weep alone on Cumae’s shore.
To one who asked he spoke: “My son to-day
Was drowned; he flew too near the burning ray,
That struck his wings, and from the empty sky
He was hurled headlong to the envying sea:
He nevermore shall climb the skies with me,
And I no more shall have the heart to fly.”
[“Daedalus,” anthologized in Icarus: An Anthology of the Poetry of Flight (1938, by “R de la Bere”—perhaps Rupert De la Bère?—and cadets of the Royal Air Force academy, World War I era).]
Cuthbert Hicks
I am blind: I have never seen
Sun gold nor silver moon,
Nor the fairy faces of flowers,
Nor the radiant noon.
They speak of the dawn and the dusk,
And the smile of a child,
Of the deep red heart of a rose,
As of God, undefiled.
But I learnt from the air to-day
(On a bird’s wings I flew)
That the earth could never contain
All of the God I knew.
I felt the blue mantle of space,
And kissed the cloud’s white hem,
I heard the stars’ majestic choir,
And sang my praise with them.
Now joy is mine through my long night,
I do not feel the rod,
For I have danced the streets of heaven,
And touched the face of God.
[“The Blind Man Flies” anthologized in Icarus: An Anthology of the Poetry of Flight (1938, by “R de la Bere”—perhaps Rupert De la Bère?—and cadets of the Royal Air Force academy, World War I era).]
Christian Hamilton
Gods: I have flown!
All my young body is broken on the rocks
And all the red cliffs swim before my eyes—
The summer haze, perhaps—or my sight fails—
Dim world, these eyes of mine shall open soon
On great Olympus. Hah! I shall tell Jove
That I have flown—I, Icarus, a mortal!
Oh, the sun burns down pitiless upon me
And on my crushed white wings—my wings—my wings—
Why did I fly so high? I might by now
Be safe, if only—only—Ah, but FLYING
High and yet higher into the burning blue
Above the ochre crags and jade green sea!
How could I help it—how do otherwise?
And when the softening wax upon my shoulders
Let the great plumes slip sideways and I fell
Hardly was terror there. I saw the rocks
Rush up to meet me, and I knew that never
Never would Icarus rise again.
But I have flown—have flown. These are my wings,
All crushed and torn and dabbled—they are wings,
And this day on Olympus Jove shall know. . . .
How the cliffs shudder . . . and the sun is scorching . . .
Pain stabs my broken body so—I die—
Gods: I have flown!
[“Icarus” anthologized in Icarus: An Anthology of the Poetry of Flight (1938, by “R de la Bere”—perhaps Rupert De la Bère?—and cadets of the Royal Air Force academy, World War I era).]
Anonymous
Bird of the fierce delight,
Brother of foam as white
And winged as foam is,
Wheeling again from flight
To some unfooted height
Where your blithe home is:
Bird of the wind and spray,
Crying by night and day
Sorrowful laughter,
How shall man’s thought survey
Your will or your wings’ way,
Or follow after?
What pride is man’s, and why,
Angel of air, should I
Joy to be human?
You walk and swim and fly,
Laugh like a man and cry
Like any woman.
I would your spirit were mine
When your wings dip and shine,
Smoothly advancing;
I drink a breathless wine
Of speed in your divine
Aerial dancing.
[“To a Sea-Gull” anthologized in Icarus: An Anthology of the Poetry of Flight (1938, by “R de la Bere”—perhaps Rupert De la Bère?—and cadets of the Royal Air Force academy, World War I era).]
BP Young
How can they know that joy to be alive
Who have not flown?
To loop and spin and roll and climb and dive,
The very sky one’s own,
The urge of power while engines race,
The sting of speed,
The rude winds’ buffet on one’s face,
To live indeed.
How can they know the grandeur of the sky,
The earth below,
The restless sea, and waves that break and die
With ceaseless ebb and flow;
The morning sun on drifting clouds
And rolling downs—
And valley mist that shrouds
The chimneyed towns?
So long has puny man to earth been chained
Who now is free,
And with the conquest of the air has gained
A glorious liberty.
How splendid is this gift He gave
On high to roam,
The sun a friend, the earth a slave,
The heavens home.
[“Flight” anthologized in Icarus: An Anthology of the Poetry of Flight (1938, by “R de la Bere”—perhaps Rupert De la Bère?—and cadets of the Royal Air Force academy, World War I era).]
Ernest Rhys
With the wings of a bird and the heart of a man he compass’d his flight,
And the cities and seas, as he flew, were like smoke at his feet.
He lived a great life while we slept, in the dark of the night,
And went home by the mariners’ road, down the stars’ empty street.
[“The New Icarus,” originally from Rhymes for Everyman. Anthologized in Icarus: An Anthology of the Poetry of Flight (1938, by “R de la Bere”—perhaps Rupert De la Bère?—and cadets of the Royal Air Force academy, World War I era).]
Unknown
The men who billow down the sea in ships
Have earned these ages tributes justly high;
But now is newly told on peoples’s lips
Of men in airy craft who seek the sky.
Flung freely through their newer kingdom won,
Clean wings describe the geometric arc,
And hurtle down the starlight to the dark
Or gambol with the spear-shafts of the sun.
A newer kingdom and a newer race—
They spurn with pride the lowly creed of earth,
And glory in the boundlessness of space,
Where worlds through aeons past have leapt to birth.
Though mortal span is told in numbered weeks
They brush eternity with youthful cheeks.
[“A Newer Kingdom,” unknown source; reprinted here]
Socrates
It seems to me not only that absolute greatness will never be great and small at once, but also that greatness in us never admits smallness, and will not be exceeded. One of two things must happen: either the greater will give way and fly at the approach of its opposite, the less, or it will perish. It will not stand its ground, and receive smallness, and be other than it was, just as I stand my ground, and receive smallness, and remain the very same small man that I was. But greatness cannot endure to be small, being great. Just in the same way again smallness in us will never become nor be great; nor will any opposite, while it remains what it was, become or be at the same time the opposite of what it was. Either it goes away or it perishes in the change.
[“Phaedo,” 102e–103a (Ancient Philosophy, Bard and Kaufmann 5th edition, Cornford translation)]
Socrates
We are just in that state; we dwell in a hollow of the earth, and think that we are dwelling on its surface; and we call the air heaven, and think it to be the heaven wherein the stars run their courses. But the truth is that we are too weak and slow to pass through to the surface of the air. For if any man could reach the surface, or take wings and fly upward, he would look up and see a world beyond, just as the fishes look forth from the sea, and behold our world. And he would know that that was the real heaven, and the real light, and the real earth, if his nature were able to endure the sight.
[“Phaedo,” 109d–110a (Ancient Philosophy, Bard and Kaufmann 5th edition, Cornford translation)]
Parmenides
[13] First of all the gods she devised Love.
[14] Shining by night with a light not her own, wandering round the earth.
[Fragments. (From Ancient Philosophy, Bard and Kaufmann 5th edition, Cornford translation)]
Unknown
waeron hleahtorsmithum handa belocene
[the hands of the laughter-smiths were clasped shut]
[“Exodus,” from the Old English Junius Manuscript (section XLII, line 43)]
Plato
So the nature required to make a really noble Guardian of our commonwealth will be swift and strong, spirited, and philosophic.
[Republic, III 376c (Ancient Philosophy 5th edition, Bard and Kaufmann, Cornford translation)]
Bill Watterson
Reading those turgid philosophers here in these remote stone buildings may not get you a job, but if those books have forced you to ask yourself questions about what makes life truthful, purposeful, meaningful, and redeeming, you have the Swiss Army Knife of mental tools, and it’s going to come in handy all the time.
[Commencement address at Kenyon College, 1990, quoted here]
Adam Warren
I don’t do this STUPID JOB because I want to be LIKED or ACCEPTED or whatever —
although that WOULD be fucking NICE —
I do this STUPID JOB because I’m DRIVEN to do it —
unlike YOU, I do this stupid, STUPID job
BECAUSE THIS IS WHAT I AM
[Empowered, issue 4]
Tim Minear
Inara: Mal, you don’t have to die alone.
Mal: Everybody dies alone.
[Firefly, “Out of Gas”]
Tim Minear, Joss Whedon
Tracey: When you can’t run, you crawl. And when you can’t crawl, you... when you can’t do that...
Zoe: You find someone to carry you.
[Firefly, “The Message”]
Karl Gajdusek, Michael deBruyn
If we have souls, they are made of the love we share.
[Oblivion]
Jacques Rancière
Disagreement is not the conflict between one who says white and another who says black. It is the conflict between one who says white and another who also says white but does not understand the same thing by it.
[Disagreement: Politics and Philosophy]
Laura Hudson Kittrell
Strong her sails and brave is she
[“Sailing Song”]
Edna St. Vincent Millay
The world stands out on either side
No wider than the heart is wide.
[“Renascence”]
Roger Ebert
“Kindness” covers all of my political beliefs. No need to spell them out. I believe that if, at the end, according to our abilities, we have done something to make others a little happier, and something to make ourselves a little happier, that is about the best we can do. To make others less happy is a crime. To make ourselves unhappy is where all crime starts. We must try to contribute joy to the world. That is true no matter what our problems, our health, our circumstances. We must try. I didn’t always know this and am happy I lived long enough to find it out.
[“I do not fear death”, originally in Life Itself: A Memoir]
HP Lovecraft
To be bitter is to attribute intent and personality to the formless, infinite, unchanging and unchangeable void. We drift on a chartless, resistless sea. Let us sing when we can, and forget the rest.
[Unknown]
Unknown
[1] Mrs. Nurse, will you hold my hand? I’ve never died before and I’m scared.
[2] Mommy, if I died, would you love me?
[Two separate children in extremis. Quoted by paramedic Alice “Twink” Dalton]
Algernon Charles Swinburne
I am tired of tears and laughter,
And men that laugh and weep;
Of what may come hereafter
For men that sow to reap:
I am weary of days and hours,
Blown buds of barren flowers,
Desires and dreams and powers
And everything but sleep.
. . . From too much love of living,
From hope and fear set free,
We thank with brief thanksgiving
Whatever gods may be
That no life lives for ever;
That dead men rise up never;
That even the weariest river
Winds somewhere safe to sea.
[“The Garden of Proserpine”]
Bruce Cockburn
Got to kick at the darkness ’til it bleeds daylight
[“Lovers in a Dangerous Time”]
Niccolò Machiavelli
[1] There is nothing more difficult to carry out, nor more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to handle, than to initiate a new order of things.
[2] Hence it comes that all armed prophets have been victorious, and all unarmed prophets have been destroyed.
[Assorted, from The Prince]
Craig Douglas
Seek safety at the heart of danger.
[SDF forums (no longer available)]
Robert Nozick
One way to determine if a view is inadequate is to check its consequences in particular cases, sometimes extreme ones, but if someone always decided what the result should be in any case by applying the given view itself, this would preclude discovering it did not correctly fit the case. Readers who hold they would plug in to the machine should notice whether their first impulse was not to do so, followed later by the thought that since only experiences could matter, the machine would be all right after all.
[“Happiness”]
Matthew Woodring Stover
Each of us is the sum of our scars.
[Blade of Tyshalle]
Tex
If my memory ever gets wiped I hope the recollection of my former self doesn’t depend on you people.
[Old IBO IRC]
Pierre Bosquet
C’est magnifique, mais ce n’est pas la guerre
[“It is magnificent, but it is not war.” Reportedly spoken during the Crimean War by the French Marshal Bosquet, upon hearing of the events of the infamous “Charge of the light brigade.”]
Louis XIV
Ultima ratio regum
[“Last argument of kings.” Stamped on French cannons during the reign of King Louis XIV.]
“MBCook”
NT is a weak form of unix like a doughnut is a weak form of a particle accelerator.
[Slashdot]
Samuel Shem
Once, when I mentioned this to second-year medical students, one raised his hand, “We learned empathy already.” What? “Yes, last year in interviewing. Empathy is when you repeat the last three words the patient says and nod your head.”
[Harvard Medical School commencement, 2009]
Samuel Shem
[1] I make my patients feel like they’re still part of life, part of some grand nutty scheme instead of alone with their diseases. With me, they still feel part of the human race.
[2] You’ve always perched yourself at a slight angle to the universe.
[Assorted, from The House of God]
Joe Connelly
I usually try to imagine what a regular person would do, someone more in tune with the supplies and demands of human nature, and once I realize a regular person would never find himself in this position, I try to think like a hero in the movies.
[Bringing Out the Dead, novel]
Paul Schrader
It’s not your fault. No one asked you to suffer. That was your idea.
[Bringing Out the Dead, film]
Atul Gawande
At times, in medicine, you feel you are inside a colossal and impossibly complex machine whose gears will turn for you only according to their own arbitrary rhythm. The notion that human caring, the effort to do better for people, might make a difference can seem hopelessly naive. But it isn’t.
[Better]
Unknown
The modest merits of this good citizen may, so far as the public are concerned, be summed up in the simple statement that he has saved upwards of 30 lives from drowning. When we consider what are the awards usually apportioned by mankind to the destroyers of their species, the presentation of a gold watch and chain, accompanied by a framed parchment from the Royal Humane Society, in the precincts of a disused School Room, must appear an inadequate acknowledgment of services so signal. But we are new at the business and shall improve as we go forward.
[Town of Sunderland, recognizing Harry Watts for the individual rescue of thirty-six near-drownings. Quoted in Life of Harry Watts: Sixty years sailor and diver]
Alfred Spencer
There is a hackneyed platitude to the effect that virtue is its own reward, but it is safe to say that the average man does not find such a result sufficient. It might be so in an ideal world inhabited by ideal people, but in this work-a-day world, in addition to the approval of our conscience, we love to have the approval of our fellows and to know that our acts are appreciated, and especially is this the case when we are actuated by altruistic motives. This is, of course, a form of vanity, but then vanity is almost a universal failing.
[Life of Harry Watts: Sixty years sailor and diver]
Jeph Jacques
Maturity is knowing you were an idiot in the past. Wisdom is knowing that you’ll be an idiot in the future. And common sense is knowing that you should try not to be an idiot now.
[Questionable Content]
Friedrich Nietzsche
How much of personal timidity and vulnerability does this masquerade of a sickly recluse betray?
[From Beyond Good and Evil, on Spinoza]
Friedrich Nietzsche
Two different things wanteth the true man: danger and diversion. Therefore wanteth he woman, as the most dangerous plaything.
[Thus Spake Zaruthustra]
Anais Nin
I want to leave a scar on the world.
[Henry and June]
Richard Linklater
[1] As the pattern gets more intricate and subtle, being swept along is no longer enough.
[2] Giacometti was once run down by a car, and he recalled falling into a lucid faint, a sudden exhilaration, as he realized that — at last — something was happening to him.
[3] Exercise your human mind as thoroughly as possible, knowing it is only an exercise. Build beautiful artifacts, solve problems, explore the secrets of the physical universe, savor the input from all the senses.
[4] The trick is to combine your waking, rational abilities with the infinite possibilities of your dreams — ’cause if you can do that, you can do anything.
[5] I have but recently returned from the valley of the shadow of death. I am raptorously breathing in all the odors and essences of life. I’ve been the brink of total oblivion. I’ve remembered and ferment a desire to remember everything.
[Assorted, from Waking Life]
!Kung bushman
Why should we plant, when there are so many mongongo nuts in the world?
[Quoted in Malcolm Gladwell’s Outliers]
Malcolm Gladwell
He’d had to make his way alone, and no one — not rock stars, not professional athletes, not software billionaires, and not even geniuses — ever makes it alone.
[Outliers]
John L Parker
You don’t even get to play unless you have already won the genetic lottery. Then you have to win the nurture lottery, then the happenstance lottery, and then just in general be incredibly lucky in every conceivable way, and then you will have earned the right to work your ass off like most civilians could never possibly imagine. Then you might — might — get to stand up there like a dodo all teary-eyed pretending you knew the words to your anthem.
[Again to Carthage]
William Faulkner
they kilt us but they ain’t whupped us yit
[“Wash”]
Leonardo DaVinci
When once you have tasted flight, you will forever walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward, for there you have been, and there you will always want to be.
[attributed to Leonardo DaVinci]
Unknown
In an apparently non-political case of imitation of Thich Quang Duc, the young son of an American officer based at the U.S. Embassy in Saigon doused himself with gasoline and set himself on fire. He was seriously burned before the fire was extinguished and later could only offer the explanation that “I wanted to see what it was like.”
[Wikipedia on Thich Quang Duc]
Eric Weinberg
I love you and there’s absolutely nothing you can do about it.
[Scrubs, “My Words of Wisdom”]
Prentice Penny
Why do I want to be a doctor? Well... because doctors give people second chances. And we all deserve a second chance.
[Scrubs, “Our Couples”]
Richard Linklater, Ethan Hawke, Julie Delpy
You need to resign yourself to the awkwardness of life. Only if you find peace within yourself will you find true connection with others.
[Before Sunset]
Chris Adrian
It seemed a marvel to her that any mortal should suffer for lack of love, and yet she had never known a mortal who didn’t feel unloved. There was enough love just in this ugly hallway, she thought, that no one should ever feel the lack of it again. She peered at the parents, imagining their hearts like machines, manufacturing surfeit upon surfeit of love for their children, and then wondered how something could be so awesome and so utterly powerless.
[“A Tiny Feast,” The New Yorker, April 20, 2009]
Carolyn Delaney
He always said if there was any way he could help someone, he would.
[On her late husband Joe Delaney, killed rescuing three children from drowning; quoted by CollegeFootball.org (now unavailable)]
Joe Posnanski
He had track-star speed, but what caught you was the way he attacked bigger men, ran fearlessly through tiny fractures of daylight.
[On Joe Delaney, from NepaChiefs.com (now unavailable)]
Anonymous
I think I am in love.
And I don’t know if I want to be.
I am kind of scared.
[PostSecret]
Michael Allin
It is difficult to associate these horrors with the proud civilizations that created them: Sparta, Rome, the knights of Europe, the samurai... they worshipped strength, because it is strength that makes all other values possible. Nothing survives without it. Who knows what delicate wonders have died out of the world, for want of the strength to survive.
[Enter the Dragon]
David Mamet
Those who have “something to fall back on” invariably fall back on it. They intended to all along. That’s why they provided themselves with it. But those with no alternative see the world differently.
[Unknown]
William James
[1] We find hope satisfactory.
[2] As they stand, they remind one of Hegel’s man who wanted “fruit,” but rejected cherries, pears, and grapes, because they were not fruit in the abstract. We offer them the full quart-pot, and they cry for the empty quart-capacity.
[Assorted, from The Meaning of Truth]
Neil Gaiman
He was close enough that Shadow could see his face: old but contented, the face of a man who had sipped life’s vinegar and found it, by and large, to be mostly whiskey, and good whiskey at that.
[American Gods]
Mark Twight
Can you feel how empty and hollow your days are, how devoid of meaning? Have you forgotten what it’s like to really live a day that fulfills you deeply as a human being?
[From the old Gym Jones website]
Joe Simpson
It seemed, sometimes, fleetingly, you could come close to the ineffable edge of perfection when it all goes to glory for the briefest of moments, an inarticulate moment, that leaves you with a vulnerable shattered sense of wonderment. It was life enhancing: pure emotion.
[On mountaineering, from The Beckoning Silence]
Eli Attie
I would rather spend my life close to the birds than waste it wishing I had wings.
[House, “Dying Changes Everything”]
David Shore
There’s no cure for dying.
[House, “One Day, One Room”]
Unknown
May I never see in the patient anything but a fellow creature in pain.
[Oath of Maimonides]
Max Ehrmann
And whether or not it is clear to you, no doubt the universe is unfolding as it should. Therefore be at peace with God, whatever you conceive Him to be, and whatever your labours and aspirations, in the noisy confusion of life keep peace with your soul. With all its shams, drudgery, and broken dreams, it is still a beautiful world.
[“Desiderata”]
Samuel Gross
The person, although severely injured, congratulates himself upon having made an excellent escape, and flatters himself that he is not only in no danger, but that he will soon be well; in fact, to look at him one would hardly suppose, at first sight, that there was anything serious the matter with him; the countenance appears well, the breathing is good, the pulse is but little affected, except that it is too soft and frequent, and the mind, calm and collected, possesses its wonted vigor, the patient asking and answering questions very much as in health. But a more careful examination soon serves to show that deep mischief is lurking in the system; that the machinery of life has been rudely unhinged, and the whole system profoundly shocked; in a word, that the nervous fluid has been exhausted, and that there is not enough power in the constitution to reproduce and maintain it.
[A System of Surgery, on shock]
Wilfred Trotter
Disease often tells its secrets in a casual parenthesis.
[The Collected Papers of Wilfred Trotter]
Eric Roston
Carbon structures life. Oxygen ignites it.
[The Carbon Age]
Unknown
It was a common practice to light a bonfire close to any shipwreck that could not be rescued immediately. This was done to let the surfmen have enough light to see the shipwreck, help keep the watching surfman warm, and let the survivors of the shipwreck know that they had not been abandoned.
[Wikipedia article on Joshua James]
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My grateful thanks to Ian Linney for correcting this scanned text and making this page much more useful to researchers. The page can be searched using Ctrl + F.
Index of mentions for major actions:
Willow Grange, 23 Nov 99
Belmont, 23 Nov 99
Enslin, 25 Nov 99
Modder River, 28 Nov 99
Magersfontein, 10 - 11 Dec 99
Stormberg, 10 Dec 99
Colenso, 15 Dec 99
Colesberg, 15 Dec 99 - 25 Jan 00
Spion Kop, 24-27 Jan 00
Vaal Krantz, 6 - 8 Feb 00
Kimberley, 13 Sep 99 - 15 Feb 00
Sannah's Post, 30 - 31 Mar 00
Mafeking, 13 Oct 99 - 17 May 00
Ladysmith
Spion Kop, 16 - 25 Jan 00
Wepener, 2 - 25 Apr 00
Faber's Put, 30 May 00
WILLOW GRANGE, November 23, 1899.
From Major General Hildyard's report, November 24, 1899: -
Staff-Major Munro, Brigade Major, and Lieutenant Blair, ADC, were of good value to me.
West Yorkshire Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Colonel Kitchener led the assaulting force with energy and judgment, and all ranks behaved admirably. Major Hobbs was taken prisoner owing to his remaining too long attending to the wounded; he led the first line of the assault with judgment and good sense. The services of Lieutenant Nicholson have been specially brought to my notice for attention to duty and the situation when others were inclined to deal with matters of less importance; I recommend him for special reward. I also recommend Private Montgomery for a Distinguished Conduct medal; after being wounded in one leg he continued fighting in the firing line until again wounded.
Bearer Company-Major Ricketts commanded, and did good service both at the time and in connection with the removal of the wounded.
Guide-The services of Mr Chapman, who was so unfortunately killed, were of the greatest value; his intimate knowledge of the ground alone made it possible to carry out the operation. I sincerely trust it may be found possible to bestow on his widow some mark of recognition of his distinguished service.
BELMONT, November 23, 1899.
From Lieutenant General Methuen's despatch, November 26, 1899: -
Staff Major General Sir H Colvile has already gained my entire confidence; nothing is ever likely to shake his coolness. Captain Bulfin, brigade major, on whose shoulders great responsibility rested, did admirable work.
Scots Guards (1st Battalion)-The greatest credit is due to Colonel Paget for the manner in which he carried cut his orders, and for the intelligent handling of his battalion when left to his own resources. I note with pleasure the valuable services rendered by Lieutenant-Colonel Pulteney, and the courage displayed by Lieutenant Bulkeley and by Lieutenant Alexander (General Colville says, "Both insisted on going on after they were wounded"). The 9th Brigade had taken a correct bearing, Lieutenant Festing leading, a duty he performed admirably, and I regret he was wounded.
Yorkshire Light Infantry-Major Earle's leading, knowledge, and coolness were most noticeable.
Royal Army Medical Corps-By 10.30 my division was in camp, by 1 all my wounded were in a comfortable house being carefully tended, by 5 p.m. next day the hospital train conveyed the less severe cases to Orange River, the graver cases to Cape Town. This is the most perfect work I have ever heard of in war, and reflects the highest credit on Colonel Townsend.
From Major General Sir H Colvile's report:-
Staff Captain G Nugent, ADC, and my Brigade Major, Captain Ruggles-Brise; the latter was entrusted with leading the two battalions to Gun Hill, a task in which he was handicapped by never having seen the ground by daylight.
Grenadier Guards (3rd Battalion-Daring the assault on Gun Hill, Lieutenant and Adjutant Fryer, who was leading the men with extraordinary gallantry, was killed. Lieutenant Colonel Crabbe was also leading with great gallantry. 2nd Lieutenant Powell's leading was very noticeable.
Coldstream Guards (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel Codrington's battalion was well and correctly handled. Colonel Codrington draws particular attention to the skilful handling of his company by Captain Fielding, the coolness displayed by Lieutenant the Honourable C. Douglas-Pennant, and the complete control exercised over his company by 2nd Lieutenant Price Jones. 2nd Battalion-Lieutenant Colonel Stopford's battalion had less severe work than the others, but I consider its advance under fire was distinctly well performed. Colonel Stopford particularly calls attention to the services of Major the Honourable A Henniker-Major and Captain Shute.
ENSLIN, November 25, 1899.
From Lieutenant Colonel Money's report, November 26, 1899:-
Staff-Captain Bulfin and Lieutenant Taylor rendered me great assistance, and were near me at the final assault.
Yorkshire Light Infantry-Sergeant Waterhouse at a critical moment acted with great coolness, and shot down one of the enemy's sharpshooters, who had been doing great execution to our men advancing at a range of 1,150 yards.
MODDER RIVER, November 28th, 1899.
From Lord Methuen's despatch, December 1, 1899:
Staff Lieutenant Colonel Northcott, who never left me, fell mortally wounded. The Army has lost one of the ablest officers in the Service, and I cannot express the grief his death has caused me. I personally bring to notice the value of Lieutenant Colonel Rhodes's service and Major Streatfield's service in sending forward reinforcements to Major General Pole-Carew, for on this movement the result of the evening's success depended. Captain Bulfin, Yorkshire Regiment, did his duty admirably. The valuable services of Captain Nugent, ADC, and Captain Ruggles-Brise are again noted.
Royal Artillery-Major Lindsay, 75th Battery, ignored a painful wound, and continued in command of his battery. Lieutenant Begbie, suddenly placed in command of his battery, led it, and brought it into action with great coolness. Captain Farrell, wounded a second time, continued to do his duty, having first placed a wounded man on one of the gun carriages. Wounded gunners and drivers continued at their duty. Lieutenant Rockford Boyd, on this, as on former occasions, showed himself reliable and capable of acting without orders.
Grenadier Guards (3rd Battalion)-Major Count Gleichen, CMG, showed coolness throughout the engagement, especially in attending to the wounded under a heavy fire. Sergeant Brown and Private Martin, who helped him, were both shot. Captain H Bathurst, was of great value in rallying a number of Grenadiers and Coldstreams shaken by the fire. Lieutenant the Honourable A Russell showed great coolness in working the machine gun, which he did with marked success. Sergeant Major Cooke displayed remarkable coolness under fire.
Coldstream Guards-Major Granville Smith volunteered to find a ford, which he did in dangerous mud and a strong river. Captain and Adjutant Steele did excellent service during the day. Sergeant Major S Wright showed great coolness when a change of ammunition carts was being made, and was of great value at a critical time. Drill and Colour Sergeant Price rendered excellent service at Belmont and Modder River, whilst commanding half a company. Drill and Colour Sergeant Plunkett collected 150 men, and helped the 9th Brigade crossing the river under Captain Lord Newtown Butler. Lance Corporal Webb twice asked leave to go into the open to bind up the wounds of a Grenadier; under a heavy fire he succeeded in his object.
Scots Guards (1st Battalion)-I call special attention to Colonel Paget's cheerfulness and intelligence under the most trying surroundings. He draws attention to the good services of the Master of Ruthven.
Northumberland Fusiliers-Major the Honourable C Lambton rendered invaluable assistance to brigadier. Lieutenant Percival managed with great difficulty to establish himself with a small party on a point near railway, from which, by his judgment and coolness, he was able to keep down fire of enemy, many of his small party being killed. Lance Corporal R Delaney, Privates J East, Segar, and Snowdon, under very heavy fire picked up and brought in a wounded man of Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. Private Smarley, No. 1 of Maxim detachment, showed great coolness and judgment when wounded.
Yorkshire Light Infantry-Lieutenant Colonel Barter rendered invaluable assistance to brigadier.
Royal Army Medical Corps-Captain Moores, although wounded in hand, said nothing, but continued his duties.
MAGERSFONTEIN, December 10, 11, 1899
From Lord Methuen's despatch, February 15, 1900.
Staff I have to express my appreciation of the clear orders given out, and the careful arrangements made by Colonel Douglas, ADC, my chief staff officer, for the attack. Major General Sir H Colvile showed coolness and judgment throughout two trying days. The same remark applies to Major General Babington. Lieutenant Cuthbert, Scots Guards, my extra ADC, showed considerable coolness in taking a message from me to the Gordon Highlanders; a volley was fired at him, killing his horse; he took off wallets and saddle and returned, letting me learn from others how he had behaved. Major Maberley, RHA, acting galloper to Major General Babington, after rallying 30 or 40 men of different regiments, was severely wounded. Captain Ruggles-Brise, brigade-major, and the ADC; of Sir H Colvile's staff, again earn honourable mention, not only in delivering orders, but also for their clear and accurate description of the position.
9th Lancers-Major Little, in the firing line, did good work all day. Lieutenant Allhusen did good work with Maxims.
12th Lancers-Lieutenant Colonel the Earl of Airlie did excellent work with two dismounted squadrons, when good service was much needed. Lieutenant Macnaghten did good work with Maxims.
Mounted Infantry-Major Milton, commanding, behaved gallantly, and was shot three times before he died; he was making a successful effort to rally some men of the Highland Brigade.
Royal Artillery-I again recognise the business-like manner in which Lieutenant Colonel Hall, commanding RA, carries out his duties in the field. Major Bannatine Allason performed splendid work, and assisted greatly in checking enemy on right of our attack.
Coldstream Guards-Lieutenant Colonel Codrington, commanding, though wounded, insisted on remaining in command of his battalion till nightfall. Major the Honourable W Lambton refused to be carried because the bearers were exposed to fire. He remained on the ground 37 hours without food or water. Major the Marquis of Winchester was killed whilst displaying almost reckless courage. Sergeant Wilkinson, 2nd Battalion, showed courage in collecting ammunition. Corporal Bartlet, 2nd Battalion, under a very heavy fire went 1,000 yards to get a stretcher for Major Milton. Corporal Webb, 2nd Battalion, showed great courage in taking messages.
Scots Guards-Captain the Master of Ruthven performed, as on several other occasions, valuable services.
Royal Highlanders-Corporal Gayner, rallying men, and by his example encouraging his comrades.
Highland Light Infantry-Majors Garland and Honourable H Anson performed good service throughout the day. Captains Richardson and Wolfe Murray were wounded, but remained in the front with their companies. Captain and Adjutant Cowan, DSO, gallantly led and rallied has men, and was killed at close quarters. Sergeant Major Stevens rallied men. Sergeant McDonald's gallant behaviour specially brought to notice for carrying messages to guns and to medical officer under heavy fire. Lance Corporal Fraser, Sergeant Piper Boss, and Piper McLelIan specially brought to notice for their cheery conduct under fire and helping to rally men. Captain Shaul brought to notice for several specific cases of bravery when in charge of stretcher bearers of battalion. Privates Peat, Richmond, and Stewart did excellent service and set a good example to their comrades.
Seaforth Highlanders-Captain Honourable Forbes Sempill rallied and led his men straight up to the front in a conspicuous and gallant manner. Lieutenant Grant did good service, taking messages to the front from Colonel Hughes-Hallett under a heavy fire. Lieutenant Lindsay, very gallant and conspicuous behaviour when in charge of Maxim gun. Band-Sergeant Hoare, conspicuous for his coolness and gallantry during the day in helping Dr Ensor to succour wounded; personally carried Captain Fetherstonhaugh (wounded) on his back some 800 yards to dressing station.
Gordon Highlanders-Captain K B Towse recommended for special reward by his commanding officer for his gallantry and devotion in assisting the late Colonel Downman when mortally wounded in the retirement, and when close up to the front of the firing line; he endeavoured to carry Colonel Downman on his back, but finding this not possible supported him till joined by Colour Sergeant Nelson and Lance Corporal Hodgson; the conduct of these non-commissioned officers is described as admirable.
Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders-Captain A Campbell displayed great coolness throughout the day, and helped to dress the wounds of Captain Gordon under a hot fire. Lance Corporal Ray and Private Phipps specially mentioned by Major General Babington as having helped him to rally men and take them into the firing line. Private Johnson helped to remove a wounded Highlander from the front under a heavy fire.
Royal Army Medical Corps-Major O'Donnell and Lieutenant Delap were indefatigable in attending wounded under fire. Lieutenant Douglas showed great gallantry and devotion, under a very severe fire, in advancing in the open and attending to Captain Gordon, Gordon Highlanders, who was wounded; also attending to Major Robinson and other wounded men under a fearful fire.
Cape Medical Corps-Private A Bettington, Cape Mounted Rifles (attached) helped to remove a wounded Highlander from the front under a heavy fire.
STORMBERG, December 10, 1899.
Lieutenant General Gatacre in his report, January 19, 1900, brings the following to the notice of the Commander-in-Chief: -
Royal Field Artillery-Major E M Perceval, 77th Battery, though severely wounded, continued to command his battery till the end of the day.
Northumberland Fusiliers (2nd Battalion)-2nd Lieutenant Duncombe-Shafto, Band-Sergeant J Stone, Colour Sergeant A Landen, Private G Benson.
COLENSO, December 15, 1899.
In a despatch from Chieveley, December 16, General Buller brings the following cases of distinguished services in the field to notice:-
At Colenso, on December 15, the detachments serving the guns of the 14th and 66th Batteries RFA had all been either killed, wounded, or driven from their guns by infantry fire at close range, and the guns were deserted. About 500 yards behind the guns was a donga, in which some of the few horses and drivers left alive were sheltered. The intervening space was swept by shell and rifle fire. Captain Congreve, Rifle Brigade, who was in the donga, assisted to hook a team into a limber, went out and assisted to limber up a gun; being wounded he took shelter, but seeing Lieutenant Roberts fall badly wounded he went out again and brought him in. Some idea of the nature of the fire may be gathered from the fact that Captain Congreve was shot through the leg, through the toe of his boot, grazed on the elbow and shoulder, and his horse shot in three places. Lieutenant Honourable F Roberts) King's Royal Rifles, assisted Captain Congreve; he was wounded in three places. Corporal Nurse, RFA, 66th Battery, also assisted. I recommend the above three for the Victoria Cross.
Drivers H Taylor, Young, Petts, Rockall, Lucas, and Williams, all of the 66th Battery RFA, rode the teams; each team brought in a gun. I recommend all six for the medal for Distinguished Conduct in the Field.
Shortly afterwards Captain H L Reed, 7th Battery RFA, who had heard of the difficulty, brought down three teams from his battery to see if he could be of any use. He was wounded, as were five of the thirteen men who rode with him; one was killed, his body was found on the field, and 13 out of 21 horses were killed before he got half-way to the guns, and he was obliged to retire. I recommend Captain Reed for the Victoria Cross.
Non-commissioned officers and men, 7th Battery RFA, recommended for medal for Distinguished Service in the Field: Corporals A Clark (wounded), B J Money, Acting-Bombardier J H Reeve; Drivers C J Woodward, W Robertson (wounded). W Wright (wounded). A C Hawking, J P Lennox, A Nugent (killed), J Warden, A Felton (wounded), T Musgrove, Trumpeter W W Ayles (wounded).
I have differentiated in my recommendations, because I thought that a recommendation for the Victoria Cross required proof of initiative, something more, in fact, than mere obedience to orders, and for this reason I have not recommended Captain Schofield, RA, who was acting under orders, though I desire to record his conduct as most gallant.
From General Buller's despatch, December 17, 1899: -
Royal Field Artillery-2nd Lieutenant Holford, 14th Battery, displayed particular gallantry.
Devon Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Colonel Bullock behaved with great gallantry; he did not receive the orders to retire; his party defended themselves and the wounded of the two batteries till nightfall, inflicting considerable loss on enemy, and it was only when surrounded that he consented to surrender, because enemy said they would shoot the wounded if he did not.
COLESBERG, December 15, 1899, to January 25, 1900
From Lieutenant -General French's despatch, February 2: -
Staff-Major Generals J P Brabazon, CB, and B A P Clements, DSO, have rendered me much assistance, and I am anxious to acknowledge their valuable services. Colonel T E Stephenson, Essex Regiment, has, on several occasions, rendered me valuable assistance; his leading of the infantry brigade during the reconnaissance in force on January 25 was excellent. Major D Haig, 7th Hussars, Acting AAG and CSO, has shown throughout the same zeal, untiring energy, and consummate ability as have characterised his conduct and bearing since the very commencement of the campaign (in Natal), during the whole of which time he has acted in this capacity; I have had occasion to speak of him in a similar sense in former despatches. Captain J Vaughan, 7th Hussars, my senior ADC, has acted for the past two months as DAAG, and has done excellent service in that capacity. Major G O Welch and Captain T D Foster, ASC, DAAG's, have shown untiring zeal and energy in supervising the transport and supply services, which, in a force operating as this has been, on a very wide front, and often many miles from a railway, has been an arduous and difficult task. I am much indebted to Major Honourable H A Lawrence, 17th Lancers, for the great assistance he has. rendered me in having established such an excellent system of intelligence; his good work has been attended with the best results. Captain P A Kenna, VC, 21st Lancers, provost-marshal, has performed his duties with zeal and energy: he has on more than one occasion shown an excellent example of bravery by going personally to the assistance of wounded men. Lieutenant S L Barry, 10th Hussars, divisional signalling officer, has performed excellent service. Lieutenant Sir J Milbanke, Baronet, 10th Hussars (wounded), and Captain J F Laycock, Nottingham Yeomanry, my ADC's, have displayed the same marked zeal, energy, and conspicuous courage as I have commented upon in former despatches.
1st Life Guards-Major G Carter has at various times shown considerable skill and resolution as squadron commander in the field, and has done valuable service.
2nd Life Guards-Lieutenant C Champion-de Crespigny, when in command of a patrol on January 19, showed great gallantry, and an excellent example to his men, in bringing wounded men out of action.
6th Dragoon Guards-Colonel T C Porter has frequently been employed as a brigadier and in command of advanced posts; he has always carried out the tasks allotted to him with much skill, zeal, and indefatigable energy. Major F S Garratt has at various times shown considerable skill and resolution as squadron commander in the field, and has done valuable service.
6th Dragoons-Major E H H Allenby has at various times shown considerable skill and resolution as squadron commander in the field, and has done valuable service. Major M F Rimington, employed in command of a Corps of Guides, has rendered me much assistance since he has been attached to this command.
Royal Horse Artillery-Lieutenant Colonel F J W Eustace, officer commanding BA, Cavalry Division, has displayed conspicuous skill and sound judgment in his handling of the artillery, which has played so important a part throughout these operations; he has been of the greatest help to me, and indefatigable when the most severe strain was thrown upon him and his command. He has received much help from his adjutant, Captain A D'A King, who is deserving of great commendation. Majors Sir J H Jervis-White-Jervis, Baronet, and B Burton deserve the highest credit for the manner in which they have worked their batteries throughout these operations; in face, very often, of a most galling fire from the enemy's well-concealed and protected artillery positions, they have uniformly maintained an excellent practice with most telling effect on the enemy. Lieutenants E F Talbot-Ponsonby, J W F Lamont, J B Aldridge, and W G Thompson (wounded and a prisoner), deserve mention for signal services they have performed with their guns.
Royal Field Artillery-Major A E A Butcher, who joined with his battery of field artillery soon after the bombardment of Colesberg was commenced, with great energy and perseverance succeeded in placing two field guns on the top of a steep hill called Coles Kop, 800 ft high, and from this commanding position has inflicted great damage and loss on the enemy.
Royal Engineers-Brevet Major A G Hunter-Weston has commanded the field equipment, RE, attached to the Cavalry Division, and has acted as CRE to this force. I am much indebted to him for many services performed, not the least of which has consisted in his maintaining a perfect system of telegraphic and telephonic communication throughout the force on a front of 38 miles. He has received able assistance from Captain C O C Bowen, Lieutenant C Russell-Brown, and 2nd Lieutenant H L Mackworth.
Mounted Infantry-Captain H De B De Lisle, DSO, Durham Light Infantry, has done excellent service in temporary command; his action in the engagement of January 4, and the reconnaisance of the 25th, was of special value. Captain A H S Hart, East Surrey Regiment, and Lieutenant C Saunders, Dorset Regiment (attached), on two occasions made valuable reconnaissance sketches of important parts of the enemy's position with very indifferent cover in a nullah (down which they had crept), from a galling fire. Captain H L Buck-Keene, Oxford Light Infantry, Lieutenants Honourable C B Clegg-Hill, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, and L K Smith, Boyaf Scots, have done specially good service.
Yorkshire Regiment-Lieutenant Colonel H Bowles has done very good service at critical times in command of his battalion. Captain M H Orr was dangerously wounded during the attack on New Zealand Hill, which post he commanded with great credit.
Royal Berkshire Regiment-To Major F W N Mc-Cracken and the four companies serving with this force is the successful attack on Colesberg on January 1 principally due; I cannot speak too highly of this officer's coolness, courage, and intrepidity, or of the gallantry and discipline displayed by his officers and men in making the night assault which he led so well; the regiment have intrenched themselves, and have established such an excellent system of defence that the enemy's fire, although nearly unceasing, is practically harmless. In connection with this work, I bring forward the names of Lieutenant A G E Bingley, acting adjutant, and Captain Sir T E S Pasley, Baronet. [Marker p10/1]
New Zealand Mounted Infantry-Major A W Bobin, commanding, deserves special mention for the frequent occasions upon which he and his men have performed signal service during these operations.
New Zealand Mounted Rifles-On January 15, in Boer attack on Stinger's Farm, which was held by one company Yorkshire Regt, and one company New Zealand Mounted Rifles, Captain Orr, Yorkshire Regiment, who was in command, was badly wounded, and the Sergeant Major killed. Captain W R N Madocks, RA (attached), saw the critical situation of the Yorkshires, and that they were practically without a leader'; with the greatest promptitude he took a few of his men to the west side of the hill, and rallied the troops holding it; be caused them to line their intrenchments and stem the enemy's advance; he then jumped up, gave the order to fix bayonets, and charge down the hill, upon which the Boers immediately turned; the greatest credit is due to Captain Hadocks and his New Zealanders for their prompt action.
Royal Army Medical Corps-Major H G Hathaway has been attached to my staff since my arrival at Naauwpoort; he has been unremitting in his attention to the sick and wounded; he has on several occasions and at critical times carried messages to commanders of units in the ield, and his services have been most useful
SPION KOP, January 24-27, 1900
From Sir R Buller’s despatch on the withdrawal, January 30:-
Royal Engineers (Pontoon Troop)-I must specially mention Major Irvine, and his men of the Pontoon Troop, who were untiring. When all men were over, the chesses of the pontoon bridge were so worn by the traffic that I do not think they would have lasted another half-hour.
VAAL KRANTZ, February 6-8, 1900
From General Buller's despatch of February 8, detailing the operations from January 26:-
Royal Field Artillery-Lieutenant T M Archdale, 78th Battery, specially mentioned for the manner in which he withdrew the battery waggons under a heavy enfilade fire, which struck two out of the three waggons and several horses.
Royal Engineers (Pontoon Troop)-Major Irvine, and the officers, non-commissioned officers and men deserve much praise.
Durham Light Infantry-Lieutenant Colonel Woodland, Brevet Lieutenant Colonel FitzGerald, Captains McMahon, Barter, and Gumming, and Lieutenant Cochrane, Colour Sergeants Waiton, Johnson, Williams, Shea, Noble, Tilley; Sergeants Crump, Thomas, Iles; Corporals Kelly, Pratt; Privates Hall, Allien, Ismay, Miller, Nicholson, Stansfield.
Rifle Brigade-Lieutenant Colonel Norcott; Majors H F M Wilson, Lamb; 2nd Lieutenant Boston; Sergeant J Brooke; Acting Sergeant J Alderson; Privates S Molloy (since died of wounds), T Perry.
Royal Army Medical Corps-Lieutenant J J W Prescott specially mentioned for his care of the wounded in despite of a heavy fire.
KIMBERLEY, September 13, 1899, to February 15, 1900.
From Lieutenant Colonel Kekewich's despatch, February 15:-
Staff-I wish to place on record the brilliant services of the late Brevet Major (local Lieutenant Colonel) H S Turner; in him the Army has lost a most valuable officer; he was a great organiser, full of energy, and possessed of real ability and courage; he was the principal organiser of the Town Guards, and acted as my staff officer, carrying out his duties with marked success under great difficulties; ... he commanded the mounted troops in numerous reconnaissances and sorties, and I cannot speak too highly of the manner in which he conducted them and loyally carried out my orders. Captain (local Major) W A J O'Meara, RE, my intelligence officer, carried out his many duties to my entire satisfaction, … and is, I consider, a most hardworking and capable staff officer; ... he also successfully carried out the duties of Director of Army Telegraphs; I cannot praise his good work too highly. Lieutenant (local Captain) D S Maclnnes, RE, worked out most carefully and constructed with marked ability and success the engineer operations for the defence; on Major Turner taking over command of mounted troops, cannot speak too highly of the manner in which he earned out his heavy and very responsible duties.
Royal Garrison Artillery-Major (local Lieutenant Colonel) G D Chamier commanded the artillery in the siege operations; he has carried out his very responsible duties my satisfaction, and the efficient and mobile condition of the artillery is greatly due to his energy; his advice has always been of the greatest assistance to me.
Royal Engineers-Lieutenant R L McClintock has done good work, both in the field and in the fortress.
Loyal North Lancashire Regiment (1st Battalion)-Major (local Lieutenant Colonel) W H E Murray was in command of half the battalion and the Infantry Reserve daring siege, and performed his duties with success; also rendered valuable service in connection with supplies. Captain T H O'Brien was in command of a very important section of the defences; he performed his responsible duties to my entire satisfaction. Lieutenant F W Woodward did excellent work as signalling officer, and after Lieutenant and Adjutant Lowndes was wounded he also took over duties of acting adjutant Lieutenant C de Putron did excellent work as assistant signalling officer; also performed duties of brigade transport officer to my entire satisfaction. Lieutenant (local Captain) W Clifford commanded mounted infantry detachment, and had much hard work in connection with patrolling duties in early days of siege; has subsequently performed duties of acting adjutant Kimberley Light Horse with marked success; his conduct in action on many occasions has been most distinguished (wounded November 28). 2nd Lieutenant A McC Webster commanded armoured train in reconnaissances and sorties in neighbourhood, and displayed excellent judgment on all occasions. Sergeant Major E C Mudge, Sergeants H Herbert, H Helland, Corporal J Hopwood are deserving of mention for good work.
Army Service Corps-Captain (local) Major) H V Gorle had an exceedingly onerous task to fulfil in arranging for victualling and supply of garrison and 50,000 people in the town; I cannot speak too highly of his zeal and resource. Corporal F Benwell has done excellent work, and is worthy of special promotion.
Royal Army Medical Corps-Lieutenant C J O’Gorman was the only officer of his corps here, and in consequence had much hard work and responsibility; I consider him a very valuable officer.
Cape Police-Commissioner (local Lieutenant Colonel) M B Robinson assisted me in every way in his power; his duties have been many and various, and he has carried them out to my entire satisfaction. Inspector (local Major) F H Elliot performed the heavy duties of staff officer to the mounted troops with much tact and zeal; has shown much gallantry in action on numerous occasions. Inspector (local Major) W E Ayliff is a brave and efficient officer (wounded November 3). Inspector (local Major) S Lorimer rendered most valuable services, and has been of the greatest assistance in connection with intelligence and other duties. Sub-Inspector (local Captain) J W Colvin most successfully performed duties of quartermaster under most difficult circumstances. Sub-Inspector (local Captain) M K Crozier performed excellent service as adjutant to the mounted police. Sub-Inspector (local Captain) S White commanded artillery section with great success (wounded December 9). Sub-Inspector (local Captain) Cummings is a most deserving officer, and has shown conspicuous gallantry on several occasions. Corporal F R Castens, Privates J Maloney, A Carr, G R Mathieson, S Brown are deserving of mention for good work.
Colonial Ordnance Department-Captain C L Ricketts has proved himself a most valuable officer; I much appreciate the zealous and careful manner in which he nas carried out his very responsible duties; - also rendered valuable services in connection with supplies.
Diamond Fields Artillery-Captain (local Major) S May invariably handled his guns with much coolness under fire; is a most deserving and efficient officer. Surgeon Lieutenant A J Ortlepp (attached) rendered considerable assistance to wounded in the field.
Diamond Fields Horse-Major T H Rodger is a resourceful and excellent officer, always ready and cool under fire. Sergeant A B Nicholetts on several occasions undertook duties which involved great personal risk; he carried despatches to our troops engaged on November 25.
Kimberley Regiment-Lieutenant Colonel R A Finlayson commanded his regiment and a section of defence with marked success. Major A O Black commanded a section of defence, and rendered good service. Captain and Adjutant E T Humphrys performed his duties with great zeal and tact. Surgeon Major J A J Smith (attached) rendered most valuable assistance to wounded in the field. Sergeant S H MacCullum is deserving of mention for good work.
Kimberley Light Horse-Major (local Lieutenant Colonel) T O Peakman was associated in early days of siege with organisation of Town Guard; his experience and local knowledge were of great assistance to me; subsequently he commanded a squadron of Light Horse, and on death of Lieutenant Colonel Turner was selected by me for command of all mounted corps; he has shown much courage under fire, and is a most deserving and excellent officer (wounded November 18). Major R.G.Scott, VC, is an officer of tried experience and gallantry; has on all occasions exhibited the best qualities of an officer. Captain H T Ap-Bowen commanded a squadron with much success, and has on several occasions shown great gallantry in action (very severely wounded November 25). Captain H Mahoney performed distinguished service (wounded November 25). Captain J A Smith as quartermaster performed much hard work in connection with equipping irregular forces under great difficulties. Captain J W Robertson performed the duties of paymaster, and has also acted as galloper to the late Lieutenant Colonel Turner in a most efficient manner. Captain W E Rickman handled his men with great coolness; his conduct on many occasions has been most distinguished. Captain G E Heberden, Medical Officer, frequently accompanied mounted troops in several sorties and reconnaissances, and rendered most valuable services in attending to wounded. Lieutenant C A Hawker performed excellent service (wounded November 22). Lieutenant W Newdigate did much good work with his squadron; has also executed valuable survey work in connection with defence works; Lieutenant D B Fenn proved himself an invaluable officer; he supplied much valuable information before the out break of the war, and has done real good work with mounted troops from the first day Imperial troops arrived. Lieutenant G Harris has done good service and shown conspicuous gallantry. Lieutenant R Chatfield is an excellent officer; he has shown conspicuous gallantry. Sergeant Major W H Oatley, Corporal H Harris, Trooper A H Armstrong are deserving of mention for good work.
Beaconsfield Town Guard-Major J R Fraser, late Loyal North Lancashire Regiment (retired list), at first as staff officer, and later as commanding officer, did excellent work, and has shown great energy and resource. Captain C A Blackbeard did much good work in connection with interior economy of Town Guard and keeping order in township of Beaconsfield. Captain W Nelson performed valuable services in connection with collection of information, and also in procuring enemy's cattle for food supply of garrison.
Kimberley Town Guard-Lieutenant Colonel D Harris, VD, arrived when Town Guard was in course of being raised; he threw himself most heartily into the work, and was of the greatest assistance; much praise is due to him for his good work in looking after the comforts and interests of Town Guard in different works and redoubts, which entailed much hard work and fatigue. Captain S Richards did good work as staff officer. Captain B E A O'Meara performed duties of garrison adjutant and quartermaster with much zeal and energy; has rendered valuable services. Captain T Tyson performed duties of assistant military censor to my complete satisfaction. Captain W Pickering rendered much valuable assistance from date of my arrival, and during a portion of siege commanded a section of defence with success. Captain T L Angel did good work in command of Cyclist Corps. Lieutenant E F Raynham, assistant to the intelligence officer, rendered me very great assistance in dealing with correspondence of a confidential nature. The following officers also did good work:-Captains F Maudy, L R Grimmer, W S Elkin, H Pim, J Adams, C E Hertog, J Morton, C Tabuteau, E H Moseley, G Wiite, W H Faulkner, A Blum, H Rugg, J Armstrong; Lieutenants C D Lucas, H Tabuteau, J J Coghlan, T Callen, W G Wright, J A Carr, J B Dunbar, S O'Molony. Sergeant Major J P Russell, late RE, as warrant officer, did much valuable work in connection with superintendence of native labour employed on construction of defence works. Sergeant J Russel, Cyclist Corps, is deserving of mention for good work.
Civilians-Right Honourable C J Rhodes (Honourable Colonel, Kimberley Light Horse), took a special interest in the raising of Kimberley LH, and worked most zealously in providing horses for all mounted troops; to him, therefore, is, in a large measure, due the credit for rapidity with which mobility of my mounted corps was obtained. The Mayor, Mr H A Oliver, rendered excellent services, of which I cannot speak too highly; he has shown real courage, and to him is due much credit for keeping up the spirits of inhabitants during the most trying period of siege. The ex-Mayor, Mr R H Henderson, was indefatigable, and rendered most valuable services in connection with formation of committees dealing with questions of internal order, supplies, etc; to him was also due the efficiency of Fire Brigade and Municipal Police. Mr J Denoon Duncan performed excellent work as Prosecutor before the Court of Summary Jurisdiction; also rendered most valuable assistance in connection with the regulating of supplies; his advice on legal matters has been invaluable. Mr E A Judge, Civil Commissioner, has done excellent work as a member of the Court of Summary Jurisdiction, and rendered me considerable assistance in other matters. Mr G C Bayne, Resident Magistrate, did valuable work as a member of Court of Summary Jurisdiction. Mr C K O'Molony, Town Clerk, did good work in connection with records of numerous committees which assembled from time to time. Mr L H Cochrane, District Engineer, Cape Government Railways, rendered valuable assistance in connection with railway work. Mr J Gilbert, Superintending Engineer, Cape Government Telegraphs, did good work in connection with telephone service to various forts. Mr W D Fynn rendered valuable assistance in procuring intelligence of enemy's movements, etc Mr W J Gardner, Acting Postmaster, did much good work in connection with duties of postal department. Mr J E Symons did excellent work in connection with signalling duties of fortress.
Kimberley Hospital-Dr W Russell, MD, Resident Surgeon, rendered services in connection with reception and treatment of sick and wounded, of which I cannot speak too highly. Dr T L Shiels, MB, Assistant Resident Surgeon, did a considerable amount of hard work in attending to wounded. I cannot speak too highly of the energy and zeal displayed by the following visiting surgeons: Doctors E O Ashe, A H Watkins, J E Mackenzie, J Mathias, W J Westerfield, W W Stoney.
LORD ROBERTS' RECOMMENDATIONS Lord Roberts, in his despatch March 31, 1900, brings to notice the following:-
Major General H Lord Kitchener of Khartoum, RE, has filled the important post of Chief of the Staff, and I am greatly indebted to him for his counsel and cordial support on all occasions; I consider he has rendered invaluable service to the State.
Lieutenant Colonel H Cowan, RA, has filled the post of Military Secretary; in that important position he has done most excellent work; he is able, painstaking, and methodical, and possessed of sound judgment; I could not wish for a more useful Military Secretary.
Colonel N Chamberlain, ISC, Private Secretary, gives me entire satisfaction; his work is constant, and he carries it on with zeal and intelligence; I cannot speak too highly of his assistance.
Lieutenant Colonel J Byron, Royal Australian Art.; Major S Denison, Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry; Captain H Watermeyer, Cape Town Highlanders, ADC's. [Marker p12/1]
Colonel Viscount Downe was deputed to accompany the Military Attaches representing foreign Powers, and has discharged his duties with tact and discretion.
Major General G Pretyman, RA, acted as headquarters commandant to my entire satisfaction. I selected him to take charge of General Cronje on the journey to Oape Town, and on my arrival here I appointed him to the responsible post of Military Governor of Bloemfontein.
Lieutenant Colonel G Henderson (local Colonel), York and Lancaster Regiment, Director of Military Intelligence, reorganised the Intelligence Department., and gave me valuable and reliable information regarding the physical features of the country and the dispositions of the enemy.
Captain C Mackenzie (Brevet Major and local Lieutenant Colonel), Seaforth Highlanders. On Colonel Henderson being invalided, he was succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel Mackenzie, who afforded me material assistance by the accurate and valuable reports he submitted. Lieutenant Colonel Mackenzie has drawn special attention to the good service rendered in the Intelligence Branch by Major C Hume, RA
Major General W Kelly, CB, DAQ, has afforded me very great assistance in the responsible position he has filled, and the vigilance and energy he has shown in the performance of his duties have been most marked.
Major H Hamilton (local Lieutenant Colonel), DSO, DAAG
Captain R Poore (Brevet Major), 7th Hussars, Provost-Marshal, exercised his responsible duties, whether as regards care of prisoners or in maintaining order in camp and on line of march, most satisfactorily.
Colonel G Marshall (local Major General), RA, has been untiring in his supervision of the large force of artillery in this country, and I would specially refer to the value of the service he rendered during the bombardment of enemy's entrenchments from February 19 to 27, 1900. Major General Marshall mentions the able and unceasing assistance he has received from Major (local Lieutenant Colonel) H Sclater, AAG, RA
Colonel E Wood (local Major General), RE, Chief Engineer, supervised arrangements for pushing forward trenches towards enemy's laager at Paardeberg, and the successful result attained there is due in large measure to his efforts.
Colonel Sir W Nicholson (local Major General), RE, undertook, at my request, organisation of a transport department in the limited time available; he performed this duty with conspicuous ability.
Colonel W Richardson, ASC, DAG, Director of Supplies, has successfully overcome many difficulties connected with arranging for the supplies of the Army in a district where scarcely any forage, and no rations, except fresh meat, are procurable.
Lieutenant Colonel R Hippisley, RE, Director of Telegraphs, was indefatigable in endeavouring to ensure that I should be in communication with the whole of my force. That such a result was on most occasions attained, despite the distance which had to be traversed in an enemy's country, is most creditable to him, as well as to Captain E Godfrey-Faussett, RE, who was in immediate command of the Telegraph Division during the march to Bloemfontein.
Captain E Girouard (Brevet Major and local Lieutenant Colonel), DSO, RE, Director of Railways, has carried out his duties in a highly creditable manner; the concentration of troops prior to my advance was carried out by him without a hitch, and he has recently performed valuable services in restoring through railway communication between the Orange Free State and Cape Colony.
Surgeon-General W Wilson, MB, has had responsible and important duties to perform; the arrangements necessary to provide for the wants of the many sick and wounded nave required unremitting care and forethought, and the successful way in which they have been carried out reflects the greatest credit on horn.
Colonel W Stevenson, Royal Army Medical Corps, has been PMO with the force, and I desire to draw attention not only to the efficient manner in which he has supervised the working of the corps, bat also to the assistance I have received from him at all times.
Mr Watson Cheyne, FRS, and Mr Kendal Franks, FRCSI, consulting surgeons, who accompanied the Army, have rendered invaluable service by their advice and assistance to the medical officers. They have been unwearying in their work among the wounded and sick, and, humanly speaking, many a valuable life has been saved by their skill.
Major J Fiaschi, NSW Medical Staff Corps, is deserving of special mention on account of the assistance which he rendered to the sick and wounded, as well as upon the efficient condition in which he has kept the ambulance under his command.
Honourable Colonel Lord Stanley, 2nd VB Loyal North Lancashire Regiment, has carried out the difficult duties of Press censor with tact and discretion.
The following officers, non-commissioned officers, and men have distinguished themselves: -
Army Service Corps-Brevet Colonel F F Johnson, staff officer to director of supplies; Captain R Ford, Lieutenant P G P Lea.
Transport Department-Captain W T Furse, RA, DAAG; Majors S S long, ASC, J T Johnson, RA; Brevet Lieutenant Colonel F I Maise, DSO, Coldstream Guards.
Army Veterinary Department-Veterinary Captain L J Blenkinsop, DSO; Veterinary Lieutenant H T Sawyer.
Lieutenant General Sir F Forestier-Walker, commanding the lines of communication, has had heavy and responsible work, not only in questions relating to disembarkation of troops and military stores, but especially in despatching them to the front; he has carried out these duties with credit to himseif and with advantage to the public service.
Cavalry Division.
Major General J French (local Lieutenant General), commanding, carried out to my entire satisfaction the arduous and important duties entrusted to his charge. By his rapid movement from Dekiels Drift to Kimberley he relieved that beleaguered town on February 15, 1900; after engaging the enemy the following day he made a forced march to Koedoesrand Drift and cut off line of retreat of enemy's force. He bore a distinguished share in engagements of March 7, 10, and 13, on which latter date ne dislodged enemy from vicinity of Bloemfontein.
Cavalry Divisional Staff and Troops-Lieutenant Colonel W Donovan, Royal Army Medical Corps, PMO, Major (local Lieutenant Colonel) D Haig, 7th Hussars, AAG; Majors Honourable H Lawrence, 17th Lancers, DAAG for Intelligence, and Honourable C E Bingham, 1st Life Guards, ADC
Royal Horse Artillery-Lieutenant Colonels W Davidson, F Eustace, A Rochfort; Majors Sir J Jervis-White-Jervis, Baronet, B Burton; Corporal G Hearu; Gunner F Wallace; Trumpeter R Hanna.
French's Scouts-Sergeant Green and Private Penny.
Civil Guide-Mr Hogg.
Army Service Corps-Staff Sergeant Major Sinfield.
1st Cavalry Brigade.
Lieutenant Colonel T Porter (Brevet Colonel) commanded, and handled his troops with ability during operations of March 12 and 13, 1900.
Lieutenant Colonel Honourable W Alexander, Royal Scots Greys, commanded at actions of Riet and Modder Rivers in Colonel Porter's absence with most satisfactory results.
6th Dragoon Guards-Major A Sprot; 2nd Lieutenant W J S Rundle; Sergeants W J Bowman, A Crawshay; Corporal A Blackmail; Privates G Bunn, J Buckenham, H Cowley.
2nd Dragoons-Major H J Scobell; Lieutenant A G Seymour; Sergeant A J Pott; Private A Elliott.
6th Dragoons-Major E H H Allenby.
2nd Cavalry Brigade.
Major and Brevet Colonel R G Broadwood (Brigadier General) commanded with exceptional ability and dash throughout the operations.
Household Cavalry Regiment-Lieutenant Colonel Sir A D Neeld, Baronet, 2nd Life Guards; Lieutenants Honourable R Ward and Honourable A V Meade, Royal Horse Guards; Corporal Majors C Putman, 1st Life Guards, and W Silwood, 2nd Life Guards: Corporal of Horse T Taylor, Royal Horse Guards.
10th Hussars-Lieutenant Colonel B B W Fisher; Sergeant S Sanders; Pioneer Sergeant E Engleheart; Lance Sergeant P Thwaites; Lance Corporal A Nugent; Private M Johnson.
12th Lancers.-Lieutenant Colonel D S W Earl of Airlie; Lieutenant O Fane.
3rd Cavalry Brigade.
Lieutenant Colonel J Gordon (Brigadier General) commanded with distinction, and his services in leading the advance brigade of Cavalry Division during advance on Kimberley are specially worthy of mention.
9th Lancers-Major (local Lieutenant Colonel) M Little; Lieutenant Lord F Hamilton- Temple-Blackwood; 2nd Lieutenant L de V Sadleir-Jackson; Corporals C Wilson, C Green, T Mitchell; Privates C Stanford, T Holman.
16th Lancers-Major S Frewen; Lieutenant Honourable C M Evans-Freke; Captain F Nash; Privates G Chanlish, E Daniel, F Moseley.
Royal Engineers-Captain and Brevet Major A G Hunter-Weston; Lieutenant J E R Charles; Corporal F Kirby; Lance Corporal S Edwards; Sappers J Redding, J Webb, J Parsons.
Mounted Infantry with Cavalry Division. 1st Mounted Infantry Brigade-Major E A H Alderson (Brevet Lieutenant Colonel), Royal West Kent Regiment, commanding.
Roberts's Horse-Lieutenant Colonel H L Dawson, 9th Bengal Lancers; Captain A W Pack Beresford; Tprs. L Chadwick, C H Worrod.
New Zealand Mounted Infantry-Major A W Robin.
Rimington's Guides-Major F M Rimington, 6th Dragoons; Lieutenants R C Master, KRRC, W F Murray; Corporal W Kirton; Guides E Christian, H E Jackson.
2nd Mounted Infantry Brigade-Major P Le Gallais (Brevet Lieutenant Colonel), 8th Hussars, commanding.
6th Regiment Mounted Infantry-Captain (local Lieutenant Col ) H De Lisle, DSO, Durham Light Infantry; Captains R Fanshawe, Oxford Light Infantry; W V Pennefather, Welsh Regiment; Lieutenant B Anley, Essex Regiment; Sergeant F M'Cay and Private W Taylor, Gordon Highlanders.
8th Regiment Mounted Infantry-Major (local Lieutenant Colonel} W C Ross, Durham Light Infantry
CIV Mounted Infantry-Lieutenant Colonel (Honourable Colonel) H Cholmondeley, London Rifle Brigade.
Kitchener's Horse-Major (local Lieutenant Colonel) N Legge, DSO, 20th Hussars; Captain W Congreve, VC, Rifle Brigade; Captain H MacAndrew, 5th Bengal Cavalry; Captain and Adjutant C Ritchie; Lieutenant J Jackson; Squadron Quartermaster Sergeant D Bree; Troopers T Maldrett, T Huckle, A Miller, A Lewis.
Nesbltt's Horse-Major Currie.
New South Wales Mounted Infantry-Captain J M Antill, Corporal English.
3rd Mounted Infantry Brigade-Major C G Martyr (Brevet Lieutenant Colonel), DSO, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, commanding.
Queensland Mounted Infantry-Captains D Reid and R Browne.
4th Mounted Infantry Brigade-Colonel C Ridley, commanding, performed conspicuous service when enemy attacked convoy under his charge on February 15, and on other occasions subsequently.
5th Regiment Mounted Infantry-Lieutenant Colonel E Bainbridge, East Kent Regiment.
7th Regiment Mounted Infantry-Captain W Holland, Worcester Regiment
Guards Brigade.
Colonel R Pole-Carew (local Major General) commanded in a highly efficient manner. Though the troops under his command have had no opportunity of engaging enemy during period under review, they have performed excellent service throughout.
6th Infantry Division.
Major General T Kelly-Kenny (local Lieutenant General), commanding, conducted with conspicuous ability operations which resulted in force under General Cronje being surrounded by our troops at Paardeberg; he also performed distinguished service in command of his division in actions of March 7 and 10, at Poplar Grove and Driefontein.
Divisional Staff and Troops-MajorC Monro, Royal West Surrey Regiment, DAAG; Captain (Brevet Major) C Vandeleur, DSO, Scots Guards; Captain W H Booth, ADC, East Kent Regiment; Lieutenant Colonel W Gubbins, MB, Major W Pike, Captain E Andersen, Lieutenant J Berne, RAMC; Reverend J Blackbourne, chaplain; Majors R Harrison, W Connollv, Captains C Stevens, J Hobson, Lieutenant A Devenish, Corporal C Bowles (82nd Battery), Gunner G Fox (76th Battery), RFA.
13th Infantry Brigade-Colonel C Knox (local Major General), commanding, performed distinguished services on several occasions, notably during rear-guard action of February 16, and action of February 18, on which occasion he was wounded.
East Kent Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel (Brevet Colonel) R Hickson; Captain R M'Douall; Lieutenant L Hickson, Royal West Kent Regiment (attached); Sergeant W Stainforth; Private G White.
Gloucester Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel R Lindsell; Captain C Moss; Lieutenant and Adjutant E Le Mottee.
West Riding Regiment (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel C Lloyd, DSO, Major B Le Marchant; Captain O Harris, Lieutenant and W Tyndall; Lance Corporal T Hinchcliffe; Private C Horsley.
Oxford Light Infantry (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel Honourable A Dalzell; Captain E Lethbridge and F Henley.
18th Infantry Brigade-Colonel T Stephenson (Brigadier General), commanding, rendered valuable service in command of his brigade on February 18 at Paardeberg, and again at Abraham's Kraal on March 10, 1900.
Yorkshire Regiment (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel Bowles; Major J Fearon; Captain M Ferrar; Sergeant B Richardson; Lance Corporal A Hatton.
Welsh Regiment (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel B Bamfield; Major (Brevet Lieutenant Colonel) W Gifford; Captain C Mor-land; Lieutenant C Berkeley; 2nd Lieutenant H Lloyd; Sergeant F Bristowe; Privates J Foulny, G Argent, J Williams.
Essex Regiment (1st Battalion)-Major H Nason; Brevet Lieutenant Colonel R Tudway; Captain W Legge, O G Godfrey Faussett; Lieutenant and Adjutant A Pratt; Colour Sergeants F Hewlett, A Brandon; Sergeants J Francis, H Crabb, P Long; Lance Sergeant H B Offfen; Corporal F Fenner; Privates C Shanks, S Copplestone, W Campbell
7th Infantry Division.
Major General C Tucker (local Lieutenant General), commanding, was in personal command of force which returned to Waterval Drift on February 15; he subsequently rendered valuable services at Paardeberg, and during action at Poplar Grove on March 7, 1900.
Divisional Staff and Troops-Lieutenant Colonel R Maxwell, RE
14th Infantry Brigade-Major General Sir H Chermside, commanding, came specially to my notice by the good service he rendered in assisting to prevent escape of General Cronje's force eastward at Paardeberg, and for the efficient condition of his brigade.
Norfolk Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Captain J Marriott; Corporal R Chilvers.
Lincoln Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Captain J J Howley.
King's Own Scottish Borderers (1st Battalion)- Captain J Pratt; Lieutenant E Young; Colour Sergeant G Armstrong; Sergeant J Larkin; Private C Peebles.
18th Infantry Brigade-Major General A Wavell, commanding, carried out his duties most satisfactorily during march to Bloemfbntein, and dislodged enemy from Jacobsdal on February 15.
9th Infantry Division.
Major General Sir H Colvile (local Lieutenant Gen), commanding, contributed materially to success of operations which took place between February 16 and 17, and commanded his division with distinction in engagement at Poplar Grove on March 7, 1900.
Divisional Staff and Troops-Major (Brevet Lieutenant Colonel) J S Ewart, Cameron Highlanders, AAG; Captain H G Ruggles-Brise, Grenadier Guards, DAAG; Major Count Gleichen, CMG, DAAG for Intelligence; Reverend J Robertson, Chaplain to Forces; Staff Sergeant Major W Nash, ASC
Royal Engineers-Lieutenant Colonel W Kincaid; Captain F Boileau; Lieutenants E Wilson, H Musgrave.
Highland (3rd Infantry) Brigade-Colonel H Macdonald (local Major General), commanding, whose services on February 7 in engagement at Koedoesberg have already been brought to notice, led his brigade with distinguished personal gallantry at Paardeberg on February 18, 1900, until wounded.
Royal Highlanders (2nd Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel A Carthew-Yorstoun; Major N Cuthbertson; Lieutenant J Hamilton; 2nd Lieutenant C West; Pioneer Sergeant T Howden; Piper D Cameron; Privates J Hastie, J R MacGregor, W Forrest.
Seaforth Highlanders (2nd Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel J Hughes-Hallett led the Highland Brigade out of action on February 18, and commanded it subsequently in an efficient manner; Captain E Cowans; Lance Corporal C M'Kenzie; Privates E Steele, H Christian, J Hunter, T Birch, T Rollie.
Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel A Wilson; Corporal Ferrier; Privates A Luke, C M'Laren, J Macdonald.
Royal Army Medical Corps-Corporal W Glasgow.
Cape Medical Bearer Company-Captain J J Brownlee; Sergeant A Bettington.
19th Infantry Brigade-Lieutenant Colonel H Smith-Dorrien (Brevet Colonel, local Major General), commanding, rendered valuable and distinguished service on each occasion on which his brigade was engaged.
Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (2nd Battalion)-Major G. Ashby; Captains F Rhodes, G Rawlinson, J Mander; Col-Sergeants D Owen, H J Smith; Sergeant F, J Symons; Corporals H Cooper, A Bedford; Bugler C Best; Privates J Thompson, B Cole, Retallick, C Haythorpe.
Shropshire Light Infantry (2nd Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel J Spens; Captain C Higginson; Colour Sergeants S Bertram, Lea; Sergeant W Henshaw; Privates E Bawden, R Meredith.
Gordon Highlanders (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel F Macbean.; Captain W Gordon; Lieutenant D Younger; Sergeants A Austin, J Sanders, J Wills; Lance Corporal R Edmondstone.
Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry-Lieutenant Colonel W Otter, Canadian Staff, ADC to Governor-General of Canada; Majors L Buchan, O Pelletier (Lieutenant Colonels); Captains H Stairs (Captain 6th Princess Louise’s Fusiliers); Lieutenant and Adjutant A Macdonnell (Captain); Sergeant Utton; Privates J Kennedy, H Andrews, J H Dixon, C Duncafe, F Page.
Bearer Company Royal Army Medical Corps-Major R Sawyer; Capt P Probyn; Sergeant Major F Crookes; Corporal A Ralfe; Private F Farrell.
Killed in action or Died of Wounds-The following rendered conspicuously valuable services; had they survived, l should have brought their names prominently to notice:-
Colonell O Hannay, commanding 1st Brigade Mounted Infantry.
Lieutenant Colonel W Aldworth, commanding 2nd Battalion Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry.
Lieutenant Colonel C Umphelby, Royal Australian Artillery
Captain and Adjutant D Lomax, 1st Battalion Welsh Regiment
Lieutenant F Parsons, 1st Battalion Essex Regiment
Lieutenant G Grieve, NSW Forces, attached 2nd Battalion Royal Highlanders.
2nd Lieutenants R M'Clure and D Monypenny, 2nd Batn Seaforth Highlanders.
SANNAH'S POST, March 30-31, 1900
Brigadier General Broadwood, in his despatch, April 20, 1900, says the reason the reverse was not more serious is, in a great measure, due to the skilful handling of his brigade, during the 31st, by Lieutenant Colonel Alderson. Conspicuous gallantry was shown by the whole of Q Battery RHA, and by the following, who assisted to withdraw the guns under heavy fire: -
West Riding Regiment-Private Parry.
Essex Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Lieutenant Stirling, Private Bright.
Shropshire Light Infantry (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Grover (killed).
Durham Light Infantry (2nd Battalion)-Lieutenants Ainsworth, Way, Ashburner; Lance Corporal Steele; Privates Pickford, Horton.
Roberts's Horse-Lieutenant Maxwell, DSO, 18th Bengal Lancers (attached).
The following risked their lives to save comrades under heavy fire.
Essex Regiment-Captain Gore Anley.
Roberts's Horse-Sergeant J C Collins; Privates T Murphy, V D Todd.
MAFEKING, October 13, 1899, to May 17, 1900
From Major General Baden-Powell's despatch, May 18, 1900:
Major Lord E Cecil, DSO, as chief staff officer, was of the greatest assistance to me; he stuck pluckily to his work, although much hampered by sickness during the first part of the siege; he did a great amount of hard work in the first organisation of the frontier force, and his tact and unruffled temperament enabled our staff dealings with the Colonial civilians to be carried on with the least possible friction.
Captain Ryan, ASC, as DAAG (B), proved an exceptionally capable and energetic supply officer; on his shoulders fell the whole work of feeding the entire community-garrison, non-combatants, and natives-a duty which he carried out with conspicuous success.
Lieutenant Honourable A Hanbury-Tracey, Royal Horse Guards, as intelligence officer and press censor, has worked hard and successfully, and with tact and firmness in his dealings with press correspondents.
Captain O Wilson, Royal Horse Guards, as my ADC, in addition to his other duties, had charge of the soup and sowens kitchens, and did most useful work.
Honourable Lieutenant M'Kenzie, as transport officer, did excellent work in the organisation of his departments and in the purchase of mules and material, etc In addition to his other duties he acted as extra ADC to me, and was an exceptionally energetic and useful staff officer.
Major Panzera, BSA Police, as commanding artillery, showed himself a smart and practical gunner, endowed with the greatest zeal, coupled with personal gallantry in action. The great success gained by our little guns, even when opposed to the modern armament of the enemy, was largely due to his organisation and handling of them. He acted as my brigade major and proved himself a most reliable and useful staff officer.
Major C Vyvyan (local Lieutenant Colonel), East Kent Regiment, was base commandant, commanding engineer, and for three months town commandant; as such he organised the Town Guard and defences in the first instance. To his untiring zeal and ability the successful defence is largly due. He carried out a very heavy amount of work, practically single-handed, with conspicuous success.
Major Anderson, Royal Army Medical Corps, showed throughout untiring zeal, coupled with coolness and gallantry, in attending the wounded under fire, in addition to his eminent professional ability. Latterly, as PMO, his unfailing tact and administrative capabilities rendered his services of greatest value. The strain of his devotion to his duty told heavily on his health.
Medical Staff Dr W Hayes, Surgeon-Major Holmden, BSA Police, and Dr T Hayes, worked with conspicuous ceal and skill under a never-ending strain of work; all very frequently under fire in carrying out their duties, even in their own hospital.
Captain Greener, paymaster BSA Police, as chief paymaster, rendered most efficient and valuable service; he kept accounts of all Government expenditures and receipts, in addition to his ordinary accounts. By his care and zeal I am convinced that the Government were saved much expense.
Bechuanaland Rifles-Captain Cowan, commanding, had his corps in such a condition of efficiency as enabled me to employ them in all respects as regular troops; he was at all times ready and zealous in the performance of any duty assigned to him. Sergeant Cook, specially recommended for clever and plucky scouting and for gallantry in action.
British South Africa Police-Colonel Walford commanded southern defences with his detachment throughout with conspicuous success; always cool and quick to see what was wanted, his services were most valuable. Captains A Williams and Scholfield and Lieutenant Daniells did much good and useful service.
Cape Police-Inspector Brown commanded detachment of Division 2; he and the splendid lot of men under his command did excellent work throughout, especially in occupation of trenches in brickfields, where for over a month they were within close range of enemy's works, and constantly on the alert and under fire. Inspector March commanded detachment of Division 1 throughout, and carried out his duties most efficiently and zealously. Trooper (local Sergeant Major) Hodgson acted as Sergeant Major to ASC, and was of the greatest help to Captain Ryan.
Colonial Contingent-Corporal (local Lieutenant) Currie, City Police, did exceptionally good service in command of the contingent, to wnich he succeeded when Captain Goodyear (who originally raised the corps) was severely wounded while gallantly leading his men. Sergeant Major Taylor, for gallantry and general good work in the brickfields, scouting, blowing up a kiln occupied by enemy, etc (killed in action).
Protectorate Regiment-Lieutenant Colonel Hore, Stafford Regiment, raised, organised, and commanded regiment, which did invaluable service. Major Godley, Royal Dublin Fusiliers, as adjutant, had much to do with the successful organisation of the corps when first raised; as commander of western defences throughout his services were of the highest value; his coolness, readiness of resource, and tactfulness in dealing with the Colonials made him an ideal officer for such command in action; he was my right hand in the defence, I cannot speak too highly of his good work. Captain Marsh, Royal West Kent Regiment, commanded a squadron with very good results; he also had charge of defence of native stadt, and displayed great tact and patience in his successful management of the natives. Capt, Vernon, KRRC, was a most successful officer in command of a squadron, and displayed the greatest gallantry in action (killed in action, December 26). Captain FitzClarence, Royal Fusiliers, commanded a squadron; he distinguished himself on numerous occasions by his personal gallantry and exceptional soldierly qualities (twice wounded). Lieutenant (local Captain) Lord C Bentinck, 9th Lancers, commanded a squadron with very good results; he did good service by his zeal and readiness in action. Lieutenants Holden, Greenfield and Feltham did much good and useful work.
Cattle Guards, etc-The following organised and commanded, with most satisfactory results, the native cattle guards, watchmen, etc:-Captain (local) M'Kenzie, Zulus, etc; Mr D Webster, Fingoes; Corporal (local Sergeant) Abrams, Cape Police, Baralongs.
Signalling Staff Sergeant Major Moffatt, for gallantry in action in bringing a sergeant out of action under heavy fire; also for good work as a signaller.
Town Guard-Major Goold-Adams, Resident Commissioner of the Protectorate, commanded during last half of siege; his extensive knowledge of the country and people (both native and white) was of the greatest value, and his advice was always most willingly at my disposal; I am greatly indebted for the great assistance he at all times afforded me. Captain (local) More, resident railway engineer, organised most effectively the railway employees into a paid division for the armoured train and a division for the Guard; his energy and resourcefulness were conspicuous throughout; the armoured trains, defence railway, search-light, etc, were made under his supervision.
Nursing staff-The work done by the lady nurses was beyond all praise. Miss Hill, the matron of the Victoria Hospital, was assisted by a number of lady volunteers, in addition to her regular staff, consisting of Mrs Pannister and Miss Gamble. Mother Superior Teresa and eight Sisters of Mercy also worked in the hospital. Lady Sarah Wilson, assisted by other ladies, managed the Convalescent Hospital. Miss Craufurd managed the Women and Children's Hospital. These ladies worked with the greatest zeal and self devotion throughout. The protracted strain of heavy work, frequently carried out under fire (Lady Sarah Wilson was wounded), told on most of them, Miss Hill being at one time prostrated by overwork. It was largely due to their unremitting devotion and skill that the wounded, in so many cases, made marvellous recoveries, and the health of the garrison remained so good.
Civil-Mr C Bell, resident magistrate and civil commissioner, had entire charge of native affairs, and managed the chiefs with great tact, and very successfully at a critical time, when they were inclined to sit on the fence and see which was going to win, and were being tempted with offers from the Boers; as magistrate he also rendered me great assistance. Mr F Whlteley's (Mayor of Mafeking) services were invaluable; in a most public-spirited manner he took up, at my request, the difficult task of arranging for the feeding and housing of all the women and children, and carried out their management with marked success; he was much assisted by Mr Rowlands, who gave up his house, garden, water supply, etc, to be used by the laager. Reverend W Weekes also rendered valuable service in assisting in management of women's laager, etc Mr Howat, post and telegraph master, with his staff, Messrs Campbell, Simpson, and M'Leod, did invaluable work in connecting up and in keeping in communication with headquarters the whole of the defence works by telephone. Mr Heal, the jailer, carried out most arduous and difficult duties most loyally and efficiently (killed by a shell, May 12). Sergeant Stewart, Cape Police, rendered valuable service as head of civil police. Mr Millar, head of refugees' laager, displayed much zeal and did excellent work in management of refugees' laager and defences, etc
For Special Recognition-In a despatch of June 6, General Baden-Powell recommends the following from amongst the above:-
Lieutenant Colonel Walford; Majors Panzera, Godley, Vyvyan, Lord E Cecil; Captain Ryan; all of whom did exceptionally good service.
Capt FitzClarence, for personal gallantry, recommended for the VC; Captains Marsh and Ashley-Williams, and Lieutenant Lord C Bentinck, good service in action; Major Anderson, medical service; Major Goold-Adams and Mr C O H Bell, civil and political services.
Mr F Whiteley (mayor of Mafeking), eminent civil services; his reward would be highly appreciated by the townspeople, as recognition of their share in the defence.
The following ladies for hospital services: Miss Hill, Mother Teresa, Lady Sarah Wilson, Miss Crauford; latter also for attending wounded Boers under fire on May 12.
SIR G WHITE'S RECOMMENDATIONS
Sir G White, in his despatch, dated Ladysmith, December, 2, 1899, brings to notice the following as being "eminently deserving of reward": -
The late Lieutenant General Sir W Penn Symons, KCB, I cannot too strongly record my opinion of the energy and courage shown by this distinguished general officer in the exercise of his command, until he was mortally wounded in the action at Talana Hill, near Dundee, October 20; in him the country has lost an officer of high ability and a leader of exceptional valour.
Major General Sir A Hunter, KCB, DSO, Chief of the Staff. The services of this officer have been of the very highest value to the State; his zeal is indefatigable, and he has carried out the business of the force under my command so as to relieve me of all anxiety; he is equally good in the field, and has the gift of carrying with him all with whom he is brought in contact; I have every confidence in recommending this officer for advancement as one fitted for the highest commands.
Major General J French, commanding the cavalry, rendered me most valuable assistance; he commanded the troops engaged at Elandslaagte, where his dispositions resulted in the most decisive victory; I consider his services have merited very special recognition.
Brigadier General J Yule succeeded to the command of the Dundee force when Major General Sir W Penn Symons was wounded, and had a difficult duty to carry out; he conducted the retirement of the force from Dundee to Ladysmith with marked success.
Brigadier General O Wolfe-Murray, commanding lines of communication, is an officer of great administrative ability, and has done his work excellently well; he has been specially selected for this most important post from the confidence felt in him, and, as it is one that entails hard work and is not as popular as employment in the front, I think the value of the service should be exceptionally recognised.
Colonel I Hamilton, CB, DSO, has acted as brigadier-general in command of a brigade since my headquarters have been established at Ladysmith; I have made a special recommendation in favour of this officer for the manner in which he led the infantry at Elandslaagte on October 21 and consider him an officer of special ability who is well fitted for higher rank and command.
Colonel B Duff, ISC, has been my assistant military secretary, and has discharged the duties of the office with marked ability and success; his advancement will be a benefit to the Service, and he is well fitted for the highest staff appointments.
Brevet Colonel E Ward, CB, ASC, AAG (b). I cannot speak too highly of this officer; his forethought in collecting supplies in Ladysmith while railway communication was open with the sea at Durban has enabled me to occupy the position here with perfect confidence that the garrison could not be starved out. When the force originally at Dundee was thrown back on Ladysmith, having had to abandon the supplies provided for it, Colonel Ward's provision was ample, even for the extra strain thus thrown on the supply, as well as to meet the necessity of finding rations for the civil population; his power of work and resources are most marked, and he has won the confidence of all. I consider him an officer of the highest administrative ability, and recommend him most strongly for recognition.
Colonel C Downing, commanding RA, has been my adviser on all artillery matters, and I count myself fortunate in having had the assistance of such an experienced and highly-educated artillery officer.
Colonel W Knox, CB, colonel on the staff, Ladysmith, has, from the appointment he holds, been left in command of Ladysmith on all occasions when the field army has gone out; his services have been very valuable,
Colonel W Royston, commanding Natal Volunteer Force. The services which Colonel Royston and the forces under his command have rendered to the State and Colony have been of the very highest value; in him, I have found a bold and successful leader, and an adviser whose experience of the Colony and of the enemy has been of great value to me; employed on arduous duty, from the commencement of the campaign in touch with the enemy, I have found him prompt and ready for every emergency; he and his force reflect the highest credit on the Colony of Natal.
Colonel J Dartnell, Chief Commissioner Natal Police, rendered valuable services to the late Lieutenant General Sir W Penn Symons and to Brigadier General Yule when the Dundee column fell back on Ladysmith; his advice and experience were of the highest value, and I found him always ready and willing to help me in any way in his power.
Brevet Colonel Sir H Rawlinson, Baronet, Coldstream Guards, DAAG, has acted as AAG since this force was formed, and has proved himself a staff officer of very high ability; he has great power of work, and carries out his duties pleasantly and thoroughly; he is also a most valuable staff officer in action, and possessed of a quick eye and great dash; I recommend him for advancement.
Lieutenant Colonel R Exham, Royal Army Medical Corps, PMO, has had an anxious time in the charge of the sick and wounded of this force, and has done everything in his power to meet the medical requirements of the various phases of the present campaign; his zeal and assiduity are worthy of recognition.
Royal Field Artillery-The services of the artillery have been so valuable that I have special pleasure in recommending Lieutenant Colonels J Coxhead and E Pickwoad, commanding brigade divisions. I consider the following have well earned special mention:-Majors J Dawkins, 13th Battery; W Blewitt, 21st Battery; C Goulburn, 42nd Battery; A Abdy, 53 Battery; J Manifold, 67th Battery; F Wing, 69th Battery.
Major S Rice, RE, acting as CRE, has been indefatigable in the discharge of his duties, and his services have been most valuable in preparing the entrenched positions occupied by the garrison, and in other matters connected with this particular branch.
Major E Altham, Royal Scots, AAG, Field Intelligence, has had a very difficult office to fill. I consider has has done all that was possible; he has kept me informed of the enemy's movements, as well as changes, in his strength and dispositions. I have a very high opinion of his ability and aptitude for the particular branch in which he is employed.
Major D Henderson, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, DAAG, Field Intelligence, is a most painstaking and reliable intelligence officer; he possesses boldness, discretion, and reticence, and is an officer of high promise.
Major W Adye, Royal Irish Rifles, DAAG, Field Intelligence, has proved himself an officer of a most adventurous spirit in reconnoitring and reporting on the enemy's positions, and his services have been valuable to me.
Major H Morgan, DSO, ASC, Assistant Director of Supplies, rendered most valuable service in disembarking and entraining the first reinforcements that arrived in Natal, and hurrying them on to the front.
The following carried out the duties of their departments with advantage to the State and credit to themselves:-Veterinary Lieutenant Colonel I Mathews, PVO; Majors W Savile, RA, Army Ordnance Department.; A Murray, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, who acted as staff officer to Brigadier General Yule during retirement from Dundee; Brevet Lieutenant Colonel H Lawson, BE, AAG, lines of communication and commanding at Durban; Major S Grant, RE, special service.
Railway Administration-This, under David Hunter, CMG, was most excellently carried out, and was worked most harmoniously and successfully in concert with the military and naval officers.
Excellent Service-Colonel C E Beckett, CB, AAG; Lieutenant Colonel R W Mapleton, Royal Army Medical Corps; Major C Hamilton, RA, who has been acting throughout as DAAG on my Headquarter Staff; Major H Mullaly, RE, DAAG; Brevet Major A King, Royal Lancaster Regiment, ADC to Major General Sir A Hunter, KCB, DSO; Captain F Lyon, RFA, ADC; Captain J Young, RE, railway staff officer; Captain F Tatham, Natal Mounted Rifles; Reverend E Macpherson, BA, senior chaplain, Church of England; Reverend O Watkins, acting Wesleyan chaplain; T Bennett, resident magistrate, Ladysmith; D Giles, resident magistrate, Upper Tugela magistracy; Conductor W Ashmore, Indian unattached list; Quartermaster Sergeant E Morton, Corps of Military Staff Clerks; Sergeant P Burke, Staff Clerk Section, ASC; Guides A Allison, T Loxton, and P Greathead, Natal Corps of Guides.
The following were brought to notice by general officer commanding and officers commanding units: -
4th Dragoon Guards (attached to 5th Dragoon Guards)-Captain G Mappin.
5th Lancers-Major A C King, Lieutenant and Adjutant H H Hulse.
7th Hussars-Major D Haig; Captain R G Brooke, DSO
11th Hussars-Lieutenant P Fitzgerald.
Royal Field Artillery-Captain W Thwaites, 53rd Battery
Royal Engineers-Captain G H Fowke; Corporall H Rawlinson; Sappers S Hudson, C Spurling.
Devon Regiment (1st Battalion)-Major M C Curry; Captains W Lafone, H L Ravenshaw (adjutant); Lieutenants J Masterson, H Field; Colour Sergeant G Palmer.
Somerset Light Infantry-Captain J Vallentin.
Leicester Regiment (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant B Weldon.
Scottish Rifles (1st Battalion) (attached to 2nd Battalion King's Royal Rifle Corps)-Lieutenant N Tod.
King's Royal Rifle Corps (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel R Gunning (killed in action); Captain and Adjutant H Blore (killed in action); 2nd Lieutenant R E Reade rendered himself conspicuous by his gallant service during the attack on Waggon Hill, January 6, 1900. Bandmaster F Tyler. 2nd Battalion-Major H Buchanan-Riddell.
Manchester Regiment (1st Battalion)-Major 3. Watson; Captain A Marden; Lieutenant H Fisher; Sergeant R, Lloyd.
Gordon Highlanders (2nd Battalion)-Major W Scott; Captains C Macready, E Streatfeild (adjutant); Sergeant H Shepherd.
Royal Dublin Fusiliers (2nd Battalion)-Major S Bird; Captain M Lowndes (adjutant); G A Weldon (killed in action).
Army Service Corps-Captain A Long; 1st Class Sergeant Major T Curtis.
Royal Army Medical Corps-Lieutenant Colonel P Johnston; Majors H Martin, M Kerin; Captain G Walker; Sergeant Major Cadogan.
Indian Staff Corps-Major W Wickham.
Imperial Light Horse-Colonel J Scott-Chisholme (killed in action), Majors A Wools-Sampson, W Karri Davis, Captains J Orr, C Mullins, J Knapp (killed in action).
Natal Volunteer Force-Major H Bru-de-Wold (Senior Staff Officer, Natal Volunteer Force), Permanent Staff, Natal Volunteer Force; Captain H Platt, Volunteer Medical Staff.
Indian Commissariat-Transport Department-Conductor H Young; Sub-Conductor M Tyler.
From Sir G White’s despatch, March 23, 1900. [Marker p17/2]
Major General Sir A Hunter, who acted as my Chief of the Staff, is an offieer of well-known reputation. I cannot speak too highly of him, whether for the performance of staff duties or for bold leading in the field; he is a most loyal and efficient staff officer, and I recommend him for advancement with the utmost confidence, being well assured such a step would be for the good of the State.
Major General F Howard, commanding 8th Brigade and in charge of Section B of defences, has proved himself a careful and able administrator; the works constructed in his section were exceptionally strong and well maintained.
Colonel I Hamilton, commanding 7th Brigade and in charge of Section C of defences, has during whole of operations been in charge of the most exposed and most extended front, including the immense position of Caesar's Camp and Waggon Hill, over four miles of perimeter. I cannot speak too highly of his indefatigable zeal in organising the defence of his front, and in keeping up the hearts of all under him by his constant and personal supervision; his leadership on January 6 was the most marked factor in the success of the defence.
Colonel W Knox, colonel on staff in charge of Section A of defences, exercised the command entrusted to him with great zeal and skill. The works constructed on his front were models of semi-permanent entrenchment, laid out from the commencement on a pIan which enabled him to strengthen them day by day until they became practically impregnable; he is an officer of fine nerve and a strong disciplinarian. I trust his services may be adequately rewarded.
Colonel W Royston, commanding Natal Volunteer Forces, and in charge of Section D of defences. I can only repeat the high praise which I had the pleasure to bestow on Colonel Royston in my despatch of December 2. He commanded Section D in an admirable manner, and with his force, though much reduced in numbers by casualties and disease, continued to the end to perform invaluable service. He is an officer exceptionally suited to his important position as commandant of the Natal Volunteer Forces, and I trust he may receive some suitable reward.
Major General J Brocklehurst continued to command the Cavalry Brigade until the horses became useless from starvation; in all cavalry actions round Ladysmith his personal gallantry was conspicuous.
Colonel C Downing, commanding RA, did all that a highly-trained specialist couid do to assist me, both as regards the employment of his batteries as mobile units and also in their distribution and action when it became necessary to demobilise them and place the guns in fixed epaulments; he is an officer in whose knowledge and judgment in artillery matters I have every confidence.
Major S Rice, commanding RE, was indefatigable in his exertions both by day and night, and showed considerable skill in laying out works and in giving to commanders of sections of the defences that advice and assistance in their construction which the trained officers of the Royal Engineers can so ably afford.
Brevet Colonel E Ward, CB, ASC, AAG (b). As the siege continued and the supply difficulties constantly increased, his cheerful ingenuity met every difficulty with ever-fresh expedients; he is unquestionably the very best supply officer I have ever met, and to his resource, foresight, and inventiveness the successful defence for so long a period is very largely due; he is exceptionally deserving of reward, and I trust that he may receive tne advancement which his services have merited.
Colonel B Duff, ISC, assistant military secretary, performed the duties of his office with his characteristic ability and zeal; he also took a prominent part in the general staff duties of headquarters, in which his services were equally valuable; this officer is fitted for the highest posts.
Colonel R Exham, Royal Army Medical Corps, did all that a PMO could do in organising the medical services under circumstances of exceptional difficulty, and with personnel and materiel both inadequate for a siege of such long duration, accompanied by such a great amount of sickness.
Lieutenant Colonel R Mapleton, Royal Army Medical Corps, in charge of Intombi Hospital Camp, was placed in a most exceptional position, in charge of a neutral camp, where maintenance of discipline in the ordinary way was impossible, but in face of all difficulties he did everything possible to maintain sanitation of the camp and to ensure the well-being of sick and wounded.
Veterinary Lieutenant Colonel I Matthews, Army Veterinary Department, PVO, did excellent work in maintaining: so far as want of proper forage would admit, the efficiency of all animals belonging to the force; he was a very valuable adviser on veterinary matters both to myself and to general officer commanding Cavalry Brigade.
Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Sir H Rawlinson, Baronet, Coldstream Guards, DAAG, who officiated throughout the siege as AAG (a), is a staff officer of great ability and activity, with a wonderful eye for the topography of the country; his constant observations of enemy s positions and movements were of much value to me in forecasting their intentions; he is well worthy of advancement.
Brevet Lieutenant Colonel H Lawson, additional AAG (a), is a staff officer of the highest ability and the soundest judgment, and rendered me most valuable service.
Major B Altham, AAG for Intelligence, has had to contend with all the difficulties inseparable from intelligence work under the limitations imposed by siege conditions; all that was possible under these conditions he has done, and I consider him an excellent intelligence officer in every respect.
Brevet Major H Henderson, DAAG for Intelligence. Towards the latter end of the siege Major Altham was attacked by enteric fever, and Major Henderson assumed charge of the Field Intelligence Department.; he is a bold and accurate reconnoitrer, and the intelligence he brought back was always reliable; whether as a subordinate or as head of Field Intelligence Department. he has always afforded me the greatest assistance. I recommend him for reward.
Major C Hamilton, DAAG (a), has done a good deal of most useful work, and has shown himself a Staff officer of high promise.
Major W Hawkins, Director of Army Telegraphs, was indefatigable in maintaining electric communication between my headauarters and all portions of defence; the service thus rendered was of highest value, and conduced greatly to the successful defence.
Major G Heath, in charge of Balloon Section, is a bold and enterprising aeronaut, and rendered useful service; the constant watch which he kept on enemy's movements being a source of much disquiet to them.
Major W Savile, Senior Ordnance Officer, conducted the duties of his department with zeal and ability.
Colonel J Dartnell, Chief Commissioner, Natal Police, possesses an exceptional knowledge of the Colony of Natal and of native character; I am greatly obliged to him for the advice and assistance which he has always been ready to afford me, of which I have availed myself freely, and which I have found of the highest value.
Magistrates-MrT Bennett, Resident Magistrate, was placed by me in charge of the civil camp at Intombi, and performed much good service in strictly enforcing the conditions on which I was permitted by Commandant General Joubert to maintain that camp. Mr D Giles acted as resident magistrate during Mr Bennett's absence, and was of great assistance in maintaining discipline among the civil population, both European and native.
Chaplains-Reverends E Macpherson, O Watkins, T Murray, and Father Ford, senior chaplains of the Church of England, Wesleyan, Presbyterian, and Roman Catholic denominations respectively, showed the greatest zeal and self-sacrifice in their attention to the sick and wounded as well as in their ministrations to those in health.
Especial Thanks are due to Lieutenant Colonel St J C Gore, 5th Dragoon Guards; Major E C Knox, 18th Hussars. Royal Field Artillery: Lieutenant Colonel J A Coxhead, 2nd Brigade Division; Majors J W G Dawkins, 13th Battery; W E Blewitt, 21st Battery; C E Goulburn, 42nd Battery; A J Abdy, 53rd Battery; J F Manifold, 67th Battery; F D V Wing, 69th Battery; Lieutenant Colonel C W Park, 1st Battalion Devon Regiment Lieutenant Colonel A E R Curran, 1st Battalion Manchester Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel C T E Metcalfe, 2nd Battalion Rifle Brigade. Major (local Lieutenant Colonel) A H M Edwards, 5th Dragoon Guards, commanding Imperial Light Horse.
Excellent Service has been rendered by Lieutenant Colonel J Stoneman, ASC, DAAG; Majors J R Dick, Army Pay Department.; F H Treherne, Royal Army Medical Corps; S C N Grant, RE; J F Bateson, Royal Army Medical Corps; H Mulkly, RE, DAAG; A J Murray, DAAG; Brevet Major A J King, Royal Lancaster Regiment, ADC to Major General Hunter; Major E Ludlow, ASC, DAAG (b); Captains J Young, RE, railway staff officer; F Lyon, RFA, ADC; F Tatham, Natal Mounted Rifles; Lieutenant J Walker, Royal Highlanders, divisional signalling officer; Conductor W Ashmore, Indian unattached list; Mr J Farquhar, Mayor of Ladysmith; Mr A Henderson, in charge of Native Guide Establishment.
The following have been brought to notice by general officers commanding, heads of departments, and officers commanding units:
4th Dragoon Guards-Lieutenant B H H Mathew-Lannowe.
5th Dragoon Guards-Lieutenant and Adjutant W Q Winwood.
5th Lancers-Major A C King.
11th Hussars-Lieutenant PD Fitzgerald.
16th Lancers-Captain G P Wyndham, Brigade Major, Cavalry Brigade.
18th Hussars-Major H T Laming; Lance Sergeant W Howard.
19th Hussars-Major H D Fanshawe; Lieutenant and Adjutant M Archer-Shee.
Royal Artillery-CaptainsA L Walker, E S E W Russell, staff.
Royal Field Artillery-21st Battery: Lieutenant R E Ramsden; Battery Sergeant Major W Crouch; Sergeants T Brace, O Ellis, G J Randall; Farrier-Sergeant J Nunn; Trumpeter G J Will. 42nd Battery: Lieutenant S W Douglas; Battery Sergeant Major W Hull; Battery Qrmr-Sergeant F Stannard; Sergeants D Heriot, C Grant; Gunner S Gawtry. Balloon Section: Corporals W Burtenshaw, W Pearce. 53rd Battery: Battery Sergeant J Vevers; Battery Quartermaster Sergeant T Fogarty; Sergeants J Boseley, H Gill; Bombardier A Cook; Acting Bombardier W Thomas; Gunner J Bourne. 69th Battery: Battery Quartermaster Sergeant W H Viney. 1st Brigade Divisional Ammunition Column: Major E S May; Captain H W A Christie; Regimental Sergeant Major E J Ellard; Sergeant H Wilson. 2nd Brigade Divisional Ammunition Column; Battery Quartermaster Sergeant E Strange; Corporal H Gray.
Royal Garrison Artillery-No 10 Mountain Battery: Sergeants J Roxburgh, J Lyons, G French; Gunners E Greenfield, W Shields, B Greenwood, E Holtham, T Woods.
Royal Engineers-Lieutenant R J T Digby-Jones (killed January 6). 23rd Field Company: 2nd Lieutenant J B B Denis (killed January 6); Sergeants C Jackson (killed) , F Land, E Piggott, H Herrington; Corporals H Rawlinson, W Rich; 2nd Corporals J Stewart, A Melvin, W Berry; Lance Corporals F Hockaday, H Bailey (killed), J Denniss, J Trebett; Sappers C Catchpole, H Rutt, G Sansum, A Snow, J H Cooper, H G Guyatt, J Geraghty, S Hudson, J Higgins, C Jacobs, C M'Kenzie, L Shaw, W Spurling, J Vardy. Telegraph Battalion: Troop Sergeant Major W Shaw; 2nd Corporal H Bleach; Sapper F J T Hedges.
Royal West Surrey Regiment (1st Battalion)-Brevet Major D Mackworth (killed January 6).
Liverpool Regiment (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel L S Mellor, Lieutenant and Adjutant L M Jones.
Devon Regiment (1st Battalion)-Major M O Curry; Captains W B Lafone (killed in action January 6); H S L Ravenshaw (adjutant); Lieutenants J E I Masterson, H N Field (killed in action January 6); Colour Sergeant G Palmer, Lance Corporals A Young, F Rowe; Privates T Brimmicombe, R Hansford, E Norman, H Cox.
Somerset Light Infantry-Captain J M Vallentin (Brigade-Major 7th Infantry Brigade); Lieutenant C Walker (killed in action January 6).
Leicester Regiment (1st Battalion)-Major E Scott, Capt L Sherer; Privates Hickinbottom, C Willars, F J Green.
Royal Irish Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Private M Healey, nursing orderly.
Scottish Rifles (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant N H Tod, attached to 2nd Battalion KRRC (killed in action January 6); Private A M'Kay, nursing orderly.
West Riding Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Sergeant C Sims.
King's Royal Rifle Corps (1st Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel W Campbell; Captains E Northey, H Blore (adjutant); Bandmaster F Tyler; Sergeant F Curtis; Lance Sergeant W Beck; Lance Corporals J Mitchell, T Edmondson. 2nd Battalion- Majors H Buchanan-Riddell, Acting DAAG Divisional Troops; H Boweti (killed in action January 6); Col-Sergeant T Maple; Sergeant Gt. Hoad; Corporals A Green, F Maclachlan; Lance Corporal A Hoare; Private T Cross.
Manchester Regiment (1st Battalion)-Major J Watson; Captain A Marden; Lieutenant H Fisher; Sergeants M Gresty, E Grant, E Lloyd; Lance Corporals J M'Dowall, G Roberts; Privates R Scott, J Pitts, E Newton, A Hor-ribin, D Coyle, A M Smith (dead), H Stones, E Van Ryne, E Biggins.
Gordon Highlanders (2nd Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel W Scott, Major C Miller-Wallnutt (killed in action January 6); Colour Sergeant W Pryce; Sergeants R Milne, H Shepherd, J Morrice; Corporal H Gordon; Lance Corporal H Smith.
Royal Irish Fusiliers (1st Battalion)-Colour Sergeants T Linnane, J Hayes.
Rifle Brigade-Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Honourable C G Fortescue, CMG Brigade-Major 8th Brigade); Captain H E Vernon, DSO, ADC to GOC, 8th Brigade. 2nd Battalion-Brevet Major G Thesiger; Captains H Biddulph, J Gough, G Paley; Lieutenant and Adjutant Honourable H Dawnay; Colour Sergeants G Hodder, J Archer; Sergeants W Danton, F Williams, F Lewis, A Wombwell, W Dickenson; Sergeant Master-Tailor G W Simpson.
Army Service Corps-Captains A Long, A Seccombe; 1st Class Staff Sergeant Major T Curtis, Staff Quartermaster Sergeant J Blay; Staff Sergeants B Bartholomew, W S Banning; Company Sergeant Major T Bennett; Company Quartermaster Sergeant A Grainer; Sergeants J Baker, H J Jordan (Staff Clerk Section).
Indian Commissariat-Transport Department- Major D M Thompson; Conductor H Young; Sub-Conductors M W Tyler, W Calvert; Staff Sergeants W T Kee, W Lloyd, W Hayman, B T Harding.
Army Ordnance Corps-Sub-Conductor H Bees; Sergeants W H Hall, W Ford.
Royal Army Medical Corps-Lieutenant Colonel S H Carter; Majors H Martin, R L Love, M W Kerin, S Westcott, D Bruce; Captain G Walker (died of enteric fever February 23); Sergeant Major F Bruce; 2nd Class Staff Sergeant Burrows; Sergeants L Jones, E J Cadogan, G B Walker; Private F G Bright.
Indian Subordinate Medical Department-1st Class Assist-Surgeons J Moore, J Farrell, A M'lntyre; 2nd Class Assist-Surgs. E St Romaine, V Chiodetti.
Indian Medical Service-Major W H W Elliot.
Imperial Light Horse-Major D E Doveton (died of wounds February 14); Surgeon-Major W T F Davies; Captain C Fowler; Corporals C Russell, W Weir.
Natal Volunteer Force-Lieutenant Colonel E M Greene, commanding Natal Carbineers; Majors R W Evans, commanding Natal Mounted Rifles; F J Rethman, commanding Border Mounted Rifles; H T Bru-de-Wold, CSO; J Hyslop, PMO.
Natal Volunteer Medical Staff Captain H T Platt.
Army Nursing Sisters-Superintendent E Dowse; Nursing Sisters E Noble, A Bond, J Hoadley, M Hill. Civilian: B Ludlow, S Patterson, J Charleson, J Borlase, S Lees, R Shappere, H Ross, A Keightly, M Brice, E Stowe, D Belton, I Stowe, K Hill, L Yeatman, S Otto, E Early, M Nicolson, C Thompson, K Driver, K Champion, M Tentney, R Davies, S Ruiter, E Bromilon.
Civilians-Corps of Guides-Guides T Allison, L. Ashby, H Thornhill. Attached Army Service Corps: Head Conductor Macfarlane; Conductors Bell, Inglethorpe. Attached Army Ordnance Corps: Storeholder J Keefe; Foreman W Blake. Volunteers serving with Bearer Company: Messrs J Taylor, R H Coverton, W Jackson, F Ellis, P Smythe.
SPION KOP, January 16 to 25, 1900 From Sir C Warren's despatch, February 1, 1900:-
1st (Royal) Dragoons-The dispositions of the regiment throughout were carried out in a most skilful way by Colonel J Burn-Murdoch, and he, with Captain Honourable A Hamilton Russell, and Privates W Barnard and A Holdsworth, ascended Spion Kop after its evacuation, on morning of 25th, at great personal risk to ascertain whether it had been re-occupied by Boers.
Royal Artillery-Major J Hanwell went up to top of Spion Kop during the heaviest firing to reconnoitre as to possibility of placing guns upon it, and, subsequently, went up with a naval gun prior to abandonment of the hill.
Royal Engineers-Colonel E M Wood, CRE, reports that he would have specially mentioned Major E M Massy, commanding No. 17 Company, for his gallant conduct had he lived. This officer was killed in the firing line while personally superintending the entrenchment.
Royal West Surrey Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Lieutenant Colonel E O F Hamilton mentions that Lieutenant H W Smith on January 21, having advanced to a donga in front of Boer position, after being shot through chest (the bullet coming out through his back), continued to lead his men till he fell exhausted, and took cover above the donga, till 3 p.m., when he managed to get into it; he remained there till dark, after his company had retired, accompanied by one man, and had sufficient strength to walk down the donga, almost to the hospital; he set his men a splendid example of coolness, courage, and endurance. He also mentions that the following stretcher bearers, Privates J Burgess, H Madox, A Penfold, J Phister, with Major Hinde, Royal Army Medical Corps, volunteered to go to top of Sugar Loaf Hill and bring down the body of Major Childe; on the plateau they were exposed to heavy fire.
Royal Lancaster Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Colonel M Crofton, commanding, reports that 2nd Lieutenant J Stansfield, 2nd Battalion Gordon Highlanders, attached to ambulance company, was conspicuously energetic throughout whole day under fire, and doing splendid work for wounded. Private Moore worked hard under a heavy fire, distributing ammunition, which rendered him a conspicuous mark to enemy. Private Roberts moved about bandaging wounded men under a heavy fire, and saved at least one man's life. Privates M McConnell and W Tatton, doctor's orderlies, behaved especially well under fire, helping wounded.
West Yorkshire Regiment (2nd Battalion)-Colonel F W Kitchener, commanding, reports that Lieutenant A M Royall conducted a patrol to within 500 yards of Boer trenches to examine ground for an advance; out of 16 men he had only one man killed and two wounded, although exposed all day to full view of enemy on open ground on a grass slope; his conduct showed exceptional coolness and intelligence. Private J Morant carried back a message from Lieutenant Royall under very heavy fire and was wounded.
Lancashire Fusiliers (2nd Battalion)-The officer commanding reports with regard to action of 20th, that Captain O Woolley-Dod, though severely wounded in hand at 5.30 p.m., continued with his company till end of action, and did duty under fire on following day till 10.30 a.m. With regard to action on Spion Kop, he reports that Capt
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WW2 – Broadway History Society
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2022-04-04T10:41:00+01:00
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Posts about WW2 written by Broadway History Society
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Broadway History Society
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https://broadwayhistorysociety.wordpress.com/category/ww2/
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A War Nursery near Broadway is Founded
During the autumn of 1940, seven young children were removed from the dangers of living in war torn London to rural Buckland just outside Broadway. The evacuation and rehoming of the children was funded by the American Red Cross and the Surdna Foundation1 who had arranged for The Waifs and Strays Society (now The Church of England Children’s Society) to run a War Nursery2 at Buckland Manor.
In July 1940, Lady Ismay of nearby Wormington Grange3, whose husband, General Hastings Ismay was Winston Churchill’s chief military assistant, had taken in 30 London evacuees under the age of two. Children under five4 were difficult to place with families and Lady Ismay was approached by the Society’s secretary, Mr W.R. Vaughan, to find another suitable home for a small number of very young children.
At the time there were three Receiving Nurseries in London in which children under five were received for medical inspection, issue of clothing, etc., before being evacuated to the country to nurseries set up to specially cater for their needs.
Mr & Mrs Charles T. Scott of Buckland Manor offered their home to the Society and by November 1940, seven youngsters had taken up residence in a wing of the house under the care of Matron Miss Bride. Mrs Jane Scott (who became the Nursery’s Commandant) was often seen taking the children for a walk and her cook, Margaret ‘Bessie’ Andrews, prepared the children’s meals. Lady Victoria Forester, Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Mary, who lived at Furze Hill, Willersey, was also involved in the children’s welfare. Clothes and toys for the children were provided by the Women’s Voluntary Services both in London and Broadway, and additional children’s clothing from sewing parties held in the village.
Miss Bride told a reporter from The Evesham Journal that the children can “run just where they like” and although many arrived tearful and homesick they soon settled into life in the Cotswolds countryside. Miss Bride’s charges were all from London; Tony (the eldest), Maureen (the youngest, aged 20 months), Ernest, Eileen, David, Sailor and Ronald.
Queen Mary visits the War Nursery at Buckland Manor
By 1944, under Matron Miss Frank, the nursery at Buckland Manor had grown to be one of the largest in the area caring for 36 children5. Amongst the children, all aged under five, were children of Birmingham City transport workers as well as those with parents serving in HM Forces.
On Thursday 10th August 1944, Queen Mary paid an informal visit to Buckland Manor to see the children. The Queen was accompanied by Lady Constance Milnes Gaskell, Lady Victoria Forester and Major Forester, the local MP William Morrison and his wife Katharine Morrison, and Colonel George Mackie (County Director of the British Red Cross). The Queen stayed for half an hour and on leaving was presented with a bouquet of roses by two year old Gillian Adams from Birmingham.
The War Nursery at Buckland Manor closed down shortly after the end of the Second World War in late 1945/early 19466.
Debbie Williamson
Broadway History Society
Notes:
The Surdna Foundation was established as a charitable foundation in 1917 by the American John Emory Andrus to pursue a range of philanthropic purposes.
The first War Nursery was set up in February 1940 at Dallington in Northamptonshire. By the end of 1940, 30 nurseries were in existence housing over a thousand babies and young children. After the United States of America entered the war in 1942, the Ministry of Health undertook full financial responsibility for the nurseries, the total number of which grew to 400.
In November 1942, Eleanor Roosevelt, the First Lady of the United States ( 4 March 1933 – 12 April 1945) visited the War Nursery at Wormington Grange.
Approximately 89%, of all under fives evacuated were sent from the London area, and by August, 1945, the Metropolitan Evacuation Panel had dealt with applications for over 60,000 children many of which were applying for temporary evacuation. 9,046 young children were evacuated through the London Receiving Nurseries.
The War Nursery at Wormington Grange had also increased in size, caring for up to 60 children.
The War Nurseries were gradually closed after the end of the war. However, some 10,000 children across all ages were unable to return home for various reasons and had to be cared for until homes could be found. The War Nursery at Wormington Grange closed in February 1946.
Town Class Destroyer HMS Broadway (H90) was first launched on 14th February 1920 and was the first ex-American destroyer involved in the capture of a U-boat during in the Atlantic during the Second World War.
The ship, originally commissioned and launched by Miss Victoria Hunt as USS Hunt (DD 194), was built by Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. in Virginia in the United States. She was one of 50 US Navy destroyers transferred to the Royal Navy from the US Navy as part of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement of 2nd September 1940.
On 8th October 1940, USS Hunt was commissioned as HMS Broadway in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, for use by the Royal Navy. Like all the other ex-US Navy destroyers transferred to the Royal Navy in 1940, her name was common to a village/town in England and a town in the US. HMS Broadway arrived at HM Dockyard Devonport on the south coast on 29th October for a refit and modification to be used as a Royal Navy convoy escort in the Atlantic.
Following the commissioning of the destroyer, Broadway’s Parish Councillor, Gordon Russell, agreed to give a talk to the BBC on the village of Broadway. However, the Chairman of the Parish Council, Arthur Williams JP, strongly objected to the talk on the grounds that ‘the enemy is likely to vent his wrath in a particular village that has given its name to one of His Majesty’s ships’. On 2nd January 1941, Williams sent a telegram to the BBC who replied that they could not stop the programme going ahead as it had already been publicised. Williams then sent a wire to Herbert Morrison, Home Secretary to the wartime coalition, stating that the airing of the programme would give ‘unnecessary publicity, and possible menace to the village’ and he also sent a telegram to the local Evesham MP, Mr Rupert De la Bère. Following discussions between the two, it was decided that the BBC programme should go ahead as it would not adversely affect Broadway or endanger the village or its residents in any way.
HMS Broadway, Convoy Escort and the Capture of an Enigma Machine
After undergoing initial trials HMS Broadway was taken to Scapa Flow for further preparations and to join the 11th Escort Group. However, she sustained damage during the trials and was repaired in Hull, then at the Clyde and Liverpool shipyards before work was finally completed on her back at Devonport and she was finally ready to go to war as an escort of convoys in the mid-Atlantic passage. HMS Broadway returned to Liverpool from where on 28th April 1941 she joined the 7th Escort Group, Western Approaches Command, in Iceland.
On 9th May 1941, whilst under the command of Lt. Commander Thomas Taylor, RN, and whilst protecting the Atlantic convoys with the help of destroyer HMS Bulldog and corvette HMS Aubretia, she assisted in the capture of German U-boat U-110 between Greenland and Iceland.
U-110, commanded by U-boat ace Lt. Fritz-Julius Lemp1, had successfully sunk two British ships during the Battle of the Atlantic. On the 9th May the U-boat was first detected by HMS Aubretia’s listening device and the corvette subsequently moved to engage the U-boat with depth charges. U-110 survived this first assault but when the two destroyers HMS Bulldog and HMS Broadway joined the attack the U-boat was forced to surface and HMS Bulldog’s captain set a course to ram the the boat. Lemp seeing this ordered his crew to abandon ship.
U-110 was captured (the first U-boat capture during the Second World War) and a boarding party was sent from HMS Bulldog under the command of Lieutenant Commander David Balme. On board, Radio Operator William Stewart Pollock noticed a unusual looking typewriter. He unscrewed it from the desk, gathered it up and later discovered he had taken a German Navy Enigma decoder machine and codebooks, the first operational Enigma machine captured during the war.
Once in the water, Lemp attempted to swim back to the U-boat when he realised that the scuttling charges were not going to detonate and that his boat might be captured and this was the last anyone saw of him.
The original plan was to tow the U-110 to Iceland. Fortuitously, the U-boat sank whilst under tow. Had the boat reached Iceland, it seems certain that German spies would have seen it and passed word back to Germany.
Although the German Navy (the Kriegsmarine) developed codes that were more complex after this capture, it gave Alan Turing and the code breakers at Bletchley Park their first insight into the Enigma code. The Bletchley Park cryptanalysts had found this code more complex and secure than that used by the Germany’s army and airforce.
Four officers and men of HMS Broadway were mentioned in dispatches and Lt. Commander Thomas Taylor received the DSC and Chief Stoker Arthur Harry Capelin P/K-46363 was awarded the DSM.
HMS Broadway continued to escort Atlantic convoys during 1942 and 1943 and on 12th May 1943, commanded by Lt. Commander Evelyn Henry Chavasse2, she joined frigate HMS Lagan and aircraft from escort carrier HMS Biter in destroying another German submarine, U-89, which was sunk northeast of the Azores.
After undergoing a refit at Belfast in September 1943, HMS Broadway became a target ship for aircraft and served as such at Rosyth in Scotland until the war ended in Europe, retiring from service during the summer of 1945. HMS Broadway was finally decommissioned and sold for scrap in May 1948.
HMS Broadway received the battle honours, Atlantic 1941-43 and North Sea 1944 for taking part in the sinking of two U-boats and the attacks on many others during which she covered nearly 100,000 miles on duty. She was known for her ‘Magic Eye’ which she had painted on her bows to ward off evil.
Support for HMS Broadway from the Broadway Branch of the British Legion
During the war HMS Broadway was one of two ships adopted by the village (the other being HMS Terrapin3). The Broadway branch of the British Legion undertook to supply HMS Broadway with comforts from the branch’s special war fund. Records, books, games, irons, writing paper, cards and envelopes and a box of football gear from Broadway United Football Club (the club had been suspended for the duration of the war) along with cheques to be spent by the ship’s commanding officer on the crew were amongst items sent. Several fundraisers were held in the village during the war: on Boxing Day 1941, Broadway United Football Club held a dance at the Lifford Memorial Hall to raise money for the crew and £284 was sent to the fund to provide further sports equipment for those on board the destroyer.
In June 1943, a badge made of pear wood was presented to the HMS Broadway by the Broadway branch of the British Legion on behalf of the village (see photo above). The shield was designed by the officers of the ship and partly by the artist, Major W.T. Hart of Chipping Campden. The badge, surrounded by the Naval Crown represents the albatross, being the badge of the US Navy, Broadway Tower and crossed anchors being common to both Navies. The badge was initially on view in J.B. Ball’s shop window on the High Street but is now on the wall in St Michael’s Church. A cast brass shield was also presented by the village to the ship for the ship’s bridge.
HMS Broadway’s Bell
The bell from HMS Broadway was salvaged when the ship was decommissioned. In 1951, in a ceremony at City Hall, the bell was presented by the Admiralty to Mayor Impelliteri of New York along with a leather bound volume relating the exploits of the destroyer after she joined the Royal Navy. The bell was later put into safe keeping at the the Lygon Arms Hotel, in the village, which was under the management of Donald Russell at the time. It was presented to the citizens of Broadway by Captain R.G. Mackay, British Naval representative on the United Nations Military Staff Committee, on behalf of the Admiralty.
The bell is currently on display at the Lygon Arms Hotel, High Street, Broadway, and will shortly be moved to Broadway Museum and Art Gallery, Tudor House, 65 High Street, Broadway.
Talk on HMS Broadway – 18th November 2019
To find out more about HMS Broadway, on Monday 18th November 2019, Doug Eyre, will be giving an illustrated talk entitled 1941, HMS Broadway and the Capture of the German Naval Enigma Machine in the Lifford Memorial Hall, Lower Green, Broadway, starting at 7pm. All welcome. Non-members of the Society £3.
Doug Eyre is Broadway Museum and Art Gallery’s resident artist and he has painted a picture depicting the important 1941 engagement that involved HMS Broadway and the discovery of the Enigma machine and codebooks.
Debbie Williamson
Broadway History Society
Notes:
1. Fritz-Julius Lemp commanded U-28, U-30 and U-110 and sank the British passenger ship SS Athenia, in violation of the Hague conventions in September 1939.
2. Reverend Evelyn Henry Chavasse, DSO, DSC (1906-1991) served in the Royal Navy during the Second World War. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Commander on 1st February 1937 and to the rank of Commander on 30th June 1943. He was ordained in 1954.
3. HMS Terrapin was a British submarine of the third group of the T class. She was built as P323 by Vickers Armstrong, Barrow and Belliss and Morcom Ltd, and launched on 31st August 1943.
4. The Boxing Day Dance raised £55 14s 6d. £28 went to HMS Broadway and the balance to the football club fund.
The following account of Broadway Station and Broadway’s Postal Service was written in 1979 by Maurice Andrews MBE (1923-2016). Maurice Charles Andrews was born and grew up in Broadway where he attended Broadway Council School. The Second World War and work took Maurice away from Broadway but he later returned with his family in 1948. Maurice was Broadway Correspondent at the Evesham Journal for many years, a Parish Councillor for both Broadway and Willersey and a member of many clubs and organisations in Broadway. During his retirement, Maurice often gave wonderfully detailed talks on the Cotswolds and on the village he loved. The following account is from Maurice’s personal records that were donated to Broadway History Society by his daughter.
The Railway and the Post
The opening of the railway station in Broadway must have been a great day for the locals. It certainly was for the business people for whom it was a great increase in the number of visitors to an already well known village.
My father1 was then sixteen years of age, and living in Willersey, and in the years before the actual opening date he and his brothers had watched the progress of the construction of the line. He has told me often how, after coming in from work with the horses and waggons, he had to go across the fields at the back of the family’s cottage to bring back his younger brother, Harry, who with the other Willersey youngsters were watching the men at work.
The station opened on 1st August 1904 and dray loads of people came from the villages around to witness the opening ceremony. Many came from Willersey, including my father, and the children who were still at school were taken on drays to Broadway then treated to a ride on the train to Stratford. My mother2, then eighteen and working at the Broadway vicarage, took time off to attend with her father and mother, and sister Emily.
By the late 1920s my brothers and sisters, and I, came into contact with the life of the railway station when we were collecting the newspapers for delivery to the village. We delivered to homes from Evesham Road Reservoir up to Court Farm at the foot of the hill, and from The Vineyard down to The Lodge at the old church (St Eadburgha’s, Snowshill Road). We would probably be working on father’s allotment at The Meadow, beyond the railway on the Childswickham Road, and as soon as we heard the train coming along the line – the ‘coffee pot’ we called it – we would leave out onion tying or whatever jobs we were doing to run to the station to meet it.
Some of the porters I remember were Frank Phillips3 and later Vic Hunt and Len Lloyd, the signalman, leaning out of his signal box and keeping an eye on things. George Collins, the shunter, was in the Goods Yard and others ‘on the line’ were Bill Horne, Ben Kilby and George Holford.
At the station daily, to collect parcels for delivery around the area would be Philip Rose and his son, Geoffrey, with their horse and dray, and to meet the visitors there would be the cars from the Lygon Arms and the big houses. At the time of arrival and departure of a train there would be much activity and bustle, then the station would be deserted and peace and quiet would return.
It is quieter today. No trains, no staff, no neat platforms, with their flowerbeds. Surely it is obvious to us all now, in 1979, with almost every road in the country packed with heavy lorries and cars, that the closure of many of our railway stations and routes was a great mistake. My guess is before the end of the century work will be put in hand to revive some of the old railway lines and stations, I hope so – who knows, as in 1904, in 2004 there may be another opening ceremony at Broadway Station4.
Broadway’s Postmen
Closely connected with life at the railway station were the village postmen. As Broadway was one of the bigger villages the local Post Office had many postmen to cover a wide area of the surrounding villages. The postmen in my boyhood days wore the old ‘bucket’ helmets and nearly all the rounds were done on foot. I remember such postmen as Arthur Parker5, father of Arthur Parker the decorator, George Keyte, Arnold Folkes, Charlie Jarrett6, Teddy Charlwood, Walter Preston, ‘Postman’ Hall and “Postman’ Green (I never did hear the forenames of the last two – it was always ‘Postman”).
The Andrews boys came into contact with the postmen when they bought the mail to the station, and collected the incoming mail, and as we took the newspapers from the incoming train we had to undo the bundles quickly so that the postmen could have first copy.
‘Postman’ Green7 had three sons, David, John and Philip – Philip too became a postman – and our family members often relate an amusing story regarding David. At school, Mr Bridgman8 was nearing the end of a scripture lesson and he asked the class “Who was David’s father?”. A wit at the back of the class as quick as lightning replied “Mr Green the postman!”
‘Postman’ Hall lived in the cottage next to the Coach and Horses and Teddy Charlwood lived at Mill Avenue. Teddy was a former Army Sergeant-Major and I remember him in the early years of the 1939-1945 war, before I joined the forces, using his former skills in teaching us, the Local Defence Volunteers (later the Home Guard), our rifle drill. Teddy’s son Arthur, was also an Army man for many years.
Life for the village postmen is now very different. Most of them have motor vans in which to make their deliveries, unlike those of long ago who had to walk from Broadway, in all sorts of weather to Farncombe, Aston Somerville, Childswickham, Willersey, Saintbury, Buckland and to Stanton. However, like the railwaymen, the postmen, even today, especially in the rural areas, are an important part of the community and I always think there is something special about their character.
Maurice C. Andrews MBE
1979
Broadway History Society
Notes:
1. George Gazey Andrews, born Willersey on 9th March 1888.
2. Mary Andrews (née Pulley), born Broadway on 29th September 1886.
3. Frank Alfred Phillips (1897-1993) – see Broadway Remembers for further information.
4. Broadway Station was re-opened, part of the GWSR Steam Railway on 30th March 2018. The railway now operates a full steam and heritage diesel train service between Broadway and Cheltenham Racecourse via Toddington (the railway’s headquarters), Hayles Abbey, Winchcombe and Gotherington.
5. Arthur Parker MM, born Broadway in 1897 – see Broadway Remembers for further information.
6. Charles Jarrett joined the Post Office in 1918 after being discharged with wounds from the Royal Warwickshire Regiment in 1917. He retired in December 1954 after 36 years with the Post Office.
7. Harry John Green was born in Clerkenwell, London, in 1844, and served as a postman in Broadway for many years.
8. Archibald Bridgman, Headmaster of Broadway Council School.
Earl Coventry Builds a Beacon Tower above Broadway
The site of Broadway Tower was common land until about 1771. The enclosure of Common land granted this to Sir George William, the 6th Earl of Coventry, who owned nearby Spring Hill House as well as Croome Court in Pershore.
In October 1797, Admiral Duncan, later Earl Camperdown, won a naval victory over the Dutch at Camperdown (north of Haarlem). In celebration a bonfire was lit on Broadway Beacon Hill with fireworks and other events organised by Thomas Coventry, youngest son of Lord Coventry. The Countess of Coventry was so impressed that she persuaded Lord Coventry to erect a tower there. Plans for an ornamental folly were initially discussed with Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown (who had designed the parkland surrounding Spring Hill) and the project was completed in 1799 by the architect James Wyatt after Brown’s death. The 65 foot Beacon Tower with its saxon castle design stands at 1024 feet above sea-level, the highest little castle in the Cotswolds.
Sir Thomas Phillipps and the Broadway Printing Press
Following the 6th Earl’s death, John Coventry, his second son, inherited the Tower and surrounding land. In the 1820s it was sold to the eccentric bibliophile Sir Thomas Phillipps who owned the nearby Middle Hill Estate. Thomas used the Tower from 1827 to house his printing press but during his ownership he neglected the building and it fell into disrepair.
In 1837 the vantage point of Broadway Tower was again used as a site for a Beacon Bonfire. On 20th June 1837, Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee, an evening procession from the village ended with a bonfire at Broadway Beacon, one of 2,548 bonfires lit across the country to celebrate the Jubilee.
Gloves and Famous Visitors
Thomas Phillipps ceased to use the Tower after his move to Cheltenham in 1863. It is recorded that the Tower was used by glove makers for a while before 1866 when Cormell Price took out a lease on the building as a holiday home for himself and his friends. The location of the Tower with its wonderful views attracted many visitors including the English artist and designer Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris. It is believed that in 1876 William Morris wrote a letter from Broadway Tower which led to the formation of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings by William Morris and Philip Webb in 1877. Cormell Price, known affectionately by his friends as the ‘Knight of Broadway Tower’, and the Stanley family, reluctantly left the Tower after 11 years when Cormell gave up his tenancy in September 1878, after the death of Thomas Phillipps.
The Tower during the Second World War
About 1930, still under the ownership of the Middle Hill Estate, the Hollington family moved in as tenant famers. Mr and Mrs Hollington brought up their family there, cooking on a portable stove and climbing the winding stairs by candlelight as there was no electric light or gas. During the Second World War, whilst tenanted by Mr Hollington (who had joined the Observer Corps), the Tower was used as a look out post to map enemy aircraft.
On 2nd June 1943, a Whitley bomber on a training mission from Honeybourne airfield, crashed next to the tower in poor visibility. The crew: Pilot HG Hagen, Sgt EG Ekins, Flt Sgt DH Kelly, Sgt DA Marriott and Sgt RS Phillips all lost their lives in the crash.
Broadway Tower and the Royal Observation Corps
Broadway Tower remained part of the Middle Hill Estate until 1949 when on the death of Miss Emily Georgina Hingley it was offered to the National Trust as a gift. The Trust declined and the Tower subsequently passed to the Dulverton Batsford Estates when it was rescued by the Hon. Frederick Anthony Wills, 2nd Baron Dulverton of Batsford (1915-1992).
In 1950, following the Second World War, a new above ground concrete slab observation post, known as an Orlit A, was built. It was a very basic structure consisting of two small, separate rooms, equipped with little more than a telephone line that connected the men that manned the post to the regional control centre.
During the ‘Cold War’, a secret Royal Observer Corps nuclear bunker was built in 1961 approximately 180 metres from the Tower. As part of a larger network of 1,653 bunkers around the country, it served as an early warning system – built to study the effects of radioactive fallout from a nuclear attack. It was manned continuously from 1961, up until it’s decommissioning in 1991 at the end of the Cold War. The bunker has since been restored and is open to the public on certain weekends of the year.
Broadway Tower Today
During Lord Dulverton’s ownership the land surrounding the Tower was developed in to a Country Park with its own herd of red deer and the Tower was converted in to a Museum.
The grounds and the Tower, with its wonderful views across up to 16 counties, are now in the ownership of the Will family and are open to the public most days.
Today we remember Able Seaman Robert Warner Clarke of Broadway who died, aged 19, 76 years ago during the Second World War. Robert, known as Bob, was a member of the crew on submarine HMS P311 when she was sunk by a mine on 8th January 19431 off the coast of Tavolara Island, a small island to the north east of Sardinia.
Bob, was born in Broadway, one of nine children of Frank Thomas Clarke and May Clarke (née Meadows). After the outbreak of the Second World War, Bob enlisted with the Royal Navy Submarine Service and was posted to serve on HMS P311.
HMS P311 was a T-class submarine and the only boat of her class never to have been given a name. She was launched on 5th March 1942 and commissioned 5 months later on 7th August. HMS P311 was supposed to have been assigned the name Tutankhamen but was lost before this was formally done. She had joined the 10th Submarine Flotilla at Malta from Scotland in November 1942 and was attacked and sunk whilst en-route to Maddalena, Sardinia sometime between her final signal on 31st December 1942 and her failure to report on 8th January 19431.
When HMS P311 was lost she was carrying a crew of 71 men, commanded by Richard Douglas Cayley, DSO, RN2. The wreck recently found by divers on 21st May 2016 close to Tavolara Island in the Mediterranean. The vessel is reported to be in good condition with only her bow damaged by the mine explosion and all the bodies of the men are reported to be still on-board having died of suffocation.
Prior to her sinking, whilst in Malta, Able Seaman (no. P/JX 321879) Robert Clarke sent the following letters3 home to his family in Broadway:
4th December 1942
Dear Mum, Dad and all at home,
I hope you received the cable alright & that you are having some good weather & keeping well. I am feeling lovely as where I am the weather is scorching hot. How is everyone down Broadway, tell Dennis Cook4 I will drop him a line very soon but it’s hard to say how long it will take to reach him. When you write to Sid5 tell him I am ok but I don’t expect to see him for a very long time. I wish I could tell you where I am & what this place is like but I can’t.
When you write to me it is best to send it by CW Graphs as they don’t take long to travel.
I am only allowed to send one page so for now I will close with lots of love to all.
From Bob.
20th December 1942
Dear Mum, Dad and all at home,
I hope this short letter finds you in the best of health as it leaves me. I hope you all had a good Xmas as I didn’t do so bad myself accordingly. Last night I had a great surprise I walked into a club with my mate and met Eddie Procter6 the chap from Willersey who married Kathleen Keyte from the bottom of our avenue, he looks well and seems quite happy, him and I are going out together tomorrow if everything is ok.
Has Sid been home on leave lately or has he gone abroad? I would like to see him now. I expect it will be a long while before I am home again but when I do come I hope to have some money saved up. Did you get the £2 I sent to go on my Savings Book that Auntie has got? I will send some more as soon as I can if you will put it on the Book for me.
Give my best to Nibs and all the rest, and tell Kathleen Keyte I saw Eddie.
With all my love Mum,
From Bob.
Bob and the rest of the crew of HMS P311 are commemorated on the Portsmouth Naval War Memorial (Panel 74, Column 1) in Hampshire and Bob is commemorated on the War Memorial in Broadway.
Debbie Williamson
Broadway History Society
Notes:
HMS P311 was reported overdue on 8th January 1943 when she failed to return to base and it is now presumed that she was sunk by Italian mines on or around 2nd January 1943.
Richard Douglas Cayley (1907-1943) was one of the most decorated British submariners of the Second World War. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in 1941. His prowess earned him the nickname “Deadeye Dick”.
Bob’s letters are published with the permission of Andy Clarke.
Dennis G. Cook (1922-1977).
Sid was Bob’s older brother born in Broadway in 1921. Lance Corporal 11416496 Sydney Richard Clarke served with the 7th Battalion York and Lancaster Regiment. during the Second World War. He died, aged 24, on 1st April 1946 and is buried in the churchyard at St Eadburgha’s Church, Snowshill Road, Broadway, and is commemorated on Broadway War Memorial.
Edgar William Proctor served with the 44 Squadron Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve as a Flight Sergeant/Air Gunner. He was killed, aged 22, on 22nd January 1944 and is buried in Berlin 1939-1945 War Cemetery, Germany, Collective Grave 6. L. 1-7. Son of Thomas and Emily Proctor and husband of Kathleen Elsie Proctor of Broadway, Worcestershire, he is commemorated on Broadway War Memorial.
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Bibras with Australian Honors – von Bibra
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Sir Eric Ernest von Bibra (O.B.E., KT.)
Sir Eric Ernest von Bibra (O.B.E., KT.) 1895-1958
Order of the British Empire (1938) for services to local government & returned servicemen
Knight Bachelor (July 7, 1953)
Agent General for Tasmania in Britain
Former Alderman and Mayor Launceston
Learn more about Eric Ernest von Bibra.
https://www.awm.gov.au/education/schools/resources/captain-von-bibra/
Eric Ernest von Bibra
Captain Eric Ernest von Bibra, 1916.
Eric Ernest von Bibra was born on 2 September 1895 in Launceston, Tasmania. His parents were Eric Ernest von Bibra and Jessie Louisa von Bibra (nee Smith). The von Bibra family was well-established in Launceston and was directly descended from a once-powerful noble family from Bavaria.
At 19 Eric enlisted in the 12th Infantry Battalion soon after the outbreak of hostilities in August 1914. Eric’s brother, Elbert, joined the AIF in May of the following year.
The 12th Battalion, consisting of men from Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia, was one of the first infantry units raised for the AIF during the First World War and arrived in Egypt in early December 1914. In the early hours of 25 April 1915, the 12th Battalion was among the first to land at Anzac Cove as a unit of the 3rd Brigade, which was the covering force for the landing.
Eric’s leadership potential was recognized early. Within two months of enlistment he was commissioned lance corporal, and within a year, despite extended periods away from the lines recovering from illness and wounds, he had been promoted through the ranks, from corporal, to 2nd lieutenant, and finally to captain.
In August 1915 Eric was evacuated from the Gallipoli peninsula with influenza. As he recovered, he fell ill again with diphtheria, and in January 1916 returned to his unit. After several transfers he was seconded for duty with the 13th Light Trench Mortar Battery in July, serving with the 4th Division in northern France. Promoted to temporary captain and commanding the mortar battery, Eric and his unit were involved in some horrendous battles on the Western Front. After suffering enormous losses around Pozi?res, the Australian units, including the 13th Light Trench Mortar Battery, pushed on in an attempt to take the heavily defended German strongpoint of Mouquet Farm. On 16 August, Eric was seriously wounded, suffering severe shrapnel wounds to his hand, arm and ribs. More than a month later, whilst undergoing treatment in a French hospital, his condition was reported as ?seriously ill? and it was decided that he should be moved to England.
Eric’s recuperation took a long time, during which he was promoted to captain, and in July 1917, almost a year after being wounded in action, he embarked for Australia aboard the hospital ship Karoola. His AIF appointment was terminated in February 1918 and he returned to civilian life in Launceston.
Sadly, Eric’s brother would not return. Promoted to sergeant, Elbert was killed in action on 30 September 1917 while fighting with the 47th Battalion at Westhoek Ridge.
After his return from the war, Eric von Bibra became involved in the administration of the local RSL and in local government. He eventually became the Tasmanian state secretary of the RSL and served as the Mayor of Launceston between 1935 and 1936. In 1939 he was awarded the Order of the British Empire and became a Knight Bachelor in 1953 in recognition for his service as agent-general for Tasmania.
Sir Eric Ernest von Bibra died in 1958.
Sir Donald Dean von Bibra (C.M.G., O.B.E., K.B.) (1905 – 1982)
Order of the British Empire (1970)
Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (1979)
Knight Bachelor (1982)
Former Chairman of the Australian Wool Industry Conference and Tasmanian grazier
Learn more about Sir Donald Dean von Bibra
Donald Henry von Bibra (AO) (1931-2017)
Order of Australia, Officer in the General Division (2001)
?For service to the cultural life of Victoria, particularly through the Victorian College of the Arts, to the law as a contributor to developments in the area of mediation, and to the community.”
Kenneth Dennison von Bibra (AM) (b. 1934)
Order of Australia, Member in the General Division, (2003)
For service to the community of northern Tasmania through contributions in the areas of local government, agribusiness, the arts and the preservation of heritage and historical sites.”
Berta von Bibra (OAM)
Order of Australia, Medal of the Order of Australia in the General Division (2008)
For service to the community, via various organizations
Wife of Kenneth Dennison von Bibra
Errol Earlton von Bibra (MBE)
Member of the British Empire for Military Service in the Middle East during the Second World War
Joan Rosemary von Bibra (OAM)
Announced on 26 January 2020 – Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) General Division for service to education, and to professional organizations.
Widow of Colin E. von Bibra (Nov. 18, 1936-Nov. 14, 2016), born Joan Rosemary Shepard December 6, 1940.
Mrs Joan Rosemary VON BIBRA, Sandy Bay TAS 7005
For service to education, and to professional organisations.
Fahan School
* French Teacher, 1964-2003.
* Founding Member, Staff Association.
Hamilton Literary Society
* Immediate Past President.
* Former Secretary.
* Member, Executive Committee, since 2006.
Tasmanian Registered Teachers’ Association (now known as Teachers Registration Board Tasmania since 2001)
* Former Member, Former Secretary and Former President, from the 1960s onwards.
* Representative, on various committees, Schools Board of Tasmania, late 1960s to 2000s.
* Representative, Advisory Committee, Education Faculty, University of Tasmania.
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https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/L5RG-XQV/rupert-de-la-bere-1893-1978
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FamilySearch.org
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Discover your family history. Explore the world’s largest collection of free family trees, genealogy records and resources.
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https://npgshop.org.uk/products/sir-rupert-de-la-bere-1st-bt-npg-x1809-card
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en
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Sir Rupert de la Bère, 1st Bt Greetings Card
|
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Send them something special with a greetings card printed to order from over 138,000 images from the National Portrait Gallery Collection
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National Portrait Gallery Shop
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https://npgshop.org.uk/products/sir-rupert-de-la-bere-1st-bt-npg-x1809-card
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Shipping: United Kingdom
Royal Mail Standard (not tracked) 3 - 5 working days from £2.95
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DHL Courier 3 - 5 working days £12.95
Free UK Shipping on orders over £50
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Further information on shipping rates, returns and damages can be found here
Teemill Shipping charges: UK Mainland - £4.00 Europe - £6.00 International (ROW) - £7.00
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https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/a/A13530124
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en
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The National Archives
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The official archive of the UK government. Our vision is to lead and transform information management, guarantee the survival of today's information for tomorrow and bring history to life for everyone.
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/Content/images/favicon.png
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If you would like to contact The National Archives please go the contact form page on the website and use the form provided
Readers tickets are required for access to original records only. Proof of identity and current address are required to obtain reader tickets. For further details please consult the website
ARCHON code: 66
If you are an archivist or custodian of this archive you can use the archive update form to add or update the details in Discovery
These are selected lists of new or additional collections that were acquired by this archive during a specific year. If a date is not displayed there are no accessions for that year.
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https://www.mauritius-images.com/en/asset/ME-PI-9300414_mauritius_images_image_number_12071144_premier-at-mansion-house-luncheon-in-honour-of-duchess-prime-minister-winston-churchill-right-is-greeted-by-london-s-lord-mayor-sir-rupert-de-la-bere-on-arrival-at-the-mansion-house-for-the-government-luncheon-given-in-honour-of-the-duchess-of-kent-following-her-return-from-malaya-and-the-far-east-16th-december-1952
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mauritius images
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https://cafedeflore.fr/en/
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Café de Flore
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2022-05-18T10:16:32+00:00
|
Restaurant à St Germain, le Café de Flore est situé au 172 boulevard St Germain, 75006. Tel: 01 45 48 55 26.
|
en
|
Café de Flore
|
https://cafedeflore.fr/en/
|
Saint-Germain-Des-Prés, magic words… Unique neighborhood of Paris , where skirted and intermingled the various currents of artistic and literary creation in a world of freedom.
Café de Flore appeared at the beginning of the Third Republic, probably in 1887. It owes its name to a small sculpture of deity that stood on the other side of the boulevard.
At the end of the nineteenth century, Charles Maurras, housed on the first floor, where he wrote his book « Under the Sign of Nature ».
Around 1913, Apollinaire bring himself to the place. With Salmon, they transform the ground floor newsroom: the journal « Evenings in Paris » was born. The war will not change the habits of the great poet, the Café de Flore is his office, he meets at fixed times.
And during a spring day in 1917, he introduced Philippe Soupault and André Breton. Later, causing the meeting between these two young poets and Aragon, Apollinaire lays the foundation of the Dadaist group.
The same year, he coined the word « surrealism ». When Tristan Tzara arrived in Paris, his Dadaist friends make him visit the Café de Flore because this is where Apollinaire had lived and died (1918). In 1922, writing of the scholarly journal « Le Divan » regularly gather on the benches of the café. Malraux, he just takes his icy Pernod.
“In the Flore, we cruise Occupation like an ocean, splashes from events broken on the curling” Henri Pelletier (paintor)
In 1939, Paul Boubal bought The Café de Flore.
The big stove in the middle of the room is an invitation to long permanence and writers do not hesitate to enjoy their stay. Simone de Beauvoir was also one of the first to adopt it. Jean Paul Sartre wrote: “We settled down there completely: from nine in the morning until noon, we worked there, we went for lunch and came back at two o’clock and then we talked with friends we made until eight o’clock. After dinner, we met the people we had appointment with. This may sound strange for you, but we were at home in the Flore”. Another important detail, under the Occupation, we couldn’t find Germans in the Flore. Sartre invented the existentialist philosophy. He said: “the roads of the Flore were four years for me the Roads to freedom”.
At that Time, the Flore was more like an English club than a café, that is by tables of 10 or 12 people that meet like lifelong friends or just met the night before, each can then improvise one of them only by knowing how to get accepted quietly and brilliantly. At that time Léon Paul Fargue and Maurice Sachs came every day. Simone Signoret wrote in her memoir: “Iwas born one evening in March 1941 on a bench at the Café de Flore”. During the german occupation, in the Flore, it smelled freedom, the “Prévert band” on one side, the Sartre family on the other, or even the “communist group” led by Marguerite Duras, Dionys Mascolo, Roger Vailland and Daquin.
The Café de Flore, Les Deux Magots and Lipp are its chapels. In 1983, Mr. Boubal met Mr. Siljegovic and his wife, their respective sensibilities corresponded perfectly. And, at the Café, Mr. Boubal found in them the worthy successors of this mythical place.
The Flore is said to be a « myth », an « institution », only reserved to initiated clients.
The specters of those who frequented it, the known or not faces of those who went there make of the Café a place which had a rich past but integrally devoted to the present. The clients are a mix of artists, writers, intellectuals, reporters, politics, designers, or « Great Bosses », also anonymous faithful people. They went to the Café de Flore without having fixed any appointment. They went there to see, to be seen, but discretion was very important for them. The French clients are the ones of yesterday and essentially of nowadays. Serge Gainsbourg drank invariably a double pastis 51, which he had nicknamed a “102”. Gianni Agnelli organized his familial Parisian dinners there. With the Fiac, Francis Bacon, sat down at a table in the Café towards the end of the morning and stayed there until the beginning of the evening.
At the Flore, the first hours in the morning belonged to some regular customers whose ritual didn’t fear the passing of the years, among them: Jean-Loup Sieff, Alain Ayache who ,liked to say « Taking a coffee at the Flore makes us a little bit more intelligent ». Then, journalistic and political appointments followed.
At the Flore, no day looked like another one, even if they all looked like each other. On the second floor, Juliette Gréco likes dreaming, for her « At the Flore, people are less ugly than anywhere else », not far from there, Elkabach reads his newspaper, Jean Druker leads a lively conversation. It is there that writers like giving their interviews, the actors fixing their appointments. Claire Chazal goes and joins a friend of her, and chatters like a schoolgirl. Catherine Deneuve likes the first floor and the others equally, like her daughter, Chiara Mastroianni.
Fabrice Lucchini, as light as a feather, shows his « lunacy » under the « Art-Deco » chandeliers of the Flore.
Bernard-Henri Lévy often has lunch at the same table, the one on the right side under the clock. It was exactly there that sat the members of the PCF. Arielle Dombasle, his wife, joins him or goes with her grandmother to drink a tea later in the day when Laurent Terzieff is yet siting at a table. Sonia Rykiel and Nathalie, her daughter, have their table booked everyday until 1.30 pm: if you try to sit at their table, you will be fired by the waiter. The same privilege is shared with Danielle Thompson and her husband, Albert Kosky, for their brunches during the week-ends, they receive, as if they were at home, their family and their friends.
Each year, Lauren Bacall stayed a few months in Paris, in Saint-Germain-des-Prés, and spent long moments at the Flore, she had the unique presence of a Lady of High Society, which was sublime and discreet. But the Flore is first of all a literary Café where writers of yesterday and of nowadays gather: Albert Cossery, François Nourrissier, Pierre Bourgeade, Jean d’Ormesson, Jorge Semprun, Tahar Ben Jelloun are faithful. Just after the parution of ‘L’Alchimiste », Paul Coelho showed himself at the Flore and spent there most of his Parisian afternoons.
Patrick Besson and Marc-Edouard Nabe like engaging in polemic while drinking, sat around a table. Paul Bruckner and Yves Simon converse together softly while waving to the others.
At the Flore, The American Cinema is also greatly represented: Sharon Stone likes drinking champagne, Robert de Niro spends whole mornings looking at people in the street, Francis Ford Coppola declared on a French Channel that his dream was living in Saint-Germain-des-Prés and to be able to eat his breakfast at the Flore each morning (his daughter, Sofia, is faithful). Johnny Depp doesn’t have any specific hour: early in the morning, in the middle of the afternoon or late in the evening. In Spring, Isabella Rosselini lounges outside in front of the Café, Jack Nicholson, smoking a cigar, takes advantage of the first rays of the sun. Al Pacino, Tim Burton, Matt Dillon, Harvey Keitel, Gary Oldman, Cher, Paul Auster meet there.
Le Flore is the world’s most famous coffee. With Sophie Fontanel, know what to order, what to say and where to sit… and become a regular!
Four ways to call people who go to Flore: « A regular. » This is the basic formula that you immediately put yourself among the few people who have the right to reserve a table by phone. « A pillar of Flore. » This is the inelegant formula. God is witness that never a regular at Flore will say that. « He is often at the Flore. » This is the luxury formula. That means that guy (Quentin Tarantino, for example) knows where luxurious places are. He does not play pinball in the Colibri café. He is not a cheap guy. « When he comes to Paris, he goes to Flore. » It is specially formulated for U.S. actors. Robert De Niro, now slightly out even in the Flore, when it comes to Paris, he goes to the Flore. Or, if he cannot because of the paparazzi, he gets meals from the Flore delivered to his hotel.
Language to use in the Flore To order a coffee. If you want to be chic, do not say a « coffee », but a « coffee pot ». It comes in a small pot with the empty cup and its adorable little tray. To order a glass of wine. If you want to be chic, do not say « a glass of white wine », but a « Ladoucette » house wine. To order French fries. If you want to be chic, do not ask (there is none), but order a « pack of crisps ».
How to recognize a regular When he enters. He says hello to Mister at the entrance and go to shake hands with the cashier lady, how is either Marie-Hélène, or Nadine, or Irene, the ultra-dolled evening cashier. When he sits down. He drops his belongings, he leaves on the table, including mobile, and he goes hand washing upstairs in total confidence. When he has breakfast. He just asked for boiled eggs, and his toast bread arrive grilled. When he eats something. He takes a welsh rarebit, even in summer. It is in a casserole, a toast topped beer and cheddar cheese, baked in the oven. He eats it flooded with Worcester sauce, you can even (and should) get some along the chin.
Snobbish words to say just before going « You have another idea, apart from the Flore? » Understanding: » I have decided to go to Flore and it is not tomorrow the day that will change my mind, but I pretend to be open to all, although it will be necessarily worse than my first idea. » « Directly to Flore, right? » Understanding: «With you, I am totally at ease, I know we understand each other. » « Let’s meet at the Flore and after, we’ll see what we do… » Understand: «First let’s see how many people we meet at the Flore. »
Acknowledgement: Sophie Fontanel, Elle magazine, December 2005
|
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2428
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dbpedia
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1
| 5
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https://www.canveyisland.org/history-2/floods/flood-photos/lord-mayor-of-london-sir-rupert-de-la-bere
|
en
|
Lord Mayor of London Sir Rupert de la Bere
|
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[
"Janet Penn"
] |
2021-08-21T18:07:16+00:00
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The Lord Mayor of London visited Canvey in March 1953 to see for himself the damage that had been done ...
|
en
|
https://www.canveyisland.org/favicon.ico
|
CanveyIsland.org
|
https://www.canveyisland.org/history-2/floods/flood-photos/lord-mayor-of-london-sir-rupert-de-la-bere
|
I consent to my name and e-mail address being stored along with this comment, and to the website editors communicating with me by e-mail about the comment if necessary. My name may be published alongside the comment on the website, but my e-mail address will not be published. My information will not be shared with any third party (see our Privacy Statement - opens in a new window). *
|
||||
2428
|
dbpedia
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1
| 10
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https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-rupert-de-la-bere/1944
|
en
|
Sir Rupert De La Bere: speeches in 1944 (Hansard)
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Hansard",
"House of Commons",
"House of Lords",
"Parliament",
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[] | null |
Sir Rupert De La Bere. 1893 - February 25, 1978. Contributions in Parliament in the year 1944.
|
en
| null |
1893 - February 25, 1978
Summary information for Sir Rupert De La Bere
Contributions
1944
GAS AND ELECTRIC METER READINGS Commons
POST-WAR COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS (CONSTRUCTION) Commons
FOOD SUPPLIES (CHEESE RATION) Written Answers
Information presented on this page was prepared from the XML source files, together with information from the History of Parliament Trust, the work of Leigh Rayment and public sources. The means by which names are recognised means that errors may remain in the data presented.
|
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2428
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dbpedia
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2
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https://astreetnearyou.org/date/1918/04/30
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en
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First World War Casualties
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"James Morley"
] |
1918-04-30T00:00:00
|
Find out more about casualties on Tuesday 30 April 1918 in the First World War
|
en
|
/src/img/favicon-76.png
|
A Street Near You
|
https://astreetnearyou.org/date/1918/04/30
|
Latest update
This site was created in November 2018. In its first three days it saw over 240,000 visits, and to date has had over one million visitors. Read more about how it was created and its subsequent success.
Previously I posted an appeal for additional funds to cover hosting costs and I am hugely grateful to those who donated. If you want to contribute to the ongoing running of the site, I am of course happy to take donations towards the cost!
About
Whilst this personal project started simply as an experiment to explore the local legacy of the First World War, but at a global scale, it has struck me that it is much more than that. At the heart of it is the legacy of those who died in the conflict, and especially the scale of the imapct that that would have had on their local communities, it would also never have been possible without the significant legacy created by those who remained, from the families who sent in photographs of their loved ones and which formed the Imperial War Museum's founding Bond of Sacrifice Collection, through the people who diligently compiled official records in the early 1920s and which formed the Commonwealth War Graves Commission's records, right up to the modern-day professionals, volounteers and individuals who have shaped these records, shared them, and also significantly increased and enriched them, especially under the guise of First World War Centenary projects like Lives of the First World War
Data and Sources
This project currently contains records for over one million men and women who died whilst serving in the First World War, with over 600,000 locations worldwide, tens of thousands of images, cemeteries, war memorials and much more. It simply wouldn't exist without the core assets that it draws on, enriched by additional information from and links to countless further sources.
Core data sources - personal records and images
Lives of the First World War - IWM's unique project enabling everyone to share their information, stories and images to compile Life Stories "on nearly 8 million men and women who served in uniform and worked on the home front".
Commonwealth War Graves Commission - a unique online collection of the details of every serviceman or woman. Many of the locations here are extracted from what they call the 'Additional information' field, which typically contains text such as "Son of Samuel and Sarah Morley, of Derby; husband of F. M. Morley, of 113, Peel St., Ashbourne Rd., Derby.". Note that this information was collected sevral years after the end of the war and it does not necessarily represent an address that the person had lived at.
Imperial War Museums Collections - one of the richest collections of First World War objects and images, most notably in this context the Bond of Sacrifice Collection and the Women's War Work Collection, togther comprising images of nearly 20,000 individuals who served
Core data sources - war memorials
War Memorial Register - another unique record set from the Imperial War Museum, comprising records of over 78,000 memorials in the British Isles, together with listings of over one million names that appear on them.
Places of Pride, the National Register of War Memorials (Australia) - over 1,000 records from across Australia, almost all having photographs and additional information
New South Wales War Memorials Register - The register includes over 3,500 memorials in total, with over 2,000 relating to the First World War. Each record has additional information and most have images. Many include lists of those commemorated
New Zealand Memorials Register - over 1,000 records from across New Zealand, typically with photographs and additional information
Core data sources - portraits
With specific regards to the portrait images, these are primarliy, but not exclusively, from one of three sources - the incredible Bond of Sacrifice Collection, the Women's War Work Collection (both Imperial War Museums), or uploaded by volunteers and individuals to the Lives of the First World War site (which itself is run by IWM). I am grateful to them for making all these available under a non-commercial license. As an example of an additional image source, the Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum has provided over 2,000 portraits under an open license.
Additional information and statistics on the depth and breadth of sources
Additional credits - software and mapping resources
Map tiles: © ESRI World Topographic
Leaflet, the powerful open-source JavaScript library for mobile-friendly interactive maps.
Contributing records, reporting errors
The data currently presented has all been extracted from official records or from user contributions to the Lives of the First World War site. I would strongly encourage anyone who wants to add further details to find the Life Story of the person and add details there, which can then in future be added to this site
The inherrent nature of historic records and using modern automated tools to extract information means there are bound to be issues. I will shortly be adding a 'report error' link to each record that can be used to flag an issue and will be queued up ready to be investigated and fixed. I'm afraid as this is a personal project created in my own time, I cannot respond to individual requests right now.
Contact
|
||||
2428
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 69
|
https://zythophile.co.uk/2021/08/25/how-one-irishmans-ginger-beard-helped-launch-an-entirely-bogus-style-of-beer/
|
en
|
How one Irishman’s ginger beard helped launch an entirely bogus style of beer
|
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2021-08-25T00:00:00
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If a mediumweight French brewery had not been looking for another beer to add to its portfolio in the early 1970s, and if the owner of a drinks distribution company in County Wexford had not also owned a striking ginger beard, we probably would not now have that totally fake beer style, Irish Red Ale.
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Zythophile - 'Zee-tho-fyle', by Martyn Cornell, an award-winning blog about beer now and then, founded in 2007
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https://zythophile.co.uk/2021/08/25/how-one-irishmans-ginger-beard-helped-launch-an-entirely-bogus-style-of-beer/
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If a mediumweight French brewery had not been looking for another beer to add to its portfolio in the early 1970s, and if the owner of a drinks distribution company in County Wexford had not also owned a striking ginger beard, we probably would not now have that totally fake beer style, Irish Red Ale.
The story begins in 1974, when the Pelforth brewery of Mons-en-Barouel Barœul, near Lille, in north-east France, decided that it needed to expand its line-up of beers, and went hunting abroad for a foreign brew to make under licence. Pelforth had been founded as Brasserie Pelican in 1921 by a merger of three war-battered breweries around Lille, and owed its name to a beer invented in 1937, which its inventor, Jean Deflandre, called Pelforth 43, because it contained 43 kilos of malt per hectolitre of beer. The “Pel” part came from “Pelican”, to which Deflandre added “fort”, the French for strong, and a final “h” to make the name look more English. The beer became so popular that in 1972 Brasserie Pelican changed its name to Brasserie Pelforth.
Pelforth went to England, Germany and Sweden looking for suitable “traditional” beers to add to its portfolio, and also contacted the French embassy in Dublin to see if it knew of any Irish brewers who might be making something suitable. The embassy in turn rang G.H. Lett & Co, a beer and drinks distributor in Enniscorthy, County Wexford, 60 miles south of Dublin, which had operated as a brewery until 1956, and still kept up its brewer’s licence. The then head of the firm, 48-year-old George Lett – known to everybody in Enniscorthy as Bill, probably because his father and grandfather were also called George – expressed willingness to meet the people from Pelforth, who duly turned up at the Mill Park brewery to study its brewing records.
Lett’s had made three beers just before it stopped brewing: Wexford Pale Ale, Ruby Ale, and Lett’s Strong Ale, the last selling for a shilling a pint. Later, revisionist history claimed it was the recipe for Ruby Ale that Pelforth took away and turned into George Killian’s Bière Rousse, a 1067º OG, 6.6 per cent abv, ruddy-coloured beer put into clear glass bottles. It was, apparently originally going to be “George William’s Bière Rousse”, based on Lett’s nickname, Bill, though his “real” middle name was John. However, there was a Dutch aperitif on the market called John William, and Pelforth’s lawyers feared copyright problems. Instead, Pelforth’s advertising agency invented a new middle name for Bill Lett, Killian, Killian being an Irish saint, and so, for advertising purposes, he became George Killian Lett. He was, apparently, “greatly amused” by his new name. (Hat tip to Gary Gillman for unravelling the story of Lett’s names.) Newspaper reports from the time, however, make it crystal clear that the beer Pelforth based its Bière Rousse on was Lett’s Strong Ale. In 1980, Bill Lett specifically stated: “In 1974 members of the Pelforth brewery visited us. Eventually I sold the recipe for Lett’s Strong Beer to them. They renamed it ‘George Killian’s Bière Rousse’.”
Pelforth also used Bill Lett – under his invented name, George Killian Lett – as the “face” of Bière Rousse in its advertising, his red hair, ginger beard, dress style and very Irish-looking face clearly matching the French idea of an Irish “gentleman brasseur“, as the advertising in France for the beer called him, as well as his hair and beard chiming with the image of a brewer of “bière rousse“, red beer. (French uses roux/rousse for red hair and red beer, with a sense closer to English “russet” or “ginger”, rather than the standard word for red, rouge.) Lett’s wife, Phoebe, told the Irish Farmers’ Journal: “They couldn’t get over how traditionally Irish Bill looked, with his red hair and beard.” According to the Irish Independent, “The French were so taken with the sheer Irishness of George, his red hair and beard, colourful tweeds and his easy cheerfulness, that they straightaway decided not only to name their new drink after him, but also to feature his comely countenance in their publicity material.” The irony that Bill Lett was a descendant of firmly English settler stock whose Protestant ancestor had arrived as a soldier in then war-torn Ireland in the late 1640s, most likely to fight against the native Irish, almost certainly passed over their heads. Instead Pelforth’s advertising for its new beer actually declared of “George Killian Lett”, the “gentleman brasseur“, that “sa barbe était rousse! Aussi rousse que sa bière …”
In 1981, the Colorado-based brewery Coors launched its own version of Pelforth’s Bière Rousse, as George Killian’s Irish Red Ale. Later accounts claimed that Pete Coors, nephew of the company’s chairman, Bill Coors, fell in love with the beer and “convinced George [sic] to allow him to brew it in Colorado.” This is more revisionist nonsense. In fact, Pelforth approached Coors to see if it was interested in brewing Bière Rousse for the American market, and Coors’ new head of marketing, John Nicholls, who was looking for a “superpremium” beer for the company’s line-up to compete against the Michelob and Henry Weinhard brands, persuaded the Coors board to sign up to make the beer under licence.
The Coors version was 11 per cent weaker than the Pelforth original, at 5.8 per cent abv, because Bill Coors felt the French version was “too bitter, too filling”, but the promotion of the Colorado-brewed beer was just as full of blarney as Pelforth’s advertising. Late in 1981 Coors sent the Canadian actor Christopher Plummer to Ireland to film a series of advertisements for its version of George Killian’s Irish Red Ale. Plummer, best known for playing Baron von Trapp in The Sound of Music, was filmed dressed in tweed cap and jacket while standing on a hill overlooking Enniscorthy and proclaiming the excellence of the beer, in a dreadful joke of an Irish accent.
One question remains unanswered: who invented the expression “Irish Red Ale”? It was, presumably, someone in the Coors marketing department in Golden, Colorado: Pelforth called their version “Bière Rousse“, without adding “Irlandaise“. The term “red ale” was unknown in Ireland, except, as we shall see, among scholars of Irish mythology. The name of the originator of the phrase “Irish Red Ale” may be hidden somewhere in the corporate archives in Golden: it would be fascinating to find out who came up with the expression.
The promotion by Coors of George Killian’s Irish Red Ale as an “authentic” beer with roots going back, supposedly, to 1864 seems eventually to have persuaded some in the swelling 1980s American craft beer scene that there actually WAS a genuine, historic Irish beer style called red ale. The first small American brewer to make a beer in this “style” seems to have been BridgePort, opened in Portland, Oregon in 1984, which by 1986 was brewing a beer called Paddy’s Special Red Ale, 1046 OG, 4.7 abv, made from pale two-row and caramel malts and hopped with Cluster and Bramling.
Gradually the style spread: in 1992, for example, the Rockbottom Brewing Co in Denver Colorado was making a self-described Irish red ale called Red Rocks Red, while the Buffalo Brewing Co, in Lackawanna, New York State, was brewing a beer it called “Limerick’s Irish Red Ale”. In 1995 a guide to brewpubs and microbreweries in the United States, at a time when their numbers had not yet passed 500, listed some 30 “red ales”, including one Irish Red Ale from McGuire’s Irish Pub & Brewery in Pensacola, Florida, apparently first brewed in 1989, that was clearly designed to beef up the pub’s Hibernian ambiance, together with the corned beef and cabbage on the menu and live Irish entertainment seven nights a week. The same year an American homebrew book offered a recipe for an “Irish Red Ale” it called The Tomboy, 4.75 per cent abv.
Ironically, as Irish Red Ale began to spread across the United States, in 1988 Coors lowered the abv of its own product to 4.9 per cent and reformulated it so that it was now a lager, dropping the word “ale” from the bottle label, and rebranding the product simply “George Killian’s Irish Red”. It had been selling 100,000 (US) barrels a year in 1985, but this was less than one per cent of Coors’ total sales, and the changes were meant to boost the profits from the beer. One result was that the advertising for the beer, which still tried to claim authentic Irish roots, became even more madly unconnected with historical truths, as Coors declared that “In 1864 in Enniscorthy, Ireland, George Henry Lett brewed the first batch of a full-bodied, red-colored lager that would eventually become known as George Killian’s Irish Red,” which manages to cram five pieces of utter nonsense into less than 30 words.
With mainstream rivals such as Stroh now making “red beers”, on St Patrick’s Day 1995 Coors announced that it would be launching Killian’s Brown, a 5.4 per cent abv chestnut-brown bottled beer that would “help Coors establish an Irish family of brands.” Photographic evidence of a surviving tap handle suggests there was also, at one point a “George Killian’s Irish Stout”. Killian’s Brown seems to have been Coors’ attempt to answer the rise in the United States of brown ales such as Pete’s Wicked Ale. But with an Irish brown ale having no more credibility than an Irish red lager, Killian’s Brown seems to have vanished rapidly.
In 1996 the Letts signed another deal, this time with the English brewer Greene King, which launched a “nitrokeg” mixed gas keg beer called Wexford Cream Ale, supposedly “brewed under licence from an old recipe acquired from the Lett family of Enniscorthy.” The launch was in response to the success of Caffrey’s, one of the first of the nitrokeg “cream ales”, launched with a mock Irish heritage borrowed from the former Caffrey’s brewery in Belfast, which had rocketed from zero to a million barrels a year in just 18 months.
Meanwhile, as the number of “Irish red ales” in the United States grew, beer writers began to notice that those few surviving Irish ales, such as Smithwick’s from Kilkenny and Macardle’s from Dundalk, were generally on the ruddy cornelian end of the beer colour spectrum, and decided that these too must be “Irish red ales”. Michael Jackson wrote for the first time in the third edition of his Pocket Beer Book, published in 1991, that “Irish ales are generally full in colour (often reddish),” having not mentioned their colour in previous editions. A couple of years later, he wrote: “Why Irish ales tend towards a reddish colour, I am not sure,” though he also wrote that the remaining specialist ale brewers in Ireland, all owned by Guinness, all also used roasted barley as an ingredient in their ales, which will inevitably give a reddish hue to beers when used at a low level.
The Encyclopedia of Beer, published in New York in 1995, included the genuinely Irish Smithwick’s alongside George Killian’s Irish Red Ale and McGuire’s Irish Red Ale in its entry on “Irish Ale”. Three years later, in 1998, Jackson gave the category his official blessing, listing six beers as “Style: Irish Red Ale”, including the Pelforth George Killian’s, Macardle’s, Smithwick’s, McNally’s Extra Ale from Alberta, Canada, and the curious Kylian (sic), brewed by Heineken (now owner of Pelforth) in the Netherlands.
In fact beers such as Smithwick’s and Macardle’s were firmly in the style spectrum covered by British bitter ales, and it would be difficult-to-impossible to differentiate them from the bitters brewed by, for example, the former Dorset brewer Eldridge Pope: ruddy, malt-accented and lightly fruity. Irish brewers, and drinkers, generally did not use the term “bitter” to describe or label their pale hopped ales, but stylistically they were no different from many English bitters. One theory was that Irish ale brewers had been encouraged to make ruddy-coloured beers by the popularity among the island’s ale drinkers of the cornelian Younger’s Tartan bitter, from Edinburgh, Scotland.
Still, the mythology of Irish Red Ale has proved unstoppable, in part because there is genuine mythology for beer writers to call on. Patrick Weston Joyce, in A Social History of Ancient Ireland, published in 1903, said that old Irish ale was “reddish in colour, as now” (a big hint that ruby ales were popular in Ireland long before Younger’s Tartan), the “red ale of Dorind”, in Kerry, was mentioned in a poem written in Irish in the 8th or 9th century AD, and the “red ale of sovereignty”, or dergfhlaith (an old Irish pun, with “flaith” meaning “sovereignty” and “laith” meaning “ale”) was supposedly served to the king of Ireland by the earth goddessas part of his ceremony of anointment. Pelforth actually referenced this myth in its advertising in French newspapers in 1976, saying that that the “premier roi d’Irlande, Conn” was met one day while riding on his white horse by the god Lug and “une merveilleuse jeune fille qui symbolisait la souveraineté d’Ireland.” The young girl offered Conn “une coupe de bière rousse,” and George Killian’s red beer “descend en droit ligne de cette biére divine,” Pelforth claimed. These antecedents helped convince beer writers that Irish Red Ale was indeed A Thing, leading at least one to declare in 2009: “Red Ale has been brewed in Ireland for hundreds of years.”
Despite Michael Jackson agreeing in 1998 that Irish Red Ale was A Style, the Beer Judge Certification Program in the United States did not include Irish Red Ale in its beer style guidelines until 2004, and it only became a category in the American Homebrewers Association competition the following year.
Today the Beer Advocate website lists more than 2,100 “Irish red ales”. One may regret that some nifty early 1980s marketing has resulted in the birth of a genuinely mythological, fake beer style. However, the existence today of Irish Red Ale as a style does at least mean that an otherwise deeply obscure minor Irish brewery is still remembered fondly.
The Mill Park brewery and flour mill was supposedly built by the Pounder family on the site of an old iron foundry in 1810. Some sources have claimed it was in existence as early as 1798. Against that must be set advertisements in Wexford newspapers in 1844 in which John and Thomas Pounder gave “their sincere thanks to their Friends and the Public for them liberal support given to their Establishment for the last Twenty Years,” implying a foundation date of 1824. The Pounders in 1844 were brewing only pale ale, at 30 shillings a barrel, and ale, at 25 shillings.
An iron mill wheel 32 feet in diameter and eight feet broad was erected in 1849, powered by water from a source four miles away at Monart. The brewing water came from a 120-foot artesian well. In 1863 Pounder’s was brewing “sweet ale” (the expression used in Ireland for what was called mild ale in Britain) at 1s 3d per dozen bottles and XXX porter at 1s 5d a dozen, and also porter for private families at 14 shillings to 16s the half-barrel, when Guinness porter was on sale in the town for £1 2s the half-barrel.
A double tragedy hit the business in January 1864 when John Haughton, aged 14, son of the Pounders’ head miller, Edward Haughton, fell between the bull wheel and the mill wall and became trapped. During the attempt to free the teenager from the wheel, one man, Patrick Doran, fell into the wheel himself and was struck on the head and drowned: John Haughton was finally freed, but died the next day.
Later that same year the Pounders sold the brewery and mill to two brothers, Stephen Joshua Lett and Edward Joshua Lett, whose ancestor, Captain Thomas Lett, born 1600, had lived in Warwickshire before coming to Ireland in 1648. Captain Lett’s eldest son, Charles, had settled in Enniscorthy, and the brothers were Charles’s great-grandsons via Stephen, his fourth son. Stephen Lett the brewery partner was a former commander in the Royal Navy who had entered the navy at the age of 13, He died just a few months after the purchase, in March 1866, aged 64. His brother Edward, who had been a miller, maltster, brewer and farmer, built a four-storey stone maltings at the brewery which still stands today, albeit disused, with a stone shield on the front of the building declaring: “Erected 1867”. Edward married Helen Cranfield, daughter of the local doctor, in Dublin in 1872, but died in June 1875.
The brewery and milling business was continued as E.J. Lett & Co under the control of the executors until 1881, when it passed to George Henry Lett and Edward Joshua Lett the younger, who were sons of two of Stephen and Edward-the-older’s cousins, another Stephen Lett and his cousin-and-wife Mary Elizabeth Lett (see family tree. The Letts, like many families, enjoyed sharing a small pool of first names across and within generations, probably getting a kick from the idea of messing with the heads of confused later historians.) By that time the Letts were also involved in the artificial manure business, and sending their goods away via the River Slaney and the Dublin, Wicklow and Wexford railway. In 1883 they added “aerated waters”, including lemonade and ginger beer.
Edward J. Lett the younger died in September 1888, aged 31, and the business carried on under his brother George Henry Lett, who died in December 1903, aged 52: in his honour all the businesses in Enniscorthy, regardless of religion, shut their doors until his funeral. With neither brother having children, the brewery passed across the family tree again to another George Lett, who was descended from Charles Lett’s second son, George Lett of Hollyfort, Enniscorthy. The new brewery boss was, again, doubly related to the previous owners: not only was his great-grandfather their great-great grandfather, his wife, Julia Deathe, was their first cousin once removed, via her grandmother, Hannah Lett.
The business kept George Henry Lett’s name, as G. H. Lett & Co and George of Hollyfort ran it until he passed the management to his second son Charles, dying in April 1930 aged 64. Charles and his older brother George continued the business, which eventually passed to George’s son, Bill. In the 1930s the brewery ran a competition for customers to come up with an advertising slogan for the firm, the winner being: “Let’s drink Letts!” By now the Letts’ trading area covered the counties of Carlow, Wexford, Wicklow and Kilkenny, and they also sold their beers in Dublin during the Second World War with “considerable success”.
The Letts stopped brewing in 1956 as the Irish beer industry changed from naturally conditioned beer in bottles to chilled and filtered beers, the company deciding that it could not afford the new machinery required for keeping up with the rest of the market. Instead the Letts concentrated on mineral water manufacturing, and distributing beers made by other brewers. The firm kept up its brewing licence, however, and in 1965 this led to talks with the Milwaukee brewery Schlitz, which was contemplating opening a brewery to serve the European market. The Letts offered to sell the Americans their brewing licence, but nothing came of the discussions. Mineral water manufacturing was discontinued at the Mill Park brewery in 1977, but the firm continued as a drinks distributor.
Bill Lett died in October 2010, aged 84, his hair and beard by now white. Earlier that year he had appeared in an advertisement on American television for George Killian’s Irish Red, happy to ignore the unhistorical claims made about the beer’s origins and his family brewery’s history. Bill Lett’s legacy lives on, even if the story he helped begin, as widely told today, bears little resemblance to the facts. Today G. H Lett & Co is run by Bill’s son, Douglas, and grandson, Killian Lett (full name George Killian Lett), and one of the beers it distributes is O’Hara’s Irish Red Ale, a 4.3 per cent abv ruby-coloured beer described by its maker, the Carlow Brewing Company of Bagenalstown, County Carlow, 20 miles from Enniscorthy, as a “traditional ale”. It’s a “tradition” that began only in 1974 in Lille, France (although today George Killian’s Bière Rousse is, apparently, brewed in Heineken’s breweries in Marseilles and the Strasbourg suburb of Schiltigheim) and came “home” via a brewery marketing department in Golden, Colorado.
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https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/sir-rupert-de-la-bere-24-xx6jfg
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Sir Rupert De la Bere, b.1893 d.1978
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Sir Rupert De la Bere born 1893 in Woburn Hill Chertsey genealogy record - Ancestry®.
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https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/results?firstName=sir&lastName=delabere
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https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/what-if-finland-had-been-prepared-for-the-winter-war.185434/page-31
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What If - Finland had been prepared for the Winter War?
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[
"CanKiwi"
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2011-02-23T18:35:34+00:00
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Does Kealy's pic look a like a photoshopped Rob Brydon or is that just me
(Not to mention Patrick McGoohan as Gough)
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en
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alternatehistory.com
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https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/what-if-finland-had-been-prepared-for-the-winter-war.185434/page-31
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The Left Flank Company, 5th Battalion (SR) Scots Guards
Note: the ranks listed below would appear to be the ranks the Officers, NCO’s and men held prior to their being selected for the 5th Battalion, Scots Guards. With the exception of the Officers holding command positions in the 5th Battalion, their actual ranks within the Left Flank Company are unknown.
This detail is included to give as much of an idea as possible as to the men that made up a Battalion that had volunteered to be flung into a remote war in a little known area of the world, in unfamiliar terrain and against a formidable enemy..... All the information in this Post is historically accurate BTW, nothing altered. I really wanted to get the flavour of these men as much as possible and convey this before I started on what could have happened if they had made it to Finland.
Company Commander: Major C J Stone: East Surrey Regiment: covered earlier.
Company Headquarters
Capt. The Hon. J L Lindsay: 2nd Bat, Queen Victoria’s Rifles
What little is available on Capt. The Hon. J L Lindsay are a series of notices in the London Gazette, starting with THE LONDON GAZETTE, 8 JANUARY, 1937, Territorial Army, advising that 2nd Lt. Hon. J. L. Lindsay is transferring from the 22nd (Lond.) Armd. Car Co., to be 2nd Lt. with the Scouts – Scottish Horse, from l0th Dec. 1936. From this and a subsequent notice in THE LONDON GAZETTE, 22 FEBRUARY, 1938 TERRITORIAL ARMY. SCOUTS. Scottish Horse—advising that 2nd Lt. Hon. J. L. Lindsay to be Lt. 20th Feb. 1938, one surmises that Lindsay was a Territorial Army officer in the Scottish Horse (a Yeomanry Regiment of the British Territorial Army from 1900 to 1956). Between Feb 1938 and June 1944, no information is available but one surmises that at some stage he had transferred to Queen Victoria’s Rifles (at the outbreak of World War II, 1/QVR and 2/QVR were formally made part of the KRRC (King’s Royal Rifle Corps).
In the SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 27 JUNE, 1944, it is advised that K.R.R.C. (King’s Royal Rifle Corps) Capt. The Hon. J. L. Lindsay (64126) is placed on the h.p. list on account of il-health, 26th June 1944. Subsequently, in the SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 24 APRIL, 1945 - Memorandum. Capt. The Hon. J. L. Lindsay (64126) h.p. list (late K.R.R.C.) relinquishes his commn. on account of disability, 25th Apr. 1945, and is granted the hon. rank of Maj.
Section Sgt-Major P H Thompson: 449 Company: (no information found)
2Lt G M Jackson: 2/5th Essex Regiment(?)
George Michael Jackson had served as a soldier in the Household Cavalry before being commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant near the start of WW2. His son, General Sir Michael David "Mike" Jackson, GCB, CBE, DSO, DL (born 21 March 1944) became one of the British Army’s most high-profile generals since the Second World War, serving for three years as Commander-in-Chief, Land Forces and then as Chief of the General Staff (CGS), the professional head of the British Army, in 2003. In his biography, “Soldier” by General Sir Mike Jackson, he says of his father: “My father George Jackson served in the Army for forty years, without ever rising beyond the modest rank of major. He suffered a serious heart attack in the early 1950s and that put the kibosh on any further promotion. The Army was pretty ruthless about such matters then. My father never showed any resentment at this setback. If it ever went through his mind that he might leave the Army, he never mentioned it to me. He was a great gentleman, very courteous, and scrupulously honest; a delightful man, who always had a wry smile on his lips, perhaps indicative of his humorous attitude to life. I liked him and I respected him; to me he was always ‘Pop’. Pop was a tall, lean, dark man with a long nose, all features which he handed on to me. He sported a neatly trimmed moustache, a practice I have not emulated! Pop was an active and practical man, who’d been a member of the Boys’ Brigade and who was very fond of playing football. In adulthood he became a keen motorcyclist. Mother (Ivy, (née Bower, who was a curator at a museum in Sheffield) was dark too, slight but none the less forceful, a strong, bright-eyed Yorkshire woman, who had been quite a beauty in her youth. She loved walking, and in her teens had done a great deal of hiking in the Peak District.
My father joined the Army in 1935 as a private soldier, becoming a trooper in the Household Cavalry. I can remember his telling me about being a member of the Sovereign’s Escort at the coronation of King George VI, which sounded very impressive to a young boy. He didn’t make the big leap to commissioned rank until about halfway through the Second World War, when he became an officer in the Royal Army Service Corps. I suspect that my parents waited until my father was commissioned to get married.
George was the youngest of five children of Charles Henry Jackson, the skipper of a deep-sea line-fishing vessel working out of Grimsby. My grandfather, whom I sadly never knew, had lost his father when he was only four and, having been sent to work on a Lincolnshire farm at the age of ten, had run away to sea in his late teens. The life of a long-line fisherman then was very hard, sailing small vessels up to Iceland and along the Greenland coast even in winter, often under brutal masters and in cruel conditions, defying icebergs and heavy seas in the search for cod and halibut up to 20 stone in weight. Such a harsh life left him unmarked, however, for Pop said that no family ever had a better father. My grandfather was patient, loving and fair; everyone who knew Charles Jackson respected him and his word, and looked upon him as a gentleman. In the First World War he served as a master of a minesweeper. In the Second World War, though by then well into his sixties, he again volunteered for service with the Royal Navy and was made master of a small vessel working out of Scapa Flow.
My parents must have met during the early part of the war when both were in their mid-twenties, though unfortunately I know almost nothing about the circumstances beyond the fact that Pop was then living in Bristol, and since my mother’s death late in 2006 there is now no one left alive to tell me. My mother Ivy was from Sheffield, where her father, Tom Bower, had been an engineer in the steel industry who had lost his job in the Depression. She was a year older than my father, born five months before the outbreak of the First World War, and the only child of her parents, which was unusual for the period. (Her own mother had been one of eleven siblings.) An intelligent girl, she won a scholarship to Sheffield Grammar School, and when she met my father she was working as a curator at the Sheffield Museum.
Along with so many British soldiers, my father spent the early part of the war kicking his heels. He and my mother married on 7 March 1942, soon after he received his commission (see additional note below – this was actually his promotion from 2Lt to Lt). I was born two years later, at my mother’s home in Sheffield, just ten weeks before my father finally went into action on D-Day, 6 June 1944. He was second-in-command of a squadron of amphibious vehicles (DUKWs) whose function was to ferry men and materiel ashore. His squadron commander was killed on the first run in to ‘Gold’ Beach, so my father had to take command from then on. For him, as for so many others, D-Day was a baptism of fire. For his actions then and subsequently he was awarded the Belgian Croix de Guerre and was mentioned in dispatches. Like so many of his generation, he was reluctant to talk about his experiences and, judging that it would make him uncomfortable, I didn’t seek to push him to do so.
I don’t know much about what Pop did for the rest of the war except that he took part in the Allied advance through north-west Europe, finishing up on VE-Day in Germany. After the war he was posted to Palestine, in the Mandate days, before the creation of the State of Israel. British soldiers were trying to keep the peace between Arabs and Jews, and might be attacked by either; it was no place for wives and children. So my early years were spent in Sheffield with my mother’s family, and then in Aldershot when Pop came back from Palestine. In 1948 he was posted to Libya, an Italian colony which had been occupied by the British during the war, and which would become an independent kingdom in late 1951. My first memory is of sailing out by troop-ship with my mother to join him.”
After the Second World War, George Jackson was eventually posted to Tripoli, Libya, where the family lived for two years, during which time Michael’s younger sister was born. After suffering a heart attack, George Jackson retired with the rank of major after 40 years in the Army. Delving into the London Gazette, it would appear that Mike Jackson missed a couple of things about his father – his commission in 1942 was in point of fact a promotion from 2Lt to Lt – as per the SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 13 MARCH, 1942 advising that George Michael JACKSON (226972) was promoted from 2Lt to Lt. on 21st Feb. 1942. From this and a post-war SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 18 APRIL, 1947, advising that 2nd Lt. (War Subs. Capt.) George Michael JACKSON (226972) from Emerg. Commn. to be Lt., 9th Nov. 1946, with seniority, 9th May, 194O. (Substituted for the notifn. in Gazette (Supplement) dated 8th Nov. 1946.) one can conclude that Jackson had been commissioned as a 2nd Lt early in the war, where it would seem that he volunteered for the 5th Battalion, Scots Guards.
A SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 3 DECEMBER, 1946 advises that “The undermentioned Lts. to be Capts. 9th Nov. 1946, with seniority 1st July 1946: — (War Subs. Capt.) G. M. JACKSON (226972). A SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE of 13 APRIL, 1948 advised that on 9th Nov 1946 — (War Subs Capt ) G M JACKSON (226972), with seniority 9th May 1945 (Substituted for the notifn. in Gazette (Supplement) dated 3rd Dec 1946). Subsequently THE -LONDON GAZETTE, 16 May 1950 advises that Capt. G. M. JACKSON (226972) to be Maj., llth May 1950. THE -LONDON GAZETTE, 15 FEBRUARY, 1952 advises that Major George Michael JACKSON (226972), Royal Army Service Corps has been awarded the (Belgian) Croix Militaire 1st Class. In the SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE of 23RD MAY 1961, for the ROYAL ARMY SERVICE CORPSCapt. G. M. JACKSON (226972) to be Maj., llth May 1950, with seniority 12th June 1951. (Substituted for the notifn. in Gazette (Supplement) dated 19th May 1950.). And finally, a SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 12™ MAY 1970 advises that Maj. G. M. JACKSON (226972) retires on retired pay, llth May 1970.
LCpl W A Challington: Cameron Highlanders
After his time in the 5th Battalion, Scots Guards, William Albert Challington (3515161) would go on to join the Commandoes. He was awarded a DCM for the raid on St Nazaire, where he was a Sgt in 2 Commando. He was captured in the aftermath of the raid and would remain a POW for the remainder of WW2.
“On 28th March 1942 during the Commando Raid on St.Nazaire,France Sgt Challington was with the assault group covering the dry dock area. Disembarking from the burning bows of HMS Campbeltown on to the dock gates, Sgt Challington immediately engaged the enemy gun crews.who were on the roof of the pumping station and whose plunging fire was intense in the immediate area. Under his devastating covering fire, the assault onto the roof of the pumping station and the consequent destruction of the crews and guns was successfully completed. Later, when his assault group formed a covering force in the area which the demolitions were taking place, this NCO showing total disregard for his own safety, engaged and knocked out an enemy machine gun position which was bringing heavy fire to bear on the Operational HQ. Continuing to display great courage and initiative, his group later became engaged in the street fighting in the town of St.Nazaire and during the fighting he alone engaged an enemy motorcycle combination which approached at high speed firing an automatic gun from the sidecar. Durirng this street fighting, this NCO's dash and initiative was outstanding and with a small party he managed to regain the open country through the town in an attempt to escape to Spain. He was captured only after organising other members of his party to set off in pairs to freedom.”
Photo sourced from: http://www.commandoveterans.org/cdoGall ... +1941a.jpg
1. Harold Harbert; 2. Cyril Lima ; 3-5. n/k; 6. Pete Honey* (awarded MM St. Nazaire);7. Joe Rogers* (awarded MM at Spilje, Albania); 8. n/k; 9. Leo Homer*; 10. n/k; 11. Joe Slater; 12. n/k; 13. "Dolly" Gray; 14. n/k. 15. Tom McCormack (kia at St Nazaire); 16. Dick Wilcox* ;17. Hugh Cox*; 18. Fred Wilkes*; 19. Syd Murdoch*; 20. Bill Hughes*; 21-23. n/k; 24. John Stewart (kia at Salerno); 25. Ernie Hurst*; 26. A.'Molky' Molkenthin; 27. Cyril Wilkinson; 28. Arthur 'Aggs' Ashcroft*; 29. Les Whelan*; 30. Bill 'La' Aspey; 31. Len Perkins (awarded the MM 1945); 32. Jack Cheetham*; 33. Ken McAllister; 34. Don Randall* (awarded DCM at St Nazaire); 35. Ken Bruce; 36. Capt. Donald Roy* (awarded DSO at St Nazaire); 37. Louis Walter 'Ben' Brown*; 38. William Challington* (awarded DCM at St Nazaire); 39. Colin Jones* (awarded MM at St Nazaire) ; 40. Fred Holt*; 41. Edward "Tiny" Burke; 42. Ted Douglas* (awarded the MM at St Nazaire and escaped through France back to the UK); 43. Ted Coates; 44. n/k; 45. Harold "Aggs" Roberts*; 46. John Gwynne* (kia at St Nazaire); 47. Frank Sumner*; 48. Gnr. R.Milne*; 49. Ben Fryer; 50-51. n/k; 52. H.Jacobs; 53. 'Cocky' Moffat
*Denotes took part in Operation Chariot - St Nazaire
On the night 27th/28th March 1942 many from 5 troop took part in the raid on St Nazaire and a considerable number from this picture were wounded and/or taken prisoner.
Company Cooks:
LCpl W F Lebeau, 2nd Bat Northamptonshire Regiment: (no information found)
Trooper S Schofield: 3rd Horse Cavalry Training Regiment: (no information found)
No. 13 Platoon Commander: Captain G R G Bird: The Sherwood Foresters
As with many other officers, references to G R G Bird are found in The London Gazette, the first such reference being in THE LONDON GAZETTE, 6 SEPTEMBER, 1932 Foresters—2nd Lt. G. R. G. Bird to be Lt. 29th Aug. 1932. In the inter-war period, promotion from 2nd Lt to Lt usually took some years and from this (and his approximate retirement date) we can surmise that Bird joined The Sherwood Foresters as a 2nd Lt around the mid-1920’s. The only reference to Bird during the war years is a reference to Capt. G. R. G. Bird, Foresters (s.c.) Capt. (actg. 17/10/41). By 1947, we know that G R G Bird was a Lieutenant-Colonel, by way of his authorship of a 1947 paper listed as “Tobruk: account of operations of 1st Battalion the Sherwood Foresters 1942 June 1-21, by Lieutenant-Colonel G. R. G. Bird.”
In the SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 2 JUNE, 1953 Maj. & Bt. Lt.-Col. G. R. G. BIRD (44029) from Foresters, to be Lt.-Col. on the Employed List (1), 9th Sept. 1952. The London Gazette of 31st DECEMBER, 1957 advises that Lt-Col. '(Temp. Col.) G. R. G. BIRD (44029) from Foresters (Emp. List) to be Col., 29th July 1955, with seniority 26th June 1955 and precedence next above Col J. G. ATKINSON, O.B.E. (47509). (Substituted for the notifn. in Gazette (Supplement) dated 24,th Jan, 1956.). The London Gazette of 25th August 1961 advises that The undermentioned Brigs, to be Supernumerary to Establishment on the dates shown: G. R. G. BIRD, A.D.C. {44029), late Inf., 29th July 1961. The London Gazette of 1st September 1967 advises that Brig. G. R. G. BIRD (44029) late Inf. having attained the age limit for liability to recall ceases to belong to the Res. of Offrs., 4th Sep. 1967.
The Men of No. 13 Platoon
Sapper V G Bishop: (no information found)
2Lt C Bridge, Training Battalion, The Coldstream Guards: (no information found)
LCpl R G Cooper, Royal Sussex Regiment
L/Cpl Raymond Gerald Cooper (132904) first served in the ranks, and was then commissioned (via an emergency commission) into the Royal Regiment of Artillery as a 2nd Lt on 25 May 1940. He was promoted to Lt on 25 November 1941 and in July 1943 he served as a Forward Observation Officer (FOO) on HMS Tetcott (a destroyer) during Operation Husky (Sicily). From 13 October 1942 to April 1946 he served as a Temporary Captain.
J Crossthwaite Eyre
The London Gazette of 24 January 1941 mentions that J. Crosthwaite Eyre (134990) is a 2nd Lt. and is transferred to the Intelligence Corps as 2nd Lt, retaining present seniority as of 15 July 1940. The London Gazette of 20 June 1941 advises that 2nd Lt. J. Crosthwaite-Eyre (134990), transfers from the Intelligence Corps, to be 2nd Lt. in the Royal Engineers from 1st Nov. 1940, retaining his present seniority, from which one surmises that perhaps Intelligence wasn’t quite his cup of tea.
2Lt J Denniston, 14/20 Hussars: (no information found)
Lt R E Donaldson-Rawlins, 35th S T Regiment, Royal Artillery
The London Gazette of 30 December 1938 advises that Ralph Ernest Donaldson RAWLINS to be 2nd Lt as of the 31st Dec. 1938. The London Gazette of 29 September 1944 announces that Lt. R. E. D. Rawlins (79995) of the ROYAL REGIMENT OF ARTILLERY relinquishes his commn. on account of ill-health, 29th Sept. 1944, and is granted the hon. rank of Capt.
Cpl B G Eastwood, No 3 Troop Carrying Coy, RASC: (no information found)
Sapper H A Edwards, 469th AA Coy, Royal Engineers: (no information found)
Pte D G Fitzgerald-Robinson, Army Tank Signals: (no information found)
Gunner J A Gibson, 273rd AAC: (no information found)
2Lt W Goodbody, 3rd County of London Yeomanry
William James Perry GOODBODY was the Son of James P. and Jennie F. Goodbody, of Limerick, Irish Republic. The London Gazette of 14 September 1939 records that William James Perry GOODBODY (98120) (late Cadet Serjt., Shrewsbury Sch. Contgt., Jun. Div., O.T.C.). is commissioned as 2nd Lt in the Royal Armoured Corps from 2nd Sept. 1939. The Diaries of the 3rd County of London Yeomanry (an Armoured Regiment - Ref http://www.warlinks.com/armour/3_cly/3cly_42.php) record that on 13 June 1941, 98120 2Lt WJP Goodbody to be W/S Lt. The Regiment was posted to the Middle East and on 29 May 1942 Captain WJP Goodbody died of wounds received in combat on the 27th of May against a German force. He was 36 years old. He is buried in the War Cemetery at Tobruk.
Gunner Hecksher, 273rd AAC: (no information found)
Gunner K W F Herbertson, 273rd AAC: (no information found)
2Lt H L Hoppe, 5th Bat, The Bedfords and Herts Regiment
The London Gazette of 12 December 1939 records that the date of appt. of 2nd Lt. H. L. Hoppe (94117) Bedfs. 6- Herts. R. is 30th July 1939, and-not as notified in the Gazette of 5th Sept. 1939. On 27th October 1941 the Battalion moved to Liverpool and embarked for Singapore on the SS Reina Del Pacifico, with their transport on SS "Bonnikom". Captain H L Hoppe commanded "B" Company. The 5th Battalion landed on Singapore Island on 29th January 1942 and were taken prisoner at the surrender of Singapore on 15th February 1942, just 17 days after their arrival. They landed without equipment and had been trained in warfare against the German Army in Europe. They had never trained in jungle warfare, were not acclimatized and had never seen a Japanese soldier nor knew what they were capable of both as an enemy at war and as captors.
Upon capture the 5th Battalion was split into small groups over five days and communication between groups became next to impossible. From the Battalion six officers and twenty-six men were killed and many more wounded. They suffered three and a half years of captivity where a third of the soldiers died from over-work, sickness and starvation. Captain Hoppe was one of the survivors. The London Gazette of 12 July 1955 advises that Lt. (Hon. Capt.) H. L. HOPPE (94117) having exceeded the age limit of liability to recall ceases to belong to the Territorial Army Reserve. of Officers., 13th July 1955, retaining the hon. rank of Capt.
Lt Jordan, S.P., Royal Engineers: (no information found)
Lt C S Hampton, 10th Bat, H.L.I
The London Gazette of 3 June 1927 records the promotion of 2nd. Lt. C. S. Hampton (6th Bn. H.L.I) to be Lt. 28th Jan. 1927. The London Gazette of 3 December 1957 advises that Maj. C. S. HAMPTON, T.D. (31801), having exceeded the age limit, ceases to belong to the T.A. Res. of Offrs., 4th Dec. 1957, and is granted the hon. rank of Lt.-Col.
2Lt A I R Kraunsoe, 12th Light AA Regiment, Royal Artillery
The London Gazette of 17 November 1964 records that Capt. (Hon. Maj.) A. I. R. KRAUNSOE, T.D. (76034), having attained the age limit, ceases to belong to the T.A. Res. of Offrs., 20th Nov. 1964, retaining the hon. rank of Maj.
Pte G Lawless, 162nd Field Ambulance: (no information found)
2Lt D M McClintock, Hertfordshire Yeomanry: (no information found)
Lt G R Nimmo, 10th Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders
The London Gazette of 6 March 1934 records that the 7th Bn. A. & S.H. saw 2nd Lt. G. R. Nimmo from the Active List, to be 2nd Lt. 7th Mar. 1934. The London Gazette of 20 June 1950 annouced that Capt. (T. Maj.) G. R. NIMMO, M.C. (50140) had been killed in action. From a photo of the WW2 Memorial at Trinity College, Cambridge on which G R Nimmo is listed, we know he graduated from Cambridge University.
Cambridge Trinity College World War Two Memorial, G R Nimmo listed
P Peirano: (no information found)
2Lt Petty, F.H.B, Royal Artillery: (no information found)
2Lt J C E Rude, 76th (H) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
The London Gazette of 18 July 1939 advises that 2nd Lt. J. C. E. Rude to be Lt. as of 18th. July 1939. The London Gazette of 25 January 1946 advises that Lt. J. C. E. Rude (42137) of the Royal Artillery transfers to the Seaforths as a Lt., retaining his present seniority.
2Lt H D Tooms, 2nd Bat, RASC
The London Gazette of 19 July 1945 lists H D Tooms (116131) as a Major (Temp).
Pte W Young, 162nd Field Ambulance: (no information found)
No. 14 Platoon Commander: Captain M R B Kealy, The Devonshire Regiment (already covered)
No. 14 Platoon
2Lt A Boyle, The Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders: (no information found)
Cpl F W Brooks, 4th County of London Yeomanry no information found)
2Lt A D R Buxton, 2nd M T Bat, The Rifle Brigade: (no information found)
2Lt W A R Farmiloe, 2nd Bat, The London Rifle Brigade
No military information found, but W A R Farmiloe is listed as the driver of a Wolseley Hornet in the Nottingham Junior Short Handicap (6.5 miles) at the Whit-Monday BARC Meeting on 16th May 1932 (Brooklands Races).
Trooper C Ferris, 11th City of London Yeomanry: (no information found)
Galloway, 128th LAA Bty, Royal Artillery: (no information found)
Pte Greenham, 52nd HTR, Royal Armoured Corps: (no information found)
J Hermon: (no information found)
V Hermon: (no information found)
Gunner A A B Hodges, 35th Signal Regiment, Royal Artillery: (no information found)
2Lt A W Hough, The Tower Hamlet Rifles: (no information found)
S Johnson: (no information found)
Gunner Lazonby, 88th Light AA, Royal Artillery: (no information found)
Lt D Leslie, H.L.I Depot no information found)
2Lt A M R Mallock, 2/53rd (W) Div. Signals
The London Gazette of 30 July 1943 lists A. M. R. MALLOCK (Lt. R. Sigs.) (51544) as promoted from Pilot Officer to Flying Officer (War Subs) as of 1 June 1943. The London Gazette of 12 January 1945 lists A. M. R. MALLOCK (IA. R. Signals) (51544) as promoted from Flying Officer to Flt. Lt (War subs) as of 18th Dec 1944. The London Gazette of 21 May 1946 lists Flt. Lt. A. M. R. MALLOCK (Lt., R. Signals) (51544) returning to Army duty as of 26th Apr. 1946.
2Lt P M Miller, The Loyal Suffolk Hussars: (no information found)
2Lt Morant, 88th Bty, Light AA, Royal Artillery: (no information found)
Pte G Neville, The Manchester Regiment (Canadian Volunteer)
Pte G Neville was a Canadian Volunteer and one of the “Halifax Hundred”, approx. 100 volunteers from Nova Scotia who travelled to the UK and enlisted in The Manchester Regiment prior to the start of WW2. Pte Neville enlisted in the 2nd Manchesters in the summer of 1939 and along with a number of other Canadians in the Regiment, volunteered for and was accepted into the 5th Battalion, Scots Guards.
More coming.....
The 5th Battalion, Scots Guards (continued)
All the men below were actually in the 5th Battalion, Scots Guards. The names are taken from the list of men in the Left Flank Company and from personal memoirs, obituaries and the like. All photos are of the men concerned, all information is correct - with the exception of mentions of what they get up to in Finland during the Winter War, which is of course alternative history. I'll be posting the unamended and historically correct information in the thread on British Volunteers in the Winter War later for anyone that's interested. And believe me, I won't be going to this level of detail for any other units - just, I got really interested in these guys. When you look at what many of them went on to achieve in WW2, it's quite astounding to think of these men all in one Battalion - and what that Battalion could have achieved if used in a way that was commensurate with their abilities as displayed in later years.
Sapper W Ormerod, 661st Field Coy, Royal Engineers
Sapper William Ormerod (1903548) of 661 Gen. Constr. Coy, Royal Engineers died on 17 June 1940, killed in action against the Red Army in Finland. He is buried in Karelia. The Army Roll of Honour 1939-45 Database records that William was born in Manchester and resided in London (W).
Photo sourced from: http://www.ormerod.uk.net/Graves/Cornwa ... nce_03.JPG
William Ormerod’s grave in Karelia
2Lt W E D Paul, 4th Royal Welch Fusiliers
(no information found)
2Lt P Pinckney, 145th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
(no information found)
Capt. C O M Priday, 15th Motor Training Bat, The King’s Royal Rifle Corps
(no information found)
2Lt M Scott, Training Bat, The Coldstream Guards
(no information found)
2Lt Alexander James (Sandy) Scratchley, 4th County of London Yeomanry
Alexander James (Sandy) Scratchley (35050) belonged to the 4th County of London Yeomanry, Royal Armoured Corp. One mention of him alludes that “Sandy was a famous hurdle race amateur jockey” – (that’s actually a steeplechase rider – this and the fact that he was a pre-war officer in the 4th CLY which had high mess bills, indicates he was reasonably well-off). Limited mentions of him include that on 10 Sept 1939, the 4th County of London Yeomanry War Diary records that at 1103 a Convoy of 3 trucks under 2Lt Scratchley left for MINEHEAD. On 11 Nov 1939, 2Lt AJ Scratchley was Gazetted with effect 22 Sept 39. He volunteered for the 5th Battalion, Scots Guards and served in Finland with the battalion for the duration of the Winter War. On his return, he was posted to the Special Training Centre, Inverness, following which he rejoined the 4th County of London Yeomanry Regt. Temporarily. He was a member of L Detachment SAS in 1942 and 1 SAS (A Squadron) from 1942-43 with the rank of Lt. He was a member of 2 SAS (A and HQ Squadrons) over 1943-44 where he was promoted to Captain and then to Major.
The London Gazette of 1 August 1944 records that Lt. A. J. Scratchley of the SAS, from 4th Co. of Lon. Yeo., to be War Subs. Lt., 1st Apr. 1944, retaining his present seniority. On 4 May 1944, Capt. A J Scratchley of the Royal Armoured Corps was awarded the Military Cross for action in Italy. He was also awarded the D.S.O, Mentioned in Despatches and received a bar to his M.C. He seems to have been fairly well known – numerous accounts of the SAS or memoirs or interviews of SAS members such as Carol Mathers mention Scratchley. Roy Farran mentions in his book “Winged Dagger” that “....the army to send me back to the 8th. I was still cooling my heels when an old pal, Sandy Scratchley, got me into the Special Air Service...”
He also seems to have been on good terms with Peter Kemp (and on a personal note, I have a copy of Peter Kemp’s book, "Alms for Oblivion", with a personal note to Sandy Scratchley and signed by Peter Kemp).
Photo sourced from: http://www.specialforcesroh.com/gallery/file1781.jpg
Alexander James (Sandy) Scratchley
Photo sourced from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Scratchley_Farran_Termoli.jpg/623px-Scratchley_Farran_Termoli.jpg
Members of 2 SAS on parade for an inspection by General Bernard Montgomery, following their successful participation in the capture, behind enemy lines, of the port of Termoli in Italy. On the left is Major A J Scratchley, MC DSO, while on the right is Captain Roy Farran (holding a German submachinegun).
The final mention of Scratchley is in the London Gazette of 2 April 1957 where it is advised that the TERRITORIAL ARMY RESERVE OF OFFICERS - Capt. (Hon. Maj.) A. J. SCRATCHLEY, M.C (35050), having exceeded the age limit, ceases to belong to the T.A. Res. of Offrs., 3rd Apr. 1957, retaining tine hon. rank of Maj. He died in 1973 at the age of 67.
Gunner D H Scibbens, 35/12 Light AA, Royal Artillery
(no information found)
2Lt A Speyer, 7th Bat, The Cheshire Regiment
The only mention of 2Lt A Speyer found is a brief mention in the London Gazette of 1 November 1946, that as of 30th Oct. 1946, War Subs. Lt. A. SPEYER (346761) of the Palestine Regiment is granted the hon. rank of Lt. This may or may not be the same Speyer.
Rifleman D Stern, 1st Bat, The Rangers (King’s Royal Rifle Corps)
(no information found)
2Lt A Watkins, The Coldstream Guards
(no information found)
2Lt A Wormald, 1st Motor Bat, (King’s Royal Rifle Corps)
The London Gazette of 8 December 1944 advises that Tempy. Lt. A. Wormald of the Royal Marines is seconded for service with the Army as of 16th Aug. 1944, Tempy. Lt. A. Wormald to be Actg. Tempy. Maj. as of 16th Aug. 1944 and that Tempy. Lt. (Actg. Tempy. Maj.) A. Wormald is granted the War Sub. rank of Tempy. Capt. And to retain the rank of Actg. Tempy. Maj. 16th Nov. 1944.
No. 15 Platoon Commander
Captain Dixon, The Cameron Highlanders
(no information found)
No. 15 Platoon
William Alexander Carlton Collingwood
Brigadier W A C Colingwood, OBE (12 Feb 1915 - 24 Dec 1992) went to school at Charterhouse. As a boy he boxed, fenced and swam with marked success, riding in the winter-time; then, well equipped for an Army career, he sat the Sandhurst examination and passed high in the list. Displaying a characteristic enthusiasm and cheerfulness, Bill entered wholeheartedly into both military and sporting activities at Sandhurst, winning the Modern Pentathalon. He went on holiday in Austria, Hungary and Yugoslavia with three other cadets, where they were temporarily arrested in Zagreb for spying - an event which Bill regarded with glee. In 1935 he was commissioned into the 2nd Northumberland Fusiliers, who were still using horse transport, and he found himself very much at home in the stables. His sporting activities led him to be selected and to train for the British Olympic squad, due to go to Berlin in 1936, but appendicitis put him out of the team.
While convalescing in Cornwall, he met a number of artists and writers, discovering a strong empathy with them, which he was to develop later on. Then, on holiday in Florence, where he had been guided by some of his new friends, Bill met Barbara Tatham, his future wife. That year, he learned to fly a BA Swallow aircraft. He became engaged to, and then married Barbara. Shortly after the Munich crisis, the Collingwoods moved – typical of Bill's sense of humour - to a new address at Collingwood Terrace, Jesmond, Newcastle. When war broke out, he instantly volunteered for the 'sharp end', the “5th Battalion, Scots Guards”, the cover name for a ski battalion of volunteers intended for service in Finland against the Russians. After training with the Chasseurs Alpins in Chamonix, the battalion embarked for Finland.
After returning from Finland in late 1940, there followed a period of flying experience, appointment as Adjutant at the Depot, and several courses including the Staff College at Camberley. Bill was appointed Brigade Major of a tank brigade, but when its role was changed to training, he volunteered for the Parachute Regiment. After a short spell as a company commander in 7 PARA, and then completing his parachute course at Ringway, Bill joined that remarkable 3rd Parachute Brigade team: James Hill the Brigade Commander, Alec Pope the DAA & QMG and Bill the Brigade Major. A private soldier from 9 PARA, temporarily posted to 3 Brigade defence platoon, remembers Bill at the time: 'He always had a smile and a cheery word for all of us. He was a lovely officer!'
On the night of 5 June 1944, Bill left in an Albermarle aircraft with the Pathfinders, having selected the Brigade DZ himself from air photographs. The pilot, a Charterhouse contemporary, could not find the DZ at all, and had to make five circuits of the area. Bill was on the edge of the hole ready to jump, when a near miss with another aircraft and then an AA shell-burst close to the fuselage toppled him out. But somehow his foot had got caught and he hung by one leg under aircraft for an agonising ¾’s of an hour, wafting in and out of consciousness, until his batman, Pte Allen, and the rest of the stick who had been unable to jump, hauled him in. Among all the dashing parachuting stories, this is a perfectly true one! Major Napier Crookenden, Bill's opposite number as Brigade Major of the Airlanding (Gliders) Brigade, was eating eggs and bacon in the RAF mess, Brize Norton at 3.30 that afternoon, preparatory to flying over to join the 3rd and 5th Parachute Brigades, when in came a battered figure, his face still covered with camouflage cream, wearing his smock and limping badly. It was Bill, followed closely by his stick. “Can you give us a lift to Normandy?” he asked, and was at once provided with a spare glider. By 9.30 that evening, Bill was in position at 3 Para. Brigade HQ in Le Mesnil, having come in to Ranville with the 6th Airlanding Brigade, as his second attempt to land in Normandy within 24 hours. Few can claim this double assault on Hitler's 'Western Wall'!
Bill showed great endurance by carrying on with his key role, despite injuries, often under heavy fire and not helped by a wound in his backside, until eventually he had to submit to being evacuated. Graded Category B, he recovered enough to become Chief Instructor at the School of Land/Air Warfare in Old Sarum, which he knew from a previous course there, and it was possible for Barbara to be with him again. So ended the brief war experience of a first rate Regular officer, typical of so many men, full of energy and enterprise and of complete devotion to duty who laid the foundations of the young Airborne Forces. When the war was over Bill, now A.l fit, went to India as GSO 1 of the Indian Airborne Division but very nearly died of meningitis. Barbara was sent for, came out and remained with him when he had again recovered. They spent memorable leaves together in Goa and Kashmir and thereafter were seldom separated. Regimental duty with his own Royal Northumberland Fusiliers followed in Gibraltar, then Warminster, on the directing staff at Camberley, on the Suez Canal, CO of 1RNF in Northern Ireland, then still a land at peace.
Bill commanded the Old College at Sandhurst, taught naval history and had a hand in the beginning of the “Edward Bear” parachute exercises, whose brand of quirkiness on the whole appealed to him. He also helped organise the World Modern Pentathalon Championship, based on Sandhurst and, for the two years he was there, his gentle kindness and consideration for the cadets created its own form of discipline. Bill's Army career ended as Commander of 151 TA (Territorial Army) Brigade in Durham and North Yorkshire, where he continued to hunt and to ride point to points. He retired from the Army in 1962.
Photo sourced from: http://www.durhamrecordoffice.org.uk/Ca ... 4_0102.jpg
Newspaper cutting, from the Newcastle Journal , including a photograph of Sir James Duff, the Mayor of Durham, with Brigadier W.A.C. Collingwood, Commanding 151st Brigade, centre, and Colonel A. de V. Gibson, Commanding 8th Battalion, The Durham Light Infantry, in Durham, 14 March 1960
In 1962, Collingwood was made Regional Officer of the Independent Television Authority in the South West & the Channel Islands, where he was to indulge his fondness for sailing. His grasp of the job, personality and his way with people all made him a popular figure. Three years later, he returned to his beloved South West and in 1977 came his retirement from the IBA. He and his wide settled in a house on the Devon side of the Tamar river at Bere Alston. His own description 'We made a garden' is inadequate to express what he created at several levels on the site of a fifteenth century silver smelting works, with exotic plants, goldfish pool, lawns and trees, He also converted 'the barn' into a fully equipped hall where art exhibitions attracted visitors from near and far, and where he was planning to promote concerts
Bill Collingwood died suddenly at home on Christmas Eve 1992 among his family, so further diminishing that 'band of brothers' which was the 6th Airborne Division. He left his wife Barbara, four children, 12 grandchildren, and 4 great-grandchildren, as well as very many friends and old comrades, all sadder for the loss of a marvellous companion, player of games and of tricks, a man whose very presence lit up the company he kept.
2nd Lt P V Cowley
The London Gazette of 28 January 1941 advises that P V Cowley (74603) is promoted from 2nd Lt. to Lt as of the 1st of January 1941 (Royal Northumberland Fusiliers). On 23 January 1946 the Gazette advises that P V Cowley is to be Captain and on 23 May 1946 to be Major (temp). On 26 January 1951 he is promoted to major on a permanent basis.
W B Coltart
(No information found)
R C G Davis
(No information found)
2nd Lt. D L Furness
The London Gazette of 18 March 1952 advises that the undermentioned Lts. (War Subs. Capts.) to be Capts: D. L. FURNESS (68942), 1st Jan. 1949. The London Gazette of 21 September 1965 advises that Capt. D. L. FURNESS (68942) of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, having attained the age limit, relinquishes his commission 23rd Sept. 1965, and is granted the hon. rank of Major.
2nd Lt. C G M Gordon
The London Gazette of Friday the 14th of February 1941 advises that for the CAVALRY, the undermentioned 2nd Lts. to be Lts. As of 1st Jan. 1941: Royal Horse Guards C. G. M. Gordon (95550). The London Gazette of 19 August 1952 advises that Capt. C. G. M. GORDON (95550) to be Maj., 3rd July 1952. From December 1956 to December 1959, Major Gordon commanded the Household Cavalry Regiment (Mounted). The London Gazette of Tuesday, 26th December 1961 advises that Maj. C. G. M. GORDON (95550) retires on retired pay, 16th Oct. 1961, and is granted the hon. Rank of Lt.-Col.
2nd Lt. M G Grant
The London Gazette of 28 April 1942 records that Pilot Officer M. G. GRANT, 2nd Lt. R.A.S.C. (44802) to be Flying Officer (war subs.) as of 2nd Nov. 1941.
C F Guiness
(No information found)
V D Keyworth
(No information found, but what on earth were his parents thinking to saddle him with those initials. One can guess what his nickname was in the Army)
K D MacKenzie
(No information found)
P L A Maytham
(No information found)
2nd Lt. F G Mooney
The London Gazette of 14 July 1942 advises that Royal Irish Fusiliers 2nd Lt. F. G. Mooney (143434) is placed on the h.p. list as of 12th June 1942. The London Gazette of 23 February 1943 advises that War Subs. Lt. F. G. Mooney (143434) of the Royal Irish Fusiliers, moves from h.p. List, to be War Subs. Lt. 30th Dec. 1942. The London Gazette of 26 May 1950 refers to Lt. (Hon. Capt.) F. G. MOONEY (143434), context unknown and the 30th July 1965 mentions that Army Cadet Force, Buckingham has seen Lt. F. G. MOONEY (143434) (Hon. Capt., late R. Ir. F.) resign his commission., 8th June 1965.
R A Newson
(No information found)
J Ricomini
Photo sourced from: http://www.specialforcesroh.com/gallery ... &type=full
J. Riccomini: Later in the war, he was in the SAS. No other information found other than this photo and a brief reference to his being in the SAS.
J G Ruther
(No information found)
D W Selby
The London Gazette of 2 June 1943 mentions 1173087 D. W. SELBY as a Leading Aircraftman. This may or may not be the same D W Selby. No other reference found.
C R Stevens
(No information found)
W G Stuart-Menteth
The May 9th 1935 issue of “Flight” records that at REDHILL, W. G. Stuart-Menteth joined the club as a new member. The London Gazette of 12 October 1938 records that the date of appt. and order of seniority for Lt W G Stuart-Menteth is 2 June 1939. The London Gazette of 31 January 1941 records that Capt. W. G. Stuart-Menteth of The Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) was Mentioned for Distinguished Services in the field and on 7 August 1956 advises that W. G. STUART-MENTETH. (90817), having exceeded the age limit, ceases to belong to the T.A. Res. of 'Offrs., 8th Aug. 1956, retaining the hon. rank of Maj.
A B Tedd
(no information found)
G Towers
(Rather too many to pin down which one he was)
P H Turner
(no information found)
J S Wallace-Thompson
(no information found)
G R West
(no information found)
J Wilson
(no information found)
P Wilson
(no information found)
G Wickman
(no information found)
K W Willis
(no information found)
J R Wooler (possibly a Canadian Volunteer)
(no information found)
W Ward
(no information found)
Other members of the 5th Battalion, Scots Guards
In addition to the personnel listed above, the 5th Battalion, Scots Guards contained a wildly assorted bunch of “personalities”, many of whom would go on to make names for themselves in other endeavours, both in WW2 and in the Post-War years. This information has been gleaned from personal memoirs, information available online and private sources. I’ve included it here both as a historical record (believe me, it took a long time to collect and collate all this information and put it together – and it’s nowhere near complete – and I owe a huge debt of thanks to those who have helped me, most notably Chris Rooney, whose father, Oswald Basil Rooney, was in the 5th Battalion and who has been an invaluable source for original photos from his father’s collection as well as source documents and information on some of the members of the Battalion. Thx Chris!!!!).
And on a serious note, if anyone can add to this information, please post it here or inbox me – I’m working on a Wikipedia article on the Battalion and any and all information, even if it’s a single reference, is invaluable for this kind of thing.
Cyclops Bradley:
No information found other than a brief mention that it is thought that Cyclops Bradley went on to the Small Scale Raiding Force.
James Michael Calvert
James Michael Calvert (6 March 1913 – 26 November 1998) born at Rohtak in India, son of a member of the Indian Civil Service. He was educated at Bradfield College and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He was commissioned into the Royal Engineers in 1933, and for a time was the Army's middleweight boxing champion as well as playing water polo and swimming for the army.. He read for the Mechanical Engineering Tripos at St. John's College, Cambridge. After graduating in 1936, he was appointed to the Hong Kong Royal Engineers. In this post, he learned Cantonese. He also witnessed the Japanese attack on Shanghai and the Rape of Nanking, which made him one of the few officers who truly appreciated the potential threat posed by the Japanese. When WW2 broke out, Calvert volunteered for the 5th Battalion Scots Guards and service in Finland.
Photo sourced from: http://frogenyozurt.com/wp-content/uplo ... alvert.jpg
Brigader James Michael “Mad Mike” Calvert
Somewhat of an expert with explosives, he gained a great deal more practical experience in Finland as he participated in the demolition of numerous Red Army supply dumps and odd pieces of infrastructure such as bridges. After the Battalion returned from Finland, he went on to train Commando detachments in demolition techniques in Hong Kong and Australia. In Australia, along with F. Spencer Chapman, he assisted with training Australian commandos who formed the first Australian Army Independent Companies at Wilsons Promontory, Victoria in 1941. He was then appointed to command the Bush Warfare School in Burma, training officers and NCOs to lead guerilla bands in China for operations against the Japanese. The Japanese invaded Burma in early 1942. Calvert and others from the school raided Henzada by riverboat after the fall of Rangoon as a deception operation to convince the Japanese that Australian reinforcements had reached Burma. Calvert then spent a period of time touring Burma with Orde Wingate. After the Bush Warfare School closed, Calvert was sent with 22 men from the school and a few hundred men separated from their units to guard the Gokteik Viaduct thirty miles east of Maymyo. (The Allied Commander in Chief, General Archibald Wavell apparently hoped that Calvert would use his initiative and demolish it, in spite of orders from the civil government to keep it intact. For once, Calvert obeyed orders). After retreating from the viaduct, Calvert's unit finally retreated to India at the very rear of the army, often behind the Japanese lines.
In India, he reunited with Wingate, and the two became firm friends. Calvert led one of the company-sized columns in Operation Longcloth, Wingate's first Chindit operation in 1943. This was a long-range penetration operation behind enemy lines, which put great demands on the endurance of all who took part. Calvert was awarded the DSO for his achievements on the operation. Calvert next commanded 77th Indian Infantry Brigade in 1944 in Operation Thursday, the much larger second Chindit operation. His brigade spearheaded the airborne landings deep in the Japanese rear. In May, the Chindit brigades moved north. The monsoon had broken and floods impeded the Chindits' operations. In June 1944, Calvert's brigade was ordered by the American General Joseph Stilwell to capture the town of Mogaung. Although his men were greatly weakened by shortage of rations, exhaustion and disease, he succeeded in doing so against desperate Japanese defenders, by the end of the month. His brigade had suffered 800 battle casualties in the siege; half of its strength. Of the remainder, only 300 men were left fit to fight.
On receiving orders to move to Myitkyina, where another Japanese garrison was holding out, he closed down his Brigade's radio sets and marched to Stilwell's army's headquarters in Kamaing instead. A court martial was threatened, but after he and Stilwell finally met in person and Stilwell appreciated for the first time the conditions under which the Chindits had operated, 77th Brigade was evacuated to India to recover. Calvert was awarded a bar to the DSO for the second Chindit expedition. In the field Calvert was "clearly the most successful and aggressive Chindit commander," and a font of "positive leadership" throughout the campaign. He frequently led risky attacks from the front, a practice that earned him the nickname "Mad Mike." Calvert was then evacuated to Britain on medical grounds (ironically following an accidental injury) in September 1944. In March 1945 he was appointed to command the Special Air Service Brigade and held this appointment until the Brigade was disbanded in October 1945.
After the war, he attended the Army's Staff College. After passing the course, he was appointed to a staff post as Lieutenant Colonel in the Allied Military Government in Trieste. During the Malayan Emergency the British Army experienced the rebirth of the SAS. Disbanded shortly after the end of the Second World War, the specialists of the SAS returned in 1950 when General Sir John Harding, Commander-in-Chief Far East, decided that he needed independent advice from an expert in jungle warfare. He called for Calvert, who he knew had had considerable experience of jungle warfare in Burma. Calvert had also been one of the prime movers in ensuring the SAS ethic had not died out at the end of the war. The Malayan Scouts were an early unit that contributed to the resurrection of the SAS. Calvert was selected in 1950 to command the Malayan Scouts (SAS) engaged in operations against Communist insurgents in Malaya. Although he held the local rank of Brigadier, he nevertheless led several patrols and operations in person. However, the Malayan Scouts were not subject to proper selection procedures and never lost an early reputation for poor discipline. Calvert's exertions meant that he was invalided home in 1951.
Calvert reverted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, and was posted to the British Army of the Rhine. While there, he was accused of an act of indecency, court-martialled and forced to leave the Army under a cloud. He was also prone to alcoholism by this point in this life. He several times tried to rebuild a career as an engineer, in Australia and Britain. Following his dismissal, Calvert wrote three books about his time in Burma with Wingate and the Chindits: Prisoners of Hope, Fighting Mad: One Man's Guerrilla War, and Chindits: Long Range Penetration. Calvert also contributed to acclaimed British documentary television series, The World at War. He died impoverished and an alcoholic in 1998.
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Brigadier Mike Calvert in action, Burma 1944:
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Chindits: Long Range Penetration, written by Mike Calvert for the Ballentines History of the Second World War series
Frederick Spencer Chapman
Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Spencer Chapman, DSO & Bar, ED (10 May 1907 – 8 August 1971) was a British Army officer and World War II veteran, most famous for his exploits behind enemy lines in Japanese occupied Malaya. His medals include the following: The Arctic Medal, Gill Memorial Medal, Mungo Park Medal, and the Lawrence of Arabia Memorial Medal. Chapman's mother, Winifred Ormond, died shortly after his birth in London. His father, Frank Spencer Chapman, was killed at the Battle of Ypres. Freddie (or sometimes Freddy as he was to become known) and his older brother, Robert, were cared for by an elderly clergyman and his wife in the village of Cartmel, on the edge the Lake District. He was schooled at Sedbergh School before studying at Cambridge.
Chapman was joined Gino Watkins' 1930-31 British Arctic Air-Route Expedition and a subsequent Greenland Expedition in 1932–33 as the "ski expert and naturalist". In these expeditions he experienced cold of such intensity that he lost all his finger and toe nails. He spent twenty hours in a storm at sea in his kayak and at one point fell into a deep crevasse, saving himself by holding onto the handles of his dog sled. He later led a three man team across the desolate Greenland ice-cap, the first European to do this since Nansen. He was fluent in Inuit and was an able Inuit Kayaker and dog sledger. He also fathered a son by an Inuit girl but the child died a year later. He was awarded the Polar Medal for his participation in the first expedition. It was clear that Gino Watkins moulded an extraordinary esprit de corps in his expeditions, and the expedition members were a strange mixture of military intelligence (MI) officers, hard nuts, and rather fay Cambridge misfits. Many of the members would go on to do extraordinary things in the war. These members included Martin Lindsay, Augustine Courtauld and Chapman himself.
In 1935, he went to Finnish and Norwegian Lapland, and had "an exciting" expedition on skis with a reindeer called Isaac, which he eventually sold to a butcher. Early in 1936, he joined a Himalayan climbing expedition. He was a keen mountaineer and enjoyed the difficult climbs and achieved peaks, as well as meeting Basil Gould, the Political Officer for Sikkim, Bhutan and Tibet. Gould invited Spencer to be his private secretary on his political mission, from July 1936 to February 1937, to persuade the Panchen Lama to return from China and establish permanent British representation in Lhasa. Spencer learnt Tibetan well enough to converse. He was involved in cypher work, kept a meteorological log, pressed six hundred plants, dried seeds, and made notes on bird life. He kept a diary of "events" in Lhasa and took many photographs that were sent to India on a weekly basis. He was allowed to explore within Tibet and did so in an unshepherded way into the middle of Tibet and around the Holy City.
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Naturalist, adventurer and a now almost forgotten explorer, mountaineer and hero of the second world war, Freddie Spencer Chapman (far left). Photograph: British Library
After his return from Lhasa, Chapman obtained permission to lead a five-man expedition from Sikkim to the holy mountain Chomolhari, which the British group had passed on the way from Sikkim to Tibet in July 1936. Chapman and Sherpa Passang Dawa Lama succeeded to become the first mountaineers to climb the 7314 m high peak, which they finally reached from the Bhutanese side after finding the route from the Tibetan side impassable. The mountain would not be climbed again until 1970. In 1938 Spencer taught at Gordonstoun School where Prince Philip was one of his pupils. Commissioned into the Seaforth Highlanders as a lieutenant on 6 June 1939, Chapman was attached to the Ski Battalion (the 5th Battalion) of the Scots Guards where he trained at Chamonix and then fought in Finland with the Battalion. He designed the skis that were to be used by the Battalion, but on arrival in Finland these were replaced with the superior Finnish military skis. He became somewhat of an expert in behind-the-lines operations whilst in Finland. After the Winter War, he served a spell as instructor at the S.O.E. training centre at Arisaig and was then posted to a Commando School in Australia to train Australian and New Zealand forces in guerrilla warfare and eventually to join what was then Special Training School 101 STS-101 in Singapore. This school had as one of its main objects the organization of parties to stay behind in areas the Japanese might overrun.
In August 1941, a plan for stay-behind parties that would include local Indians, Chinese and Malays was proposed, but this was rejected by the British colonial governor, Sir Shenton Thomas, as extravagant and defeatist. By now a Captain, Chapman took part in undercover raids during the Japanese invasion. When Singapore did fall, in early 1942, Chapman disappeared into the mountains, not to emerge again until May 1945. Conditions were atrocious. Half-starved, delirious due to malaria and festering ulcers from leech bites, Chapman and the two Brits he had eventually linked up with daubed themselves in dye, marched miles through the dense jungle by night, and set about inconveniencing the Japanese. In the first fortnight alone, they blew up 15 railway bridges, derailed seven trains and exploded 40 military vehicles, mostly using homemade bombs of gelignite hidden in bamboo sticks. They used 1,000lb of explosives, threw 100 grenades, and caused – according to Chapman's own estimate – between 500 and 1,500 enemy casualties. The Japanese command believed it was up against 200 highly trained commandos, and deployed 2,000 troops to hunt the three-man band down.
Aware that this rate of attack could never be kept up, Chapman tried to make it to the sea but was eventually forced back into the jungle where he started training local insurgents – teaching them to whistle The Lambeth Walk for identification purposes after dark while announcing his own nocturnal arrival with the cry of a British tawny owl. The risks were immense. When any of the locals who assisted him were caught, their whole village would be burnt to the ground - the inhabitants incinerated inside their houses, or shot and bayoneted to death, men, women and children. Chastened by such endurance, despite suffering many of the jungle's ills - pneumonia, infected leech bites and blackwater fever, a variant of malaria that caused him 'frightful vomiting and dysentery, accompanied by such agonising pains across my pelvis that it seemed as if all my bones must come apart'. When the fever was at its height, his fits were so bad that two men had to hold him down. He travelled to other guerilla camps and en route he lived variously with Chinese bandits, Malay tribespeople and communists. On one such visit he was served a special banquet, with an unfamiliar meat. It was only later he learned the hideous truth. 'I was told I had been eating Jap,' he wrote. 'Though I would not knowingly have become a cannibal, I was quite interested to have sampled human flesh.'
Almost permanently sick, Chapman spent 17 days in a coma, only subsequently realising what had happened from the absence of any notes in his diary. Once, he was so feverish that his mouth had to be bound shut to prevent his chattering teeth giving away his whereabouts to a Japanese patrol. And on the one occasion he was captured, Chapman blithely announced that a Japanese prince had been his keen birdwatching companion at Cambridge. The arresting officer was apparently so charmed that he apologised for having no whisky to offer Chapman, and declined to bind his hands and feet. Chapman then waited till dead of night and, despite a debilitating bout of malaria, made good his escape.
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Freddy Spencer Chapman entered the war as a lieutenant with the Seaforth Highlanders and ended the war as a Lieutenant-Colonel
In December 1943, he was overjoyed to be joined by two special forces officers, John Davis and Richard Broome, who had been landed in Malaya by submarine to coordinate guerilla activity for a planned Allied invasion. For over a year they worked as a three-man unit, training Chinese guerillas, making contact with other resistance groups and trying desperately to procure a working radio. At last, in February 1945, they obtained one and made contact with the British forces in Ceylon, who were at first reluctant to believe that any of them, but particularly Chapman, could possibly be alive after so long in the jungle. A rescue plan was soon launched to bring the jungle heroes home and in May 1945, after a hazardous journey to the coast, they were picked up by submarine and taken back to Ceylon. Chapman's heroic tale of survival was over and three months later Japan finally surrendered. In recognition of his extraordinary achievements and endurance he was given a DSO and bar, although not the Victoria Cross that many, including Mountbatten, thought he deserved.
Yet for years after the war, Chapman felt a keen sense of despair. Having sealed off his emotions in the jungle, in peace-time he found himself tormented by memories of 'companions shot down beside me . . . the screams of defenceless Chinese women and children bayoneted to death by the Japanese'. Writing of Chapman after the war, Field Marshal Earl Wavell said that, "for sheer courage and endurance, physical and mental", the adventurer-naturalist stood together with TE Lawrence as "examples of what toughness the body will find, if the spirit within it is tough". Both, Wavell reckoned, were "very worthy representatives of our national capacity for individual enterprise". Quite why Chapman hasn't found Lawrence of Arabia's fame is anyone's guess. After the war, he was headmaster of schools in Germany and South Africa. Married with three children, he ended up as warden of a hall of residence at Reading University in the UK. Forced to retire before he would have wished, aware his health and energy were no longer what they were, and suffering from one of the periodic bouts of depression that had gripped him since Cambridge, he shot himself in the head in his office, aged 64. Chapman wrote a number of books, including perhaps his most famous, “The Jungle is Neutral.”
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Cover of “The Jungle is Neutral” by F Spencer Chapman
Sir Rupert William John Clarke
Sir Rupert William John Clarke, 3rd Baronet, AM, MBE (5 November 1919 – 4 February 2005) was an Australian soldier, businessman and pastoralist. He achieved success in a number of fields, including horseracing, the military and as a corporate chairman. He was born in Sydney, New South Wales, the son of Rupert Clarke, 2nd Baronet (a prominent pastoralist and Member of Parliament) and Elsie Tucker (born in Melbourne). His father purchased the Villa Les Abeilles in Monte Carlo and the young Rupert attended a French-speaking primary school. Upon his father's death on Christmas Day 1926, he succeeded as the Third Baronet of Rupertswood at the age of seven years. His mother remarried (to the Fifth Marquess of Headfort) and he moved to England. Rupert became an accomplished athlete at Eton and then later at Magdalen College, Oxford. He excelled at shooting, swimming, fencing and rowing. Scholastically he excelled, particularly in languages. Sir Rupert visited Australia during university holidays in 1937 where he met his future wife Kathleen Grant Hay and then returned to England.
He then spent a considerable amount of time travelling through Germany with friends who would soon be on the opposing side during World War II. Just prior to the outbreak of WWII he returned to Australia. However, being too young for a commission in the Australian Army he returned to England where his membership of the Oxford University OTC assisted in his enlistment as a weapons instructor and then to Royal Military College Sandhurst, where he digressed by volunteering for a ski battalion to fight the Russians. He trained in Chamonix, Mont Blanc with the Chasseurs Alpins as part of the 5th Battalion Scots Guards, serving as “Guardsman” as the soldiers in the Scots Guards were known. He gained notoriety within the Battalion in Finland for his obvious enjoyment in blowing things up. After returning from Finland, he completed a further stint at Sandhurst and in 1941 was commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant in the 1st Battalion the Irish Guards. The unit had lost most of its senior officers in a dive bombing attack off Narvik and with the experience he brought with him from the fighting in Finland, Sir Rupert had no trouble establishing a reputation as a mad Australian weapons officer given to blowing things up and shooting flies on barracks walls.
After an appointment as aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-General Sir Harold Alexander, Clarke was present at various major turning points in the war, including the withdrawal from Burma, the North African Campaign against the German Afrika Korps and the Invasion of Sicily. As ADC to Alexander, he met Chiang Kai Shek and Pope Pius XII. In 2000, Sir Rupert wrote a book on his war adventures entitled With Alex at War – From the Irrawaddy to the Po 1941-1945.
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Cover to “With Alex at War” by Rupert Clarke:
After the war, Clarke returned to Australia and married Kathleen Grant Hay, daughter of a successful Melbourne brewery owner. Following his appointment as a Director (his first of many) of the Richmond Brewery in 1950, Sir Rupert returned to England seeking introductions to inspect breweries, then became involved in a partnership venture to ship cattle to Australia for stud purposes. He later became involved in horse racing, and was on the Victoria Amateur Turf Club (now the Melbourne Racing Club) for 40 years, nearly half that time as chairman. He was also chairman of Cadbury Schweppes Australia, and P&O Australia, deputy chairman of the Distillers Group and the third generation of Clarke Baronets to sit on the board of the National Australia Bank and managed to fit in time to be the Honorary Consul of Monaco in Australia.
He died in 2005 at the age of 85, leaving three children and his second wife, Gillian de Zoete. His eldest son, Rupert applied to succeed him as the Fourth Baronet of Rupertswood. The baronetcy (originally awarded to Sir William Clarke by Queen Victoria in 1882), is one of only two now extant with Australian territorial designation, and the only such baronetcy held by an Australian-born citizen.[
Guardsman Sir Ivar Iain Colquhoun, 8th Baronet
Guardsman Sir Ivar Iain Colquhoun, 8th Baronet, JP, DL (4 January 1916 – 31 January 2008 aged 92) was the eldest son (of five children) of Sir Iain Colquhoun, 7th Baronet and his wife Geraldine Bryde (Dinah) Tennant. Sir Ivar was educated at Eton. He was working at a lumber camp in Finland at the outbreak of World War II, and returned to the UK where he joined a Territorial Army battalion of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders as a private soldier. When the Soviet Union invaded Finland in November 1939, he was seconded to the 5th (Ski) Battalion, Scots Guards. After returning from Finland in late 1940, he joined the artillery in Libya and served there during the siege of Tobruk, later to become the subject of some of his drier reminiscences. By the end of the war, he was serving as a liaison officer with the Kings Company, Grenadier Guards and subsequently became a Captain in the Coldstream Guards.
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The young Sir Ivar Iain Colquhoun, 8th Baronet at his coming of age party in January, 1937
He was married in 1943 to Kathleen Nimmo Duncan (died 17 April 2007), 2nd daughter of Walter Atholl Duncan, of Cadogan Sq, London. His wife's sister Marjorie Ray Duncan married in 1938 the 6th Earl of Verulam. After marriage, he settled the family at Camstradden, by Luss. His eldest son, Torquhil (who died in 1963 at the age of 19), was born in 1944, followed by Iona Mary (who married the 12th Duke of Argyll in 1964) in 1945 and Malcolm Rory Colquhoun (b 20 Dec 1947), 9th baronet, who as the surviving son succeeded as Clan Chief, in 1947. Prior to succeeding to the title, he was styled Malcolm Colquhoun of Luss, younger of Luss, as the heir to the baronetcy and estate.
Sir Ivar was the eighth baronet, the 30th Laird of Luss and Clan Chief of Colquhoun. As a member of the Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs, he made regular appearances at clan gatherings and clan games and endorsed the clan museum. From 1949 until 1982 he was chieftain of the Luss Highland Games which were held every July. He served as a Justice of the Peace for over 20 years, though was reported to not enjoy it much. He was a deputy lieutenant for Dunbartonshire and for 20 years (between the 1950’s and 1970’s) was the chairman of the British Sailors’ Society, a charity dear to his heart. He was a keen sailor, often exploring the sea lochs up the West Coast where he knew and loved the inlets and passages around the western isles as well as any man alive. He was also an active force in the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, while his sister, Lady Arran, was a powerboat champion and pioneer. A countryman through and through, he was a keen shot and gardener with a particular interest in forestry plantations, never happier than when out with his gun, or in his garden, or inspecting one of the forestry schemes that he assiduously cultivated on the Luss Estate. He also loved brightly colored cars.
He inherited the titles and the Luss Estate from his father, Sir Ian Colquhoun, the 7th Baronet, who died in 1948. The legacy he had been left by his father, which in those days extended to some 70,000 acres on the west side of Loch Lomond, was not in good shape (business matters had never been Sir Iain’s forte) and so he devoted his energies to restoring the fortunes of the Luss Estate, which he had initially been advised to sell. Although the estate, renowned as one of Britain’s most beautiful, with its hill grazing for sheep, was not economically viable for agriculture, and its sporting facilities for pheasant and grouse shooting, stalking and fishing were not in the big league, Colquhoun fought a valiant battle against the encroachment of urban sprawl. He was a principled opponent of wind farms on the ground of aesthetics even when there were lucrative subsidies available and few objections from the green lobby, thus preserving Loch Lomond from an eyesore. He lived at the family mansion of Rossdhu until 1972, when economic reality meant that large houses such as this were no longer viable, and moved back to Camstradden where he had embarked on married life almost 30 years before.
In the event, with nearby Glasgow, once famous for its slums, becoming renowned as a prosperous city, the solution to the problem was inspired. Twenty years ago Colquhoun invited the American golfer Tom Weiskopf, to develop a golf course, and this was eventually achieved in co-operation with the Arizona developer Lyle Anderson. The result is an internationally famous golf course that attracts top professionals in the summer just before the British Open and is well known to television viewers. The land is leased from the Colquhouns, and their magnificent Robert Adam-designed house, Rossdhu, has become the clubhouse decorated with the family tartan, with their furniture and paintings, while Colquhoun and his wife Kay, lived in the dower house next door. At the same time, Colquhoun fought hard to protect the village of Luss, often voted the prettiest village in Scotland, and won a five-year campaign to prevent BP building an oil terminal on his land. Those who worked for Colquhoun during his 60-year tenure at Luss recall that, although shy, he was a canny and doughty fighter, resisting the lure of development money. His proactive diplomatic efforts to protect the islands in the loch and the cottages on his land were executed with brilliance and a firm hand, often he simply said: "We don't do that."
An enthusiastic traveller, especially in African countries such as Egypt, Säo Tomâe and Guinea, where he steeped himself in the local culture and historical oddities such as distilling from sugar cane and enjoyed puzzling out the purposes of archaeological remains. While travelling to Samarkand with his old friend Sir Iain Moncreiffe, the two seemed to delight in competing with each other to describe arcane details of tribal life. In addition to his other interests, Sir Ivar had a great interest in – and considerable knowledge of – Clan and genealogical matters, although in his old age he had delegated many of his duties, including those as Chieftain of Luss Games, to his son Malcolm.
Lady Colquhoun died in April 2007 on their 64th wedding anniversary. Sir Ivar lived out the rest of his days at Camstradden, becoming ill in August 2007 with a recurrence of a cancer problem from many years before. Although he kept himself largely to himself, he was a familiar figure around Helensburgh with his dogs and brightly coloured cars; he was a generous host, a knowledgeable and witty companion to his many friends, and deserves to be remembered for having rescued and replenished his threadbare inheritance and, in so doing, preserving the ancestral lands of Clan Colquhoun for posterity – a considerable achievement, and one of which he was enormously proud. Sir Ivar Colquhoun died peacefully at home at Camstraddan on his beloved Loch Lomondside just outside the village of Luss on the 31st of January 1938. Sir Ivar was the longest serving Clan Chief of Colquhoun, having succeeded to the title in November 1948 and holding it for almost 60 years. With his death, the last of the great post-war generation of landowning Scottish clan chiefs – familiar names such as Cameron of Lochiel, Fraser of Lovat, the Dukes of Atholl and Montrose – came to an end. He was also one the last survivors of the 5th Battalion, Scots Guards.
He is succeeded in the baronetcy by his surviving son Malcolm (60) who is married to Katharine. They have three children, Patrick, Fergus and Georgina.
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Sir Ivar Iain Colquhoun, 8th Baronet, Guardsman (5th Battalion, Scots Guards)
To Be Continued.....
The 5th Battalion, Scots Guards (Continued)
William Hubert Fox
William Hubert Fox (26 January 1911 – 20 September 2008) was born in Manila in the Philippines, the son of a successful trader who operated around the South China Sea. His parents travelled extensively and whilst still an infant he had visited Madrid, Paris and London. In 1916 Fox was sent to preparatory school, then attended Haileybury Public School. He was expected to go on to Oxford University and thence into the petroleum industry; but this was not to be. Fox read an advertisement in The Times inviting people to audition for the Central School of Speech and Drama (well known for training actors). He won a scholarship but since he was from a wealthy family, the scholarship was only given on the condition that the money be passed on to the next person on the list. Fox's father agreed to fund Fox's studies only on the basis that Fox would complete what was normally a two-year course in a single year. He achieved this, and was awarded the school's gold medal upon graduating.
In 1930 Fox left drama school and won a role in London's West End performing in an eight-month run of W. Somerset Maugham's new play The Breadwinner at the Vaudeville Theatre. Following this success Fox co-founded an acting troupe, based in the West Country, where they converted a former swimming baths in Teignmouth into a theatre. He staged the thriller Rope and following a glowing review from actor Cyril Maude, the play had an eight-week sold-out run. In 1932 he married Carol Rees, who was seven years his senior and already pregnant with their daughter. The relationship did not survive the divergence of their careers and Rees petitioned for divorce in 1937. Fox went on to perform in J.B. Priestley's play Dangerous Corner, directed by Tyrone Guthrie; he was billed as "a great discovery". He rejected an offer to join the Broadway cast of the play, opting to join a company led by John Gielgud at the Old Vic Theatre. He played opposite Peggy Ashcroft in As You Like It, and their performance was painted by Walter Sickert.
1934 was Fox's busiest year to date; he performed in five stage plays in the West End. One was Precipice, a play about a ballet, which co-starred dancer Anton Dolin. After a short spell on Broadway, Fox returned to Britain. In the US he had been offered an audition by Warner Bros., but turned it down since his new love, Patricia Hillard was acting in Oxford. After being spotted dining together at the Savoy Grill by W. B. Priestley, who said he had never seen a couple "so much in love", they had a successful run in Priestley's play I Have Been Here Before which ran from 1937 until 1938. Fox also acted in and wrote radio dramas. He often wrote under a pseudonym, as he didn't want his fellow actors to know he was the writer and sometimes made casting decisions. His first performance was in 1934 in Ibsen's The Lady from the Sea.
In 1939 Fox and Hillard were living in Dolphin Square, where they became annoyed by their neighbour, Unity Mitford's, habit of playing loud Nazi marching songs. Inspired by this, and fortified by "lunch at L'Ecu de France", Fox joined the Territorial Army. While he was receiving military training he also happened to be playing a Nazi officer in a play called Weep for the Spring, about life in Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler.
As a territorial soldier Fox was amongst the first to be called up in 1939 upon the declaration of war with Germany. Fox was commissioned as an officer in the London Irish Rifles. He volunteered to join a ski battalion which was to be sent to Finland to aid that country in the Winter War against the Soviet Union. On his return from Finland, he attended Staff College at Camberley, then spent the majority of the war stationed in North Africa and the Middle East. One of his roles involved helping to administer the meeting between Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin in Tehran in 1943. After six years service Fox was demobilized with the rank of Major (and had had a spell as an acting Lieutenant-Colonel). He later learned that in 1945, a few days before the liberation of Manila, his parents had been shot by the Japanese. After the war he continued to hold a reserve commission as a captain and honorary Major until 1961, when he reached the age limit for service. He was awarded the Territorial Efficiency Decoration (TD) in 1967.
After demobilisation Fox was considered too old to take on the types of “younger” roles he had used to play, and as he had no experience as a lead actor directors were wary of casting him in these parts. It was whilst in Baghdad that Fox decided to start the Reunion Theatre; this association was designed to help demobilised actors who had been out of the business for several years. The association did this by performing extracts from well-known plays and inviting agents and producers to watch. One actor who benefitted from this was Dirk Bogarde. After several successful productions Fox handed over the chairmanship of the Reunion Theatre to Laurence Olivier. During the 1950s and '60s Fox's career was mixed; he did a season at Stratford and took on several West End comedies. The 1960s saw less theatrical roles; he did however perform in film, television and radio, for which he also wrote.
Fox started a wine merchant business and also dealt in antiques and pictures. These activities led to his devoting less time to acting though he continued to perform, notably in television shows such as The Duchess of Duke Street, When the Boat Comes In and Yes, Prime Minister. The late 1970s saw a return to theatre and the West End in a revival of T.S. Eliot's The Family Reunion. He would also appear in an opera as Haushofmeister in Strauss’s Ariadne auf Naxos at Glyndebourne. Fox was a member of the Gentlemen's Club and the Garrick Club, where he often spent time in the company of Kenneth More and Kingsley Amis
Photo sourced from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/e ... am_Fox.jpg
William Hubert Fox, Actor and Guardsman, 5th Battalion, Scots Guards
Brigadier Simon “Shimi” Christopher Joseph Fraser, DSO, MC, TD, 15th Lord Lovat, 4th Baron Lovat and 25th Chief of the Clan Fraser
Simon Christopher Joseph Fraser, the 15th Lord Lovat, 4th Baron Lovat and 25th Chief of the Clan Fraser was born on 9 July 1911 in Beaufort Castle (the Lovat’s traditional home), Inverness, Scotland and died 16 March 1995 in Beauly, Inverness-shire, Scotland. His friends called him "Shimi" Lovat, an anglicised version of his first name in the Scottish Gaelic language. His clan referred to him as MacShimidh, his Gaelic patronymic, meaning Son of Simon. Simon ws the favored first name for the Chiefs of Clan Fraser. Fraser was the son of the 14th Lord Lovat and Laura, daughter of Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale. After being educated at Ampleforth College (where he was a member of the Officer Training Corps) and Oxford University, where he joined the University's Cavalry Squadron, Fraser was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Lovat Scouts (a Territorial Army unit) in 1930.
The Lovat Scouts were first formed in January 1900 for service in the Second Boer War as a Scottish Highland yeomanry regiment of the British Army by Simon Joseph Fraser, 14th Lord Lovat, father Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat, and uncle of David Stirling, the creator of the Special Air Service. The unit was commanded by an American, Major Frederick Russell Burnham, the British Army Chief of Scouts under Lord Roberts, who fittingly described the Lovat Scouts as "half wolf and half jackrabbit”. Major Burnham was selected for an award of the the Victoria Cross but declined rather than give up his American citizenship. Well practiced in the arts of marksmanship, field craft, and military tactics, they were also phenomenal woodsmen always ready to tempt fate, but also practitioners of discretion: "He who shoots and runs away, lives to shoot another day." The Lovat Scouts also have the distinction of being the first military unit to wear a Ghillie suit.
The Lovat Scouts were attached to the Black Watch, but were then disbanded in July 1901 while two surviving companies (the 113th and 114th) were formed for the Imperial Yeomanry. When the Second Boer War ended in 1902, the two companies of the Imperial Yeomanry were also disbanded. The unit was reformed the following year as two regiments, titled the 1st and 2nd Lovat Scouts. From these scouts a sharpshooter unit was formed and in 1916 this became the British Army's first specialist sniper unit. The two Lovat Scouts battalions saw extensive involvement on the Western Front, at Gallipoli, in Egypt and in Macedonia during WW1. The Sharpshooters were formed from gamekeepers (or ghillies) from the highland estates and were used in an observation and sniping role on the Western Front until the end of the War. With the defence cuts implemented after World War I, one regiment of the Lovat Scouts was disbanded in 1922.
With the start of the Second World War, the Lovat Scouts were mobilized and there were initially plans to send the Battalion to Finland to join the 5th Battalion Scots Guards and the Atholl Highlanders. However, with the Battle of France in full swing and Norway having been lost, in May 1940 the Lovat Scouts were instead sent as a garrison to the Faroe Islands to protect against a possible German invasion. They remained there until June 1942, when they were sent back to the UK and a number were removed from the unit due to a decrease in performance. The numbers were then swelled with new recruits, including hill walkers from Yorkshire and Lancashire, but also new recruits from the Regiment's more traditional recruiting areas. After a period based in northern Scotland and in Wales, the Scouts were sent to Canada in December 1943 for specialist ski and mountain training. As a consequence of their training in Jasper, they were sent to Finland from mid 1944 to the end of the war, where they fought as a component of the Allied Forces under overall Finnish command.
However, that’s more by way of a footnote than anything. Returning now to Lord Lovat, he transferred to the regular army (still as a second lieutenant) joining the Scots Guards in 1931. The following year, Fraser succeeded his father to become the 15th Lord Lovat and 25th Chief of the Clan Fraser. He was promoted lieutenant in August 1934. Lovat resigned his regular commission as a lieutenant in 1937, transferring to the Supplementary Reserve of Officers. He married Rosamond Broughton, the daughter of Jock Delves Broughton, on 10 October 1938, with whom he had six children.
Photo sourced from: http://www.pegasusarchive.org/normandy/ ... ovat_4.jpg
“Shimi” Lovat and Rosamond, nee Broughton on their wedding day, 10 October 1938
Photo sourced from: http://i49.servimg.com/u/f49/15/99/12/13/lord_l11.jpg
“Shimi” Lovat in 1939, just prior to the start of WW2
In June 1939 Lord Lovat also resigned his reserve commission. In August 1939 however, as war approached, Lord Lovat was mobilized as a captain in the Lovat Scouts. He volunteered for the 5th Battalion, Scots Guards and would see service in Finland where his natural abilities as a military commander would shine, despite his having enrolled in the Battalion as a Guardsman. With the 5th Battalion attached to Osasto Nyrkki, and with the full fury of the war forcing a rapid tempo of operations, Lord Lovat soon found himself a Captain once more, only this time in command of a mixed group of volunteers from a number of the Commonwealth Battalions who had volunteered for “special service”. In September 1940, Captain The Lord Lovat was awarded the Finnish Cross of Liberty, 1st Class for his part in a raid on military installations in Leningrad. His citation (translated from the original Finnish) reads:
Captain The Lord Lovat commanded a detachment of our soldiers which carried out a successful raid on military installations within the Soviet-occupied city of Pietari on the night of 21st/22nd July, 1940. Although the area selected for the raid formed part of a highly organised defensive position and although the enemy brought fire to bear on and around our attacking troops as soon as their presence became known, Captain The Lord Lovat by his speedy and clear-headed appreciation of the situation and by his cool leadership succeeded in retaining the initiative and by either killing or driving the Russians from their positions, enabled our fighting teams to carry out the demolitions which were the object of the raid.
Throughout the operation Captain The Lord Lovat exercised faultless control and bold and skilful handling of his forces, not only in the initial stages which entailed the elimination of enemy guardposts and defensive positions, but also during the two hours spent deep within the enemy positions in attaining of the objective. Later, although the withdrawal was a precarious undertaking owing to the enemy's continuing attacks and defensive fire, and to the nature of the withdrawal itself, it was achieved without casualties and utilizing a carefully planned and laid smoke screen to conceal the assault gyrocopters which removed the detachment.
I consider the fact that this operation was carried out with complete success and practically without loss to our troops was largely due to the excellent leadership and control of Captain The Lord Lovat.
(Note of course the reference to the “Soviet-occupied city of Pietari” – when this Award was publicized, the war was in its last weeks, the Kremlin had been destroyed, Stalin was dead, incinerated together with a sizable portion of the Politburo and secret peace negotiations were underway with his successors. At this stage of the Winter War, and with the Finnish military holding a front that stretched from the White Sea to the suburbs of Leningrad, Finland was applying pressure obliquely on the still-secret negotiations by referring to Pietari (St Petersburg) and Ingermanland (the area surrounding Leningrad and stretching from the Finnish border to Estonia) as traditionally part of Finland, which indeed it is/was).
Following his return from Finland and the Winter War, Lord Lovat volunteered to join one of the new commando units being formed by the British Army, and was eventually attached to No. 4 Commando. Now a (temporary) Major, Lord Lovat commanded 100 men of No. 4 Commando and a 50-man detachment from the Canadian Carleton and York Regiment in a raid on the French coastal village of Hardelot in April 1942. For this action he was awarded the Military Cross on 7 July 1942. Lord Lovat became an acting Lieutenant-Colonel in 1942 and was appointed the commanding officer of No. 4 Commando, leading them in the abortive Dieppe Raid (Operation Jubilee) on 19 August. His commando attacked and destroyed a battery of six 150 mm guns. Lovat was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO).The raid as a whole was a disastrous failure: over 4,000 casualties were sustained, predominantly Canadian.
Photo sourced from: http://www.clanmacfarlanegenealogy.info ... 201942.JPG
Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat at Newhaven after returning from the Dieppe Raid, August 1942
Lord Lovat eventually became a Brigadier and became the commander of the newly formed 1st Special Service Brigade in 1944. Lord Lovat's brigade was landed on the coast of Estonia near Narva during the invasion of Estonia in April 1944. Lord Lovat reputedly waded ashore donning a white jumper under his battledress, with "Lovat" inscribed into the collar, while armed with a Suomi submachinegun. Lord Lovat instructed his personal piper, Bill Millin, to pipe the commandos ashore, in defiance of specific orders not to allow such an action in battle. When Private Millin demurred, citing the regulations, he recalled later, Lord Lovat replied: “Ah, but that’s the English War Office. You and I are both Scottish and we’re attached to the Finnish Army, so that doesn’t apply.”
Photo sourced from: http://www.sunray22b.net/images/bill_millin.gif
Miekka Beach (Invasion of Estonia). Lord Lovat, on the right of the column, wades through the water. The figure in the foreground is Piper Bill Millin.
Millin began his apparently suicidal serenade immediately upon jumping from the ramp of the landing craft into the icy water. As the Cameron tartan of his kilt floated to the surface he struck up with "Hieland Laddie". He continued even as the man behind him was hit, dropped into the sea and sank. Once ashore Millin did not run, but walked up and down the beach, blasting out a series of tunes. After Hieland Laddie, Lovat, the commander of 1st Special Service Brigade (1 SSB), raised his voice above the crackle of gunfire and the crump of mortar, and asked for another. Millin strode up and down the water’s edge playing The Road to the Isles. Bodies of the fallen were drifting to and fro in the surf. Soldiers were trying to dig in and, when they heard the pipes, many of them waved and cheered — although one came up to Millin and called him a “mad bastard”.
When the brigade moved off, Millin was with the group that attacked the rear of a small town being used as a defensive position by the Germans. After the capture of the town, he went with Lovat towards Narva, piping along the road. They were very exposed, and were shot at by snipers from across the river. Millin stopped playing. Everyone threw themselves flat on the ground — apart from Lovat, who went down on one knee. When one of the snipers scrambled down a tree and dived into a field, Lovat stalked him and shot him. He then sent two men into the long grass to look for him and they came back with the corpse. “Right, Piper,” said Lovat, “start the pipes again.”
At Puhkova, where they again came under fire, the CO asked Millin to play them down the main street. He suggested that Millin should run, but the piper insisted on walking and, as he played Blue Bonnets Over the Border, the commandos followed. When they came to the crossing which later became known as Puhkova Bridge, Maavoimat Parajaegers on the other side signaled frantically that it was under sniper fire. Lovat ordered Millin to shoulder his bagpipes and play the commandos over. “It seemed like a very long bridge,” Millin said afterwards. The pipes were damaged by shrapnel later that day, but remained playable. Millin was surprised not to have been shot, and he mentioned this to some Germans who had been taken prisoner. They said that they had not shot at him because they thought he had gone off his head.
William Millin, the son of a policeman, was born in Glasgow on July 14 1922. For a few years the family lived in Canada, but they returned to Scotland and Bill went to school in Glasgow. He joined the TA before the Second World War and played in the pipe band of the 7th Battalion the Highland Light Infantry. He subsequently transferred to the Cameron Highlanders before volunteering to join the commandos in 1941. He met Lord Lovat while he doing his commando training at Achnacarry, north of Fort William. Lovat, the hereditary chief of the Clan Fraser, offered him a job as his batman, but Millin turned this down and Lovat agreed instead to take him on as his personal piper. When Millin boarded the landing craft bound for the Estonian beaches, he took his bagpipes out of their box and, standing in the bow, played Road to the Isles as they went out of Kotka. Someone relayed the music over the loud hailer and troops on other transports heard it and started cheering and throwing their hats in the air.
Like many others, Millin was so seasick on the rough crossing that the coast of Estonia proved a welcome sight, despite the dangers that came with it. “I didn’t care what was going on ashore. I just wanted to get off that bloody landing craft,” he said. He accompanied 4 Commando down the Baltic coast, into Poland and then on to Germany; he finished the war at Lubeck. After being demobilised the following year he took up the offer of a job on Lord Lovat’s estate. This life proved too quiet for him, however, and he joined a touring theatre company with which he appeared playing his pipes on the stage in London, Stockton-on-Tees and Belfast. In the late 1950s he trained in Glasgow as a registered mental nurse and worked in three hospitals in the city. In 1963 Millin moved to Devon, where he was employed at the Langdon Hospital, Dawlish, until he retired in 1988. In several of the Ten Tors hikes on Dartmoor organised by the Army he took part as the piper, and also visited America, where he lectured about his D-Day experiences. Millin played the lament at Lord Lovat’s funeral in 1995, and he donated his pipes to the National War Museum in Edinburgh. Bill Millin married Margaret Mary Dowdel in 1954. She predeceased him and he is survived by their son.
Lovat's forces swiftly pressed on, Lovat himself advancing with parts of his brigade from Miekka Beach to Puhkova Bridge, which had been held by men of the Finnish Army’s Parajaeger Division who had landed in the early hours by glider. Lord Lovat's commandos arrived at a little past one p.m. at Puhkova Bridge though the rendezvous time as per the plan was noon. Upon reaching the rendezvous, Lord Lovat apologized to Everstiluutnantti Yrjö Mäntyruumisarkku, CO of the 7th Parajaegerpataljoona (Paratroop Battalion). The commandos then marched across Puhkova Bridge to the sound of Bill Millin's bagpipes, as a result of which twelve men died, shot through their berets. Later detachments of the commandos rushed across in small groups with their helmets on. He went on to establish defensive positions around the outskirts of Puhkova, south of Narva. The bridges were relieved later in the day by elements of the Maavoimat's 3rd Field Infantry Division.
Photo sourced from: http://www.commandoveterans.org/images/VL158.png
Two legendary Commando Officers - the 'Laird' of Achnacarry, Lt. Col Charles Vaughan and Lt. Col The Lord Lovat : photo taken shortly after the capture of Narva, E-Day+2 (there is no record of why Lt Col. Vaughan was in Estonia, what role he played or how long he stayed. It may be that he was evaluating training for the Commando forces vis-à-vis actual combat as Lt-Col Vaughan ran the Commando training centre which trained all the Allied Commandos and the US Rangers during the Second World War. Born in 1893 (died 1968), he was a Veteran of the First World War and the Retreat from Mons in 1914. In the inter war years he graduated from Drill Sergeant to RSM, but he was much more than just a bawling barrack square man, although he could do that if needed. His obvious military potential as an officer was recognised and he was commissioned. A Londoner by birth and proud of it, Charlie's standards for soldiers and soldiering were set by his long service in war and peace. He accepted nothing but the best, whether it be in fitness, training, weaponry and musketry, fieldcraft and tactics, drill and turnout, or even in the more apparently mundane matters of administration which included feeding and hygiene. Together all these factors made the 'whole' - and the self disciplined and reliant Commando soldier 'fit to fight' and 'fighting fit' with high morale, willing and capable of tackling any military task, under any circumstances, and against any odds" He apparently served in No.7 and No.4 Commando before taking up his role as the Commandant of the newly formed Commando depot at Achnacarry, a position he held from 1942-1945.
During the Battle of Utena on 12 June 1944, Lord Lovat was seriously wounded whilst observing an artillery bombardment by the 21st Pansaaridivisoona. A stray shell fell short of its target and landed amongst the group of observing officers, killing one, and seriously wounding others. Lord Lovat made a full recovery from the severe wounds he had received in the Baltic but was unable to return to the army (he transferred to the reserve in 1949). In 1945 he joined the Government as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, "becoming responsible for the functions of the Ministry of Economic Warfare when these were taken over by the Foreign Office". He resigned upon Winston Churchill's election defeat. In 1946 he was made a Commander of the Venerable Order of Saint John. His formal retirement from the army came on 16 June 1962, he retained the honorary rank of brigadier.
Lord Lovat's involvement in politics continued throughout his life, in the House of Lords and the Inverness County Council. He devoted much of his time to the family estates. He was chieftain of the Lovat Shinty Club, the local shinty team which bears his family name. Lord Lovat experienced a great deal of turmoil in his final years; suffering financial ruin and two of his sons predeceased him in accidents within months of each other. A year before his death, in 1994, the family's traditional residence, Beaufort Castle, was sold. Piper Bill Millin, Lord Lovat's personal piper who had piped the Commandos ashore on D-Day, played at Lord Lovat's funeral.
Capt. Hugo Samuel Kenneth Greenlees
On 26 April 1940, Lt Greenlees was posted to The Cameronians. After serving in Finland with the 5th Battalion, Scots Guards, he ended up joining SOE. The London Gazette of 18 Feb 1943 records Lieutenant Hugo Samuel Kenneth Greenlees (129984), Infantry (Betchworth, Surrey), but with no mention as to why. On 4 January 1945, Captain Hugo Samuel Kenneth Greenlees (129984) of The Cameronians Special Reserve was awarded the OBE (Middle East, Special Operations). Greenlees was part of the SOE team assigned to work with the Chetniks in Yugoslavia attached to the HQ of Mihailovitch, the Chetnik Commander.
Photo sourced from: http://www.commandoveterans.org/cdoGall ... __+5tp.jpg
Captain Kenneth Greenlees, No.11 Commando 5 troop. Photo © NMS/2012 courtesy of National Museum Scotland
Captain Eric Stewart 'Bertie' Hodgson (75234)
The London Gazette of 3 May 1938 records that Eric Stewart HODGSON (late Cadet Lce.-Corp, Sutton Valence School Contingent, Jun. Div., O.T.C.) to be 2nd Lt. as of 4th May 1938 with the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment. He volunteered for the 5th Battalion Scots Guards and was killed in action on 28 June 1940 at the age of 21 in a Raid on a Soviet airfield.
Photo sourced from: http://www.commandoveterans.org/cdoGall ... on+kia.jpg
Captain Eric Stewart 'Bertie' Hodgson
Photo sourced from: http://www.commandoveterans.org/cdoGall ... -resiz.jpg
Lt Col. Charles Newman, CO of 2 Commando, with Captains Ronnie Mitchell and Eric 'Bertie' Hodgson, two of his officers. 1941. Colonel Charles standing, Ronnie Mitchell nearest the camera. Eric 'Bertie' Hodgson was killed in action at St Nazaire. Charles Newman was awarded the Victoria Cross at St Nazaire. Ronnie Mitchell was awarded the MBE in 1945.
Anthony Hough
(no information found)
Guardsman Earl Jellicoe: George Patrick John Rushworth Jellicoe
Guardsman Earl Jellicoe: George Patrick John Rushworth Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe, KBE, DSO, MC, PC, FRS (4 April 1918 – 22 February 2007) was the only son but sixth and youngest child of First World War naval commander, commander at the Battle of Jutland, Admiral of the Fleet The 1st Earl Jellicoe by his wife Florence Gwendoline (died 1964), second daughter of Sir Charles Cayzer, 1st Bt., of Gartmore,
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"Nick Kingsley"
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On this site, which was short-listed for the SAHGB Colvin Prize in 2019, I present the results of my research into the landowning families of the British Isles and the country houses which they owned. Comments, especially in the form of corrections, additional information or new illustrations, are very welcome. Please use the Contact Form in the right hand side bar to contact me privately or the comments facility at the bottom of the page to make a public comment.
|
en
|
https://landedfamilies.blogspot.com/favicon.ico
|
https://landedfamilies.blogspot.com/2024/02/
|
On this site, which was short-listed for the SAHGB Colvin Prize in 2019, I present the results of my research into the landowning families of the British Isles and the country houses which they owned. Comments, especially in the form of corrections, additional information or new illustrations, are very welcome. Please use the Contact Form in the right hand side bar to contact me privately or the comments facility at the bottom of the page to make a public comment.
|
|||
2428
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dbpedia
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2
| 35
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https://www.poemhunter.com/john-gillespie-magee/
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en
|
John Gillespie Magee
|
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John Gillespie Magee poems, quotations and biography on John Gillespie Magee poet page. John Gillespie Magee poetry page; read all poems by John Gillespie Magee written.
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/favicon.ico
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Poem Hunter
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https://www.poemhunter.com/john-gillespie-magee/
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John Gillespie Magee Biography
John Gillespie Magee, Jr. was an American aviator and poet who died as a result of a mid-air collision over Lincolnshire during World War II. He was serving in the Royal Canadian Air Force, which he joined before the United States officially entered the war. He is most famous for his poem "High Flight." Early Life John Gillespie Magee, Jr. was born in Shanghai, China, to an American father and a British mother who worked as Anglican missionaries. His father, John Magee Senior, was from a family in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania of some wealth and influence—there is the Pittsburgh Magee Hospital and the Magee Building. Magee Senior, disregarding family wealth, chose to become an Episcopal priest and was sent as a missionary to China and there met his wife, Faith Emmeline Backhouse. Faith came from Helmingham in Suffolk, England, and was a member of the Church Missionary Society. John and Faith were married in 1921; John Junior was their first-born son in 1922, followed by David, Christopher and Hugh. John began his education at the American School, Nanking (1929–1931). In 1931 he moved with his mother to Britain where he continued his education first at St Clare preparatory school near Walmer, Kent (1931–1935). He was educated at Rugby School from 1935 to 1939. Magee developed his poetry whilst at the school, and in 1938 won the school's Poetry Prize. He was deeply moved by the roll of honour of Rugby students who had fallen in the First World War. This list of the fallen included the celebrated war poet Rupert Brooke (1887–1915), whose work Magee greatly admired and who had also won the school poetry prize 34 years prior to Magee. The poem refers to Brooke's burial, at 11 o'clock at night in an olive grove on the island of Skyros in Greece. "Sonnet to Rupert Brooke" "We laid him in a cool and shadowed grove One evening in the dreamy scent of thyme Where leaves were green, and whispered high above — A grave as humble as it was sublime; There, dreaming in the fading deeps of light — The hands that thrilled to touch a woman's hair; Brown eyes, that loved the Day, and looked on Night, A soul that found at last its answered Prayer... There daylight, as a dust, slips through the trees. And drifting, gilds the fern around his grave — Where even now, perhaps, the evening breeze Steals shyly past the tomb of him who gave New sight to blinded eyes; who sometimes wept — A short time dearly loved; and after, — slept." While at Rugby, Magee met and fell in love with Elinor, the daughter of Headmaster Hugh Lyon. Elinor Lyon was the inspiration for many of John's poems. Though Magee's love was not returned, he remained friends with Elinor and her family through to the end of his life. Magee and his family visited the United States in 1939. However, due to the outbreak of war, he was unable to return to Britain for his final year. Instead he lived with his aunt in Pittsburgh and attended Avon Old Farms School in Avon, Connecticut. He earned a scholarship to Yale University — where his father was then a chaplain — in July 1940 but did not enroll, choosing instead to enlist in the Royal Canadian Air Force in October of that year. Air Force Career Magee joined the RCAF in October 1940 and received flight training in the province of Ontario at No. 9 EFTS (Elementary Flying Training School) located at RCAF Station St. Catharines (St. Catharines), and at No. 2 SFTS (Service Flying Training School) at RCAF Station Uplands (Ottawa). He passed his Wings Test in June 1941. Shortly after being awarded his wings and being promoted to the rank of Pilot Officer Magee was sent to Britain. He was posted to No. 53 Operational Training Unit (OTU) in RAF Llandow, Wales to train on the Supermarine Spitfire. It was while serving with No. 53 OTU that Magee wrote his poem High Flight. After graduating from No. 53 OTU, Magee was assigned to No. 412 (Fighter) Squadron, RCAF, which was formed at RAF Digby, England, on 30 June 1941. The motto of this squadron was and is Promptus ad vindictam (Latin: "Swift to avenge"). Magee was qualified on and flew the Spitfire. Death Magee was killed at the age of 19, while flying Spitfire VZ-H, serial number AD-291. The aircraft was involved in a mid-air collision with an Airspeed Oxford trainer from RAF Cranwell, flown by Leading Aircraftman Ernest Aubrey. The two aircraft collided in cloud cover at about 1,400 feet AGL, at 11:30, over the hamlet of Roxholme, which lies between RAF Cranwell and RAF Digby, in Lincolnshire. Magee was descending at the time. At the inquiry afterwards a farmer testified that he saw the Spitfire pilot struggling to push back the canopy. The pilot stood up to jump from the plane but was too close to the ground for his parachute to open, and died on impact. Magee is buried at Holy Cross Cemetery, Scopwick in Lincolnshire, England. On his grave are inscribed the first and last lines from his poem High Flight: "Oh! I have slipped the surly bonds of Earth – Put out my hand and touched the Face of God." Part of the official letter to his parents read: "Your son's funeral took place at Scopwick Cemetery, near Digby Aerodrome, at 2:30 P.M. on Saturday, 13 December 1941, the service being conducted by Flight Lieutenant S. K. Belton, the Canadian padre of this Station. He was accorded full Service Honours, the coffin being carried by pilots of his own Squadron." A biography, Sunward I've Climbed, The Story of John Magee, Poet and Soldier, 1922–1941 was written by Hermann Hagedorn in 1942. "High Flight" Magee's posthumous fame rests mainly on his sonnet "High Flight", started on 18 August 1941, just a few months before his death, while he was based at No. 53 OTU. He had flown up to 33,000 feet in a Spitfire Mk I, his seventh flight in a Spitfire. As he orbited and climbed upward, he was struck with the inspiration of a poem — "To touch the face of God." He completed it later that day after landing. Purportedly, the first person to read this poem later that same day was fellow Pilot Officer Michael Le Bas (later Air Vice-Marshal M H Le Bas, Air Officer Commanding No. 1 Group RAF), with whom Magee had trained, in the officers' mess. Magee enclosed the poem on the back of a letter to his parents. His father, then curate of Saint John's Episcopal Church in Washington, DC, reprinted it in church publications. The poem became more widely known through the efforts of Archibald McLeish, then Librarian of Congress, who included it in an exhibition of poems called "Faith and Freedom" at the Library of Congress in February 1942. The manuscript copy of the poem remains at the Library of Congress. The poem "High Flight" Oh! I have slipped the surly bonds of Earth And danced the skies on laughter-silvered wings; Sunward I’ve climbed, and joined the tumbling mirth of sun-split clouds, — and done a hundred things You have not dreamed of — wheeled and soared and swung High in the sunlit silence. Hov’ring there, I’ve chased the shouting wind along, and flung My eager craft through footless halls of air.... Up, up the long, delirious, burning blue I’ve topped the wind-swept heights with easy grace. Where never lark, or even eagle flew — And, while with silent lifting mind I have trod The high untrespassed sanctity of space, - Put out my hand, and touched the face of God. Sources of inspiration for poem The same words that conclude "High Flight" - "And touched the face of God" - also conclude a poem by Cuthbert Hicks published three years earlier in Icarus: An Anthology of the Poetry of Flight (Macmillan, London, 1938) compiled by R de la Bere and three flight cadets of the Royal Air Force College, Cranwell. In fact the last two lines in the Hicks poem are: For I have danced the streets of heaven, And touched the face of God. This was in the poem "The Blind Man Flies". Of the many poets in this book, Hicks was one of only four that de la Bere was unable to trace and contact. The same book contains the poem "New World" by G. W. M. Dunn, which contains the phrase "on laughter-silvered wings." Dunn also wrote of "the lifting mind", another phrase that Magee uses in "High Flight." Dunn also refers to "the shouting of the air"; Magee has "chased the shouting wind". Finally, Magee's penultimate line, "The high untrespassed sanctity of space", closely resembles "Across the unpierced sanctity of space", which appears in the same volume in a poem by C. A. F. B. entitled "Dominion over Air", also previously published in the RAF College Journal. These many coincidences of borrowed phrases from the same source book suggest that Magee was heavily influenced by it. Modern use of the poem "High Flight" has endured as a favourite poem among aviators and, more recently, astronauts. Today it serves as the official poem of the Royal Canadian Air Force and Royal Air Force. It must be recited from memory by fourth class cadets (freshmen) at the United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) where it is also on display in the Cadet Field House. Portions of this poem appear on many headstones in Arlington National Cemetery. The poem itself also appears as part of display panels at the Canadian War Museum, Ottawa, the National Air Force Museum of Canada, Trenton, Ontario, and is the subject of a permanent display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Dayton, Ohio. Gen. Robert Lee Scott, Jr. included it in his book God is My Co-Pilot. Astronaut Michael Collins brought an index card with the poem typed on it on his Gemini 10 flight and included the complete poem in his autobiography Carrying The Fire. Former NASA Flight Director Gene Kranz quoted the first line of the poem in his book Failure Is Not An Option, at the end of Chapter 16, which deals with the Apollo 11 moon landing. Ronald Reagan quoted from "High Flight" in his speech (written by Peggy Noonan) that followed the Challenger disaster on January 28, 1986. He quoted: ..."slipped the surly bonds of Earth" to "touch the face of God." By 1950 there was a primary school reader in Ontario, Canada called High Flight which featured this poem. It had to be memorized by all students in Grade 8. Musical Adaptations Songs and symphonic compositions have been based on Magee's text (including Bob Chilcott's 2008 setting, premiered on 1 May 2008 by the King's Singers). The poem was set to music and adapted by John Denver on his 1983 album It's About Time. The poem was set to music (SATB choir and saxophone) by composer Christopher Marshall. The piece was commissioned and premiered by The Orlando Chorale (Orlando, Florida) in March 2009 under the direction of Gregory Ruffer with saxophonist George Weremchuk. The first performance of a setting of words, known as "Even Such Is Time" from Fauré’s Requiem plus additional non-liturgical texts including “High Flight” was performed by the Nantwich Choral Society, conducted by John Naylor on Saturday 26 March 2011 in St Mary’s Church, Nantwich, Cheshire, UK. The music was written by Andrew Mildinhall, the former organist at the church, who accompanied the performance with the Northern Concordia Orchestra. American composer James Curnow was commissioned by the Graduates Association of Tenri High School Band in Nara, Japan to write a piece for concert band in honor of the 50th anniversary of its association. The piece is entitled Where Never Lark or Eagle Flew with the subtitle "Based on a poem by John Gillespie Magee, Jr." Other Use in The Media Many U.S. television viewers were introduced to "High Flight" when some TV stations ended (and sometimes also began) their programming day with short films based on it. For example, the sign-off film occasionally used by KCRA-TV in Sacramento, California featured the spoken poem played to music and film of Air Force footage. In episode three, season seven of British archaeology documentary series Time Team the poem is read during the end credits. The episode focuses on the excavation of a downed Spitfire. In an episode of The West Wing ("The Crackpots and These Women," Season One Episode 5), President Josiah Bartlet references the last line ("touched the face of God") while discussing America's ventures into outer space and pondering what the country's next great achievement might be. The poem is paraphrased in the penultimate episode "Daybreak" of Battlestar Galactica. In an episode of AMC's Mad Men ("Maidenform", Season Two Episode 6), showing the signoff footage of a television station, used in a scene to establish the late night hour of a tryst. The poem also features in the 1993 Russell Crowe movie For the Moment, in which it is recited by Crowe's character, Lachlan Curry, while wooing the character Lil. Slipstream, a 1989 post-apocalyptic science fiction adventure film, makes frequent use of the poem, most notably by Mark Hamill and Bob Peck, and in line with the film's predominant theme of aviation. Actor James Cromwell recites this poem in its entirety in the film The Snow Walker. Novelist Arthur Hailey quoted its first two lines as an epigraph for his bestselling novel Airport. A full transcript of the poem can be found in the preceding page of chapter one of Scott O'Grady's book Return With Honor. "Per Ardua" — the last poem? Shortly after Magee's first combat action on November 8, 1941, Magee sent his family another poem ("... another trifle which may interest you."). Or rather, the beginnings of a poem, never quite finished. Although it is not certain, this poem is quite possibly the last that Magee wrote. Per ardua ad astra is the motto of the Royal Air Force and other Commonwealth air forces such as the RAAF, RNZAF, and the RCAF. It dates from 1912 and was used by the newly-formed Royal Flying Corps, and is translated as "Through struggles to the stars". "Per Ardua" (To those who gave their lives to England during the Battle of Britain and left such a shining example to us who follow, these lines are dedicated.) "They that have climbed the white mists of the morning; They that have soared, before the world's awake, To herald up their foeman to them, scorning The thin dawn's rest their weary folk might take; Some that have left other mouths to tell the story Of high, blue battle, quite young limbs that bled, How they had thundered up the clouds to glory, Or fallen to an English field stained red. Because my faltering feet would fail I find them Laughing beside me, steadying the hand That seeks their deadly courage – Yet behind them The cold light dies in that once brilliant Land .... Do these, who help the quickened pulse run slowly, Whose stern, remembered image cools the brow, Till the far dawn of Victory, know only Night's darkness, and Valhalla's silence now?")
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https://broadwayhistorysociety.wordpress.com/tag/fritz-julius-lemp/
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Julius Lemp – Broadway History Society
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Posts about Fritz-Julius Lemp written by Broadway History Society
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Broadway History Society
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https://broadwayhistorysociety.wordpress.com/tag/fritz-julius-lemp/
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Town Class Destroyer HMS Broadway (H90) was first launched on 14th February 1920 and was the first ex-American destroyer involved in the capture of a U-boat during in the Atlantic during the Second World War.
The ship, originally commissioned and launched by Miss Victoria Hunt as USS Hunt (DD 194), was built by Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. in Virginia in the United States. She was one of 50 US Navy destroyers transferred to the Royal Navy from the US Navy as part of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement of 2nd September 1940.
On 8th October 1940, USS Hunt was commissioned as HMS Broadway in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, for use by the Royal Navy. Like all the other ex-US Navy destroyers transferred to the Royal Navy in 1940, her name was common to a village/town in England and a town in the US. HMS Broadway arrived at HM Dockyard Devonport on the south coast on 29th October for a refit and modification to be used as a Royal Navy convoy escort in the Atlantic.
Following the commissioning of the destroyer, Broadway’s Parish Councillor, Gordon Russell, agreed to give a talk to the BBC on the village of Broadway. However, the Chairman of the Parish Council, Arthur Williams JP, strongly objected to the talk on the grounds that ‘the enemy is likely to vent his wrath in a particular village that has given its name to one of His Majesty’s ships’. On 2nd January 1941, Williams sent a telegram to the BBC who replied that they could not stop the programme going ahead as it had already been publicised. Williams then sent a wire to Herbert Morrison, Home Secretary to the wartime coalition, stating that the airing of the programme would give ‘unnecessary publicity, and possible menace to the village’ and he also sent a telegram to the local Evesham MP, Mr Rupert De la Bère. Following discussions between the two, it was decided that the BBC programme should go ahead as it would not adversely affect Broadway or endanger the village or its residents in any way.
HMS Broadway, Convoy Escort and the Capture of an Enigma Machine
After undergoing initial trials HMS Broadway was taken to Scapa Flow for further preparations and to join the 11th Escort Group. However, she sustained damage during the trials and was repaired in Hull, then at the Clyde and Liverpool shipyards before work was finally completed on her back at Devonport and she was finally ready to go to war as an escort of convoys in the mid-Atlantic passage. HMS Broadway returned to Liverpool from where on 28th April 1941 she joined the 7th Escort Group, Western Approaches Command, in Iceland.
On 9th May 1941, whilst under the command of Lt. Commander Thomas Taylor, RN, and whilst protecting the Atlantic convoys with the help of destroyer HMS Bulldog and corvette HMS Aubretia, she assisted in the capture of German U-boat U-110 between Greenland and Iceland.
U-110, commanded by U-boat ace Lt. Fritz-Julius Lemp1, had successfully sunk two British ships during the Battle of the Atlantic. On the 9th May the U-boat was first detected by HMS Aubretia’s listening device and the corvette subsequently moved to engage the U-boat with depth charges. U-110 survived this first assault but when the two destroyers HMS Bulldog and HMS Broadway joined the attack the U-boat was forced to surface and HMS Bulldog’s captain set a course to ram the the boat. Lemp seeing this ordered his crew to abandon ship.
U-110 was captured (the first U-boat capture during the Second World War) and a boarding party was sent from HMS Bulldog under the command of Lieutenant Commander David Balme. On board, Radio Operator William Stewart Pollock noticed a unusual looking typewriter. He unscrewed it from the desk, gathered it up and later discovered he had taken a German Navy Enigma decoder machine and codebooks, the first operational Enigma machine captured during the war.
Once in the water, Lemp attempted to swim back to the U-boat when he realised that the scuttling charges were not going to detonate and that his boat might be captured and this was the last anyone saw of him.
The original plan was to tow the U-110 to Iceland. Fortuitously, the U-boat sank whilst under tow. Had the boat reached Iceland, it seems certain that German spies would have seen it and passed word back to Germany.
Although the German Navy (the Kriegsmarine) developed codes that were more complex after this capture, it gave Alan Turing and the code breakers at Bletchley Park their first insight into the Enigma code. The Bletchley Park cryptanalysts had found this code more complex and secure than that used by the Germany’s army and airforce.
Four officers and men of HMS Broadway were mentioned in dispatches and Lt. Commander Thomas Taylor received the DSC and Chief Stoker Arthur Harry Capelin P/K-46363 was awarded the DSM.
HMS Broadway continued to escort Atlantic convoys during 1942 and 1943 and on 12th May 1943, commanded by Lt. Commander Evelyn Henry Chavasse2, she joined frigate HMS Lagan and aircraft from escort carrier HMS Biter in destroying another German submarine, U-89, which was sunk northeast of the Azores.
After undergoing a refit at Belfast in September 1943, HMS Broadway became a target ship for aircraft and served as such at Rosyth in Scotland until the war ended in Europe, retiring from service during the summer of 1945. HMS Broadway was finally decommissioned and sold for scrap in May 1948.
HMS Broadway received the battle honours, Atlantic 1941-43 and North Sea 1944 for taking part in the sinking of two U-boats and the attacks on many others during which she covered nearly 100,000 miles on duty. She was known for her ‘Magic Eye’ which she had painted on her bows to ward off evil.
Support for HMS Broadway from the Broadway Branch of the British Legion
During the war HMS Broadway was one of two ships adopted by the village (the other being HMS Terrapin3). The Broadway branch of the British Legion undertook to supply HMS Broadway with comforts from the branch’s special war fund. Records, books, games, irons, writing paper, cards and envelopes and a box of football gear from Broadway United Football Club (the club had been suspended for the duration of the war) along with cheques to be spent by the ship’s commanding officer on the crew were amongst items sent. Several fundraisers were held in the village during the war: on Boxing Day 1941, Broadway United Football Club held a dance at the Lifford Memorial Hall to raise money for the crew and £284 was sent to the fund to provide further sports equipment for those on board the destroyer.
In June 1943, a badge made of pear wood was presented to the HMS Broadway by the Broadway branch of the British Legion on behalf of the village (see photo above). The shield was designed by the officers of the ship and partly by the artist, Major W.T. Hart of Chipping Campden. The badge, surrounded by the Naval Crown represents the albatross, being the badge of the US Navy, Broadway Tower and crossed anchors being common to both Navies. The badge was initially on view in J.B. Ball’s shop window on the High Street but is now on the wall in St Michael’s Church. A cast brass shield was also presented by the village to the ship for the ship’s bridge.
HMS Broadway’s Bell
The bell from HMS Broadway was salvaged when the ship was decommissioned. In 1951, in a ceremony at City Hall, the bell was presented by the Admiralty to Mayor Impelliteri of New York along with a leather bound volume relating the exploits of the destroyer after she joined the Royal Navy. The bell was later put into safe keeping at the the Lygon Arms Hotel, in the village, which was under the management of Donald Russell at the time. It was presented to the citizens of Broadway by Captain R.G. Mackay, British Naval representative on the United Nations Military Staff Committee, on behalf of the Admiralty.
The bell is currently on display at the Lygon Arms Hotel, High Street, Broadway, and will shortly be moved to Broadway Museum and Art Gallery, Tudor House, 65 High Street, Broadway.
Talk on HMS Broadway – 18th November 2019
To find out more about HMS Broadway, on Monday 18th November 2019, Doug Eyre, will be giving an illustrated talk entitled 1941, HMS Broadway and the Capture of the German Naval Enigma Machine in the Lifford Memorial Hall, Lower Green, Broadway, starting at 7pm. All welcome. Non-members of the Society £3.
Doug Eyre is Broadway Museum and Art Gallery’s resident artist and he has painted a picture depicting the important 1941 engagement that involved HMS Broadway and the discovery of the Enigma machine and codebooks.
Debbie Williamson
Broadway History Society
Notes:
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Abstract history, casualty
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Vanity Fair Spy Cartoons
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We have a large stock of original antique Vanity Fair "Spy" cartoons & caricatures by artists including "Spy" (Leslie Ward), "Ape" (Carlo Pellegrini), Guth, Lib, "T" et al. Subjects include artists, athletes, royalty, politicians, scientists, authors, actors, sportsmen, lawyers, diplomats, soldiers, clergy, scholars & men of the day
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We have a large stock of original antique Vanity Fair "Spy" cartoons & caricatures by artists including "Spy" (Leslie Ward), and "Ape" (Carlo Pellegrini). Vanity Fair was a weekly magazine published in London, founded & edited by Thomas Gibson Bowles. His aim was to expose to contemporary vanities of Victorian society. From 1868 to 1914, full page colour lithographs appeared in most weekly issues, frequently lampooning or lauding their subjects which included artists, athletes, royalty, politicians, scientists, authors, actors, sportsmen, lawyers, diplomats, soldiers, clergy, scholars & other celebrities of the day - mostly British, but also many other internationally significant personalities. Over 2,300 of these colour cartoons were printed, and they are considered the chief cultural legacy of the magazine, forming a pictorial record of many of the most significant public figures of the period. They are renowned throughout the world and highly collectible and recognisable. Famous artists contributed to Vanity Fair, typically under pen names. The best remembered today is Leslie Ward (1851-1922), who signed his works as "Spy", and whose caricatures account for well over half of those featured in Vanity Fair. So famous have these fabulous prints become, Vanity Fair caricatures today often are referred to simply as "Spy Cartoons". 'Spy', his nom de crayon, referred to his frequently used method of observing his victims secretly or from a distance for example at the racecourse, in the law courts, in church, in the university lecture theatre, or in the lobby of the Houses of Parliament. Whether drawn by Ward himself or another of the Vanity Fair artists, including Carlo Pellegrini, aka 'Singe' and 'Ape' (whose work is regarded by many as technically and artistically superior), Guth, Lib, "T" et al, the caricatures from this exceptional and unique publication have become prized collectibles. They epitomise Victorian society during the heyday of the British Empire.
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Royal Museums Greenwich
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Explore seafaring history, timekeeping and astronomy, fine art and the world's largest maritime library and archive collection. Start your search today.
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34th Congress for the International Association of Cape Horners, 1978
Abyssinian War, 1867-1868
Action off Helvoetsluys, 1796
Action off Leghorn, 1681
Admiral Civran's victory over Corsaris, 1753
Agassiz's expedition to the Amazon, 1865
Aldershot Cup
Alexander of Russia's visit to Peru, 1845
America's Cup
America's Cup, 1987
American Civil War, 1861-1865
American Civil War: Battle of Cherbourg, 1864
American Civil War: Battle of Hampton Roads, 1862
American Civil War: Bombardment of Port Royal, 1861
American War of Independence, 1775-1783
American War of Independence: Action off Flamborough Head, 1779
American War of Independence: Battle of Bunker Hill, 1775
American War of Independence: Battle of Doggerbank, 1781
American War of Independence: Battle of Lake Champlain, 1776
American War of Independence: Battle of Rhode Island, 1778
American War of Independence: Battle of Saint Kitts, 1782
American War of Independence: Battle of the Saints, 1782
American War of Independence: Battle of Yorktown, 1781
American War of Independence: Declaration of Independence, 1776
American War of Independence: Siege of Gibraltar, 1779
Anglo-Aro War, 1901-1902
Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan, 1896-1899
Anglo-Egyptian War, 1882
Anglo-Egyptian War: Battle of Tell El Kebir, 1882
Anglo-French War: Battle of Ushant, 1778
Anglo-Nepalese War, 1814-1816
Anglo-Spanish War: Action of the Goodwin Sands, 1602
Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Cape St Vincent, 1780
Anglo-Spanish War: Spanish Armada, 1588
Anglo-Spanish War: Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar, 1727
Anglo-Zulu War, 1879
Anglo–Persian War, 1856-1857
Antarctic Exploration: Amundsen's Antarctic Expedition, 1910
Antarctic Exploration: British, Australian, New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition, 1929-1931
Antarctic Exploration: British Antarctic Expedition, 1910-1913
Antarctic Exploration: British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901-1904
Antarctic Exploration: Expedition of Borchgrevink, 1898-1900
Antarctic Exploration: Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914-1916
Antarctic Exploration: James Clark Ross's voyage, 1838-1843
Antarctic Exploration: Mawson's Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911-1914
Antarctic Exploration: Sealing voyage of James Weddell, 1822-1824
Antarctic Exploration: Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition, 1907-1909
Apia cyclone, 1889
Arab-Israeli conflict: Suez Crisis, 1956
Arctic Exploration: Back's voyage, 1824-1827
Arctic Exploration: Back's voyage, 1833-1835
Arctic Exploration: Back's voyage, 1836-1837
Arctic Exploration: Barents' Voyages, 1594-1597
Arctic Exploration: British Arctic Air-Route Expedition, Watkins, 1930-1931
Arctic Exploration: Buchan's voyage, 1818
Arctic Exploration: Dr John Rae, 1853-1854
Arctic Exploration: Franklin's First Overland Expedition, 1819-1822
Arctic Exploration: Franklin's Last Expedition, 1845-1848
Arctic Exploration: Franklin's Second Overland Expedition, 1825-1827
Arctic Exploration: Franklin Search Expedition, Anderson, 1855
Arctic Exploration: Franklin Search Expedition, Austin, 1850-1851
Arctic Exploration: Franklin Search Expedition, Belcher, 1852-1854
Arctic Exploration: Franklin Search Expedition, Burwash, 1926
Arctic Exploration: Franklin Search Expedition, Collinson, 1850-1855
Arctic Exploration: Franklin Search Expedition, Forsyth, 1850
Arctic Exploration: Franklin Search Expedition, Grinnell, 1853-1855
Arctic Exploration: Franklin Search Expedition, Hall, 1864-1869
Arctic Exploration: Franklin Search Expedition, HMS Plover, 1848-1854
Arctic Exploration: Franklin Search Expedition, Inglefield, 1852
Arctic Exploration: Franklin Search Expedition, Inglefield, 1854
Arctic Exploration: Franklin Search Expedition, Kennedy, 1851-1852
Arctic Exploration: Franklin Search Expedition, McClintock, 1857-1859
Arctic Exploration: Franklin Search Expedition, McClure, 1850-1854
Arctic Exploration: Franklin Search Expedition, Penny, 1850-1851
Arctic Exploration: Franklin Search Expedition, Ross, 1848-1849
Arctic Exploration: Franklin Search Expedition, Schwatka, 1878-1880
Arctic Exploration: Franklin Search Expedition, Trollope, 1853-1855
Arctic Exploration: Navigation of the North-East Passage by Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, 1878-1879
Arctic Exploration: North Pole expedition, Nares, 1875-1876
Arctic Exploration: North Pole expedition, Phipps, 1773
Arctic Exploration: Parry's first voyage, 1819-1820
Arctic Exploration: Parry's second voyage, 1821-1823
Arctic Exploration: Parry's third voyage, 1824-1825
Arctic Exploration: Ross' First Voyage, 1818-1819
Arctic Exploration: Ross' second voyage, 1829-1833
Arrival in England of King George I, 1714
Ashantee War, 1873-1874
Attack on Spanish fleet at Cadiz, 1596
Attack on the Repulse at Scapa Flow, 1939
Battle of Actium, 31BC
Battle of Brindisi, BC42
Battle of Miani, 1843
Battle of Naulochus, 36BC
Battle of Salamis, 306BC
Baudin's expedition to New Holland, 1801
Benin Expedition, 1894
Benin Expedition, 1897
Birth of Admiral De Ruyter, 1607
Birth of Matthew Flinders, 1774
Birth of Nelson, 1758
Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1921
Bombardment of Algiers, 1816
Bombardment of St Malo, 1695
Bombardment of Tripoli, 1685
Boxer Rebellion, 1900
Boxer Rebellion: Relief of Peking, 1900
Boxer Rebellion: Taku Forts, 1900
Brass River Expedition, 1895
British Empire Exhibition, 1924
British Empire Games, 1950
British Graham Land Expedition, 1934-1937
British Steel Challenge, 1992
Capture of Amelia Island, 1817
Capture of Sardinia, 1708
Capture of the Covadonga, 1743
Capture of the Nereide, 1797
Charles III's voyage to Portugal, 1703-1704
Charles II landing at Dover, 1660
China's War against Pirates, 1862
China Fleet Annual Pulling Regatta, 1939
Chincha Islands War: Battle of Callao, 1866
Confederation of Canada & Newfoundland, 1948
Congress for the Institution of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers, 1897
Construction of the Fortress at Louisburg, 1713-1720
Cook landing at Nootka Sound, 1778
Coronation of Edward VI, 1547
Coronation of Edward VII, 1902
Coronation of Elizabeth II, 1953
Coronation of King George IV, 1821
Coronation of King George V, 1911
Coronation of King George VI, 1937
Coronation Review At Spithead, 1953
Corsairs, action against the Tripoli, 1729
Cowes Week, 1826
Cowes Week: Ladies Challenge Cup, 1830
Creation of the British India Steam Navigation Company, 1856
Creation of the London Missionary Society, 1795
Cretan War: Blockade of the Dardanelles, 1646
Crimean War, 1854-1856
Crimean War: Baltic Campaign, 1854-1855
Crimean War: Battle of Alma, 1854
Crimean War: Battle of Balaklava, 1854
Crimean War: Battle of Inkerman, 1854
Crimean War: Bombardment of Bomarsund, 1854
Crimean War: Bombardment of Odessa, 1854
Crimean War: Bombardment of Sweaborg, 1855
Crimean War: Campaign in Sea of Azov, 1855
Crimean War: Capture of Kinburn Forts, 1855
Crimean War: Siege of Sebastopol,1854-1855
Death of Admiral Duquesne, 1688
Death of Admiral Tromp, 1653
Death of Captain James Cook, 1779
Death of Cardinal Richelieu, 1642
Death of Henry the Navigator, 1460
Death of Nelson, 1805
Death of Pieter Pietersen Heyn, 1629
Defeat of the pirates of Salee, 1739
Destruction of the Soleil Royal, 1692
Discovery Oceanographic Expedition, 1925-1927
Discovery of Brazil, 1500
Discovery of Hawaii, 1778
Discovery of India, 1498
Doggett's Race
Dutch-Portuguese War: Siege of Malacca, 1606
Earthquake at Lisbon, 1755
Earthquake at Messina, 1908
East & West Africa War, 1887-1888
East & West Africa War: Lake Nyassa, 1893
East India Co established at Bombay, 1662
Egyptian–Ottoman War: Battle of St Jean D'Acre, 1840
Egypt War: Bombardment of Alexandria, 1882
Egypt War: Suakin Expedition, 1884
Eighty Years' War, 1568-1648
Eighty Years' War: Battle in the Bay of Matanzas, 1628
Eighty Years' War: Battle of Dunkirk, 1639
Eighty Years' War: Battle of Itamaraca, 1640
Eighty Years' War: Battle of Nieuwpoort, 1600
Eighty Years' War: Battle of Sluys, 1603
Eighty Years' War: Battle of the Downs, 1639
Eighty Years' War: Battle of the Zuiderzee, 1573
Eighty Years' War: Capture of Breda, 1590
Eighty Years' War: Capture of Gertruidenberg, 1593
Eighty Years' War: Deliverance of Briel, 1572
Eighty Years' War: Siege of Ostend, 1601
Eighty Years' War: Siege of Rheinberg, 1601
Eighty Years' War: Siege of Sluys, 1604
Eighty Years' War: Spanish fleet captured at the Slaak, 1631
Embarkation of King Charles II at Scheveningen, 1660
Embarkation of William of Orange at Helvoetsluys, 1688
Eruption of Mount Pelee, 1902
Establishment of Freetown, 1792
Expedition of 2nd Cruiser Squadron, 1908
Exploration: Anson's Voyage, 1740-1744
Exploration: Balbi's Voyage, 1570-1588
Exploration: Benzoni's Voyage, 1541-1555
Exploration: Byron's voyage, 1764-1766
Exploration: Cavendish's Voyage, 1586-1588
Exploration: Challenger expedition, 1872-1876
Exploration: Columbus' First Voyage, 1492-1493
Exploration: Columbus' Second Voyage, 1493-1494
Exploration: Cook's First Voyage, 1768
Exploration: Cook's Second Voyage, 1772
Exploration: Cook's Third Voyage, 1776
Exploration: De Weert's Voyage, 1598-1600
Exploration: Drake's First Voyage, 1577-1580
Exploration: Drake's Second Voyage, 1585-1586
Exploration: L'Heremite's Voyage, 1623-1625
Exploration: Linschoten's Voyage, 1583-1595
Exploration: Magellan's Voyage, 1519-1522
Exploration: Niger Expedition, 1841
Exploration: Pizarro's Voyage, 1522-1549
Exploration: Ralegh's First Voyage, 1595
Exploration: Rene de Laudonniere's Voyage, 1564
Exploration: Spilbergen's Voyage, 1601-1604
Exploration: Spilbergen's Voyage, 1614-1618
Exploration: Staden's Voyages, 1549-1555
Exploration: Van Noort's Voyage, 1598-1601
Exploration: Vespucci's First Voyage, 1497-1499
Exploration: Wallis' voyage, 1766-1768
Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1855
Falklands War, 1982
Fenian Raids, 1866-1871
Fiennes Transglobe Expedition, 1979-1982
Fifth Ottoman-Venetian War: Action off the Dardanelles,1657
First Anglo-Burmese War, 1824-1826
First Anglo-Dutch War, 1652-1654
First Anglo-Dutch War: Battle of Leghorn, 1653
First Anglo-Dutch War: Battle of Portland, 1653
First Anglo-Dutch War: Battle of Scheveningen, 1653
First Anglo-Dutch War: Battle of the Gabbard, 1653
First Anglo-Dutch War: Peace of Westminster, 1654
First crossing of the Atlantic by steam, 1819
First Franco-Moroccan War: Capture of Mogador, 1844
First New Zealand War, 1845-1847
First Opium War, 1840-1842
First Opium War: Battle of Amoy, 1841
First Opium War: First taking of Chusan, 1840
First Opium War: Second Battle of Chuenpi, 1841
First purpose-built lifeboat Test, 1790
First Schleswig War: Action off Eckernförde, 1849
First Voyage of corvette Astrolabe, 1826-1829
Foundation of Bahia Blanca, 1828
Founding of the Royal Observatory, 1675
Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, 1780-1784
Fourth Anglo-Dutch War: Capture of St Eustatius, 1781
Fourth Ottoman-Venetian War: Battle of Lepanto, 1571
Francis Chichester's single handed circumnavigation, 1966-1967
Franco-Algerian War: Bombardement of Algiers, 1683
Franco-Dutch War: Battle of Palermo, 1676
Franco-Dutch War: Battle of Tobago, 1677
Franco-Dutch War: Defeat of the Dutch-Spanish fleet off Augusta, 1676
Franco-Prussian War: Siege of Paris, 1870-1871
Franco-Spanish War: Battle of Cartagena, 1643
Franco-Spanish War: Capture of Rosas, 1645
French Revolutionary Wars, 1792-1802
French Revolutionary Wars: Action off Brest, 1798
French Revolutionary Wars: Action off Toulon, 1795
French Revolutionary Wars: Action off Ushant, 1795
French Revolutionary Wars: Attack on Schiermonnikoog, 1799
French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Camperdown, 1797
French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Cape St Vincent, 1797
French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 1797
French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of St George's Caye, 1798
French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of the Glorious First of June, 1794
French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of the Nile, 1798
French Revolutionary Wars: Blockade of Cadiz, 1797
French Revolutionary Wars: Bridport's action off the Ile de Groix, 1795
French Revolutionary Wars: Capture of El Gamo, 1801
French Revolutionary Wars: Capture of Hermione, 1799
French Revolutionary Wars: Capture of Résistance and Constance, 1797
French Revolutionary Wars: Capture of Santa Dorotea, 1798
French Revolutionary Wars: Capture of the Africaine, 1801
French Revolutionary Wars: Capture of the Décius, 1796
French Revolutionary Wars: Capture of the Désirée, 1800
French Revolutionary Wars: Capture of the Guillaume Tell, 1800
French Revolutionary Wars: Capture of the Hercule, 1798
French Revolutionary Wars: Capture of the Pallas, 1800
French Revolutionary Wars: Capture of the Pique, 1795
French Revolutionary Wars: Capture of the Proserpine, 1796
French Revolutionary Wars: Capture of the Vengeance, 1800
French Revolutionary Wars: Capture of the Virginie, 1796
French Revolutionary Wars: Capture of Trinidad, 1797
French Revolutionary Wars: Defence of Acre, 1799
French Revolutionary Wars: Destruction of Droits de l'Homme, 1797
French Revolutionary Wars: Egyptian Campaign, 1801
French Revolutionary Wars: Hotham's action off Genoa, 1795
French Revolutionary Wars: Siege of Bastia, 1794
French Revolutionary Wars: Siege of Calvi, 1794
French Revolutionary Wars: Treaty of Amiens, 1802
French Revolutionary Wars: Warren's action off Donegal, 1798
Gambia Expedition, 1894
Great Exhibition of the Works and Industry of All Nations in London, 1851
Great Northern War: Bombardment of Copenhagen, 1700
Great Northern War: Capture of Narva, 1704
Great Northern War: Capture of Stralsund, 1715
Great Northern War: Russian war with Finland, 1713-1714
Great Northern War: Siege of Nöteborg, 1702
Great Storm, 1703
Greek War of Independence, 1821-1830
Greek War of Independence, Battle of Navarino, 1827
Greenwich Annual Regatta
Greenwich Night Pageant, 1933
Henry Hudson's voyage to North America, 1609
Indian Mutiny, 1857-1858
Indonesian and Malaysian confrontation, 1963-1966
International Congress of the History of Science, 1965
Jacobite risings: Planned French invasion of Britain, 1708
Japan Expedition, 1853-1854
Jubilee of Queen Victoria, 1887
Korean War, 1950-1953
Landing of William of Orange at Torbay, 1688
Loss of the East Indiaman Kent, 1825
Loss of the Princess Alice, 1878
Loss of the Royal George, 1782
Mahdist War, 1881-1899
Mahdist War: Battle of Tamai, 1884
Mahdist War: Battles of El-Teb, 1884
Messina War: Action in the Straits of Messina, 1675
Mexican–American War, 1846-1848
Morean War: Conquest of the Morea, 1685-1687
Mutiny at the Nore, 1797
Mutiny on the Bounty, 1789
Naming of Devonport, 1824
Napoleonic Wars, 1803-1815
Napoleonic Wars: Action in Basque and Aix Roads, 1809
Napoleonic Wars: Action in Burgur Harbour, 1807
Napoleonic Wars: Action in the Gut of Gibraltar, 1801
Napoleonic Wars: Action in Vizagapatam Roads, 1804
Napoleonic Wars: Action off Dieppe, 1812
Napoleonic Wars: Action off Faro, 1808
Napoleonic Wars: Action off Isle de Groix, 1812
Napoleonic Wars: Action off Mardö, 1812
Napoleonic Wars: Action off Tamatave, 1811
Napoleonic Wars: Action off Venice, 1812
Napoleonic Wars: Action of Pelagosa, 1811
Napoleonic Wars: Attack on Copenhagen, 1807
Napoleonic Wars: Attack on Spartan, 1810
Napoleonic Wars: Attack on the port of Muros, 1805
Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Algeciras, 1801
Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Cape Finisterre, 1805
Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Copenhagen, 1801
Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Pulo Aura, 1804
Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Trafalgar, 1805
Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Waterloo, 1815
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of Badere-i-Zaffér, 1808
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of Curacoa, 1807
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of Guadeloupe, 1810
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of Java, 1811
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of L'Etoile, 1814
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of Marengo and Belle Poule, 1806
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of Martinique, 1809
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of Pomona, 1806
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of St Sebastian, 1813
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of the Admiral Jawl, 1808
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of the Clorinde, 1814
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of the César, 1806
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of the D'Haultpoult, 1809
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of the Didon, 1805
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of the Furieuse, 1809
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of the Guerrière, 1806
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of the Piémontaise, 1808
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of the Psyché, 1805
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of the Sevolod, 1808
Napoleonic Wars: Capture of the Thétis, 1808
Napoleonic Wars: Defence of Anholt, 1811
Napoleonic Wars: Destruction of Cygne, 1808
Napoleonic Wars: Destruction of Prinds Christian Frederick, 1808
Napoleonic Wars: Duckworth's action off San Domingo, 1806
Napoleonic Wars: Duckworth's passage of the Dardanelles, 1807
Napoleonic Wars: Lissa, 1811
Napoleonic Wars: Loss of the Arrow and Acheron, 1805
Napoleonic Wars: Peninsular War, 1808-1814
Napoleonic Wars: Planned invasion of England, 1803-1805
Napoleonic Wars: Rovigno, 1809
Napoleonic Wars: Siege of Flushing, 1809
Napoleonic Wars: Strachan's Action, 1805
Nato 20th Anniversary Review At Spithead, 1969
NATO exercise Peacekeeper in the English Channel, 1969
Naval review Spithead, 1889
Nelson's return to England, 1800
Nine Years' War: Action off Beachy Head, 1690
Nine Years' War: Battle of Barfleur, 1692
Nine Years' War: Battle of Caramet, 1694
Nine Years' War: Battle of Cartagena, 1697
Nine Years' War: Battle of Lagos, 1693
Nine Years' War: Battle of La Hougue, 1692
Nine Years' War: Capture of Barcelona, 1697
Nine Years' War: Capture of Rosas, 1693
Olympic Games, 1936
Olympic Games, 2012
Opening of the first Atlantic Telegraph Cable, 1858
Opening of the Kiel Canal, 1895
Opening of the Suez Canal, 1869
Operation Rheostat One, 1974
Perak Expedition, 1875-1876
Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, 1896-1897
Restoration of Ferdinand IV of Naples, 1799
Return of Halley's Comet, 1985-1986
Royal Hobart Regatta, 1838
Royal Naval Exhibition, 1891
Royal Thanksgiving at St Paul's, 1797
Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905
Russo-Japanese War: Action at Chemulpo, 1904
Russo-Swedish War: Battle of Hogland, 1788
Russo-Swedish War: Battle of Svensksund, 1790
Scanian War: Battle of Öland, 1676
Second Anglo-Dutch War: Attack on the Medway, 1667
Second Anglo-Dutch War: Battle of Lowestoft, 1665
Second Anglo-Dutch War: Peace of Breda, 1667
Second Anglo-Dutch War: St James Fight, 1666
Second Anglo-Dutch War; 1665-1667
Second Anglo–Dutch War: Four Days Fight, 1666
Second Boer War, 1889-1902
Second Boer War: Battle of Ladysmith, 1899
Second Burmese War, 1852-1853
Second New Zealand War, 1860-1866
Second Opium War, 1857-1860
Second Opium War: Battle of Fatshan Creek, 1857
Seven Years' War, 1756-1763
Seven Years' War: Battle of Bishops Court, 1760
Seven Years' War: Battle off Minorca, 1756
Seven Years' War: Battle of Lagos, 1759
Seven Years' War: Battle of Quiberon Bay, 1759
Seven Years' War: Capture of Goree, 1758
Seven Years' War: Capture of Havana, 1762
Seven Years' War: Capture of Louisbourg, 1758
Seven Years' War: Capture of Quebec, 1759
Siege of Malta, 1565
Silver Jubilee of King George V, 1935
Silver Jubilee Review At Spithead, 1977
Sinking of Elingamite, 1902
Sinking of the Titanic, 1912
Somaliland expedition, 1900-1920
South African War, 1879-1915
Spanish-American War, 1898
Spanish-American War : Battle of Manila Bay, 1898
Surrender of The High Seas Fleet, 1918
Syria Campaign, 1840
Thames Sailing Barge Match, 1863
Third Anglo-Dutch War, 1672-1674
Third Anglo-Dutch War: Battle of Solebay, 1672
Third Anglo-Dutch War: Battle of Texel, 1673
Third Anglo-Dutch War: Battles of Schooneveld, 1673
Third Anglo-Dutch War: Second Peace of Westminster, 1674
Torbay to Lisbon Race, 1906
Transit of Venus, 1874
Visit by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, to the Sail Training Association schooner Sir Winston Churchill (1966) at Portsmouth
Visit of Sir Samuel Hoare, First Lord of the Admiralty, to Malta 28 August 1936
Visit to Plymouth by Queen Victoria, 1846
Voyage from China to England of the Keying, 1846-1848
Voyage of the Mayflower, 1620
War of 1812, 1812-1815
War of 1812: Battle of Lake Erie, 1813
War of 1812: Capture of the Essex, 1814
War of 1812: Capture of the President, 1815
War of 1812: Capture of the USS Chesapeake, 1813
War of 1812: Raid up Elk River, 1813
War of Jenkins' Ear: Attack on Cartagena, 1741
War of Jenkins' Ear: Capture of Porto Bello, 1739
War of Jenkins' Ear: Capture of San Lorenzo, 1740
War of the Austrian Succession: 1740-1748
War of the Austrian Succession: Battle of Cape Finisterre, 1747
War of the Austrian Succession: Battle off Toulon, 1744
War of the English Succession: Battle of Boyne, 1690
War of the Pacific: Battle of Iquique, 1879
War of the Quadruple Alliance: Battle of Cape Passaro, 1718
War of the Reunions: Bombardment of Genoa, 1684
War of the Second Coalition: Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, 1799
War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714
War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Malaga, 1704
War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Vigo Bay, 1702
War of the Spanish Succession: Peace of Utrecht, 1713
War of the Spanish Succession: Siege of Barcelona, 1706
War of the Spanish Succession: Siege of Gibraltar, 1704
Western Fleet exercise Seaforth in the North Sea, 1968
Witu Expedition, 1890
World's Fair: Columbian Exposition, 1893
World War I, 1914-1918
World War I: Armistice of Mudros, 1918
World War I: Battle of Coronel, 1914
World War I: Battle of Dogger Bank, 1915
World War I: Battle of Heligoland Bight, 1914
World War I: Battle of Jutland, 1916
World War I: Battle of the Falkland Islands, 1914
World War I: Destruction of the Emden, 1914
World War I: Gallipoli campaign, 1915-1916
World War I: Scuttling of the German Fleet, 1919
World War I: Sinking of Aboukir, Hogue and Cressy, 1914
World War I: Sinking of the Dresden, 1915
World War I: Sinking of the Lusitania, 1915
World War I: Zeebrugge Raid, 1918
World War II, 1939-1945
World War II: Arakan Campaign, 1942
World War II: Battle of Britain, 1940
World War II: Battle of Cape Matapan, 1941
World War II: Battle of River Plate, 1939
World War II: Evacuation of Dunkirk, 1940
World War II: Normandy Landings, 1944
Wreck of the Beaver, 1888
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https://www.mauritius-images.com/en/asset/ME-PI-9300414_mauritius_images_image_number_12071144_premier-at-mansion-house-luncheon-in-honour-of-duchess-prime-minister-winston-churchill-right-is-greeted-by-london-s-lord-mayor-sir-rupert-de-la-bere-on-arrival-at-the-mansion-house-for-the-government-luncheon-given-in-honour-of-the-duchess-of-kent-following-her-return-from-malaya-and-the-far-east-16th-december-1952
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en
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mauritius images
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2428
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dbpedia
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https://issuu.com/chrisbeetles/docs/the_illustrators_2011_full_pdf
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en
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THE ILLUSTRATORS: THE BRITISH ART OF ILLUSTRATION 1837-2011
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2014-10-07T13:09:22+00:00
|
615 full colour images, 88 artists, Cross-index which refers back to all catalogues since 1991. Significant biographical essays, introducing three ...
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en
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/favicon.ico
|
Issuu
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https://issuu.com/chrisbeetles/docs/the_illustrators_2011_full_pdf
|
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