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2428	dbpedia	2	39	https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/camden-new-series/article/correspondence-of-sir-edward-nicholas/16A8A50AEECDE8F0819E46DBAFCD8CE0	en	Correspondence of Sir Edward Nicholas	https://static.cambridge…-size-image=true	https://static.cambridge…-size-image=true	[ "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/icn_circle__btn_close_white.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.png", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/logo_core.svg", "https://static.cambridge.org/covers/RHN_0_0_0/camden-new-series.jpg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/save-pdf-icon.080470e.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/pdf-download-icon.c7fb40c.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/pdf-download-icon.c7fb40c.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/dropbox-icon.3d57046.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/google-drive-icon.a50193b.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/close-icon.194b28a.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/share-icon.cbcfad8.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/close-icon.194b28a.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/cite-icon.44eaaa4.svg", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/page-component/img/rights-icon.d4a677c.svg", "https://static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS2042170200004514/resource/name/firstPage-S2042170200004514a.jpg", "https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:44497:20160623091558159-0035:S2042170200004514_inline1.gif?pub-status=live", "https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:67751:20160623091558159-0035:S2042170200004514_inline2.gif?pub-status=live", "https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:41794:20160623091558159-0035:S2042170200004514_inline3.gif?pub-status=live", "https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:3498:20160623091558159-0035:S2042170200004514_inline4.gif?pub-status=live", "https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:28667:20160623091558159-0035:S2042170200004514_inline5.gif?pub-status=live", "https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:68788:20160623091558159-0035:S2042170200004514_inline6.gif?pub-status=live", "https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:47616:20160623091558159-0035:S2042170200004514_inline7.gif?pub-status=live", "https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:37428:20160623091558159-0035:S2042170200004514_inline8.gif?pub-status=live", "https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:76547:20160623091558159-0035:S2042170200004514_inline9.gif?pub-status=live", "https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:99631:20160623091558159-0035:S2042170200004514_inline10.gif?pub-status=live", "https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:32989:20160623091558159-0035:S2042170200004514_inline11.gif?pub-status=live", "https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:50931:20160623091558159-0035:S2042170200004514_inline12.gif?pub-status=live", "https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:95723:20160623091558159-0035:S2042170200004514_inline13.gif?pub-status=live", "https://assets.crossref.org/logo/crossref-logo-100.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Google_Scholar_logo_2015.PNG", "https://www.cambridge.org/core/cambridge-core/public/images/cambridge_logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Correspondence of Sir Edward Nicholas - Volume 40	en	/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico	Cambridge Core	https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/camden-new-series/article/correspondence-of-sir-edward-nicholas/16A8A50AEECDE8F0819E46DBAFCD8CE0	Abstract An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button. Type Nicholas Papers Copyright Copyright © Royal Historical Society 1887 References page 1 note a page 1 note a Secretary of State and Treasurer of the Household. Since Windebank's flight to France at the beginning of December 1640 he had been without a colleague in the Secretaryship. He is usually spoken of by Nicholas as “ Mr. Threasurer.” page 1 note b page 1 note b The letters throughout are addressed to Nicholas unless it is otherwise stated. page 2 note a page 2 note a The original warrant, with instructions, signed by Charles, is in Eg. MS. 2541, f. 264. It is printed in Hoare's Wilts, Alderbury Hundred, p. 89. page 2 note b page 2 note b The imposition of this oath against the covenant, &c. was made the ground of art. 19 of Strafford's impeachment (Rushworth, viii. p. 489), according to which Hen. Steward and his wife were fined £5,000 each and his two daughters £3,000 each, with imprisonment for default. In the letter, however, to which Nicholas refers (Eg. MS. 2533, f. 113b) the amounts are stated to have been £3,000 and £2,000 respectively. Compensation was ultimately made out of delinquents' estates. (Commons'-Journals, iv. p. 630.) page 2 note c page 2 note c Henry Bourchier, succ. as 5th Earl in 1636. page 2 note d page 2 note d Sir Francis Leigh, 1st Bart., cr. Baron Dunsmore in 1628, and Earl of Chichester in 1644. page 3 note a page 3 note a Francis Seymour, 2nd son of the Earl of Hertford, cr. Baron Seymour of Trowbridge, 19 Feb. 1641. page 3 note b page 3 note b Edward Lyttelton, cr. Baron Lyttelton of Mounslow, 18 Feb. 1641 ; made Lord Keeper on the impeachment and flight of Lord Finch, 18 Jan. 1641, having previously been Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. page 3 note c page 3 note c Henry Montagu, cr. Earl of Manchester in 1626 ; Lord Privy Seal since 1627. page 3 note d page 3 note d James Stuart, 4th Duke of Lenox, cr. Duke of Richmond two days before, 8 Aug. 1641. page 3 note e page 3 note e Oliver St. John, appointed 29 Jan. 1641. page 3 note f page 3 note f Sir William Bellenden, of Broughton, cr. Baron Bellenden in 1661. page 3 note g page 3 note g William Fiennes, Viscount Saye and Sele. page 4 note a page 4 note a M.P. for Boroughbridge, co. York. page 4 note b page 4 note b Sir William Armine, or Armyn, of Osgodby, cr. Bart, in 1619, M.P. for Grantham, co. Linc. page 4 note c page 4 note c Sir John Clotworthy, M.P. for Maldon, co. Essex. page 4 note d page 4 note d It is evident from this that Nicholas had no seat in the Long Parliament. Both Carlyle (Cromwell, ed. 1871, iii. p. 256) and Prof. Masson (Life of Milton, ii. p. 159) enter his name as Member for Newtown, co. Hants, confounding him apparently with Nicholas Weston (see the Blue Book, Members of Parliament, 1878, p. 493, note 8). The “ Mr. Nicholas ” whose name occurs in the Journals is Anthony Nichols, M.P. for Bodmin, or Robert Nichols, M.P. for Devizes. page 4 note e page 4 note e This and most of the other draft letters of Nicholas are partly in shorthand. page 5 note a page 5 note a Mary de' Medici, mother of Queen Henrietta Maria. She had lived in England since Oct. 1638, but being now “ moved to depart the kingdom,” retired to Cologne, where she died 3 July, 1642. page 5 note b page 5 note b Of Bromham, co. Wilts, M.P. for Chippenham. He did not die until 1657. page 5 note c page 5 note c Richard Rogers, of Brianston, co. Dorset (Hutchins, Dorset, i. p. 250), and M.P. for the same county. His wife was Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Cheke, Knt., by his second wife, Essex, dau. of Robert Rich, 1st Earl of Warwick. She afterwards married her cousin Robert, 3rd Earl of Warwick (Morant, Essex, i. p. 61). page 6 note a page 6 note a The king's answer to this letter, with further correspondence between him and Nicholas, will be found in Bray's Diary and Correspondence of John Evelyn, ed. 1850–52, iv. p. 49. page 8 note a page 8 note a Alexander Leslie, commanding the Scotch army in England ; cr. Earl of Leven in October following. page 9 note a page 9 note a Since Bishop Juxon's resignation on 19 May the Treasury had been in commission, the Commissioners being Lord Keeper Lyttelton, the Earl of Manchester, Chief Justice Bankes, Lord Newburgh, and Sir H. Vane. page 10 note a page 10 note a Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel and Surrey, 1603 ; Earl Marshal since 1621. page 10 note b page 10 note b Aubrey de Vere, 20th and last Earl of Oxford, succ. in 1632 ; at this time a youth 15 years of age. page 11 note a page 11 note a M.P. for Bury St. Edmund's, and late Comptroller of the Household; father of Henry Jermyn, who, as Lord Jermyn, figures so frequently in the correspondence further on. page 11 note b page 11 note b Sir John Bankes, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, acting Speaker of the House of Lords in the absence of Lord Keeper Lyttelton. page 11 note c page 11 note c Secretary to the Duke of Richmond; the same probably as the Thomas Webb, M.P. for West Romney, who was expelled from the House as a monopolist in March, 1641. page 12 note a page 12 note a The Duke of Richmond, who was Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. page 12 note b page 12 note b Richmond and Lenox. He and the rest signed the covenant and took their seats on the 18th and 19th. (Balfour, Annals, iii. p. 44.) page 12 note c page 12 note c James Hamilton, 3rd Marquis of Hamilton, succ. in 1625 ; cr. Duke of Hamilton in 1643. page 12 note d page 12 note d William Douglas, 7th Earl of Morton, succ. in 1606. page 12 note e page 12 note e Robert Ker of Cessford, cr. Earl of Roxburgh in 1616. page 13 note a page 13 note a The committee of Parliament so called appears to have been first formally instituted in 1369 for the purpose of preparing bills to be laid before the House. As, however, the bills were put to the vote in the mass, it gradually usurped the whole power of Parliament. Its constitution varied at different times, but in 1633 it was ordered to consist of eight members of each of the four estates, together with eight officers of state nominated by the king. It was not finally suppressed until 1689. See Acts of Parl. of Scotland, i. p. 16, v. p. 9, &c. page 14 note a page 14 note a Passed by Commission, 16 Aug. (Lords' Journals, iv. p. 365.) page 15 note a page 15 note a This letter to Pym is referred to in the Com. Journ. 16 Aug. (ii. p. 259), when it was ordered that one Savage, arrested on suspicion of being a priest, should be released as belonging to the retinue of the Queen Mother, but that a young man taken in his company should be examined by the Committee for Recusants. page 15 note b page 15 note b Capt. James Wadsworth, notorious for his activity in tracking out recusants. He had himself been a Roman Catholic, and was described by Sanderson (Reign of James I., 1656, p. 491) as “ a renegado proselyte turncote of any religion and every trade, now living, 1655, a common hackney to the basest catchpole bayliffs.” See also Wood's Athenœ Oxon., iii. p. 1077. page 15 note c page 15 note c Edward Howard, a younger son of Thomas, 1st Earl of Suffolk, cr. Baron Howard of Escrick in 1628. Like the rest of the Commissioners he was opposed to the Court party. page 16 note a page 16 note a Henry Rich, cr. Baron Kensington in 1622, and Earl of Holland in 1624 ; general of the English army in the North. Clarendon attributes his enigmatical letter to pique at the king's refusing him “ the making a baron, which at that time might have been worth to him ten thousand pounds.” (History, ed. 1843, p. 115.) The letter found its way into print, for which Thomas (or Matthew) Symonds, the publisher, got into trouble with the House (C. J., 20, 24 Aug. ii., pp. 266,268). The extract quoted by Nicholas differs somewhat from the printed text. page 16 note b page 16 note b Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl in 1603, Lord Chamberlain of the Household. page 17 note a page 17 note a Philip Burlamachi, Master of the Posts. page 17 note b page 17 note b Nathaniel Fiennes, M.P. for Banbury, 2nd son of Viscount Saye and Sele. Though his name and Sir W. Armyn's were only added “ in case of mortality or sickness” (C. J., 18 Aug., ii. p. 262), all four commoners actually served on the commission. (Balfour, Annals, iii. p. 92.) page 19 note a page 19 note a Addressed to the Scotch Parliament, 17 Aug. (Balfour, Annals, iii. p. 40.) See also Rushworth, iv. p. 382. page 20 note a page 20 note a John Elphinston, 2nd Baron Balmerino, a strong Covenanter; elected President unanimously on 18 Aug. (Balfour, iii. p. 45.) page 20 note b page 20 note b James Livingston, cr. Baron Livingston of Almond in 1633, and Earl of Callendar, 6 Oct. 1641. page 21 note a page 21 note a Printed in the Lords' Journals, 20 Aug., iv. p. 372. page 22 note a page 22 note a Mountjoy Blount, Earl of Newport, cr. in 1628. See the order in the Lords' Journals, 18 Aug., iv. p. 369. page 22 note b page 22 note b Since 11 June he had been confined in the Castle of Edinburgh on a charge of plotting against Argyll and the Covenant. He was not released until Jan. 1642. page 23 note a page 23 note a In Northumberland, 13 miles south of Berwick. page 23 note b page 23 note b John Campbell, Earl of Loudoun, cr. in 1633. Having been sent as Scotch Commissioner to London in 1640, he was committed to the Tower as privy to the intercepted letter from some of the leading Covenanters to the King of France. He was now on his way home with the Treaty of Pacification. page 23 note c page 23 note c William Russell, 5th Earl, succ. 9 May, 1641. Though named one of the Commission to Scotland, he was excused “ in regard of his great occasions.” (L. J., 13, 19 Aug., iv. pp. 362, 371.) page 23 note d page 23 note d According to Baillie (Letters, etc., i. pp. 213,255), he preached to some purpose when the Scots invaded England in 1638 and 1640. “ We were much oblidged to the toun of Edinburgh for moneyes. Harie Rollock by his sermons moved them to shake out their purses.” And again, “ Rollock had so sweetlie spoken to the people's mindes on the Sonday, that the women afternoon and to-morrow gave freclie great store of that stuffe [linen for tents] almost sufficient to cover all our armie.” page 24 note a page 24 note a Alexander Henderson, minister at Edinburgh and rector of the University, the famous leader of the Scotch presbyterian clergy. page 24 note b page 24 note b Alexander Livingston, 2nd Earl of Linlithgow, succ. in 1622. page 24 note c page 24 note c Robert Dalzell, 2nd Earl of Carnwath, succ. in 1639. page 24 note d page 24 note d Patrick Murray, succ. as 3rd Earl of Tullibardine on his brother's resignation in 1629. page 24 note e page 24 note e Robert Monro, or Munro, general-major of the Scotch army under Leslie. Like the latter he had gained his military experience in the German wars of Gustavus Adolphus. page 26 note a page 26 note a John Leslie, 5th Earl of Rothes, succ. in 1621; an active Covenanter and chief of the Scotch Commissioners in England. His death, however, at this time, was a serious misfortune for Charles, who had succeeded in gaining him over. (Clarendon, History, p. 112.) page 26 note b page 26 note b Or Roe, ambassador to the Diet at Ratisbon and Vienna concerning the affairs of the Palatinate. A large number of his letters, dated Dec. 1641-Oct. 1643, are among The Nicholas Papers. Correspondence of Sir Edward Nicholas, Secretary of State. Vol. I. 1641-1672 (Eg. MS. 2533, ff. 258–380). page 27 note a page 27 note a Algernon Percy, succ. as 10th Earl in 1632; Lord High Admiral in 1636. page 27 note b page 27 note b John Stewart, cr. Earl of Traquair in 1633; Royal Commissioner to the General Assembly and the Scotch Parliament in 1639. He was at present under impeachment as chief of the “Incendiaries.” page 27 note c page 27 note c At Broughton, where, according to Wood (Athenœ Oxon., iii. p. 546), the Puritan party were wont to hold secret meetings. page 27 note d page 27 note d The rest of the letter from this point is scored through for omission. page 28 note a page 28 note a Formally ratified on 26 Aug. (Acts of Parliament of Scotland, v. p. 335). page 29 note a page 29 note a In spite of a letter from the king stating that he was too far engaged to the Spanish ambassador to draw back, the Houses refused their assent. (L.J.,24,28 Aug. 9 Sept., iv. pp. 374, 381, 394.) page 30 note a page 30 note a Sir William Parsons, Master of the Court of Wards, Lord Justice. page 30 note b page 30 note b Sir John Borlase, Master of the Ordnance, Lord Justice. page 30 note c page 30 note c Robert Dillon, Lord Dillon, afterwards 2nd Earl of Roscommon. page 30 note d page 30 note d Sir Adam Loftus, Vice-Treasurer. page 30 note e page 30 note e Sir John Temple, Master of the Rolls. page 31 note a page 31 note a On the execution of Strafford, Robert Sidney, Earl of Leicester, had been appointed to succeed him as Lord Lieutenant, but he never crossed the Channel to assume the government. page 32 note a page 32 note a Jerome Weston, succ. as 2nd Earl in 1634. He was Governor of the Isle of Wight. page 33 note a page 33 note a John Maitland, Lord Maitland, succ. as 2nd Earl of Lauderdale in 1645, cr. Duke of Lauderdale in 1672; at this time a zealous Covenanter. page 35 note a page 35 note a Admiral of the Narrow Seas, and Gentleman of the Privy Chamber, styled by Clarendon “a very honest gentleman and of unshaken faithfulness and integrity to the king.” (History, ed. 1843, p. 272.) He was an intimate friend of Nicholas, and in his will, dated 14 July 1640 (Eg. MS. 2533, f. 95), the latter is named an executor, with a legacy of 500l. From the same document, which contains much information as to his family connections, it appears that Alderman Isaac Pennington, M.P. for the City of London, and conspicuous for his zeal on the Parliamentary side, was his cousin. page 35 note b page 35 note b See the Lords' Journals, 28 Aug., iv. p. 381. page 36 note a page 36 note a Ferdinand, son of Philip III. of Spain, Cardinal-Archbishop of Toledo, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands since 1634. He died on the 9 Nov. following. page 36 note b page 36 note b Luca Fabbroni degl' Asini, a Florentine. page 36 note c page 36 note c Alethea, dan. of Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, mar. to the Earl of Arundel in 1606. page 37 note a page 37 note a John Glynn, M.P. and Recorder for Westminster. page 37 note b page 37 note b Sir Robert Pye, auditor of the Receipt of the Exchequer; or his son, Sir Robert Pye, jun. who married Anne, dau. of John Hampden. Leave of absence was granted to the younger Sir Robert, who was M.P. for Woodstock, on 9 Aug., “in regard that his daughter is visit ed with the small pox.” (C. J., ii. p. 246.) page 37 note c page 37 note c Perhaps Laurence Whitaker, M.P. for Oakhampton. page 37 note d page 37 note d Jacques d'Estampes, Marquis de la Ferté-Imbault, who arrived in London on 18 July. page 37 note e page 37 note e They were sentenced to stand in the pillory for an hour before the ambassador's house, to ask his pardon on their knees, and to ba whipped; but at the ambassador's intercession the last penalty was remitted. (L. J., 30 Aug. 6, 8 Sept., iv. pp. 384, 389, 390.) page 38 note a page 38 note a The Earl of Lindsey, Lord Great Chamberlain, and the Earl of Essex, Lord Chamberlain of the Household. page 38 note b page 38 note b The Officers of State, etc., in whose appointment the Scotch parliament claimed a voice, as against the exclusive exercise of the royal prerogative. page 38 note c page 38 note c Philip, afterwards Sir Philip Warwick, Clerk of the Signet and M.P. for New Radnor, author of well-known Memoirs. page 39 note a page 39 note a John Drummond, 2nd Earl of Perth, succ. in 1611; a royalist, and one of those who had signed Montrose's “Band of Cumbernauld.” page 39 note b page 39 note b According to an endorsement by Nicholas, Lord Loudoun is intended. page 40 note a page 40 note a Groom of the Bedchamber and M.P. for Droitwich. Leave of absence was granted him to attend the king to Scotland on 2 Ang. (C. J., ii. p. 232.) He was voted “one that is conceived to give dangerous counsel,” 15 Feb. 1642, and disabled from sitting, 10 Mar. 1643. (Ibid. pp. 433, 997.) page 41 note a page 41 note a Only in the morning. The second sermon was by Mr. Matthew Wymees, or Wemyss, Minister of Canongate (Balfour, iii. p. 59). page 41 note b page 41 note b Robert Ker of Nisbet, cr. Earl of Ancram in 1633; a fervid Royalist. His elder son, William, on the contrary (who, having married Anne, Countess of Lothian in her own right, was cr. Earl of Lothian in 1631), was “amongst those who upon all occasions carried the rebellion highest, and shewed the most implacable malice to the person of the king” (Clarendon, p. 663). page 42 note a page 42 note a Probably Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstown, cr. Bart, in 1625; Vice-Chamberlain of Scotland, 1630. The meaning of the expression “Sr K. Gourdons Dukes” is not apparent. page 42 note b page 42 note b William Hamilton, brother of the Marquis of Hamilton, cr. Earl of Lanark in 1639; Secretary of State for Scotland, 1640. page 43 note a page 43 note a Jan Wolfert van Brederode, Heer van Cloetingen, Field-Marshal of the army of the United Provinces. He had recently been one of the Dutch Ambassadors to England, to arrange the marriage of the Princess Mary with William, Prince of Orange. page 44 note a page 44 note a Probably Johan de Knuyt, who had been sent by the States in 1638 as ambassador to France to reconcile the Queen Mother and Louis XIII. page 46 note a page 46 note a He lost both his places before the end of the year, being succeeded as Treasurer by Lord Sarile and as Secretary of State by Lord Falkland. page 47 note a page 47 note a He escaped finally with the loss of his office of Treasurer, but was compelled to give security for his good behaviour. page 47 note b page 47 note b Lord Howard of Escrick (see above, p. 15). page 48 note a page 48 note a Sidney Bere, son of John Bere, of Okenham, co. Berks (Archœol. Cantiana, iv. p. 250). He became Secretary to Nicholas, when the latter was appointed Secretary of State. page 49 note a page 49 note a Archibald Campbell, 8th Earl of Argyll, succ. in 1638; cr. Marquis of Argyll before the king left Scotland, on 15 Nov. 1641. He was married to Lady Margaret Douglas, second daughter of the Earl of Morton. page 49 note b page 49 note b The king's nominees, 20 Sept., were Morton for Chancellor, Loudoun for Treasurer, Roxburgh for Privy Seal, Lanark for Secretary, etc. (Balfour, iii. p. 68). Argyll's objections to Morton are thus summarised by the same authority (p. 69): “1. In respecte such a publicke place might shelter him from his creditors, and wronge them in seiking justice against him. 2o. He a contempous rebell, and oftene at the home. 3o. He deserted his countrey in her gratest neid. 4o. He was decreptit and unable.” page 52 note a page 52 note a The “Band of Cumbernauld,” signed by Montrose and eighteen others in Aug. 1640, having for its ostensible object the promotion of “all public ends which may tend to the safety both of Religion, Laws, and Liberties of this poor kingdom” (Napier, Memoirs of Montrose, p. 135). page 53 note a page 53 note a Marie de Rohan, widow of Charles d'Albert, Duc de Luynes, and wife of Claude de Lorraine, Duc de Chevreuse. She lived in exile in England from 1637 to 1640. Lord Northumberland announcing her departure, in a letter dated 17 April, 1640, adds, “Happy shall we be if a greater loss do never befall this kingdom” (Cal. of State Papers, 1640, p. 42). page 53 note b page 53 note b The act for his confirmation was passed “without a contrarey voyce,” on 30 Sept. (Balfour, iii. p. 85). page 54 note a page 54 note a This was ultimately done, the Commissioners being Lords Loudoun, Argyll, Glencairne, and Lindsay, and Sir James Carmichael. page 54 note b page 54 note b Harry Ker, Lord Ker of Cessford, only surviving son of the Earl of Roxburgh; died before his father in 1643. He challenged Hamilton as a traitor to God, his king, and his country. See an account of the quarrel in a letter from Sir Pat. Wemyss to Ormonde (Carte, Ormonde Papers, i. p. 7). The debate on the whole matter is given by Balfour, iii. pp. 81–87. page 54 note c page 54 note c Ludovic Lindsay, 16th Earl of Crawford, succ. in 1639. page 55 note a page 55 note a This was the mysterious plot for seizing or mnrdering Hamilton, Argyll, and Lanark, known as the “Incident.” Lanark's own account is in Hardwicke's State Papers, ii. p. 299. page 56 note a page 56 note a Col. John, afterward Sir John, Cochrane, whose father, Alexander Blair, assumed the name of Cochrane in right of his wife, Elizabeth Cochrane. His younger brother, William, was cr. Baron Cochrane in 1647, and Earl of Dundonald in 1669. page 57 note a page 57 note a This reproof was hardly deserved. It was by the King's own command that Nicholas, supposing Vane not to have returned to Edinburgh, addressed his letters to the Duke of Richmond (Bray's Evelyn, iv. p. 80). page 58 note a page 58 note a Sir Edward Chichester, cr. Viscount Chichester in 1625. page 58 note b page 58 note b Hugh Montgomery, cr. Viscount Montgomery of the Great Ards in 1622. page 58 note c page 58 note c Sir Phelim Roe O'Neill, son of Tirlogh O'Neill and grandson of Sir Henry O'Neill, who was great nephew of the 1st Earl of Tyrone. He was attainted and executed at Dublin in 1652. page 59 note a page 59 note a Toby Caulfeild, 3rd Baron Caulfeild of Charlemont, sncc. in 1640. He wa governor of the Fort of Charlemont, where he was surprised and made prisoner on 22 Oct. He was murdered on 1 Mar. following. page 60 note a page 60 note a Edward Barret, cr. Baron Barret of Newburgh in 1627; Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1629. page 61 note a page 61 note a Joseph Hall, translated from Exeter to Norwich. He was elected to the latter see on 15 NOT. 1641, and confirmed on 16 Dec. Other appointments made at the same time, to which he refers, were Rob. Skinner to Oxford, Brian Duppa to Salisbury, John Prideaux to Worcester, and John Williams translated from Lincoln to York. page 62 note a page 62 note a These instructions for the impeachment of Lord Kimbolton (Viscount Mandeville) and the Five Members on 3 Jan. 1642, are entirely in the King's own hand. With the natural exception of. art. 3, they are referred to both in the answer of Sir E. Herbert to his impeachment, and in the King's letter on his behalf to the Lord Keeper (Rushworth, iv. pp. 490, 493). It appears from the erasures that Kimbolton's impeachment was an afterthought, the original intention being to call him as a witness with the other peers named, whom it was thought advisable to prevent by this device from serving on the examining committee. Although Clarendon states (ed. 1843, p. 144) that it was Lord Digby who particularly named Kimbolton to Charles, we are almost tempted to explain the surprise and perplexity which Digby showed when the articles were read by his ignorance of the King's change of purpose. page 63 note a page 63 note a Eldest son of Sir Edward; afterwards Sir John Nicholas, Clerk of the Council. page 63 note b page 63 note b Of Deptford; cr. Bart, in 1649. His daughter Mary married John Evelyn. page 64 note a page 64 note a George Digby, cr. Baron Digby in 1641, Secretary of State; succ. as 2nd Earl of Bristol in 1653. page 64 note b page 64 note b Surrendered to Fairfax by Prince Rupert on 11 Sept. (Warburton, Mem. of Pr. Rupert, 1849, iii. p. 162). Charles was so incensed at the “monstrous intelligence,” as Clarendon terms it, that he immediately cashiered his nephew and ordered him to quit the kingdom. A letter from him on the subject to Nicholas is in Bray's Evelyn, iv. p. 163. page 65 note a page 65 note a Colonel of horse in Fairfax's army. page 66 note a page 66 note a Francis Cottington, Baron Cottington, Lord Treasurer, 3 Oct. 1645. page 66 note b page 66 note b This scheme was frustrated by the news of the defeat of Montrose by David Leslie at Philiphaugh on 13 Sept. page 66 note c page 66 note c Appointed Governor of Oxford, vice Col. William Legge, who was arrested merely “as a person much in the prince's (Rupert's) favour, and therefore like to be subservient to any of his commands” (Clarendon, p. 569). From the terms used by the King in his letter of 10 Oct. (Bray's Evelyn, iv. p. 167), this harsh treatment seems to have provoked remonstrance from Nicholas. page 67 note a page 67 note a Col. Henry Tillier, an officer under Rupert, and one of the commissioners for settling the articles of surrender. page 67 note b page 67 note b Surrendered to Fairfax by Lord Hastings on 18 Jan. page 67 note c page 67 note c Tilshead, between Salisbury and Devizes. page 67 note d page 67 note d Of Winterbourne Earls, co. Wilts, held by Nicholas, with the manor, on lease from the See of Salisbury. page 68 note a page 68 note a Youngest sister of Nicholas, baptised 7 July, 1613. Winterbourne Earls gave the title to a prebend in Salisbury Cathedral, held at this time by John Gregory. page 68 note b page 68 note b From endorsements, “Bro. Dirdo,” on letters of Dr. Matthew Nicholas further on it is probable that the letter here, as well as the enclosure, is really from Matthew Nicholas himself, writing in a feigned hand. page 69 note a page 69 note a Foxcott, near Andover, not far from Winterbourne Earls. page 71 note a page 71 note a For Sir Dudley Wyat had been sent expressly from the Lord Jermyn to assure the Prince that such a body of file thousand foot were actually raised under the command of Ruvignie, and should be embarked for Pendennis within less than a month‥…. And, after all this, it is as true that there was never a man at this time levied or designed for that expedition” (Clarendon, p. 593). page 71 note b page 71 note b Pomponne de Bellièvre, Seigneur de Grignon. He. came to London in July, 1646, but joined the Resident Jean de Montreuil at Newcastle in August, and remained there until Jan. 1647. He stayed in England till the following November. page 72 note a page 72 note a Ultimately ratified by the Treaty of Minister, 30 Jan. 1648. page 72 note b page 72 note b George Goring, cr. Baron Goring in 1628, and Earl of Norwich in 1646. He had been ambassador at the Hague. page 72 note c page 72 note c Diego Saavedra Faxardo, Spanish plenipotentiary at Munster. “Haunce” is perhaps Johan de Knuyt (see above, p. 44, where his name appears as “Knuts”). He was Dutch plenipotentiary at Munster, and, according to Bougéant, Hist, du Traité de Westphalie, 1767, vol. iii. p. 126, was “l'âme de la faction contraire aux desseins de la France.” page 73 note a page 73 note a This letter is written in lemon-juice or sympathetic ink on the inside of a sheet, the first page of which contains a fictitious letter respecting a consignment of serge. Though it professes to be from “Rob. Thomson, sen.” to “Gyles Robinson,” the hand is that of Nich. Oudart, and it is evidently addressed to Sir E. Nicholas. The cipher used in it has fortunately been preserved in Egerton MS. 2550, f. 52. The writer, who was a native of Mechlin, came to England with Sir H. Wotton, and took the degree of M.A. at Oxford 13 Aug. 1626. After being secretary to Sir W. Boswell, Resident at the Hague, he returned to Oxford, and was made M.B. 30 Jan. 1642. He then became Secretary to Nicholas, and remained with him until the surrender of Oxford, when Nicholas gave him a flattering testimonial, 20 June, 1646 (B. M., Add. Ch. 4892). His exact position at this time does not appear, but later in 1647 he was acting as secretary to Charles (Bray, Evelyn, iv. p. 183), and he attended him in 1648 in the Isle of Wight, where ho was employed to write the King's confidential letters to his son (Warwick, Memoirs, 1703, p. 325). His Diary of the Newport conferences in Oct.—Nov. 1648, is printed in Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, 1779, ii. p. 387. Subsequently he was Secretary to Mary, Princess of Orange (who made him one of her executors), Latin Secretary to William, Prince of Orange, and Charles II., and Clerk of the Signet. He was buried in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey, 21 Dec. 1681 (Chester, Westin. Abbey Registers, p. 204). Extracts from this and his other letters below are among the Clarendon State Papers (Calendar, i. pp. 361, seqq.), but the writer's name is not given. page 74 note a page 74 note a “Vox Plebis, or the People's Outcry against oppression, injustice, and tyranny, wherein the liberty of the subject is asserted, Magna Charta briefly but pithily expounded,” etc. Thomason's copy is dated 19 Nov. 1646. page 74 note b page 74 note b Presented to Parliament on 16 Feb. (L.J., ix. p. 18); urging the settlement of the Church-government in accordance with the Covenant, the preservation of the King, the disbandment of the army, and the regulation of the Excise. page 74 note c page 74 note c “337 = Edw. Andrews,” in the key; probably the Edw. Andrews of Gray's Inn, whose name heads Dring's Catalogue of Compounders, 1655. page 74 note d page 74 note d Denzil Holies, M.P. for Dorchester, Sir Philip Stapleton, M.P, for Boroughbridge, and Sir William Lewis, Bart., M.P. for Petersfield, three of the “Eleven Members” who were impeached by the army, and who withdrew from the House on 26 June. page 75 note a page 75 note a Stormed by the Royalists on 31 May, 1645, but retaken by Fairfax, after Naseby, on 18 June. The excesses of the King's troops stirred the indignation of Clarendon, as well as of writers on the other side (p. 552). page 75 note b page 75 note b An order of the Commissioners with the King forbidding resort to him for cure of the King's Evil was issued at Leeds on 9 Feb. (L.J., ix. p. 6). page 76 note a page 76 note a Sir Peter Killegrew, sent by Parliament with the answer to the Scotch declaration of 16 Jan. (L.J., viii. p. 691). page 76 note b page 76 note b James, Duke of York, now 14 years of age, and, with the Princess Elizabeth and Duke of Gloucester, under the charge of the Earl of Northumberland. page 76 note c page 76 note c Afterwards under the cipher “374,” which, according to the key, stands for “Carr 1.” Probably Mary, Lady Carr, is meant, daughter of Sir Rich. Gargrave, of Nostell, and wife of Sir Robert Carr, 2nd Bart., of Sleaford (Trollope, Sleaford, p. 132). The Earl of Northumberland was a great friend of the family in its misfortunes. page 77 note a page 77 note a Robert, Lord Bruce, son of Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin. Either he or his father is highly eulogised by Sir P. Warwick, who gives a signal instance of his “faire dealing” with Nicholas (Memoirs, p. 169). page 77 note b page 77 note b Youngest son of Sir Edward Villiers, elder brother of the 1st Duke of Buckingham. page 77 note c page 77 note c Philip Sydney, Viscount Lisle, succ. as 3rd Earl of Leicester in 1677; appointed Lord Lieutenant, 21 Jan. (C. J., iv. p. 413). page 77 note a page 77 note a 2nd Bart., of Steeple Bumpstead, co. Essex, succ. in 1636. His appointment was agreed to by the two Houses, on the petition of the Levant Company, on 28, 29 Jan. (C. J., v. pp. 67, 68); and he continued ambassador at Constantinople until 1662. page 78 note a page 78 note a William Murray, Gentleman of the Bedchamber; cr. Earl of Dysart in 1646. page 78 note b page 78 note b The same, perhaps, as the “Mrs. Whorwood” who was so active in furtheringthe attempted escape of Charles from Carisbrooke (Hillier, K. Charles in the I. of Wight, p. 130, etc.) She was Jane, dan. of Will, Rider, Harbinger to James I., and wife of Brome Whorwood, of Sandwell, in W. Bromwich, co. Staff. page 78 note c page 78 note c Of Llanherne, co. Caerm.; cr. Bart, in 1627, and sent ambassador to Turkey in 1638 (Eg. MS. 2541, f. 204). His treatment of his successor was made the subject of a pamphlet entitled Nerves from Turkie, [9 May], 1648. page 78 note d page 78 note d Thomas Neville in the key; he seems to have been a cousin of Sir E. Nicholas. page 79 note a page 79 note a This letter has not been preserved, but a copy of it is apparently among the Clar. State Papers (Calendar, p. 303, No. 2452). For extracts from the letter of 4 Mar., see ibid. p. 365. page 79 note b page 79 note b Sir Henry Compton, of Brambletye, co. Suss., late M.P. for East Grinstead. There is a cipher for him in Eg. MS. 2550, f. 34, as “ambassador to Portugal.” page 79 note c page 79 note c These initials are interlined over the cipher-number 523, which in the key stands for Philip Warwick. So W. T. below, over 524, for Thomas Webb. page 79 note d page 79 note d Antonio de Souza, Portuguese Resident in London and a partisan of Charles (J. Bruce, Charles I. in 1646, p. 1, note). page 79 note e page 79 note e Basil Feilding, succ. as 2nd Earl in 1643; Commissioner with the King from the House of Lords in conjunction with Montague and Pembroke. page 79 note f page 79 note f Edward Montague, succ. as 2nd Baron Montague of Boughton in 1644. page 80 note a page 80 note a Leave was granted him to come from Holmby on account of sickness on 23 Feb., but on the 28th he had had a relapse and was too ill to be moved (C.J., v. p. 96). He died in 1650. page 80 note b page 80 note b Sir Walter Earle, M.P. for Weymouth, one of the Commissioners with the King from the Commons. page 81 note a page 81 note a 525 = Charles Whitaker; one of the persons allowed to be with the King at Carisbrooke, 2 Sept. 1618 (Walker, Treaty of Newport, 1705, p. 8). page 82 note a page 82 note a Henry Frederic Howard, cr. Baron Mowbray and Maltravers in 1639; succ. his father as Earl of Arundel, Surrey, and Norfolk in 1646. page 82 note b page 82 note b Arthur Capel, cr. Baron Capel in 1641; taken prisoner at the surrender of Colchester, and beheaded 9 Mar. 1649. page 82 note c page 82 note c George, Lord Goring, the writer's eldest son; the General Goring of the Civil War. He entered the Spanish service and died before his father in 1662. page 83 note a page 83 note a Leopold William, brother of the Emperor Ferdinand III., recently appointed Governor of the Spanish Netherlands (C. J., 21 May, v. p. 181). page 84 note a page 84 note a John Ashburnham. The letter is printed in the Lords' Journals, 21 May, ix. p. 203. See also Ashburnham's Narrative, 1830, ii. p. 164. page 84 note b page 84 note b Col. Sir Robert Pye, junior. Both he and Col. Richard Graves, who commanded the guard in charge of the King, belonged to the small minority of officers who favoured the Parliament in their contest with the Army (Whitelock, ed. 1732, p. 249). page 84 note c page 84 note c See Com. Journals, 20 May, v. p. 179. page 85 note a page 85 note a Late Remembrancer of the Exchequer; discharged of his office “for deserting the Parliament” in Aug. 1644 (Whitelock, p. 97). He was created Viscount Fanshawe in 1661. page 85 note b page 85 note b The “Huntons” were cousins of Nicholas, as appears from accounts between him and T. Neville relating to them in Eg. MS. 2558, f. 17. “Redin” probably means “Reading.” page 85 note c page 85 note c The Earl of Norwich. He came to London in the course of the year (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. i. p. 402); and, after heading the rising in Kent in 1648, was taken prisoner at the surrender of Colchester, when he only escaped execution by the casting vote of the Speaker. page 85 note d page 85 note d Probably Jasper Cornelius, of Southampton, an active Royalist agent (Hoskins, Pr. Charles in the Channel Islands, ii. p. 245). page 85 note e page 85 note e Col. Richard Norton, M.P. for Hants; afterwards member of the Council of State. page 85 note f page 85 note f Sir George Carteret, Comptroller of the Navy at the outbreak of the Civil War; made Lieut.-Governor of Jersey under Sir Thomas Jermyn in 1643, in succession to his uncle, Sir Philip Carteret. page 86 note a page 86 note a The Earl of Norwich. page 86 note b page 86 note b “Resolved that the General's regiment be first disbanded; that the time for that disbanding be on Tuesday next, the 1st of June; and that the town of Chelmsford be the place of the rendezvous” (L. J., 27 May, ix. p. 207). page 87 note a page 87 note a Col. Thomas Rainsborough. His proposition for reducing Jersey was approved by the Commons on 23 Apr. (C. J., r. p. 154); but the orders were countermanded on 28 May (Whitelock, p. 249). page 87 note b page 87 note b Isaac Basire, D.D., Prebendary of Durham, Archdeacon of Northumberland, and Chaplain to Charles I. In the course of this year he left Rouen on a prolonged tour for the purpose of spreading the doctrines of the English Church in the East. page 88 note a page 88 note a Earl of Loudoun. page 88 note b page 88 note b “466, Ant. Jackson” in a cipher in Egert. MS. 2550, f. 5, endorsed by Nicholas “My second cipher with the King, Aug. 1647”; doubtless the Anthony Jackson, of the Middle Temple, who was knighted at Breda in 1650 (Brit. Mus., Add. MS. 32102. f. 84 b). He accompanied Charles II. to Scotland, and was taken prisoner at Worcester. He was sent to the Tower, 3 Nov. 1651; and was ordered to be banished, 1 Sept. 1654 (Cal. St. Pap., 1654, pp. 273, 353). A petition from him (ibid. p. 18) is noted “Herald that proclaimed C[harles] S[tuart].” page 89 note a page 89 note a This is the letter of advice to which Nicholas refers in his letter to the King of the same date (Cal. Clar. St. Pap., i. p. 426). It must have somehow been returned to the writer, as it appears to be the actual letter sent and not a draft or copy. page 90 note a page 90 note a Christopher Hatton, cr. Baron Hatton in 1643. His letters to Nicholas are mostly written under the pseudonyms “Charles Parker” and “Simon Smith,” but the handwriting is unmistakeable. page 90 note b page 90 note b i.e., at the meeting of Prince Charles and the members of the King's Council held at Calais in July, following upon the defection of the Parliamentary fleet under Rainsborough. Hatton's account of the jealousies and intrigues among the Royalist leaders may be compared with Clarendon's History, ed. 1843, p. 646. page 91 note a page 91 note a Sir Richard Lane, made Lord Keeper, on the death of Lord Littleton, 30 Aug. 1645. He died in 1650. page 91 note b page 91 note b Sir Ralph Hopton, cr. Baron Hopton in 1643. page 91 note c page 91 note c Robert Long, younger son of Sir Walter Long, of Draycot, Knt.; cr. a Bart, in 1662. page 92 note a page 92 note a William Crofts, of Saxham, co. Suff., cr. Baron Crofts in 1658 ; Captain of the Guard to Henrietta Maria. page 93 note a page 93 note a Dr. Stephen Goffe, or Gougb, “a man well known in that time as the chief agent and confidant of my Lord Jermyn” (Clarendon, ed. 1843, p. 648). He was of Merton College, Oxford, and M.A. in 1627; and at one time was a Royal Chaplain. Afterwards, however, he became a Roman Catholic, and joined the Oratorians of Paris (Wood, Athenœ, i. p. 494 ; Bray, Evelyn's Diary, ed. 1850, i.p.19). page 93 note b page 93 note b The dramatist and Poet Laureate; he had been knighted at Oxford in Sept. 1643. page 94 note a page 94 note a Edward Walsingham, described by Nicholas in a letter to Ormonde, 8 Feb. , as “Lord Digby's intimate servant,” and “a great babbler of all his most secret employments” (Carte, Ormonde Papers, i. p. 206). Lord Byron also calls him “a pragmatical knave” (ibid. p. 217). page 94 note b page 94 note b Perhaps the “Captain Griffin,” residing near Dieppe, whose name occurs later in the Correspondence. page 95 note a page 95 note a Filon, a term in French argot explained by Littré as a “voleur qui emploie l'adresse.” page 95 note b page 95 note b Perhaps a mistake of the writer for 653, i.e. Nicholas himself. page 96 note a page 96 note a Pembroke surrendered to Cromwell, 11 July, 1648; and Colchester to Fairfax, 28 Aug. page 96 note b page 96 note b George Villiers, succ. as 2nd Duke in 1628. His futile rising in Surrey, with the Earl of Holland and others, at the beginning of July, 1648, was speedily put down, costing the life of Lord Francis Villiers, his brother, in the field, and that of Holland on the scaffold. page 97 note a page 97 note a Sir John Berkeley, youngest son of Sir Maurice Berkeley, of Bruton, co. Som.; cr. Baron Berkeley, of Stratton, in 1658. He was made governor to the Duke of York during the absence of Lord Byron in England. page 97 note b page 97 note b Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Charles Montague, of Boughton. page 97 note c page 97 note c Of Hackney, and Loudham Hall, co. Suff.; Treasurer of the Household to Henrietta Maria. page 98 note a page 98 note a At Lens, 20 Aug. when Condé defeated the Archduke Leopold. page 98 note b page 98 note b John, Baron Beck, General Field-Marshal. He was removed to Arras and there died of his wounds. page 98 note c page 98 note c Charles Albert de Longueval, Count de Bucquoy, General of Cavalry in the Spanish service. page 98 note d page 98 note d Furnes, between Dunkirk and Dixmude. page 99 note a page 99 note a Known in the French Memoirs of the period as the “Journée des Barricades.” page 99 note b page 99 note b Pierre Bronssel, “Conseiller Clerc” of the Parliament of Paris, 1637. Ke was made Governor of the Bastille in 1649, and Préyôt des Marchands in 1651. page 99 note c page 99 note c Charles de la Porte, Duc de la Meilleraie. page 100 note a page 100 note a Jean Francois Paul de Gondi, archbishop of Corinth, and coadjutor to his uncle, the archbishop of Paris; afterwards Cardinal de Retz. His own Mémoires contain a graphic account of his interposition “Je sortis en rochet et camail, et je ne fus pas au Marché-Neuf que je fus accablé d'une foule de peuple qui hurloit plutôt qu'il ne crioit,” etc. (ed. 1859, i. p. 155). page 100 note b page 100 note b Nicolas Potier, seigneur de Novion, succeeded André Potier his father as President in 1645. “Blamine” is René Potier, Seigneur de Blancmesnil, President “aux Enquêtes.” Other accounts speak of the latter only as being arrested. page 100 note c page 100 note c Pierre Séguier. page 102 note a page 102 note a Henri de Lorraine, son of Charles, Due d'Elbœuf; Grand Ecuyer of France. page 106 note a page 106 note a He apparently means the “Abbot Crely,” or Crelly; see Edw. Walsingham's letter to Ormonde, 16 Sept. (Orm. Papers, ii. p. 354), and Meynell to Cottington, Jan. 1650, “O'Neil employed one abbot Crelly, an Irish Cistercian Monk, to Paris to the Queen (Clar. State Papers, ii. p. 509). Perhaps the same as Philip Crolly, who was appointed Vicar-Apostolic of Clogher diocese in 1650. page 107 note a page 107 note a Elizabeth Hatton, wife of Sir Anthony Aucher, of Bourne, co. Kent, who was cr. a Bart, in 1666. page 108 note a page 108 note a Probably John Dove, alderman of Salisbury; M.P. for Salisbury, 16 Oct. 1645, in place of Serj. Robert Hyde, disabled. He was named one of the King's judges, but did not attend the trial (Notes and Queries, 6 July, 1872). page 108 note b page 108 note b Sir John Evelyn, of West Dean, co. Wilts, M.P. for Ludgershall in the Long Parliament. page 108 note c page 108 note c Edmund Ryves, of Luckington, co. Som., married Mary, sister of Sir Edward Nicholas, 19 Aug. 1623; and John Ryres, their son, was baptised 16 Sept. 1624. (Egert. MS. 2558, f. 33.) The name is in the list of persons allowed to attend the King, 2 Sept. 1648 (Walker, Treaty of Newport, p. 8). page 109 note a page 109 note a The manor was assigned at the sale of Church lands, 28 Sept. 1650, to John Dove for £838 6s. 11¾d. (Collectanea Topogr. and Geneal. i. p. 291). page 111 note a page 111 note a For the part he had taken in the escape of Charles from Hampton Court he had been imprisoned at Windsor, 19 May, 1648, but was exchanged, as “the most considerable prisoner in the kingdom,” for Sir W. Masham, 7 Aug. (Rushworth, vii. p. 1218). He was, however, refused permission to attend the King at Newport (C. J., 31 Aug., v. p. 694), and his name inserted in the list of delinquents to be excepted from pardon on 13 Oct. (Walker, Treaty of Newport, p. 57). He himself compounded for £772 10s. (Dring, Cat. of Compounders, 1655). page 112 note a page 112 note a Son of Sir Bevil Grenville, of Stowe; cr. Earl of Bath in 1661. He was appointed Governor of Scilly in Nov. 1648 (Orm. Papers, i. p. 170). The island had been surrendered to the Parliament on 25 Aug. 1646, but was recovered for the Royalists by a rising of the inhabitants in Sept. 1648. page 117 note a page 117 note a Henry Percy, younger son of Henry, 9th Earl of Northumberland ; cr. Baron Percy of Alnwick in 1643. He was made Governor of Guernsey in this year. page 117 note b page 117 note b Henry Wilmot, 2nd Viscount Wilmot; cr. Earl of Rochester in 1652. page 118 note a page 118 note a Dr. Richard Steward or Stewart, “Dean of the King's Chapel, whom his Majesty had recommended to his son to instruct him in all matters relating to the Church” (Clarendon, p. 649). He was Prebendary of Worcester, 1629, and Provost of Eton, 1639; and during the Civil War was nominally appointed Dean of St. Paul's and of Westminster. page 118 note b page 118 note b This story figures in Clarendon: “There was a woman at the Hague, of the middling rank, who, being with child, with the horror of the mention of it, fell into travail and in it died” (p. 704). page 120 note a page 120 note a An extract from a letter of Hatton to Nicholas of this date will be found in Orm. Papers, i. p. 235. page 120 note b page 120 note b Charles II. was proclaimed King at Edinburgh on 5 Feb. page 120 note c page 120 note c “Old William Murray ‥‥ employed here by Argyle” (Lord Byron from the Hague, 30 Mar., Orm. Papers, i. p. 238). page 124 note a page 124 note a a He was a persona grata at Madrid, both as a Catholic and as a former agent and ambassador there for many years (Clarendon, p. 754). page 125 note a page 125 note a Secretary to Sir Edward Hyde. page 125 note b page 125 note b Their Secret Instructions, dat. 24 May, are in Clar. St. Pap. ii. p. 481. page 126 note a page 126 note a Richard Harding, Groom of the Bedchamber; the “reverent Dick Harding” of the Queen of Bohemia's letters to Nicholas in 1654 (Bray's Evelyn, iv. p. 213, etc.) page 126 note b page 126 note b The Earl of Cassilis, George Winram, Laird of Libberton, and others from the Estates, with Robert Baillie, etc., from the Kirk (see Baillie's Letters, iii. p. 458). page 126 note c page 126 note c William Hamilton, Earl of Lanark, now 2nd Duke of Hamilton on the execution of James, his elder brother, on 9 Mar. 1649. He died of wounds received at Worcester, 12 Sept. 1651. page 127 note a page 127 note a George Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Seaforth, suco. in 1633. William Hay, 3rd Earl of Kinnoull, succ. in 1644. page 127 note b page 127 note b English Resident at the Hague since 1633. He died in 1650 (Cal, Clar.St. Pap. ii. p. 68). page 128 note a page 128 note a So Clarendon: “All which was done before he heard from the QueeD his mother” (History, p. 704). page 128 note b page 128 note b Sir Richard Lane, Lord Keeper. page 129 note a page 129 note a John Denliam, author of “Cooper's Hill,” son of Sir John Denham, Baron of the Exchequer; cr. K.B. at the Coronation of Charles II. page 131 note a page 131 note a Groom of the Bedchamber; second son of Sir Edward Seymour, Bart., of Bury Pomeroy. page 132 note a page 132 note a Sir George Strode, Knt., of Squeries, co. Kent. He compounded for 2,814l (Dring, p. 109). page 133 note a page 133 note a Mary, Princess of Orange, to whom Oudart was now acting as Secretary. page 135 note 1 page 135 note 1 Dr. Isaac Dorislaus, Judge Advocate of the Parliamentary Army ; sent as Envoy to the Hague in May, 1649, and there murdered by Royalists. The view of the crime taken by Nicholas is plainly expressed in a letter to Ormonde, in which he speaks of “ the deserved execution of that bloody villain Dorislaus ” (Orm. Pap. i. p. 291). He had, in fact, himself indirectly instigated the murder during a previous residence of Dorislaus at the Hague, and before his action as prosecuting counsel on the trial of Charles I., in a letter to Hatton, Jan. 164 , “ I marvel that none of the Ranters about Pr: Charles do cut the throats of Strickland and Dorislaus, the Parliaments [agents] in Holland ” (B. M., Add. MS. 4180, f. 7b). page 136 note a page 136 note a Sir Henry de Vic, of Guernsey, Resident at Brussels ; cr. Bart. 2 Sept. 1649. At the Restoration he was made Secretary for Foreign Tongues, Chancellor of the Order of the Garter, etc. page 137 note a page 137 note a M.P. for Liskeard in 1640, but disabled 22 Jan. 1644; author of Eikon Aklastos, 1651. He had been Royalist Commissioner in Cornwall, and was now appointed to some post under Grenville at Scilly. Hyde has recorded his “ extraordinary good opinion ” of his abilities (Clar. State Papers, iii. p. 246). page 138 note a page 138 note a This is a carefully-written copy by Nicholas of a paper sent to him by Hyde for the King, 30 Sept. 1649 (Clar. St. Pap., iii. p. 5). page 147 note a page 147 note a “Mr. Welworth,” a pseudonym, in Nicholas's summary on the back of the letter. page 147 note b page 147 note b John Ayton or Aytoun, nephew and heir of Sir Robert Ayton, Master of Requests, etc. page 148 note a page 148 note a John Spottiswoode, Archbishop of St. Andrews, 1615–1639. His History of the Church and State of Scotland was published at London, 1655, fol. page 148 note b page 148 note b Captain Robert Meade, Student of Christ Church in 1634, and M.D. in 1646 ; author of the comedy “Combat between Love and Friendship,” 1654 (Wood, Athenœ, iii. p. 342). He was at this time designed for a mission to Sweden. His instructions, dated Jersey, 11 Nov. 1649, are in Eg. MS. 2542, f. 17. page 148 note c page 148 note c Sir George Radcliffe, of Overthorpe, co. York, Secretary to Strafford in Ireland, knighted in 1633. page 149 note a page 149 note a Nicholas had just joined the King in Jersey. Writing immediately after to Hatton, Oct., he remarks, “ If I could have imagined that businesses of so vast importance and consequence had been managed with so little order, secrecy, and providence, I should not have made so much haste hither, where two or three honest men can do little or no good ” (B. M., Add. MS. 4180, f. 10b). In another letter, Oct., he writes, “ The King [is] yet unwilling to let it appear or be known that I am his secretary, because of some engagement I believe Co the Queen” (ibid.). page 150 note a page 150 note a Sir William Bellenden, of Broughton (see above, p. 3); recently returned from Sweden, where he had been left by the Earl of Brentford “ in the nature of an agent for our King,” Nicholas to Ormonde, 11 Sept. (Orm. Papers, i. p. 311). page 151 note a page 151 note a Patrick Ruthven, cr. Lord Ruthven of Ettrick in 1639, Earl of Forth in 1642, and Earl of Brentford after the battle of Brentford, in 1644 ; one of the oldest and most experienced of the Royalist generals, having been trained in the service of Gustavus of Sweden. He died in 1651. page 151 note b page 151 note b “ The K. saith the E. of Brentfords private treaty with the Scots rebels is not without his Majesties privity, who is assured there will be no prejudice thereby to him,” Nich. to Hatton, 23 Oct. (B. M., Add. MS. 4180, f. 11). page 151 note c page 151 note c Alexander Fraser, M.D. of Montpellier in 1635, and of Cambridge in 1637 ; F.R.C.P., 23 Nov. 1641. He accompanied Charles to Scotland as his physician in 1650, but was ordered by the Committee of Estates on 27 Sept. to quit the Court within twenty-four hours. page 153 note a page 153 note a Treasurer of the Household of Charles II. page 154 note a page 154 note a Youngest son of Lord Keeper Coventry ; Secretary to the Duke of York after the Restoration, and knighted in 1665. He is identified as the writer by Birch's extract from Nicholas's reply, “ Dec., to Mr Coventry: ‘ K. approves of the Proposition sent Mr Cov. by Sir Gilbert Talbot for a fixt Council in England to be named by his Majesty’” (Add. MS. 4180, f. 11b). page 155 note a page 155 note a Sir Gilbert Talbot, of Salwarpe, co. Worc.; knighted at Oxford, 5 Jan. 164 . He had been Resident, etc., at Venice, 1637–1645, and Gentleman of the Chamber to Charles I. page 158 note a page 158 note a “ I have heard of other such like practises of my old servant Oudart as that which you mention to be used by him to Sir K. Brown. Such pranks will in a little time discover he is much of the humour and conditions of his new master Mr Long,” Nich. to Hatton, 29 Dec. (Add. MS. 4180, f. 11b). page 158 note b page 158 note b The Declaration dated at Jersey, 21 Oct. 1649, announcing his determination to avenge his father's murder, etc. page 158 note c page 158 note c John Berkenhead or Birkenhead, Fellow of All Souls in 1640 by the favour of Laud, and knighted, probably, in 1649. He was writer of the Royalist Mercurius Aulicus. Perhaps, however, his brother, Isaac Berkenhead is meant. page 158 note d page 158 note d Anne, daughter of Lord Keeper Coventry, and widow of Sir William Savile, Bart., of Thornhill, co. York. page 159 note a page 159 note a John Cosin, Dean of Peterborough in 1640; made Bishop of Durham in 1660. His difficulties as Protestant Chaplain to the Royalists at Paris are enlarged upon by Clarendon, ed. 1843, p. 757. page 160 note a page 160 note a Charlotte de Montmorency, widow of Henry II. Prince de Condé, who died in 1646 ; in early youth the object of the infatuated passion of Henry IV., whose daughter's necessities she now relieved in so eccentric a manner. She died in the following year. page 165 note a page 165 note a Henry, youngest son of Charles I.; now nearly ten years of age. With his sister, Princess Elizabeth, he was at this time under the charge of the Countess of Leicester at Penshurst, but they were both removed to Carisbrooke in the following July. page 165 note b page 165 note b A report by Lord Hatton, Sir Rich. Browne, Dean Cosin, and Dr. Geo. Morley concerning a French translation of the “ Eikon Basilike,” with an objectionable preface, by one F. de Marsys, is in Eg. MS. 2547, f. 5, dated 4 Jan. 1650. It is printed, with other papers in the Nicholas Collection relating to the subject, in Mr. Edw. Scott's introduction to the reprint of the Eikon, 1880. page 167 note a page 167 note a Antoine Le Brun, one of the Spanish negociators of the Treaty of Munster. He died in 1654. page 167 note b page 167 note b Owen Roe O'Neill, leader of the Catholics of Ulster. page 167 note c page 167 note c Murrough O'Brien, 6th Baron Inchiquin ; cr. Earl of Inchiquin in 1654. He was now Royalist President of Munster, having held the same office under the Parliament down to the beginning of 1649. page 171 note a page 171 note a Charles Gerard, cr. Baron Gerard in 1645, and Earl of Macclesfield in 1679. page 171 note b page 171 note b Younger brother of Sir Bevil Grenville. He had been Major-General of the army in the West during the Civil War; and Clarendon has much to say of his character and conduct in command (History, pp. 504, 544, etc.). See also Lord Beauchamp's letter below, p. 180. page 172 note a page 172 note a Anthony Ascham, appointed agent for the Republic at Hamburg in Aug. 1649, and Resident at Madrid in June, 1659. He was murdered by John Guillim, William Spark, and other Royalists the day after his arrival. page 173 note a page 173 note a William Cavendish, 1st Marquis of Newcastle. With Hamilton and Buckingham, he had recently been sworn of the King's Council (Cal. Clar. State Papers, ii. p. 53). page 173 note b page 173 note b Sir Edward Herbert. page 174 note a page 174 note a Elizabeth, daughter of William Feilding, Earl of Denbigh, and widow of Lewis Boyle, Viscount Boyle of Kynalmeaky, who was killed in action in 1642; cr. Countess of Guildford in 1660. page 175 note a page 175 note a Sir James King; cr. Lord Eythin in the peerage of Scotland in 1642. He had served under Gustavus of Sweden, and acted as Lieut.-General of the Royalist army commanded by Newcastle. A warrant for his commission as Lieut.-General under Montrose was issued at Breda, Mar. 1650 (Cal. State Papers, 1650, p. 53). page 178 note a page 178 note a Henry Seymour, eldest son of William, 1st Marquis of Hertford ; died before his father, in 1656. See a letter from Charles II. to the Pr. of Orange in Clar. St. Pap. ii. p. 546, “ A mixt party of my father's old friends, and of the Presbyterians, are now ready to rise for me in the West of England; the Marquis of Hertford and his son, the Lord Beauchamp, are the chief, and all the considerable Presbyterians join with them.” Long and interesting reports by Col. Keane on the design are in Cal. of State Papers, for 1650, pp. 47, 152. page 178 note b page 178 note b John Seymour, son of Sir Edward and brother of Henry Seymour. page 179 note a page 179 note a Henry Arundel, succ. as 3rd Baron Arundel of Wardour in 1648. page 179 note b page 179 note b Sir John Arundel, of Lanherne, co. Cornwall, knighted 3 Aug. 1644; the representative of an elder branch of the same family as the Arundels of Wardour. page 180 note a page 180 note a George Bruges or Brydges, succ. as 6th Baron Chandos in 1621. page 181 note a page 181 note a Edward Massey, famous for his defence of Gloucester for the Parliament in 1643; one of the “Eleven Members” impeached by the army in June, 1647, and finally “disabled to sit” on 27 Jan. 1650, soon after which he openly joined the Royalists. One of his services as a Parliamentarian officer was the capture, in 1642, of Sudeley Castle belonging to Lord Chandos. page 182 note a page 182 note a “ For when the King went to Jersey in order to his journey into Ireland, and at the same time that he sent the Chancellor of the Exchequer into Spain, he sent likewise the Lord Colepepper into Moscow, to borrow money of that duke” (Clarendon, History, p. 778). page 188 note a page 188 note a John Kennedy, 6th Earl of Cassilis, succ. in 1615 ; Commissioner from the Scotch Parliament and Kirk to the King at Breda in 1649 and 1650. Charles had landed in Scotland on 4 July, N.S. page 190 note a page 190 note a She died a month later, 8 Sept. 1650. page 191 note a page 191 note a Theobald Taaffe, succ. as 2nd Viscount Taaffe in 1643; cr. Earl of Carlingford in 1661. page 191 note b page 191 note b Heber MacMahon, Bishop of Clogher in 1643; made General of the Royal forces in Ulster by Ormonde in April, 1650, but defeated by Sir C. Coote on 20 June and the next day taken prisoner and hanged. page 194 note a page 194 note a “763 ” ; the text has “ 767,” deciphered “ reformed.” page 194 note b page 194 note b Thomas Eliot, Groom of the Bedchamber to the King—“ whom the king's father had sent into France at the same time that he resolved that the Prince should go for the West, and for no other reason but that he should not attend upon his son …. with whom he thought he had too much credit and would use it ill ” (Clarendon, p. 720). page 194 note c page 194 note c Henry Killigrew, of Christ Church, Oxford, D.D. in 1642, youngest son of Sir Robert Killigrew ; chaplain to the Duke of York. page 198 note a page 198 note a 6 Nov. His son, afterwards King William III. was born 14 Nov. following. page 199 note a page 199 note a Thomas Winston, M.D. of Cambridge in 1608 ; F.R.C.P. and Prof. of Physic at Gresham College in 1615. He retired to France in 1642, but came back in 1652 and had his estate restored (Whitelock, p. 538). page 200 note a page 200 note a Clerk of the Council and Garter King of Arms. He accompanied Charles to Scotland as Receiver-General (Balfour, iv. p. 83), but was among the number of his attendants who were ordered to quit the kingdom as having formerly “ served in arms against the cause” (see his own “Journal of Affairs in Scotland, 1650,” Hist. Discourses, p. 161). page 200 note b page 200 note b Gen. John Middleton, cr. Earl of Middleton in 1660. page 202 note a page 202 note a The letter is written on the back of the same sheet as the letter preceding. page 203 note a page 203 note a The so-called “ Start,” by which Charles hoped to shake off the yoke of the Committee of Estates by joining his friends in the North. He secretly left St. Johnstone on 4th Oct., but was brought back to Perth on the 6th (Walker, Hist. Discourses, p. 197). page 203 note b page 203 note b Katherine, dau. of Thomas, Lord Wotton, and widow of Henry, Lord Stanhope, eldest son of the Earl of Chesterfield. Her present husband was John Poliander van Kirckhoven, Heer van Heenvliet, after whose death she married Col. Daniel O'Neile (mentioned below), Groom of the Bedchamber to Charles I. and II. She was governess to the young Princess of Orange. page 204 note a page 204 note a Emilia, dau. of John Albert, Count of Solms-Braunsfeld, and widow of Frederic Henry, Prince of Orange. page 205 note a page 205 note a Sir Henry Hyde, 5th son of Sir Laurence Hyde, of West Hatch, co. Wilts; beheaded on 5 Mar. 1651 “ for sundry treasons and crimes …. against the Commonwealth” (Whitelock, p. 489), In his instructions, 19 Sept. 1649, he is described as “ Consul for Greece and the islands thereof ” (B. M., Egert. MS. 2542, f. 9). page 206 note a page 206 note a Groom of the Bedchamber ; ordered to quit the kingdom like Dr. Fraser and Nich. Oudart by the Committee of Estates on 27 Sept. page 206 note b page 206 note b Col. Elisha, or Ellis, Leighton, son of Alexander Leighton, M.D., and younger brother of Robert Leighton, afterwards Archbishop of Glasgow. He became a Roman Catholic in 1652 (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. ii. p. 162), and was knighted at Brussels in Apr. 1659, being then “ servant [secretary] to the Duke of Tork” (B. M., Add. MS. 32102, f. 84b). North, Examen, 1740, p. 480, and Burnet, Hist. of his Own Time, 1724, i. p. 136, give a most unfavourable character of him. After the Restoration he was Secretary to the Prize Court, and Pepys, who mentions him several times, speaks of him, at second hand, as having been “ a mad freaking fellow ” (ed. Bright, iii. p. 109). His father (see below, p. 212) was the victim of an inhuman sentence in the Star Chamber in 1630, and was imprisoned for life in the Fleet. He was, however, released by order of Parliament in June, 1641, and was subsequently made keeper of the prison at Lambeth House. page 207 note a page 207 note a See above, p. 137, note. page 207 note b page 207 note b He was left at Paris with the Queen when Charles went to Scotland, but against her wishes had gone to Brussels to visit the Duke of Lorraine (Clarendon, p. 755). page 208 note a page 208 note a See a “ List of his Majesties Servants ” in Balfour, iv. p. 83. page 208 note b page 208 note b Col. Gilbert Carr, or “ one Mr. Campbell ” (Walker, p. 177). page 208 note c page 208 note c Lady Isabella Thynne, dau. of Henry Rich, Earl of Holland, and wife of Sir James Thynne. page 208 note d page 208 note d George Morley, Canon of Christ Church, 1641 ; made Dean of Christ Church and Bishop of Worcester in 1660, and Bishop of Winchester in 1662. page 213 note a page 213 note a Richard Fanshawe, son of Sir Henry Fanshawe, of Ware Park, co. Herts.; afterwards a Bart. He had been secretary to Charles II. when Prince of Wales in 1645, and was again appointed secretary to the King in Scotland, 2 Apr. 1651 (B.M. Egert. MS. 2542, f. 72). He accompanied Charles into England, and was taken prisoner at Worcester. Hatton's mother was Alice Fanshawe, half sister to Sir Henry. page 215 note a page 215 note a For the answer to this letter see Ormonde Papers, i. p. 400. page 216 note a page 216 note a Col. Roger Burgess, appointed Lieut.-Governor of Guernsey by the Governor, Lord Percy, in Oct. 1649. He surrendered Castle Cornet to Adm. Blake on 15 Dec. 1651. page 217 note a page 217 note a Sir Peter Osborne, of Chicksand, co. Bedford; Lieut.-Governor of Guernsey under his brother-in-law, the Earl of Danby, for twenty-eight years. He was succeeded by Sir Baldwin Wake, 4 May, 1646 (Hoskins, Charles II. in the Channel Islands, i. p. 391). page 219 note a page 219 note a Abraham Cowley, the poet, who, since his retirement from Oxford before its surrender, had been in France, with Lord Jermyn. His name generally appears as “ Mr. Cooley.” page 220 note a page 220 note a Second son of Henry Montague, 1st Earl of Manchester. He became a Roman Catholic in 1631, and was afterwards made Abbé of St. Martin's, near Pontoise, and Almoner to Queen Henrietta Maria. page 221 note a page 221 note a Whenever Nicholas is mentioned in the third person the name in the original was no doubt written in cipher. page 221 note b page 221 note b Silas Titus, Groom of the Bedchamber, formerly captain in the Parliamentary service ; reputed author of Killing no Murder, 1657. One object of his mission to Paris was to learn the Queen's opinion on a project of marriage between Charles and a daughter of Argyle (Hillier, Charles I. in the Isle of Wight, 1852, p. 324). page 222 note a page 222 note a The Princes of Condé and Conti and the Duke of Longueville were released on 13 Feb., and, as a consequence, Mazarin had withdrawn into temporary exile. page 222 note b page 222 note b John Bramhall, Bishop of Derry, 1634 ; Archbishop of Armagh, 1661. page 223 note a page 223 note a Printed in Ormonde Papers, i. p. 407. page 223 note b page 226 note a page 226 note a Robert Monteith, called Salmonet from his birthplace in Stirlingshire; patronised by De Retz, who made him Canon of Notre Dame. He was author of a Hist, des troubles de la Gr. Bretagne, 1631–1650, Paris, 1661. page 226 note b page 227 note a page 228 note a page 228 note b page 231 note a page 231 note a Doubtless Lord Beauchamp, son of the Marquis of Hertford, is meant. page 233 note a page 233 note a He was arrested in Jan. 1651 for advising the King, as he expressed it in his depositions, “to treatt with Cromwell for the one halff of his cloacke befor he lost the quhole,” but was released in a few days (Balfour, iv. pp. 238–246). page 233 note b page 233 note b It did not appear till 1699, under the title Memoirs of Sir John Berkeley. page 234 note a page 234 note a Isaac Berkenhead, brother of Sir John, taken prisoner while conveying dispatches between Charles II. in Scotland and the Earl of Derby. page 234 note b page 234 note b Described as of Gray's Inn (Peacock, Royalist Confiscation Acts, p. 30). Particulars of his committal to the Tower on 18 Mar. 1651, his escape and capture, and his examination will be found in the Cal. of St. Papers for 1651. page 234 note c page 234 note c For the answer see Orm,. Pap. i. p. 452. page 238 note a page 238 note a Of Ollantigh, co. Kent; married Joan, daughter of Sir Bevil Grenville. His estates were confiscated in this year (Peacock, Royalist Confiscation Acts, 1879, p. 24). page 238 note b page 238 note b Of Brasted, co. Kent, second son of Chief Justice Sir Robert Heath; made “of the King's Council” for dispatching warrants in 1653 (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. ii. 279). page 239 note a page 239 note a This letter is in Cal. State Papers, p. 130. page 239 note b page 239 note b The “gentlemen of Kent” who had been arrested were released on bonds on 28 May (Ibid. p. 222). page 242 note a page 242 note a Col. Thomas Blagge, of Horningsheath, co. Suffolk; Groom of the Bedchamber. page 242 note b page 242 note b Charles III. Duke of Lorraine, succeeded in 1625. He was driven out of his duchy by the French in 1634, after which “he had retired to Brussels with his army which he kept up very strong, and served the King of Spain with it against the French ‥‥ by which he received great sums of money yearly from the Spaniard, and was sure very rich in money” (Clarendon, p. 718). Clarendon's further account of him and of his mode of life at Brussels is very curious. Negotiations were in progress for the marriage of the Duke of York to his daughter Anne, now a child about 12 years of age. She became the wife of Jules, Prince of Lillebonne, in 1660. page 245 note a page 245 note a He had married in 1621 Nicole de Lorraine, his cousin, daughter of Henry II. Duke of Lorraine, but had divorced her in 1637, and in the same year married Beatrix de Cusauce, widow of Eugene d'Oiselet, Prince of Chantecroix. page 246 note a page 246 note a This letter is undated, but is endorsed by Nicholas as received on May. For a letter from Hatton to Nicholas dated Apr., 1651, see Cal. of State Papers, p. 127. page 248 note a page 248 note a This allusion is probably to a certain “High German named Staiger ‥‥. Major to Lord Machelin” [Maitland], who had brought letters from Scotland to the Louvre and had then crossed to England, as it was suspected, with a traitorous design (Nicholas to Ormonde, 3 May, Orm. Papers, i. p. 454). page 248 note b page 248 note b Third son of Spencer Compton, 2nd Earl of Northampton. page 248 note c page 248 note c Recorder of London, 1635–43. His daughter Mary was a Maid of Honour to Henrietta Maria, and in this year married Sir Henry Wood. page 253 note a page 253 note a Henry Leslie, Bishop of Down, 1635; translated to Meath in 1661. page 253 note b page 253 note b Surrendered to Adm. Blake, 23 May. page 253 note c page 253 note c An order for supplying him with “a convenient diet,” as not being able to snpport himself, was made by the Council of State on 20 June (Cal. St. Pap. p. 261). For some account of him see Notes and Queries, 1st Series, vol. vi. p. 419. page 258 note a page 258 note a He had succeeded hia father, Sir Thomas Jermyn, as Governor of Jersey, on a patent in reversion, in 1645. page 262 note a page 262 note a By Charles I. to the two Houses of Parliament from Holmby. See Lords Journals, ix. p. 193. page 267 note a page 267 note a At Worcester, on 3 Sept. page 269 note a page 269 note a The letter from “John ap Griffith,” printed in Bell's Mem. of the Civil War, ii. p. 125. The subject is further elucidated in a “Relation touching the calumnies of Lord Hatton [the “backbitinge lipps” referred to below] against Sir Richard Browne,” imputing to him Presbyterian leanings (Ibid. p. 305). For the answer O Nicholas to the present letter see Bell, p. 129. page 270 note a page 270 note a The same probably which is referred to in “Consideracions upon Mr. Fountaines proposicions to his Majestie for an acomodacion between episcopacy and presbitery,” Feb. 1650 (Egert. MS. 2534, f. 110). page 271 note a page 271 note a The headquarters of the French Huguenots. “Sunday the 6th [Mar. 1644], I went to Charenton, two leagues from Paris, to hear and see the manner of the French Protestant Church service” (Evelyn's Diary, i. p. 57). page 271 note b page 271 note b Anne, widow of William Douglas, 7th Earl of Morton, who died in 1648. She had been governess to Henrietta youngest daughter of Charles I. since her birth at Exeter in 1644 (being then known as Lady Dalkeith), and had escaped with her charge to France in July, 1646. page 274 note a page 274 note a Probably Gaillon, in the Eure, between Evreux and the Seine. page 274 note b page 274 note b Thomas Wentworth, succ. as 4th Baron Wentworth. in 1597, and cr. Earl of Cleveland in 1625. page 275 note a page 275 note a William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafiord, rest, by patent, 1 Deo. 1641. page 275 note b page 275 note b He is described in the Confiscation Act, 1651, cap. 10, as “late of Colton, in the co. of the City of York” (Peacock, p. 1). page 279 note a page 279 note a Thomas Wentworth, eldest son of the Earl of Cleveland, called to the Upper House in his father's Barony of Wentworth in 1640. page 280 note a page 280 note a He was sent to the Tower on 13 Sept., but released on bail, “being certified to be in a deep scorbutic,” on 28 Nov. (Cal. St. Papers). page 281 note a page 281 note a Anne, dan. of Gaston, Dnke of Orleans, by his 1st wife, Marie of Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier. She died unmarried in 1693. On these projects of marriage for Charles and the Duke of York, see Clarendon, p. 783. page 281 note b page 281 note b Mary, dau. of Henry, Duke of Longueville, by his first wife, Louise of Bourbon, dau. of the Count of Soissons. She married Henry, Duke of Nemours, in 1657. page 284 note a page 284 note a Thomas Hobbes, whose “Leviathan” was published at London in 1651. He had been Charles's mathematical tutor. See Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 45. page 284 note b page 284 note b He died at Limerick, 15 Nov. 1651. page 285 note a page 285 note a For most of this paragraph see Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 47, note. page 285 note b page 285 note b He was deprived of his secretaryship (to which he had been reappointed on the King's return from Scotland) on his being accused by Col. Wogan of treasonable practices in 1646 (Hyde to Nicholas, 20 Jan. 165½, Clar, St. Pap. iii, 43). See also Wogan's narrative in Orm. Papers, i. 139. page 286 note a page 286 note a “And the envy and jealousy of all this [the ill-success of the siege of Gloucester in 1643] fell upon Sir John Colepepper, who was indeed of the opinion for the siege, but without doubt ‥… he believed there was very good reason for that engagement and was most free from any corrupt end, and of the most sincere fidelity” (Clarendon, p. 421). page 287 note a page 287 note a Viz. either to go to Paris or to meet the King elsewhere upon due notice (see Hyde's letter of 24 Feb. in Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 49). page 288 note a page 288 note a Sir William Macdougall or Macdowell, who succeeded Sir Will. Boswell as Resident at the Hague in 1650. page 288 note b page 288 note b See the proceedings of the Council of State, 20 April (Cal. St. Pap. p. 223). page 288 note c page 288 note c Col. Samuel Tuke, afterwards 2nd Bart., of Cressing Temple, co. Essex. His claims to wit are supported by his tragi-comedy “The Adventures of Five Hours,” 1662. page 289 note a page 289 note a Lord Colepeper, who had been appointed Master of the Rolls in 1643. page 290 note a page 290 note a Sir William Swan, of Southfleet, co. Kent, knighted at Breda in 1649; cr. a Bart, in 1666. He died English Resident at Hamburg, in 1678 (Archaeologia, xxxvii. p. 147). page 291 note a page 291 note a Lieut.-Col. John Lilburne, who had been ordered by Parliament on 15 Jan. 165½, to quit the kingdom (Commons' Journals, vii. p. 72). page 294 note a page 294 note a Gualter Frost, senior. He died shortly before 29 Mar. and was succeeded by John Thurloe (Cal. St. Pap. p. 198). page 294 note b page 294 note b Third son of Sir Tho. Mackworth, of Normanton, co. Rutl., Bart. He had served in the Netherlands, and had been Major-General to the Marquis of Newcastle and afterwards, in 1645, Governor of Langport, co. Som. page 294 note c page 294 note c Henry Bennet, knighted in 1657, when he was Secretary to the Duke of York; cr. Baron Arlington in 1664, and Earl of Arlington in 1672. He had already served as Secretary to Lord Digby, 1644–46 (Doyle, Official Baronage). page 295 note a page 295 note a In making Mr. Crofts a Gentleman of the Bedchamber. See Hyde's letter of 13 Apr. in Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 58. page 296 note a page 296 note a Charles Howard, Viscount Andover, eldest son of Thomas, 1st Earl of Berkshire; succ. as 2nd Earl in 1669. He had been called to the Upper House as Baron Howard of Charleton in 1640. page 297 note a page 297 note a Thomas Holder, Admiralty agent for the King at Brest. For Hyde's opinion of him see Bray's Evelyn, iv. p. 261, “a weeke man and so sottishly corrupted in his religion that hee believes whatsoever any priest sayes to him.” page 297 note b page 297 note b Between the King and Condé (see Hyde to Nicholas, 27 Apr. 1652, Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 64). page 298 note a page 298 note a He died 17 Apr. 1652, being succeeded by his son Thomas Howard, who was restored to the Dukedom of Norfolk in 1660. On the latter's “distemper of the brain” see Walker, Hist. Discourses, p. 220. His younger brother, Henry, succeeded him as Duke of Norfolk in 1677. page 299 note a page 299 note a Barbara, daughter of Sir Thomas Aylesbury, Bart., and sister of Francis, Lady Hyde. She died in Sept. following (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. ii. p. 149) page 299 note b page 299 note b Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Henry Crofts and 2nd wife of Sir Frederick Cornwallis, Bart., cr. Baron Cornwallis in 1661. page 300 note a page 300 note a Walter Montague (see p. 220). He was first cousin to Hatton's wife, Elizabeth Montague (see p. 97). page 302 note a page 302 note a On 29 May, when he fought an indecisive action with Blake off Dover. page 303 note a page 303 note a Major Nicholas Armorer, son probably of Thomas Armorer, of Belford, co. Northumb. (Visit, of Northumb., Genealogist, ii. p. 219). page 304 note a page 304 note a Major-Gen. Vandruske had been commissioned on 15 Apr. to go to Dunnottar Castle, on the coast of Kincardine, to bring away the Scottish regalia, etc., but the order was cancelled on receipt of news that the Castle was besieged (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. iii. pp. 59, 74). See also Hyde to Nicholas, 23 Mar., in Clar. St. Pap. iii. p. 55. page 305 note a page 305 note a Possibly the same Dr. Johnson who was chaplain to the Queen of Bohemia in 1644, when she was desired to remove him as “ill-affected to the Parliament and religion” (Com. Journ., 28 June, 1614, iii. p. 544). Cole (B. M., Add. MS. 6873, f. 17) seems to identify him with William Johnson, D.D., Fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, and rector of Warboys, who was Archdeacon of Huntingdon from 18 Mar. , till his death on 4 Mar. , and whom Kennet describes as “at once the most witty and most pious man living” (Wood, Fasti Oxon., ed. 1820, ii. col. 208, note 7). page 306 note a page 306 note a Adrian Pauw, ambassador to England in 1649 and 1652. He died 21 Feb. 1653. page 306 note b page 306 note b Susan, sister of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, and widow of William Feilding, 1st Earl of Denbigh, who died in 1643. page 306 note c page 306 note c Henry Pierrepoint, succ. as 2nd Earl of Kingston in 1643, cr. Marquis of Dorchester in 1645. He was made Hon. F.R.C.P. in 1658. See an account of him in Munk's Roll of Roy. Coll. of Physicians, 1878, i. p. 281. page 307 note a page 307 note a He was sent as Envoy Extraordinary to the Diet of the Empire 21 Dec. 1652, having been created Earl of Rochester 13 Dec. (Doyle, Offic. Baron.) page 307 note b page 307 note b “Sieur William Curtius, a very learned and judicious person of the Palatinate. He had been scholar to Alstedius the Encyclopædist, was well advanced in years, and now Resident for his Majesty at Frankfurt” (Evelyn, Diary, 20 June, 1651, ed. 1852, i. p. 267). He was made a Bart, in 1652. page 307 note c page 307 note c John Taylor, accredited to the Electors of Cologne and Mayence 13 Sept. 1652 (Cal Clar. St. Pap. ii. p. 149). “If he were to be judged by his letters I should believe him to be a fool,” Hyde to Nicholas, 13 Sept. (Clar St. Pap. iii. p. 96). page 308 note a page 308 note a Alexander van der Capellen, Heer van Aartsbergen, etc., a warm partisan of the House of Orange (Aa, Biogr. Woorderiboek, iii. p. 141). Hyde in his answer calls him “Keppel.” page 308 note b page 308 note b William Frederic, Count of Nassau Dietz, mar. in 1652, Albertina, sister of William II. Prince of Orange, and aunt of the infant Prince William Henry. page 309 note a page 309 note a Perhaps David Chambers, anthor of a work “de Scotornm fortitudine, doctrina, et pietate,” Paris, 1631. Hyde in his answer, 20 Sept., says he had been dead for nearly a year (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. ii. p. 149). page 309 note b page 309 note b Of Tortworth, co. Glouc, cr. a Bart, in 1611. page 310 note a page 310 note a Sir Balthasar Gerbier, the miniature painter, a native of Middelburg. He came to England in 1615, and entered the service of Buckingham, and was afterwards assistant Master of the Ceremonies, English Resident at Brussels, etc. page 310 note b page 310 note b Allcannings, near Devizes, co. Wilts. page 310 note c page 310 note c A bitter attack on the character of Charles I. not unnaturally attributed to Gerbier, whose importance it magnifies. The Museum copy has no title-page or date. page 311 note a page 311 note a For seizing Newcastle and Tynemouth with the help of the Dutch, in return for which the latter were to have the right of selling the coal (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. ii. p. 149). page 311 note b page 311 note b William Howard, 2nd son of Thomas, Earl of Arundel, cr. Baron and Viscount Stafford in 1640. He had been arrested on a charge of scandalous immorality, and remained in custody until nearly the end of 1653 (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. ii. pp. 263, 276). page 312 note a page 312 note a There seems to have been no peerage of this title at the time. Perhaps Sir Richard Minshull, of Bourton, co. Bucks, is meant, who is said to have been created Baron Minshull of Miushull, co. Chester, 1 Dec. 1641, and Viscount Minshull of Leominster, 4 Jan. 1642, though the patents were never enrolled (Ormerod, Cheshire, iii. p. 181). Courthope (Historic Peerage, p. 322) calls him John Minshull, and Lipscomb (Bucks, ii. p. 588) styles him Baron Minshull of Oundle, co. Northt. He compounded for his estates at £1,378, and survived until 1667. page 312 note b page 312 note b Second son of Robert, 1st Earl of Kingston, M.P. for Much Wenlock, co. Salop, in the Long Parliament. page 313 note a page 313 note a Frans Meerman, Burgomaster of Delft in 1637, and Member of the States-General in 1646. He was son of Dirk Meerman, who was Ambassador to England in 1613. page 314 note a page 314 note a Æneas Macdonell, Laird of Glengarry, cr. Lord Macdonell and Arran in 1660. He was appointed one of the Commissioners for the management of the Royalist forces in Scotland until the arrival of Middleton, 30 Dec. 1652 (Cal. Clar. St. Pap. ii. p. 165). “Honest and stout, but neither a soldier nor a wise man, nor indeed a man of interest,” Hyde to Nicholas, 7 Dec. 1652 (Clar. St.Pap. iii. p. 122). page 315 note a page 315 note a Third son of Lord Howard of Escrick (see above, p. 15). page 316 note a page 316 note a Bulstrode Whitelocke, Commissioner of the Great Seal, and Member of the Council of State. page 316 note b page 316 note b René Augier, Parliamentary Agent at Paris. page 316 note c page 316 note c Printed at the Hague by A. Ulac in [Aug.] 1652; reputed to be written by Alexander Morus (Masson, Life of Milton, iv. p. 453). page 316 note d page 316 note d Chamberlain to the Princess of Orange. page 318 note a page 318 note a Sir William Boreel, Dutch Ambassador at Paris; cr. a Bart, in 1044, when on an embassy to England. page 319 note a page 319 note a Louis of Nassau, Heer van Beverweerd, etc., natural son of Prince Maurice; a staunch adherent of William II. Prince of Orange. page 320 note b page 320 note b Richard Bradshaw (see the proceedings of the Council of State, 22 Oct. 1652, Cal. St. Pap. p. 452).
2428	dbpedia	3	22	https://www.tiktok.com/discover/zimbabwe-ceos-network-awards-winners-2024-zimbabwe-the-full-list-of-nominees	en	Make Your Day			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			null
2428	dbpedia	1	40	https://www.amazon.com/Vintage-council-chairman-Andersson-Stockholm/dp/B07M7FCGCK	en	Amazon.com			[ "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/captcha/sgkknrsj/Captcha_mitsprjcyk.jpg", "https://fls-na.amazon.com/1/oc-csi/1/OP/requestId=6BWF8NFQCTC0HAKXXX6G&js=0" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			null	Enter the characters you see below Sorry, we just need to make sure you're not a robot. For best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies.
2428	dbpedia	1	17	https://www.geni.com/people/Sir-Rupert-De-La-Bere-1st-Baronet-KCVO/6000000055559858845	en	Sir Rupert De La Bere, 1st Baronet, KCVO	https://assets10.geni.co…o_photo_m_og.png	https://assets10.geni.co…o_photo_m_og.png	[ "https://www.geni.com/images/rotating_world.gif?1722953652", "https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1722953652", "https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1722953652", "https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1722953652", "https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1722953652", "https://www.geni.com/images/external/x_com_black.svg?1722953652", "https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1722953652", "https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1722953652", "https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1722953652", "https://www.geni.com/images/icn_help.gif?1722953652", "https://www.geni.com/images/myheritage/share_family_tree.png?1722953652", "https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif", "https://www.geni.com/images/no_photo_m.gif?1722953652", "https://records.myheritageimages.com/AA/supersearchassets/0/556/3fc/5563fc67a4274a9b538c7000aad8b5bd.png", "https://records.myheritageimages.com/AA/supersearchassets/0/556/3fc/5563fc67a4274a9b538c7000aad8b5bd.png", "https://www.myheritage.com/FP/API/SuperSearch/get-fs-image.php?person=L5RG-XQV&gender=M&mode=list&h=3663a28de209a308162e86ae0eb8bc44&t=1519646047&g=5A934C9FC1D5B2EDC17EC2F65695DF8E", "https://www.myheritage.com/FP/API/SuperSearch/get-fs-image.php?person=L5RG-XQV&gender=M&mode=list&h=3663a28de209a308162e86ae0eb8bc44&t=1519646047&g=5A934C9FC1D5B2EDC17EC2F65695DF8E", "https://assets10.geni.com/images/photo_silhouette_f_thumb2.gif", "https://assets10.geni.com/images/photo_silhouette_f_thumb2.gif", "https://assets10.geni.com/images/photo_silhouette_f_thumb2.gif", "https://assets10.geni.com/images/photo_silhouette_m_thumb2.gif", "https://assets10.geni.com/images/photo_silhouette_m_thumb2.gif", "https://assets10.geni.com/images/photo_silhouette_f_thumb2.gif", "https://media.geni.com/p13/90/35/a3/12/534448485248cb8c/lilian_margaret_de_la_bere_born_paine__t2.jpg?hash=4402a7fd14250f2a000ec7c00b671aa5435b78d37cd7e495aafe2398f6f2a252.1723532399", "https://media.geni.com/p13/ed/5f/0c/36/534448484b67a7d5/reginald_de_la_bere_t2.jpg?hash=33740a6c42d455b467de200d39f2a2b2f6163dff19e19365c1c13bfebc2b103f.1723532399", "https://assets10.geni.com/images/photo_silhouette_f_thumb2.gif", "https://assets10.geni.com/images/photo_silhouette_u_thumb2.gif", "https://assets10.geni.com/images/photo_silhouette_f_thumb2.gif", "https://www.geni.com/images/external/x_com_black_16.png?1722953652", "https://www.geni.com/images/facebook_white_small_short.gif?1722953652" ]	[]	[]	[ "family tree", "genealogy", "trace your ancestry", "family tree maker", "family tree search", "family tree charts", "family statistics", "ancestors", "research" ]	null	[]	2017-03-07T03:30:57-08:00	Genealogy for Rupert De La Bere (1893 - 1978) family tree on Geni, with over 260 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives.	en	/touch-icon-iphone.png	geni_family_tree	https://www.geni.com/people/Sir-Rupert-De-La-Bere-1st-Baronet-KCVO/6000000055559858845
2428	dbpedia	2	42	https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8bg2tr0/admin/	en	T. E. Lawrence Papers: Finding Aid			[ "https://oac.cdlib.org/images/logos/oac_logo.gif", "https://oac.cdlib.org/images/icons/no-online-available.gif", "https://oac.cdlib.org/images/icons/car_icon.gif", "https://oac.cdlib.org/images/icons/questionmark_purple_bg.gif", "https://oac.cdlib.org/images/icons/web-page-icon.gif", "https://oac.cdlib.org/images/icons/questionmark_blue_bg.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8bg2tr0/
2428	dbpedia	1	2	https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/sir-rupert-de-la-bere-24-xx6jfg	en	Sir Rupert De la Bere, b.1893 d.1978	https://www.ancestrycdn.…-hero-emily2.jpg	https://www.ancestrycdn.…-hero-emily2.jpg	[ "https://www.ancestrycdn.com/ui-static/i/logo/ancestry.svg", "https://www.ancestrycdn.com/astro-seolopp/images/treeGroup-5b239812.png", "https://mediasvc.ancestry.com/v2/image/namespaces/1093/media/219f0997-a876-4feb-ae97-cc4c5e946d02.jpg?Client=astro-seolopp&MaxSide=160", "https://mediasvc.ancestry.com/v2/image/namespaces/1093/media/8e3d9383-3040-4253-a5e9-ae493df25c13.jpg?Client=astro-seolopp&MaxSide=160", "https://mediasvc.ancestry.com/v2/image/namespaces/1093/media/9c7c46ed-c344-4d9a-8b5f-dd9c5c261ac4.jpg?Client=astro-seolopp&MaxSide=160", "https://mediasvc.ancestry.com/v2/image/namespaces/1093/media/f454e68a-e19c-4049-a677-9590a8aa549a.jpg?Client=astro-seolopp&MaxSide=160", "https://mediasvc.ancestry.com/v2/image/namespaces/1093/media/30706bc5-95c4-4cff-81fa-16e2cf12163d.jpg?Client=astro-seolopp&MaxSide=160", "https://mediasvc.ancestry.com/v2/image/namespaces/1093/media/32d18b66-70b2-44a2-aabb-751a7dca3bf1.jpg?Client=astro-seolopp&MaxSide=160", "https://mediasvc.ancestry.com/v2/image/namespaces/1093/media/66954f06-9656-4b8c-8cb7-fc56012479a0.jpg?Client=astro-seolopp&MaxSide=160" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Sir Rupert De la Bere born 1893 in Woburn Hill Chertsey genealogy record - Ancestry®.	en	https://www.ancestrycdn.com/astro-seolopp/assets/favicon-8bf6a704.ico		https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/results?firstName=sir&lastName=delabere	Public Member Trees This database contains family trees submitted to Ancestry by users who have indicated that their tree can be viewed by all Ancestry subscribers.These trees can change over time as users edit, remove, or otherwise modify the data in their trees. You can contact the owner of the tree to get more information. Private Member Trees This database contains family trees submitted to Ancestry by users who have indicated that their tree can only be viewed by Ancestry members to whom they have granted permission to see their tree.These trees can change over time as users edit, remove, or otherwise modify the data in their trees. If you would like to view one of these trees in its entirety, you can contact the owner of the tree to request permission to see the tree.
2428	dbpedia	2	9	https://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/ernest-bevin-bust	en	Ernest Bevin bust	https://d2kdkfqxnvpuu9.c…/giant/48458.jpg	https://d2kdkfqxnvpuu9.c…/giant/48458.jpg	[ "https://d2kdkfqxnvpuu9.cloudfront.net/images/giant/48457.jpg?1319390851", "https://d2kdkfqxnvpuu9.cloudfront.net/images/giant/48458.jpg", "https://d2kdkfqxnvpuu9.cloudfront.net/images/thumb/46489.jpg?1319385390", "https://d2kdkfqxnvpuu9.cloudfront.net/assets/2022/subject_types/male-24db55aa92d36ea3e76a81838edd37c7d2ed10fca9b96e9ae4a20b4a473c1941.svg", "https://d2kdkfqxnvpuu9.cloudfront.net/assets/2022/subject_types/male-24db55aa92d36ea3e76a81838edd37c7d2ed10fca9b96e9ae4a20b4a473c1941.svg", "https://d2kdkfqxnvpuu9.cloudfront.net/assets/2022/subject_types/male-24db55aa92d36ea3e76a81838edd37c7d2ed10fca9b96e9ae4a20b4a473c1941.svg", "https://d2kdkfqxnvpuu9.cloudfront.net/assets/2022/subject_types/male-24db55aa92d36ea3e76a81838edd37c7d2ed10fca9b96e9ae4a20b4a473c1941.svg", "https://d2kdkfqxnvpuu9.cloudfront.net/assets/2022/subject_types/male-24db55aa92d36ea3e76a81838edd37c7d2ed10fca9b96e9ae4a20b4a473c1941.svg", "https://d2kdkfqxnvpuu9.cloudfront.net/images/thumb/48456.jpg", "https://d2kdkfqxnvpuu9.cloudfront.net/images/thumb/44335.jpg", "https://d2kdkfqxnvpuu9.cloudfront.net/images/thumb/50649.jpg", "https://d2kdkfqxnvpuu9.cloudfront.net/images/thumb/76400.jpg", "https://d2kdkfqxnvpuu9.cloudfront.net/images/thumb/76401.jpg", "https://d2kdkfqxnvpuu9.cloudfront.net/images/thumb/77063.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Unveiled by Bermondsey Mayor Geoghegan, Chairman of the statue committee. The committee secretary was Griggs. The list of Creators includes all the members of the committee, and the sculptor.	en	https://d2kdkfqxnvpuu9.cloudfront.net/assets/favicon-83a7d3b05282993f5887becfe49ac862a5afe205a1b6cab9da2071be649422a7.ico	London Remembers	https://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/ernest-bevin-bust/	{On a bronze plaque attached to the front of the plinth:} 1881 - 1951. The Rt.Hon. Ernest Bevin "The Dockers' K.C.". National Organiser of the Dockers' Union, 1910 - 1921. General Secretary of the Transport and General Workers Union, 1921 - 1945. Chairman Trades Union Congress, 1937. Member of Parliament Central Wandsworth, 1940 - 1950 and East Woolwich, 1950 - 1951. Minister of Labour and National Service, 1940 - 1945. Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 1945 - 1951. Member of the Executive Committee of the International Transport Workers Federation. A forceful and inspiring leader of democratic principles. He gained a place in men's hearts few could equal. {Incised on the back of the stone plinth:} This memorial was unveiled by Councillor P.J. Geoghegan JP, Mayor of Bermondsey on 9th May 1955. Members of the committee: Councillor P. J. Geoghegan JP (Chairman) Alderman R. E. Goodwin, LCC Alderman Mrs L. Jones, MBE Councillor A. J. Kemp, LCC B. J. Mellish, MP Sir Rupert De la Bere, Bart, KCVO, MP Sir Harry Methven, KBE J. A. Blake, GM, MBE Arthur Deakin, CH, CBE (T. and G.W. Union) Chas. Brandon, JP (T. and G.W. Union) T. O'Leary (T. and G.W. Union) T. W. Condon, OBE (T. and G.W. Union) E. C. Harvey (T. and G.W. Union) S. G. Griggs (Hon Secretary)
2428	dbpedia	2	8	https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/85064	en	Bretforton Memorial Hall	https://media.iwm.org.uk…l_wmr85064_2.jpg	https://media.iwm.org.uk…l_wmr85064_2.jpg	[ "https://www.iwm.org.uk/themes/custom/deeson_frontend_framework/assets/components/objectMedia/placeholder-no-media.png", "https://media.iwm.org.uk/ciim5/memorials/112/306/mid_bretforton_memorialhall_wmr85064_2.jpg", "https://media.iwm.org.uk/ciim5/memorials/112/307/mid_bretforton_memorialhall_wmr85064_3.jpg", "https://media.iwm.org.uk/ciim5/memorials/112/308/mid_bretforton_memorialhall_wmr85064_4a.jpg", "https://media.iwm.org.uk/ciim5/memorials/112/309/mid_bretforton_memorialhall_wmr85064_4b.jpg", "https://media.iwm.org.uk/ciim5/memorials/112/310/mid_bretforton_memorialhall_wmr85064_1.jpg", "https://www.iwm.org.uk/themes/custom/iwm_theme/assets/components/donate/justgiving.svg", "https://www.iwm.org.uk/themes/custom/deeson_frontend_framework/assets/components/memorialDetails/historicengland.png", "https://www.iwm.org.uk/themes/custom/deeson_frontend_framework/assets/components/memorialDetails/wmr.png", "https://www.iwm.org.uk/themes/custom/iwm_theme/assets/components/footer/logo-title.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Memorial type: Hall / Institute	en	/sites/default/files/favicon.ico	Imperial War Museums	https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/85064	1191755818 Use this image under Non-Commercial licence This image was created and shared by: David Austin You can embed or download low-resolution images free of charge for private and non-commercial use under the IWM Non-Commercial Licence. By downloading or embedding any image, you agree to the terms and conditions of the IWM Non Commercial Licence, including your use of the attribution statement specified by IWM. For this item, that is: © David Austin (WMR-85064) Embed HTML: BBCode: 1356524859 Use this image under Non-Commercial licence This image was created and shared by: David Austin You can embed or download low-resolution images free of charge for private and non-commercial use under the IWM Non-Commercial Licence. By downloading or embedding any image, you agree to the terms and conditions of the IWM Non Commercial Licence, including your use of the attribution statement specified by IWM. For this item, that is: © David Austin (WMR-85064) Embed HTML: BBCode: 722619063 Use this image under Non-Commercial licence This image was created and shared by: David Austin You can embed or download low-resolution images free of charge for private and non-commercial use under the IWM Non-Commercial Licence. By downloading or embedding any image, you agree to the terms and conditions of the IWM Non Commercial Licence, including your use of the attribution statement specified by IWM. For this item, that is: © David Austin (WMR-85064) Embed HTML: BBCode: 1484465700 Use this image under Non-Commercial licence This image was created and shared by: David Austin You can embed or download low-resolution images free of charge for private and non-commercial use under the IWM Non-Commercial Licence. By downloading or embedding any image, you agree to the terms and conditions of the IWM Non Commercial Licence, including your use of the attribution statement specified by IWM. For this item, that is: © David Austin (WMR-85064) Embed HTML: BBCode: 310645443 Use this image under Non-Commercial licence This image was created and shared by: David Austin You can embed or download low-resolution images free of charge for private and non-commercial use under the IWM Non-Commercial Licence. By downloading or embedding any image, you agree to the terms and conditions of the IWM Non Commercial Licence, including your use of the attribution statement specified by IWM. For this item, that is: © David Austin (WMR-85064) Embed HTML: BBCode: Memorial details Memorial type Hall / Institute District Wychavon Town Bretforton County Hereford And Worcester Country England Commemoration First World War (1914-1918), Second World War (1939-1945) Ceremony Dedicated Date: 11th July 1920 Attended by: Vicar, Rev. J. E. H. Blake (Lost his two sons in the war) Dedicated Date: 19th June 1949 Attended by: Vicar, the Rev. C. M. Stickings Unveiled Date: 19th June 1949 Attended by: Mr, Rupert De la Bere, M.P., "a humble member of the British Legion." Show More (2) Lost Not lost WM Reference 85064 Support IWM Donate with Any gift we receive makes a vital contribution to our ongoing work, from conserving our collection to supporting our public programme. Description Newspaper report: Memorial hall dedicated after WW1 with large oval plaque on external wall with dedication and names of the Fallen. Two smaller oval plaques were added in 1949 to commemorate two men from the village who died in WW2, one each side of the WW1 plaque. Inscription 1914 - 1919 / THIS HALL WAS BUILT / IN MEMORY OF / THE MEN OF BRETFORTON / WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES / IN THE GREAT WAR / (names) Two plaques with 1939-1945 and name, one each side of the WW1 plaque Inscription legible? yes Names on memorial Allchurch, Wilson D. Blake, Edward Sylvester Blake, James Robert Carter, Alfred Carter, Malcolm Clarke, Albert Cleaver, Albert Coldicott, William Darke, Albert Dowdeswell, Charles See details for all 29 names Commemorations First World War (1914-1918) Total names on memorial: 27 Served and returned: 0 Died: 27 Exact count: yes Information shown: forename, surname Order of information: surname, forename Second World War (1939-1945) Total names on memorial: 2 Served and returned: 0 Died: 2 Exact count: yes Information shown: forename, surname Order of information: surname Components Hall Measurements: Undefined Materials: Local stone, local tiles Plaques Measurements: Undefined Materials: Bronze Listing information This memorial is not currently listed. Find out how to nominate this memorial for inclusion on the National Heritage List for England More about listing and the protection of historic places can be found on the Historic England website Condition If you know the condition of this memorial, please help by adding details Costs Memorial: £1,550 Trust fund/Scholarship No Purpose: Unknown or N/A Reference Evesham Standard & West Midland Observer - Saturday 17 July 1920 www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002560/19200717/026/0003 BRETFORTON MEMORIAL HALL OPENED Evesham Standard & West Midland Observer - Friday 24 June 1949 www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002560/19490624/093/0005 Bretforton Remembers Its "Elder Brethren" MEMORIAL PLAQUES UNVEILED Evesham Standard & West Midland Observer - Saturday 17 July 1920 www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002560/19200717/044/0004 NOTES This record comprises all information held by IWM’s War Memorials Register for this memorial. 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2428	dbpedia	1	57	https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/L51Q-VN4/marguerite-humphrey-1897-1969	en	FamilySearch.org	https://edge.fscdn.org/a…o_favicon_sq.png	https://edge.fscdn.org/a…o_favicon_sq.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Discover your family history. Explore the world’s largest collection of free family trees, genealogy records and resources.	en	https://edge.fscdn.org/a…o_favicon_sq.png		null
2428	dbpedia	2	55	https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2009/02/snowdon-excerpt200902	en	Excerpt: The Princess and the Photographer	https://media.vanityfair…_limit/image.jpg	https://media.vanityfair…_limit/image.jpg	[ "https://www.vanityfair.com/verso/static/vanity-fair/assets/logo-header.svg", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/54cbfe45fde9250a6c40e0e4/master/w_2560%2Cc_limit/image.jpg", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66c90ccb4bb3b04e537a933f/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66cb62ae96ebced922222192/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66c8c37b77f1b69d5a7e85f6/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/54cbfe450a5930502f5f077d/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/image.jpg", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66c90ccb4bb3b04e537a933f/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66cb62ae96ebced922222192/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66c8c37b77f1b69d5a7e85f6/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66c90ccb4bb3b04e537a933f/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66cb62ae96ebced922222192/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66c8c37b77f1b69d5a7e85f6/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/54cbfe453c894ccb27c8200b/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/image.jpg", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66c90ccb4bb3b04e537a933f/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66cb62ae96ebced922222192/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66c8c37b77f1b69d5a7e85f6/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/54cbfe455e7a91c528235b2d/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/image.jpg", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66c90ccb4bb3b04e537a933f/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66cb62ae96ebced922222192/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66c8c37b77f1b69d5a7e85f6/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/54cbfe45fde9250a6c40e0e6/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/image.jpg", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66c90ccb4bb3b04e537a933f/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66cb62ae96ebced922222192/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66c8c37b77f1b69d5a7e85f6/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/54cbfe450a5930502f5f077f/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/image.jpg", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66c90ccb4bb3b04e537a933f/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66cb62ae96ebced922222192/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66c8c37b77f1b69d5a7e85f6/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/54cbfe49998d4de83ba41846/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/image.jpg", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66a7f794348be668831d9229/1:1/pass/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/61ce151c37c8ab00f58b24d3/1:1/pass/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66aa837810eaaad6b6f2cc5f/1:1/pass/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/6674509df128ed138f9ea86f/1:1/pass/undefined", "https://www.vanityfair.com/verso/static/vanity-fair/assets/logo-small-white.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "royal watch", "culture", "princess margaret", "antony armstrong jones", "earl of snowdon", "marriage" ]	null	[ "Anne de Courcy", "David Canfield", "Eve Batey", "Bess Levin", "Hadley Hall Meares", "Erin Vanderhoof", "Richard Lawson", "Condé Nast" ]	2009-01-09T00:00:00-05:00	Britain thrilled to the 1960 wedding of Queen Elizabeth’s glamorous younger sister, Princess Margaret, and debonair photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones (soon to become Earl of Snowdon), the first commoner in four centuries to marry a king’s daughter. But many close to the newlyweds saw trouble ahead. In an excerpt from her biography of Snowdon, the author explores why happily ever after was never in the cards.	en	https://www.vanityfair.com/verso/static/vanity-fair-global/assets/favicon.ico	Vanity Fair	https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2009/02/snowdon-excerpt200902	On February 19, 1948, Duff Cooper, the former British ambassador to France and a noted appraiser of women, went with his wife, Lady Diana, to a luncheon at Buckingham Palace with the King, Queen, and their two daughters, the Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret Rose (as Margaret was then called). Afterward he wrote in his diary, “We enjoyed it enormously. Conversation never flagged and was really amusing. Margaret Rose is a most attractive girl—lovely skin, lovely eyes, lovely mouth, very sure of herself and full of humour.” He added presciently, “She might get into trouble before she’s finished.” It was not long before she did. The Princess, then 17, was already in love with one of her father’s courtiers, a love that would blaze across headlines and almost cause a constitutional crisis. Like her uncle David, the Duke of Windsor, she had become besotted with someone else’s spouse. Group Captain Peter Townsend, the King’s extra equerry, was a glamorous war hero who had been selected for royal service in 1944. Born in 1915, he was 15 years older than the Princess, whom he met for the first time when she was a 14-year-old in ankle socks. He came from a family that had served King (or Queen) and country for several generations. When the King asked him to escort his daughters riding or to the theater, keep a watchful eye while they danced with friends, or accompany them on picnics at Balmoral, the royal residence in Scotland, Townsend regarded it not so much a duty as an expression of devotion. As Margaret neared the age at which first love strikes with all its force, the man she saw most of was the handsome, attentive Townsend. Despite his record as a courageous fighter ace, he was gentle, sensitive, and intuitive, qualities that appealed to the vulnerable core hidden beneath Margaret’s willful, confident exterior. When Townsend accompanied the royal family on a tour of South Africa in 1947, the two were in each other’s company every day. “We rode together every morning in that wonderful country, in marvelous weather,” the Princess told a confidante. “That’s when I really fell in love with him.” Historical events seemed to doom their romance from the start. On February 6, 1952, King George VI died of lung cancer. His widow and her younger daughter moved into Clarence House, and Townsend went with them as comptroller; a few months later the Townsend marriage was dissolved. It was far easier for Margaret and Townsend to conduct a full-blown love affair within Clarence House, where the Princess had her own apartment, although at that stage the affair was still known only to a few. But when, at Queen Elizabeth II’s coronation, on June 2, 1953, the Princess lovingly picked a piece of fluff from the lapel of her lover’s tunic in plain view of all the television cameras in Westminster Abbey, their secret was out. Since Townsend was divorced, it was impossible for the new Queen, as head of the Church of England (which forbade marriages between divorced persons), to give her consent to someone as high in the line of succession as Margaret was. It was decided that the best plan would be for Townsend to leave the country for a year—at the end of which they were asked to wait another year. Townsend and Margaret saw each other again for the first time on October 12, 1955. Less than three agonizing weeks later, the two of them came to the conclusion that their love could have no happy ending. A statement was drafted in the Princess’s name: I would like it to be known that I have decided not to marry Group Captain Peter Townsend. I have been aware that, subject to renouncing my rights of succession, it might have been possible for me to contract a civil marriage. But mindful of the Church’s teachings that Christian marriage is indissoluble, and conscious of my duty to the Commonwealth, I have resolved to put these considerations before others. I have reached this decision entirely alone, and in doing so I have been strengthened by the unfailing support and devotion of Group Captain Townsend. I am deeply grateful for the concern of all those who have constantly prayed for my happiness. Once the Townsend affair was over, the Princess put it resolutely behind her. Inside Clarence House it was hardly, if ever, mentioned. As the beautiful, tragic heroine of a star-crossed love, she aroused both chivalry and sympathy, and the country speculated eagerly about the men in her circle—would it be the Duke of Marlborough’s heir, Sunny Blandford, the Honorable Dominic Elliot, son of the Fifth Earl of Minto, or perhaps the rich and generous Billy Wallace who eventually won her? The Princess was giving no clues. Night after night, usually in a party of six or eight, she would visit theaters, restaurants, and nightclubs, smoking cigarettes through a long holder between courses and sipping whiskey. Her life developed a routine. She would stay in bed until 11, breakfasting on weak China tea and what she picked from a plate of fruit. She would then get up and have her bath, with the aid of Ruby Gordon, her dresser, and select her clothes and jewelry. Her shoes and cigarette lighters were cleaned every morning, and her hairdresser, René, called on her regularly. Sometimes she would play with her dogs, two Sealyhams named Pippin and Johnny and a King Charles spaniel named Rowley. At 12:30 she would appear looking groomed and fresh and go to her desk, on which sat a large glass of fresh orange juice and her mail. Then came lunch, with the Queen Mother and members of the household. With them she was not always popular, in part because of her frequent rudeness to her mother. “Why do you dress in those ridiculous clothes?” she would ask, and she would become furious that drinks before lunch (notorious for their potency) would sometimes go on for an hour. The television set at Royal Lodge was another cause of trouble: Princess Margaret would simply switch it to another channel without a word if she did not like what the Queen Mother was watching. Yet the Queen Mother never lost her temper. Only by her hands could those who had served her for a long time tell that she was annoyed. “It was the way she moved a book, a piece of furniture, or a glass,” recalled her page William Tallon. Margaret was equally inconsiderate to her mother’s staff. If there was a Christmas party at Buckingham Palace, to which the staff of Clarence House were invited, the Queen Mother would invariably dine out with a lady-in-waiting or have something light so that her servants could get to the party, whereas Princess Margaret would deliberately have a dinner party that evening. It was a perversity that can perhaps be explained by the fact that—unlike the Queen Mother and the Queen, who had successively been the first lady in the land—Margaret, always number two, was determined to insist on her royal status. At 28 she was at the height of her beauty and charisma, poised, stylish, and groomed to perfection. In one of the elegant evening dresses that made the most of her petite figure, swathed in furs and glittering with diamonds, she was an icon of glamour. She was imperious, and if she was bored, she showed it—at one small supper dance given in her honor, when her host asked her, “Ma’am, will you start the dancing?” she replied, “Yes—but not with you.” When one of Margaret’s dazzled admirers asked her in the spring of 1958 if she would sit for a photograph for him—he knew just the right photographer—she agreed. The chosen photographer was Antony “Tony” Armstrong-Jones, whom she had met a month or two earlier with Lady Elizabeth Cavendish, her lady-in-waiting. Immediately, Tony took charge of the sitting in his usual way. With the utmost politeness, he made her change her clothes, her jewelry, and her pose as if she were any other sitter, at the same time chatting away with his mixture of jokes, gossip about mutual friends, and stories of the theatrical luminaries he had photographed. Margaret, accustomed to unquestioning deference, had never met anyone like him. She decided that she wanted Tony in her circle, and after a while his face could be seen among the parties of six or eight people in which the Princess went to the theater or dined out. As he was not a known escort, no one paid any attention to the appearance of an extra man in her wide and varied acquaintance. Nor did anyone notice when he came to his first luncheon party at Clarence House, on November 11, 1958. (“It will be too sad if you cannot come!,” Margaret had written two weeks earlier in her letter of invitation. “If you do, I must warn you immediately that I will bore you by forcing you to look at my photograph of Mamma in the heather, which has blown up very nicely.”) Tony was seated beside Margaret, with Princess Alexandra, Margaret’s cousin, on his other side. Soon she began paying secret visits to his studio in Pimlico. Her car would drop her unobtrusively in the adjacent, parallel road. Dressed as anonymously as possible in a tweed skirt, sweater, and headscarf, she would slip down a small alley that led to the studio’s backyard—at the back, the basement was at ground level—and down the spiral staircase into the small sitting room where Tony would cook them a simple supper. Occasionally he would whisk her off to the room he rented at 59 Rotherhithe Street, in a former pub on the Thames, where he could work in peace and entertain friends. His landlord, Bill Glenton, noticed that Tony was suddenly not only uncharacteristically secretive about his guests but also scrupulous about preparing for them. When he sprayed the entrance hall with an air freshener and replaced Glenton’s run-of-the-mill lavatory paper with soft, violet-tinted toilet tissue, it could have served as a hint that a special visitor was expected. When Margaret did come, it was usually in the company of friends, but sometimes, later in the year, they would meet there alone. Other meetings were at the houses of a very few close friends such as Lady Elizabeth and the Vogue features editor Penelope Gilliatt, and on weekends, when the Princess joined her mother at Royal Lodge, Tony would drive down to Windsor to see her. It was known that he was building an aviary there, and the assumption was that it was for the Queen Mother. As the year drew on, another excellent excuse for visits was his commission to take the 29th-birthday portraits of the Princess. The Cure for Heartache For Tony it was all overwhelming. He was used to pretty girls, from unsophisticated debutantes to models and actresses of varying degrees of experience, and he was aware of the effect his well-honed sexual expertise had on women. But Margaret was something different. She was gilded with the mysterious, mythic aura of royalty. Everything around her spoke of this. For a simple weekend country-house visit, the names of fellow guests had first to be submitted to her lady-in-waiting, accompanied by a dossier on each one. At every meal the Princess was served first, and no one could speak to her without first being addressed by her. In some houses, if she did not help herself to, say, potatoes, no one else could. She was a challenge like no other—even to take the Queen’s sister on the back of a motorbike was something almost unbelievable, and the thought of a relationship overwhelming. Tremendously impressed by the Princess and all her qualities, Tony was also enormously proud of himself for becoming her lover. Each was a person of extraordinary sexual magnetism, with a libido to match. When they entered each other’s force field of attraction, their mutual gravitational pull was irresistible, and soon they were sexually besotted. That their passionate love affair was completely secret added to its intensity. Yet, although by the summer of 1959 they were deeply in love and conducting an affair, he was still leading his busy private life at full throttle. Girls still came and went at the studio, and although the actress Jacqui Chan, his longtime girlfriend, was less in evidence, he was also carrying on an affair with the beautiful actress Gina Ward. On weekends, he often went to visit Jeremy and Camilla Fry, who had become his closest friends. Naturally, he took the Princess to see them at their house, Widcombe Manor, near Bath, and when she had weekend engagements or he could not see her, he often went there by himself. In early October 1959, Tony went to stay at Balmoral for the first time. No one attached any significance to his visit, assuming that he was there in a professional capacity. Although he did not blend into the heathery, tweedy ambience of the castle in the way most visitors did, thanks to early outings with his father he was a good shot and, for Princess Margaret, the best of companions. While he was there, the Princess received a letter from Peter Townsend telling her that he was going to marry a Belgian girl of 19 named Marie-Luce Jamagne. The Princess, stunned by this piece of news, told Tony of the letter as they were out walking together on the last day of his visit, but she warned him not to ask her to marry him. She was determined to show the world what was in fact the truth: that she was no longer in love with Townsend and that his marriage would not wound her. On her return from Balmoral she went to stay with Lord and Lady Abergavenny at Eridge, in Kent, in a large house party, fortuitously on the weekend that the papers carried the news of Townsend’s engagement. Raymond Salisbury-Jones (son of Sir Guy Salisbury-Jones, marshal of the diplomatic corps), who sat beside her at dinner the first night, recalled, “The next morning a message came round to every room in the house that the Princess absolutely was not to see the papers. I get quite a lump in my throat when I think about this, as it must have been a very difficult moment for her. So we all talked about all sorts of other things.” The bond between Tony and the Princess was steadily strengthening, a fact acknowledged by the Queen Mother, who, unlike many others in the royal family, approved of him wholeheartedly—so much so that she gave a party for her daughter and the man Margaret now clearly loved. Ostensibly, this dance, at the end of October 1959, was to welcome Princess Alexandra home from Australia. There were 250 guests, who danced until three a.m. Tony and Margaret, scarcely able to hide their feelings for each other, were finally asked by the Queen Mother to lead a conga up and down the staircases and through the rooms of Clarence House. By Christmas, the lovers had decided on marriage. Only a few people knew of this, in particular Jeremy and Camilla Fry, who had offered a “safe house” where they could be alone together during this last part of their courtship. “Was the second weekend you stayed much easier than the first?” wrote Camilla to Tony after one visit. “I am sure PM enjoyed it more this time. She seemed so much easier to talk to.” It was, in fact, while staying at Widcombe Manor with the Frys that they became engaged. The Queen’s consent naturally had to be sought, and during the royal family’s Christmas sojourn at Sandringham, their country estate, Tony went down to visit—he had not been asked to stay, as this might have given the game away. After giving her consent, the Queen, who was pregnant with Prince Andrew, asked if they would refrain from announcing their engagement until after the birth of her child. The Word Goes Out Tony, aware that the longer such an explosive secret was kept the greater the likelihood of its emerging into the public domain, decided to spend a few weeks with his sister, Susan, the wife of John Vesey, the Sixth Viscount de Vesci, in Ireland. Back in his studio, Tony told his staff that he “might soon be doing something else.” Most of them thought he meant films. Possibly, if they had known about his conversation two months earlier with the young interior designer David Hicks, they might have picked up a hint. “I’m going to make a very grand marriage,” said Hicks. “Oh, really?” said Tony. “Who to?” “Lady Pamela Mountbatten,” replied Hicks proudly. “Oh, I don’t call that grand,” responded Tony. Knowing that his engagement would soon be announced, Tony was aghast when his lawyer father, Ronald “Ronnie” Armstrong-Jones, told him that his own marriage—his third—was about to take place: both Tony and Susan, aware that a three-times-married father-in-law for the Princess would make a juicy morsel for the press, begged Ronnie to postpone it for a few months. But he was adamant, saying to Tony, “Why can’t you change the date of your wedding?” On February 11, Ronnie, who was 50, married the 31-year-old flight attendant Jenifer Unite in Kensington Register Office. It was not exactly an auspicious omen. When the Queen gave birth to Prince Andrew, on February 19, 1960, the long wait was nearly over. Margaret had told one or two of her closest friends, swearing them to secrecy. But the strain of keeping the secret and ensuring that nothing discreditable leak out began to show. Telephoning a friend, the writer and journalist Francis Wyndham, Tony said in a tremulous voice that he thought he might be having a nervous breakdown, adding almost immediately, “What is a nervous breakdown?” Wyndham, who had known Tony since they both worked at Queen magazine, was confused by this sudden change in someone he had always found to be sparkling company, and he suggested that Tony go away for a while. “But I’d only have to come back,” he replied. On February 24, five days after Prince Andrew’s arrival, Tony was at last able to tell his assistants that in two days’ time there would be “an announcement.” His Princess would soon be able openly to wear the engagement ring he had given her—a ruby surrounded by a marguerite of diamonds that he had purchased at the jeweler S. J. Philips for £250 ($700). Other disclosures would be more difficult. On Thursday night he telephoned Gina Ward. At first she was too staggered by his news to feel anything but shock and disbelief, simply saying over and over again, “Tony, you can’t take this on.” “But I can, I can,” he said in the eager way so familiar to her. “And anyway,” she cried, “you’re in love with me! You’ll have an awful life.” Only after the call was over and she realized that he had no doubts or second thoughts did the pain of her own loss strike home. (Nevertheless, she was to remain an adoring and lifelong friend.) On the morning of Friday, February 26, Tony’s great friend and fellow photographer Robert Belton, who was renting a room in the choreographer John Cranko’s house, in Pimlico, was told by Cranko’s housekeeper that Tony Armstrong-Jones was on the telephone for him. “Can I come and see you?” asked Tony. “Yes, sure,” said Belton. When Tony arrived he asked Belton to get in the car, then drove it 400 yards from the house. “I’m getting married to Princess Margaret and they’re announcing it tonight after the six-o’clock news,” he told Belton, and then asked him if he would tell Jacqui Chan before the announcement. She was filming at Pinewood Studios, so Belton rang and left a message that he would pick her up after work. There was a long silence after he told her, and then she said, “Well, I hope she can cope better than I could.” At Clarence House, Sir Arthur Penn, the treasurer, told the staff that all leave was canceled for the following weekend. When those who normally accompanied the Queen Mother, such as William Tallon, arrived at Royal Lodge that Friday, the staff were called into the canteen, where Sir Arthur told them that Princess Margaret was engaged. “Who to?” was the immediate response. “Well, a photographer—called Armstrong-Jones,” said Sir Arthur. From the assembled staff, few of whom had heard of Tony, there was a long-drawn-out “Ooh!” of disappointment. Most of them had thought it would be the immensely wealthy Billy Wallace, one of her most favored escorts. Then the Princess herself told them, adding that Tony would be arriving “with all his goods and chattels” that night. Not many miles away, driving back to London with rain beating on the windshield, Jacqui Chan and Belton heard on the car radio: “It is with the greatest pleasure that Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother announces the betrothal of her beloved daughter the Princess Margaret to Mr. Antony Charles Armstrong-Jones, son of Mr. R. O. L. Armstrong-Jones Q.C. [Queen’s Counsel] and the Countess of Rosse, to which union the Queen has gladly given her consent.” As soon as the engagement was announced, warnings flew thick and fast amid the stream of congratulations. Those closest to the couple were the most distressed. Lady Elizabeth Cavendish asked the Princess if she was quite sure about her feelings, “because you won’t always know where he is and he won’t always want to tell you.” Tony’s brother-in-law, Lord de Vesci, who knew the Princess very well, advised, “Tony, for God’s sake don’t.” Sir Jocelyn Stevens, Tony’s friend since childhood, cabled from Lyford Cay, his estate in the Bahamas: “Never was there a more ill-fated assignment.” Peter Saunders, an Oxford friend, who did not like the Princess, thought Tony would put himself into a very difficult position. “These people aren’t for you,” he warned. “They will chew you up and spit you out. I know it’s a physical thing at the moment, but at the end of the day for goodness’ sake don’t do it.” Others felt the Princess was the one who should be warned off. When the Queen Mother telephoned the photographer Cecil Beaton and told him of the engagement, Beaton said, “Oh, how wonderful, you must be thrilled, ma’am, how simply marvelous, he’s terribly clever and talented.” When he put the telephone down he said in tones of disgust, “Silly girl!” Even Noël Coward, a fervent royalist, noted in his diary, “He [Tony] looks quite pretty but whether or not the marriage is entirely suitable remains to be seen.” When Cecil Beaton told his Wiltshire neighbor Lord Pembroke of the engagement, Pembroke exclaimed, “Then I’ll go and live in Tibet!” The writer Kingsley Amis, perhaps to get his own back for a trick Tony had played on him when he had been rude about the Princess (whom he had never met), reacted by bad-mouthing both of them, calling the Princess “famed for her devotion to all that is most vapid and mindless in the world of entertainment … and her appalling taste in clothes” and describing Tony as a “dog-faced tight-jeaned fotog of fruitarian tastes.” For Tony’s mother, Anne Rosse, his engagement to Princess Margaret was the culmination of all her social ambitions. She had been fearful that he would marry Jacqui Chan, whom she disliked on purely social grounds. “She wanted me to make an upwardly mobile marriage,” said Tony. From being “my ugly son,” he was now her pet, and the approval he had always craved was at last forthcoming, but for all the wrong reasons. Ronnie, on the other hand, was deeply upset. “When he was cross he would sign his letters ‘RAJ’ and not ‘Your loving father,’” recalled Tony. “Now I got one saying, ‘Boy, you would be mad to marry Princess Margaret—it will ruin your career.’ My father loved Jacqui Chan and would have liked me to marry her.” A frisson of horror ran through many of the courtiers. Sir Alan Lascelles, who had done much to destroy the Princess’s romance with Peter Townsend, was equally unhappy about this one, lamenting to Harold Nicolson, the author and diplomat, that “the boy Jones has led a very diversified and sometimes a wild life, and the danger of scandal and slander is never far off.” Nicolson noted in his diary, “At least Mr. Jones is not a homo, which is rare these days.” Tony went into hiding, staying at the house of his friend Simon Sainsbury’s brother in Eaton Terrace before moving into Buckingham Palace, on February 29. Here he had a bedroom and sitting room on the first floor, reached by an elevator. His meals were served on a tray, and a footman looked after him. He would enter with his own key by the privy-purse door; both at the palace and Royal Lodge his arrival would be heralded with the code words “The Taj Mahal is coming.” His secretary, Dorothy Everard, came to work for him in the next room. To move from relative anonymity to royal life, even with the comparative restraint then shown by the media, meant a serious adjustment. He had to learn to walk two paces behind the Princess, to look attentive and smiling at all times, to say nothing controversial, and (in public) always to wait until the Princess had finished speaking so as to be sure never to interrupt her. Then there were such minor but important points as clapping with raised hands so that he could be seen to be clapping, to say nothing of the complications of precedence. Usually these were strictly observed, but at lunchtime in royal households, for instance, people sat where they wanted, and while engaged couples could be placed together, married couples never were. Press attention was unremitting—even their first engagement photograph, taken for The Times, had been interrupted by a helicopter buzzing overhead, and Tony and the Princess had had to dart for cover under the rhododendrons of the Royal Lodge gardens. For friends, it took a long time to overcome the seeming unreality of the situation. Robert Belton, receiving a telephone call from Tony at Buckingham Palace, with the noise of music in the background, said, “I can’t hear you very well—could you turn the radio down?” “That’s not the radio,” responded Tony, “it’s the band—they’re changing the guard. Do you want a favorite played?” After a week he asked his assistant, John Timbers, to go and see if there was any mail at his studio. It was piled so high that Timbers could barely get through the door. Once Tony and Margaret were officially engaged, the celebratory dinners began. One was with the Honorable Colin and Lady Anne Tennant (whose wedding Tony had photographed four years earlier). Both the Tennants knew the Princess well. Anne had carried the Queen’s train at the coronation; Colin was a great friend of the Princess’s, and before his marriage a frequent escort. As Margaret loved the Caribbean, neither of the Tennants was surprised when they learned over dinner that the couple would be spending their honeymoon there. “Why don’t you stop off at Mustique?” said Colin, who had bought this beautiful little island in 1957 for £45,000 ($126,000). “Anne and I will be there, living in our hut, and we won’t bother you at all.” Tony was, naturally, constantly invited to Clarence House. His future mother-in-law, the Queen Mother, had become extremely fond of him, although some of her household took the same attitude toward him as the palace courtiers. To observant eyes, this slight frostiness could be discerned in the simple matter of pre-lunch drinks. These were served from a trolley, usually martinis or gin and Dubonnet, while in the corner an old-fashioned phonograph quietly played 1930s tunes such as “Smoke Gets in Your Eyes.” The Queen Mother, who did not want footmen in the drawing room before lunch, left the serving of drinks to her private secretaries and equerries, most of them former soldiers, who quietly and efficiently poured them out for Elizabeth, the Princess, and their guests. But, for Tony, who was neither royal nor by now really a guest, they resented performing this service. A Royal Wedding The wedding was set for May 6, 1960. Anne Rosse had wanted Tony to have his oldest half-brother, Lord Oxmantown, as best man. But Tony’s underlying resentment at what he saw as his mother’s lifelong neglect, only emphasized by her about-face when he got engaged to the Princess, put that idea to rest. Instead, as Buckingham Palace announced on March 19, he intended to have his best friend, Jeremy Fry. Two weeks later, on April 6, it was revealed that Fry had stepped down owing to a recurrence of jaundice. The real reason, discovered but not stated by the press, was that Fry had been convicted at Marlborough Street Magistrates Court, London, in 1952 of a minor homosexual offense, for which he had been fined £2 (this was at a time when homosexual behavior was still a criminal offense). Jeremy Thorpe, a close friend of Tony’s since their Eton days, was briefly considered, but a discreet inquiry by the chief constable of Devon discovered that he also was thought to have homosexual tendencies. In the end Tony settled for a man of irreproachable reputation, Dr. Roger Gilliatt, the husband of Penelope Gilliatt, who was not only the son of the Queen’s gynecologist but a prominent neurologist in his own right. The public enthusiasm for the wedding was immense. It was wonderful and romantic, the beautiful young Princess finding happiness again with a magnetically attractive young photographer after sacrificing a great love. When they went to the opera with the Queen Mother in March, the whole audience stood and cheered. In the heady excitement of being able to be together openly, Margaret and Tony never stopped to think of what difficulties could lie ahead. She was fascinated by his haute bohemian world, so different from the one in which she had been brought up. He believed absolutely that he could cope with the pressures of living within the protocol and values of a court life that, despite two World Wars, had hardly changed since Victorian days, and the friendliness with which he was treated by the royal family did nothing to dispel this conviction. From their point of view, his intelligence, natural finesse, excellent manners, and obvious devotion to Margaret spoke heavily in his favor. He was the first commoner in 400 years to marry the daughter of a monarch; for the more farsighted members of “the firm,” to include someone who had worked for his living all his adult life added a welcome contemporary note to an institution often accused of living in the past. Deeply in love, seeing each other at their best, happiest, and most unselfish, neither Tony nor Margaret realized that they were both, au fond, accustomed to getting their own way—and making life extraordinarily unpleasant for anyone who prevented them. As one friend put it sadly, “They were both center-stage people, and only one person can occupy the center at any given moment.” May 6 was a clear, bright day. From the flagpoles along the Mall hung white silk banners with the initials T and M entwined on red Tudor roses, and a 60-foot arch of pink and red roses had been erected in front of Clarence House. There was a grandstand outside Westminster Abbey and discreetly hidden television cameras inside (it was the first royal wedding to be televised). Among the 2,000 guests were not only the expected array of statesmen, peers, ministers, and close friends of the bride and groom, but also the three living wives of the bridegroom’s father—including the groom’s mother, Anne Rosse, dressed to the nines in a Victor Stiebel suit of gold brocade with a mink collar. Jacqui Chan, escorted by Bob Belton, arrived in a car sent by Tony, and slipped through a side door. Other guests included Tony’s housekeeper and the postman from his father’s village in Wales. The bride, by contrast, did not ask any of the Clarence House staff who had cared for her for years. Margaret had not made herself popular with them, treating those who looked after her inconsiderately and with maddening demands that often caused endless extra work. Lord Adam Gordon, the comptroller of the household, summed up the feelings of many of them in a remark heard by William Tallon, who was standing close by. As Margaret passed him where he stood on the top step as the glass coach waited to take her to Westminster Abbey, Gordon bowed and said, “Good-bye, Your Royal Highness,” adding as the coach pulled away, “and we hope forever.” Margaret made an exquisite bride. Her dress, designed largely by Tony and his friend Carl Toms, though ostensibly by Norman Hartnell, had three layers of organza over tulle. With it she wore her magnificent Poltimore tiara (known to her intimates as “me second-best tarara”), high and regal-looking with its stylized diamond leaves and flowers scintillating against her dark hair. Her wedding ring was of Welsh gold—some of the gold from which the Queen’s wedding ring was made had been set aside for Margaret—her high-heeled shoes were white, and she carried a bouquet of white orchids. Tony was a slight, elegant figure in his wedding morning coat, by the tailors who had made suits for him since he was an Eton schoolboy, Denman & Goddard of Sackville Street. Gina Ward, sitting on the aisle, watched him as he proceeded carefully down it, his slight limp from his childhood bout with polio barely noticeable. Outside the abbey and down the Mall, there were packed crowds of onlookers. As Tony led Margaret onto the Buckingham Palace balcony soon after one o’clock, to stand there with the Queen, Prince Philip, and the royal children, the cheering rose to a crescendo. At the wedding breakfast for 120 afterward, with the band of the Grenadier Guards outside playing Princess Margaret’s favorite tunes from Oklahoma!, Prince Philip made a short speech welcoming Tony as the newest member of the royal family, to which Tony replied before he and the Princess cut the six-foot wedding cake. After the breakfast, Tony and the Princess, now in yellow silk, drove in an open-topped Rolls-Royce to Battle Bridge Pier, on the Thames (near London Bridge), where the royal yacht, Britannia, was waiting. As the Princess stepped on board, her personal standard was flown, and five minutes later Britannia set off downstream. Early one evening, as the Tennants sat by their house on Mustique, looking out to sea, they saw Britannia arrive and lower a boat. A young officer came ashore in it to ask if they would like to come aboard for dinner. “I sent a message back saying we’d love to,” said Anne Tennant, “but that, as we hadn’t had a bath for a month, could we possibly have a bath first? Our hut was very primitive—no hot water, electric light, or anything like that.” They were given a cabin and a bath, and during the course of dinner Colin Tennant told the newlyweds of the beautiful empty beaches of white sand, suggesting they choose a different one every day. There were eight of them on the three-mile-by-one-mile island. From then on, each morning sailors from Britannia would go to the chosen beach, set up a miniature camp with a small tent for shade, and lay out a picnic lunch and drinks before departing to leave the couple entirely alone. In the evenings they would join the Tennants for drinks. During one of these evenings Colin, realizing that he and Anne had not given them a wedding present, said to his old friend Margaret, “Look, ma’am, would you like something in a little box or … “—waving his arm about—“a piece of land?” “A piece of land,” replied Margaret, looking at Tony, who smiled in agreement, although the offer actually confirmed his growing dislike of Colin: wedding presents, Tony felt, should be given to a couple jointly, rather than to one person only, as Colin clearly intended. Three weeks later, on June 18, the Armstrong-Joneses arrived back in England. On their return, they moved into No. 10 Kensington Palace, a smallish, detached 18th-century house on the north side of the palace, while the apartment designated for them, No. 1A, was being restored. To the delight of Anne Rosse, they spent New Year’s 1961 at Birr Castle, her husband’s country estate in Ireland. Margaret asked her old beau, Billy Wallace, and Tony invited Jeremy and Camilla Fry—a clear signal that, although he had been unable to have Jeremy as his best man, the friendship was still strong. His sister and Lord and Lady Rupert Nevill were also there. The visit was not altogether sunshine and light. Margaret disliked what she thought of as Anne’s “posing” and deliberately did not tell Anne by what name to call her; Anne, who did not dare risk a snub, did what she could to rectify this lack of intimacy by calling her new daughter-in-law Darling. At the top of his profession before his marriage, Tony had never envisaged giving up work, although he knew that the commercial photography he had done previously was no longer a viable option. One day when he and Margaret were staying with Jeremy and Camilla Fry, Cecil Beaton came over for a drink before lunch. When Beaton fulsomely congratulated the Princess on her marriage, adding, “May I thank you, ma’am, for removing my most dangerous rival,” Margaret replied, poker-faced, “What makes you think Tony is going to give up work?” Beaton paled. On January 23, 1961, Tony joined the Council of Industrial Design as an unpaid adviser. It was work for which he was eminently suited, with his faultless eye for design and his capacity for taking endless trouble to achieve a desired end. But it was at best part-time, as he would soon discover, and not enough to use up his fizzing energy. That autumn Tony was elevated to the peerage. One of the reasons he accepted a title, he later said, was for the sake of the child Margaret was about to bear. Highly unlikely though it was that the new baby should ever succeed, if it was a boy it would be close in line to the throne—and would it have done to have a former Mr. Jones as King? On October 3, 1961, Tony became the Earl of Snowdon, with the courtesy title of Viscount Linley of Nymans. At the end of October the Princess moved back into Clarence House to await the birth of their baby. The question of children had never been discussed before their marriage; once married, Tony found that he desperately wanted them, and the Princess lovingly agreed. On November 3 their son, David Albert Charles, was born by Cesarean section. Princess Alice of Athlone, who came to lunch to see the baby, remarked when she came down from visiting Margaret, “Almost anyone could be that boy’s mother—he’s so like his father.” David was to be christened in December, at Buckingham Palace, which naturally meant a christening photograph. Because Tony had given up his photographic studio, he no longer had an assistant. He still, however, photographed members of the royal family for their private albums and to record special family moments. As he himself necessarily had to be in many of the wedding or christening groups, he needed someone of proven experience and absolute discretion to help him, both to set up the picture and to click the shutter once he had dashed into the group. The obvious person was Bob Belton. At his first royal-group photograph, of the six-week-old David Linley at Buckingham Palace, Belton was terrified. He and Tony had set up their equipment in the White Drawing Room, and then Tony had gone to join the christening party of about 200, leaving Belton alone with his nerves. Just before the royal family was due to enter, he went to check the cameras. As he did so, the door opened and a two-year-old child ran in, followed by a woman. “I’m sorry,” she said as she chased the child. “At this age they get their fingers into everything.” Belton looked up to see the Queen, who smiled and said, “You’re Tony’s friend.” Her manner was so relaxed and friendly that his terror left him, though there were still occasional pitfalls. Tony had reassured him that the royal family was very easy to “direct,” and that if you wanted the Queen to turn her head, say, slightly to the left, you simply said, “Ma’am, please could you look to the left.” What he had not reckoned on was that in the large christening-group photograph there were seven women entitled to be called ma’am, so when he uttered the fateful sentence seven heads swiveled as one. Tony was immediately besotted with his son, so much so that two months after David’s birth he did not want to leave him and fly with his wife for their planned three-week winter holiday in Antigua. But as Margaret, who had been brought up largely by nannies and governesses, pointed out, provided little David got his bottle every four hours, he would not mind whether it was his mother or the new, very experienced nanny, Verona Sumner, who gave it to him. (Unlike the Queen, Margaret did not feed her children herself.) Sumner, an excellent nanny, was another who disliked Tony, mainly because he wanted too much to do with “her” baby. London’s Top Couple No. 1A Kensington Palace, one of two habitations in a beautiful Christopher Wren building and the largest of the apartments in the Kensington Palace complex, had for many years been allowed to run down and was so dilapidated when it was proposed for the Snowdons that they were unable to move into it until mid-March 1963. More servants were needed to run the household at No. 1A, a four-story residence with about 20 rooms. The Princess, who had never done anything for herself except wash her King Charles spaniel and dry him with her hair dryer, would not have contemplated even the lightest task, such as arranging flowers. The male staff—chef, chauffeur, butler, under-butler, and footman—were Tony’s province. The female—housekeeper, nanny, nursemaid, kitchen maid, and dresser—were engaged by the Princess. Ruby Gordon, the Princess’s original dresser, had shown her hostility to Tony once too often and had been replaced by Isobel Mathieson. For the Snowdons’ servants, life was hard work. The average working day for the butler and under-butler, for example, began at 7:30 a.m. with the setting up of calling (early-morning tea) trays and breakfast trays and ended at 10:30 p.m., after the dinner dishes had been washed. Hard though the terms seem today, there was much competition for a place in the Snowdon household: nowhere else could such a large and interesting collection of the best-known faces in the land be seen at close quarters. While the Snowdons were still in complete, loving accord, Kensington Palace became the most enjoyable place in the country to be asked to. Tony and the Princess were undoubtedly the nation’s most popular and glamorous couple. They were highly visible and royal at a time when being invited to a royal palace was the ultimate social accolade. Their parties were gatherings of the beautiful and the famous: Dudley Moore, the comedian and musician, would play the piano; Cleo Laine would sing, along with her husband, the jazz musician John Dankworth; Peter Sellers, the comedic actor and close friend of Tony’s, would become different comic characters; Spike Milligan, the Goon Show creator, and the songwriter Richard Stilgoe would play off each other; John Betjeman, the future poet laureate, would tell stories. Anyone who was asked to spend an evening en famille, often with the Princess playing the piano and singing songs from one of the musicals she loved, felt especially honored. Even such hardened sophisticates as Noël Coward invariably recorded these soirées as “charming,” confiding to his diary that when she sang his songs, accompanying herself on the piano, “Princess Margaret surprisingly good. She has an impeccable ear, her piano playing is simple but has perfect rhythm, and her method of singing is really very funny.” The Snowdons also made the most desirable of guests, for those who had the nerve to ask them back. After Angie Huth (later to blossom as a novelist) and her first husband, Quentin Crewe, a friend of Tony’s from their days together at Queen magazine, had been invited to lunch at Kensington Palace, she thought of asking the Snowdons to one of her after-dinner parties. “We always had the people of those days—the Rolling Stones, [the film-and-TV critic] George Melly, the Tynans [Kenneth Tynan was England’s leading drama critic]—so we thought they might enjoy it. I rang up Princess Margaret and asked her if she’d like to come, and she said she’d love to. I remember [the agent and publisher] Anthony Blond being very drunk, [the popular singer] Sandie Shaw standing there with bare feet as usual, Elaine Dundy [Mrs. Tynan] sitting under the piano, and Shirley MacLaine holding hands with [the novelist] Edna O’Brien. Princess Margaret absolutely adored it, and they stayed until seven a.m. From then on we were tremendously good friends.” Kenneth Tynan, a great party giver, would ask the Snowdons with such people as the actress Jean Marsh, the playwright Peter Shaffer, the poet Christopher Logue, and the polymath Jonathan Miller, along with Spike Milligan, the director Peter Brook, the writer Alan Sillitoe, the comedian Peter Cook, and their respective wives. For the Princess especially, these gatherings were diverting, for when she found she was expecting her second child she canceled virtually all her public engagements (pregnancy was a much more private affair then) and, to fill her days, saw as many friends as she could. Since Angie Huth was pregnant at the same time and had been ordered by her doctor to stay in bed for six months, Princess Margaret and Tony would often stop by, set up a screen at the foot of her bed, and watch a film. Often, if the Crewes had no one to cook for them, complete meals for four would be sent on trays to Wilton Crescent from Kensington Palace. One Star Too Many Cracks soon began to appear in the Snowdon marriage, though at this early stage they were visible only to those closest to them. The trouble was that both were stars, accustomed to being the focus of attention, and a certain competitiveness was almost inevitable. The Princess was royal, but Tony was magnetic, and wittier. There were arguments and, more ominously, the beginning of the put-downs, then usually disguised as a joke, that were later so to unnerve the Princess. In the late summer of 1963, when they were invited by the rich Greek shipowner Stavros Niarchos to stay on his private island of Spetsopoula, friends on a nearby island held a party to celebrate Margaret’s birthday, August 21. Tony arrived, bringing with him a present for everyone except his wife. Later a barbecue was planned, and the Princess shouted from upstairs to Tony, “Oh, darling, what shall I wear?” He replied, “Oh, I think that ball gown you wore last week.” Margaret, knowing it was a celebration, aware of the grand Niarchos style, and brought up in ball-gown culture, suspected nothing and arrived downstairs dressed to the hilt to find everyone else in jeans and sandals. Back at home, pregnant, bored, and aware that her husband was steadily immersing himself more and more in his work and the coterie of those with whom he worked closely, she became more rather than less possessive, trying to track him down by telephone or turning up unexpectedly at a restaurant or at his studio. Tony would come home later and later, usually to disappear immediately to his basement workroom or to the office next door. His low boredom threshold, his solipsistic view of the world, his need to be surrounded by the witty and beautiful, his instinct to push away a woman if he felt hemmed in by possessiveness or “clinginess,” and his scarcely conscious determination to do something or meet someone only when he wanted to meant that he would often refuse Princess Margaret’s demands that he “come and meet X.” On these occasions, he would shut the door and remain out of sight, leaving the imperious Margaret at a loss. Although the Princess had less to do than usual, Tony, conversely, had never been busier. There were still portraits—Charlie Chaplin laughing at lunch in a restaurant in Vevey, Switzerland, his napkin held up to his face; David Hockney in a Paddington street carrying a huge gold handbag (in an era when even a satchel carried by a man would have been looked at askance); Sophia Loren in an ornamental bath, her small, naked son in the crook of one arm. More important, there was the opening in October 1964 of the Snowdon Aviary at the London Zoo, a 150-foot-long, 80-foot-high tour de force of gauzy metal net in pyramidal shapes held up by aluminum poles. Designed by Tony and two colleagues, it looked almost as weightless as the birds flying around inside it, yet the filmy mesh used 118 miles of wire. The birth of their second child, Sarah Frances Elizabeth, in the nursery of 1A Kensington Palace on May 1, 1964, brought the Snowdons together again temporarily. Immediately, Tony sent his assistant to Feltons, the flower shop on Brompton Road, for a huge bouquet for his wife, and, anxious not to go against the protocol that decreed that the Queen must be the first to know of the baby’s birth and sex, instructed him, “If they do it up in pink ribbon, hide it—otherwise the press’ll know that it’s a girl.” An hour after the birth, he was allowed to see Margaret and his daughter. Then he telephoned the Queen, the Queen Mother, his own mother, and his sister. Mother and baby were soon visited by the Queen Mother, sparkling with diamonds but clad in deepest black with black osprey feathers in her hat, as the court was in mourning for the King of Greece. She was followed by her sister-in-law Princess Alice, who came down the stairs remarking, “This must be a very happy day for you, Elizabeth.” “Well, it is, Alice,” responded the Queen Mother, “but I find it so difficult to look convincingly happy in black.” Unfortunately, “convincingly happy” would soon be a phrase that could not be applied to the Snowdon marriage. Their divorce, however, would not occur until 14 years later. On May 10, 1978, a statement was issued from Kensington Palace: “Her Royal Highness The Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, and the Earl of Snowdon, after two years of separation, have agreed that their marriage should be formally ended. Accordingly, Her Royal Highness will start the necessary legal proceedings.” Excerpted from Snowdon: The Biography, by Anne de Courcy; © by the author.
2428	dbpedia	3	19	https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/100266	en	MAPLE SYRUP HARVEST	https://www.britishpathe.com/cdn/britishpathe/previews/335/539c4f637d7305865302b846fd0ee198/2/67c415b62b9264b5c7085ff1558f8ef0/100266.mp4	https://www.britishpathe.com/cdn/britishpathe/previews/335/539c4f637d7305865302b846fd0ee198/2/67c415b62b9264b5c7085ff1558f8ef0/100266.mp4	[ "https://www.britishpathe.com/wp-content/themes/capture_web-britishPathe/img/british-pathe-logo-black.svg", "https://www.britishpathe.com/wp-content/themes/capture_web-britishPathe/img/british-pathe-logo-black.svg" ]	[ "https://www.britishpathe.com/cdn/britishpathe/previews/335/539c4f637d7305865302b846fd0ee198/2/67c415b62b9264b5c7085ff1558f8ef0/100266.mp4" ]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Good+footage+of+the+maple+syrup+harvest+in+Canada.	en	https://www.britishpathe…e-icon-57x57.png	British Pathé	https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/	For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript. Here are the instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser. Your download will start shortly, please do not navigate away from this page until the download prompt has appeared. Doing so may cause your download to be interrupted.
2428	dbpedia	1	16	https://www.thepeerage.com/p34853.htm	en	Person Page			[ "https://www.thepeerage.com/welcome.png", "https://www.thepeerage.com/home.jpg", "https://www.thepeerage.com/surnameindex.jpg", "https://www.thepeerage.com/masterindex.jpg", "https://www.thepeerage.com/places.jpg", "https://www.thepeerage.com/livingn.gif", "https://www.thepeerage.com/livingn.gif", "https://www.thepeerage.com/livingn.gif", "https://www.thepeerage.com/livingn.gif", "https://www.thepeerage.com/livingn.gif", "https://www.thepeerage.com/livingn.gif", "http://www.google.com/images/poweredby_transparent/poweredby_FFFFFF.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Genealogy Royal Noble Peer Duke Count Lord Baron Baronet Sir Peer Database Family Tree Europe Nobility Knight Peerage Marquess Earl				null	Reginald de la Bère1 M, #348521 Last Edited=29 Sep 2011 Children of Reginald de la Bère and Lillian Margaret Paine Esme de la Bère3 d. 23 Sep 1965 Sir Rupert de la Bère, 1st Bt.+3 b. 16 Jun 1893, d. 25 Feb 1978 Citations [S37] BP2003 volume 1, page 1071. See link for full details for this source. Hereinafter cited as. [S37] [S4567] Bill Norton, "re: Pitman Family," e-mail message to Darryl Roger LUNDY (101053), 6 April 2010 and 19 April 2011. Hereinafter cited as "re: Pitman Family." [S37] BP2003. [S37] Lillian Margaret Paine1,2 F, #348522, b. 1868, d. 1924 Last Edited=6 Apr 2014 Lillian Margaret Paine was born in 1868 at Chertsey, Surrey, England .2 She was the daughter of John Marshall Paine and Kate Southgate.2 She married Reginald de la Bère in 1890 at Chertsey, Surrey, England .1,2 She died in 1924 at Chertsey, Surrey, England .2 From 1890, her married name became de la Bère. Children of Lillian Margaret Paine and Reginald de la Bère Esme de la Bère3 d. 23 Sep 1965 Sir Rupert de la Bère, 1st Bt.+3 b. 16 Jun 1893, d. 25 Feb 1978 Citations [S37] BP2003 volume 1, page 1071. See link for full details for this source. Hereinafter cited as. [S37] [S4567] Bill Norton, "re: Pitman Family," e-mail message to Darryl Roger LUNDY (101053), 6 April 2010 and 19 April 2011. Hereinafter cited as "re: Pitman Family." [S37] BP2003. [S37] Sir Rupert de la Bère, 1st Bt.1 M, #348523, b. 16 June 1893, d. 25 February 1978 Last Edited=23 Feb 2011 Sir Rupert de la Bère, 1st Bt. was born on 16 June 1893.1 He was the son of Reginald de la Bère and Lillian Margaret Paine.2 He married Marguerite Humphrey, daughter of Lt.-Col. Sir John Humphrey, on 30 April 1919.1 He died on 25 February 1978 at age 84.1 He was educated at Tonbridge School, Tonbridge, Kent, England .1 He fought in the First World War.2 He gained the rank of Captain in the East Surrey Regiment, seconded to to the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force.1 He held the office of Member of Parliament (M.P.) (Conservative) for Evesham between 1935 and 1950.2 He held the office of Alderman of London, Tower Ward.2 He held the office of Sheriff of the City of London between 1941 and 1942.2 He was awarded the Knight Commander, Order of Dannebrog of Denmark.2 He held the office of Member of Parliament (M.P.) (Conservative) for South Worcestershire between 1950 and 1955.2 He was appointed Knight Commander, Royal Victorian Order (K.C.V.O.) in 1952.1 He held the office of Lord Mayor of London between 1952 and 1953.2 He was appointed Knight, Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (K.St.J.) in 1953.2 He was created 1st Baronet de la Bère, of Crowborough Place, Crowborough, Sussex [U.K.] on 18 November 1953.1 He was awarded the Knight Commander, Order of the North Star of Sweden.2 Children of Sir Rupert de la Bère, 1st Bt. and Marguerite Humphrey Pamela de la Bère2 b. 1920 Valerie de la Bère2 b. 1923, d. 7 Mar 2010 Camilla de la Bère+2 b. 1926 Sir Cameron de la Bère, 2nd Bt.+2 b. 12 Feb 1933, d. 18 Dec 2014 Sir Adrian de la Bère, 3rd Bt.2 b. 17 Sep 1939, d. 10 Feb 2017 Citations [S37] BP2003 volume 1, page 1071. See link for full details for this source. Hereinafter cited as. [S37] [S37] BP2003. [S37] Lt.-Col. Sir John Humphrey1 M, #348524 Last Edited=10 Apr 2009 Lt.-Col. Sir John Humphrey lived at Walton Leigh, Addlestone, Surrey, England .1 Child of Lt.-Col. Sir John Humphrey Marguerite Humphrey+2 d. 26 Apr 1969 Citations [S37] BP2003 volume 1, page 1071. See link for full details for this source. Hereinafter cited as. [S37] [S37] BP2003. [S37] Marguerite Humphrey1 F, #348525, d. 26 April 1969 Last Edited=10 Apr 2009 Marguerite Humphrey was the daughter of Lt.-Col. Sir John Humphrey.2 She married Sir Rupert de la Bère, 1st Bt., son of Reginald de la Bère and Lillian Margaret Paine, on 30 April 1919.1 She died on 26 April 1969.1 From 30 April 1919, her married name became de la Bère. Children of Marguerite Humphrey and Sir Rupert de la Bère, 1st Bt. Pamela de la Bère2 b. 1920 Valerie de la Bère2 b. 1923, d. 7 Mar 2010 Camilla de la Bère+2 b. 1926 Sir Cameron de la Bère, 2nd Bt.+2 b. 12 Feb 1933, d. 18 Dec 2014 Sir Adrian de la Bère, 3rd Bt.2 b. 17 Sep 1939, d. 10 Feb 2017 Citations [S37] BP2003 volume 1, page 1071. See link for full details for this source. Hereinafter cited as. [S37] [S37] BP2003. [S37] Sir Adrian de la Bère, 3rd Bt.1 M, #348526, b. 17 September 1939, d. 10 February 2017 Last Edited=2 Apr 2017 Sir Adrian de la Bère, 3rd Bt. was born on 17 September 1939.1 He was the son of Sir Rupert de la Bère, 1st Bt. and Marguerite Humphrey.2 He died on 10 February 2017 at age 77. He succeeded as the 3rd Baronet de la Bère, of Crowborough Place, Crowborough, Sussex [U.K., 1953] on 18 December 2014. On his death, his baronetcy became extinct.3 Citations [S37] BP2003 volume 1, page 1071. See link for full details for this source. Hereinafter cited as. [S37] [S37] BP2003. [S37] [S1122] Peerage News, online http://peeragenews.blogspot.co.nz/. Hereinafter cited as Peerage News. Pamela de la Bère1 F, #348527, b. 1920 Last Edited=23 Feb 2011 Pamela de la Bère was born in 1920.1 She is the daughter of Sir Rupert de la Bère, 1st Bt. and Marguerite Humphrey.2 Citations [S37] BP2003 volume 1, page 1071. See link for full details for this source. Hereinafter cited as. [S37] [S37] BP2003. [S37] Valerie de la Bère1 F, #348528, b. 1923, d. 7 March 2010 Last Edited=14 Jul 2016 Valerie de la Bère was born in 1923.1 She was the daughter of Sir Rupert de la Bère, 1st Bt. and Marguerite Humphrey.2 She died on 7 March 2010.3 Citations [S37] BP2003 volume 1, page 1071. See link for full details for this source. Hereinafter cited as. [S37] [S37] BP2003. [S37] [S466] Notices, The Telegraph, London, UK. Hereinafter cited as The Telegraph. Camilla de la Bère1 F, #348529, b. 1926 Last Edited=23 Feb 2011 Camilla de la Bère was born in 1926.1 She is the daughter of Sir Rupert de la Bère, 1st Bt. and Marguerite Humphrey.2 She married Louis Georges Bourcier on 11 September 1953.2 She and Louis Georges Bourcier were divorced in 1959.2 From 11 September 1953, her married name became Bourcier.2 She lived in 2003 at 6 Quarry Hill, Sevenoaks, Kent, England .1 Children of Camilla de la Bère and Louis Georges Bourcier Andrew Charles Bourcier2 b. 19 Apr 1954 Yolande Bourcier2 b. 19 Apr 1954 Citations [S37] BP2003 volume 1, page 1071. See link for full details for this source. Hereinafter cited as. [S37] [S37] BP2003. [S37]
2428	dbpedia	2	14	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/A._P._Herbert	en	A. P. Herbert	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/A._P._Herbert.jpg/180px-A._P._Herbert.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Royal_Naval_Division_trench.jpg/350px-Royal_Naval_Division_trench.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Alan_Herbert_Blue_Plaque_Hammersmith_Terrace_01.jpg/180px-Alan_Herbert_Blue_Plaque_Hammersmith_Terrace_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hammersmith_Terrace_07.JPG/180px-Hammersmith_Terrace_07.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hammersmith_Terrace_07.JPG/180px-Hammersmith_Terrace_07.JPG", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/military/images/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/40?cb=20131224202409", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Military Wiki" ]	2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00	Sir Alan Patrick Herbert CH (A. P. Herbert, 24 September 1890 – 11 November 1971), was an English humorist, novelist, playwright, law reformist, and in 1935–1950 an independent Member of Parliament for Oxford University. Born in Ashtead, Surrey, he attended Winchester College and New College...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Military Wiki	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/A._P._Herbert	Sir Alan Patrick Herbert CH (A. P. Herbert, 24 September 1890 – 11 November 1971), was an English humorist, novelist, playwright, law reformist, and in 1935–1950 an independent Member of Parliament for Oxford University. Born in Ashtead, Surrey, he attended Winchester College and New College, Oxford, receiving a starred first in jurisprudence in 1914. He joined the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve as a seaman in the First World War, becoming an officer in the Royal Naval Division. He fought in Gallipoli and on the Western Front, as a battalion adjutant in 1917, before injury removed him from the front line. After the war he published The Secret Battle and in 1924 joined the staff of Punch. As an MP he campaigned for private-member rights, piloted the Matrimonial Causes Act 1937 through Parliament, opposed Entertainments Duty and campaigned against the Oxford Group. He joined the River Emergency Service in 1938, captaining a boat on the River Thames in the Second World War as a petty officer in the Royal Naval Auxiliary Patrol. In 1943, he joined a parliamentary commission on the future of the Dominion of Newfoundland. Early life and education[] Herbert was born at Ashtead Lodge, Ashtead, Surrey, on 24 September 1890. His father, Patrick Herbert Coghlan Herbert (1849–1915), was a civil servant (assistant secretary of the Judicial and Public Department)[1][2] in the India Office, of Irish origin,[3] and his mother, Beatrice Eugenie (née Selwyn), was the daughter of Sir Charles Jasper Selwyn, a Lord Justice of Appeal.[4] His two younger brothers both died in battle: Owen William Eugene, Second lieutenant, Royal Field Artillery, killed at Mons in 1914, and Sidney Jasper, Captain R.N., killed 1941 aboard HMS Hood.[5] His mother died of tuberculosis when he was eight, shortly before he left for The Grange in Folkestone, a preparatory school.[6] Herbert then attended Winchester College, winning the King's Medal for English Verse and the King's Medal for English Speech, presented by Prime Minister H. H. Asquith. He took an active part in the college debating and Shakespeare societies. As a Winchester student, Herbert sent verses to the offices of Punch and received notes of encouragement and suggestions from the editor, Owen Seaman. Herbert was also Captain of Houses, one of the college's three football divisions.[7] Herbert went to New College, Oxford as an exhibitioner. He made his first public speech at the Kensington branch of the Tariff Reform League, speaking extempore on home rule. His first contribution to Punch was printed on 24 August 1910: a set of verses entitled "Stones of Venus". He went up to Oxford in October and made his first speech at the Oxford Union in November. His work began appearing not only in Punch, but in The Observer, the Pall Mall Gazette and UK).[8] Herbert received a "not very good Second" in Honour Moderations, and apparently disenchanted with Classics, changed his degree to Law. He went into lodgings with Walter Monckton and others and was good friends with the notables Duff Cooper, Harold Macmillan and Philip Guedalla. Herbert finished at Oxford in 1914 with "a very good First" in Jurisprudence. He then decided to join his friend Jack Parr as a volunteer at Oxford House in Bethnal Green for a year. He spent the time "doing what I could:" washing dishes, sweeping floors, running errands and collecting money.[9] First World War service, 1914–1918[] On 5 September 1914, Herbert enlisted at Lambeth Pier as an ordinary seaman in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, which later became one of the constituent bodies of the Royal Naval Division. In early October, news reached him that his brother, Owen Herbert, had been posted "missing, believed killed" in the retreat from Mons. Herbert reached the rank of acting leading seaman before being commissioned as a sub-lieutenant in early 1915, when he was posted to Hawke Battalion of the Royal Naval Division (later to come under army command as part of the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division).[10] "C" and "D" companies of the Hawke Battalion left for Gallipoli in early 1915, briefly stopping in Malta before arriving at the Moudros on 17 May, and finally reaching Gallipoli on 27 May. Herbert took command of No. 11 Platoon, "C" Company, composed mostly of Tynesiders and also two men from a remote Durham mining town. A week after his arrival, the battalion suffered heavy casualties at the Third Battle of Krithia. In July 1915, Herbert went down with illness and had to spend time recovering in a military hospital. When he was passed "fit for light duty", he was seconded to the Naval Intelligence Division at Whitehall. It was then that he decided to rent No. 12 Hammersmith Terrace as a dwelling.[11][12] In summer 1916, when he was passed fit for duty, Herbert returned to Hawke Battalion at their base camp in Abbeville, where he was made assistant adjutant. The battalion moved to the front line at Souchez in July 1916, and in mid-November it took part in an attack on Beaucourt during the Battle of the Ancre, which saw almost the entire battalion wiped out. Herbert was one of only two officers to come out unscathed from the attack. When the battalion returned to the front line at Pozières in February 1917, Herbert was made the battalion's adjutant, but he was later injured from shrapnel during an attack on Gavrelle, west of Arras.[12][13] On medical leave back in England after the injury, Herbert began writing his first book, The Secret Battle, which he finished "in a few weeks". He was elected a member of the Savage Club and raised by Punch to the "exclusive group of its contributors who were allowed to attach their initials to their work."[14] On 2 October 1918, Herbert sailed from Liverpool in a convoy for Alexandria, as assistant to the Commodore. After arriving at Port Said, he was given a free pass to Cairo and allowed to make a number of unaccompanied incursions inland. He was able to visit several places on the North African coast, and from Tunis took a train to Constantine, Algeria and then to Algiers. On 11 November, he went by train from Oran to Tlemcen. Exactly at 11 am, he heard that the Armistice had been signed. As he wrote, "I must have been the only Englishman for at least 80 miles."[15] Herbert was granted shore leave at Gibraltar and took the chance to travel to Seville, then to Córdoba. He arrived in Madrid on 22 November and dined with the Embassy's naval attaché, Captain John Harvey, as well as Filson Young and others, before making the return journey to Gibraltar.[16] Interwar career, 1918–1935[] The Secret Battle was recommended to Methuen Publishing by E. V. Lucas and announced in their spring list in 1919. It was "read all night" by Prime Minister Lloyd George, who brought it to the attention of Churchill, then Secretary of State for War. Montgomery saw it as "the best story of front line war" and Herbert himself believed that court-martial arrangements were subsequently "altered in some way" as a result of the book. However, the book had no great commercial success, which his biographer Reginald Pound puts down to the fact that "Readers, it seems, were tired of war as a dramatic theme."[17] Herbert was called to the Bar by Inner Temple in 1919 and entered the chambers of Leslie Scott. He was joined by two Oxford friends, Walter Monckton and Henry Strauss, who were called on the same day. Although he spent time at Inner Temple, he never practised law and did not enter a legal career. He later said he was "forever sorry" not to be "of the proud and faithful brotherhood who serve the laws of England."[18] Unable to sustain himself on Punch's "eccentric rates of payment", Herbert wrote his second book, The House by the River, in two months. It was published in 1920. He handed his literary business to A. P. Watt, who sold the American rights to The House by the River and published a collection of his prose submissions to Punch under the title Light Articles Only.[19] In January 1924, Owen Seaman, the editor of Punch, invited Herbert to join its staff. Herbert accepted and his accession meant he would receive a salary of £50 a week. In 1925, Herbert attended the Third Imperial Press Conference on behalf of Punch, where he made his first speech in front of a large audience in Melbourne, where it was described as "delectably witty" by Sir Harry Brittain.[20] In 1926, Herbert was invited by Nigel Playfair to write "an entertainment" for the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith. The result was Riverside Nights, performed at the Lyric in April 1926. His next play, The White Witch, was performed at Haymarket Theatre in September 1926. Early parliamentary career, 1935–1939[] Herbert first encountered Parliament in 1934, when he brought the Kitchen Committee of the House of Commons to court for selling liquor without a licence. Hewart, LCJ ruled that the court would not hear the complaint because the matter fell within parliamentary privilege. Since the decision was never challenged in a higher court, it led to a unique situation of uncertainty as to "the extent to which statute law applies to either House of Parliament."[21] The following year Herbert published Uncommon Law, and Hewart contributed a generous introduction. Herbert first had the idea of standing for Parliament a few weeks before the 1935 general election, when he ran into Frederick Lindemann, who had just been rejected as Conservative candidate for Oxford University. Herbert decided to stand as an Independent, aided by Frank Pakenham as his election agent. Herbert wrote an "unconventional" 5,000-word election address, which included the statement, "Agriculture: I know nothing about agriculture."[22] Herbert was elected as an Independent supporter of the National Government.[23] Defying the advice of more experienced members, including Austen Chamberlain, he made his maiden speech on 4 December 1935, the second day of the opening session of the new Parliament. He protested to Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin on a motion that would give precedence to government bills over private member's bills. He went into the "No" lobby alongside the members of the Independent Labour Party and fellow University member Eleanor Rathbone, but the motion was passed by 232 to 5.[24] Churchill praised Herbert for his "composure and aplomb" and famously said: "Call that a maiden speech? It was a brazen hussy of a speech. Never did such a painted lady of a speech parade itself before a modest Parliament."[25] During the speech, Herbert promised to introduce his Matrimonial Causes Bill into law by the end of the Parliament.[22] Herbert's novel Holy Deadlock (1934) deals at length with the inconsistencies of English divorce law. In 1936, Herbert failed to be drawn in the private members' ballot but managed to get the Conservative Rupert De la Bère to sponsor the bill. On 20 November, Herbert made a speech in its favour and it passed its second reading by 78 votes to 12. It was given a third reading in the House of Lords on 19 July 1937 and passed by 79 votes to 28. It was passed, somewhat strengthened by the House of Lords, in 1938 as the Matrimonial Causes Act 1937. It allowed divorce to be given without requiring proof of adultery, but fake adulteries and bizarre rules about collusion persisted until the Divorce Reform Act 1969 came into force in 1971.[citation needed] During the prewar period, Herbert drafted a number of bills that were printed on the Order Paper, including a Betting and Bookmakers Bill, a Public Refreshment Bill and a Spring (Arrangements) Bill, which was written in verse.[26] Herbert made numerous attacks on the Entertainments Duty, which had been introduced as a "temporary, war-time tax" in 1916.[27] In his campaign against the duty, Herbert worked closely with William Mabane, and they made some headway when in 1939 the Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir John Simon reduced the duty.[28] Herbert also spoke out against the proposed Population (Statistics) Bill in 1937 by making a speech that was received with "loud laughter" in the Commons chamber, making it, according to Punch, "an astonishing occasion". Herbert and others brought in several amendments to the bill before it reached the statute book in 1938.[29] Herbert was also a fervent opponent of the Oxford Group and its leader, Frank Buchman. In particular, he opposed the use of "Oxford" in its name and its supposed association with the University of Oxford. He was supported by the university in his endeavours, particularly by the Oxford Union, which unanimously passed a resolution in support of him. Support for Herbert was also expressed by H. A. L. Fisher, the Warden of New College, Oxford, and Douglas Veale, the Registrar of the University of Oxford.[30] Second World War service, 1939–1945[] On 3 November 1938, Herbert enrolled himself and his boat, the Water Gipsy, in the River Emergency Service, which was under the control of the Port of London Authority.[31] Over the summer of 1939, he had taken part in exercises involving simulated air raids and casualty retrieval. In early September 1939, the River Emergency Service reported to its war stations. Herbert's own crew consisted of Darcy Braddell, vice-president of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Victor Pasmore, Magnus Pyke and John Pudney. At the sounding of the first air-raid siren in London in 1939, the Water Gipsy was anchored off the Speaker's Steps by Westminster Bridge. A number of MPs left the Commons following the sirens and cheered the Water Gipsy as the only naval vessel in sight before they saluted it.[32] During the Second World War, Herbert was the only non-commissioned officer in the House of Commons, and he wore his uniform on any and every occasion during the war. He turned down efforts to persuade him to apply for a commission, although he once appeared before a selection board against his will. He also turned down the offer of a role in Churchill's war cabinet when asked by saying, "No, thank you, sir. I'm quite happy where I am."[33] Herbert was sent to Newfoundland and Labrador in 1943 with Derrick Gunston and Charles Ammon as members of a parliamentary commission to investigate the future of the dominion. Of the alternatives, he supported independence, rather than Confederation with Canada. Later parliamentary career, 1945–1950[] After his re-election in the 1945 general election on 5 July, Herbert noted of the new Parliament that "the surge of Socialism into the House of Commons was something to see." The Labour Party, under Clement Attlee, had won 393 seats and the Conservatives had won only 197. Herbert said of the newly elected Labour MPs, "Arrogance, I am sorry to say, remained. There was such a concerto of nastiness and hate and imbecile yelling, that I thanked God, many times, that I was an Independent and could be silent without disloyalty". Herbert campaigned to ensure that the newly elected MPs realised the significance of private members' time. He prepared a number of private member's bills, including ones covering betting reform, legal aid for the poor, a fairer voting system, and the abolition of decree nisi. However, he was unsuccessful in his first attempt to guarantee private members' time, which was restored later in the Parliament.[34] In autumn 1945, George Orwell had the essay Notes on Nationalism published in the magazine Polemic and named Herbert as one of the followers of "neo-Toryism", who were marked by a "desire not to recognise that British power and influence have declined."[35] Herbert's biographer, Reginald Pound, noted, "APH would have rejected the Tory affiliation, though his inclinations were with the Right."[36] From July 1945 to 1946, Herbert worked on the libretto for Charles B. Cochran's new musical, Big Ben. It opened at the Adelphi Theatre on 17 July 1946 and was watched on its opening night by Churchill, Montgomery, Attlee and Herbert, but Cochran himself was too ill to attend. During its first three months, it took an average of £4,000 a week at the box office, but the running costs were also high and so there was no fortune in it for Cochran or for Herbert.[37] Its run was over at the end of 1946, after 172 performances.[38] Cochran commissioned Herbert to write another musical, Bless the Bride, which opened at the Adelphi on 26 April 1947. It ran for two-and-a-quarter years, was the source of "an accretion of cash" for Herbert, and was being Cochran's most successful musical.[39] It includes the hit song 'Ma Belle Marguerite'.[40] Herbert sat on the Supreme Court Committee on Practice and Procedures, chaired by Raymond Evershed, investigating the cost of litigation. He also chaired the Literary Sub-Committee of the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, which judged the literary compositions of 29 nations in their own languages. He accepted an invitation to serve on the Council of the Festival of Britain to be held in 1951. At the time, he was already a member of the Thames Conservancy Board, a trustee of the National Maritime Museum, president of the Inland Waterways Association and a vice president of the Pedestrians' Association for Road Safety. In addition he authored a critical study of royal commissions for the Institute of Economic Affairs, which was dismissed for its "light touch". Herbert commented: "Had it included graphs and tables and been written in a heavy style it would have been accepted as a major contribution to the practice of sound administration."[41] Herbert was re-elected in the 1945 general election and continued as an MP until University seats were abolished in 1950 under the Representation of the People Act 1948.[42] Herbert's last speech, on 23 November 1949, was strongly in favour of the Festival of Britain.[22] He was knighted in 1945 in Winston Churchill's Resignation Honours.[43] The Times noted "his individual niche in the parliamentary temple as the doughty vindicator of the private member's rights, including not least the right to legislate."[44] In 1951, Herbert published a memoir of his service in the House of Commons: Independent Member (Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1951). Ten years later he was the subject of a This Is Your Life TV programme in 1961, when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews. Personal life[] Herbert first met his future wife, Gwendolyn Harriet Quilter, daughter of Harry Quilter, in the summer of 1914.[45] They became engaged in December 1914 and were married in the first week of 1915 by Frederic Iremonger, Vicar of St James the Great in Bethnal Green. Herbert wore his formal dress uniform as an Acting Leading Seaman for the wedding. They spent their honeymoon in a room in Fulham Road.[46] Gwendolyn lived to the age of 97, dying in 1986. Lady Herbert was elected in 1966 as the first President of Hammersmith Chess Club[47] and was a well-known face on the chess circuit.[48] They had four children: Crystal, Lavender, Jocelyn and John. The present Labour Party Member of Parliament for Chesterfield, Toby Perkins, is Herbert's great-grandson. The Thames[] Herbert loved the River Thames. He lived beside it at Hammersmith, West London. He was a member of the Thames Conservancy Board and a Freeman of the Company of Watermen and Lightermen. In 1966 he wrote a book, The Thames (Weidenfeld & Nicolson), in which he explored the "machinery" of the river in all its aspects. Death[] In the last days of 1970, Herbert was taken to Middlesex Hospital in Fitzrovia, after a seizure that affected his left side and arm. Within six weeks, he was home again, but over many months his physical powers waned. In August 1971, he wrote his last letter to The Times, an appeal for parliamentary good manners in refraining from "witty derision of the literary exertions of Mr Harold Wilson" and of the "marine activities" of Edward Heath. By then, he was describing himself as "a recumbent nuisance". A. P. Herbert died on 11 November 1971. Obituaries were published in The Times and in Punch. The Times accompanied its obituary notice with a leading article, saying he had done "more than any man of his day to add to the gaiety of the nation."[49] A memorial service on 6 December in the church of St Martin-in-the-Fields which was "crowded to overflowing". On 7 December, the Congressional Record of the US House of Representatives appeared with four pages of tributes to Herbert by congressmen from Ohio, Missouri, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Robert H. Land, chief of the Reference Department of the Library of Congress, later said that there was "[no] record or recollection of a similar tribute to another English writer in the proceedings of Congress."[49] References by other authors[] In a 1957 article entitled "Over Seventy", lamenting the decline of the humorist, P. G. Wodehouse wrote: "I want to see an A. P. Herbert on every street corner, an Alex Atkinson in every local." The title of Alexandra Fuller's 2001 memoir Don't Let's Go to the Dogs Tonight: An African Childhood is taken from a Herbert quote, "Don't let's go to the dogs tonight, for Mother will be there."[50] "Misleading cases"[] For more details on this topic, see Uncommon Law. Starting in 1910, he contributed regularly to Punch. One series of his that it took was Misleading Cases in the Common Law – the work for which he is best remembered. These were satirical pieces in the form of "law reports" or "legal judgments" on various aspects of the English legal and judicial system. Many featured the exploits of Albert Haddock, a tireless and veteran litigant. One of the best-known and most colourful is Board of Inland Revenue v Haddock, also known as "The Negotiable Cow". Even the title is a humorous allusion to the entirely serious "Smith's Leading Cases". Herbert often referred to himself as "A. P. Haddock" in skits in Punch magazine, whether or not these had a courtroom setting. Thanks to their realism, Herbert's satires were on several occasions mistakenly reported by newspapers, both in Britain and elsewhere, as factual. One of the "cases", supposedly establishing a novel crime of "doing what you like", was sharply criticised by an American law review article, whose author failed to note its entire absurdity.[51] As such, Herbert's contributions are examples of the literary technique known as false document. Whereas in these fictitious law reports, the fictitious judges and lawyers regularly cited various real and venerable authorities, such as Henry de Bracton, they were prone also to citing texts of Herbert's own imagining, such as "Wedderburn on Water Courses" and "A. Capone's Handbook for Bootleggers". More importantly, the cases were Herbert's vehicles for law-reform work. Beneath their satire, they often made cogent legal or political points that tied into his personal crusades against obsolescent legislation. Although fictional, they are consequently sometimes quoted in judicial decisions,[52] and are also the subject of academic research.[53][54] Over his lifetime Herbert published five collections, entitled Misleading Cases in the Common Law, More Misleading Cases, Still More Misleading Cases, Codd's Last Case and Bardot M.P.?. Stray cases also appear in his collections of miscellaneous humorous essays, such as General Cargo. Virtually all the cases were assembled into two omnibus volumes, Uncommon Law in 1935 and More Uncommon Law in 1982. A shorter selection, Wigs at Work, appeared in 1966. The BBC successfully adapted these for television, as three series of A P Herbert's Misleading Cases (1967, 1968 and 1971), with Roy Dotrice as Haddock and Alastair Sim as the judge, Mr Justice Swallow. Novels and other writings[] Herbert wrote eight novels, including The Water Gipsies (1930) and Number Nine (1951), about a post-war civil service, a weekend selection and 15 plays, including the light operas Tantivy Towers (1931) and Big Ben (1946), and the comedy Bless the Bride (1947), which ran for two-and-a-quarter years in London. In addition to his fiction, Herbert wrote What a Word! in 1935, continuing his campaign in Punch for better use of English, including a section on "Plain English", more than a decade ahead of Sir Ernest Gowers's more celebrated work. Characteristically, Herbert uses humour to make his serious points about good writing. He authored the lyrics of the patriotic song "Song of Liberty", set in 1940 to the music of Edward Elgar's Pomp and Circumstance March No. 4. In 1944, a set of posters by Eric Kennington, a personal friend, called Seeing It Through, were accompanied by Herbert poems. They describe the work of certain professionals in London in the war. After the war he wrote a booklet, "The War Story of Southend Pier", detailing when the pier was taken over by the Royal Navy in World War II. In 1967, Herbert published Sundials Old and New; or, Fun with the Sun; a book describing in detail his long fascination with and experiments in sundial technology. In the book, he describes all manner of sundials, and recounts many of his experiments in designing and building different models, including a few that could be used to tell your position on the earth as well as the local time. In 1970 Herbert published A.P.H., His Life and Times, dedicated to "My dear wife, for our 56th anniversary". Selected filmography[] Tell England (1931) Waltz Time (1933) Publications[] General[] The Secret Battle, 1919, Methuen (A novel about a soldier executed for cowardice) The House by the River, 1921, Methuen (A novel about a war poet who commits a murder.) Film: House by the River (1950) Little Rays of Moonshine (1921), also known as Light articles only (1922) The Man About Town (1923) The Old Flame (1925) Misleading Cases in the Common Law (1927) Honeybubble & Co. (1928) Topsy, M.P., 1929, Ernest Benn The Water Gipsies, 1930, Methuen No Boats on the River, 1932, Methuen What a Word!, 1935, Methuen Holy Deadlock, 1934, Methuen Uncommon Law, 1935, Methuen; 1969 (new edition), Methuen Mild and Bitter, 1936, Methuen The Ayes Have It: The Story of the Marriage Bill, 1937, Methuen Sip!: Swallow! (1938) General Cargo (1940) A Better Sky: Or, Name This Star (1944) Astronomy The War Story of Southend Pier, 1945, County Borough of Southend-on-Sea The Point of Parliament (1946) Topsy Turvy (1947) The Topsy Omnibus, 1949, Ernest Benn Independent Member, 1950, Methuen; republished October 1970 (ISBN 0-09-308880-9) Number Nine, 1951, Methuen (ISBN 978-1125619834) Codd's Last Case, 1952, Methuen Why Waterloo?, 1952, Methuen Made for Man, 1958, Methuen (Novel) Look Back and Laugh (1960) Bardot, M.P., 1964, Methuen The Thames (1966), Weidenfeld & Nicolson Wigs at Work, 1966 Sundials Old and New: Or, Fun with the Sun, 1967, Methuen The Singing Swan: A Yachtsman's Yarn, 1968 (Novel) In The Dark; The Summer Time Story and The Painless Plan, 1970, The Bodley Head A.P.H., His Life and Times, 1970, Heinemann More Uncommon Law, 1982 Drama and musicals[] Double Demon, an Absurdity in One Act (1926) The Red Pen, radio opera, music by Geoffrey Toye, BBC broadcast, 7 February 1927 Fat King Melon and Princess Caraway: A Drama in Five Scenes (1927), music arranged by Dennis Arundell Derby Day: A Comic Opera in Three Acts [1931], music by Alfred Reynolds Tantivy Towers: A Light Opera in Three Acts (1931), music by Thomas Dunhill Home and Beauty, (1937) coronation revue, music by Nicholas Brodzsky, produced by C B Cochran, Adelphi Theatre Big Ben: A Light Opera in Two Acts (1946), music by Vivian Ellis Bless the Bride: A Light Opera in Two Acts (1947), music by Vivian Ellis Poetry[] A.T.I. 'There is no need for alarm' (1944) with drawings by John Nicolson Play Hours with Pegasus (1912) Half-hours at Helles (1916) The Bomber Gypsy, and Other Poems (1919) The Wherefore and the Why; Some New Rhymes for Old Children (1921) Laughing Ann, and Other Poems (1925) Plain Jane (1927) Poems and plays in verse Ballads for Broadbrows (1930) A Book of Ballads, Being the Collected Light Verse of A. P. Herbert (1931) Let Us be Glum [1941] Siren Song (1941) Well, Anyhow... or Little Talks (1942) Bring Back the Bells (1943) Less Nonsense! (1944) Light the Lights (1945) Leave my Old Morale Alone (1948) Includes: Siren song / Let us be glum / Bring back the bells / Well, Anyhow... or Little Talks / Less nonsense! / Light the lights Full Enjoyment and Other Verses (1952) Silver Stream: A Beautiful Tale of Hare & Hound for Young & Old (1962) The Spider Styles[] 1890–1914: Mr Alan Patrick Herbert 1914–1914: Ordinary Seaman A. P. Herbert 1914–1914: Able Seaman A. P. Herbert 1914–1915: Acting Leading Seaman A. P. Herbert 1915–1918: Sub-Lieutenant A. P. Herbert RNVR 1918–1935: Mr A. P. Herbert 1935–1939: A. P. Herbert MP 1939–1945: Petty Officer A. P. Herbert MP 1945–1950: Sir A. P. Herbert MP 1950–1970: Sir A. P. Herbert 1970–1971: Sir A. P. Herbert CH References[] Sources[] Reginald Pound (1976), A. P. Herbert: A Biography, London: Michael Joseph A. P. Herbert (1950), Independent Member, London: Methuen [] A. P. Herbert Collection at the Harry Ransom Center Works by A. P. Herbert at Project Gutenberg Lua error in Module:Internet_Archive at line 573: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). Works by A at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Time profile, 1952 Checklist of known Misleading Cases Pathé News (1946) Meet – Sir Alan Herbert. Issue date 14/10/1946
2428	dbpedia	2	80	https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article/138/594-595/1277/7611620	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
2428	dbpedia	0	37	https://doverhistorian.com/category/villages-and-towns/	en	The Dover Historian	https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg	https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg	[ "https://doverhistorian.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/cropped-dover_from_the_sea_1803_lynn_candace_sencicle_adapted_from_a_painting_by_j_t_serres-11.jpg", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Posts about Villages and Towns written by Lorraine	en	https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico	The Dover Historian	https://doverhistorian.com/category/villages-and-towns/	The Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust (ABCT) is a registered charity that was founded in 2006 as a non-profit organisation. They work to preserve and protect airfields in Great Britain, as well as educating people about their history and providing … Continue reading → Continued from Swingate Part IIIa – World War I Front Line Aerodrome 1918 April – Dover and a new enemy attacks The Royal Air Force (RAF) was formed on 1 April 1918 by the amalgamation of the Royal Flying Corps … Continue reading → Continued from Swingate Part IIa – World War I Front Line Aerodrome 1917 – On the Offensive & the Americans come to Swingate Attacks on neutral shipping continued. Typically from the beginning of the War to the end of 1916 … Continue reading → Swingate is a large stretch of downland on the east side of Dover Castle. It is a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and the history of the site is internationally unique, particularly in relation to communication. This essay is … Continue reading → Dover is a positive treasure-trove of historic jewels, many neglected, some forgotten and some, like Swingate Downs, described by one of the town’s moronic councillor/business person as wasteland while a stalwart on Dover’s tourism and Dover Harbour Board committees wants … Continue reading →
2428	dbpedia	2	96	https://www.linkedin.com/posts/nicholas-lyons-15838946_it-is-a-great-honour-to-have-my-portrait-activity-7188419937281998848-KiN9	en	LinkedIn	https://static.licdn.com/scds/common/u/images/logos/favicons/v1/favicon.ico	https://static.licdn.com/scds/common/u/images/logos/favicons/v1/favicon.ico	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	500 million+ members \| Manage your professional identity. Build and engage with your professional network. Access knowledge, insights and opportunities.		https://static.licdn.com/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca		https://www.linkedin.com/	LinkedIn and 3rd parties use essential and non-essential cookies to provide, secure, analyze and improve our Services, and to show you relevant ads (including professional and job ads) on and off LinkedIn. Learn more in our Cookie Policy. Select Accept to consent or Reject to decline non-essential cookies for this use. You can update your choices at any time in your settings.
2428	dbpedia	2	4	https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/searchlives/field/lastname/Bere/filter/%3Fpage%3D2	en	Lives of the First World War	https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/themes/custom/iwm_theme/favicon.ico	https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/themes/custom/iwm_theme/favicon.ico	[ "https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/themes/custom/iwm_theme/images/IWM_Logo_white.png", "https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/themes/custom/iwm_theme/assets/components/footer/logo-title.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/themes/custom/iwm_theme/favicon.ico		null	Discover, explore and remember millions of personal stories from the First World War
2428	dbpedia	3	15	https://www.gettyimages.ca/photos/sir-sidney-lee	en	Getty Images			[ "https://www.gettyimages.ca/sign-in/assets/static/white-f114c2d21e50f9b239ac.svg", "https://www.gettyimages.ca/sign-in/assets/static/black-dd9588e3db810afab0eb.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Getty Images Canada. Find high resolution royalty-free images, editorial stock photos, vector art, video footage clips and stock music licensing at the richest image search photo library online.	en			null
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"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/UCK_KLA.png/14px-UCK_KLA.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tigranes_four_Kings.jpg/180px-Tigranes_four_Kings.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tigranes_four_Kings.jpg/180px-Tigranes_four_Kings.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/George_bingham_arbuthnot.jpg/180px-George_bingham_arbuthnot.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/George_bingham_arbuthnot.jpg/180px-George_bingham_arbuthnot.jpg", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ff185fe4-8356-4b6b-ad48-621b95a82a1d", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f3fc9271-3d5e-4c73-9afc-e6a9f6154ff1", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Military Wiki" ]	2024-08-29T17:42:07+00:00	This is a list of military commanders. These include the "great captains" of history, as they were styled by military historian Liddell Hart; the major leaders of the armies in the most decisive battles of world history. Also included are those who were notoriously flamboyant, incompetent or...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Military Wiki	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/List_of_military_commanders	This is a list of military commanders. These include the "great captains" of history, as they were styled by military historian Liddell Hart; the major leaders of the armies in the most decisive battles of world history. Also included are those who were notoriously flamboyant, incompetent or otherwise famous, such as General Custer. Napoleon advised military men to study the campaigns of Alexander, Hannibal, Gustavus, Turenne, Eugene and Frederick.[1] Hannibal, after his defeat by Scipio, said that Alexander was the greatest of generals and that Pyrrhus was next to him in greatness.[1] Many others since then have discussed who was the greatest. In 2011, a poll of experts considered who was Britain's greatest general and divided between the Duke of Wellington and William Slim.[2][3] Achaemenid Empire[] Artaphernes (son of Artaphernes) Battle of Marathon (August/September, 490 BC) Datis Battle of Marathon (August/September, 490 BC) Classical Athens[] Callimachus Battle of Marathon (August/September, 490 BC) Miltiades Battle of Marathon (August/September, 490 BC) Alcibiades Peloponnesian War (c. 431–April 25, 404 BC) Cleon Peloponnesian War (c. 431–April 25, 404 BC) Demosthenes (general) Peloponnesian War (c. 431–April 25, 404 BC) Nicias Peloponnesian War (c. 431–April 25, 404 BC) Pericles Peloponnesian War (c. 431–April 25, 404 BC) Sparta[] Alcibiades Peloponnesian War (c. 431–April 25, 404 BC) Archidamus II Peloponnesian War (c. 431–April 25, 404 BC) Brasidas Peloponnesian War (c. 431–April 25, 404 BC) Lysander Peloponnesian War (c. 431–April 25, 404 BC) Ancient Carthage[] Hamilcar Barca First Punic War (264–241 BC) Hanno the Great First Punic War (264–241 BC) Hasdrubal the Fair First Punic War (264–241 BC) Xanthippus of Carthage First Punic War (264–241 BC) Roman Republic[] Gaius Duilius First Punic War (264–241 BC) Gaius Lutatius Catulus First Punic War (264–241 BC) Marcus Atilius Regulus First Punic War (264–241 BC) Fabius Maximus Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Gaius Claudius Nero Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Gaius Flaminius Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Gaius Terentius Varro Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Gnaeus Servilius Geminus Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Lucius Aemilius Paullus (General) Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Marcus Claudius Marcellus Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Marcus Livius Salinator Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Marcus Minucius Rufus (consul 221 BC) Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Publius Cornelius Scipio Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Scipio Africanus Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Tiberius Sempronius Longus (consul 218 BCE) Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Carthage[] Hannibal Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Hanno the Elder Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Hasdrubal (Barcid) Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Hasdrubal Gisco Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Mago (Barcid) Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Maharbal Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Syphax Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Macedon[] Philip V of Macedon Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Numidia[] Masinissa Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) Optimates[] Pompey Battle of Pharsalus (9 August 48 BC) Populares[] Julius Caesar Battle of Pharsalus (9 August 48 BC) Mark Antony Battle of Pharsalus (9 August 48 BC) Augustus[] Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Battle of Actium (September 2, 31 BC) Mark Antony[] Mark Antony Battle of Actium (September 2, 31 BC) Ptolemaic Egypt[] Cleopatra VII Battle of Actium (September 2, 31 BC) Cherusci[] Arminius Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (circa September, 9 C.E.) Roman Empire[] Publius Quinctilius Varus Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (circa September, 9 C.E.) Decius Battle of Abritus (July or August, 251) Herennius Etruscus Battle of Abritus (July or August, 251) Goths[] Cniva Battle of Abritus (July or August, 251) Byzantine Empire[] Belisarius Battle of Ad Decimum (September 13, 533) Vandals[] Gelimer Battle of Ad Decimum (September 13, 533) East Francia[] Conrad, Duke of Lorraine Battle of Lechfeld (August 10, 955) Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Battle of Lechfeld (August 10, 955) Hungarian people[] Lehel Battle of Lechfeld (August 10, 955) Anglo-Saxons[] Harold Godwinson Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066) Duchy of Normandy[] Alan IV, Duke of Brittany Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066) Eustace II, Count of Boulogne Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066) William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066) William the Conqueror Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066) Estonians[] Lembitu of Lehola Northern Crusades (12th and 13th century) Latgallians[] Visvaldis Northern Crusades (12th and 13th century) Livonian Brothers of the Sword[] Albert of Riga Northern Crusades (12th and 13th century) Caupo of Turaida Northern Crusades (12th and 13th century) Tālivaldis Northern Crusades (12th and 13th century) Theoderich von Treyden Northern Crusades (12th and 13th century) Volquin Northern Crusades (12th and 13th century) Wenno Northern Crusades (12th and 13th century) Semigallians[] Viestards Northern Crusades (12th and 13th century) Denmark[] Anders Sunesen Northern Crusades (12th and 13th century) Valdemar I of Denmark Northern Crusades (12th and 13th century) Valdemar II of Denmark Northern Crusades (12th and 13th century) Christian IV of Denmark Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Sweden[] John I of Sweden Northern Crusades (12th and 13th century) Hjalmar Frisell Finnish Civil War (27 January – 15 May 1918) Brabant[] Henry I, Duke of Brabant Battle of Bouvines (27 July 1214) Counts of Dreux[] Robert II of Dreux Battle of Bouvines (27 July 1214) County of Boulogne[] Renaud de Dammartin Battle of Bouvines (27 July 1214) County of Flanders[] Infante Fernando, Count of Flanders Battle of Bouvines (27 July 1214) Duchy of Burgundy (Ancient)[] Eudes III, Duke of Burgundy Battle of Bouvines (27 July 1214) France in the Middle Ages[] Philip II of France Battle of Bouvines (27 July 1214) Philip of Dreux Battle of Bouvines (27 July 1214) Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou[] William de Longespee, 3rd Earl of Salisbury Battle of Bouvines (27 July 1214) House of Welf[] Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor Battle of Bouvines (27 July 1214) Lorraine (duchy)[] Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine Battle of Bouvines (27 July 1214) Ponthieu[] William IV, Count of Ponthieu Battle of Bouvines (27 July 1214) Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia[] Daniel of Galicia Mongol invasion of Rus' (1223–1240) Mstislav the Bold Mongol invasion of Rus' (1223–1240) [[File:\|23x15px\|border \|alt=\|link=]] Mongol Empire[] Batu Khan Mongol invasion of Rus' (1223–1240) Berke Mongol invasion of Rus' (1223–1240) Boroldai Mongol invasion of Rus' (1223–1240) Güyük Khan Mongol invasion of Rus' (1223–1240) Jebe Mongol invasion of Rus' (1223–1240) Möngke Khan Mongol invasion of Rus' (1223–1240) Orda Khan Mongol invasion of Rus' (1223–1240) Subutai Mongol invasion of Rus' (1223–1240) Principality of Chernigov[] Mstislav II Svyatoslavich Mongol invasion of Rus' (1223–1240) Principality of Kiev[] Mstislav III of Kiev Mongol invasion of Rus' (1223–1240) Vladimir-Suzdal[] Yuri II of Vladimir Mongol invasion of Rus' (1223–1240) Dreux[] John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey Battle of Stirling Bridge (11 September 1297) Kingdom of England[] Hugh de Cressingham Battle of Stirling Bridge (11 September 1297) Kingdom of Scotland[] William Wallace Battle of Stirling Bridge (11 September 1297) Moray[] Andrew de Moray Battle of Stirling Bridge (11 September 1297) England (1340)[] Edward, the Black Prince Battle of Poitiers (19 September 1356) France (Dauphins)[] Charles V of France Battle of Poitiers (19 September 1356) France in the Middle Ages[] Jean II of France Battle of Poitiers (19 September 1356) Philip of Valois, Duke of Orléans[] Philip of Valois, Duke of Orléans Battle of Poitiers (19 September 1356) Albret (Modern)[] Charles d'Albret Battle of Agincourt (25 October 1415) Boucicaut[] Jean Le Maingre Battle of Agincourt (25 October 1415) Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York[] Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York Battle of Agincourt (25 October 1415) Kingdom of England (1399-1603)[] Henry V of England Battle of Agincourt (25 October 1415) Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester Battle of Agincourt (25 October 1415) Orléans (Duchy)[] Charles, Duke of Orléans Battle of Agincourt (25 October 1415) Poland (Kingdom)[] Piotr Dunin Battle of Świecino (September 17, 1462) House of Lancaster[] Henry VII of England Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485) John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485) Philibert de Chandée, 1st Earl of Bath Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485) Sir William Brandon Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485) Jasper Tudor[] Jasper Tudor Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485) Redvers[] Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485) Richard III of England (1483-1485)[] Richard III of England Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485) Stanley family[] Sir William Stanley Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485) Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485) Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk[] John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485) Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485) Kingdom of Hungary (14th century)[] György Zápolya Battle of Mohács (29 August 1526) Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia Battle of Mohács (29 August 1526) Pál Tomori Battle of Mohács (29 August 1526) Ottoman Empire (1453)[] Malkoçoğlu Battle of Mohács (29 August 1526) Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha Battle of Mohács (29 August 1526) Suleiman the Magnificent Battle of Mohács (29 August 1526) Osman II Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Bohemia[] Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Frederick V, Elector Palatine Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Jindrich Matyas Thurn Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Catholic League (German)[] Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg[] Christian of Brunswick Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Electoral Palatinate (1604)[] Frederick V, Elector Palatine Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Hungarian Anti-Habsburg Rebels[] Peter Ernst, Graf von Mansfeld Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)[] Gabriel Bethlen Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Electorate of Saxony (Electorate)[] Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) John George I of Saxony Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Sweden (1562)[] Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Axel Oxenstierna Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Carl Gustaf Wrangel Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Charles X Gustav of Sweden Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Gustav Horn, Count of Pori Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Gustavus II Adolphus Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Johan Banér Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Lennart Torstenson Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Zaporozhian Cossacks[] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Kingdom of England (Kingdom)[] George Villiers, 1st duke of Buckingham Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough Battle of Blenheim (13 August 1704) Battle of Ramillies (23 May 1706) Dutch Republic[] Ernst Casimir Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Frederik Hendrik of Orange Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Hendrik Casimir I Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Maarten Tromp Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Maurice of Nassau Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Piet Pieterszoon Hein Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) William of Nassau (1601–1627) Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Anthonie Heinsius War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Arnold van Keppel, 1st Earl of Albemarle War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Henry de Nassau, Lord Overkirk War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Battle of Ramillies (23 May 1706) Holy Roman Empire[] Albrecht von Wallenstein Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Franz von Mercy Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Johann von Werth Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Guido Starhemberg War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Prince Eugene of Savoy War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Spain (1506)[] Ambrogio Spinola Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Antonio de Oquendo Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Carlos Coloma Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Diego Felipez de Guzmán, 1st Marquis of Leganés Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Mendoza Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Francisco de Melo Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Gómez Suárez de Figueroa, 3rd Duke of Feria Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (1585–1645) Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Philip IV of Spain Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Kingdom of France (Kingdom)[] Cardinal Richelieu Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Isaac Manasses de Pas, Marquis de Feuquieres Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Louis XIII of France Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) François de Neufville, duc de Villeroi War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Battle of Ramillies (23 May 1706) Louis François de Boufflers, Duke of Boufflers War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Louis XIV of France War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) René de Froulay de Tessé War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Claude Louis Hector de Villars War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738) James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738) Camille d'Hostun, duc de Tallard Battle of Blenheim (13 August 1704) Ferdinand de Marsin Battle of Blenheim (13 August 1704) Chevalier de Lévis French and Indian War (1754–1763) Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau French and Indian War (1754–1763) Louis-Joseph de Montcalm French and Indian War (1754–1763) Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville French and Indian War (1754–1763) François Joseph Paul de Grasse American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Louis Des Balbes de Berton de Crillon, duc de Mahon American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Louis XVIII Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Cavalier[] Charles I of England English Civil War (22 August 1642 – 3 September 1651) Charles II of England English Civil War (22 August 1642 – 3 September 1651) Roundhead[] Oliver Cromwell English Civil War (22 August 1642 – 3 September 1651) Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex English Civil War (22 August 1642 – 3 September 1651) Thomas Fairfax English Civil War (22 August 1642 – 3 September 1651) Crimean Khanate[] İslâm III Giray Battle of Berestechko (28–30 June 1651) Tugay Bey Battle of Berestechko (28–30 June 1651) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth[] Jeremi Wiśniowiecki Battle of Berestechko (28–30 June 1651) John II Casimir of Poland Battle of Berestechko (28–30 June 1651) Marcin Kalinowski Battle of Berestechko (28–30 June 1651) Mikołaj Potocki Battle of Berestechko (28–30 June 1651) Stanisław Lanckoroński (hetman) Battle of Berestechko (28–30 June 1651) Stefan Czarniecki Battle of Berestechko (28–30 June 1651) Zaporozhian Cossacks[] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battle of Berestechko (28–30 June 1651) Ivan Bohun Battle of Berestechko (28–30 June 1651) Bavaria[] Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Battle of Blenheim (13 August 1704) Battle of Ramillies (23 May 1706) Portugal (1707)[] António Luís de Sousa, 2nd Marquess of Minas War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Duchy of Savoy (Duchy)[] Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Spain (1701)[] Alexandre Maître, Marquis de Bay War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Francisco Castillo Fajardo, Marquis of Villadarias War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Battle of Ramillies (23 May 1706) Philip V of Spain War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Charles I, Duke of Parma War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738) Kingdom of Great Britain (Kingdom)[] George Rooke War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) Edward Boscawen French and Indian War (1754–1763) Edward Braddock French and Indian War (1754–1763) James Abercrombie (general) French and Indian War (1754–1763) James Wolfe French and Indian War (1754–1763) Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst French and Indian War (1754–1763) John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun French and Indian War (1754–1763) John Forbes (British Army officer) French and Indian War (1754–1763) Benedict Arnold American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Frederick North, Lord North American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Hector Munro, 8th of Novar American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Henry Clinton (American War of Independence) American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) John Burgoyne American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Thomas Gage American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Wilhelm von Knyphausen American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Friedrich Baum Battle of Bennington (August 16, 1777) Horatio Nelson Battle of the Nile (1–3 August 1798) Habsburg Monarchy[] Prince Eugene of Savoy Battle of Blenheim (13 August 1704) War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738) Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738) Duchy of Parma (Duchy)[] Charles I, Duke of Parma War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738) Piedmont-Sardinia (Kingdom)[] Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738) Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Russian Empire (Empire)[] Burkhard Christoph von Münnich War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738) Peter Lacy War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738) Nikolay Leontiev Battle of Adwa (1 March 1896) Aleksey Kuropatkin Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905) Nicholas II of Russia Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905) British America (1707)[] George Washington French and Indian War (1754–1763) New France[] Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu French and Indian War (1754–1763) François-Marie Le Marchand de Lignery French and Indian War (1754–1763) Joseph Coulon de Jumonville French and Indian War (1754–1763) Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal French and Indian War (1754–1763) Kingdom of Mysore[] Hyder Ali American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Tipu Sultan American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Mohawk[] Joseph Brant American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Spain (1748)[] Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Juan de Lángara American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Luis de Córdova y Córdova American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) United States (1777)[] Benedict Arnold American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Daniel Morgan American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) George Washington American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Henry Knox American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Horatio Gates American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Nathanael Greene American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) Richard Montgomery American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783) John Stark Battle of Bennington (August 16, 1777) Hesse[] Heinrich von Breymann Battle of Bennington (August 16, 1777) Vermont Republic[] Seth Warner Battle of Bennington (August 16, 1777) Kingdom of France (Royal Navy)[] François Joseph Paul de Grasse Battle of the Chesapeake (5 September 1781) Kingdom of Great Britain (Royal Navy)[] Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood Battle of the Chesapeake (5 September 1781) Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves Battle of the Chesapeake (5 September 1781) United States (1795)[] Alexander Hamilton Quasi-War (1798–1800) Benjamin Stoddert Quasi-War (1798–1800) George Washington Quasi-War (1798–1800) John Adams Quasi-War (1798–1800) Andrew Jackson War of 1812 (June 18, 1812 – February 18, 1815) Henry Dearborn War of 1812 (June 18, 1812 – February 18, 1815) Jacob Brown War of 1812 (June 18, 1812 – February 18, 1815) James Madison War of 1812 (June 18, 1812 – February 18, 1815) William Henry Harrison War of 1812 (June 18, 1812 – February 18, 1815) William Hull War of 1812 (June 18, 1812 – February 18, 1815) Winfield Scott War of 1812 (June 18, 1812 – February 18, 1815) Zebulon Pike War of 1812 (June 18, 1812 – February 18, 1815) Nathan Heald Battle of Fort Dearborn (August 15, 1812) France[] Andre Rigaud Quasi-War (1798–1800) Edme Étienne Borne Desfourneaux Quasi-War (1798–1800) Paul Barras Quasi-War (1798–1800) Victor Hugues Quasi-War (1798–1800) Napoleon Quasi-War (1798–1800) Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815) Pierre-Charles Villeneuve Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) François Achille Bazaine Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871) Léon Gambetta Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871) Louis Jules Trochu Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871) Napoleon III of France Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871) Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871) François Anthoine Battle of Passchendaele (31 July – 10 November 1917) Jacques Chirac Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) France (Republic)[] François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers Battle of the Nile (1–3 August 1798) Austrian Empire (Empire)[] Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Archduke John of Austria Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Grand Duchy of Tuscany[] Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Netherlands[] William II of the Netherlands Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Papal States (Old)[] Pope Pius VII Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Portuguese Empire (1750)[] John VI of Portugal Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Maria I of Portugal Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Miguel Pereira Forjaz Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Kingdom of Prussia (1803)[] Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Frederick William III of Prussia Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815) Kingdom of the Two Sicilies[] Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Spain (1785)[] Charles IV of Spain Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Ferdinand VII of Spain Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Miguel de Álava Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Federico Carlos Gravina y Nápoli Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) Antero Rubin Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) Arsenio Linares y Pombo Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) Manuel Macías y Casado Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) Maria Christina of Austria Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) Pascual Cervera y Topete Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) Patricio Montojo Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) Práxedes Mateo Sagasta Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) Ramón Blanco y Erenas Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) Valeriano Weyler, 1st Duke of Rubi Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Great Britain and Ireland)[] Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815) George III of the United Kingdom Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) George IV of the United Kingdom Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) John Moore (British soldier) Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Robert Calder Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) William Pitt the Younger Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Ivor Churchill Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne Easter Rising (24–29 April 1916) John French, 1st Earl of Ypres Easter Rising (24–29 April 1916) John Maxwell (British Army officer) Easter Rising (24–29 April 1916) Lovick Bransby Friend Easter Rising (24–29 April 1916) W. H. M. Lowe Easter Rising (24–29 April 1916) Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig Battle of Passchendaele (31 July – 10 November 1917) Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer Battle of Passchendaele (31 July – 10 November 1917) Hubert Gough Battle of Passchendaele (31 July – 10 November 1917) Russia[] Alexander I of Russia Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Levin August, Count von Bennigsen Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Pyotr Bagration Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815) Nikolay Leontiev First Italo-Ethiopian War (1895–1896) Alexander Kerensky Russian Revolution (8 March – 8 November 1917) October Revolution (7–8 November 1917) Georgy Lvov Russian Revolution (8 March – 8 November 1917) Alexander Kolchak Russian Civil War (7 November 1917 – October 1922) Anton Denikin Russian Civil War (7 November 1917 – October 1922) Lavr Kornilov Russian Civil War (7 November 1917 – October 1922) Nikolai Yudenich Russian Civil War (7 November 1917 – October 1922) Pyotr Wrangel Russian Civil War (7 November 1917 – October 1922) United Kingdom (Navy)[] Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) Godfrey Herbert Baralong Incidents (19 August 1915, 24 September 1915) David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty Battle of Jutland (31 May 1916 – 1 June 1916) John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe Battle of Jutland (31 May 1916 – 1 June 1916) Henry Harwood Battle of the River Plate (13 December 1939) Shawnee[] Tecumseh War of 1812 (June 18, 1812 – February 18, 1815) United Kingdom[] George Prévost War of 1812 (June 18, 1812 – February 18, 1815) Gordon Drummond War of 1812 (June 18, 1812 – February 18, 1815) Isaac Brock War of 1812 (June 18, 1812 – February 18, 1815) Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool War of 1812 (June 18, 1812 – February 18, 1815) John Wellesley Thomas Eureka Rebellion (3 December 1854) Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) Redvers Henry Buller Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) Winston Churchill World War II (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) Claude Auchinleck First Battle of El Alamein (1–27 July 1942) Eric Dorman-Smith First Battle of El Alamein (1–27 July 1942) Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein Second Battle of El Alamein (23 October–11 November 1942) Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis Second Battle of El Alamein (23 October–11 November 1942) Battle of Monte Cassino (17 January – 18 May 1944) Oliver Leese Battle of Monte Cassino (17 January – 18 May 1944) Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape Battle of Okinawa (1 April – 22 June 1945) Philip Vian Battle of Okinawa (1 April – 22 June 1945) Dick Applegate Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) John Drewienkiewicz Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Stuart Peach Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Tony Blair Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Graham Stirrup Operation Enduring Freedom (7 October 2001 – ongoing) Mexico[] Antonio Gaona Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) Antonio López de Santa Anna Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) Domingo de Ugartechea Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) Francisco de Castañeda Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) Joaquin Ramirez y Sesma Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) Jose de Urrea Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) José María Tornel Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) Juan Almonte Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) Manuel Fernandez Castrillon Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) Martin Perfecto de Cos Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) Vicente Filisola Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) Texas[] Ben Milam Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) Davy Crockett Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) Edward Burleson Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) Frank W. Johnson Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) James Bowie Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) James Fannin Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) Sam Houston Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) Sidney Sherman Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) Stephen F. Austin Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) Thomas J. Rusk Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) William Barrett Travis Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) Eureka Rebellion[] Henry Ross Eureka Rebellion (3 December 1854) Peter Lalor Eureka Rebellion (3 December 1854) Confederate States of America (1861)[] Jefferson Davis American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865) Joseph E. Johnston American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865) Josiah Tattnall American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865) Judah P. Benjamin American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865) Raphael Semmes American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865) Robert E. Lee American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865) United States (1863)[] Abraham Lincoln American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865) David D. Porter American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865) David Farragut American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865) Edwin M. Stanton American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865) Ulysses S. Grant American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865) William T. Sherman American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865) Confederate States of America (1863)[] Robert E. Lee Battle of Gettysburg (July 1–3, 1863) United States (1861)[] George G. Meade Battle of Gettysburg (July 1–3, 1863) John F. Reynolds Battle of Gettysburg (July 1–3, 1863) Kingdom of Prussia (1816)[] Albrecht von Roon Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871) Frederick III, German Emperor Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871) Helmuth von Moltke the Elder Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871) Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871) Otto von Bismarck Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871) Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871) Wilhelm I, German Emperor Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871) Kingdom of Italy (Kingdom)[] Giuseppe Garibaldi Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871) Oreste Baratieri First Italo-Ethiopian War (1895–1896) Battle of Adwa (1 March 1896) Benito Mussolini World War II (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) Italo Gariboldi Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Ettore Bastico Second Battle of El Alamein (23 October–11 November 1942) Ethiopian Empire (Old Empire)[] Menelik II First Italo-Ethiopian War (1895–1896) Battle of Adwa (1 March 1896) Alula Engida Battle of Adwa (1 March 1896) Mikael of Wollo Battle of Adwa (1 March 1896) Ras Makonnen Battle of Adwa (1 March 1896) Ras Mengesha Yohannes Battle of Adwa (1 March 1896) Taytu Betul Battle of Adwa (1 March 1896) Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam Battle of Adwa (1 March 1896) Katipunan[] Apolinario Mabini Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) Emilio Aguinaldo Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) United States (1896)[] George Dewey Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) Joseph Wheeler Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) Nelson A. Miles Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) Theodore Roosevelt Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) Wesley Merritt Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) William McKinley Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) William Rufus Shafter Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) William T. Sampson Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) Cuba[] Demetrio Castillo Duany Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) Máximo Gómez Spanish–American War (April 25, 1898 – August 12, 1898) Che Guevara Cuban missile crisis (October 14 – 28, 1962) Fidel Castro Cuban missile crisis (October 14 – 28, 1962) Raul Castro Cuban missile crisis (October 14 – 28, 1962) Orange Free State[] Christiaan de Wet Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) Martinus Theunis Steyn Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) South African Republic (Republic)[] Koos de la Rey Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) Louis Botha Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) Paul Kruger Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) Piet Cronjé Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) Schalk W. Burger Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) Russian Empire (Imperial Navy)[] Stepan Makarov Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905) Zinovy Rozhestvensky Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905) Empire of Japan (Imperial Army)[] Nogi Maresuke Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905) Ōyama Iwao Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905) Kunio Nakagawa Battle of Peleliu (15 September – 27 November 1944) Empire of Japan (Imperial Navy)[] Tōgō Heihachirō Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905) Keizō Komura Battle of Okinawa (1 April – 22 June 1945) Minoru Ota Battle of Okinawa (1 April – 22 June 1945) Empire of Japan (Empire)[] Emperor Meiji Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905) Hirohito World War II (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) Isamu Chō Battle of Okinawa (1 April – 22 June 1945) Mitsuru Ushijima Battle of Okinawa (1 April – 22 June 1945) Kingdom of Bulgaria (Kingdom)[] Ferdinand I of Bulgaria Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Ivan Fichev Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Mihail Savov Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Nikola Ivanov Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Radko Dimitriev Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Vasil Kutinchev Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Kingdom of Greece (Kingdom)[] Constantine I of Greece Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Panagiotis Danglis Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Pavlos Kountouriotis Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Kingdom of Montenegro (Kingdom)[] Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Janko Vukotić Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Nicholas I of Montenegro Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Ottoman Empire[] Abdullah Pasha Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Ali Rizah Pasha Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Essad Pasha Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Hasan Tahsin Pasha Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Nazim Pasha Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Zeki Pasha Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Kingdom of Serbia (Kingdom)[] Petar Bojović Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Radomir Putnik Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Stepa Stepanović Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Živojin Mišić Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Kingdom of Romania (Kingdom)[] Alexandru Averescu Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Carol I of Romania Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Ferdinand I of Romania Balkan Wars (8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913) Constantin Constantinescu-Claps Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Petre Dumitrescu Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Ireland[] Éamonn Ceannt Easter Rising (24–29 April 1916) James Connolly Easter Rising (24–29 April 1916) Joseph Plunkett Easter Rising (24–29 April 1916) Patrick Pearse Easter Rising (24–29 April 1916) Seán Mac Diarmada Easter Rising (24–29 April 1916) Thomas MacDonagh Easter Rising (24–29 April 1916) Tom Clarke (Irish republican) Easter Rising (24–29 April 1916) Eamon De Valera Irish Civil War (28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923) Frank Aiken Irish Civil War (28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923) Liam Lynch (Irish republican) Irish Civil War (28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923) Michael Collins (Irish leader) Irish Civil War (28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923) Richard Mulcahy Irish Civil War (28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923) German Empire (Imperial Navy)[] Franz von Hipper Battle of Jutland (31 May 1916 – 1 June 1916) Reinhard Scheer Battle of Jutland (31 May 1916 – 1 June 1916) Russia (Emperor 1858-1917)[] Nicholas II of Russia Russian Revolution (8 March – 8 November 1917) Socialism[] Leon Trotsky Russian Revolution (8 March – 8 November 1917) October Revolution (7–8 November 1917) Lev Kamenev Russian Revolution (8 March – 8 November 1917) Vladimir Lenin Russian Revolution (8 March – 8 November 1917) October Revolution (7–8 November 1917) Pavel Dybenko October Revolution (7–8 November 1917) German Empire (Empire)[] Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria Battle of Passchendaele (31 July – 10 November 1917) Erich Ludendorff Battle of Passchendaele (31 July – 10 November 1917) Friedrich Bertram Sixt von Armin Battle of Passchendaele (31 July – 10 November 1917) Hugo Meurer Finnish Civil War (27 January – 15 May 1918) Rüdiger von der Goltz Finnish Civil War (27 January – 15 May 1918) Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine[] Nestor Makhno Russian Civil War (7 November 1917 – October 1922) Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1918)[] Leon Trotsky Russian Civil War (7 November 1917 – October 1922) Mikhail Tukhachevsky Russian Civil War (7 November 1917 – October 1922) Vladimir Lenin Russian Civil War (7 November 1917 – October 1922) Finland (State 1918)[] Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Finnish Civil War (27 January – 15 May 1918) Ernst Linder Finnish Civil War (27 January – 15 May 1918) Karl Fredrik Wilkama Finnish Civil War (27 January – 15 May 1918) Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic[] Adolf Taimi Finnish Civil War (27 January – 15 May 1918) Ali Aaltonen Finnish Civil War (27 January – 15 May 1918) Eero Haapalainen Finnish Civil War (27 January – 15 May 1918) Eino Rahja Finnish Civil War (27 January – 15 May 1918) Evert Eloranta Finnish Civil War (27 January – 15 May 1918) Kullervo Manner Finnish Civil War (27 January – 15 May 1918) Republic of China (1912–1949) (Republic 1912-1949)[] Chiang Kai-shek World War II (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) Nazi Germany (Nazi)[] Adolf Hitler World War II (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) Operation Barbarossa (22 June – 5 December 1941) Fedor von Bock Operation Barbarossa (22 June – 5 December 1941) Franz Halder Operation Barbarossa (22 June – 5 December 1941) Gerd von Rundstedt Operation Barbarossa (22 June – 5 December 1941) Walther von Brauchitsch Operation Barbarossa (22 June – 5 December 1941) Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb Operation Barbarossa (22 June – 5 December 1941) Eduard Dietl Continuation War (25 June 1941 – 19 September 1944) Lothar Rendulic Continuation War (25 June 1941 – 19 September 1944) Nikolaus von Falkenhorst Continuation War (25 June 1941 – 19 September 1944) Erwin Rommel First Battle of El Alamein (1–27 July 1942) Second Battle of El Alamein (23 October–11 November 1942) Georg Stumme Second Battle of El Alamein (23 October–11 November 1942) Albert Kesselring Battle of Monte Cassino (17 January – 18 May 1944) Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin Battle of Monte Cassino (17 January – 18 May 1944) Heinrich von Vietinghoff Battle of Monte Cassino (17 January – 18 May 1944) Walter Model Battle of Hürtgen Forest (19 September – 16 December 1944) Soviet Union (1923)[] Joseph Stalin World War II (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) Operation Barbarossa (22 June – 5 December 1941) Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) Dmitry Pavlov (general) Operation Barbarossa (22 June – 5 December 1941) Fedor Isodorovich Kuznetsov Operation Barbarossa (22 June – 5 December 1941) Ivan Tyulenev Operation Barbarossa (22 June – 5 December 1941) Kliment Voroshilov Operation Barbarossa (22 June – 5 December 1941) Mikhail Kirponos Operation Barbarossa (22 June – 5 December 1941) Semyon Budyonny Operation Barbarossa (22 June – 5 December 1941) Semyon Timoshenko Operation Barbarossa (22 June – 5 December 1941) Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Aleksandr Vasilevsky Operation Barbarossa (22 June – 5 December 1941) Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Battle of Kursk (5 July – 23 August 1943) Georgy Zhukov Operation Barbarossa (22 June – 5 December 1941) Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Battle of Kursk (5 July – 23 August 1943) Markian Popov Operation Barbarossa (22 June – 5 December 1941) Continuation War (25 June 1941 – 19 September 1944) Kirill Meretskov Continuation War (25 June 1941 – 19 September 1944) Leonid Govorov Continuation War (25 June 1941 – 19 September 1944) Valerian A. Frolov Continuation War (25 June 1941 – 19 September 1944) Andrei Yeremenko Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Hazi Aslanov Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Nikita Khrushchev Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Nikolay Voronov Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Rodion Malinovsky Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Vasily Chuikov Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Konstantin Rokossovsky Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Battle of Kursk (5 July – 23 August 1943) Nikolai Fyodorovich Vatutin Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Battle of Kursk (5 July – 23 August 1943) Ivan Konev Battle of Kursk (5 July – 23 August 1943) Sergei Rudenko (general) Battle of Kursk (5 July – 23 August 1943) Stepan Krasovsky Battle of Kursk (5 July – 23 August 1943) United States (1912)[] Franklin D. Roosevelt World War II (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) Mark Wayne Clark Battle of Monte Cassino (17 January – 18 May 1944) Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) William H. Rupertus Battle of Peleliu (15 September – 27 November 1944) Courtney Hodges Battle of Hürtgen Forest (19 September – 16 December 1944) Joseph Lawton Collins Battle of Hürtgen Forest (19 September – 16 December 1944) Leonard T. Gerow Battle of Hürtgen Forest (19 September – 16 December 1944) Chester W. Nimitz Battle of Okinawa (1 April – 22 June 1945) Joseph Stilwell Battle of Okinawa (1 April – 22 June 1945) Raymond A. Spruance Battle of Okinawa (1 April – 22 June 1945) Roy Geiger Battle of Okinawa (1 April – 22 June 1945) Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. Battle of Okinawa (1 April – 22 June 1945) Douglas MacArthur Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) Dwight Eisenhower Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) Matthew Ridgway Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) Finland[] Harald Ohquist Winter War (30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940) Hjalmar Siilasvuo Winter War (30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940) Risto Ryti Winter War (30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940) Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Winter War (30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940) Operation Barbarossa (22 June – 5 December 1941) Continuation War (25 June 1941 – 19 September 1944) Soviet Union[] Joseph Stalin Winter War (30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940) Kirill Meretskov Winter War (30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940) Kliment Voroshilov Winter War (30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940) Semyon Timoshenko Winter War (30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940) Georgy Abashvili Cuban missile crisis (October 14 – 28, 1962) Issa Pliyev Cuban missile crisis (October 14 – 28, 1962) Nikita Khrushchev Cuban missile crisis (October 14 – 28, 1962) Rodion Malinovsky Cuban missile crisis (October 14 – 28, 1962) Nazi Germany (Nazi Navy)[] Hans Langsdorff Battle of the River Plate (13 December 1939) Independent State of Croatia (Independent State)[] Viktor Pavičić Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46) (Kingdom)[] Gusztáv Jány Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Nazi Germany (Nazi 1935)[] Adolf Hitler Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Friedrich Paulus Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Erich von Manstein Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Battle of Kursk (5 July – 23 August 1943) Hermann Hoth Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Battle of Kursk (5 July – 23 August 1943) Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen Battle of Stalingrad (August 23, 1942 – February 2, 1943) Battle of Kursk (5 July – 23 August 1943) Erich-Heinrich Clößner Battle of Kursk (5 July – 23 August 1943) Günther von Kluge Battle of Kursk (5 July – 23 August 1943) Hans Seidemann Battle of Kursk (5 July – 23 August 1943) Paul Deichmann Battle of Kursk (5 July – 23 August 1943) Robert Ritter von Greim Battle of Kursk (5 July – 23 August 1943) Walter Weiß Battle of Kursk (5 July – 23 August 1943) Walther Model Battle of Kursk (5 July – 23 August 1943) Werner Kempf Battle of Kursk (5 July – 23 August 1943) All-Palestine Government[] Haj Amin al-Husseini 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Army of the Holy War[] Hasan Salama 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Kingdom of Egypt (Kingdom)[] Ahmed Ali al-Mwawi 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) King Farouk I 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Muhammad Naguib 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Kingdom of Iraq (Kingdom)[] Muzahim al-Pachachi 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Arab League[] Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Fawzi al-Qawuqji 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Syria (1932)[] Husni al-Za'im 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Jordan[] Abdullah I of Jordan 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Habis al-Majali 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) John Bagot Glubb 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Asad Ghanma Six-Day War (June 5–10, 1967) Zaid ibn Shaker Six-Day War (June 5–10, 1967) Israel[] David Ben-Gurion 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) David Shaltiel 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Mickey Marcus 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Shimon Avidan 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Yaakov Dori 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Yigael Yadin 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Yigal Allon 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Yisrael Galili 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Yitzhak Rabin 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Six-Day War (June 5–10, 1967) Moshe Dayan 1948 Arab–Israeli War (15 May 1948 – 10 March 1949) Six-Day War (June 5–10, 1967) Yom Kippur War (October 6–25, 1973) Ariel Sharon Six-Day War (June 5–10, 1967) Ezer Weizman Six-Day War (June 5–10, 1967) Mordechai Gur Six-Day War (June 5–10, 1967) Mordechai Hod Six-Day War (June 5–10, 1967) Uzi Narkiss Six-Day War (June 5–10, 1967) Israel Tal Six-Day War (June 5–10, 1967) Yom Kippur War (October 6–25, 1973) Iftach Spector USS Liberty incident (8 June 1967) Binyamin Peled Yom Kippur War (October 6–25, 1973) David Elazar Yom Kippur War (October 6–25, 1973) Golda Meir Yom Kippur War (October 6–25, 1973) Haim Bar-Lev Yom Kippur War (October 6–25, 1973) Shmuel Gonen Yom Kippur War (October 6–25, 1973) Yitzhak Hofi Yom Kippur War (October 6–25, 1973) North Korea[] Choi Yong-kun Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) Kim Chaek Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) Kim Il-sung Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) Pak Hon-yong Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) United Nations[] Douglas MacArthur Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) Mark Wayne Clark Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) Matthew Ridgway Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) China[] Peng Dehuai Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) Mao Zedong Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) Sino-Indian War (20 October – 21 November 1962) Lin Biao Sino-Indian War (20 October – 21 November 1962) Liu Bocheng Sino-Indian War (20 October – 21 November 1962) Zhang Guohua Sino-Indian War (20 October – 21 November 1962) Zhou Enlai Sino-Indian War (20 October – 21 November 1962) South Korea[] Chung Il-kwon Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) Paik Sun-yup Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) Rhee Syngman Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) Shin Sung-mo Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) Son Won-il Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) Chae Myung Shin Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Park Chung-hee Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) New Zealand[] Keith Holyoake Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) North Vietnam[] Ho Chi Minh Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Le Duan Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Le Trong Tan Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Pham Van Dong Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Van Tien Dung Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Vo Nguyen Giap Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam[] Hoang Van Thai Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Nguyễn Hữu Thọ Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Nguyen Van Linh Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Tran Van Tra Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) South Vietnam[] Cao Van Vien Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Ngo Dinh Diem Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Ngô Quang Trưởng Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Nguyen Cao Ky Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Nguyen Van Thieu Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Australia[] Harold Holt Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Robert Menzies Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Rowan Tink Operation Anaconda (March 1–18, 2002) United States[] Creighton Abrams Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Lyndon B. Johnson Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Richard Nixon Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) William Westmoreland Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) John F. Kennedy Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Cuban missile crisis (October 14 – 28, 1962) Robert McNamara Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) Cuban missile crisis (October 14 – 28, 1962) Curtis LeMay Cuban missile crisis (October 14 – 28, 1962) George W. Anderson, Jr. Cuban missile crisis (October 14 – 28, 1962) Maxwell D. Taylor Cuban missile crisis (October 14 – 28, 1962) William L. McGonagle USS Liberty incident (8 June 1967) Ronald Reagan 1986 United States bombing of Libya (15 April 1986) Bill Clinton Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Dennis Reimer Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Henry H. Shelton Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) James O. Ellis Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) John W. Hendrix Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Michael E. Ryan Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) William Cohen Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) David Petraeus Operation Enduring Freedom (7 October 2001 – ongoing) John Abizaid Operation Enduring Freedom (7 October 2001 – ongoing) Martin Dempsey Operation Enduring Freedom (7 October 2001 – ongoing) Tommy Franks Operation Enduring Freedom (7 October 2001 – ongoing) William J. Fallon Operation Enduring Freedom (7 October 2001 – ongoing) Franklin L. Hagenbeck Operation Anaconda (March 1–18, 2002) Turkey[] Cemal Gürsel Cuban missile crisis (October 14 – 28, 1962) India[] Brij Mohan Kaul Sino-Indian War (20 October – 21 November 1962) Jawaharlal Nehru Sino-Indian War (20 October – 21 November 1962) Pran Nath Thapar Sino-Indian War (20 October – 21 November 1962) Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Sino-Indian War (20 October – 21 November 1962) V. K. Krishna Menon Sino-Indian War (20 October – 21 November 1962) Egypt (UAR)[] Abdel Hakim Amer Six-Day War (June 5–10, 1967) Abdul Munim Riad Six-Day War (June 5–10, 1967) Syria (1963)[] Nureddin al-Atassi Six-Day War (June 5–10, 1967) Iraq (1963)[] Abdul Rahman Arif Six-Day War (June 5–10, 1967) Adnan Khairallah Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Ali Hassan al-Majid Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Maher Abd al-Rashid Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Qusay Hussein Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Saddam Hussein Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Saddam Kamel Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Salah Aboud Mahmoud Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Taha Yassin Ramadan Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Tariq Aziz Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Uday Hussein Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Egypt (1972)[] Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy Yom Kippur War (October 6–25, 1973) Ahmad Ismail Ali Yom Kippur War (October 6–25, 1973) Anwar Sadat Yom Kippur War (October 6–25, 1973) Saad El Shazly Yom Kippur War (October 6–25, 1973) Syria (1972)[] Ali Aslan Yom Kippur War (October 6–25, 1973) Hafez al-Assad Yom Kippur War (October 6–25, 1973) Mustafa Tlass Yom Kippur War (October 6–25, 1973) Iran[] Abulhassan Banisadr Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Ali Khamenei Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Ali Sayad Shirazi Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Mir-Hossein Mousavi Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Mohammad-Ali Rajai Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Mohsen Rezaee Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Mostafa Chamran Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Ruhollah Khomeini Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Iraq[] Abdul Aziz al-Hakim Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) People's Mujahedin of Iran[] Maryam Rajavi Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Massoud Rajavi Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Peshmerga[] Jalal Talabani Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Massoud Barzani Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Nawshirwan Mustafa Iran–Iraq War (22 September 1980 – 20 August 1988) Libya (1977)[] Muammar Gaddafi 1986 United States bombing of Libya (15 April 1986) Albania (1946)[] Bujar Bukoshi Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Tahir Zemaj Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Germany[] Gerhard Schröder Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Hartmut Bagger Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Rudolf Scharping Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Italy[] Carlo Azeglio Ciampi Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Massimo D'Alema Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Oscar Luigi Scalfaro Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Kosovo Liberation Army[] Adem Jashari Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Agim Çeku Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Agim Ramadani Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Bekim Berisha Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Fadil Nimani Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Fatmir Limaj Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Hamëz Jashari Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Hashim Thaci Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Jakup Krasniqi Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Ramush Haradinaj Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Sylejman Selimi Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) NATO[] Javier Solana Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Klaus Naumann Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Mike Jackson Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Rupert Smith Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Wesley Clark Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Federal Republic)[] Božidar Delić Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Dragoljub Ojdanić Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Franko Simatović Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Goran Radosavljević Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Milorad Ulemek Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Momir Bulatović Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Nebojša Pavković Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Slobodan Milošević Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Sreten Lukić Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Vlastimir Đorđević Kosovo War (28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999) Afghanistan (Taliban)[] Mohammed Omar Operation Enduring Freedom (7 October 2001 – ongoing) Saifur Rehman Mansoor Operation Anaconda (March 1–18, 2002) Al-Qaeda[] Ayman al-Zawahiri Operation Enduring Freedom (7 October 2001 – ongoing) Osama bin Laden Operation Enduring Freedom (7 October 2001 – ongoing) Jihad[] Khadaffy Janjalani Operation Enduring Freedom (7 October 2001 – ongoing) Riduan Isamuddin Operation Enduring Freedom (7 October 2001 – ongoing) Ancient[] Armenia[] Artaxias I (189 BC–159 BC) Armenian king, founded the Artaxiad Dynasty, the beginnings of the Armenian Golden Age. Tigranes the Great (95 BC–55 BC) Armenian king, extended the Kingdom of Armenia to its greatest extent. Vartan Mamikonian (d. 451) Sparapet, commander of Armenian forces during the Battle of Avarayr against the Sassanids which preserved Christianity in Armenia. Ashot II (914–928) Armenian king, defeated Arabs. Leo I, King of Armenia Berbers[] Lusius Quietus governor of Judaea and one of Trajan's chief generals. See Kitos War. Masinissa (c. 238 BC – c. 148 BC) was the first King of Numidia, an ancient North African nation of ancient Libyan peoples, and is most famous for his role as a Roman ally in the Battle of Zama. Britons[] Boudica c. 25 AD – c. 62 AD, Queen of the Iceni, led an uprising against the invading forces of the Roman Empire. Carthage[] Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal. Hannibal, famed Punic general who was Rome's greatest enemy during the Second Punic War. Hannibal won major battles against the Roman Republic, including the Battle of Lake Trasimene, and the Battle of Cannae. China[] Sun Tzu (Warring States period) General, author of "The Art of War" Wu Qi (Warring States period) General, author of "Wu-tzu" Sun Bin (Warring States period) General, author of "Sun Bin Bing Fa" Yue Yi (Warring States period) General, who almost single-handedly destroyed Qi Tian Dan (Warring States period) General, who single-handedly resurrected Qi from destruction Xiang Yu (Qin) General and rebel against Qin Ban Chao Han Dynasty general who led campaigns against the Xiongnu Confederation into Western Asia. Han Xin (Han Dynasty) Considered the best general of his time, helped Liu Bang defeat Xiang Yu Wei Qing (Han Dynasty) General under Emperor Wu of Han, best known for his decisive campaigns against the Huns Huo Qubing (Han Dynasty) General under Emperor Wu of Han Cao Cao (Three Kingdoms period) prime minister, military governor, and de facto ruler of the Wei Kingdom, military strategist Guan Yu (Three Kingdoms period) Legendary for his loyalty and martial prowess, and deified as the God of War in the Sui Dynasty Zhou Yu (Three Kingdoms period) Military strategist Zhuge Liang (Three Kingdoms period) Military strategist, adviser to Liu Bei Xie Xuan (Jin Dynasty (265–420)) Military strategist Ran Min (Southern and Northern Dynasties) One of few Chinese warlords in the north, well known for his genocide against the Jie people Li Jing (Tang Dynasty) General, military strategist, best known for his decisive campaign against the Göktürks Li Shiji (Tang Dynasty) General, military strategist, best known for conquering Goguryeo Yue Fei (Song Dynasty) General, military strategist Egypt[] Mentuhotep II Senusret III Ahmose I Thutmose I Thutmose III Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Ramesses III Shoshenq I Psamtik I Necho II Psammetichus II Ahmose II Gaul[] Brennus (4th century), Gallic chieftain who sacked rome in 390BC. Vercingetorix (72 BC–46 BC), Gallic warlord who fought against Julius Caesar during the Gallic War. Ambiorix; Gallic leader that resisted Caesar's invasion of Eastern Gaul. Germania[] Arminius (16 BC–21 AD), war chief of the Germanic tribe of the Cherusci. Alaric I (375–410), Gothic King, defeated several Roman armies and sacked the city of Rome. Goths[] Fritigern (Western Gothic chieftain whose military victories in the Gothic War of 376–382) Alatheus (Greuthung chieftain and general) Saphrax (Ostrogoth duke and war leader) Theodoric the Great (King of Ostrogoths and ruler of Italy) Greece[] Miltiades the Younger (550 BC–489 BC), Athenian general during the Persian Wars. Callimachus, Athenian general during the Greco-Persian Wars. Themistocles (525 BC–460 BC), Athenian admiral during the Persian Wars. Leonidas (d. 480 BC), Spartan king, leader of the 300 Spartans in the Battle of Thermopylae. Eurybiades, Spartan general during the Persian Wars. Pausanias – Spartan general during the Persian Wars. Cimon (Athenian general) Callias (Athenian general) Pericles (Athenian politician and general during the Peloponnesian War) Pyrrhus of Epirus (king of the Greek tribe of Molossians(from ca. 297 BC), Epirus (306–301, 297–272 BC) and Macedon (288–284, 273–272 BC)) Demosthenes (Athenian general during the Peloponnesian War) Cleon (Athenian general during the Peloponnesian War) Nicias (Athenian general during the Peloponnesian War) Thucydides (Athenian general during the Peloponnesian War), author of History of the Peloponnesian War Brasidas (Spartan general during the Peloponnesian War) Alcibiades (Athenian general during the Peloponnesian War) Phormio (Athenian admiral during the Peloponnesian War) Thrasybulus (Athenian admiral during the Peloponnesian War) Lysander (Spartan admiral during the Peloponnesian War) Xenophon – Elected Commander of the Ten Thousand Greek mercenaries against Artaxerxes II of Persia Epaminondas; Theban general that defeated the spartans at the battle of Leuctra. Philip II of Macedon (Macedonian king and father of Alexander the Great). He united many of the Greek city-states and assembled the army that his son would eventually use too conquer Persia. Alexander the Great, King of Macedon who conquered the Achaemenid Empire and the Punjab and Indus. He is largely considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. Ptolemy I Soter, One of Alexander's generals, founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty, he was the first ruler of the Ptolemaic Egypt. Demetrius I of Bactria, a Greek-born king who conquered much of what is now Iran, Pakistan and northern India. He was nicknamed "The Invincible". Memnon, Greek mercenary in Persian service. Xanthippus, Greek Mercenary General, fought for Carthage against Pyrrhus of Epirus. Antigonus I Monophthalmus, founder of the Antigonid Dynasty. Seleucus I Nicator, founder of the Seleucid Dynasty. The Diadochi Huns[] Modun (233–192), king of the Huns Attila the Hun (406–453), king of the Huns, often referred as "Scourge of God" by the Romans. Bleda (390–445), a Hun ruler, the brother of Attila the Hun. Illyria[] Agron (250 BC–230 BC) The first king to unite the Illyrian tribes together and form a kingdom. During his rule Illyria was a strong kingdom which had a strong military force, especially naval. He stopped the attacks of the Roman Empire and the Aetolians by keeping his kingdom free till his death. India[] Divodas 'Atithingva' (15th century BC) He defeated the Shamber,who was the biggest enemy of Aryans . Sudas (circa 15th century BC), Indian king who defeated the ten Rigvedic tribes in the Battle of the Ten Kings Mahapadmnanda (4th century BC) He uprooted all local Kshatriya dynasties and republics and form strongest Magadha empire of that time. Chandragupta Maurya (Sandrocottus) (c. 340–293 BC), Maurya King who conquered the Nanda Empire and northern Indian subcontinent, and defeated Seleucus I Nicator of the Seleucid Empire and other former generals of Alexander the Great. Ashoka the Great (c. 304 BC–232 BC), Maurya King who conquered Kalinga and become the emperor of largest empire in Asia and India at its time. Kharavela (c. 193 BC) Emperor of Kalinga from Chedi Dynasty, who led many successful campaigns against Kingdoms of Magadha, Anga, Satavahanas and regions of Pandyan Empire. He is known to have forced the Indo-Greek king Demetrius to retreat from Mathura. Vasumitra (between approx 130 to 110 BC) He was the grand son of Pushyamitra, founder of Shunga dynasty. He defeated Greeks on the bank of river Indus . Vikramaditya (58–10 BC) He was the president of Republic of Malavas and organized a successful national resistance against Scythian invaders . He established 'Malav calendar' which is still practiced by Hindus as 'VIKRAM SAMVAT' or Vikram's calendar Kanishka(Kanishka the Great) was an emperor of the Gurjar Kushan Empire, ruling an empire extending from Bactria to large parts of northern India in the 2nd century of the common era, and famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements.He defeated Chinese and controlled Silk-route . Karikala Chola (c. AD 270), Chola king who defeated the Pandya and Chera kings in the Battle of Venni and conquered the Singhalese kingdom. Samudragupta 'the Napoleon of India' (319–380 AD), Gupta Empire king who conquered over 20 Indian, Scythian and Kushan kingdoms. His supremacy was used to accept by whole INDIAN SUBCONTINENT . Chandragupta II 'Vikramaditya (380–415 AD), Gupta king who conquered 21 Indian, Greek, Persian, Kamboja, Kirata and Transoxianan kingdoms . It is said that he reached up to Oxus river, according to Raghuvansham of Kaalidas and Mehroli iron pillar inscription Skandgupta (455–467 AD) He saved India from first Hun attack (Bheetari pillar inscription) Yashodharman (approx 550 AD) He led national resistance against Mihirgul ' the Hun ' and terminated Huns power from India Harshvardhana (606–650 AD) He won whole north India and established strongest empire of India at that time Lalitaditya 'Muktaapeed' (mid 8th century AD) He stopped the invasion of Arabian and Tibetian invasion and established a large empire to defeat his north Indian rival ruler Yashoverman Govind 'the third ' (8th century AD) He not only sprayed Rashtrkuta empire in whole south India but defeated the Pratiharas and Palas also and impelled them to accept his supremacy . He was the strongest king of India at that time Mihirbhoj Pratihar (836–889 AD) He not only stopped Arabian invasion but did counterattack on Arabians of Sindh. As a result importance of Arabians as a political power terminated for ever . An Arabian traveler described him as 'biggest enemy of Islam on the Earth' Rajendra Chola (1012–1044 AD) Conquered south India and defeated the Northern Singhalese kingdoms of Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Andmaan, and a major part of the Shailendra empire [ Today's Indonesia and Malaysia]. He also had some success against Udisa and Bengal. He was also known for his naval ability. Israel[] Joshua (circa 1200 BC), led Hebrew forces against Amalek and Canaan David (d. 965 BC), former mercenary commander, established an empire from Homs to Eilat Judas Maccabeus (d. 160 BC), leader of Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire Jonathan Maccabeus (d. 143 BC) Simon Maccabeus (d. 132 BC), took part in the Jewish revolt against the Seleucid Empire led by his brothers. First prince of the Hasmonean Dynasty Simon Bar Giora (d. AD 70), was a leader of revolutionary forces during the First Jewish-Roman War in the 1st century Judea John of Giscala (d. AD 70), was a leader of revolutionary forces during the First Jewish-Roman War in the 1st century Judea Simon Bar Kokhba (d. AD 135), leader of the second Jewish rebellion against Rome Japan[] Mononobe no Arakabi Minister and general. Crushed the rebellion of Tukushi no Iwai Ōno no Azumabito (Chinjufu Shogun) Constructed Fort Taga Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (Seii taishōgun) Korea[] King Dongmyeongseong (Founder of the Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea) Myeongnim Dap-bu (Goguryeo general) Eulji Mundeok (Goguryeo general) Gang Yi-sik (Goguryeo general) Yeon Gaesomun (Goguryeo general) Yang Manchun (Goguryeo general) Gyebaek (Baekje general) Kim Yushin (Silla general) Kim Wonsul (Silla general, Kim Yushin's son) Dae Jo-yeong (Founder of the Balhae) Jang Bogo (Silla general) Mesopotamia[] Gilgamesh King of Uruk Hammurabi King of Babylon conquered many native peoples. Nebuchadrezzar II King of the Chaldeans and conqueror of Judah. Tiglath-Pileser III King of Assyria. Conqueror of Israel, Syria, other lands that became Assyria, force Judah to pay tribute. Sargon King of Akkad. Created strong Akkadian kingdom. Ben-hadad King of Aram. Often fought Israel and, on occasion, Judah. Persia[] Persian Empire[] Cyrus the Great (590 BC–529 BC), who conquered the Median Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire, Lydian Empire and Asia Minor founding the Persian Empire. Mardonius, Persian general during the Greco-Persian Wars Darius I of Persia (Darius the Great) (549 BC–486 BC), conquered all the territories between Asia Minor, Egypt, northern Greece and the Danube Xerxes I of Persia (Xerxes the Great) (519 BC–465 BC), conqueror of several Greek cities, burning Athens. Artaphernes, Persian general, brother of Darius I Darius III of Persia (Artashata) (380 BC–330 BC), It was under his rule that the Persian Empire was conquered during the Wars of Alexander the Great. Ariobarzan (d. 330 BC), Persian satrap. He commanded 700 Persian immortals who fought against Alexander the Great at the Battle of the Persian Gate. In this battle Ariobarzan held the army of Alexander at bay for 30 days. Some historians have described him as the Leonidas of Persia. Seleucid Empire[] Seleucus I Nicator (358BC–281BC),One of Alexander the Great's officers that fought in the Wars of the Diadochi after his death. Antiochus III the Great (241–187), Ruler of the Seleucid empire, fought aganist Ptolemaic Egypt and Rome. Also lead expeditions into Bactria and India. Parthian Empire[] Mithridates the Great, expanded Parthia's control eastward by defeating King Eucratides of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. During his reign the Parthians took Herat (in 167 BC), Babylonia (in 144 BC), Media in (141 BC) and Persia in (139 BC). In 139 BC, Mithridates I captured the Seleucid King Demetrius II, and held him captive for 10 years while consolidating his conquests. Phraates II,defeated and killed Antiochus VII Sidetes in a battle in Media in 129 BC, which ended the Seleucid rule east of the Euphrates. Mithridates II, the Parthian Empire reached its greatest extent during his reign. He protected the kingdom from the Saka tribes, who occupied Bactria and the east of Iran and killed two of his predecessors in battle. He defeated King Artavasdes I of Armenia and conquered seventy valleys, making the heir to the Armenian throne, prince Tigranes, a political hostage. In 123 BC and 115 BC he received Chinese ambassadors sent by the Han emperor Wu Di to reopen the Silk Road through negotiations. 'Surena, Parthian general who defeated Marcus Licinius Crassus at the Battle of Carrhae. Phraates IV,initially lost territory to Roman general Mark Antony in 36 BC but quickly recovered Media Atropatene and drove Artaxias, the son of Artavasdes, back into Armenia when Mark Antony's war with Octavian broke out. Artabanus II, after a civil war with his predecessor Vonones I he succeeded to the throne. Vardanes I, in 43 he forced the city of Seleucia on the Tigris to submit. Civil war with his brother Gotarzes II of Parthia resulted in his assassination. Vologases IV, he reunited the two halves of the empire. He also reconquered the kingdom of Characene. He might have been the king who began compiling the writings of Zoroaster. In about 155 BC with a dispute over the kingdom of Armenia war began with Rome which Parthia lost in 166. Artabanus IV, defeated the Roman Empire under Marcus Opellius Macrinus at the Battle of Nisibis (217) after which the Romans gave up all their ambitions in the region, restored the booty, and paid a heavy contribution to the Parthians. Sassanid Empire[] Ardashir I, established the Sassanid Empire by conquering the Parthian Empire and defeating King Artabanus IV after several years of brutal warfare. Artabanus IV was killed in 216 ending the 400-year rule of the Parthian Empire. Ardashir I conquered the provinces of Sistan, Gorgan, Khorasan, Margiana (in modern Turkmenistan), Balkh, and Chorasmia. Bahrain and Mosul were also added to Sassanid possessions later as well. He defeated Roman Emperor Alexander Severus in 232 at the Battle near Ctesiphon. Shapur I conquered the Mesopotamian fortresses Nisibis and Carrhae and advanced into Syria. But was defeated by Timesitheus at the Battle of Resaena in 243. He defeated Roman emperor Philip the Arab (244–249) at the Battle of Misiche. In 253 he defeated Roman Emperor Valerian at the Battle of Barbalissos. This resulted in the conquest of Armenia and invasion of Syria, and he plundered Antioch. Valerian marched against him, but was defeated and captured at the Battle of Edessa by Shahpur I. The outcome of the battle was an overwhelming victory, with the entire 70,000-strong Roman force being slain or captured. Narseh, in 296, fed up with incursions made by the Armenian monarch Tiridates III, Narseh invaded Armenia.Surprised by the sudden attack, Tiridates fled his kingdom. The Roman emperor Diocletian dispatched his son-in-law Galerius with a large army to Tiridates's aid. Galerius invaded Mesopotamia, which Narseh had occupied hoping to check his advance. Three battles were fought subsequently, the first two of which were indecisive. In the third fought at Callinicum, Galerius suffered a complete defeat and was forced to retreat. Later Galerius would have his revenge and defeat Narseh. The end result was a peace treaty. Shapur II, led an expedition through Bahrain, defeated the combined forces of the Arab tribes of "Taghleb", "Bakr bin Wael", and "Abd Al-Qays" and advanced temporarily into Yamama in central Najd. He resettled these tribes in Kerman and Ahvaz. Arabs named him Shabur Dhul-aktaf which means "The owner of the shoulders" after this battle. A twenty-six year conflict (337–363) began in two series of wars with Roman Empire, the first from 337 to 350 against Constantius II. Although often victorious, Shapur II made scarcely any progress. The second series of war began in 359 with Shahpur II conquering Amida and he took Singara and some other fortresses in the next year (360). In 363 Emperor Julian defeated a superior Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, but was killed during his retreat at the Battle of Samarra. His successor Jovian (363–364) made an ignominious peace, by which the districts beyond the Tigris which had been acquired in 298 were handed over along with Nisibis and Singara, and the promise not to interfere in Armenia. The outcome was a strategic victory for Shahpur II. Shapur II invaded Armenia, where he took King Arshak II prisoner and forced him to commit suicide. Shapur II subdued the Kushans and took control of the entire area now known as Afghanistan and Pakistan. By his death in 379 the Sassinid Empire was stronger than ever before, considerably larger than when he came to the throne, the eastern enemies were pacified and had gained control over Armenia. Rome[] Cincinnatus (519 BC – 430 BC?) was an ancient Roman political figure, serving as consul in 460 BC and Roman dictator in 458 BC and 439 BC. He saved Roman army and defeated the Aequians. Fabius Maximus (275 BC–203 BC), Roman general remembered for intimidating Hannibal with a stalking technique still known today as Fabian strategy. Scipio Africanus (Scipio Africanus Major) (235 BC–183 BC), defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama in Second Punic War. He defeated Rome's biggest ever rival, Carthage, once and for all. Lucius Aemilius Paullus, known as "Macedonicus" for subduing and annexing the Kingdom of Macedon. Spartacus, known for leading a rebel slave upraising in the Third Servile War Marcus Licinius Crassus, suppressed the slave revolt led by Spartacus and entered into the political alliance known as the First Triumvirate. Scipio Asiaticus (2nd century BC), he was a brother of Scipio Africanus Maior, he got his nickname "Asiaticus" when he defeated Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid Empire Titus Quinctius Flamininus (228 BC–174 BC), Roman general Scipio Aemilianus Africanus (Scipio Africanus Minor) (185 BC–129 BC), adopted grandson of Scipio Africanus, he was active during the Third Punic War Cato the Elder (234 BC, Tusculum–149 BC). Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus (d. 115 BC), Roman Consul, conqueror of Macedon Gaius Marius (157 BC–86 BC), Roman general, reorganized the Roman Legion Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138 BC–78 BC), Roman general and dictator Quintus Sertorius (122 BC–72 BC), Roman general Pompey (106 BC–48 BC), Roman general, Caesar's greatest rival and leader of the Republican army during the civil war Julius Caesar (100 BC–44 BC), Roman military leader and dictator, conquered Gaul and defeated his rival Pompey in a civil war. Mark Antony (83 BC–30 BC), Roman general and triumvir, served under Julius Caesar as his Master of Horse. Augustus (63 BC–14 AD), the first Roman Emperor, successor of Julius Caesar. He wasn't a military commander per se. Marcus Agrippa (63 BC–12 BC), Roman general that was Augustus' friend and leading general. Defeated Mark Antony at the decisive naval battle of Actium. Germanicus Julius Caesar (16 BC or 15 BC–19 AD), Roman general and commander of Germania, he was also the father of Caligula. Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40–93), Roman general that conquered large portions of Britain for the Roman Empire. Trajan (53–117), Roman Emperor, extended the Roman Empire to its greatest extent. Stilicho (359–408), a late Roman general. Aurelian (215–275), Roman Emperor, Reunited the Roman Empire after decades of civil war during the latter part of the third century and the beginning of the fourth. Constantine I (272)–337, Roman emperor. Famous for being the first Christian Roman Emperor. Helped to put an end to institutionalized persecution of Christians in the Empire. Valens (328–378), Roman emperor and military commander, killed in the Battle of Adrianople. Flavius Aetius (396–454), Roman general, checked the invasion of Attila the Hun. Middle Ages[] Songtsen Gampo (Tibetan warrior king) Topiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl Toltec leader and conqueror Maharana Pratap Rana of Mewar Lapu-Lapu (Datu in Mactan Island, Philippines) George of Antioch (Sicilian admiral) Tran Hung Dao (Vietnamese Grand General, under his guidance, Vietnamese defeated the Mongols three times) Wolter von Plettenberg (Master of the Livonian Order) Hermann of Salza (Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights) Roger de Flor (leader of the Catalan Company) Władysław II Jagiełło (King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, winner of great battle with Teutonic Order Army – Grunwald 1410) Scanderbeg Albanian prince and general against the Ottoman encroachement in Europe 1443–1468 Stephen the Great (Moldavia ruler) Vlad III the Impaler (Vlad is best known for his resistance against the Ottoman Empire and its expansion) Jan Zizka (Commander of Taborite Army in Bohemia's Hussite Wars) John Hunyadi (vlach-Hungarian general, governor of Hungary) Nicholas Zrinski/Zrinyi (Croatian-Hungarian military leader) Milos Obilic (Serbian Knight who killed Turkish Sultan Murad I during the Battle of Kosovo) Þórður kakali Sighvatsson (Icelandic chieftain and military leader in Iceland in 13th century) Africa[] Sundiata Keita defeated Sosso king Sumanguru Kanté at the Battle of Kirina in 1235 and established the Mali Empire. Mali became one of the wealthiest Muslim kingdoms in the world at the time (roughly 1230–1450), exporting gold by the ton to North Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Shaka Zulu leader of the zulu nation. Albania[] Lekë Dukagjini (1410–81) was an Albanian prince who fought against the Ottoman Empire. Skanderbeg (Albanian prince and general against the Ottoman encroachement in Europe 1443–1468) Franks[] Clovis (First Christian King of the Franks) Charles Martel (Mayor of the Palace of the Kingdom of the Franks). He stopped Arab-Muslim invasion into Europe in the Battle of Tours/Poitiers. Charlemagne (King of the Franks, and Holy Roman Emperor) Philip II (King of France, Crusader, and Conqueror of Normandy, Aquitaine, and Maine) China[] An Lushan (General during Emperor Xuanzong's reign, a Lushan is of Sogdian descent) Yue Fei (Chinese general during the Southern Song Dynasty) known for his legendary tattoo saying "Ultimate Loyalty, Serve your Country" Yang Ye (General serving the Later Han and Northern Song Dynasties) Han Shizhong (Chinese general during the Southern Song Dynasty) fought beside Yue Fei in the campaign to drive out the Jin Jurchen dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang (First Emperor of the Ming Dynasty) led the rebellion against the Mongol Yuan Dynasty Sun Tzu (a heroic general of the king of Wu, Helü) Most famous for his work The Art of War, one of the most famous books on military strategy. Korea[] Wang Geon (Founder of Goryeo Dynasty) Gang Jo Gang Gam-chan Yun Gwan Jeong Jung-bu Gyeong Dae-seung Choe Chung-heon Choe U Choe Mu-seon Choe Yeong Yi Ja-chun Yi Seong-gye (Founder of Joseon Dynasty) Yi Jong Mu Shin Rip Yi Sun-sin Kwon Yul Gwak Jae-woo Kim Si-min Yi Eok-gi Won Gyun Gang Hong-rip Im Gyeong Eop Shin Ryu Bulgaria[] Asparukh - defeat the Byzantine emperor Constantine IV in the Battle of Ongal wich leads to the formation of Bulgaria in 681. Tervel – crushed the Arab army, thus helped to relieve the Siege of Constantinople, 717–718. Krum – destroyed almost the entire Byzantine army in the Battle of Pliska in 811. Simeon the Great – Defeated and expelled the Magyars from the Balkans. in 896, annihilated the entire Byzantine army in the Battle of Anchialus in 917. Ivan Asen I – recovered Bulgarian territories from the Byzantines and ultimately restored Bulgarian independence. Kaloyan- Also known as the 'Romanslayer', during the Fourth Crusade, he crushed the Latin Crusaders at the Battle of Adrianople and defeated them repeatedly afterwards thus sealing the fate of the gravely weakened Latin Empire. Ivan Asen II Byzantine Empire[] Constantine I, first Roman emperor to be considered "Byzantine" Theodosius II, emperor Belisarius, one of the most acclaimed generals in history, served during the reign of Justinian I. Narses, general of Armenian origin, in service of Justinian I Mundus, general of Gepid origin, in service of Justinian I Maurice, Byzantine general and emperor Comentiolus, Byzantine general under emperor Maurice Heraclius, Byzantine general and emperor, defeated the Persians Constantine V, Byzantine emperor, defeated the Bulgarians Michael Lachanodrakon, Byzantine general Nikephoros I, Byzantine emperor Nikephoros Phokas the Elder, Byzantine general, grandfather of later emperor and namesake Bardas Phokas the Elder, Byzantine general and father of Nikephoross II Bardas Phokas the Younger, Byzantine general of Armenian origin. Bardas Skleros, Byzantine general and rebel. John Kourkouas, Byzantine general, conqueror of Melitene Melias, Byzantine general of Armenian origin Nikephoros II Phokas, Byzantine general and emperor, conqueror of Crete and Cilicia Leo Phokas the Younger, brother of Nikephoros II and successful general John I Tzimiskes, Byzantine general and emperor of Armenian origin. Basil II (The Bulgar-Slayer), Byzantine emperor, conquered Bulgaria, defeated the Fatimid, annexed Armenia. Nikephoros Ouranos, leading general of Basil II, author of a Tactica Basil Boiannes, Byzantine general and catepan of Italy George Maniakes, 11th century Byzantine general Nikephoros Botaneiates, 11th century Byzantine general, later emperor Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder, 11th century Byzantine general Kekaumenos, Byzantine general of Armenian origin; author of the Strategikon. Philaretos Brachamios, Byzantine general of Armenian origin. Alexios I Komnenos, Byzantine general and emperor John Doukas, Byzantine general Tatikios, 11th century Byzantine general John II Komnenos, Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor, campaigned in Hungary and in the Middle East and helped keep the empire from invasion. Andronikos Kontostephanos, leading Byzantine general under Manuel I Komnenos Roussel de Bailleul, Norman mercenary in Byzantine service Michael Palaiologos, Byzantine general Gregory Pakourianos, Byzantine general of Armenian origin. John III Doukas Vatatzes, emperor of Nicaea, reconquered many European provinces John Palaiologos, leading general of Michael VIII Alexios Strategopoulos, retook Constantinople from the Latin Empire. Alexios Philanthropenos, defeated the Turks in the 1290s. Michael Tarchaneiotes, defeated the Turks and the Angevins John VI Kantakouzenos, Byzantine general and emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor, conquered the Principality of Achaea Arabs[] Muhammad (Islamic prophet) Battle of Badr Battle of Uhud Battle of the Trench Battle of Khaybar Conquest of Mecca Battle of Hunayn Siege of Ta'if Battle of Tabouk Rashidun Caliphate Generals[] Abu Bakr, first Caliph of Islam. He was a great friend to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Umar ibn al Khattab (Second Caliph of Islam) Uthman (Third Caliph of Islam) Ali ibn Abi Talib (Fourth Caliph of Islam) Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah – was Commander in Chief of the Rashidun army and the areas of Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and Southern Turkey. He defeated the Byzantine army in the Battle of Maraj-al-Rome and Yarmouk. He appointed Khalid ibn al-Walid as commander of his Mobile guard. Amr ibn al-Aas- defeated Byzantine forces in Egypt, under Theodore at the Battle of Heliopolis and the subsequent capitulation of Alexandria in November 641, Arab troops had taken over what was Roman Egypt.Later he defeated Manuel at Battle of Nikiou. Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas – defeated the Sassanid Empire at the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah. Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan Muawiyah I – sacked Caesarea Mazaca in 647 AD, Salamis of Cyprus in 650 and re-invaded the island in 654, taking Rhodes as well. His initial naval campaigns were very successful defeating the Byzantine navy off the coast of Lycia (655). Shurhabil ibn Hasana Qa'qa ibn Amr Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr – under leadership of Abdullah ibn Saad marched to Sbeitla, Tunisia, the capital of exarchate of Carthage, King Gregory. Gregory was defeated and killed in the Battle of Sufetula in 647. Dhiraar ibn Azwar Walid ibn Uqba – quelled a rebellion in Azerbaijan Asim ibn Amr Hakam ibn Amr – conquered Makran in 644 after defeating Hindu King of Sind Raja Rasal at a battle near River Indus.[citation needed] Majasha ibn Masood – In 652, Balochistan (Iran) was re-conquered during the campaign against the revolt in Kermān. Abdul Rehman ibn Samrah – crushed a revolt in Zarang, Afghanistan.He conquered Kabul and Ghazni. At the same time another column moved towards the Quetta District in the north-western part of Balochistan (Pakistan) and in 654 conquered an area up to the ancient city of Dawar and Qandabil today known as Bolan. Abdullah ibn Aamir Khalid ibn al-Walid- won numerous battles for Arab Muslims in the Roman Syria, Roman Egypt and Persian fronts. He helped defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Yarmouk. This battle is also considered to be one of Khalid ibn al-Walid's most decisive victories. Abdullah ibn Saad – Tripolitania was taken, followed by Sufetula, 150 miles south of Carthage. Abdallah's booty-laden force returned to Egypt in 648. He defeated Constans II at the naval Battle of the Masts in 655. Al-Ahnaf Ibn Qays – helped complete the conquest of Khurasan by bringing Tustar and Marwir-Rawdh into the fold of Muslim Arab Empire and pushed Yazdgerd III all the way to Merv in Turkmenistan where he died bringing the Sassanian Imperial dynasty to an end. Al-Nu'man ibn Muqarrin al-Muzani defeated the Persian Yazdgerd III at the Battle of Nihawānd. Salman ibn Rabiah Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah Ayadh ibn Ghanam – raided Armenia[citation needed] Habib ibn Muslaimah – commanded a full-scale invasion up to the Black Sea. He conquered Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia during Caliph Umar's reign the territories emerged as an autonomous principality within the Muslim Arab Empire. During Caliph Uthman ibn Affan's reign, a revolt broke out, and Uthman commissioned Habib ibn Muslaimah again to re-conquer Armenia and Georgia. Umayyad Caliphate Generals[] Yazid bin Muawiyah – First Arab Siege of Constantinople Umar ibn Sa'ad defeated Husayn ibn Ali at the Battle of Karbala in 680. Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad invaded Bukhara in 674; He also helped defeat Husayn ibn Ali at the Battle of Karbala in 680. Muslim bin Uqbah al-Murri took Medina after the Battle of al-Harrah in 683. Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik Mu'awiyah ibn Hisham Sulayman ibn Hisham Sa'id bin Uthman invaded Sughd in 676. Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf – crushed Ibn al-Zubair's revolt and helped reunite the Islamic Empire under the Umayyads. Qutayba ibn Muslim – conquered Turkestan Al Muhallab ibn Abi Suffrah began raids in Kirman and the first exploratory Islamic forays into the Indian frontier. Under him the conquest of Makran, where susbstantial Azdi Arabs were settled, was consolidated and military incursions into Sindh penetrating up to Multan, in the Punjab in present day Pakistan, carried out. Muhammad ibn-Qasīm in 712 conquered Sindh after defeating Raja Dahir. Yazid ibn al-Muhallab Abu al-Muhajir Dinar Kusaila Uqba ibn Nafi – responsible for Islamic conquest of the Maghreb, including present-day western Algeria and Morocco in North Africa. He was also the nephew of Amr ibn al-Aas Hasan ibn al-Nu'man captured Carthage after defeating Ioannes the Patrician and Tiberios III at the Battle of Carthage in 698. Later he advanced into the Atlas Mountains. Tarif ibn Malluk Musa ibn Nusayr conqueror of North Africa (Ifriqiya). Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa Tariq ibn Ziyad defeated the Visigothic kingdom at the Battle of Guadalete. He is the conqueror of most of the Iberian Peninsula, and subsequently made it Muslim. Ayyub ibn Habib al-Lakhmi Al-Djarrah ibn Abdullah Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi Yusuf ibn 'Amr al-Thaqafi defeated and killed Zayd ibn Ali at a battle in 740. Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani Anbasa ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi Munuza Alqama Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri Abd ar-Rahman I Abbasid Caliphate Generals[] As-Saffah – established the Abbasid empire after defeating the Umayyads at Battle of the Zab in 750. Ziyad ibn Salih – defeated the Chinese Tang Dynasty at the Battle of Talas in 751 and took control of Syr Darya (Central Asia). Abu Muslim Khorasani Asad ibn al-Furat – began a major campaign for the conquest of Sicily. Harun al-Rashid defeats Nikephoros I at the Battle of Krasos in 805. Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan was defeated at the Battle of Rayy in March 811. Tahir ibn Husayn, a Persian general served under al-Ma'mun and led the armies that would defeat Caliph al-Amin at the Battle of Rayy in March 811, followed by the Siege of Baghdad in which Caliph al-Amin was killed and al-Ma'mun became the next Caliph. Abdullah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani, most famous for pacifying the lands of the Caliphate following the civil war between al-Amin and al-Ma'mun. Simjur al-Dawati, received the surrender of Zaranj from al- Mu'addal. Ghassan ibn Abbad, crushed a rebellion in Sind in 831–832. Muhammad ibn Humayd al-Tusi, defeated by Babak Khorramdin, a Persian revolutionary leader of the Khurramiyyah in 831. Al-Afshin laid Siege to Babak Castle, used siege machinery and naphtha-throwers, and finally stormed Babak Castle in August 837 defeating and capturing Babak Khorramdin who was later executed. Ishaq ibn Ibrahim ibn Mu'sab, defeated the Khurramiyyah at Hamadan in 833. Ujayf ibn Anbasa Caliph Al-Mu'tasim defeated Byzantine emperor Theophilos with the help of general Al-Afshin on 21 July 838 at the Battle of Anzen. He then took Ancyra, followed by the Sack of Amorium a few weeks later. Al-Wathiq defeated Theoktistos at the Battle of Mauropotamos in 844. Bugha al-Kabir helped Calpihs Al-Wathiq and Al-Mutawakkil crush revolts. He attacked and burned Tiflis in 851–852. Al-Qummi crushed the Bujah African rebellion of Upper Egypt in 856. Al-Muwaffaq along with Musa bin Bugha defeated Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari at the Battle of Dair al-'Aqul in Iraq in 876. Ahmad ibn Tulun declared his independence from the Abbasid Caliphate in 874, amid chaos in Iraq due to the Zanj Rebellion establishing the Tulunid Dynasty of Egypt. In 877 he defeated Abbasid forces under Musa bin Bugha Muhammad bin Sulayman with naval support from frontier forces based in Tarsus invaded Egypt and Shaiban ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun was forced to retreat with his army to Fustat, where on 10 January 905 he surrendered unconditionally thus bringing an end to the Tulunid Dynasty of Egypt. Nasir ad-Daula the Hamdanid ruler of Al-Jazira supported Caliph Al-Muttaqi by restoring order in Baghdad between 940–941. Tuzun the Turk, took Baghdad and removed Caliph Al-Muttaqi in 944. He defeated the Buwayhids in a Battle at Wasit. Ahmad Mu'izz al-Daula the Buwayhid, took power in Baghdad after appeal from Caliph Al-Mustakfi to restore order in the city. Mashriq Muslim Dynasties Generals[] Zengid dynasty: 1127–1250[] Imad-ud-din Zengi- In 1144 took the crusader County of Edessa (see Siege of Edessa). Nur-ud-din Zengi, – defeated the Second Crusade, crushed the crusader army at the Battle of Inab, and killed Raymond of Antioch in 1149. Ayyubid dynasty: 1171–1246[] Saladin, famed Ayyubid Caliph known for nobility and humbleness. He conquered Jerusalem from the Crusader kingdoms. Al-Adil I Al-Afdal Al-Kamil As-Salih Ayyub Mamluks:
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March 1916 to July 1916 (PoW/DoW) Captain Ramsay MC; September 1916 to September 1917 (WiA) Second Lieutenant Cooper; March 1917 (Temp; KiA) Captain Jackson MC; September 1917 to April 1918 (WiA) Captain Lindsay MC; April 1918 to September 1918 (WiA) Lieutenant Waite MC and Bar; September 1918 (Temp) Lieutenant Thompson; September 1918 (WiA) Captain Cooke; October 1918 to November 1918 Company Sergeant Majors CSM Green; February 1916 to November 1916 (revert at own req) CSM Loney; November 1916 to September 1917 (KiA) CSM Cooling MM; January 1918 to April 1918 (WiA) T/CSM Thompson; April 1918 to June 1918 (Cooling returned) CSM Cooling MM; June 1918 to September 1918 (WiA) T/CSM Lineham MM; September 1918 to December 1918 (Temp) Company Quartermaster Sergeants CQMS Sattler; May 1916 to July 1916 (WiA) CQMS Campbell; September 1916 to September 1917 (WiA) CQMS Madden; September 1917 to April 1918 (Gassed) T/CQMS Akeroyd; May 1918 to June 1918 (Temp; unconfirmed) CQMS Madden; August 1918 to April 1919 (RTA) Veterans mixed with Green (February 1916 to July 1916) The 53rd Battalion was born with the ‘doubling of the AIF’ in February 1916 following the somewhat disastrous Gallipoli Campaign. The newly-formed 53rd Battalion was composed of members from the 1st Battalion- a New South Wales Battalion. Joining the 14th Brigade in the 5th Division, the Battalion Commander was to be Lieutenant-Colonel Ignatius Norris, a former Militia Officer. At the time of formation, the Battalion was retained in the old 1st Battalion lines at Tel-El-Kebir. In March 1916, ‘D’ Company got its first official Company Commander; Charles Arblaster. Hailing from Melbourne, Charles had entered the Royal Military College at Duntroon in 1912, graduating shortly after war was declared in October 1914. He then enlisted in Broadmeadows in November 1914 joining the 8th Light Horse Regiment as a Subaltern. He had been a temporary Captain prior to a wounding on Gallipoli and after recuperating was unable to return to the 8th Light Horse Regiment. The fact that his Temporary-Captaincy had elapsed also made him feel neglected. Then came opportunity- the 53rd Battalion. Arblaster was accepted into the 53rd Battalion and appointed Captain, OC ‘D’ Company. Other officers who were to join the Battalion were, amongst dozens, a British Army Major Oswald Croshaw (April 12th). He was to act as Battalion Second-in-Command. The Battalion was trained in Egypt until they were transported to France, arriving there on June 27th, 1916. Captain Arblaster’s diary notes that throughout the first-half of July they inspected the ‘very simple breastwork trenches’. He was obviously not too impressed in the trenches, however they were to use this trenches in an upcoming attack near a place called Fromelles Captain Arblaster, whilst still a Light Horse Officer. Dated 1915 On the eve of Fromelles, the Company was still under the command of Captain Arblaster. These were the officers in the company. 13 Platoon OC - Lt Albert Bowman 14 Platoon OC - 2Lt Charles Mudge 15 Platoon OC - Lt William Noble 16 Platoon OC - 2Lt Beresford Nelson At 11am on July 19th, the Battalion was under heavy enemy shelling, likewise the Germans across No Mans land. After a wait of over 6 hours, the step-off time lurched closer. At 5:43pm, a mix comprising of half of 'A' Company and half of 'B' Company went over the top in the first wave. This was closely followed by the second halves of 'A' and 'B' Company. Third and fourth waves were also half 'C' and half 'D' Company. The battalion took the first enemy lines but faced fierce counter attacks. In the initial attack, Second Lieutenant 'Bere' Nelson was struck down by a machine gun burst some 20 yards short of the German first line and mortally wounded (Nelson was subsequently 'left behind' the following day). Second Lieutenant Charlie Mudge was blown up by a bomb around the time the Battalion took the first lines, shrapnel punctured his lungs. Private Gowndrie of his platoon said later ‘he (Mudge) said “Gowndrie, I’m done”. I asked him if I could do anything for him but he said “no”’. Lieutenant William Noble had also made it into the first line of trenches where he was badly wounded ‘covered in blood and dirt and never a move out of him’. Within the half hour of the fighting, Lieutenant Noble and Second Lieutenants Mudge and Nelson were dead and Lieutenant Bowman rendered unconscious by a shell; Lieutenant Colonel Norris, his Adjutant and the most senior Company Commander (Major Sampson) were also dead. Captain Arblaster apparently took command of the Battalion following the destruction of the Battalion chain of command, and over the night of July 19th/20th proved himself to be a ‘cool and brave leader’. In a counter attack, the good Captain evenly distributed bombs to the men along the line and personally led a charge into the open. During the night, Lieutenant Bowman awoke from his unconscious state and joined elements of the 55th Battalion. Captain Arblaster was on the left flank with the Battalion, fighting off small bombing parties. His right flank was being pressured which consequently blocked off any supplies he could've received. Arblaster led a charge to hold the right flank, though in vain. Arblaster fell severely wounded in that charge. By 4am, the 53rd Battalion was starting to give way; they were exhausted and struggling to keep ground. A wounded Captain Arblaster gave the order to charge back to the Australian lines. At 4:20am, Colonel Cass (In command of the operation) wrote to the Brigadier 'The 53rd have lost confidence temporarily and will not willingly stand their ground'. On the early morning of July 20th, the Germans shelled the lines once more- this consequently led to more casualties. By dawn, the Germans had a machine gun enfilading the recently-captured trenches. Lieutenant Bowman and his motely crew of the 55th Battalion were somewhat disorganized with no clear orders. Bowman sent Private Bolder to find Colonel Cass to get clear, definitive orders on what to do. Private Bolder nor Lieutenant Bowman never found Colonel Cass. At 7am, the Germans managed to capture a trench on the right flank along with all the occupants. When Bowman found out about this, he went investigating once more going up and down nearby trenches for superiors. When asked the situation, he said 'We're in a hell of a mess and I don't know how we are going to get out of it!'. This confused situation was shared all along the front. At 8am, Bowman's position was surrounded. He ordered the men to burn whatever important items they may have that might be of use to the Germans. Shortly after 8am, he surrendered. As stated prior, Captain Arblaster was left behind. He was captured by the Germans and subsequently sent to hospital. He died of septicaemia in Douai due to his wounds a few days later. Major Hughes (32nd Battalion) shortly after the war wrote to the parents of Captain Arblaster and commented on his death. “The poor fellow (Arblaster) was very badly wounded. What happened before he arrived at the Hospital I cannot say, but in Hospital he was well treated and all possible was done for him. The first day, he was conscious, though suffering great pain. His wounds were dressed then, but nothing further was done. The next day his arms (both were broken) were set, under an anaesthetic. He appeared somewhat easier that night. Next morning he was again given attention, but the Surgeon told me that his case was very serious. Towards mid day he appeared to lose consciousness, and died in the early afternoon.” When the 53rd Battalion exited the line following Fromelles on July 20th, the strength of the Battalion stood at an eye watering 4 Officers and 222 men. All of 'D' Company's platoon commanders were put out of action indefinitely- either killed or captured. France. 11 November 1918. View of the concrete blockhouses in the German third line on the Fromelles-Aubers Ridge. It was towards these positions that the 14th Australian Infantry Brigade attacked in the battle of Fromelles on 19 July 1916. Due to the manpower shortage, the 4 Companies were merged into 2 composite companies; that is, ‘A’ and ‘B’ Company under Captain Thomson, ‘C’ and ‘D’ Company under Captain Murray. The Battalion didn’t see much action for the following months; however by September 1916 they were climbing back up to an adequate strength. By this time, Major Croshaw was now a Lieutenant Colonel commanding the Battalion. Croshaw was a British Army regular, attached to the Australian Imperial Force. He had seen service on the veldt with the Hussars and as a Brigade Major on Gallipoli. He was Second in Command of the 53rd Battalion at Fromelles, however was detached for Brigade duties and therefore saved from death. Enter Captain Robert ‘Bob’ Ramsay MC (pictured on civi street towards right); He had served on Gallipoli where he was commissioned in the field and won the Military Cross for actions at Lone Pine. He had been originally assigned to the 53rd Battalion, however was reassigned as Brigade Bombing Officer. Due to an accident in Egypt he was hospitalized, then he was invalided to England before he was passed as fighting fit. Reassigned to the 53rd Battalion, he joined the Battalion at Fleurbaix on September 4th. A week later at Lamotte, the Battalion went back to its traditional format with ‘D’ Company now under the command of Captain Ramsay. Ramsay was described by his Battalion Commander Lieutenant-Colonel Croshaw as ‘(the) devil, but if hell were peopled with devils of his ilk, I should ask for bi-annual leave there from the other place.’ The Battalion Chaplain, a fairly popular man by the name of Kennedy (who later authored the Whale Oil Guards which can be classed as the Battalion's history) wrote of him ‘Among the officers there was Captain Bob Ramsay. Bob, while yet a Lieutenant, had been awarded the Military Cross for bravery in Gallipoli. In the line, there was no more capable Company Commander. He was a father to every man in his company. He understood Australians thoroughly, and though he maintained strict discipline, was perhaps the most popular officer in the battalion. In the trenches he never touched alcohol. His care for the men's safety and comfort won him the regard and admiration of the Colonel. In No Man's Land he was as happy as if he were stalking kangaroos in the bush of Queensland, and was as unconcerned under a machine-gun barrage as if it were only a summer's shower-burst. In the line no officer was truer to his trust. Out of the line no officer was more irresponsible. His escapades were nightly occurrences. Many of them were laughable in the extreme. On one occasion he persuaded the driver of a motor waggon to give him a ride to Amiens. Bob's first care on arrival was to fill the unsuspecting Tommy with strong liquor and so put him out of action for at least twenty-four hours. Ramsay was perhaps the most talented officer in the old regiment. He was certainly the most interesting problem in contradictions I've tried to sole. Had Bob Ramsay, when younger, adopted soldering[sic] as a profession, had he in addition been possessed of the advantages that a liberal education bestows, I am quite sure that his military career would have been exceptionally brilliant. Even as things were, with only an ordinary education but with considerable natural ability, he was a company commander who would make his mark in any regiment. At any rate he was an asset to us. In the line he thought of nothing else but his job. Out of the line he was the most rollicking and apparently the most irresponsible officer in the Battalion. Nevertheless he was never absent from morning parade, and always appeared trim and soldierly. His laugh was a speciality, and so was his gift of winning men's affection. Captain Bob, as the men called him, could lead the way to the most dare-devil and hazardous stunts, and there was not one N.C.O., or Private, who wouldn't follow him.’ I believe that around this time, Second Lieutenant William Waite joined ‘D’ Company from the Light Horse. Second Lieutenant Waite was raised from the ranks and an original 1914er, having joined the 4th Light Horse Regiment on Gallipoli in May 1915. Later serving with the Light Horse in France, he joined the 53rd Battalion to replenish losses, joining their ranks in mid-late September 1916. Waite was to prove his worth the following years in trench-raids and at Peronne. Second Lieutenant Waite’s arrival was followed by Second Lieutenant Reginald 'Reg' Hill, also of the Light Horse, who arrived at the battalion in October 1916 and thereupon joined ‘D’ Company. On September 4th, Corporal Sydney Campbell was appointed Sergeant, then Temporary Company Quartermaster Sergeant on the same day, replacing Sergeant Austral Hunter Burns (K 19/7/16) and CQMS Edwin Sattler (W 19/7/16) respectively. On November 12th, Company Sergeant Major John Green reverted at his own request to Sergeant. On October 20th, Corporal Egerton Judd was promoted to Sergeant, 16 Platoon, vice Sergeant Davis' field commission. A week later, Sergeant Judd was killed in action. Corporal Mawson would take his place as Sergeant of 16 Platoon. On November 17th, 'D' Company's new Company Sergeant Major was picked; Sergeant Frederick Loney was appointed Temporary Company Sergeant Major. This promotion was confirmed on December 14th after he had shown great gallantry in action. Frederick Loney was a rather odd character though- his real name was Frederick Syer and he was at Rabaul with the Royal Australian Navy on HMAS Encounter when men of the Kennedy Regiment mutinied. He deserted on June 28th, subsequently joining the AIF on the same day under the name Loney. It was during this time that 16 Platoon was left in the capable hands of Sergeant Mawson. He commanded the platoon from November to December 1916 during the absence of an Officer- however, he went down the line with a sickness on December 16th, with Lance Sergeant Francis Thompson assuming the rank of Temporary Sergeant for 16 Plt during Sergeant Mawson's absence. Bully Beef and Whale Oil (December 1916 to March 1917) During the reconstruction period of the Battalion, Lieutenant Colonel Oswald Croshaw made the decision for the men to apply whale oil to their helmets to make them look smarter, thus earning the battalion the name ‘The Whale Oil Guards’. Also during this period, a young Private James Marshall joined ‘D’ Company as a Signaller when he was merely 18. He kept a diary on him throughout his service, describing his experiences as well as drawing them. In early 1917, he experienced his first patrol with Lieutenant Waite and the effect of the whale oil against the moon. ‘Well for our first night out on patrol, Mr Hill and Mr Waite tossed to see which would go out and Mr Waite won. There were twenty of us altogether, so felt pretty confident if we should meet Fritz. It was a brilliant moonlit night and with the snow on the ground, it was very bright indeed. We had hardly started out when we realised the great effect of our 'whale oiled' tin hats in the light. After wandering around for about an hour or so, we de[c]ided on a definite course of action. Mr Waite went one way with most of the party and Frank Cooling took four of us with him. We had barely gone 50yds when we saw a blaze of light in front of us and felt machine gun bullets in dozens around us. I was in a shell hole very quickly (before the bullets had time to reach us I think) and found Frank on the edge hanging on to the Germans rifle we had souvenired from a sniper earlier,; I tried to get him into the hole with me during which time our faces were about nine inches apart. Fritz firing at our radiant headgear was lobbing his missiles right between us, & it was (a) mighty unpleasant feeling too. One scratched the top of my helmet, & another went through the back of Frank's tunic. He soon opened up on the others though, who were attempting to get away, and so we took advantage of our chance, only to run into a 'flare king' about 50yds away. The rest of the patrol then saw us and we got out of a nasty position thanks to them. As the gunners saw the lot of us by the flare, we soon went home, and very quickly too.’ A sketch drawn by Private James Marshall in France in 1917 at Le Transloy; Courtesy of Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales ‘Another night we went out and found a party of men in a trench whom Mr Hill challenged, all of us thinking that at last we had some Germans at our mercy. Imagine our chagrin at getting our own password back from each one of the party. It was one of our own outposts who had started out to come home an[d] got lost. Another night though, we did bag a Germans party and left an officer & a couple of men there. The next morning as it was very misty we decided to go out and collect any papers or souvenirs on them. Tom Lucas and myself went out and found them, collecting various maps and papers, also a watch. I took an Iron Cross ribbon and on shewing it to Mr Hill was much surprised when he told me that they carried the Cross with them. He got out first and collected a brand new [Iron] Cross of the 1st class. I had to be satisfied with a helmet badge which I got later.’ Lieutenant Waite’s trench raids were noticed by the powers that be. From his Military Cross citation, ‘This officer took out strong patrols at night many times between 13th March and 5th April 1917. He performed exceptionally good work and showed great skill in the conduct of these patrols, thereby obtaining most valuable information which led to the entering of enemy lines at, and near [LE] TRANSLOY, and started the advance of the whole line. The information obtained by this officer and his patrols was also very largely responsible for the successful attack on DOIGNIES and LOUVERVAL on April 2nd. This work entailed lying out close to, and sometimes inside, the enemy's wire on several wet nights in succession’. By this time, a fairly older subaltern by the name of Lieutenant William Lindsay had joined the 53rd Battalion. Lindsay had been working for a cement company when he joined the Militia in Portland in early 1914. He had been promoted to Lieutenant in July 1914 and had assisted in home-defence schemes shortly after war was declared. When 1915 came about he changed his tone to recruiting, working alongside Captain Eade at Lithgow. By 1916 he had been an instructor at Bathurst Camp when he was commissioned as a Lieutenant in March 1916. He took his first patrol out in March 1917. He described it in a letter home.. "On the night of the 16th I was detailed to take out my first patrol. I went out about midnight to some old gun pits well in front of our line and there found two other patrols; all of us under a Captain." "After trying to find out information in the usual way, we were all sent out in turn to make a diversion. I was the last sent out. I had orders to do a certain thing which I accomplished with my heart in my mouth. I was then ordered to push into the enemy trench, so I started off feeling very scared, but luckily for me the Germans went out as we came in, and we had the satisfaction of capturing the trench we had been pounding at all winter." "I found out afterwards that the other two patrols had got in about half an hour before me. I had charge of that portion of the trench for a few hours till my Coy. Commander came up with reinforcements and took over, when the Battalion advanced about a mile." Identified is Lieutenant Waite in the bright overcoat in the front. Possibly to Waite’s left with his cap reversed is Captain Bob Ramsay; Dated Early 1917 During March 1917, it appears Second Lieutenant Albert Cooper had temporary command of ‘D’ Company. He was however killed when a shell blew him up on March 29th, 1917. In the Red Cross report, a soldier said ‘A couple of men (LCpl Clark, Ptes Whitton, Coe and Adams) were buried by a shell and he (Cooper) rushed out with a shovel to try and dig them out and was killed himself’. Second Lieutenant Waite erected a cross on his grave; they both had risen from the ranks of the 4th Light Horse Regiment. Speaking of shellfire, Second Lieutenant Waite made good use of the time according to Private Marshall who wrote ‘One day during a heavy bombardment by Fritz Mr Waite and I passed a very good hour or so in studying the mechanism of Germans rifles and various kinds of bombs. Though it seems rather a prevarication, we quite forgot that there was a bombardment on.’. Second Lieutenant Waite was also a souvenir hunter; Private Marshall recalls a hilarious incident involving Waite and souvenirs, ‘There was also the day when we had a 24 hours battle over a souvenir. In front of one of our bombing posts there was a big crater with several defunct Germans in it. The Adjutant, Quack, our O.C. and Mr Waite were very keen on souveniring them and at last the latter took the risk and hopped over. On looking over the other side he naturally got rather a shock to see that Fritz had a bombing post there, and he soon knew it was occupied too. He came back at the ‘toot’ followed by dozens of ‘broomstick’ bombs. He retaliated with a dozen or so of Millsies. Fritz then gave us some pineapples, which was answered by Captn. Ramsay with several rounds from the Stokes, giving one Germans a fine rise in life. As he went up about fifty feet he saw things from a very lofty aspect. We then got some of his Minnies, and had a casualty through it, which set the Captain going. After withdrawing the men from the post he got the 18pdrs. onto it and completely obliterated it.’ A drawing by Private James Marshall, ‘D’ Company, 53rd Battalion of the Somme; Courtesy of Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales On March 13th, Temporary Sergeant Francis Thompson was promoted to substantive Sergeant for 16 Platoon. Originally he was filling in for Sergeant Mawson who had gone sick on December 16th, 1916 however Mawson was subsequently invalided home. On March 14th, Captain Ramsay had a lucky escape. He had been near Captain Trevor Francis of ‘B’ Company when a shell blew him and ‘B’ Coy’s CSM to bits, however leaving Captain Ramsay unscathed by some luck. An OR was killed by accident when a bomb went off near them on March 23rd whilst in the line, else it was mostly smooth sailing at Le Transloy. ‘Toots’ and ‘Broomstick’ bombs (April 1917 to August 1918) For the first half of April the Battalion was poised at Thilloy. On April 15th, both Second Lieutenants William Waite and Reginald Hill were promoted to two-pip Lieutenant. A week later on April 22nd, the Battalion was transported to Becourt Camp, spending their ANZAC Day there. From the 1st to 6th of May, the Battalion trained and took part in sports at Becourt. They moved off to the Reserve Line on May 7th at Beugny-Ypres line, the following day moving up to the frontline occupying a point near Beugnatre. This location was near a location known as Bullecourt where plenty of Australians had fallen fighting over less than 5 days prior. Their location was plastered with gas shells upon their arrival. On May 10th, Lieutenant Hill got a Blighty wound- a gunshot wound in the left hand, leg and foot. The following day saw 3 Other Ranks killed as well as 16 wounded by artillery fire. The day after that saw heavier artillery, 2 Other Ranks killed and 17 wounded. The following day had lighter artillery, and they were relieved on the night of May 13th/14th by the 54th Battalion in the line. The relief was complete by 2:15am on May 14th. Upon daylight breaking, they took up the Support Line near Noreuil. Compared to the previous line, the artillery was a lot less active, however, gas shells were fired on the evening of May 14th, wounding 2 Other Ranks. On the night of May 18th/19th, the Battalion moved to the frontline to relieve the 54th Battalion. The relief was complete by 1:45am. During that same period, a few reinforcements joined the Battalion. On May 22nd, the Battalion saw movement out in No Man's Land, moving towards their line. Upon the unknown object moving closer, it turned out it was a pair of 16th Battalion men who had escaped their captors. The Battalion was relieved once more on May 25th by the 12th R.R.R. By the end of the month, ‘C’ and ‘D’ Company were training at a place called Bealencourt. The first half of June 1917 was spent training at Bealencourt, until June 15th when they were transported to Bouzincourt via a train ride from Varennes and a route march to Bouzincourt. A few shells were dropped, however they arrived safely at Bouzincourt at 4:30pm. The rest of the month was spent training once more. During their training there, Sergeant George Mitchell of ‘C’ Company died in a fire. On June 27th, Second Lieutenant Robert ‘Roy’ Lee (pictured right) joined the Battalion and was appointed Platoon Commander in 'D' Company. Roy, a native New South Welshman, had served in the New South Wales Lancers in peacetime and was commissioned into the AIF in January 1917 when he was 23. On July 3rd, Lieutenant Lindsay got a pip-up to Captain, making him the second-in-command to Captain Ramsay. On July 3rd, the Battalion marched to Bolton Camp. On the 18th, they were in Rubempre. The youthful Second Lieutenant Robert Lee then was sent to the ANZAC Corps School for an Infantry Course on July 22nd. Shortly before Polygon Wood, Lieutenant Hill was marked ‘P.B’, as was Private Marshall as he recounts in his diary.. ‘Mr Hill was marked P.B. and could not get up the Battalion as he wished, so I did not forget to jib him about it. There was naturally a little excitement on the day when he was orderly officer and could not at first be found. The R.S.M. was in my tent discussing it when he (Mr Hill) found that he could not stay under the table any longer so he had to come out and do his duty. Rather rough on him as he was no soldier. Just before the Polygon Wood stunt came off he went up with a draft to see the Battalion but they would not let him stay as he wished to do. So he had to come back and moan with me. We both detested the place and the crowd that infested it and would have been glad to get away from it. Eventually he did while I was in hospital.’ On September 1st, Lieutenant Colonel Oswald Croshaw reassumed command of the 53rd Battalion at Lynde, having been wounded by a shell some 6 months earlier. 2 weeks later the whole Battalion route marched to Reninghest. On the 22nd they were recorded at ‘Halfway House’. On the night of September 24th/25th, they moved to the support line in front of Glencorse Wood. At midnight on the night of 25th/26th, the Battalion moved up to take its position at the assembly line. At Zero Hour, 5:50am on September 26th, the barrage opened up on No Man’s land and the Battalion rose out of their trenches, to the barrage. 2 Companies of the 53rd led the attack and advanced towards the Butte whilst remaining 60 yards short of the barrage to avoid shrapnel. 2 Platoons captured the Butte after short hand-to-hand fighting. They captured the main objective by around 6:25am, however Lieutenant-Colonel Croshaw was missing and command had fallen to Captain Roberts. On the morning of September 26th, ‘D’ Company's Company Sergeant Major Frederick Loney was tending to 'A' Coy CSM Harry Brewer after the latter had been paralyzed by a burst of bullets in the spine. Whilst he treated him, a sniper shot Loney through the neck- he died instantly, near ANZAC Redoubt. The following day, Captain Ramsay suffered a Blighty wound with a bullet fracturing his left tibia and was carried out by a Company Runner (Pte John Rowley). Despite Captain Lindsay being Ramsay's Second-in-Command and obvious successor, it appears that Captain Albert Edward Jackson MC took over command of the Company. Also, 'D' Coy's CQMS Sydney Campbell was wounded and was subsequently replaced by Corporal Daniel Madden, who assumed the rank of CQMS on September 29th. Total Battalion casualties for the action stood at 8 officers and 342 other ranks killed, wounded or missing. Amongst them was 'A' Coy CSM Harry Brewer, who was carried out alive at 4pm and treated in a pillbox. During the night, a shell landed directly on the pillbox- blown to bits. A drawing by Private James Marshall, ‘D’ Company, 53rd Battalion of 'on the road at night on the Somme'; Courtesy of Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales On October 1st, the 53rd Battalion was given a new commanding officer- Lieutenant Colonel W.J.R Cheeseman MC, late 30th Battalion. The following day, the battalion was transported to Reningheist Staging Camp arriving there on October 3rd. On October 10th, Lance Corporal Jim O'Rourke and Private Reg Edgeworth and two others were playing cards in a dugout in the supports at Zonnebeke when a shell exploded ontop of them. The two other unnamed men escaped, however O'Rourke and Edgeworth were half-buried and badly wounded. Private William Walmsley wrote in the Red Cross report- 'When we ran up to them we found O'Rourke and Edgeworth half buried and both dying. O'Rourke died in my arms. Both men died when I was there..' Lieutenant John Ridley (Lewis Gun Officer) presided over the burial service for both men. After a short spell of re-training, the Battalion re-entered the line with their CO on October 17th, entering the support line on ANZAC Ridge near Zillebeke. They remained in the support line until the 21st when they were relieved by the 30th Battalion. They were then transported to a place called Dickebusch, then onto Wippenhoek Area where they remained from October 25th to November 4th when they were transported to Neuf Berquin Area. On November 10th they were transported to the Locre Area, and the following day to the Kemmel Area, then the day after that to the support line at Wytschaete Area. On the night of November 13th/14th the Battalion assumed a position in the front line, relieving the 2nd Battalion Wiltshire Regiment; ‘D’ Company 53rd was to relieve ‘B’ Company Wiltshires in the Left Support Line. On the night of November 15th/16th the 54th Battalion relieved the 53rd Battalion’s left and as a result, ‘D’ Company relieved ‘B’ Company in the Right Support Line. The Battalion held the front line until the night of November 28th/29th when they were relieved by the 60th Battalion. From there, the Battalion was transported back to the Kemmel Area. On December 1st, the Battalion was bivouacked at Ramillies Camp and just under 2 weeks later the Battalion was transported to Desvres, then on the 14th to Menty. For the rest of December 1917 the Battalion was entrained with little else occurring of note. In January 1918, Captain Jackson appointed his new Company Sergeant Major- Samuel ‘Frank’ Cooling. He had proved himself at Polygon Wood where he was recommended for the MM (which was promulgated in the London Gazette on January 14th 1918 on page 845). During this time, the Battalion was settled in Menty. On January 31st, the Battalion would wind up in the reserve line at Wyschaete. They moved up into the frontline nearly 3 weeks later on February 20th relieving the 56th Battalion; ‘D’ Company 53rd relieved ‘D’ Coy 56th. On the night of March 1st whilst still in the line, the ‘D’ Company was in support near the line near Hollebeke. A party was sent out on a wiring expedition, containing 1 Officer, 10 men. From what can be pieced together, a minenwerfer landed in between the party at around 10pm and this was the result. Officer Commanding the party is unknown [Possibly Lt Anslow] Lance Corporal Keith Comb was blown to bits by the shell Private Stan Mears was killed by the shell Private Ralph Pendleton was mortally wounded in the body and thigh Private Hill was mortally wounded and apparently killed from concussion Private Fred Kafer was wounded in the head and buttocks Private Johnston was wounded Private Joe Taylor returned unwounded Private James McDonald returned unwounded Private Arthur Whiteford returned unwounded Private Nathaniel Wheatley returned unwounded Private Walmsley said after the fact that ‘(they) were so badly blown about that we could not even find their paybooks’. A temporary cross was erected on the point and the bodies were reburied after the war in the Somer Farm Cemetery. Comb and Pendleton and buried together as are Hill and Mears. On March 21st and 3 weeks in the front line, a barrage fell on the 53rd Battalion’s forward posts in the line. After a few casualties had been taken, they were relieved by the 56th Battalion on the same day. They were transported to the Wippenhoek area on March 26th, then the Louvencourt on the 28th followed by the Harponville area on March 31st and remained there for nearly a week. Members of ‘C’ Company, 53rd Battalion in the reserve line. Dated April 1st, 1918 On the night of April 5th/6th, the 53rd Battalion relieved the 17th Lancers in the Front Line near Villers-Bretonneux. ‘D’ Company was to be held in reserve, ‘C’ Coy in the support line and ‘A’ and ‘B’ Coys to take up a position in the frontline; a total of 20 officers and 498 other ranks entered the line. At dusk on April 6th, Lance Corporal Harry Kelly and Private John Christie both of 15 Platoon were sent out on a rations fatigue. Whilst on this fatigue, a HE Shell landed quite near to the both of them, killing them. Their causes of death are subjective- Private Mick Lennon stated '..with the exception of a slight scratch on Christie's forehead (there were) no wounds on either of them, so came to the conclusion that they had been killed by the concussion of the explosion' Private Fines Godding stated 'One (was killed) by bullet and the other with HE shell' Either way, a shell ended both of their lives atleast indirectly or indeed directly. On April 8th, two lighting patrol were sent out containing 30 men from ‘D’ Company each under two Subalterns from another company. They patrolled no man's land during the night and reported no enemy movement upon their return. On April 9th, Captain Lindsay was seconded to the 175th [or 174th] Brigade as a Liaison Officer leaving D Company down an officer.. The following day saw Sergeant Jack Croker rejoining the Company in the field, assuming command of the Lewis Gun Section attached to D Company- all these Lewis Gun Sections were overseen by an Officer, Lieutenant John Ridley [Later MC]. On the morning of April 11th, Captain Jackson was slightly wounded. He was not moved down the line and remained at his post. On April 17th at 4:30am, the company was badly shelled with gas. Casualties included the Battalion Commander (Cheeseman), ‘D’ Coys Lt Roy Anslow, CSM Cooling and CQMS Madden; all of whom were ‘gassed’ in the shelling. CQMS Madden's replacement would be Corporal Tom Akeroyd, however he would be promoted to substantive Sergeant the following month. CSM Cooling's replacement would be Sergeant Francis Thompson On April 28th, Lieutenant Robert Lee along with 3 other subalterns and 62 other ranks reported to the Battalion Headquarters to be taken onto strength. Lieutenant Lee was assigned to ‘D’ Company. Captain Lindsay took over command of the Company on May 3rd after returning from his secondment. Shortly after Captain Lindsay returned, it is noted that Lieutenant Robert Lee was the OC 14 Platoon in a report. Speaking of which, it is in this period that a few fieldbook excerpts from Captain Lindsay survive. Below are the surviving pages which record promotions, recommendations, reports and plenty of information on a company level. On the night of May 4th/5th, the 53rd Battalion moved from the reserve line to the front line, relieving the 54th Battalion. ‘D’ Company 53rd relieved ‘D’ Company 54th Battalion in the line on the right. At 11pm on May 6th, Lieutenant Hill (‘D’ Coy) took a patrol of 10 men out into no mans land. Voices were heard however no enemy sighted and they returned without incident at 1am on May 7th. On the night of May 8th/9th, the 54th Battalion relieved the 53rd Battalion and the former moved down to the reserve line. A week later in the late evening of May 16th, the Battalion relieved the 30th Battalion in the Hamel Sector. ‘D’ Company 53rd relieved ‘B’ Company 30th in the Right Reserve. At 12:10am on May 18th, Lieutenant Hill took out a patrol with 11 men; They found the location of a forward post with atleast 12 enemies, a wiring party was heard before the patrol returned at 1:40am. On the afternoon of May 18th, 18 pounders fired accidentally onto the 53rd Battalion’s front line. One of the shells badly wounded an other rank who nearly had his whole leg severed off by a shell. At 12am on May 23rd/24th, Lieutenant Hill took out another patrol with 4 men. They moved up the Vaire-Hamel road and reconnoitered the area. An enemy trench was found full of men but else nothing of note was found. They returned to the friendly lines at 1:15am. On the night of May 28th/29th, the 53rd Battalion was relieved by the 55th Battalion and the Battalion moved down to the reserve line. On the night of May 31st/June 1st, the 53rd Battalion was relieved in the reserve line by the 13th Battalion; they proceeded to settle in the Querrieu area. Whilst out of the line, new uniforms were issued, boots fixed, barbers at work and so on. On June 7th, Lieutenant Waite MC arrived back at the battalion, following a bullet in the buttocks at Polygon Wood during September last. He had an interesting time in England - moreover, losing his seniority after using a forged railway ticket and presenting said ticket to a Railway Transport Officer. An altercation and he loses seniority, though he still remains a Lieutenant and platoon commander. On June 11th, the ‘Kookaburras’, otherwise the 5th Division Concert Party supplied the Battalion with ample entertainment, performing for them in Querrieu. On June 15th, Lieutenant Hill and Major Roberts DSO were marched out to form a nucleus alongside 63 other ranks, depriving ‘D’ Company of atleast 1 officer. That same day, the Battalion moved up to the reserve line at the Franvillers System. They were to remain there until the night of June 26th/27th when they relieved the 30th Battalion in the front line. ‘D’ Company 53rd relieved ‘B’ Company 30th in the reserve. On June 30th, Lieutenant Waite (‘D’ Coy) took out a patrol and returned with an enemy machine gun, 2 belts, containers, pack, rifle and greatcoat. After quite the spell in the front line, the Battalion was relieved by the 55th Battalion on the night of July 10th/11th, and thereon moved to the support line. On the night of July 17th/18th the 53rd Battalion relieved the 54th Battalion in the front line, however moved back down to the reserve line after being relieved by the 54th Battalion on the night of July 19th/20th. By this time it was evident that there was a stunt planned in the air. A photograph of Lieutenant Waite taken whilst in England. His Military Cross is pinned up. Dated 1918 On July 27th, the Battalion moved from the reserve line to the Front Line in preparation for the stunt. By nightfall, the battalion stood at 23 officers and 543 Other Ranks. By the morning of July 28th, ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ Company were in the line whilst ‘D’ Company was in support. The 53rd Battalion was to participate in an action at Morlancourt on July 29th, 1918. ‘D’ Company had the pure luck to be a carrying party for the action. At 1.25am, the attack began. Information into what ‘D’ Company did throughout the day is not mentioned in the War Diary, however a recommendation for the Military Cross was written up for Captain Lindsay, explaining what the Company was doing. This recommendation didn’t lead to anything, however it read in part.. This Officer was incharge of 2 platoons who acted as carrying parties for the attacking troops in the attack on the enemy trenches near Morlancourt. It was owing to his excellent judgment and personal direction and supervision that the carrying parties (strength 45) were able to cross and re-cross “No Mans Land” in the open although subjected to Artillery and Machine Gun fire with the loss of 1 man. Great quantities of stores, rations and water were carried by these parties and dumps established in the captured enemy line. During the night following the attack(,) ration parties carrying hot food to the men in the front line were caught in a severe enemy artillery ‘strafe’ lasting from 10.15pm to 5.am next morning. Captain LINDSAY personally led these parties to their destination in doing so exposing himself to very great danger and although on one occasion he was badly shaken by a shell he still continued his work. On July 30th, the Battalion came out of the line and was moved to Vaux-en-Amiénois, to which they arrived at on July 31st at 6am. August 1st saw the whole Battalion getting haircuts and company inspections across the Battalion. The next few days passed without notoriety. On the night of August 4th, the Battalion marched to the bivouacs at Querrieu, arriving at said location at 2am. The following day on the 6th, battle orders were received from the brass and the whole of the battalion was overcome by a wave of excitement for the upcoming stunt. They remained at Querrieu until the morning of August 8th, 1918.. The Last Hundred Days (August 1918 to November 1918) On August 8th, 1918 at 1.45am, the Battalion moved from Querrieu to the start line for the forth-coming advance. The strength of the 53rd stood at 24 officers at 432 Other Ranks. After 2 hours of waiting for Zero Hour, the trench whistles blew at 4.20am. The Battalion advanced into the morning mist. After 5 minutes of stumbling around at dawn, elements of the brigade captured the trenches near Villers-Bretonneux. By 7am, the 53rd Battalion consolidated on the recently-captured trenches in preparation for another advance. By midday, the Battalion was at Cerisy Valley. At 4pm the Battalion was advancing onto Bayonvillers where they halted and fully consolidated. During the advances on August 8th, Captain Lindsay was riding a horse when a shell landed next to the horse; the horse was blown to bits and two men wounded, however it left Captain Lindsay unscathed. These casualties would be the only ones suffered by the 53rd Battalion on that day. By the end of the day, the men were exhausted from the 12 mile advance, however the men were galvanized when they heard of the successes along the line. Private Marshall who had served in D Company before a transfer to Headquarters Company recorded the actions at Morlancourt in his diary ‘We stayed near Corbie till the barrage started, then we began to advance. The trip to our starting point was not without it’s excitement. Fritz planes were very busy and at one halt, when the troops were all smoking, he came in our direction at a great pace. But nothing extraordinary happened. We stayed on the right of the village of Villers Brettonneux(sic) for a few hours, and moved on again. We knew that it was going successfully as there were no enemy guns firing, and that was a great comfort to us too. Our big guns had been brought right up under the Germans’ noses on the night before so they had no need to move forward then. There were crowds of prisoners everywhere, and the troops spent a good deal of time in souveniring them. All of the prisoners were sure that they had lost the war, and that we would go right on to Berlin. Just before we moved off, there was a little excitement. We were all sitting about talking, when there was a terrific explosion just behind us. A big shell of a new ‘toute suite’ variety had landed about 20 yards off. There had been absolutely no sound of it’s approach at all. Naturally we all had the wind up about some more coming unannounced, but the next went further off and we heard the report of the gun first, then the shell hurtling overhead. They were fired [at] long intervals and all over the country. So we knew that he had one gun still.’ The following day, the Battalion remained in the positions captured the previous day. Strength was increased to 28 Officers and 552 Other Ranks. On August 17th, Lieutenant Reg Hill proceeded to England for a few weeks leave. On August 22nd, Second Lieutenant Rupert Dent joined ‘D’ Company as a Platoon Commander. He was a new boy, however a Duntroon man (Dec 1916) making him very desirable, considering that most Duntroon men had been repurposed into sandbags or rear-echelon duties. He had applied for a commission in 1915 but only arrived in England in May 1918. After a spell of training, he was on his way to France with the 53rd Battalion. Despite his higher education, Second Lieutenant Dent was still the new boy and the officer with the least seniority in ‘D’ Company, however still better educated. He was to be in a stunt after nearly a week at the front. As an addition, on August 28th, CQMS Madden rejoined the Battalion after having been in England after being gassed in April 1918. Second Lieutenant Rupert Dent. Date unknown At 1am on September 1st, the Battalion was treated to a hot meal- for some, it would be their last. At 3.30am, the battalion moved into ‘Florine’ and ‘Prague’ Trench. As ‘C’ Company was taking up their position they were met with the most interesting sight- Germans in their trench. A quick fight ensued, with the Germans firing an SOS flare leading to a barrage falling very nearby with ‘C’ Company coming out ontop. At 6am, the whistle blew and the Battalion began their attack. The positions of the companies were ‘A’ Company - Right ; ‘B’ Company - Right Support ; ‘C’ Company - Left ; ‘D’ Company - Left Support. In the initial advance, the Battalion was met by a heavy wire belt which was supposed to be cleared in an earlier artillery barrage. Despite heavy fire raining down on them, soldiers from Lt Waite’s platoon started to cut the wire with the motivational support of their Lewis Gunners. After what felt like an eternity, a passage was forged through the wire, allowing the attack to continue. The ‘heavy wire belt’ that the 53rd Battalion had to cut through. This particular photograph was taken on September 2nd, 1918; Only a day after the fact with the bodies still remaining The Company broke through the heavy wire belt and advanced to the objectives. Shortly after breaking through the wire, 'D' Company's CSM Samuel 'Frank' Cooling was shot through the calf in the left leg. Despite the wound, he continued to push on with Lt Roy Anslow's 16 Platoon. On the other side of the advance through Anvil Wood performed by ‘A’ and ‘B’ Company, a 77mm Field Gun was spotted nearby and manned by the enemy. Private Currey from ‘B’ Company didn’t hesitate and taking a Lewis Gun firing from the hip either dispersed or killed all the enemy manning the gun. Not too long afterwards, Major Murray sent an urgent message to ‘D’ Company to inform them that his left flank was in the air. Captain Lindsay moved his company to the flank of ‘C’ Company with the aim of providing support due to the absence of the 23rd Battalion. ‘D’ Company provided splendid support however sustained severe casualties via machine guns. At 11am, Lieutenant Anslow was with his 16 Platoon in an entrenched machine gun position. They were all bunched up in the trench when a barrage of 5.9inch shells landed around their position. A shell landed in the middle of the platoon, killing Lieutenant Anslow, Sergeant Taylor, Corporal Hayward, Lance Corporals Upton and Barrie as well as Privates Masson and Ries. The shell also wounded 3 others, but either way 16 Platoon was severely hindered by the loss of their senior NCOs and their officer. A wounded CSM Cooling took the initiative and commanded what remained of 16 Platoon to the objective. Burial marker for the Anslow and his men killed by the shell. Dated 1918 At some point not too long after Anslow’s death, Lieutenant Waite had spotted an unmanned German 77mm Field Gun that had been recently liberated by Private Currey. He sent Signaller Hopkins to get it ready for action. When Hopkins arrived there he was assisted by Private Crank. The pair loaded and fired the gun to great effect on the enemy despite no knowledge about firing a field gun. They began firing on the enemies amassing on the left flank despite heavy machine gun fire. After a great many shells were fired, the enemy dispersed and both men returned to their companies. At around 4:40pm, Captain Lindsay had suffered a gunshot wound; a bullet that fractured his left tibia. Despite his wound, he led an attack, supervised consolidation of a new position further forwards before allowing stretcher bearers to take him back to the RAP. Lieutenant Dent also was wounded by a burst of machine gun bullets which found its mark in his left shoulder. By 5pm, Lieutenant Waite was the last officer of ‘D’ Company still in the fight. He led the company with vigor towards St Denis [62c.I.22] via the St Denis-Mont St Quentin Road, killing 12 Germans along the way, settling in a location known as the Sugar Factory, with the object of making it a forward post. Waite, with his 20 men was greatly assisted by Sergeant Cuthbert Lineham who by now was commanding one of the platoons. Also of assistance was Corporal Charlie Smith who helped in collecting bombs, ammunition and other items to resupply the men; when they reached the Sugar Factory, Smith volunteered to keep a casting eye over the enemy, reporting their movement to Waite. Whilst holding the Sugar Factory, the Company wiped out a machine gun nest some 200 yards away to his front. However, unbeknownst to Waite, he had lost contact with his own Battalion and was under threat of being completely cut off and therefore risked capture. Above is the rough ground that Waite and his Company advanced through on September 1st, 1918 towards the Sugar Factory. Infact, towards the centre-left of the photograph in the distance following along the mini-rise on the right, you can see what remains of the Sugar Factory- 3 corner pillars. Dated September 15th, 1918. Messengers were sent out to try and tell him to fall back, yet no one found him. Shortly after midnight, a certain Private Currey (‘B’ Company) volunteered to find Waite in the dark to tell him to withdraw. He went out for the first time, not running into any Germans by some luck. When he came back to friendly lines, he went out again to no avail. The third time his Company Commander said it had to be done, to which Currey said ‘If I can’t find Mr Waite, I will stand up and shout to him’. Currey went out to find Lieutenant Waite and his party once more at 3am. When 8am rolled around and he still hadn’t found Waite, Currey yelled out ‘Waitsey, Come Back!’. A reply was met with machine guns, bolt actions, the whole kitchen sink. Luckily for everyone involved, Lieutenant Waite heard the message from Currey and quickly began bringing his company out of the Sugar Factory back to friendly lines. Private Patrick Allan, a machine gunner, was the last to leave the Sugar Factory position. Waite withdrew the Company under a smoke screen to the crossroad near Saint-Denis (62c.I.22.a.7.6) under the cover of a bank. He remained there until told to fall back by Major Murray. Peronne was a success by all accounts, with Mont St Quentin and Peronne falling over the next day or two. ‘D’ Company had gone into the line with 4 Officers and 90 other ranks - the whole battalion suffered 11 officers and 241 Other Ranks as casualties - of whom 4 officers and 47 other ranks of the Battalion were killed (11 other ranks to DoW). Captain Lindsay suffered a Blighty wound; fractured tibia on the left leg, similar to his previous Company Commander some 11 months previous. He also was to score a Military Cross at Peronne. ‘D’ Company was only left with 1 officer who had survived unwounded.. Dent had also got a Blighty wound (GSW right shoulder) and Anslow was killed with his men, leaving Lieutenant William Waite MC, as last officer standing from ‘D’ Company and by default took command of ‘D’ Company after Captain Lindsay. Coy Sgt Major Cooling had also copped it and was evacuated to hospital, making Sergeant Lineham the acting CSM until Cooling returned shortly after the wars end. Oddly enough, Waite also scored a decoration, earning a Bar to his Military Cross. Lieutenant Waite assumed command of ‘D’ Company shortly after Peronne, presumably the day after on September 2nd. It is unknown how long he was in temporary command, however whilst Waite was Company Commander he had time to write up a recommendation to the Commanding Officer. It read.. C.O. 53rd BATTALION A.I.F I wish to bring before your notice the conspicuous gallantry and bravery in action of NO.2153 PRIVATE CRANK during the recent operations at PERONNE. During the early stages of the attack, a 77mm Field gun was captured with about 70 rounds of ammunition. Private Crank in company with another man, at once set to work to find out how to detonate the shell and fire the gun. Having ascertained this, he at once brought the gun to bear on the enemy who were massing, apparently for a counter attack on the left flank of the Battalion. Immediately upon the 77mm gun opening fire, the enemy brought intense artillery and Machine Gun fire to bear on the gun; notwithstanding this, Private Crank and his comrade continued to fire with great rapidity, causing heavy casualties, and finally compelling the enemy to disperse. He then rejoined his Company. Later in the day noticing the enemy again massing on the left flank, he, in company with another man, remanned the captured gun and continued firing it until all the ammunition was exhausted, despite renewed enemy artillery and Machine Gun activity, and despite the fact, that there being no way of cleaning the gun there was grave risk of the barrel bursting. (Signed) W.Waite Lieut. O.C “D” Company 53rd Battalion A.I.F The other man was Lance Corporal Cec Weatherby; later a DCM *Cec was wounded shortly after the first gun instance, the other man was Private Arthur Hopkins; later an MM Thanks to Lieutenant Waite’s recommendation, Crank was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal despite an original recommendation for a Victoria Cross. There were many recommendations made to men of the 53rd Battalion relating to the Peronne stunt. Below are ones from 'D' Company. Capt William Frederic Lindsay. Recommended for the MC (Awarded) 'During the attack on PERONNE on 1st September, 1918, Captain LINDSAY led his Company with the utmost gallantry in the attack. During the advance, the left flank of the Battalion was imperilled and Captain LINDSAY under terrific Machine Gun FIre got his Company in position in the open, and brought fire to bear on the enemy massing, inflicting casualties and causing them to disperse. His action undoubtedly allowed the advance to continue and removed a serious menace to that flank of the Battalion. Throughout the action he set a fine example, and much of the success of the Battalion was due to the skillful handling of his Company. Later on during the action, he again led an attack and although wounded, established a line with his Company and supervising the consolidation before permitting the stretcher bearers to carry him to the R.A.P' Lt William Waite MC. Recommended for a Bar for his MC (Awarded) 'For most conspicuous gallantry an devotion to duty in action. During the attack on PERONNE on 1st September 1918 despite strong Enemy wire entanglements and Machine Gun and Artillery Barrage, Lieut. WAITE with his platoon forced a passage through the wire and moved forward to the attack. While the advance was in progress, the enemy was observed to be massing on the left which was an exposed flank, and Lieut. Waite despite heavy casualties brought his Platoon into action in the open and inflicted so many casualties in the enemies ranks that he was forced to disperse and allow the advance to continue. In the second attack all the Officers of his Company became casualties, and he assumed command, and established posts well forward, which he successfully held until ordered to withdraw by the Commanding Officer [Lieutenant Colonel Cheeseman]. He displayed the utmost gallantry, and such disregard of personal safety throughout, that he won the admiration of all ranks.' 3261 CSM (WO.II) Samuel Frank Cooling MM. Recommended for a Bar to his MM (Never Awarded) 'This NCO has been with the Battalion since its formation and has at all times displayed the utmost gallantry, initiative and constant good work both in and out of the line. He did valuable work on patrols on the SOMME 1916-17 and was badly wounded at BULLECOURT in May 1917 In POLYGON WOOD in September 1917 he showed great dash, courage and initiative. Although wounded on the tapes he went forward, urging his men on, showing utter disregard for his own personal safety, his conduct helping greatly towards the success of the operation. At PERONNE in September 1918, CSM Cooling again set a fine example to his men, being wounded at the beginning of the operation he carried on, and when his platoon officer (Lt Anslow) was killed he took command till the objective was reached.' 3582 Sgt James Patrick Joseph Sullivan. Recommended for the MM (Never Awarded) 'In the attack on PERONNE on the morning of the 1st September, Sergeant Sullivan took his platoon into action and remained in command throughout the attack. He displayed very high powers of leadership and maintained complete control of his command throughout. He took every opportunity of reorganizing his platoon as casualties occurred and by utter disregard for his own personal safety set a splendid example to his men, into whom he infused a spirit of absolute confidence in their leader. On reaching the final objective he rendered very valuable assistance to his Company Commander during the organization of his Company.' 5474 LCpl Amos John Turner. Recommended for the MM (Awarded) 'In the recent attack on PERONNE on the 1st September 1918, this N.C.O. showed great coolness and daring in working his Lewis Gun. Throughout the action he kept up a constant fire although he himself was subjected to heavy machine gun and artillery fire, and inflicted a large number of casualties on the enemy. In the latter part of the advance he was severely wounded in the shoulder and also had the Butt blown off his gun. However, he still continued in action until loss of blood and weakness forced him leave the line for medical attention.' 2474 LCpl Richard Quantrill. Recommended for the MM (Awarded) 'In the attack on PERONNE on 1st September 1918 this N.C.O. rendered the greatest assistance to his Company Commander in controlling and reorganising his section. When the objective was reached he took charge of an isolated post on the Left Flank displaying splendid powers of leadership and control. Under heavy artillery and machine gun fire he assisted in digging out several men who had been buried by shells and helped attending to the wounded. At all times he set a splendid example to the men of his Platoon.' 4852 LCpl Albert Edward Lonsdale Smith. Recommended for the MM (Awarded) 'For conspicuous courage and coolness in action during the attack on PERONNE on 1st September 1918. This N.C.O. when in Charge of a Lewis Gun displayed great initiative in the early part of the advance in supplying covering fire for his Platoon. During the greater part of the advance he used his gun from the hip and was successful in gaining superiority of fire thus enabling his platoon to advance. Later while covering the consolidation of his Company he was almost surrounded by the enemy; however he brought his gun into action and was successful in beating them off. He kept his gun firing until it was put out of action by a direct hit. Smith at once returned to his Company, procured another gun and brought it into action inflicting great losses on the enemy and silencing two enemy Machine Guns.' 2247 LCpl Oscar William Smith. Recommended for the DCM (Awarded) 'For conspicuous gallantry and determination in action at Peronne, 1 September, 1918. He was sent to get in touch with the brigade on the left, and had to cross open ground swept by machine gun fire. On the way he was held up by a machine gun post, which opened fire. He at once shot the observer, killed the crew of six, and captured the gun.' 5380 Signaller Arthur John Hopkins. Recommended for a DCM (Awarded MM) 'For conspicuous gallantry during the attack on PERONNE on 1st September 1918. During the early stages of the attack an Enemy 77.mm. gun was captured with a large supply of ammunition. He helped another man to work this gun having first ascertained how to detonate the shells, and fire the gun, despite the fact that the enemy immediately opened up with heavy artillery and machine gun fire directed against them, and despite the fact that owing to their being no method of cleaning the gun there was great danger of the barrel bursting. The fire from this gun was brought to bear on a quarry on the left flank of the Battalion, where the enemy were assembling, apparently with a view to a counter attack, and such heavy casualties were caused that they were forced to disperse. The action of this man contributed largely to the success of the operation as the Left Flank of the Battalion at that time was in a very exposed position, and if a counter attack had been launched there would have been grave risk of the Battalion being cut off.' In a Special Order posted by Lieutenant-Colonel Cheeseman on December 13th, 1918, it announced all the awards for the Peronne stunt. There was a VC, DSO, 2 bars to MC, 6 MCs, 7 DCMs, 2 bars to MM and 19 MMs. Of these, members of D Coy were awarded.. 1 Bar to MC - Lieutenant Waite MC 1 MC - Captain Lindsay 1 DCM - Pte Oscar Smith 4 MMs - Coy Sgt Maj Lineham, Sgt Croker, LCpl Brickie Smith, Sig Hopkins, In the days following Peronne, Lieutenant Hill would return from his leave, assuming command of his platoon once more. On September 4th at the bivouacs at Herrecourt, the General Officer Commanding 5th Division, with Brigadier-General 14th Brigade inspected and addressed the men of the 53rd Battalion with great praise in respect of the actions at Morlancourt and Peronne. The following day saw a thunderstorm roll onto them whilst they moved their bivouacs. By this time, the Battalion stood at 23 officers and 281 men. On September 7th whilst the Battalion was camped at Le Mesnil, Major Lucas and Lieutenant Waite went back to Peronne to check that all battalion dead were buried. It had turned out that the 1st Brigade had been bivouacked at Peronne and had buried all the dead. On September 12th, a few German planes were spotted overhead- 2 were shot down and 3 turned tail and ran. On that same day, some machine gun practice took place during which time 'D' Coy's 5343 Private Beech was accidentally killed by a live bullet mixed in a machine gun belt. On September 26th, some 2 weeks after the aerial attack, Lieutenant-Colonel Cheeseman called a conference of all Company Commanders. During this conference, the Colonel outlined an upcoming stunt to come in the following days. At 7:30pm the following day, the Battalion marched out of Le Mesnil and moved towards a place near Hervilly. On September 30th, Colonel Cheeseman was sent away to a conference at 3am on an upcoming attack that was to occur later that day. With zero hour fixed for 6am, they were expected to step off at below adequate fighting strength. The Battalion’s Companies were instead to work in conjunction- 'A' and 'B' Company would work together on one objective whilst 'C' and 'D' Company would take on another. Captain Wilson would take 'C' and 'D' Company into the attack whilst Captain Jhonson MC took 'A' and 'B'. A certain Lieutenant Arthur Thompson would assume command of 'D' Company. Little is known of his service, mainly due to the fact that his record consists of virtually 3 pages. What is known is that he was 18 when he enlisted in 1915, and was granted a commission the following year. The Battalion passed the jump-off point just a few minutes past 6am; the role of ‘C' and 'D’ Company was ‘that of mopping up the (Bellicourt) Tunnel and vicinity’. On the advance to the tunnel, the company came under intense machine gun and artillery fire. Captain Wilson ably led the two Companies past the first line of trenches at 9am, before he was shot through the neck (severing his windpipe) with a machine gun bullet. He fell, his death almost instantaneous. Around this time, Lieutenant Thompson was severely wounded leading 'D' Company along a canal. Lieutenant Hill was leading his 15 Platoon the far flung left flank of the company, but due to heavy casualties being taken he was eventually separated from the company, leaving himself and 6 of his men isolated on that flank of the line. It is said that he continued the advance with merely Sergeants Smith, Callaghan and Quantrill, a Corporal and 2 other men to avoid the flank of the battalion collapsing. After a short advance they were met with a most unusual sight- a machine gun strong post which was pouring enfilading fire on the battalion. Lieutenant Hill didn’t hesitate; he personally led a skeleton charge against the post, killing 20 Germans and capturing 3 machine guns. It was only a very short time before he became a double entrance dugout which had machine guns on each entrance.. Lieutenant Hill, assisted by Sergeant Charlie Smith, collected a few stick grenades and gallantly ran towards the bunker with revolver in hand, shooting 3 men along the way and lobbing grenades all the while. When the smoke cleared, he had killed 15 along the way basically singlehandedly, also capturing 2 machine guns. He then received immediate orders to assist ‘A/B’ Company at the Le Catalet Trench System at around 2pm. Upon reaching said location, he ‘commenced bombing up the trench, and cleared it for a distance of 600 yards’ with Private Charlie Baker leading as the 'bayonet man'. He and five men in that bombing party had killed 20 odd and captured 7 machine guns, however was obliged to withdraw 200 yards when he was too far from the line. Upon falling back, he established a vital bomb block at around 3pm with the valuable assistance of Sergeants Smith and Dick Callaghan whilst Corporal Reg Lyons watched from afar, providing support along with Sergeant William Smith. The bomb block is listed at location A.22.d.45.65. The bomb block was held until midnight. During the action, Lieutenant Hill is also listed to have captured 2 German 77mm field guns. The men of that party were- Lt Reginald Hill [Officer Commanding; awarded DSO] Sgt Charlie Smith [awarded DCM] Sgt Dick Callaghan [awarded DCM] Sgt Richard Quantrill [awarded MM] T/Cpl Charlie Taylor [awarded MM] LCpl William Borserio [recommended MM] Pte Charlie Baker [recommended MM] It is confusing as to how many men were involved due to confliction of stories, however I believe it was only 1 officer and 6 men that were involved in that 'charge', per citations. On October 1st, Lieutenant Hill, Sergeant Quantrill and a handful of other ranks went out on patrol to find the German line. They were successful in this, also locating some German machine gun posts in the process; in that daylight patrol, no one was wounded despite coming under machine gun fire. At 9:30pm on October 2nd, the Battalion was relieved by the 6th Inniskilling in the line. At the end of it, Lieutenant Hill was the subject of many letters. Lieutenant Cooke, Sergeants Quantrill, Charlie Smith and one of the Corporals involved all sent in recommendations to Colonel Cheeseman. As a result of his exemplary gallantry, Lieutenant Hill was awarded a DSO for his actions, and the others involved duly decorated. Then-Second Lieutenant Hill. Dated perhaps 1916-17. On October 3rd, the Battalion buried Captain Wilson MC, Lieutenant Althouse and Second Lieutenant Ralph MM at Tincourt. Also, Captain Jhonson MC, OC of ‘A/B’ Company was to die of wounds sustained in the action on October 2nd, 1918. Despite the casualties, spirits were apparently high whilst the battalion billeted at Villeret. The following day, Lieutenant-Colonel Cheeseman MC addressed the troops, thanking them for their effort in the battle just a few days prior. Reorganization is said to have taken place during this time. On October 5th, they winded up at Le Mesnil then onto St Maxent on October 7th. Upon arrival at St Maxent, the Battalion stood at 24 Officers and 306 Other Ranks. For nearly a week it rained on the Battalion in varying strength until the clouds cleared on October 13th. Around this time, Lieutenant Justin Cooke, 53rd Battalion was appointed Captain which coincided with his taking command of ‘D’ Company, 53rd Battalion in October 1918. He had started out as a recently-married Second Lieutenant in 1915 with the 8th Battalion in Victoria and had worked his way up to Captain with only one wound stripe on his sleeve for a gas attack in April 1918. The then-Lieutenant Justin Cooke, whilst with a Training Battalion in England. For the rest of October 1918, inter-battalion competitions took place with men from each company representing their companies. Decides from that, the war diary states ‘(St Maxent) is mostly without extraordinary incident’. This is a bit of an understatement- On October 5th, Sergeant Croker was admitted to hospital with Broncho-Pneumonia. He succumbed some 9 days later. He was later awarded an MM and Bar for actions at Peronne and Bellicourt. He was the last wartime casualty for D Company before the armistice. On October 22nd, the strength of the Battalion was depleted and stood at 27 Officers and 289 Other Ranks. Lieutenant-Colonel Cheeseman saw the positives of the depleted numbers by stating ‘it is possible to train every man (on) the Lewis Gun, and the Battalion in consequence is becoming a Battalion of Lewis Gunners, which is most useful knowledge to have in case of emergency’. By the turn of the month the battalion had only risen to 29 Officers and 328 Other Ranks. On November 8th the ‘Miss Lina Ashwells Concert Party’ performed a few sketches for the Battalion in St Maxent. On November the 11th, 1918, Colonel Cheeseman paraded the battalion under unknown pretenses. He began reading parts of Prince Litchnowsky’s disclosures showing why Germany was to blame for the war, and commented at the end as a side note “By the way, hostilities will cease at 11am today”. Everyone was rejoicing, less a few who didn’t believe that it was actually over. When the whole village found out, ‘the village immediately became almost festive with bunting’. The surviving members of ‘D’ Company, 53rd Battalion were photographed with merely 5 officers* and 42 men with their appropriate webbing on. At the end of the war, soldiers of the Company returned home and were subsequently discharged in 1919/20, returning to civilian life. *One of the officers may be Temporary Company Sergeant Major Lineham Identified is Lieutenant William Waite MC (Later Bar); second from front, sixth from left. Also identified is Lieutenant Justin Cooke who is on Waite’s left shoulder with a tall posture. It is worth noting that Lieutenant Rupert Dent, who had been wounded at Peronne on September 1st was getting acquainted with Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon; later known as the Queen Mother to most. He met her whilst he was recuperating at Glamis Castle in Scotland and they became good friends and very fond of eachother. They took walks in the garden and taught Elizabeth a thing or two. When Rupert was to be Returned to Australia, Elizabeth's mother wrote in a letter ‘I want to thank you for the good advice you gave my Elizabeth. I profited by it even more than she did. I needed it more than she does. Do let us hear from you from time to time. We shall never forget you’. Dent destroyed the letters to avoid embarrassment however his family still knew about it all. When he was asked by his children about how close they were, Rupert responded ‘Well, we took lots of long walks together. A gentleman doesn't tell’. In 2013, surviving letters of the affair were found in an old drawer and later sold for the large sum of $3600 AUD. A final bit worth mentioning; Company Sergeant Major Samuel Cooling MM had joined the 53rd Battalion in Egypt in 1916. He then served at Fromelles where he was wounded; later wounded at Polygon Wood; then wounded on April 17th during an attack; then finally wounded at Peronne. He had been wounded at every major attack committed by the 53rd Battalion with the exceptions of the quiet period at Le Transloy, the battle near Bellicourt and actions on August 8th 1918. He finished the war with 4 wound stripes to his name. At wars end, the officers and men of the 53rd Battalion had 1 VC, 5 DSO’s, 24 MCs and 3 bars, 28 DCMs, 76 MMs and 4 bars, 4 MSMs, 20 MiDs per the AWM Of these numbers, atleast 1 DSO, 2 MCs [1 bar], 5 DCMs and 15 MMs [1 bar] are known to have been awarded to the officers and men of ‘D’ Company. The Battalion had also suffered a total of 657 dead- either from Killed in Action, sickness, missing, etc. Of that number, atleast 86 can be accounted for from ‘D’ Company. Honours known to be awarded to the officers and men of 'D' Company Distinguished Service Order Lieutenant Reginald Valentine Hill D.S.O, MiD Military Cross Captain William Frederic Lindsay M.C Lieutenant William Waite M.C and Bar Distinguished Conduct Medal C.Q.M.S Daniel Madden D.C.M Sergeant Charles Smith D.C.M Sergeant Richard Leslie Callaghan D.C.M Corporal Henry Hubbert D.C.M Corporal Oscar William Smith D.C.M Military Medal C.S.M Samuel Frank Cooling M.M T/C.S.M Cuthbert Claude Lineham M.M Sergeant Jack Everard Burns Croker M.M and Bar Sergeant James Joseph Fox M.M Sergeant Reginald Armand Lyons M.M Sergeant Vincent John Scully M.M Sergeant Richard Quantrill M.M L/Sergeant James William Haines M.M Corporal James Henry Harrop M.M Corporal Charles Taylor M.M LCpl Amos John Leslie Turner M.M LCpl Albert Edward Lonsdale Smith M.M Signaller Arthur John Hopkins M.M Private James Donald Black M.M, MiD Private John Semple M.M Survivors of ‘D’ Company Below are the names of those who served in the Company throughout the war who survived the war. Ofcourse this list may not be completely accurate but it paints a perspective. Note: This list is those who I have confirmed to have served in ‘D’ Company at one point or another. Captain Robert Ramsay MC, MiD (1888-1965) - A few misgivings in the interwar period. Rejoined in the Second World War, becoming a Major. He was involved in the Cowra Breakout and shortly thereafter resigned his commission. Died May 23rd 1976 Captain William Frederic Lindsay MC, ED (1880-1940) - stayed in the Militia, gaining the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and an ED. His men respected him greatly. Died June 11th 1940 Captain Justin Sidney Cooke (1888-1949) - Born in England however immigrated when he was a baby. He married in 1915 and was a Victorian. Gassed in April 1918 and rose to command the Company. Died July 25th 1949. Captain Albert Edward Jackson MC (1894-1955) - Started out as a Private soldier, rising to the rank of Captain. Served in the Second War at home as a Major. Died July 25th 1955. Lieutenant William Waite MC and Bar (1888-1976) - Became a farmer and suffered many hardships with the terrible land. Rejoined in the Second World War as a Lieutenant in ‘C’ Company, 8th Garrison Battalion; his divisional commander was General Murray- a former 53rd Battalion officer. Died August 28th 1976 Lieutenant Rupert Octavius Dent (1890-1982) - Whilst recuperating in England met the Queen’s Mother and made friends with her. CMF Captain during the Second World War, serving at home. Died December 31st 1982. Lieutenant Arthur Oswald Thompson (1897-1980) - Little is really known. He married in Lewisham in 1927. Died March 13th 1980 [15 Plt] Lieutenant Reginald Valentine Hill DSO, MiD (1892-1928) - Being gassed and wounded led to his early death. Died August 15th 1928 Lieutenant James Patrick Joseph Sullivan (1893-1965) - Recommended for Officer Training and also for an MM at Peronne. Given the King's Commission 5/1/1919. Died August 16th 1965 [14 Plt] Lieutenant Robert Arthur ‘Roy’ Lee (1893-1956) - Joined the Battalion in June ‘17, spending the best (latter) half of 1918 at schools. Died September 8th 1956. Second Lieutenant Edwin Thomas Sattler (1887-1949) - Wounded as CQMS at Fromelles. Commissioned July 1917 and probably reassigned to a different Company. Died July 6th 1949 Company Sergeant Major Samuel Frank Cooling MM (1890-1977) - CSM from 15/1/1918 after the death of CSM Loney at Polygon Wood. Wounded 4 times, probably more than anyone else in the Company. Later Second World War VDC Lieutenant. Died July 9th 1977 Temporary Company Sergeant Major Cuthbert Claude Lineham MM (1892-1971) - T/CSM after CSM Cooling wounded at Peronne, also scored the MM at Peronne. Settled in Canberra; Died May 29th 1971 Company Quartermaster Sergeant Daniel Madden DCM (1888-1934) - Settled in Wellington and then Dubbo as a Barman after the war. Died September 20th 1934 Company Quartermaster Sergeant Sydney Denison Campbell MiD (c.1880-a.1954) - Experienced soldier by the time of the war. Died after 1954 Private Harley Augustus Rudd (1882-1960) - Died in 1960. Sergeant James Joseph Fox MM (1891-1941) - MM for Morlancourt. Died October 2nd, 1941 Private James Marshall (1899-1959) - Diarist; was only 17 when he enlisted in 1916. Enlisted into the AFC in 1920, then RAAF in 1921, discharged 1928. Enlisted as a Flying Officer in a Second World War RAAF; Home Service. Died July 10th 1959 [15 Plt] Private John/Joseph Samuel Carlisle (1893-1961) - Died April 12th 1961 Private George St Clair Griffin (1893-1950) - Diarist. Found work as Boatshed Proprietor. Died July 23rd 1950 [16 Plt] Sergeant Francis William Thompson (1885-1940) - T/CSM after CSM Cooling gassed on 17/4/1918. Died 1940 Sergeant John Laing (1875-1947) - RAN Officer 39-45. Died in 1947 [15 Plt] Sergeant Charles Smith DCM (1895-?) - Recommended for a DCM and MM for actions in late 1918. Unsure on fate. Sergeant Norman Cresswell Ruddel Condell (1895-1972) - Former Light Horseman; in 1954 he was a Farmer in Wagga Wagga. Died October 10th 1972 [14 Plt] Private Herbert George Delaney (1895-1961) - Originally 1st Pioneer Battalion and a '17 man. Died sometime in 1961. Company Sergeant Major (or Sergeant) Frank Charles Linaker (1897-1955) - AWL at Durban on 10/9/1919 and was tried by Court Martial whilst on RTA. Acquitted. Found work as a Police Constable. Died June 22nd 1955 Sergeant Reginald Armand Lyons MM (?-?) - MM for Bellicourt. Sergeant John Timothy Doherty (1886-1955) - Worked as Labourer prior to the war. Died June 14th 1955 Sergeant David William Levy (1894-1956) - Served in the Second World War. Died January 10th 1956 Corporal Charles Taylor MM (1894/1897-?) - MM at Bellicourt on 30/9/1918 to 2/10/1918. Died sometime after 1960. [15 Plt] Corporal Thomas Rawson (1889 - 1966) - Wounded in Action 26/3/1918 and invalided home. Died November 11th 1966 Sergeant Richard Quantrill MM (1892-?) - Later found work at the Civil Transport Office at Dar-as-Salaam in Tanganyika. Last recorded at said location in October 1920. Unsure when he died. Corporal James Henry Harrop MM (1894-1944) - Won the MM at Bullecourt. Died May 30th or June 1st 1944 Lance Corporal Erle Russell Ewin (1896-1959) - Settled in Blayney after the war. Died April 22nd 1959 [HQ Plt] Signaller Arthur John Hopkins MM (1886-1945) - MM for Peronne, manning a field gun with Crank DCM. Died May 20th 1945 [HQ Plt] Private Clive Barberie (1899-1974) - Stretcher Bearer with 'D' Coy. Died 1974 Lance Corporal Albert Victor Stimson (1890-1979) - Lived in Cabramatta/Canley Vale in the interwar period. Died December 10th 1979 [HQ Plt?] Lance Corporal Albert Edward Lonsdale ‘Brickie’ Smith MM (1888-1964) - Recommended for a DCM at Peronne however got an MM instead for manning a Lewis Gun. Re-enlisted for the Second World War, retired to Bega. D Coy Machine Gun Section. Died December 8th 1964 [HQ Plt] Private Hector Allan Ingram (1891-1969) - Died November 14th 1969 Temporary Corporal John Charles Varcoe (1897-1986) - After the war he became a drover, breaking horses. Settled in Boggabri, NSW. Died September 18th 1986 [14 Plt] Lance Corporal Stewart Gideon McGlashan (1897-1964) - Found work as a carpenter after the war. Died June 5th 1964 Private John James Baker (1891-1971) - Postwar Timberworker. Died December 22nd 1971 Lance Corporal Eli Bramall (1889-1973) - Carpenter postwar; Died February 8th 1973 [13 Plt] Second Corporal Leonard Robert Fookes (1896-1949) - Wounded in April 1918 and transferred to Provosts. Died August 4th 1949 Private Alfred Abbiss (1882-1968) - Horse Driver. Enlisted for the Second World War. Died August 20th 1968 Lance Sergeant Arthur Lawrence Harrison (1893-1970) - Captured at Fromelles 19/7/1916. Died July 19th 1970 [13 Plt] Private John Robinson Wylie (1898-?) - Died after 1932 [HQ Plt?] Private Robert James Bassett (1880-1924) - Pioneer with D Coy. Died of War Injuries (Gassed) February 11th 1924 [14 Plt] Private Frederick Arthur Hollands (1899-1927) - Underaged. Died in 1927 Private Henry John Walter Phillips (1894-1962) - Died August 2nd 1962 [15 Plt] Private George James Fyvie (1891-1940) - Died September 29th 1940 Private William John Gillman (1896-1963) - Died March 11th 1963. [16 Plt] Private James Stephen Johnson (1885-1947) - Died October 10th 1947 Lance Sergeant James William Haines MM (1890-1960) - MM for Morlancourt. Died August 31st 1960 Private Robert Sinclair Fitzsimmons (1899-1985) - Transferred to AMC. Served in the Second War. Died December 13th 1985 Sergeant Richard Leslie ‘Dick’ Callaghan DCM (1893-1937) - DCM for Bellicourt. Died October 30th 1937 Private James Alfred Amey (1896-1971) - Later transferred to the 3rd Battalion. Died July 18th 1971 [14 Plt] Private John Thomas Black (1891-?) - Untraceable. [16 Plt] Private Herbert George Radford (1891-1962) - Served in the Second War in the 11th Garrison Battalion. Died July 1st 1962 Driver Frederick Francis Riley (1892-?) - Untraceable Corporal Thomas Charles Akeroyd (1881-1942) - Died in 1942 Private John Bateman (1891-?) - Untraceable Private Patrick O’Malley (1885-1938) - Died February 5th 1938 Lance Corporal William Keith ‘Bill’ Wilson (1895-1965) - Died May 20th 1965 [15 Plt] Private Jack Temp (1898-?) - Fate Unknown [14 Plt] Lance Corporal James Denston (1890-1942) - Died October 5th 1942 Private Joseph Essex Hodges (1881-1958) - Died November 1st 1958 Private Harry George Walker (1885-1932) - Died in 1932 Private Alexander Wright (1881-?) - Untraceable Lance Corporal Edward Clarence Skelley (1890-1950) - Charged with Manslaughter in 1909 (bail). Died January 4th 1950 Private Edward Wallace Waites (1894-1968) - Married in England in 1918. Died April 13th 1968 [15 Plt] Private William John Simmons (1876-?) - Tram Conductor and a Kiwi. Corporal Henry James Rumbelow (1891-1979) - Died in 1979 Private Henry William ‘Bill’ Ough (1892-1973) - Died February 20th 1973 Sergeant John O’Driscoll (1881-?) - Died after 1935 [16 Plt] Lance Corporal Arthur Ernest Stonestreet (1896-1990) - Probably last surviving ‘D’ Company digger. Died March 22nd 1990 Corporal Claude William Harris (1899-?) - Died after 1960 Lance Corporal Robert Steele Miller (1881-?) - Died after 1924 Private Carl Magnus Thorston Synnerdahl (1893-1956) - Died March 16th 1956 [15 Plt] Private William Walter Jarman (1898-1950) - Died June 17th 1950 Private Cecil Henry Blane (1896-1928) - Died July 18th 1928 Lance Corporal Amos John Leslie Turner MM (1893-1981) - MM at Peronne manning a Lewis Gun whilst badly shot up. D Coy Machine Gun Section. Died May 23rd 1971 [15 Plt] Private Bernard Aloysius Daly (1897-1971) - Died March 17th 1971 Private James Donald Black MM, MiD (1892-?) - MM at Bellicourt. Second World War WO2; Pacific theatre and MiD. Died after 1946 [15 Plt] Corporal George Watson (1888-1935) - Died August 22nd 1935 Private Charles Melton (1868-1945) - Died October 5th 1945 [15 Plt] Private William Walmsley (1891-1963) - Died November 16th 1963 Private Harris Page (1891-1951) - Died March 12th 1951 Private James Henry Wigginton (1897-1944) - Died in 1944 Private Albert Victor Payne (1895-1932) - Invalided 1917. Died September 22nd 1932 Private Walter Sealy Joseph Welsh (1896-1978) - Invalided 1917. Died in 1978 Private Joseph Henry Goodman (1894-1970) - Died May 5th 1970 Private Harry Walker Rigby Knight (1892-1953) - A British-born soldier. Was in the Second War as CMF. Died August 18th 1953 [14 Plt] Private Joseph Owen Duffecy (1888-1956) - Died May 10th 1956 [HQ Plt] Private Sidney Francis Griffiths (1879-1958) - Company Runner. Died March 5th 1958 Private Frederick George Smith (1899-1956) - Died in 1956 [16 Plt] Sergeant Norman Leonard Mawson (1888-1949) - Commanded 16 Plt during Nov 1916. Invalided 1917. Died April 12th 1949 [16 Plt] Private Jack Bass (1895-?) - Died after 1945 [16 Plt] Private John Semple MM (1888-1953) - Died August 24th 1953 Private Michael Lennon (1875-1934) - Died September 18th 1934 Private Patrick Joseph O’Brien (1892-1964) - Died June 8th 1964 Private George Henry Kingsmill (1897-1974) - Later 5th MG Btn. Died May 19th 1974 [16 Plt] Lance Corporal Frank Weitzel (1886-1971) - Invalided 1918. Died September 21st 1971 [14 Plt] Private John Claude McGrogan (1896-1971) - Recommended for an MM at Peronne. Died June 6th 1971 Private Patrick Seymour Allan (1897-?) - Recommended for an MM at Peronne. Instead given CiC Congratulations card. D Coy Machine Gun Section. Possibly died 1978. [HQ Plt] Corporal Henry Hubbert DCM (1883/1887-1958) - DCM for Polygon Wood. One of 'D' Coy's Stretcher Bearer. Died August 25th 1958 Private Oliver John Jones (1890-1958) - Died March 16th 1958 Private Charles Arthur Jones (1893-1955) - Invalided out after Bullecourt wounding. Died August 7th 1955 Private Claude Evans (1893-1972) - Later served in the Second World War at home. Died November 24th 1972 Private Forbes George White (1887-1958) - Later served in the Second War at home. Died June 16th 1958 Lance Sergeant Andrew Alfred Porter (1896-1977) - Died May 3rd 1977 [14 Plt] Lance Corporal Frederick Alfred Baber (1892-1959) - Died May 13th 1959 Private Joseph Taylor (1884-?) - Before enlisting he was a Miner. Died after 1920 Private Arthur George Whiteford (1884-1959) - Served in the Second War at home. Died October 9th 1959 [16 Plt] Private Thomas Arthur 'Art' White (1890-1971) - Died April 22nd 1971 Private Reginald Andrew Hamilton (1891-1935) - Died November 7th 1935 [16 Plt] Private George Thomas Ellison (1893-1924) - Died November 15th 1924 Lance Corporal Charles Joseph Roberts (1893-?) - Invalided 1917. Died after 1963 [14 Plt] Corporal Arthur Oxley Crassingham (1894-1980) - Commanded 6 Section of 14 Platoon at Fromelles. Died March 21st 1980 [HQ Plt] Private William Henry Haile (1894-1942) - Signaller, Coy HQ. Died July 28th 1942 Private Arthur Rupert Pike (1891-1934) - Court martialled twice over. Died November 19th 1934 Corporal James Sylvester Lewis McDonald (1891-1935) - Invalided 1918. Settled in Hornsby Died September 7th 1935 Private Nathaniel Thomas Wheatley (1893-1977) - Died January 30th 1977 Corporal Oscar William Smith DCM (1891-1967) - DCM for Peronne as a runner, later served in the Second War. Died July 31st 1967 [14 Plt] Private Daniel Michael Regan (1900-1968) - Born 1900 (Claimed 1897) Enlisted 1915 and discharged Underaged 1917. Died April 15th 1968 Private Stanley Alick Dalton (1894-1968) - Shell shocked. Died April 30th 1958 Sergeant Gilbert Alderton (1894-?) - Invalided 1918 after being wounded in May ‘18. Died after discharge. Corporal Dougald Fittar Stanton (1889-1975) - Captured at Fromelles. Died September 1st 1975 Lance Corporal Thomas Kilroy (c.1890-?) - Untraced Private Cecil Ernest Vircoe (1899-1966) - Died November 10th 1966. [16 Plt] Private Raymond Lyness Cameron (1894-1967) - Original 1914 man [7LHR]. Died November 10th 1967 Honor Roll for ‘D’ Company Burial party for those of the 53rd Battalion Killed in Action at Peronne on September 1st, 1918. Dated September 21st, 1918. Note: This list is those who I have confirmed to have served in ‘D’ Company at one point or another. Captain Charles Arblaster (OC Coy); Died of Wounds July 24th 1916 (PoW) [16 Plt] Lieutenant Roy Anslow (OC 16Plt); Killed in Action September 1st 1918 [15 Plt] Lieutenant William Edward Noble (OC 15Plt); Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [14 Plt] Second Lieutenant Charles Edward Mudge (OC 14Plt); Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [16 Plt] Second Lieutenant Beresford Joseph Nelson (OC 16Plt); Killed in Action July 19th 1916 Second Lieutenant Albert Edward Cooper (Acting OC Coy); Killed in Action March 29th 1917 Coy Sgt Major Frederick William Loney; Killed in Action September 26th 1917 Sergeant Austral Hunter Burns; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [16 Plt] Sergeant William Stephen Taylor; Killed in Action September 1st 1918 [13 Plt] Sergeant John William Camp; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [HQ Plt] Sergeant Jack Everard Burns Croker MM and Bar; Died of Illness October 14th 1918 Sergeant Charles Stevens Hill; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [14 Plt] Sergeant Roy Gordon Barrack; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [16 Plt] Corporal Wilfred James Rose; Killed in Action September 1st 1918 [16 Plt] Corporal Archie Ferdinand Hayward; Killed in Action September 1st 1918 Corporal James Gilroy Wilcox; Killed in Action September 27th 1917 [15 Plt] Corporal Joseph Lahiff; Died of Illness/Wounds October 23rd 1918 Corporal John Beresford Bryson; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [15 Plt] Lance Corporal Harry Kelly; Killed in Action April 6th 1918 [14 Plt] Lance Corporal Peter Alexander Thompson; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [14 Plt] Lance Corporal John Frederick Keith Comb; Killed in Action March 1st 1918 [14 Plt] Lance Corporal Charles Thomas Clarke; Died of Wounds March 31st 1917 Lance Corporal William John Grove; Died of Wounds October 1st 1918 [16 Plt] Lance Corporal Clarence Lancelot Upton; Died of Wounds September 1st 1918 [16 Plt] Lance Corporal William Picken Barrie; Killed in Action September 1st 1918 [14 Plt] Lance Corporal Joseph O’Rourke; Killed in Action October 20th 1917 [14 Plt] Private James Albert Ahern; Died of Wounds April 27th 1918 [16 Plt] Private William Maitland Douglas Masson; Killed in Action September 1st 1918 [16 Plt] Private Henry Masson; Killed in Action September 1st 1918 [14 Plt] Percy Gladstone Moate; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [16 Plt] Private Percy Edward Sowter; Killed in Action September 1st 1918 [14 Plt] Private George Craig; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [14 Plt] Private Sylvester James Gollan; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 Private Hector Adams; Killed in Action September 1st 1918 [13 Plt] Private James Edward Adams; Killed in Action March 29th 1917 Private David Roylstone Leslie Abbott; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [13 Plt] Private James Lawrence; Killed in Action September 27th 1917 Private Robert Henry Scott; Killed in Action September 1st 1918 [16 Plt] Private Robert Thomas Logan; Killed in Action September 23rd 1917 Private Hector Francis Bowen Trevena; Killed in Action September 1st 1918 Private Harry Turner; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [14 Plt] Private Sidney Richard Pratt; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [14 Plt] Private Alfred Ernest Main; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 Private Arthur Turner; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [14 Plt] Private Stanley Johnson Mears; Killed in Action March 1st 1918 [14 Plt] Private George Roland James Hill; Killed in Action March 1st 1918 [13 Plt] Private Ralph Pendleton; Killed in Action March 1st 1918 Private Nicholas Mainger; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 Private William Bernard Tier (att. HQ Coy); Killed in Action December 20th 1916 Private James Youman; Killed in Action September 30th 1918 [14 Plt] Private Sydney Alexander Meloy; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 Private/Signaller John Victor Wright; Killed in Action September 26th 1917 Private Frederick William Alexander Smith; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [16 Plt] Private Thomas Henry Kidd; Killed in Action November 1st 1916 Private William Howard Birch; Killed in Action September 24th 1917 Private Claude George Coote; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [14 Plt] Private William Crossman; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [16 Plt] Private Norman Charles Edgely; Died of Wounds July 7th 1918 [15 Plt] Private Reginald Ignatius Edgeworth; Killed in Action October 20th 1917 [14 Plt] Private Eric Manning Baker; Killed in Action September 27th, 1917 Private Archibald Patrick Lannen; Killed in Action September 23rd 1917 [14 Plt] Private Charles Hollingshead Fryer; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [15 Plt] Private Fines Henry Godding; Killed in Action September 30th 1918 Private Frederick William Beech; Accidentally Killed September 12th 1918 Private John Henry Alfred Coe; Killed in Action March 29th 1917 Private Cecil Grant; Killed in Action March 29th 1917 [14 Plt] Private Patrick Joseph Carey; Killed in Action September 23rd 1917 Private Frederick Alonza Fuller; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [15 Plt] Private John Clarence Christie; Killed in Action April 6th 1918 Private Patrick Kelly; Captured 6/4/1918; Died September 6th 1918 [16 Plt] Private Charles George Ries; Killed in Action September 1st 1918 [14 Plt] Private Bertram Stanley Grice; Died of Wounds October 2nd 1918 [16 Plt] Private William Hewit; Killed in Action September 23rd 1917 [14 Plt] Private Ernest William Bradley; Killed in Action September 1st 1918 [14 Plt] Private Frederick Kafer; Died of Wounds September 1st 1918 [14 Plt] Private William Herbert Hilbourne; Died of Wounds September 26th 1917 [16 Plt] Private Joshua Ismay; Killed in Action September 1st 1918 Private Frank Hill; Killed in Action September 26th, 1917 Private Thomas Henry Kidd; Killed in Action November 1st 1916 Private Charles John Baker; Died of Influenza March 2nd 1919 Private Nicholas Mainger; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 Private William Wallace John Pruss; Killed in Action March 13th 1917 Private Cyril Herbert Read; Killed in Action January 2nd 1917 Private Ernest Wilkinson Ashton; Killed in Action July 19th 1916 [16 Plt] Private Joseph Brough Littleton; Killed in Action September 1st 1918 [HQ Plt] Private (Signaller) William Frederick Ingle; Killed in Action October 19th 1917 The Draft This is the story of a group of seventy men who fought as Infantry in France during the First World War. Their experience is not exceptional, rather their journey echoes one that most young men had with the Infantry from 1916 onwards. They arrived together in France in early October 1916 as draft replacements, as most men after 1915 did, into a battle proven and bruised Infantry Battalion. My great uncle was amongst these 70 men. At War’s end some twenty-five months later less than a handful would remain. This is their story. Most of the men came from the towns North of Manchester: Radcliffe, Oldham, Blackpool, Accrington, Burnley and such. A number came from further afield such as Durham, Birmingham, Stoke, Cardiff or the suburbs of Manchester itself. In the main they were Lancashire men. They were labourers, farmers, mill workers, printers, miners, clerks, butchers, a schoolteacher and a solitary glass polisher. There is no comprehensive history for these men. I have used their medal roll to identify and confirm them as a group. Surviving service records, Unit war diaries, pension cards, newspaper archives, casualty reports and a variety of archive documents have been considered. There are still gaps. I have attempted to be factual and have tried to avoid any conjecture but in some cases I have made some reasonable assumptions. Their shared experience began with Infantry training at Press Health in Shropshire. This was initially with the 21st Reserve Battalion of the Lancashire Fusiliers. Their journeys to basic training were mixed. In the main they appear to have been volunteers but a number comprised some of the first mobilised conscripts of the campaign. Those conscripted were sent direct to the 21st from civilian life. Many others had volunteered in December 1915 under the Derby Scheme and were mobilised at Preston in May 1916 into the Royal Field Artillery (RFA). A handful of men from the Northeast of England were equally briefly in the RFA but found their Unit transferred to Preston alongside the others and into the 8th Reserve Battery, 2a Reserve Brigade. Other men found themselves conscripted into the RFA equally briefly. After a month or so all the RFA men were sent en-masse on the 17th of June to the Lancashire Fusiliers for Infantry training, at the time the Army needed more infantrymen than gunners so there was little choice or science involved. For a few men, their journey was different. One man was a territorial solider who had finished his period of engagement but then was rapidly returned to the Colours via conscription. Other men had volunteered, but following unknown but not unusual delays were conscripted straight into the 21st. They were not necessarily all together or in the same training platoons at Press Heath but they would have been going through training at the same time. When they arrived in Shropshire, the battles of 1914 and 1915 were long past. The pre-war regular army was largely gone, the originals very few and the impact of the Battles of the Somme from July 1916 would be being realised whilst they sweated through their four months of Infantry training in Shropshire. A further administrative change occurred on the 1st of September towards the end of their course when the Army re-organised all the Infantry training units. The bespoke regimental system was deemed too inefficient and more generic Training Reserve Battalions (TRBs) would now be formed. Our men became part of the 72nd TRB. It’s likely they didn’t notice any difference. Pte Tom Cunliffe 27561 from Blackburn almost didn’t get accepted at all as he was just 5ft tall. The Lancashire Fusiliers didn’t want him, but the Army insisted, and he stayed. Pte Robert Collier 27562 from Stockport kept going absent without leave with punishments of increasingly severity. He was absent for 24 days over five occasions. Why he kept receiving leave as he never seemed keen or able to return on time remains unknown. Both would be dead in less than a year. In fact, from surviving service records a theme of men being 24 or 48 hours late back from leave was quite common. They appear to have received pre deployment leave in the middle of September and many took advantage of an extra day or two with family before returning to face a minor punishment. No doubt it was deemed worth the small fine and confinement to barracks give what they knew was coming. On Friday 6th October 1916, training complete, they left for France. On the Saturday they arrived at No 30 Infantry Base Depot (IBD) at Etaples. This was the wrong Depot for men joining the Lancashire Fusiliers but the recent reorganisations in the Army meant the rules were changing. At some point back in the UK it had been decided that these men were needed in the 1st Battalion East Lancashire Regiment and as such they would go to 30 IBD for kitting and preparation and not 23 IBD, the Lancashire Fusilier Depo
2428	dbpedia	2	63	https://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/cromwell-army-officers/surnames-d	en	Surnames beginning 'D'	https://www.british-history.ac.uk/themes/custom/bho/favicon.ico	https://www.british-history.ac.uk/themes/custom/bho/favicon.ico	[ "https://www.british-history.ac.uk/themes/custom/bho/logo.png", "https://www.british-history.ac.uk/themes/custom/bho/images/ihr-logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/themes/custom/bho/favicon.ico		https://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/cromwell-army-officers/surnames-d	Daily, John John Daily Ensign in Lord Mandeville’s regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army in 1642. References: Peacock, Army lists, 36. Armies: Earl of Essex Dalbier, John John Dalbier (died 1648) Dalbier’s date of birth, family and background are unknown. Probably of German or Dutch ancestry. Merchant, administrator, negotiator and soldier, he was briefly attached to the duke of Buckingham’s military ventures and was probably involved in the Ile de Rhe expedition. In 1642 he became a captain and then colonel of horse in the earl of Essex’s Army and for a time was his quartermaster general of horse. He was commissioned by Essex to command a newly-raised regiment of horse in spring 1643, which he led to the relief of Gainsborough in July 1643. He was with Essex in the relief of Gloucester and the first battle of Newbury. He and his regiment formed part of Balfour’s brigade which supported Waller in spring 1644 and thus he fought at the battle of Cheriton. He was back with Essex in summer 1644 for the doomed march into the South West and may have been at the second battle of Newbury. However, by autumn 1644 he was under suspicion and was detained in London for much of autumn and winter 1644-5, during which his regiment shrank through desertion. In spring 1645 he effectively lost command of his horse regiment and what was left of it was sent west and absorbed into Massey’s regiment of horse. However, Dalbier was not completely out of favour, for he was back in the field by late summer 1645 and he and men under him took part in the final and successful sieges of Basing, Donnington and Wallingford castles between autumn 1645 and spring 1646. In 1647 he supported the political Presbyterians against the New Model Army and he joined the royalist rising in Surrey in summer 1648. He fled north and was part of the group of rebels caught and surprised at St Neots, Huntingdonshire, where he perished, either cut to pieces on the spot by former colleagues disgusted at his side-changing or from wounds sustained before his capture. References: Oxford DNB. Armies: Earl of Essex; Waller (Southern Association) Daldorne, Henry Henry Daldorne In the 1642 listing of the earl of Essex’s Army he is shown as cornet in Captain Edward Wingate’s troop of horse. References: Peacock, Army lists, 54. Armies: Earl of Essex Dale, Daniel Daniel Dale Captain-Lieutenant in Edward Whalley’s troop within Cromwell’s horse regiment in the Eastern Association Army. By July 1645 he was captain-lieutenant in Whalley’s New Model Army horse regiment and he was still there in 1649. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 1.19; Wanklyn, New Model Army, I, 74, 84, 95, 108. Armies: Eastern Association; New Model Army Dales, Robert Robert Dales Towards the end of its lifespan, before it was disbanded in spring 1645, Dales superseded Sheringham as captain of a company in the regiment of foot in the Eastern Association Army commanded first by Sir John Palgrave and later by Sir Thomas Hoogan. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 2.81. Armies: Eastern Association Dancer, Thomas Thomas Dancer Captain in Thomas Ayloffe’s regiment of foot in the Eastern Association Army by the time of its disbandment in Apr. 1645. Though not on Fairfax’s original list for the New Model Army, he became a captain in Thomas Rainsborough’s regiment of foot. He was still in the regiment, by then Deane’s, in 1649. On 24 Aug. 1652 parliament named Thomas Dancer of Putney, gentleman, as one of the commissioners for determining the accounts of the officers and soldiers of the Army in Ireland. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 1.10; Firth & Davies, Regimental history, 2.418; JHC, 7.167; Wanklyn, New Model Army, I, 57, 68, 79, 88, 100. Armies: Eastern Association; New Model Army Dandie, - - Dandie (died 1644) Of Tarleton, Lancashire, son of Captain William Dandie of Tarleton. An officer in Lancashire, lieutenant to Major Edward Robinson. He is presumably the Lieutenant Dandy wounded and captured in a skirmish in Feb. 1644 during the opening stages of the first siege of Lathom House. Father and son were both killed at the fall of Bolton on 28 May 1644. References: Lancashire military proceedings, 162; Warr in Lancashire, 50. Armies: Lancashire Dandie, William William Dandie (died 1644) Of Tarleton, Lancashire. A captain, slain, like his son, Lieutenant Dandie, at the fall of Bolton on 28 May 1644. References: Warr in Lancashire, 50. Armies: Lancashire Daniel, William William Daniel A lieutenant in Staffordshire. In Oct. 1644 he petitioned the county committee about his mother’s horses, which had been taken away by people in Walsall. He was authorized to arrest the offenders and detain them until he received satisfaction. He was also granted £50 because his father had died in the state’s service owed at least £20 and back pay. At one point he was serving in the garrison of Wrottesley, Staffordshire. References: Pennington and Roots, Committee at Stafford, xlix, 186, 338. Armies: Staffordshire Daniell, John John Daniell Probably John Daniell junior, son of John Daniell of Daresbury, Cheshire. By Mar. 1644 he was a captain in Cheshire. By the end of Apr. 1645 Daniell as major was in command of the 70-strong colonel’s company of George Booth’s regiment of foot. A few days later at Knutsford Daniell was one of only two serving Cheshire officers who signed the anti-Brereton petition. In 1659 he took part took part in Sir George Booth’s Rising. References: Dore, Brereton letter books, 1. 325, 329-30; TNA, SP28/125, Part 3, f. 311. Armies: Cheshire Daniell, William William Daniell Of Over Tabley, Cheshire. Son of Peter Daniell (1583/3-1652) of Over Tabley, MP for Cheshire 1626, and his wife Christian Grosvenor (died 1663), sister of Sir Richard Grosvenor, first baronet (for whom, see Oxford DNB). The funeral certificate of William’s grandfather Richard Grosvenor, in 1619, omits him, and gives his brother Henry as Peter and Christian’s fourth son; Sir Peter Leycester’s notes at the Restoration give William as fourth son and Henry as fifth. William’s elder brother John Daniell was auditor of the forces in the expedition to the West Indies in 1655, and was just possibly Major John Daniell in the Cheshire forces (although Dore considers John Daniell, junior, of Daresbury as a more likely identification). William’s eldest brother Peter was a royalist in the regiment of John, earl Rivers. His brother Henry Daniell was killed at Brentford in Nov. 1642; and while he is not recorded as a parliamentarian officer, the much greater death toll in Essex’s regiments coupled with Sir William Brereton’s claim to have been at Brentford, makes it more likely that Henry Daniell fought for parliament than the king. William’s sister married Simon Finch. By Apr. 1645 William Daniell was captain of a sixty-strong company in Colonel Henry Brooke’s regiment of foot at the siege of Chester. In Jan. 1646 he was with a force sent into Wales against the castles at Hawarden and Holt, and by mid-Apr. was serving with the Cheshire forces besieging Lichfield Close. By the end of Apr. Daniell had been promoted major and on 26 May had command of a 92-strong company. In June 1648, holding the rank of colonel, Daniell was the acting governor of Chester Castle. On 4 May 1650, holding the rank of major, Daniell was ordered to raise a regiment of foot for service in Ireland. His officers included several who had served in the Cheshire forces in 1645-6, including as captains his lieutenant and ensign. Instead of being posted to Ireland, in July 1650 Daniell’s regiment joined Cromwell’s army in the invasion of Scotland and fought at Dunbar on 3 Sept. In 1651 Daniell’s regiment played an important role in Lambert’s victory at Inverkeithing on 20 July. For much of the 1650s the regiment was stationed at Perth. Daniel was active against the royalist rising of 1653-4, culminating in the surrender of the earl of Atholl in Aug. 1654. In June 1657 Monck appointed Daniell as commander in northern Scotland. He recommended to Thurloe that for this ‘very troublesome and chargeable’ appointment, Daniell be paid an extra 6s per day: ‘itt would bee a good incouragement to him to carry on his businesse, being hee is to bee constantlie at Aberdene from his familie, which is new settled att St. Johnston’s, where hee is governour’ (Firth and Davies, Regimental History, 2, 493). Daniell was alarmed by the growth of Quakerism, its converts including his own Captain-Lieutenant Davenport, declaring: ‘Where all are equals I expect little obedience in governement’ (Firth and Davies, Regimental History, 2, 493). A Cromwellian loyalist, Daniell was discharged from his command in summer 1659. However, his request for a formal discharge, which would confirm he was not dismissed for baseness or unworthiness, was ignored. Daniell’s replacement was his lieutenant-colonel, John Pearson. References: Dore, Brereton letter books, 1. 325, 330, 2. 52, 384, 402, 435, 488, 489, 496, 511, 520, 525; Carr and Atherton, Brereton Staffs., 126, 241-2, 271, 325, 328, 330, 349, 354; HMC, Portland Mss, 1, 463;Firth and Davies, Regimental History, 2, 489-96; Ormerod, Cheshire, 1.ii, 475-6. Armies: Cheshire; Scotland Danser, Thomas Thomas Danser Quartermaster to Colonel John Warner (the Green regiment, London Trained Bands) in summer 1642. References: Thrale 1642. Armies: London Danvers, Henry Henry Danvers (born in or before 1619, died 1687/8) Danvers does not seem to have served in Staffordshire during the first civil war, and his military service is obscure. In 1647-8 he participated in discussions of The Agreement of the People with radical officers such as Thomas Harrison. Commissioned major of horse in the Leicesterhire militia, Mar. 1650, and colonel of foot in the Staffordshire militia, May 1650. Governor of Stafford, 1650-2. In 1662/3 a survey of the allegiances of the Staffordshire gentry described him as of ‘Perry Hall but dweleth at Newinton Greene neare London’, aged about 40. Worth £300 per annum in Staffordshire ‘Of very dangerouse parts (and a very great Annabaptist)’ (‘Staffs. Gentry’, 13). References: Oxford DNB; CSPD, 1650, 505-6; ‘Staffs. gentry’, 13. Armies: Staffordshire; Leicestershire Dare, William William Dare Captain [of foot] References: Mayo, Dorset Standing Committee, 377. Armies: Dorset Darley, Richard Richard Darley (c. 1602-1681) Of Buttercrambe, Yorkshire (North Riding). A Yorkshire parliamentarian captain. Recruiter MP for Malton, c. Oct. 1645; MP for the East Riding in the second Protectorate parliament. References: Hopper, ‘Yorkshire parliamentarians’, 93; HoP: The Commons, 1640-1660 (forthcoming). Armies: Yorkshire Darley, William William Darley Darley was a captain of foot under Sir Hugh Cholmley in command of a garrison of 100 men at Stamford Bridge, near York, from late 1642 until the post was abandoned in Feb. 1643. He was probably the Captain Darley given a company previously under the command of a captain at Hull, and a supporter of the Hothams, who was killed on 30 June 1643 in an engagement at Cholmley near Beverley. References: Jones, ‘War in the North’, 378. Armies: Yorkshire Dashwood, Edward Edward Dashwood (died 1667) Ensign in company of Captain John Seward, raised by order 11 Jan. 1643. A clothier of Dorchester. Assistant to governor of Freemen, 1625-6, 1629-30, 1633-4; governor, 1626-7; ensign in county militia, 1627; warden of Company of Merchants, 1636; mayor, 1662-3. References: Peachey and Turton, Fall of the West,5.521; Whiteway, Diary, 175. Armies: Dorset Davenport, Anthony Anthony Davenport Captain in the earl of Denbigh’s regiment of foot based at Wem, Shropshire by Sept. 1644. Probably the Captain Davenport captured at High Ercall on 5 July 1645. Perhaps the Captain Davenport, by then serving in Thomas Hunt’s regiment, killed in skirmishing near Bridgnorth and buried at St Mary’s, Shrewsbury, on 13 Mar. 1645. References: Warws. RO, CR2017/C10/34; BL, Harl. Ms. 6852, f. 274; J. Blakeway and H. Owen, A History of Shrewsbury (1825), II, 386. Armies: Earl of Denbigh; Shropshire Davenport, Christopher Christopher Davenport Of Coventry. Son of Henry Davenport, draper, of Coventry, and mayor there, 1613-14. Christopher, a clothier, was admitted to Coventry’s First Council in June 1639 and was mayor in 1641-2. In the summer of 1642 he was a lukewarm parliamentarian: John Barker reported to Lord Brooke that Davenport had refused to implement the Militia Ordinance but, he thought, could be won over. In 1645 Davenport sat on the Coventry accounts sub-committee, a forum for the opponents of the more militant county committee. Davenport appears in the earl of Denbigh’s accounts as captain-lieutenant (23 Mar. and 13 Apr. 1644), and then as captain (27 Apr., 4 May and 6 May 1644). Another account details a payment to ‘Lieut. Danpoorte his company’ (TNA, SP28/147, Part 3, f. 471r.). References: TNA, SP28/131, Part 12, ff. 16, 21, 25 [23 Mar. 1643/4, 13 Apr. 1644], TNA, SP28/147, Part 3, f. 471r.); Hughes, Warwickshire, 13, 139, 141, 239-40; Poole, Coventry, 372. Armies: Warwickshire; Earl of Denbigh Davidson, - - Davidson In spring 1644 he was made lieutenant-colonel in Colonel Edward Apsley’s short-lived and abortive regiment of foot in Waller’s Southern Association army. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 15. Armies: Sussex Davidson, - - Davidson Captain in Edward Cooke’s regiment of foot, which existed from Aug. 1643 to May 1644. Possibly the Captain William Davidson who later served in James Wemyss’s regiment. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 29. Armies: Waller (Southern Association) Davidson, George George Davidson Lieutenant-Colonel. A Scottish professional soldier. On 24 Oct. 1642 he was allowed two months’ allowance as captain of foot. He came down to Gloucestershire with two other Scottish officers, Lieutenant-Colonel James Carr and Colonel Arthur Forbes, and in Feb. 1643 Sergeant-Major Davidson was put in charge of training the Gloucester soldiers. In early July, by when he had risen to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, he was at the siege of Bristol, where he advised Fiennes to counter-attack and opposed a parley. He went to Gloucester for the siege, and returned there again after a journey to London. On 7 Oct. 1643 £4 15s. was paid at Gloucester for his use. Peachey and Turton, Fall of the West opine that, ‘Davidson’s movements indicate he may have progressed to second in command of one of the volunteer regiments of foot from Gloucestershire, probably a regiment destroyed at Roundway Down. Sir Robert Cooke’s is the most likely although Sir Horatio Carey’s is possible’. References: Peachey and Turton, Fall of the West, 6.619-20. Armies: Gloucestershire Davidson, William William Davidson Captain in James Wemyss’s regiment of foot by Dec. 1644 when he took his company to the relief of Taunton. He remained in the regiment until 25 Apr. 1645. He then became a trooper in Baker’s troop in Henry Sanderson’s regiment of reformadoes. Very possibly the Captain Davidson who had previously served in Edward Cooke’s regiment of foot. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 155-6. Armies: Waller (Southern Association) Davie, Richard Richard Davie (died 1644) Of Newton, Poulton-le-Fylde parish, Lancashire. Davie was one of the captains commissioned in summer 1643 by Alexander Rigby senior to raise a company in Bispham and Poulton, Poulton-le-Fylde parish, for his regiment of Amounderness and Leyland foot. Davie served at the siege of Lathom House and was killed on 28 May 1644 during the assault on Bolton. References: Warr in Lancashire, 5; Lancashire Record Office, QSP 30/8; he is named Davis in Gratton, Lancs. war effort, 293. Armies: Lancashire Davies, Abraham Abraham Davies Ensign in Wroth Rogers’s company in Edward Montagu’s regiment of foot in the Eastern Association Army. By 1647 he was captain-lieutenant in the New Model Army foot regiment of Richard Ingoldsby. In the late 1650s he was serving as a major in the regiment of foot campaigning in Flanders. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 2.70; Wanklyn, New Model Army, I, 71, 81, 91. Armies: Eastern Association; New Model Army Davies, Charles Charles Davies Ensign in Lord Mandeville’s regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army in 1642. References: Peacock, Army lists, 36. Armies: Earl of Essex Davies, Henry Henry Davies At least between late 1644 and early 1645, lieutenant in John Jenkins’s company in John Pickering’s regiment of foot in the Eastern Association Army. By the end of 1646 he had become a captain in Hewson’s New Model Army foot regiment. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 2.86. Armies: Eastern Association; New Model Army Davies, John John Davies Captain. An officer serving under Thomas Morgan at Gloucester. In Sept. 1645 he was at the taking of Berkeley Castle and profited from its plunder. References: HMC, Fifth Report, 356-7. Armies: Gloucestershire Davies, John John Davies On 22 Aug. 1650 commissioned a captain in Henry Brooke’s Cheshire militia regiment of foot. References: CSPD, 1650, 509. Armies: Cheshire Davies, Robert Robert Davies Lieutenant in Thomas Ballard’s regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army in 1642. References: Peacock, Army lists, 43. Armies: Earl of Essex Davies, Thomas Thomas Davies Captain. In the autumn of 1643 he commanded the guard at the parliamentarian outpost at Huntley, Gloucestershire. He betrayed both Huntley and the garrison at Westbury, gaining entrance as a friend and leading the enemy in behind him: ‘both places were surprised in two houres, and above eighty men and armes lost in that great exigence. This villaine was posted on the gallowes in Gloucester, and the lord generall was desired that his name might stand upon the gibbet in all the parliament garrisons’. References: Bibliotheca, 75. Armies: Gloucestershire Davies, Thomas Thomas Davies Ensign in Lord Mandeville’s regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army in 1642. References: Peacock, Army lists, 36. Armies: Earl of Essex Davies, William William Davies (died 1643) Probably the William Davis who had been major in Sir John Merrick’s regiment of foot raised for Ireland early in 1642 to be part of Lord Wharton’s army. Instead, by or from 10 Aug. 1642 he served as lieutenant-colonel of the earl of Essex’s own regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army. As such, given Essex’s other duties, he effectively had day-to-day command of the regiment. He continued in that role until sometime between 24 Aug. and 14 Oct. 1643. By or in May 1644 he succeeded James Holborne as colonel of his regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army and commanded that regiment for around a year, until it was broken up and largely disbanded in spring 1645, though a handful of officers from it – but not Davies himself – transferred to the New Model Army at that point. References: Peacock, Army Lists, 81, 25; TNA, SP28/1a/41; SP28/9/174; SP28/10/153; Davies, ‘Essex’s army’, 47. Armies: Earl of Essex Davies, William William Davies Of Ashton-juxta-Tarvin, Cheshire. By Oct. 1645 an officer in Sir William Brereton’s regiment of foot and a member of the Tarvin committee. References: Dore, Brereton letter books, 2. 112-3. Armies: Cheshire Davile, Thomas Thomas Davile Of Kirkby Fleetham, Yorkshire (North Riding). A captain in Yorkshire. References: Hopper, ‘Yorkshire parliamentarians’, 94 [citing BL, Add Ms. 21,418, f. 17; TNA,E121/4/1, no. 30]. Armies: Yorkshire Davis, George George Davis Sergeant-Major. Sergeant-Major in John Berrow’s regiment of foot raised in the Forest of Dean. He served 1 Nov. 1642-31 Mar. 1643, when he left the regiment. References: Peachey and Turton, Fall of the West, 6.615. Armies: Gloucestershire Davis, John John Davis Ensign in Lord Brooke’s regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army in 1642. References: Peacock, Army lists, 34. Armies: Earl of Essex Davis, Robert Robert Davis Member of the Vintners’ Company. ‘A Slop-maker For Seamen neare Billingsgate’ (BL, Harl. 986, p. 10). Captain in the London Trained Bands in 1639. Major in the White regiment, London Trained Bands (Colonel Isaac Penington), 1642; by Sept. 1643 lieutenant-colonel of the same regiment, but was no longer there by Oct. 1646. References: Nagel, ‘London militia’, 314;Barriffe, Militarie Discipline (1639), sig. ¶ r.; Overton 1642; Thrale 1642; BL, Harl. 986, p. 10. Armies: London Davison, - - Davison Captain in Lord Willoughby’s regiment of horse in the earl of Essex’s Army and the Eastern Association Army. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 2.109. Armies: Earl of Essex; Eastern Association Davy, William William Davy Captain In Lyme garrison, from a local family.[See below]. He gave his name to, and presumably commanded, one of the town’s forts/blockhouses during the siege, Apr.-May 1644. References: Bayley, Civil War in Dorset, 138. Armies: Dorset Davyes, John John Davyes Possibly Captain William Davy, of Thomas Ceely’s regiment of foot at Lyme, 1 June 1643-Apr. 1647. References: Peachey and Turton, Fall of the West, 5.515-6. Armies: Dorset Davyes [Davies], Thomas Thomas Davyes [Davies] Identified in pay warrants from Aug. and Sept 1643 and Mar. 1644 as ensign of Captain Robert Venables’s company of the garrison of Cholmondeley House, Cheshire. A warrant dated 30 Dec. 1647, authorising a payment of £29 15s 6d to Davyes, confirms that he had served commendably in Cheshire as ensign to the freehold band, or company, of Macclesfield under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Venables. References: BL, Harl. Ms. 2128, f. 61v.; TNA, SP28/125, Part 3, f. 313; SP28/224 f. 276. Armies: Cheshire Dawes, Robert Robert Dawes In spring 1645 he was cornet in Lieutenant-Colonel Graves’s troop in the earl of Essex’s own regiment of horse, commanded by Stapleton. Like several other officers of this regiment, he then transferred to the New Model Army, promoted to lieutenant in the troop of Captain Gabriel Martin (who had also been a captain in Essex’s regiment) in the New Model regiment of horse of Thomas Sheffield. He appears to have left the regiment and the army in 1647. References: Wanklyn, New Model Army, 1. 122, 150. Armies: Earl of Essex; New Model Army Dawkins, Anthony Anthony Dawkins At its muster in Nov. 1643, major of the earl of Warwick’s regiment of foot formed from the Essex militia, part of the Eastern Association Army that contributed to the siege of Reading in spring 1643, the siege of Greenland House in summer 1644 and probably to some other actions in which the army was involved. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 1.31. Armies: Eastern Association Dawkyns, Peter Peter Dawkyns Lieutenant in Captain Axtell’s company in Pickering’s regiment of foot in the Eastern Association Army, 1644-5. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 2.85. Armies: Eastern Association Dawson, Christopher Christopher Dawson Of Stainforth, Yorkshire (West Riding), a parliamentarian lieutenant in Yorkshire. References: Hopper, ‘Yorkshire parliamentarians’, 108. Armies: Yorkshire Day, - - Day Major in the Yellow regiment, London Auxiliaries (Colonel John Owen) in Oct. 1646. References: Nagel, ‘London militia’, 317; Marshall, Essex funeral, 11. Armies: London Day, William William Day Commissioned to raise a company of volunteers for a Kentish regiment on 17 May 1643, probably the St Augustine Lathe regiment of volunteers. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 77. Armies: Kent Daye, William William Daye Lieutenant in Captain Adrian Scrope’s troop of horse in the earl of Essex’s Army, and received a month’s pay for the troop at the end of Aug. 1642. By late Oct. Maximilian Petty had succeeded as the troop’s lieutenant. References: Peacock, Army lists, 54;TNA, SP28/3b/343. Armies: Earl of Essex Daynes, John John Daynes Ensign in Captain Husband’s company in Pickering’s regiment of foot in the Eastern Association Army. Possibly the Daynes (no forename given) who in 1644-45, was lieutenant-colonel in Francis Russell’s regiment of horse in the Eastern Association Army. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 2.95. Armies: Eastern Association De Gennis, Jo Jo De Gennis Lieutenant in Henry Ireton’s troop in the earl of Essex’s Army in 1642 and then in Oliver Cromwell’s regiment of horse in the Eastern Association Army. In due course, though perhaps not until later in the 1640s, he became captain-lieutenant in Ireton’s New Model regiment of horse. He died in Ireland in the early 1650s, serving with and under Ireton. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 1.24; Wanklyn, New Model Army, I, 64. Armies: Earl of Essex; Eastern Association; New Model Army De LaToure, James Francis James Francis De LaToure Captain in Colonel Henry Marten’s regiment of horse, 10 Apr. to 19 Aug. 1643. On 29 Aug. his troop was transferred to Sir William Waller’s regiment of horse, in which he served until its disbandment in Apr. 1645. On 1 Sept. 1643 the House of Commons ruled that all papists in captain de LaToure’s troop be discharged. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 142. Armies: Waller (Southern Association) Deacon, John John Deacon From early 1643 ensign and then lieutenant in the regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army commanded by Hampden, Tyrrill and Ingoldsby. He was still there in spring 1645 and transferred with the regiment into the New Model Army, but was killed at Tiverton in late 1645. References: Wanklyn, New Model Army, 1. 148. Armies: Earl of Essex; New Model Army Deakin, John John Deakin A captain of dragoons in Shropshire. References: TNA, E121/9, f. 12. Armies: Shropshire Deane, Nicholas Nicholas Deane By autumn 1643, lieutenant in the Colonel’s troop in Sir John Norwich’s regiment of horse in the Eastern Association Army. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 2.72. Armies: Eastern Association Deane, Robert Robert Deane Captain in the Blue regiment, London Trained Bands (Colonel William Underwood), approved by the Presbyterian City militia committee. References: Nagel, ‘London militia’, 318. Armies: London Deane, Stephen Stephen Deane Lieutenant in Thomas Grantham’s regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army in 1642. References: Peacock, Army lists, 41. Armies: Earl of Essex Deansley, M. M. Deansley By spring 1645 an officer, probably captain, in Sir William Constable’s regiment of horse of the Northern Army serving under Sir William Brereton in Cheshire. References: Jones, ‘War in the North’, 378; Dore, Brereton letter books, 1. 178, 415, 522. Armies: Yorkshire; Northern Army (Fairfax) Dearing, Edward Edward Dearing A captain in Staffordshire. On 25 Jan. 1644 the county committee ordered that he should be confined in his chamber for words that he had spoken at Leek, and after his release be ordered to quit the Stafford garrison. In Mar. 1643 he may have been serving with the royalists at Lichfield, and it is not clear whether he was a royalist or parliamentarian officer. References: Pennington and Roots, Committee at Stafford, 43; Shaw, Staffs., I, ‘General History’, 53. Armies: Staffordshire de Boyes [de Bois], Philibert Emmanuel Philibert Emmanuel de Boyes [de Bois] (died 1643) A Frenchman or, more probably, a Walloon. Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance in the earl of Essex’s Army by 18 Aug. 1642 until at least mid-Oct. He was also captain of 100 firelocks and a member of Essex’s council of war in 1642. Peter Young states that he was dismissed from the Ordnance after Edgehill because of his useless performance there. Even the official parliamentarian account of the battle admits that in the run-up to the battle, as the army marched out from Worcester to intercept the king’s army, ‘our Train of Artillery was so unready, through want of Draught-Horses, and through other Omissions of Monsieur Du-Boys, that we were forced to leave it behind ro follow us’ (Young, Edgehill, 306).By 6 June 1643 he was quartermaster general of the Foot in Essex’s Army. He was dead by 17 Aug. 1643, when his widow, Mrs Geertuit de Boyes, claimed for his arrears. References: Young, Edgehill, 69, 103, 156, 306; Stoyle, Soldiers and strangers, 102; Peacock, Army lists, 23, 25, 47; TNA, SP28/1a/151, SP28/2a/36, 215, 276, SP28/7/355, SP28/9/96. Armies: Earl of Essex Deering, Edward Edward Deering Lieutenant in Rochford’s regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army in 1642. References: Peacock, Army lists, 32. Armies: Earl of Essex de la Blancheur, John John de la Blancheur In the 1642 list of the earl of Essex’s Army, he is shown as cornet in Langrish’s troop of horse. References: Peacock, Army lists, 54. Armies: Earl of Essex de la Hay, John John de la Hay In 1642 listed as lieutenant in Arthur Evelyn’s troop of horse in the earl of Essex’s Army. References: Peacock, Army lists, 51. Armies: Earl of Essex Delves, - - Delves (died 1645) Delves died of his wounds, a prisoner in Chester, 26 Nov. 1645; possibly of the family of Delves of Nantwich. References: Dore, Brereton letter books, 2. 272-3. Armies: Cheshire Delves, John John Delves On 22 Aug. 1650 commissioned a captain in Thomas Croxton’s Cheshire militia regiment of foot. References: CSPD, 1650, 510. Armies: Cheshire Dendy [Denby], Edward Edward Dendy [Denby] Originally from London, captain-lieutenant and (by Apr. 1644) captain in the earl of Manchester’s regiment of horse in the Eastern Association Army; later served as a captain in Sidney’s/Rich’s New Model Army horse regiment, though he left the regiment in the course of 1646, probably to devote his time to his role as serjeant at arms to parliament at Westminster. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 1.50, 55; Holmes, Eastern Association, 175; Wanklyn, New Model Army, I, 52. Armies: Eastern Association; New Model Army Denn [Venn], John John Denn [Venn] Captain of a troop of volunteer horse, probably from the St Augustine Lathe regiment, at the siege of Arundel Castle at the end of 1643. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 76. Armies: Kent; Waller (Southern Association) Dennet, - - Dennet Lieutenant to Lieutenant-Colonel George Duncombe in Sir Richard Onslow’s regiment of Surrey foot by 12 July 1644; in Dec. 1648 he was awarded arrears of pay. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 113. Armies: Surrey; Waller (Southern Association) Denning, Thomas Thomas Denning By spring 1644, lieutenant in the Colonel’s own troop in William Purefoy’s regiment of horse. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 121. Armies: Warwickshire Dennis, - - Dennis By the beginning of 1645, captain in Sir Miles Hobart’s regiment of foot in the Eastern Association Army. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 1.44. Armies: Eastern Association Denroll, - - Denroll Lieutenant. Captain of the Watch at Gloucester on 14 Apr. 1643; evidently an officer in one of the three Gloucestershire regiments raised under Waller’s commission in early 1643. References: Peachey and Turton, Fall of the West, 6. 662. Armies: Gloucestershire Dent, John Robert Dent (died 1645) Of Bilsdale township, Helmsley parish, Yorkshire (North Riding), a gentleman or esquire. By July 1643 Dent was a captain when taken prisoner at Bradford and was held captive for 16 weeks. By 1645 he was a major serving at the siege of Scarborough, and was killed on 10 May. Between Feb. 1643 and Oct. 1644 Dent served on all North Riding committees. References: Jones, ‘War in the North’, 378; Hopper, ‘Yorkshire parliamentarians’, 93 [citing Speight, Nidderdale, 121]; TNA, E121/4/9, no. 98. Armies: Yorkshire Denton, Arthur Arthur Denton An officer in the unit of reformado horse under Major James Baker’s command that in late 1645 marched from London to the siege of Chester. On 27 Nov. Denton was among those officers who signed a letter to Sir William Brereton, explaining that social slighting and their lack of pay and adequate quarters had resulted in the unit disobeying a direct order to march. References: Dore, Brereton letter books, 2. 275. Armies: London; Cheshire Denton, Arthur Arthur Denton Lieutenant in Captain Robert Mainwaring’s troop in Colonel Edmund Harvey’s regiment of London horse, quartered in Grub Street 11 Jan.-26 May 1644. References: TNA, SP28/15/66. Armies: London Derickbore, Albion Albion Derickbore Lieutenant in William Bampfield’s regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army in 1642. References: Peacock, Army lists, 40. Armies: Earl of Essex Dering, - - Dering Captain in Colonel Richard Hardy’s Kentish regiment, possibly the Scraye Lathe regiment of foot. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 75. Armies: Kent; Waller (Southern Association) de Salanova, Peter Peter de Salanova Captain and surgeon in the Weymouth garrison. His pay was reduced to 20s. per week, 25 Mar. 1647, although the following month his salary reverted to £3 per week upon the petition of ‘Peter Desilanova, chirugion and apothecary’. References: Mayo, Dorset Standing Committee, 208, 253; Peachey and Turton, Fall of the West, 5.538. Armies: Dorset Devereux, Nicholas Nicholas Devereux Colonel. Presumably a kinsman of the earl of Essex. A lieutenant-colonel and captain of dragoons by commission of the earl of Essex (probably that of Colonel Arthur Forbes in Gloucestershire), 15 Apr.-12 Sept. 1643. 12 Sept. 1643-16 June 1644: colonel of a regiment of foot in Gloucestershire. On the latter date he was ordered out of Gloucestershire to Malmesbury Garrison by the earl of Essex and Massey. In Feb. 1645 he marched to the (unsuccessful) relief of Thomas Stephens at Rawden House. References: Peachey and Turton, Fall of the West, 6.628, 634; Warmington, Glos., 58, 62, 69. Armies: Gloucestershire Devereux, Robert, third earl of Essex Robert Devereux, third earl of Essex (1591-1646) Born in London, the eldest son and heir of the second earl of Essex, the Elizabethan courtier whose luck ended with his execution in 1601. Robert’s fortunes and titles were restored by James 1. though his time as a young courtier of the first Stuart king was cut short when he was humiliated by the adultery of and graphic annulment proceedings brought by his wife. He spent the next few years in semi-retirement on his Staffordshire estates. During the 1620s he divided his time between campaigning and fighting on the continent in the Thirty Years War and taking his seat in the Lords during the frequent parliaments of that decade. The 1630s were marked by a fairly disastrous second marriage and growing distance between him and royal policies. He held military office in the English army raised for the First Scots War but not the Second; by summer 1640 he was clearly identified as a prominent critic of royal government. He was one of the leading members of the Lords who were active in dismantling much of the personnel and policies of the Personal Rule in 1640-1. In summer 1641 the king appointed him commander of such troops as were based south of the Trent while he went north to ratify the Anglo-Scottish treaty. Essex accepted the drift to war in 1642 and on 12 July was appointed lord general and commander-in-chief of parliament’s armies. He retained that role for most of the main civil war, until forced to relinquish his command in spring 1645 under the terms of the Self-Denying Ordinance. Essex’s military performance and record 1642-5 seem mixed. He was often quite cautious, tended to move slowly and often reacted to events and royalist moves rather than taking the initiative himself. But he was careful and methodical, took very few risks and was perhaps more concerned with not losing the war than with winning it. In autumn 1642 he marched his fledgling army across the Midlands, securing and garrisoning key towns, before engaging the king’s armies in the major but drawn battle at Edgehill and then getting back to London in time to bolster the capital’s defences and to frighten off the king’s advance. In 1643 and 1644 Essex and his army were based and campaigned in the main in and around the Thames valley. In both years they also observed quite brief campaigning seasons, not coming out of winter quarters and taking to the field until Apr. or May and ending the year’s campaign in Sept. or Oct. The 1643 season began brightly enough, with the capture of Reading, and ended successfully by marching westwards to relieve Gloucester and then by getting back to the London area almost unscathed despite the king’s attempt to block the route at the first battle of Newbury. However, the summer period in between was marked by a lot of inactivity. The following year also began positively, with Essex and Waller co-operating in a drive to encircle Oxford, forcing the king to bolt across the Cotswolds to elude them and to reach the Severn Valley. But at that point, the antipathy between the two men prevailed, their combined force divided and they went their separate ways – Waller to a ragged pursuit of the king leading to the rebuff of his army at Cropredy Bridge, Essex to a curious march into the South West, initially, sensibly and successful relieving the pressure on isolated Lyme Regis, but then plunging on through Devon and Cornwall, pursued by the king, until at the beginning of Sept. his army ran out of ground and hope; although he and other senior officers got away by boat and much of his horse was able to cut its way out, his foot had to surrender en masse south of Lostwithiel. Essex survived in office for a while, genuinely and quite seriously ill during the autumn and so unable able to play any part in the desultory second battle of Newbury and associated campaign. During winter 1644-5, as during the previous two winters, he returned to London, to the Lords and to his political career. Although he opposed and resisted some elements of the ensuing major reorganisation of the parliamentary war effort, in spring 1645 he was forced to relinquish command in line with the Self-Denying Ordinance. Although he was lord general from summer 1642 until spring 1645, at no time did Essex have full control over the war and war effort. He had to struggle with parliamentary and political initiatives and involvement and he had only loose control over the other regional armies in the Midlands, the East and the North. As lord general he commanded his own army, always operating in southern England and generally based at the London end of the Thames valley; even at the height of the campaigning seasons, Essex maintained a strong military presence to the west and north-west of London to guard those approaches to the capital. He had his own regiments of foot and of horse, though given his wider duties the day-to-day command of those regiments really rested with subordinate officers. He also had a cluster of other horse and foot regiments which generally operated with and directly under him. But his army was quite fluid and operated within a semi-porous membrane. Thus parts of Essex’s Army were sometimes deployed to reinforce or to garrison key parliamentarian strongholds in the southern half of England, including the Dorset ports and Plymouth, Gloucester and Newport Pagnell. Parts of his army were temporarily redeployed to strengthen other southern armies, especially Waller’s, including a brigade under Balfour which supported Waller’s (Cheriton) campaign of spring 1644. Equally, Essex could draw on other forces to strengthen his own Army for particular operations – most notably for the expedition to relieve Gloucester and the ensuing engagement at Newbury in late summer 1643, when he was reinforced by London units as well as some of Waller’s troops. Even though the two men had an uneasy, sometimes poor, relationship, at times it is hard to discern whether certain units were really Essex’s or Waller’s. After leaving the army and giving up his military role, Essex’s final eighteen months were spent in richly-rewarded semi-retirement. He died quite suddenly, probably of a stroke, in Sept. 1646 and was accorded a grand state funeral. His equally grand funerary monument in Westminster Abbey was removed at the Restoration, but his body was left undisturbed. References: Oxford DNB. Armies: Earl of Essex Dewy, James James Dewy (1606/7-1675) Of Bloxworth. Memorial records his death on 28 Feb. 1675 [?or 1676]. Sequestration commissioner 1650-54; presided (with Anthony Ashley Cooper and James Baker) at commission for the engagement to be taken at Blandford, 29 Jan. 1650; MP for Dorset, 1656, and Wareham, 1659. Arrears claims of Joseph Underwood and Anthony Combs place Dewy as captain of a troop of horse in Bruen’s regiment between summer 1644 and spring 1645. Order, 20 Oct. 1648, places Dewy’s men on Portland. Order, 21 Dec. 1648, notes Dewy to have received cows for the Wareham garrison about 4 years earlier. References: Bayley, Civil War in Dorset, 19, 23, 359; Mayo, Dorset Standing Committee, xxii-xxiv, 240-1, 444, 485; HoP: The Commons, 1640-1660 (forthcoming). Armies: Dorset Dibdale, Nicholas Nicholas Dibdale Lieutenant in Lord Mandeville’s regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army in 1642. References: Peacock, Army lists, 36. Armies: Earl of Essex Dickens, William William Dickens Captain in Lord Willoughby’s possibly short-lived regiment of dragoons in the Eastern Association Army. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 2.110. Armies: Eastern Association Dike, - - Dike Captain in Colonel Richard Hardy’s Kentish regiment, possibly the Scraye Lathe regiment of foot. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 75. Armies: Kent; Waller (Southern Association) Dike [Dick, Dix], Lewis Lewis Dike [Dick, Dix] Captain and later major of a company at Dartmouth and Plymouth in 1642-3. References: Peachey and Turton, Fall of the West, 3.358. Armies: Devon Dines, - - Dines Captain in Richard Turner’s/George Thompson’s regiment of horse. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 137. Armies: Waller (Southern Association) Dingley, Francis Francis Dingley Paid as a reformado lieutenant of foot on 2 Aug. 1642. He became lieutenant (under Captain Mathew Draper) of the earl of Essex’s own troop of harquebusiers and was probably killed or mortally wounded at Edgehill; his Captain’s claim for reimbursement of his burial expenses was dated 27 October, a few days after the battle. References: TNA, SP28/1d/481, SP28/2b/456. Armies: Earl of Essex Dingley, John John Dingley In the 1642 list of the earl of Essex’s Army, he is shown as lieutenant in Langrish’s troop of horse. References: Peacock, Army lists, 54. Armies: Earl of Essex Dingley [Dineley], William William Dingley [Dineley] (1607/8-1653) Of Hanley Castle, Worcestershire. His name is consistently spelt Dingley in the records, but the family name is more usually rendered Dineley. A younger son of Henry Dineley (died c. 1640) and his second wife Magdalen, daughter of Richard Egioke of Salford, Warwickshire. He married Alice, daughter of Edmund Waller of Gregories, Buckinghamshire (not the poet and plotter) and his wife Mary. Dingley was a major when commissioned governor of Evesham and colonel of the foot regiment there by orders of the Lords and Commons on 25 Apr. 1646. He brought his forces to the siege of Worcester, when it was known as ‘the Evesham regiment’ (TNA, SP28/138, Part 17). The monumental inscription placed in Hanley Castle parish church by his widow makes clear that he had served in foreign service, and suggests that his promotion came rapidly once he returned to England. It also portrayed him as a man eager to release his county from the burdens of war: ‘To the happy and perpetual commemoration of Colonel William Dingley, of Hanley-Castle, a branch from the antient and eminent family of Charlton, and consequently allied to the great and noble of this county and nation; educated from his youth in a foreign militia, wherein his progress was so exact and conspicuous, that returning he was deservedly advanced to the government of Worcester; this opportunity spake the obligeingness of his noble nature to his endeared country, often by his ingenious industry, freed from the severe and numerous quarterings both of horse and foot; neither was he wanting to the civil government, being enrolled a justice of peace and quorum for this county, of which, in peace and war, he was most highly deserving, if not more fitly stiled the better genius, who for the great infelicity thereof was withdrawn by the great Jehovah, May 5, 1653, in the 46th. of his age’ (Nash, Worcestershire, 1.565). References: Nash, Worcs., 1.565; Vis. Worcs., 1634, 40; CSPD 1645-1647, 422; TNA, SP28/138, Parts 16 and 17. Armies: Worcestershire Dingley, William William Dingley Originally from Worcestershire. Possibly began the civil war as a captain of foot in Essex’s Army. By Mar. 1644 and continuing until the regiment was absorbed into the New Model Army in spring 1645, captain in the earl of Manchester’s regiment of horse in the Eastern Association Army. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 1.51; Holmes, Eastern Association, 175, 240. Armies: ?Earl of Essex; Eastern Association Dipford [alias Merchant], George George Dipford [alias Merchant] ‘Linen draper near Bow Church in the church yard’. Third captain of the Blue regiment, London Trained Bands (Colonel Thomas Adams), commanding the St Antholin’s, Bow Lane, company, by Sept. 1643. References: BL, Harl. 986, p. 30. Armies: London Disborne, - - Disborne Major of horse. Undated account for constablewick of Pelsall, Offlowe Hundred, Staffordshire, records free quarter for seven men and eight horses under his command. References: Pennington and Roots, Committee at Stafford, 336 [quoting TNA, SP28/200]. Armies: Staffordshire Disbrowe [Desborough], - - Disbrowe [Desborough] Lieutenant in Lieutenant-General Thomas Hammond’s regiment of foot (a regiment of firelocks guarding the artillery train) in the Eastern Association Army. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 1.38. Armies: Eastern Association Disbrowe [Desborough], John John Disbrowe [Desborough] (1608-1680) Born a younger son of James Disbrowe of Eltisley, Cambridgeshire. He married in 1636 a sister of Oliver Cromwell. He served under Cromwell from the outbreak of the civil war, initially as quartermaster of his troop of horse in Essex’s Army and from Apr. 1643 as captain in his horse regiment in the Eastern Association Army. In autumn 1643 he became its major and he stayed in the regiment until it was absorbed into the New Model Army in spring 1645, whereupon he became major in Fairfax’s horse regiment. He was prominent in several New Model actions during the last year of the war, including the battles of Naseby and Langport. In the renewed fighting of 1648 he served in East Anglia, both restoring order in and around Bury and then taking part in the lengthy siege of Colchester. Fairfax appointed him governor of Yarmouth, so he was out of London at the time of, and had no direct part in, the regicide. In Sept. 1649 he became colonel of a New Model horse regiment formerly commanded by Cromwell, assigned to the South West. Indeed, for much of the 1650s he was linked militarily to that region. Thus he did not campaign in Ireland or Scotland, though he and his men did take part in the battle of Worcester. In Mar. 1655 he took the lead in mopping up and restoring order after Penruddock’s royalist rising and his regional military command over the south-western counties served as a prototype for the regime of the major-generals; he was major-general of the South West. Although he also held naval office during the 1650s, he never went to sea. He was an MP in the first and second Protectorate parliaments and became a member of the Other House. He was also a Protectoral Councillor. He was one of a small group of senior officers who, rapidly growing disenchanted with Richard Cromwell’s Protectorate, acted in spring 1659 to remove him and it; in the autumn he supported the removal of the Rump and the imposition of more direct military rule. As such, he fell from power during the opening months of 1660 and he was arrested at the Restoration and imprisoned in the Tower, though he escaped and fled to the continent. He was imprisoned again upon his return to England in the mid-1660s,, but he was released later in the 1660s and spent his last years in retirement in Hackney. References: Oxford DNB; Spring, Eastern Association, 1.19; Holmes, Eastern Association, 78, 172. Armies: Earl of Essex; Eastern Association; New Model Army Disher, William William Disher Began as a junior officer in William Ayres’s troop in Oliver Cromwell’s horse regiment in the Eastern Association Army, by Feb. 1644 he had been promoted to lieutenant in that troop. He probably then joined the New Model Army as a lieutenant in Fairfax’s own regiment of horse, promoted to captain in the regiment by Aug. 1647. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 1.22; Wanklyn, New Model Army, I, 92, 105. Armies: Eastern Association; New Model Army Disney, Mullineux Mullineux Disney By late 1643, captain in Lord Willoughby’s regiment of horse in the Eastern Association Army. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 2.109. Armies: Eastern Association Disney, William William Disney By spring 1644, and continuing to serve until the regiment was disbanded in spring 1645, captain of a company in Sir Miles Hobart’s regiment of foot in the Eastern Association Army. He became a captain in the New Model Army foot regiment of Richard Hammond and in 1649, by which time he was major, he served in Ireland; he was badly wounded in the assault of Drogheda in autumn 1649, but he survived and recovered and returned to England to raise further troops. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 1.44; Wanklyn, New Model Army, I, 45, 56, 66, 70, 77, 86, 99. Armies: Eastern Association; New Model Army Dixon, William William Dixon (born after 1612) Of Bowling, near Bradford, Yorkshire (West Riding). A younger son of John Dixon of Heaton Royds and his wife Mary Baylie. They were a strongly Puritan family, below or on the fringes of gentility. Dixon was a captain in Yorkshire, who in 1648 claimed £339 6s in arrears. References: Jones, ‘War in the North’, 378. Armies: Yorkshire Dixwell, John John Dixwell (c. 1607-1689) Younger son of Edward Dixwell of Coton, Warwickshire and his wife Mary (née Hawksworth), although he may have been brought up by his uncle Henry Dixwell of Brome, Kent. He was also the younger brother of Colonel Mark Dixwell, whose estates he inherited upon the latter’s death. He was captain in the Aylesford Lathe regiment of foot by Nov. 1643 and up to at least 1 May 1645. He was more significant as a political and religious activist in the county, named to many committees by parliament and elected Recruiter MP for Dover in 1646; also MP for Kent in 1654 and 1656, and Dover in 1659. He was a regicide, and after the Restoration fled to Connecticut, dying there in 1689. References: Oxford DNB;Spring, Waller’s army, 74. Armies: Kent; Waller (Southern Association) Dixwell, Mark Mark Dixwell Son of Edward Dixwell of Coton, Warwickshire and his wife Mary (née Hawksworth); elder brother of John Dixwell. By the end of 1643, when he took part in the siege of Arundel Castle, down to his death by spring 1644 – it is just possible that he was the officer shot and killed on 28 Dec. 1643, while walking next to Waller, by a parliamentarian musketeer hoping to assassinate Waller – he was serving as colonel of the Aylesford Lathe Kentish regiment of foot. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 83. Armies: Kent; Waller (Southern Association) Dobbin, - - Dobbin Captain of a troop of horse in Jonas Vandruske’s regiment in Sir William Waller’s Army, previously commanded by Captain Cooper and later commanded by Captain Ennis. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 139. Armies: Waller (Southern Association) Dobson, Isaac Isaac Dobson In Sept. 1642 a captain in the regiment of foot which formed part of the earl of Essex’s Army under the earl of Stamford and which then formed the core of Edward Massey’s garrison and army at Gloucester. References: Peachey and Turton, War in the West,6.646-7. Armies: Earl of Essex Dobson, Isaac Isaac Dobson Major. Captain in the earl of Stamford’s regiment of foot, in which he served in the Gloucester garrison until at least 11 Feb. 1643. He then transferred as major in the regiment of Gloucester townsmen raised in spring 1643, initially commanded by Henry Stephens and later by Edward Massey. He was major until the regiment’s disbandment in Jan. 1648. In 1647 he was arrested twice in one month for debts owing Gloucester householders from the quartering of troops. References: Peachey and Turton, Fall of the West, 6. 626, 642, 645; Warmington, Glos., 90: TNA, SP28/129, Part 6, fol. 2. Armies: Gloucestershire Dobson, William William Dobson Of Hull, Yorkshire (East Riding). From early July 1643 an alderman of Hull and a captain in the garrison. In Feb. 1645 he was appointed to the Hull committee for levying the Scottish assessment. Dobson was named on committees during the 1650s, having in 1649 being cleared of charges of delinquency. References: Jones, ‘War in the North’, 378. Armies: Yorkshire Docket, Thomas Thomas Docket Ensign in Lieutenant-Colonel Brewster’s company in Sir Miles Hobart’s regiment of foot in the Eastern Association Army; he did not go on to serve in the New Model Army. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 1.41. Armies: Eastern Association Dod, - - Dod Lieutenant in Lawrence Crawford’s regiment of foot in the Eastern Association Army in Apr. 1644. References: TNA, SP28/22/335. Armies: Eastern Association Dodding, George George Dodding (died 1650) Of Conishead in Furness, Lancashire. Eldest son of Miles Dodding of Conishead (died c. 1632) and his wife Ursula Daivill. He married Sarah, daughter of Rowland Backhowse, a London alderman. In early 1642, as a colonel, Dodding raised forces for parliament in Lonsdale Hundred. In early 1643 he was captured at Lancaster by the earl of Derby’s forces while attempting to escape by sea. Released, in Apr. 1643 Dodding was made a county sequestrator. He had been appointed a JP in 1642 and was also a deputy-lieutenant, although being in the remote north of Lancashire he played little part in the politics of the county committee. Dodding continued to serve as a colonel, his regiment including both horse and foot, and in spring 1644 was appointed governor of Lancaster. His organisation of its defences deterred Prince Rupert from attacking the town. Having fought at Marston Moor, Dodding returned to recruit his forces in Blackburn Hundred. On 26 Aug. 1644 he and Colonel Nicholas Shuttleworth defeated royalists under Lord Oglevie and Colonel Hudleston near Preston. In Sept. he and Joseph Rigby commenced the lengthy siege of Greenhalgh Castle. In 1648 Dodding was colonel of a militia regiment of foot in the Lancashire county forces. References: Vis. Lancs., 1664, 99; Warrin Lancashire, 9-10, 26, 49-50, 58, 60, 134; Blackwood, Lancashire gentry, 51, 63; Lancashire military proceedings, 252-3; Gratton, Lancs. war effort, 5, 81, 94, 99, 109-10, 129, 169-77, 180, 186, 190-1, 195-6, 206, 224, 237, 253, 286-7, 296; Dore, Brereton letter books, 1. 105. Armies: Lancashire Dodey [Dolly], [?]David [?]David Dodey [Dolly] Lieutenant in John Jubbes’s company in John Pickering’s regiment of foot in the Eastern Association Army. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 2.85. Armies: Eastern Association Dodson, - - Dodson Lieutenant-Colonel in a regiment of foot which served under Oliver Cromwell and later under Colonel Francis Russell in their capacity as governors of the Isle of Ely and which probably originated as an auxiliary regiment of the Cambridgeshire militia. Dodson was serving in this regiment in autumn 1643; by Jan. 1645 he had become governor of Crowland House. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 1.27. Armies: Eastern Association Dodson, Gervase Gervase Dodson Cornet to Captain Robert Farrer’s troop of horse in the North Wales forces. By 5 Dec. 1645 Dodson was a wounded prisoner held at Chester. References: Dore, Brereton letter books, 1. 311, 496-7. Armies: North Wales Dodsworth, John John Dodsworth Of Thornton Watlass, Yorkshire (North Riding). A captain and a JP in Yorkshire. References: Hopper, ‘Yorkshire parliamentarians’, 96 [citing BL, Add. Ms 15,858, f. 215; TNA, SP19/10/308; SP19/120/120-8]. Armies: Yorkshire D’Oilie [Doyley], Charles Charles D’Oilie [Doyley] (1611/12-1694) D’Oilie is his own spelling of his name. Fourth son of Sir Cope Doyley (1573/4-1633) of Chislehampton, Oxfordshire. He matriculated from Wadham College, Oxford on 15 June 1627, aged 15, graduated BA in 1629 and proceeding MA in 1632. He was admitted to Lincoln’s Inn in 1642. He later claimed that he was a student at Oxford, ‘but being obliged to fly thence, was plundered of his whole study of books, and other things of some value’ (Firth and Davies, Regimental history, 1.47). (He is the only Charles Doyley in the Oxford records at roughly the right date.) D’Oilie was a cornet in the earl of Essex’s lifeguard when he was wounded at the first battle of Newbury (20 Sept. 1643). By Sept. 1644 he commanded the lifeguard, part of the cavalry which escaped when Essex’s Army surrendered in Cornwall. A premature royalist account of the second battle of Newbury claimed that he had been shot dead when the lifeguard, who had been in the van of the attack, were driven back. With the creation of the New Model Army, D’Oilie (then of Colonel Graves’s regiment) was appointed commander of Sir Thomas Fairfax’s lifeguard. He went with Cromwell into Oxfordshire in May 1645 and distinguished himself at Naseby. When Fairfax rode up to his lifeguard in the middle of the battle, D’Oilie tried to press on him his own helmet, which the general refused. Then, ‘seeing a body of the King’s foot stand, and not at all broken, he asked D’Oilie if he had charged that body, who answered, that he had twice charged them, but could not break them’ (Firth and Davies, Regimental history, 1.45). A third attack, with D’Oilie charging from the front and Fairfax from the rear, broke them. Later in the summer the troop was disbanded. By 12 Aug. he was serving governor of Henley, from where he reported to parliament a mutiny. However, three days earlier the Commons had appointed him governor of Newport Pagnell; he was the candidate for the post of Fairfax, who had proposed him two months earlier. He entered as governor on 28 Aug. 1645 and later claimed arrears as colonel of the garrison regiment, captain of a troop of horse and governor from 19 Aug. 1645 to 1 Sept. 1646. On 17 June 1647 a vote passed the Commons that he should be governor of Bristol Fort and Castle, but it was not agreed by both houses. However, when he arrived at Bristol with the commission on 20 July 1647 he carried a commission signed by the Army’s Presbyterian enemies, and Captain Sampson, ‘When he saw the names of Holles, Stapleton, Waller, Lewis, Clotworthy, Massey were at it [the commission], he told Captain D’oyly his commission was signed by those that were impeached by an army that had persevered in their fidelity to the public, which those members had not, and therefore he was resolved to disobey his commission, and live and die with the army; and so the new intended governor was dismissed’ (Firth and Davies, Regimental history, 1.47). On 27 Dec. 1647 D’Oilie petitioned the Commons for the payment of £1,000 of the arrears due to him, or at least the interest on that sum quarterly. He cited the expenses he had incurred for the post at Bristol from which he had been suspended, and said how he would have gone to Ireland himself ‘though unfit’, if he might have had his regiment with him. But he laid great emphasis on how he had ‘been many times dangerously wounded, by which his health and constitution, formerly strong and sound, have been so greatly impaired, as to render him not only unfit for study, but for any hard service. He has himself suffered great cruelty as a prisoner of war, and has been plundered to his shirt’ (Firth and Davies, Regimental history, 1.47). References: Alumni Oxonienses;Firth and Davies, Regimental history, 1.44-7; JHC, 4, 235, 239; TNA, SP28/127, Part 1, f. 12v.; SP28/127, Part 9. Armies: Earl of Essex; New Model Army Dolphin, Richard Richard Dolphin Captain-Lieutenant of the colonel’s own troop in John Hutchinson’s Nottinghamshire-based regiment of horse. In the later 1640s he was serving as a captain in the Francis Thornhaugh’s regiment of horse then on the New Model Army payroll. References: Hutchinson, Life, 147; Wanklyn, New Model Army, I, 164. Armies: Nottinghamshire; New Model Army Domock [Dimmock], Humphrey Humphrey Domock [Dimmock] Lieutenant in Rochford’s regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army in 1642. References: Peacock, Army lists, 32. Armies: Earl of Essex Done, John John Done (died 1645) Captain in Lawrence Crawford’s regiment of foot in the Eastern Association Army from 18 Mar. 1644. He was a friend of the regiment’s Independent Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Warner, who left £30 in his will to ‘my very loveing frend Mr John Done’ (TNA, PROB11/193, f. 321r.). In the New Model Army Done became major in Thomas Rainsborough’s regiment of foot, but was killed at the siege of Sherborne Castle on 11 Aug. 1645. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 1.16; Davies, ‘Eastern Association’, 94; Temple, ‘New Model Army’, 58; TNA, PROB11/193, f. 321r. ; Wanklyn, New Model Army, I, 46, 57. Armies: Eastern Association; New Model Army Done, Michael Michael Done Lieutenant in Cholmley’s probably short-lived regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army in 1642-3. References: Peacock, Army lists, 36-7. Armies: Earl of Essex Dormer, - - Dormer Lieutenant of a troop of Kentish dragoons commanded by Captain Skinner in June 1644. Possibly the same man as Captain Francis Dormer. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 80. Armies: Kent; Waller (Southern Association) Dormer, Francis Francis Dormer What dates there are seem consistent with him being Lieutenant Dormer of Captain Skinner’s troop of dragoons in June 1644. By Dec. 1644 he was a captain in Ralph Weldon’s regiment of Kentish foot. He continued in the regiment after it became part of the New Model Army. In spring 1647 the regiment (now commanded by Robert Lilburne) split over the question of service in Ireland and Dormer was one of those willing to serve there under its lieutenant-colonel, Nicholas Kempson. He was to be major in the regiment which split off from Lilburne’s, and arrested Ensign Nicholls for circulating the Army petition prohibited by parliament. In the events of June-July 1647 this regiment was itself disbanded and Dormer left Lilburne’s regiment. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 157; Firth and Davies,Regimental history, 1.362, 2.452, 454-5. Armies: Kent; Waller (Southern Association); New Model Army Doughty, - - Doughty Captain of one of the Shrewsbury town companies in Humphrey Mackworth’s regiment of foot. In 1647 he became captain within the Shrewsbury militia. References: TNA, Sp28/174; National Library of Wales, Aston Hall estate records D1, Ms. 2469. Armies: Shropshire Douglas, - - Douglas Captain in Sir William Waller’s regiment of foot, briefly commanding a company (22 Mar.-29 Apr. 1644). References: Spring, Waller’s army, 150. Armies: Waller (Southern Association) Douglas, Alexander Alexander Douglas In 1642 listed as captain of a troop of horse in the earl of Essex’s Army. References: Peacock, Army lists, 51. Armies: Earl of Essex Douglas, George George Douglas By autumn 1644, lieutenant in James Boswell’s troop in Sir William Balfour’s regiment of horse. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 20. Armies: Earl of Essex; Waller (Southern Association) Douglas, James James Douglas Cornet in Captain Robert Bruce’s troop in Edward Cooke’s regiment of horse in Apr. 1645. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 50. Armies: Waller (Southern Association) Dove, Daniel Daniel Dove Ensign in Captain Henry Jarvis’s [Jervoise’s] company in the Portsmouth garrison regiment of foot of Sir William Lewis by 10 Jan. 1643. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 62. Armies: Hampshire Downe, - - Downe Lieutenant in Captain Roger Oram’s company in Herbert Morley’s regiment of foot. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 109. Armies: Waller (Southern Association) Downes, - - Downes Perhaps from Purslow, Shropshire, a captain in the county forces captured at High Ercall on 5 July 1645. References: BL, Harl. Ms. 6852, f. 274. Armies: Shropshire Downes, Edward Edward Downes Major of foot in Staffordshire during the first civil war. In Jan. 1645 the Staffordshire county committee granted him the tenancy of a royalist property. By Dec. 1645 he was at the siege of Chester, one of the commanders of the Staffordshire foot there and sat on Brereton’s council of war on 20 Dec. 1645. Commissoned lieutenant-colonel of foot in the Staffordshire militia, 14 May 1650. References: Pennington and Roots, Committee at Stafford, 246; Dore, Brereton Letter Book, 2.382, 396, 402, 510; CSPD 1650, 506. Armies: Staffordshire Downes, Lawrence Lawrence Downes On 22 Aug. 1650 commissioned as lieutenant-colonel in Henry Bradshaw’s regiment of foot in the Cheshire militia. Downes’s service record is obscure. By the time the regiment fought at Worcester on 3 Sept. 1651 Alexander Newton, originally the unit’s Major, had replaced him as lieutenant-colonel. References: CSPD, 1650, 510. Armies: Cheshire Doyle, - - Doyle Lieutenant to Robert Tichburne, promoted major of the Yellow regiment, London Trained Bands (Colonel Ralph Harrison) in the purging of Presbyterian officers after the failure of the coup in 1647. According to a hostile pamphlet, he had been at Cheriton. References: A paire of spectacles for the Citie (1648), 11. Armies: London Drake, Sir Francis, second baronet Sir Francis Drake, second baronet (1617-62) Of Buckland. Colonel of horse [and of foot?]. Eldest son of Sir Francis Drake, first baronet (1588-1637) and his second wife Joan, daughter of Sir William Strode. He married Dorothy (died 1661), daughter of John Pym in Jan. 1641. Hence nephew and son-in-law to two of the Five Members and cousin of Alexander Pym. Vis. Devon, 301 describes Drake as colonel of the Plymouth regiment of horse; HoP: The Commons, 1660-1690, 1.233, records him as colonel of the Plymouth regiment of foot, 1642-44. Peachey and Turton show payments of £10, £20 and £20 in late 1642 by the mayor of Plymouth to Sir Francis Drake. There is an undated reference to a trooper serving under Colonel Sir Francis Drake; moreover, William Chapman of Plymouth, husbandman, was noted as a trooper under Baronet Drake, wounded at Braddock Down (19 Jan. 1643). Possibly also commissioned by the earl of Stamford. Captain of a troop of horse in the service of Devon, 22 Sept. 1643-17 Jan. 1643 (if so, the colonelcy may be a later date, but given his status and connections likely that he was a colonel from early in the war). Later colonel of a regiment of horse, also known as the Plymouth regiment from its origins, in Edward Massey’s Western Brigade, 1645-7: on 10 Nov. 1645 he was still its colonel but with his appointment as sheriff of Devon command of the regiment passed to Colonel Eliziar Leighton. Recruiter MP for Bere Alston (1646), he abstained from attending after Pride’s Purge; MP for Newport in the Convention Parliament of 1660 (where he was totally inactive) and in 1661. References: Vis. Devon, 299-301; HoP: The Commons, 1660-1690, 1.233; Peachey and Turton, Fall of the West, 4.439; Temple, ‘Massey Brigade’, 440, 442; TNA, SP28/144, Part 10, f. 125v.; HoP: The Commons, 1640-1660 (forthcoming). Armies: Devon; Massey Brigade Drake, John John Drake Assuming it is the same person, a much travelled civil war infantry officer. He began the war as major in the earl of Manchester’s regiment of foot and as such fought at the battle of Edgehill as part of Essex’s Army. After a spell as major in Sir William Fairfax’s regiment of foot, from June to Nov. 1643 he was lieutenant-colonel of Thomas Leighton’s regiment of foot. After a spell as a reformado, he moved south and in Sept. 1644 he became lieutenant-colonel in Herbert Morley’s Sussex-based regiment of foot, staying with that regiment until its reduction in spring 1645. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 109; Peacock, Army lists, 36; TNA, SP28/2a/129. Armies: Earl of Essex; Yorkshire; Sussex; Waller (Southern Association) Drake, Thomas Thomas Drake Captain in Rochford’s regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army by 13 Sept. 1642, and until its disbandment in May or June 1643. References: Peacock, Army lists, 32; TNA, SP28/2b/417, SP28/9/138. Armies: Earl of Essex Drake, Thomas Thomas Drake Second son of Sir Francis Drake (1588-1637) of Buckland, first baronet and his second wife Joan, daughter of Sir William Strode (and hence younger brother of Sir Francis Drake). He married Susan, sister of Ellis Crymes. Drake possibly commanded a Trained Band company in 1642 and took over his brother Sir Francis’s troop on 17 Jan. 1643. He played a notable part in the parliamentarian victory at Sourton Down, near Okehampton (25 Apr. 1643). He was captain of one of the three troops who advanced first upon the enemy and led the first charge, and according to one account ‘skew 12 or 13 with his battle axe and sword…he charged through and through the midst of the Armie’. Drake later defected to the royalists. On 26 July 1644, the Commons ruled that: ‘Upon the humble Petition of Major Tho. Drake, now in Custody of the Serjeant at Arms; and upon the Report from the Committee of the West, to whom the Consideration of this Business was referred; it is Ordered, That the said Tho. Drake be forthwith discharged from any further Restraint: But he is not to depart the Town, without first acquainting the Committee of the West, and their Leave obtained’ (JHC, 3.570). References: Vis. Devon, 298, 300; Peachey and Turton, Fall of the West, 4.439-40; Cotton, Barnstaple, 141, 152-8, 274; JHC, 3.570. Armies: Devon Draper, Matthew Matthew Draper Captain of a troop of horse and perhaps also captain of the earl of Essex’s own troop of harquebusiers from 30 July 1642 (though one published list, which calls him Nathaniel, says the troop was of 50 cuirassiers). He was still serving in Essex’s regiment of horse, in effect commanded by Stapleton, in spring 1645, but unlike several other officers in that regiment he did not transfer to the New Model Army. References: TNA, SP28/2a/120, 143, 160; Peacock, Army lists, 26, 50. Armies: Earl of Essex Draper, Matthew Matthew Draper Captain of a troop, probably raised in Sussex, in Colonel Jonas Vandruske’s regiment of horse from 29 Aug. 1643 to 30 Apr. 1645. (Probably not the Matthew Draper who commanded the earl of Essex’s troop in Sir Philip Stapleton’s regiment of horse). References: Spring, Waller’s army, 139. Armies: Waller (Southern Association) Drapes [Draper], John John Drapes [Draper] Captain in Sir Samuel Luke’s Newport Pagnell-based regiment of foot. As such, he is mentioned several times in Luke’s letter books, and one letter to and one from him survive there. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 95; Luke Letter Books, nos. 1252, 1603. Armies: Bedfordshire Drinkwater, - - Drinkwater Captain-Lieutenant of the colonel’s company in Sir John Gell’s regiment of foot in Derbyshire, serving in the Derby garrison. Twice, in Dec. 1644 and Jan. 1645, he and his men invaded the room of the Derbyshire county committee, presumably over pay. Drinkwater reportedly said, ‘that hee had as good bee killed before 5 as 500 and uttered desperate words’ (Slack, Man at War, 121). Gell, then present, signed a warrant (presumably for pay) without consulting his colleagues on the committee: some followed suit but his enemy Clarke refused and the implication is that Gell was sympathetic and not averse to his men’s protests. Drinkwater was wounded at Stoke on 25 Mar. 1646. References: Slack, Man at War, 121. Armies: Derbyshire Drinkwater, Thomas Thomas Drinkwater Ensign in the Blue regiment, London Trained Bands (Colonel Thomas Adams) in summer 1642. References: Thrale 1642. Armies: London Drury, George George Drury (died 1649x50). Captain in Thomas Ayloffe’s regiment of foot in the Eastern Association Army from its formation in Mar. 1643; at its disbandment he transferred to Thomas Rainsborough’s regiment of foot in the New Model Army. Major Drury died in Ireland, leaving a widow, Elizabeth. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 1.8; Firth & Davies, Regimental History, 418; JHC, 7.38; Wanklyn, New Model Army, I, 57, 68, 78-9, 88, 100. Armies: Eastern Association; New Model Army Drury, Robert Robert Drury Ensign in Captain Thomas Dancer’s company in Thomas Ayloffe’s regiment of foot by the time of its disbandment in Apr. 1645. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 1.10. Armies: Eastern Association Ducane, - - Ducane Captain in the Orange regiment, London auxiliaries (Colonel Thomas Gower) in Oct. 1646. The major of that regiment was Major Houblon, probably his kinsman, as James Houblon’s wife and Peter Houblon’s mother were both Marie Du Quesne (Ducane). Four Du Quesnes were elders or deacons of the French Church between 1637 and 1652: Benjamin, Pierre and two Jeans. References: Nagel, ‘London militia’, 317; Marshall, Essex funeral, 11; French Church Letter Books, 93. Armies: London Duckenfeild, Francis Francis Duckenfeild A captain-lieutenant in Cheshire. Identified by a pay warrant dated 16 Dec. 1645, granting him arrears of £5 and acknowledging his service for parliament in Cheshire since 1642. Although perhaps a kinsman of Robert Duckenfeild, Francis is absent from the family pedigree in Earwaker, East Cheshire. References: TNA, SP28/225. Armies: Cheshire Duckenfeild, Robert Robert Duckenfeild (1619-1689) Eldest of seven children of Robert Duckenfeild, esquire (baptised 1597, died 1630), of Duckenfield Hall, Stockport, Cheshire, and his wife Frances (died 1663), daughter of George Preston of Holker, Lancashire. He married (1) before 1662, Martha Fleetwood (died 1669), daughter of Sir Miles Fleetwood of Aldwincle, Northamptonshire, and sister to Charles Fleetwood; (2) Judith Bottomley (1653?–1739), daughter of Nathaniel Bottomley of Cawthorne, Yorkshire. On Whit Tuesday 1642 Duckenfeild mustered a company of foot under his captaincy at Brinnington Moor, Stockport; in 1647 he was not allowed payment for this service, ‘being no Comysson’, although payment was allowed for his later colonelcy of a regiment of foot (until its disbandment in 1646) and captaincy of a troop of horse. He led his company and a troop of horse during the operations around the siege of Manchester. In Feb. 1643 Duckenfeild brought his company to Sir William Brereton at Nantwich. In Nov. he was commissioned colonel and raised a regiment of foot officered by north-east Cheshire men. In Jan. 1644 he fought at the battle of Nantwich, but in May was among the Cheshire commanders forced to withdraw before Prince Rupert’s advance. In summer 1645 at the siege of Chester he acted as governor of the suburbs in Brereton’s absence. Although his regiment was disbanded in 1647, Duckenfeild succeeded Michael Jones as governor of Chester, occupying the post until 1653. He was commissioned colonel of militia regiments of horse and of foot on 8 July and 22 Aug. 1650 respectively. In 1651 he commanded the force that captured the Isle of Man. An Independent in religion, who built a chapel for Samuel Eaton at Duckenfeild, in politics in the 1640s he was an ally of his fellow Independent Sir William Brereton. By the mid-1650s, however, Duckenfeild was withdrawing from the regime. In Mar. 1655 he declined a commission as colonel of a regiment of horse, amongst other reasons explaining to Oliver Cromwell his unease about the direction he was taking: ‘Because that the extreames that the levelling party do run furiously upon, doth, as I humbly conceive, drive your highnes upon direct contrary extreames; and I desire to imitate Caleb and Josua in the wildernes, as neare as may be, and not to seeke a confederacy with those, who limitt God to their passions, and against whom God hath an evident controversy, andc. I beleive firmely, that the roote and tree of piety is alive in your lordship, though the leaves theirof, through abundance of temptations and flatteries, seeme to mee to be withered much of late; yet I hope time and experience will have a good influence upon your lordship (Deo juvente) andc.’ (Thurloe state papers, 3, 294). At the Restoration he lost much of the property he had acquired during and after the civil war and he spent the 1660s under suspicion and occasionally under arrest and imprisoned, in Hull, the Tower and the Isle of Wight. He supported and offered to lead Cheshire forces in support of the Glorious Revolution. References: Oxford DNB; Cheshire tracts, 36, 117, 130, 215, 241, 243, 247, 250, 252, 255; Dore, Brereton letter books, esp. 1. 102-3, 325, 330-1; Carr and Atherton, Brereton Staffs., esp. 73-4, 133; CSPD, 1650, 507 509. Armies: Cheshire Duckett, Charles Charles Duckett In the course of the war, probably in 1643, he became a captain in the regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army commanded successively by Hampden, Tyrrill and Ingoldsby. He was still there in spring 1645 and transferred in that capacity with the regiment into the New Model Army. He had become major by the end of 1645, but left the regiment during 1647. References: Wanklyn, New Model Army, 1. 148. Armies: Earl of Essex; New Model Army Duckett, William William Duckett By spring 1645 he was lieutenant in the colonel’s own company in Ingoldsby’s regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army. He transferred with the regiment under Ingoldsby into the New Model Army, and he continued to serve as captain-lieutenant, possibly later promoted to Captain, until 1647. References: Wanklyn, New Model Army, 1. 148. Armies: Earl of Essex; New Model Army Ducton, Thomas Thomas Ducton A captain in Waller’s Army who was cleared of being a royalist spy in July 1644. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 52. Armies: Waller (Southern Association) Duddell, - - Duddell Captain in the Lancashire regiment of foot of Alexander Rigby. References: Gratton, Lancs. war effort, 294 [citing TNA, SP28/114/11, SP28/300/421]. Armies: Lancashire Duett [Dowett], Francis Francis Duett [Dowett] A Frenchman, earmarked for the Irish expedition in 1642, but instead he began the civil war as a captain or major of horse in the earl of Essex’s Army. He served in Waller’s regiment of horse in 1643, first as a captain and becoming its major by the summer. In Aug. 1643 he may have been appointed colonel of what turned out to be an abortive regiment of horse and he may be the Captain Duett who by 3 Nov. 1643 was commanding a company of foot in Waller’s Army. By August 1644 he was the major of Edmund Ludlow’s regiment of horse. As such, he fought at the second battle of Newbury, though Ludlow claimed that he ensured he and his men were in the rear and so quite safe. He then served for a time in the garrison at Malmesbury, Wiltshire, but defected to the king in spring 1645 and was killed in a skirmish at Lechlade in Wiltshire before the end of the year. Before Duett changed sides, Mercurius Civicus praised ‘the gallant major’, contrasting his fidelity to the parliamentarian cause with that of other foreign commanders (Stoyle, Soldiers and strangers, 104). After his defection, a royalist newsletter defended his behaviour, to which one pamphlet responded, ‘Aulicus would not have us call Major Dowet a perjured renegade [but] no matter what he is, he is no Englishman, and whether he hath any Christian name I know not’ (Stoyle, Strangers and soldiers, 149, citing Mercurius Britannicus, 25 Aug.-1 Sept. 1645). References: Spring, Waller’s army, 91; TNA, SP28/1a/48, 63; Stoyle, Soldiers and strangers, 93, 104, 138, 149, 195, 215; Peacock, Army lists, 50; Peachey and Turton, Fall of the West, 7.706. Armies: Earl of Essex; Waller (Southern Association) Dugdaile, John John Dugdaile Lieutenant in Sir William Constable’s regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army in 1642. References: Peacock, Army lists, 42. Armies: Earl of Essex Dugdale, - - Dugdale Captain in James Kerr’s regiment of foot by 6 Dec. 1643. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 25. Armies: Waller (Southern Association) Dukeson, Gilbert Gilbert Dukeson Commissioned of captain of foot in the Warwickshire militia, under William Purefoy in 1650. References: CSPD 1650, 507. Armies: Warwickshire Duncan, John John Duncan He began the civil war in a London dragoon regiment before becoming a cornet in George Mills’s regiment of dragoons. By the latter half of 1643 he was lieutenant in the company of Major Moreton within Colonel James Kerr’s [Carr’s] regiment of foot raised in Surrey. In spring 1644 he was made captain in Colonel Edward Apsley’s short-lived and abortive Sussex regiment of foot in Waller’s Southern Association Army, but with the abandonment of that initiative in summer 1644 he entered Waller’s lifeguard, where he served until the disbanding of the lifeguard in spring 1645 when Waller resigned his commission. He appears to have ended the civil war as a major back in Kerr’s/Carr’s regiment. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 16, 37. Armies: London; Surrey; Sussex; Waller (Southern Association) Dundas, George George Dundas Captain in or lieutenant-colonel of James Wardlawe’s regiment of dragoons in the earl of Essex’s Army, later captain of a separate troop of dragoons in that Army once the regiment had been broken up in 1644. References: Peacock, Army lists, 47, 57. Armies: Earl of Essex Dungan, John John Dungan Not one of the original officers in the earl of Peterborough’s regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army, but he was captain-lieutenant of a company of firelocks by 18 Nov. 1642 and still there on 23 Jan. 1643. He may have served in 1643-4 as a captain in Francis Thompson’s regiment of foot. References: TNA, SP28/3b/391; SP28/5/175. Armies: Earl of Essex Dunscombe, George George Dunscome By summer 1644, lieutenant-colonel in Colonel Sir Richard Onslow’s Surrey regiment of foot/the Surrey auxiliaries. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 113. Armies: Surrey; Waller (Southern Association) Durdo, Thomas Thomas Durdo Lieutenant in William Bampfield’s regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army in 1642. References: Peacock, Army lists, 40. Armies: Earl of Essex Durham, - - Durham Captain in the regiment of dragoons of George Mills/Sir William Waller. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 147. Armies: Waller; Waller (Southern Association) Dursey, Severimus Severimus Dursey Captain in the regiment of foot commanded successively by Henry Bulstrode, Adam Cunningham and Richard Fortescue. By spring 1645 he had become the regiment’s major, and he transferred as major into what became Fortescue’s New Model Army regiment of foot. When the regiment’s lieutenant-colonel was killed at Taunton shortly afterwards he was promoted in his place, but he perished later in the year, killed at Bristol in Sept. 1645. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 48. Armies: Earl of Essex; Waller (Southern Association); New Model Army Dutton, - - Dutton A lieutenant serving under Colonel Mainwaring in Cheshire, he had allegedly plundered horses in Staffordshire and so was imprisoned by order of the Stafford committee in Mar. 1644. References: Pennington and Roots, Committee at Stafford, 84. Armies: Cheshire Dutton, Philip Philip Dutton Reformado lieutenant of foot on 2 Aug. 1642. Shortly afterwards captain in the earl of Peterborough’s regiment of foot in the earl of Essex’s Army. References: TNA, SP28/1d/481; Peacock, Army lists, 28. Armies: Earl of Essex Dutton, Thomas Thomas Dutton Captain in Edward Harley’s regiment of foot. In Dec. 1643 he was one of the officers, en route for Plymouth, who complained of the bad accommodation and want of supplies of the men. In Apr. Dutton appealed to Edward Harley or his father Sir Robert to adjudicate in a question of precedence between himself and Captain Edmund Hall. Dutton remained in the Plymouth garrison, later in James Kerr’s regiment of foot, and was part of a sortie in May 1644. He was still there in 1645-6. References: Spring, Waller’s army, 52; HMC, Portland Mss, 3.120, 122; Relation, 1-2;Worth, History of Plymouth, 134. Armies: Devon Dye, - - Dye A lieutenant serving under Major Snow, in Apr. 1645 he was ordered imprisoned by the Stafford committee for a drunken alehouse outburst opposing being sent to fight with and under Brereton in Cheshire. References: Pennington and Roots, Committee at Stafford, 291-2. Armies: Staffordshire Dymond, Tristram Tristram Dymond Served in a regiment of foot which Oliver Cromwell and later Colonel Francis Russell commanded in their capacity as governors of the Isle of Ely and which probably originated as an auxiliary regiment of the Cambridgeshire militia. Dymond was a captain in this regiment by Aug. 1644 and was present at the siege of Crowland House in Oct. 1644. By summer 1646 he had become a lieutenant-colonel, probably in the same regiment. References: Spring, Eastern Association, 1.27. Armies: Eastern Association
2428	dbpedia	1	77	https://avarchives.icrc.org/Picture/105353	en	Genève, Carlton. Visite au Comité International de la Croix	https://media.avarchives…-E-00123_500.JPG	https://media.avarchives…-E-00123_500.JPG	[ "https://avarchives.icrc.org/Content/Images/loader-dark.gif", "https://avarchives.icrc.org/Content/Images/warning_corner.png", "https://media.avarchives.icrc.org/imagepublic/V-P-VIS-E-00123_500.JPG", "https://avarchives.icrc.org/Content/images/download.png", "https://avarchives.icrc.org/Content/images/add-to-cart-dark.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/Content/Images/favicon.ico	ICRC Audiovisual archives	https://avarchives.icrc.org/Picture/105353	By entering this website you agree that we use cookies in order to understand visitor preferences and keep improving our service. Learn more
2428	dbpedia	2	22	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/wt605999/ch5/	en	Fusing Concerns	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih…wt605999-lrg.png	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih…wt605999-lrg.png	[ "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-wt605999-lrg.png", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554192/bin/ch5f1.gif", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/stat?jsdisabled=true&ncbi_db=books&ncbi_pdid=book-part&ncbi_acc=NBK554192&ncbi_domain=wt605999&ncbi_report=record&ncbi_type=fulltext&ncbi_objectid=&ncbi_pcid=/NBK554192/&ncbi_pagename=Fusing Concerns - Pyrrhic Progress - NCBI Bookshelf&ncbi_bookparttype=chapter&ncbi_app=bookshelf" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Claas Kirchhelle" ]	2020-08-30T00:00:00	This chapter traces how public views of agricultural antibiotics evolved in Britain. Following a wave of enthusiasm, perceptions of antibiotic hazards developed in a nuanced fashion. Whereas US concerns focused on residues (chapter 2), long-standing British concerns about animal welfare and expert warnings about agricultural AMR selection led to a more holistic staging of antibiotic risk. During the 1960s, fused concerns about horizontal AMR spreading from “factory farms” led to three government reviews of agricultural antibiotic use. Although commentators remained divided in their assessment of resulting hazards, all agreed on the necessity of some kind of AMR-focused reform of agricultural antibiotic use.	en	//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/favicon.ico	NCBI Bookshelf	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554192/	Great British Antibiotics Following the deprivations of the Second World War, Britain struggled to stem the costs of decommissioning large parts of her military while rebuilding the national industry. Trying to prevent a rise in expensive food and feed imports following bad harvests, the government embarked on a program of subsidized agricultural expansion (chapter 6). Meanwhile, public consumption was held in check by maintaining wartime rationing. Ultimately, the prolonged disruption of international trade, costly colonial campaigns, and the Korean War made postwar rationing last longer than the entire Second World War. Food availability actually decreased between 1946 and 1948. It was only in 1954 that the British Ministry of Food (MoF) was dismantled along with its rationing system.1 By this time, consumers were craving meat: between 1950 and 1970 UK meat consumption increased by 33.1 percent.2 Similar to the United States, officials and farmers did their best to satisfy rising demand. However, trade deficits and currency devaluations meant that the government had to balance the need for expanded animal production with the need to reduce expensive imports like feedstuffs (chapter 7). It is thus no coincidence that the end of British meat rationing coincided with the legalization of antibiotic feed supplements. In 1947, the Penicillin Act had attempted to curb AMR and protect limited supplies by making biological antibiotics only available via medical and veterinary prescriptions.3 However, in 1953, the Therapeutic Substances (Prevention of Misuse) Act (TSA) exempted the low-dosed nontherapeutic use of antibiotics for feed purposes from prescription requirements. Initial public optimism about antibiotics’ introduction to agriculture matched that in the United States. Already accustomed to celebrating “British” miracle drugs,4 commentators had keenly followed US research and welcomed antibiotic use as a progressive way of increasing animal productivity and welfare. Following Jukes and Stokstad’s report on the antibiotic growth effect in early 1950, the left-leaning tabloid Daily Mirror published an article titled “A New Drug Speeds Pork Chops to Dining Table.”5 In Parliament, Conservative MP Rupert De la Bère immediately asked Labour’s minister of agriculture whether AGPs would also be tested in Britain.6 Although early feed trials proved inconclusive (chapter 6), British optimism about the new AGPs continued to grow. In 1951, the politically conservative Times described them as a “strange nutrition”7 with the potential to speed up animal growth and save feed. By the time of Parliament’s reading of the TSA in 1953, the clause licensing AGPs was popularly known as the “penicillin for pigs clause.”8 Enthusiastic reports subsequently appeared in the left-leaning Observer and the conservative-liberal Financial Times.9 British commentators also greeted antibiotics’ use in plant and egg production as well as in fodder and food preservation.10 In 1956, the Times claimed that antibiotic preservatives marked “the greatest advance in the field of processing perishable foods since the advent of refrigeration.”11 The Financial Times covered the landing of the first antibiotic-preserved fish in Britain. US pharmaceutical manufacturers had worked with the British government to trial ice containing 3 to 5 parts per million of tetracycline to retard spoilage and keep fleets on the water for longer. Trials took place aboard the government’s research vessel the Sir William Hardy, which would later be sold to Greenpeace as the first Rainbow Warrior. Antibiotic-preserved cod, haddock, and flatfish landed by the vessel were proudly displayed in the ports of Aberdeen, Grimsby, and Hull.12 While most media reports mirrored US enthusiasm (chapter 2), there were also subtle differences. For one, British observers tended to emphasize antibiotics’ benefits for nutritional independence rather than their use against famine-fueled communism. Anxious about an alleged brain drain,13 others downplayed US contributions and viewed biological antibiotics as a quintessentially British technology that was now lining American pockets.14 Stagnating penicillin sales exacerbated this view. Following a dramatic increase of British production between 1947 and 1950,15 the US government’s decision to increase penicillin production in the face of the Korean War saturated 1950s markets. With revenues declining, British manufacturers had to find new antibiotic outlets. Major producers like Glaxo lobbied the British government to imitate the United States and loosen restrictions on antibiotic feeds for humans and animals.16 However, international competition remained stiff even after Britain legalized AGPs with US broad-spectrum drugs proving more popular than British-manufactured penicillin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol (chapter 6). Americans’ success was in part due to skillful marketing. Responding to antibiotic patriotism, US producers subcontracted British companies like Boots to produce tetracyclines, which could now be branded as British.17 When Pfizer opened a terramycin (oxytetracycline)-plant in Sandwich in 1955, Pfizer’s vice president stressed the plant’s Britishness: “although the installation was financed by the United States it was partly designed and wholly built and operated by the British.”18 Courting clients inside and outside agricultural circles, US companies also placed expensive advertisements in national newspapers. In 1953, Lederle purchased a large advertisement section in the Times ahead of the launch of its chlortetracycline-based feed AUROFAC 2A.19 Sales personnel were also in high demand: in 1956, Pfizer announced that the “world’s largest producer of antibiotics” was “expanding its Agricultural Sales Force” and looking for male British personnel with an agricultural background and experience in “modern sales techniques.”20 Three days later, Lederle announced that it too was looking for “top-class Sales Representatives who will sell Animal Feed additives such as Aurofac.”21 Celebrating its new Gosport plant in 1958, Cyanamid claimed that AUROFAC and other products were “bringing untold benefits to almost every sphere of life,” “Cyanamid contrives to make a new discovery almost every day, transmuting the hopes of yesterday into the realities of today.”22 Increasing antibiotic consumption and improving economic outlooks gradually dispersed anti-American sentiments in the British press. By the early 1960s, positive media reports presented both US and UK antibiotics as part of a safe and efficient movement to industrialize food production and to secure influence in a rapidly decolonizing world.23 In 1962, the Financial Times reported on a Pig Industry Development Authority survey of 20,000 litters comprising about 200,000 pigs: whereas pigs fed no antibiotics weighed 38.1 pounds after eight weeks, those fed antibiotics weighed 38.7 pounds. According to industry figures, antibiotic supplements created 1s 6d additional worth per piglet as a result of saved feedstuffs.24 Similar reports on an antibiotic-optimized era of livestock production appeared in the Times.25 Drug manufacturers also continued to hammer home the message of antibiotics and modern agriculture as preconditions to ethical, safe, and plenty food. In 1961, Cyanamid started an aggressive advertisement campaign for aureomycin. One ad showed a laughing pig exclaiming, “Yes, I’m a Scientific Pig” and presented agricultural antibiotics as a progressive way of improving animals’ well-being and farmers’ profits: “Indeed, to quote the vernacular, pigs in Britain ‘never had it so good’ …”26 Further commercials featured grateful cows cured of mastitis and praised aureomycin’s role in preventing any “disastrous rise of mortality”27 in modern poultry production. FIGURE 5.1 Cyanamid advertisement, “Yes, I’m a Scientific Pig,” The Times (London), April 14, 1961. A Plethora of Concerns Not everybody was happy about the rapid expansion of agricultural antibiotic use. During the 1950s, three interrelated yet distinct strands of antibiotic criticism emerged in Britain’s public sphere: one group of critics attacked antibiotics’ adulterating presence in foodstuffs; a second group of critics began to warn about the spread of AMR on farms; a third group condemned antibiotics as accomplices to the deplorable conditions of animals in intensive housing units. Depending on one’s position within the various opposition camps, antibiotics’ image could vary from dangerous adulterator to endangered miracle substance or partner in cruelty. While disparate risk perceptions fragmented early protest, their fusion during the 1960s would pose a far more systemic challenge to agricultural antibiotic use than “narrow” residue criticism in the United States. A groundswell of elite British antibiotic criticism had existed even before the 1953 TSA. In 1951, former Labour Parliamentary Secretary Lord Douglas of Barloch warned his peers in the House of Lords against “poisonous chemicals in the growing and preparation of foodstuffs.”28 Focusing on antibiotics, DDT, and hormones, Barloch called “for strict control over all processes which might affect the natural quality of food.”29 Two years later, Barloch’s Conservative colleague Lord John Justyn Llewellin expressed concern about allergic reactions caused by penicillin residues in meat.30 Similar fears were voiced in the House of Commons. In February 1953, Conservative MP Anthony Hurd asked whether there was sufficient evidence that AGP residues would not endanger the public.31 One week later, Conservative MP Dodds asked Conservative Minister of Agriculture Thomas Dugdale how consumers could be protected when “famous experts … have declared that more harm than good”32 would result from the TSA. Seconding his colleague, Conservative MP Colonel Gomme-Duncan asked “whether we have all gone mad to want to give penicillin to pigs to fatten them?”33 Concerns were not limited to Parliament. Following a 1952 report on the planned TSA,34 readers of the social-liberal Observer worried that AGPs might destroy the intestinal flora’s capacity for producing vitamins and lead to infertility and degeneration.35 However, in contrast to the United States, fears of antibiotic residues failed to dominate public perceptions of antibiotic risk. British consumers had a long history of remaining less concerned about invisible microbial or chemical hazards than other countries.36 This does not mean that residue fears were absent—they were simply less pronounced. During the 1950s, deaths resulting from pesticide-contaminated Welsh flour and the radioactive contamination of milk following the 1957 Windscale fire did make national headlines.37 British supporters of “pure” and “natural” food had also published numerous books with colorful titles like Constipation and Our Civilisation38 on the dangers of artificial additives, chemicals, and drugs since the interwar period. However, as in the case of 1950s detections of penicillin in British milk (chapter 6), residues did not provoke widespread anxiety. It was only around 1960 that agricultural antibiotics’ “toxic association” with other hazardous chemicals became more pronounced. Often enough, British commentators imitated contemporary US coverage. Referring to American residue scandals, a series of articles on “What’s in our food” in the conservative tabloid the Daily Mail warned readers that there were two kinds of modern food-related dangers: malnutrition and the overconsumption of food sprayed with “poisonous insecticides and weedkillers” and produced by animals, which had been reared in darkness and fed “tranquilisers, antibiotics, hormones.”39 In 1961, a Times interview exhorted farmers and veterinarians to protect consumers from drinking “diluted pus with noxious additions such as penicillin.”40 Media concerns about residues peaked in 1963 when the Milk and Milk Products Technical Advisory Committee reported that 14 percent of English and 11.6 percent of Scottish milk tested positive for antibiotics.41 Although officials introduced US-style monitoring (chapter 7), the 1963 scandal triggered a longer-term increase of public criticism of conventional agriculture and antibiotic adulterants.42 According to the Guardian’s Michael Winstanley, the days of “pure” food were gone.43 Meanwhile, purveyors of antibiotic-free organic food like the Soil Association and Cranks restaurant in London experienced an unprecedented surge of media coverage—often also in conservative publications like the Spectator or Daily Mail.44 Residue warnings in the media were accompanied by a series of critical bestsellers. In 1960, physician Franklin Bicknell published Chemicals in Food and in Farm Produce.45 Rehashing warnings from his The English Complaint (1952)46 and attacking a wide range of chemicals, Bicknell devoted a whole chapter to agricultural antibiotics and the long-term hazards of antibiotic exposure via milk, meat, and eggs.47 Remarkably, he also linked discussions of residues with warnings about wider agricultural AMR selection: “by 1956 penicillin-resistant staphylococci were present in 47 per cent of samples of milk in Dorset, and resistant [E. coli] strains have been found in the faeces of 36 per cent of pigs going to a bacon factory …. Urban England could cynically ignore this farming problem were not our farms still the basis of our food and therefore unavoidably a possible source of human infection.”48 Warning that regulators were only focusing on hospitals as places of AMR selection, Bicknell was especially concerned about antibiotic preservatives’ creation of “reservoirs of resistant bacteria”: “all the fish sheds and butchers’ shops and poultry packing stations will harbour resistant bacteria; … however carefully the use of antibiotics is in theory controlled, in practice they will just be sloshed over any food.”49 Similar concerns were voiced by natural foods advocate Doris Grant. Quoting Bicknell, Grant’s Housewives Beware (1958) and Your Bread and Your Health (1961) warned about AGPs and antibiotic preservatives. In chapters titled “Beware of the Dragon”50 and “The Poisons on Your Plate,”51 Grant discussed a possible correlation between AGP use and animal illness as well as the use of antibiotics to mask disease in abattoirs. According to Grant, “the only way to escape this particular aspect of our twentieth-century chemical orgy is to become vegetarian.”52 Despite their increasing prominence, concerns about antibiotic residues, however, failed to displace other strands of public antibiotic criticism. Discussed in more detail in chapter 7, the late 1950s saw a growing number of British researchers point to agricultural AMR selection as a potential human health hazard. Experts’ use of national surveillance data to demolish existing distinctions between AMR on farms and in hospitals led to fierce public debates about who should have access to antibiotics. In contrast to the threshold-oriented thinking of their US colleagues, British researchers deemed low-dosed AGPs particularly likely to select for AMR. Veterinarians in particular highlighted dangers resulting from farmers’ unsupervised use of AGPs and therapeutic antibiotics—even though the latter were often sold by veterinarians.53 Speaking at the 1959 congress of the British Veterinary Association (BVA), the deputy director of the government’s Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), E. L. Taylor, warned that AGPs eliminated competing microorganisms and enabled resistant pathogens to spread.54 In early 1960, Britain’s Agricultural Research Council (ARC) suggested a general review of medical feed additives. The government subsequently launched a joint inquiry into agricultural antibiotic use. Chaired by the recently retired NFU president James Turner—now Lord Netherthorpe—the committee sat between 1960 and 1962.55 Although medical journals like the Lancet continued to print complacent and even positive reviews of agricultural antibiotic use,56 the rise of powerful British AMR concerns stood in contrast to Americans’ ongoing focus on residues. Animal welfare concerns constituted a third distinct strand of public antibiotic criticism. In Britain, animal protection had a long and illustrious history. Starting in the late eighteenth century, an increasing number of Britons campaigned for the improved treatment of animals. Founded in 1824, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) was the first organized body for animal protection. During the second half of the nineteenth century, anti-vivisectionist and animal protection campaigns for horses and other animals commanded considerable public support and resulted in legislative reforms. In 1911, the Protection of Animals Act was passed to prevent willful cruelty to animals in public spaces. Their interest in animals not only set Britons apart from other nations but also led to patriotic self-descriptions as being a “nation of animal lovers.” This alleged national trait was reinforced during the two world wars with officials and campaigners emphasizing British compassion in opposition to German cruelty.57 After 1945, notions of being a nation of animal lovers increasingly clashed with farmyard realities. Concerned about new production methods, a growing number of activists and journalists attacked antibiotics as facilitators of systematic welfare abuse. Although intensive farming was not as widespread as activists claimed (chapter 6), the so-called factory farm soon turned into the main target of rising welfare criticism.58 In 1959, Observer journalist Clifford Selly described the “highly artificial conditions” in which modern “ill-fated chickens” lived.59 Never seeing daylight, broilers were “heavily drugged to keep them alive” and were victims of a system “more akin to the factory than the farm.”60 Over the next two weeks, Selly’s article provoked passionate reader responses both in favour and against intensive farming. G. B. Houston accused the “poor, deluded city dweller” of facilitating the production of “drugged and misused broiler fowls”61 while F. A. Dorris Smith recommended visits to broiler houses by women’s organizations to “bring this abomination to an end.”62 Another reader specifically blamed antibiotics for enabling harmful practices.63 Although establishment organizations like the RSPCA initially distanced themselves from “factory farm” criticism,64 antibiotics’ association with welfare neglect posed a serious threat to the drugs’ public image. By the early 1960s, three distinct strands of antibiotic criticism were thus gaining ground in Britain. Readers of conservative and liberal newspapers were regularly learning about the hazards of antibiotic residues as well as about AMR selection on farms. At the same time, the nation of animal lovers was coming to terms with antibiotics’ ambivalent capacity to provide animal welfare and enable its absence. However, without a common reform agenda to unite them, the distinct strands of public antibiotic criticism remained too disjointed to challenge growing antibiotic infrastructures in agriculture or ongoing antibiotic optimism in large parts of the media. A Fusion of Concerns A more holistic framing of antibiotic risks occurred between 1964 and 1966: British research on “infectious resistance” and the publication of Ruth Harrison’s bestselling Animal Machines65 led to a fusion of preexisting AMR and welfare warnings around the potent symbol of the “factory farm.” Resulting calls for systemic antibiotic reform were amplified by fatal outbreaks of resistant gastroenteritis among newborns. The 1964 publication of Animal Machines was the first event to shift public discourse. A Quaker and vegetarian, the book’s author, Ruth Harrison, descended from a family with close ties to the avant-garde Whitechapel Boys and author George Bernard Shaw. She had served in the Friends Ambulance Unit during World War II and then studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. In 1960, a leaflet against animal cruelty on “factory farms” made Harrison take on the cause of animal welfare and write Animal Machines. In her book, Harrison combined easy-to-read summaries of scientific findings with vivid descriptions of animals’ plight in factory-like production systems. She also linked animal welfare concerns with a more general consumer and environmentalist critique of factory farming. Appearing one year after the British publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Animal Machines not only contained a foreword by Carson but had in fact been edited by Carson herself. The book’s authority was further strengthened by a preface from Sydney Jennings, a former president of the British Veterinary Association (BVA).66 Claiming that meat eating had become an ethical and health hazard, Animal Machines explicitly associated modern farmers’ antibiotic-dependency with animal cruelty, drug residues, and AMR.67 The book underlined its claims by using shocking pictures of conditions in “factory farms” and by referencing Silent Spring, the recent milk scandal, and medical AMR warnings. For Harrison, it was “ironic to think that while authorities are steadily urging that antibiotics be used only with great discrimination on the grounds of dangerous resistance building up, the agricultural authorities are encouraging even wider use. Perhaps, these two should get together some time to discuss the matters, before it is too late.”68 According to Animal Machines, agricultural antibiotics and “factory farming” were synonymous with health, environmental, and ethical problems. This fusion of concerns was reinforced by Rachel Carson’s foreword. For Carson, the days of pastoral agriculture were over. Instead of animals wandering over green fields, producers had erected “factorylike buildings in which animals live out their wretched existence.”69 As a biologist, Carson found it inconceivable that such animals could produce healthy food. Establishments were regularly swept through with diseases, and were “kept going only by the continuous administration of antibiotics.”70 Previously associated with promoting health and spreading prosperity, agricultural antibiotics were now portrayed as upholding an unhealthy and “unnatural” system of dark satanic mills. While protracted negotiations prevented its publication in the United States,71 the public attention paid to Animal Machines in Britain was impressive. This was in part due to a pre-publishing campaign in the left-leaning Observer. Titled “Inside the Animal Factories”72 and “Fed to Death,”73 articles by Harrison introduced readers to the main claims of her book. In her first article, Harrison accused the “factory farmer and the agri-industrial world behind him”74 of acknowledging cruelty only when profitability ceased. As long as animal growth remained stable, rearing systems were not questioned. Antibiotics were “incorporated in [animals’] feed and heavier doses of drugs [were] given at the least sign of flagging.”75 Focusing on poultry, Harrison claimed that young birds suffering from respiratory diseases or cancer often ended up on consumers’ tables—the birds’ ill health masked by antibiotics.76 In her second article, Harrison focused on the intensive rearing of calves in darkened sties. Calves’ diets consisted almost “exclusively of barley, with added minerals and vitamins, antibiotics, tranquilisers and hormones.”77 Living in these conditions, some calves became blind and many suffered from liver-damage and pneumonia: “their muscles become flabby and they put on weight rapidly, but they are not healthy.”78 Using more antibiotics to keep animals alive, farmers and veterinarians contributed to a race “between disease and new drugs.”79 Quoting veterinary practitioners and the first Netherthorpe report, Harrison warned about AMR and residue-laden “tasteless meat”80 from factory farms. Reactions to Harrison’s claims ranged from furious denial to emphatic support. Seven days after publishing the second article, the Observer had received around 320 letters.81 Many expressed outrage: one reader compared animals’ suffering to child labor;82 a second reader demanded labeling products from intensive farms;83 a third reader urged compatriots to imagine pets incarcerated in factory farms.84 While RSPCA Chief Secretary John Hall praised Harrison,85 animal health lecturer David Sainsbury accused her of presenting a “grossly distorted picture of what is actually happening.”86 In Wales, the dean of Llandaff rehashed the “nation of animal lovers” theme by comparing factory farms to Nazi concentration camps—thereby “othering” intensive farming as barbaric and anti-British: in a speech covered by both the Daily Mirror and Guardian, the dean also warned his congregation about antibiotic and hormone residues.87 The trope of antibiotic-abuse on “farm Belsens”88 was powerful in both left-leaning and conservative circles. After publishing a misogynist attack on the “fertile mind” of the “housewife, mother, and vegetarian”89 Ruth Harrison, the Daily Mail was inundated by letters condemning its supposed endorsement of materialism and un-British barbarism on KZ-like farms.90 Subsequent reporting in the Mail was notably more subdued.91 Although Karen Sayer and Abigail Woods have shown that intensive indoor farming was by no means ubiquitous,92 debates about factory farming soon penetrated national politics. In Parliament, Labour MP Joyce Butler launched an inquiry into the agricultural use of chemicals and residues in food.93 Public calls for the labeling of “factory farmed” food were examined by the British Food Standards Committee.94 When opening the 1965 Royal Dairy Show, Prince Philip was handed a copy of Animal Machines.95 Cross-party pressure ultimately forced a reluctant government to launch a review of animal welfare led by medical scientist Francis W. Rogers Brambell.96 Published in 1965, the influential Brambell report stated that animal welfare was more than the absence of physical pain and also comprised mental and behavioral aspects. Animals should have the freedom to stand up, lie down, turn around, groom themselves, and stretch their limbs. Although the drugs were not included in the committee’s brief, the Brambell report commented on antibiotics’ beneficial role in protecting animals from disease but found itself unable to assess long-term effects on public health.97 This risk assessment was about to change. In the same year that Animal Machines linked AMR and cruelty allegations, Britain’s last major typhoid outbreak in Aberdeen brought home the microbial hazards of industrialized food production. The responsible Salmonella Typhi strain had spread via contaminated Argentinian meat but had proven susceptible to antibiotic treatment with chloramphenicol (chloromycetin).98 However, experts worried that future episodes might prove chloramphenicol resistant. Resistant typhoid outbreaks with higher fatality rates were already being observed in India, West Africa, Greece, and the Middle East.99 One of the concerned experts was Ephraim Saul (E. S.) Anderson. As director of the Public Health Laboratory Service’s (PHLS) enteric reference laboratory, Anderson had provided expertise to the recent Netherthorpe review of agricultural antibiotics and advised during the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak.100 Anderson’s ability to draw on extensive bacteriological resources and growing skepticism regarding agricultural antibiotic use would play a decisive role in creating widespread public support for AMR-focused antibiotic reform. In 1965, Anderson and geneticist Naomi Datta published a paper titled “Resistance to Pencillins and Its Transfer in Enterobacteriaceae” in the Lancet. In their paper, Anderson and Datta reported the discovery of transferable AMR against multiple antibiotics in Salmonella typhimurium isolates from humans and a pig. S. typhimurium was a close relative of typhoid and a leading cause of food poisoning. Isolated plasmids (chapter 1) had the same AMR patterns and were likely related to each other. Given pigs’ role as S. typhimurium reservoirs, the authors speculated whether transferable AMR might have first arisen on farms and then spread to human settings. In the laboratory, Anderson and Datta had also managed to transfer multiple-resistance from wild-type S. typhimurium isolates to sensitive Escherichia coli strains, which in turn transferred multiple-resistance to sensitive S. typhimurium cultures.101 The fact that bacteria could exchange genetic information was not new. Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum had observed bacterial conjugation in 1946, and Tsutomu Watanabe had shown that plasmids could encode resistance to multiple antibiotics during the late 1950s.102 What was new about Anderson and Datta’s 1965 paper was that horizontal resistance selection and transfer also occurred in nonhuman settings and could cross over to bacteria in human populations. Popularizing the dangers of horizontal gene transfer and nonhuman AMR reservoirs, Anderson and Datta warned: “Many of the drug-resistant strains of S. typhimurium causing human infection may originate in livestock.”103 Three months later, Anderson published a second paper together with M. J. Lewis in Nature.104 Reporting a dramatic rise of AMR in S. typhimurium phage Type 29, the authors linked the spread of type 29 to calf transports and warned against the “infective hazards of intensive farming.”105 By the end of the year, Anderson published an even more direct attack on agricultural antibiotics in the British Medical Journal (BMJ): between December 1964 and November 1965, Anderson had collected over 1,200 animal (mainly calf) and 500 human samples of type 29 S. typhimurium. Of these, 97.6 percent were drug-resistant. In contrast to earlier papers, Anderson was able to provide concrete evidence of AMR transfer from animal to human bacteria: human and animal S. typhimurium samples showed similar resistance to furazolidone, a drug used exclusively in veterinary medicine. Anderson was certain that of the analyzed samples “most human infections of undetermined source were bovine in origin.”106 Anderson’s data prompted the BMJ’s editorial to wonder whether the risks of veterinary ampicillin use—the other antibiotic of choice against typhoid—could be so great that “it may perhaps be thought advisable to abandon this form of treatment.”107 The public impact of Anderson’s AMR warnings was impressive. Published only one year after Animal Machines, scenarios of “infective resistance” underlined Ruth Harrison’s criticism of intensive farming and were seemingly corroborated by other international studies showing rising AMR in E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococci.108 In popular discourse, the “factory farm” became firmly connoted as a place of dubious welfare and dangerous bacteria. In February 1965, a Times report suggested “that antibiotics should be kept well away from livestock food.”109 Two months later, the Daily Mail reported on a medical conference at the Yorkshire Institute of Agriculture. A panel on “chemical farming”110 had called for residue curbs and AMR-focused restrictions of medically relevant antibiotics. By June 1965, the Labour government was facing calls from its own MPs to investigate AGPs’ potential hazards.111 In November, the Observer blamed “super-farms”112 for AMR. According to the Times, Anderson’s findings and new research by veterinary bacteriologists necessitated a wider “reappraisal of the use of antibiotics.”113 Meanwhile, another Observer article explicitly warned against “factory farm bacteria.”114 Whereas AMR warnings did not resonate strongly in the residue-focused United States (chapter 2), the combined force of Animal Machines and “infective resistance’ led to the formation of an AMR-focused risk episteme in Britain. This risk episteme also influenced Britain’s organic sector. By the late 1960s, publications like The Wholefood Finder referred to AMR and the “cruelties of factory farming”115 before detailing the Soil Association’s new definition of organic food. Relying heavily on Animal Machines and going beyond US publications’ focus on residues, the Soil Association’s “wholefood standards” required that animals be fed organic feeds and kept in a free environment defined according to Brambell-inspired comfort regulations. Organic products had to be free of antibiotics and other chemicals. On farms, antibiotics and other drugs should not be used routinely but only “in an extreme emergency.”116 British officials similarly revaluated existing antibiotic policies. In spring 1965, the British government reacted to Anderson’s AMR warnings by reconvening its Netherthorpe committee on AGPs (chapter 7). In January 1966, the Netherthorpe committee called for a new committee to reevaluate agricultural antibiotics in general.117 While the government was slow to respond to this demand, new studies, ongoing media reports, and parliamentary inquiries kept the issue of “infective resistance” alive.118 In 1966, veterinary researcher Herbert Williams Smith published a study showing that transferable plasmid-mediated resistance against multiple antibiotics was common in pathogenic E. coli isolated from both humans and pigs, calves, and fowls receiving antibiotics: “The high incidence of resistant strains to a large number of drugs and the complex resistance patterns of some of the strains was a disquieting feature of this survey, particularly as the diseases caused are acute and severe to the extent that they may terminate fatally if the drug with which they are first treated is not active against the infecting strain; the result of sensitivity tests cannot be awaited before commencing treatment.”119 The Guardian’s Anthony Tucker and Bernard Dixon from the New Scientist— both allies of E. S. Anderson—used scientific warnings to press for antibiotic reform.120 Dixon in particular attacked “the irritating British habit of seeking expert guidance on a technical matter and then pigeon-holing the advice when it comes.”121 Citing Anderson and Williams Smith, Dixon referred to the danger of multi-resistant E. coli strains causing neonatal diarrhea in babies.122 By December 1967, these warnings sounded tragically prophetic. Described by Robert Bud in chilling detail, multi-resistant E. coli 0119 and 0128 caused a severe outbreak of gastroenteritis among infants in the northeastern town of Middlesbrough. Poor hospital hygiene and transferring infected infants to other hospitals spread the infection. Fifteen infants died.123 Although there were no proven links, preconditioned British readers connected the multi-resistant Middlesbrough strains to intensive farming and agricultural antibiotic use. It seemed as though there was no end of dangers accruing from factory farms. Following heated exchanges between veterinary science lecturers and organic campaigners,124 an article in the London Illustrated News linked the Teesside epidemic to agricultural antibiotic use: “one cannot help wondering why man should take the chance of placing himself in danger of returning to conditions of the pre-antibiotic era when, for example, the death of fourteen babies from gastro-enteritis would certainly not have made news headlines.”125 In February 1968, a BMJ review of the Middlesbrough outbreak by E. S. Anderson poured further oil onto the fire of speculation. Although he noted that it was not possible to distinguish between R-factors of human and animal origins, Anderson warned that the transferable AMR of the Middlesbrough strains might well have originated in nonpathogenic E. coli on farms: The risk to man that arises from the too free use of antibiotics in human medicine is obvious …. It should be remembered, however, that they could also have arisen in livestock as the result of antibiotic malpractice …, which has made it practically certain that not only multiple-drug-resistant pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium but also multiresistant non-pathogenic E. coli are transmitted from livestock to man, the latter on a large-scale …. It is pointed out that restricting of the use of antibiotics in man and animals is overdue.126 The Middlesbrough epidemic put immense pressure on the British government to implement the reconvened Netherthorpe committee’s suggestions and launch a wider review of agricultural antibiotic use.127 Appointed in July 1968 and announcing its findings in November 1969, the Joint Committee on the Use of Antibiotics in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine—the so-called Swann committee—divided antimicrobial substances into therapeutic and nontherapeutic antibiotics.128 While therapeutic antibiotics were relevant to human medicine, nontherapeutic antibiotics were considered medically irrelevant. Only nontherapeutic antibiotics below certain doses were to be allowed in growth promoter feeds. Medically relevant penicillin, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline were to be banned from AGPs. The Swann committee, however, left many other areas of agricultural antibiotic use untouched: it merely cautioned against the use of chloramphenicol in veterinary medicine and did not address ongoing veterinary prescriptions of now restricted medically relevant antibiotics (chapter 7).129 Facing substantial public pressure—not least because Michael Swann, the committee’s head, had noted that the Middlesbrough strains might have originated on farms—130 the British government hastily committed to implementing the Swann report. Despite protests by US manufacturers,131 the Swann recommendations were endorsed by nearly all segments of the British media. Most commentators explicitly noted that the proposed AGP restrictions were based on precautionary risk predictions rather than hard evidence of AMR-related harm. They were also aware that the Swann proposals left most other aspects of agricultural antibiotic use unchanged. While a Times editorial lauded the decision to limit laypersons’ access to therapeutic substances,132 agricultural correspondent Leonard Amey noted that a more ambitious complete ban of antibiotics would have been politically unfeasible and could have jeopardized British intensive animal production.133 This continued tolerance of many other forms of agricultural antibiotic use was criticized by the Guardian.134 However, overall, even critical voices were satisfied that agricultural AMR selection had now been successfully addressed in Britain. On both sides of the Atlantic, the 1960s thus saw initial public enthusiasm about agricultural antibiotics become ambivalent. However, antibiotic perceptions were not the same in the United States and the United Kingdom. Economic constraints and accusations of US profits accruing from “British science” had already led to a different tone of British reporting during the 1950s. But it was in the field of risk perceptions that transatlantic views of agricultural antibiotic use differed most. In the United States, deep-seated concerns about food adulteration led to a framing of antibiotic risk nearly exclusively in terms of antibiotics’ potential presence as invisible residues (chapter 2). A very different risk episteme emerged in the United Kingdom when traditional animal welfare concerns fused with new “infective resistance” warnings under the dystopian umbrella of the factory farm. This episteme framed antibiotic risk as AMR spreading from cruel factory farms to humans. On both sides of the Atlantic, interpretations of antibiotic risk were thus influenced by their alignment with already existing deep-seated cultural risk narratives. The resulting national risk epistemes exerted a powerful influence on agricultural and political decision-making.
2428	dbpedia	1	20	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_la_Bere_baronets	en	De la Bere baronets	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/De_la_Bere_Escutcheon.png/220px-De_la_Bere_Escutcheon.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2007-03-19T17:42:59+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_la_Bere_baronets	Extinct baronetcy in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom The de la Bere Baronetcy, of Crowborough in the County of Sussex, was a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom.[1] It was created on 18 November 1953 for Rupert de la Bere, Conservative Member of Parliament for Evesham and South Worcestershire and Lord Mayor of London. He was descended from the de La Bere family of Southam de la Bere in Gloucestershire. The baronetcy became extinct on the death of the 3rd baronet, who never proved his succession, on 10 February 2017. De la Bere baronets, of Crowborough (1953) [edit] Sir Rupert de la Bere, 1st Baronet (1893–1978) Sir Cameron de la Bere, 2nd Baronet (1933–2014[2]) Sir Adrian de la Bere, 3rd Baronet (1939–2017) Coat of arms of De la Bere baronets Crest Issuant from an ancient crown Or a plume of five ostrich feathers Argent charged with a ladybird Proper.[3] Escutcheon Argent on a fess between three crescent Sable a lizard of the field. Motto Prest Pour Le Roy (Ready for the King) Notes [edit] References [edit]
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The show is a celebration of the outstanding work of our postgraduate Fine Art, Carving and Conservation (presenting research) students, as well as current work from our Fellows. Please see full information on our public opening times, location and accessibility on our event page. We look forward to welcoming you to the Art School! Join our mailing list to receive updates and invitations for our Graduate Shows and events. 2024 Awards for Continuing Students We are thrilled to announce the winners of our 2024 awards and prizes for continuing students. Our student prizes recognise excellence and achievement shown throughout the academic year, along with a number of awards for outstanding competition entries. As always, we have been extremely impressed with our students’ work and the high standard of competition entries. We would like to commend all students for their continued hard work and dedication. Congratulations to our 2024 prize winners! 2024 PRIZE WINNERS Artists Collecting Society Undergraduate Prize: Louis Petit (BA Hons Fine Art, Year 2) City & Guilds of London Art School Gilding and Decorative Surfaces Prize for a Conservation student: Kathy Wai Ying Chu (BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces, Year 1) Fishmongers’ Company Menu Cover Design Prize: Liberty Sinclair (BA Hons Fine Art, Year 2) Painter-Stainers Scholarship Prize: Roisin Bunting (BA Hons Fine Art, Year 1) The Honourable Society of Knights of the Round Table Award: Kate Holmes (BA Hons Carving: Architectural Stone, Year 2), Thomas Yeung (BA Hons Conservation: Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces, Year 2) and Henry Brown (Graduate Diploma Carving: Woodcarving & Gilding) TRAVEL PRIZES Brinsley Ford Travel Award: Kate Holmes (BA Hons Carving: Architectural Stone, Year 2) and Natalie Gee (BA Hons Carving: Architectural Stone, Year 2) David Ballardie Memorial Travel Award: Max Rickard (BA Hons Carving: Architectural Stone, Year 2) Fishmongers’ Company Beckwith Travel and Scholarship Prize: Georgina Mason Stubbs (BA Hons Fine Art, Year 2) Skinners’ Company Philip Connard Travel Prize: Kit Hughes-Johnson (BA Hons Fine Art, Year 2) We would also like to congratulate all our 2024 graduating student prize winners, who received their awards during their graduation ceremony on 21 June 2024. End of year celebrations for our National Saturday Club Our National Saturday Club members recently attended their graduation and Summer Show at Somerset House. It was a wonderful day celebrating their hard work and outstanding achievements. At the graduation, inspirational speeches were given by speakers, Lucy Kennedy (National Saturday Club CEO), Tom Ryalls, and Liam O’Shea. Our members were invited to the stage to receive their graduation certificates and to take a group photo. After the ceremony, we made our way to view the outstanding exhibition of work, which took place 13-16th July at Somerset House. The Summer Show displayed an incredible variety of work from over 2000 members, including prints, podcasts, short films, ceramics, zines, embroidery, robotics, illustrations, bookbinding, papercraft, garment construction, poetry, animations, 3D printing, posters, wire sculptures, and more. Our 2D members exhibited a mobile of their tiffany glass pieces, and our 3D members showed their stone lettering sculptures. Their work is outstanding, and it was fantastic to see it displayed alongside the work from over 100 Saturday Clubs from across the country. We are so proud of our 2023/24 members, congratulations all! Awards success for Conservation alumna Congratulations to BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood and Decorative Surfaces alumna Alannah Hay, who won the ‘Early Career Conservator’ Award at the Marsh Conservation Awards 2024. The awards promote the wider recognition of conservation and the value it brings to society, and showcase highly skilled practitioners who are championing advances in best practice, research and training. The ‘Early Career Conservator’ award champions emerging conservation professionals and recognises their early career contribution to the practice of conservation. It is open to those who have completed their training in the last five years, with nominations based on pieces of solo work or contributions to a larger project or research activity. Alannah was nominated following her early career work at the National Museum of the Royal Navy – read more below. “Alannah joined the National Museum of the Royal Navy (NMRN) in March 2023 as Conservation Technician, moving into the role of Conservator just six months later. Although she is an early career conservator and relatively new to NMRN, she has already proven herself to be a vital cog in the team, carrying out ethically-sound treatment and preventive tasks across NMRN’s wide-ranging collections; working closely with multiple specialisms; managing, training and supervising staff, volunteers and external contractors; and creating new working methods and efficiencies within the department. Alannah is also heavily involved in the HMS Victory Conservation Project, providing crucial conservation advice, treatment and advocacy.” (Icon) The awards were announced at the Evening Reception of Icon’s 2024 Conference, held at the Royal Geographical Society on 2 July. Image credit: Icon Fine Art alumni selected for New Contemporaries 2024 We are delighted to share that two of our Fine Art alumni have been selected for New Contemporaries 2024. Congratulations to Valentino Vannini (MA Fine Art 2023, Glass and Casting Fellow 2023/24) and Sophie Lloyd (BA Fine Art 2023)! The exhibition will launch at KARST, the Levinsky Gallery and MIRROR, Plymouth from 28 September – 7 December, before travelling to the ICA London from 15 January – 23 March. Header Image: ‘ANON – DTF’, Valentino Vannini (MA Show 2023) Image 2: ‘The Live Show – on demand’, Sophie Lloyd (Degree Show 2023) Foundation graduates selected for Origins Creatives 2024 We are thrilled to share that Foundation Diploma in Art & Design 2024 alumni Liz McLaren and Katarina Jimack had their work selected for UAL Awarding Body Origins Creatives 2024. Origins Creatives is a celebration of student achievement and creativity, and brings together student work from across UAL Awarding Body subject areas. The exhibition was open at Mall Galleries from 17 July – 20 July 2024. Congratulations Liz and Katarina! Image credit: Liz McLaren Image credit: Katarina Jimack Work Experience \| The Glass Studio In June, we were pleased to host a group of students for Work Experience at City & Guilds of London Art School. During their time with us, the students were invited to write blog posts documenting their experience. Read below about what they learned in our Glass Studio. “We met Glass Technician Philippa Beveridge in the glass studio. Philippa introduced us to the two wonderful Glass Fellows, Mils Bridgewater and Valentino Vannini. They spoke about their inspirations and their pathways to getting to the stage they are at now. Valentino started in the fashion industry and Mils started in the painting industry, and they both decided to explore glass-making in their practice. They mention that glass is a ‘liquid of finite viscosity’ which describes the resistance of the flow of glass and really interested us as a group. Phillipa spoke about her projects and what interested her. She discussed one of her works, where she used a breastplate that acted as a canvas which reflected and mirrored the glass pieces while distorting them like memories. Mils showed us a recent piece she is working on, and explained the process of how she made it. She started by pouring wax on a spherical object, and created different textures by layering the wax. She then placed a mold, and heated the wax until it melted to remove it from the mold. She poured the hot glass in the mold until it cooled, and then took it out of the mold. This created a nice texture on the glass that looked like marbled stone. It was fascinating that she mentioned glass being flexible, which is different from the way it is seen as a hard surface, but it’s a nice material to work with. Another member of the Art School who can be found tinkering with glass is Valentino Vannini. Originally having worked in the fashion industry in Italy, Valentino moved to the UK looking for a change. Interested in representing the tangible weight of objects, Valentino decided to develop his drawing skills, which are crucial in nearly all art disciplines, at the Royal Drawing School. Ironically, Valentino’s first response to glass as a medium was not a necessarily positive one – it didn’t sit well with him. However, the task in trying to manipulate and change glass’s state, no matter how difficult, challenged Valentino’s skills, and soon he became obsessed. Recently, Valentino has utilised glass to its fullest by investigating the idea of boundaries, specifically breakable boundaries. The idea of a wall or fence being constructed from the most delicate of materials is poetic in a sense, raising questions of inclusivity and sensitivity. Valentino’s process for this project is simple – using a regular tealight, he bends strings of glass in a way that they can be meshed to form a fence, then interlaced with pink, flower-like objects. This showed us how accessible glasswork is for people, and that you could make something beautiful like Valentino’s glass fences in the comfort of your own home. Hearing the stories of Philippa, Mills and Valentino has been really intriguing; the complexity and precision, and yet unpredictable experimentation that goes into glassware is incredible, and I would highly encourage anyone to look into this field if you haven’t already.” Words and Images by Work Experience Students, Summer 2024 Work Experience \| The Wood Workshop Last month, a group of students joined us for Work Experience at City & Guilds of London Art School. During their time with us, the students were invited to write blog posts documenting their experience. Read below about what they learned in our Wood Workshop. “During our work experience at the City & Guilds of London Art School, we spent a day touring the various workshops, including the wood workshop. Here, we met the Wood Workshop Technician, Art School alumna and sculptor Ana Kazaroff. Ana began studying psychology at university in Argentina, but after discovering her passion for art, she completed a Masters in Fine Art at City & Guilds of London Art School, where she also trained in woodwork and decorative surfaces. Her practice involves teaching students how to create sculptures with wood and supporting the other departments at the Art School, such as making boxes, processing logs and providing necessary materials for the students. The woodwork studio is equipped with several machines and tools, that are used for many tasks from processing raw logs to carving and refining, that would be hard to access elsewhere. Ana also explained that there are no more than around five students working in the studio at a time, creating an easy-going atmosphere, as the studio isn’t crowded and allowing for more one-to-one time with the technician. Outside the Art School, Ana creates large wooden sculptures, painted to mimic different textures such as marble, and less conventional textures like salami and terrazzo. Preferring to work with wood rather than alternatives like metal or glass, she finds wood a more simple and calming material due to its flexibility, as she doesn’t have to follow exact measurements and can take away from or add to it at any time. A large part of her technique involves compromising between making the wood light enough to sculpt, but also strong enough, usually opting to hollow it out. She also uses more specialised techniques such as burning the wood to leave a glossy finish. After asking about Ana’s biggest challenges with woodwork, she explained that wood, being a natural material, can be unpredictable and slightly change its shape after it is cut, which could be a problem when aiming for precision. Sometimes, the design has to be adapted to the material rather than the other way round. There are also more technical challenges such as health and safety and managing space.” Words and Images by Work Experience Students, Summer 2024 BA Fine Art Years 1 & 2 Interim Show 2024 Last month, our First and Second year BA (Hons) Fine Art students showcased their latest body of work at their Interim Show, ‘Salon’. The exhibition ran from 20th-22nd June, hosted at Stokey Popup, Stoke Newington. Featuring work by 40 students, the exhibition demonstrated their variety of disciplinary styles and practices, including painting, sculpture, printmaking, performance and installation. The Professional Practice Programme on the BA (Hons) Fine Art course sets out to prepare students for life after art school through a range of study visits, seminars and artist talks by art world professionals and competitions and prizes to apply for. In addition, this student led offsite exhibition project offers a valuable opportunity for students’ part-way through their studies to collaborate on all aspects of putting on a show, developing the adjacent skills required for a career as a professional artist. Thank you to everyone who joined us for the BA Interim Show 2024. Work Experience \| Gallery Visit At the end of June, we were delighted to be joined by a number of Work Experience students at City & Guilds of London Art School. As part of the experience, the students were invited to write blog posts documenting their time at the Art School. Read below about their experience visiting Tate Britain. “We visited the Tate Britain and saw many paintings and sculptures. We really enjoyed the room ‘A Room of One’s Own’. You could see the oil paint in the paintings; the layering of paint and the surface varying from flat and smooth, to thick layers. In this room, we explored new representations of female identity. It showed us the changing relationships between men and women in society. We also visited the room with the artists Francis Bacon and Henry Moore. A lot of us really enjoyed the Henry Moore sculptures since they were quite abstract and not something we had been exposed to before, which really drew our eyes towards them. Back in the studio, we learned how to use oil paint since we weren’t all used to using it, and a few of us just did drawings in pencil. We either replicated a painting or sculpture we liked in Tate Britain or came up with our own ideas. We started adding oil pastels to our work to make our drawings and paintings more dramatic and add texture to them.” Elijah “We visited Tate Britain on the second day of our work experience. It was great to see some of the contemporary arts, but the paintings that caught my attention the most were the ones in the historical part of the gallery. The paintings by Philip Wilson really were really interesting, not only because of the concepts but also because of his painting technique of having very visible brushstrokes in the painting. I used this technique for my painting in the afternoon.” Isabella “On today’s trip for work experience, we visited the Tate Britain which I enjoyed, as we saw various works; sculptures, paintings, abstract and realism. I enjoyed seeing the nineteenth century paintings, most of which I think were from the aestheticism movement as they were meticulously detailed and captured lighting incredibly well. We then returned to the studio where I spent a few hours on an acrylic painting. I found it quite tricky, since acrylic is new to me, but I learned some useful tips from Hope about canvas priming and using it as a translucent wash. I also enjoyed that the group was small, since it felt more friendly and connected with the others.” Adrianna “We visited the Tate Britain and we saw a vast variety of pieces ranging in material and style, such as surrealist paintings and statues and paintings from the Renaissance. A notable work for me was a statue by Frederic Leighton – An Athlete Wrestling with a Python (1877). Another was from the room ‘A Room of One’s Own’ at Tate Britain: Philip Wilson Steer’s ‘Seated Nude: The Black Hat’ (1900). Both pieces left a strong impression on me. I was inspired by the dynamic shadows cast on Frederic’s statue, and I was immediately attracted to the silhouette of Phillip’s painting. I tried to be experimental with my work and use simple blocky shapes to communicate a more telling story, using the intense shadows from the statue (Leighton) and the figure’s silhouette (Steer, and from Herbert Draper’s ‘The Lament for Icarus’). I took one figure from Herbert’s work and one from Steer’s.” Jazz “We spent the day visiting Tate Britain and sketching the work there. It was interesting to talk as a group about specific artworks. Personally, my favourite work we saw was ‘The Mirror’. I enjoyed challenging myself by attempting acrylic painting, and working in the studios was pretty cool. It was a really interesting day and I’m looking forward to next week.” Joseph Celebrating our graduates at the Degree Show 2024 On Friday 21st June, the City & Guilds of London Art School community came together to celebrate our BA Fine Art, Carving and Conservation graduates at their end of year Ceremony and Prize-Giving. The Deputy Chair of the Board of Trustees, Laurence Benson, opened the evening and introduced the Art School Principal Dr. Lois Rowe, who congratulated our graduating students and welcomed our guests. Deputy Chair of the Board of Trustees, Laurence Benson This year, we were delighted to award an Honorary Art School Fellowship to former Vice Principal, Magnus von Wistinghausen, in recognition of his significant contributions to the Art School, from leading major improvements to the campus and facilities, to expanding the student bursary programme, which now provides support to 40% of the student body. “A great source of strength and resilience is the sense of community this school exudes – a community respectful and caring of each individual and their contributions, across generations and at different stages of creative life journeys. Something very special and palpable, and not all that often found.” Magnus von Wistinghausen, Honorary Art School Fellow and former Vice Principal Dr. Rowe welcomed London-based artist Sokari Douglas Camp CBE, who recently joined the Art School as one of our new trustees, to give an address to our graduating students. Sokari generously shared insight into her most recent commission, and words of advice for our students. “Continue your intuition, and be as positive as you can, because this world is here for conversation.” Sokari Douglas Camp CBE, Art School Trustee The Heads of Department, Tom Young (Head of Carving), Dr Marina Sokhan (Head of Conservation) and Andy Bannister (Acting Course Leader – Fine Art) presented the certificates and prizes to the graduating students, and each thanked their teams for their hard work. Please see a full list of the prizes at the end of the article. Adrian Munns joined us on behalf of the Mason’s Livery Company to present the Masons’ Company Prize for Outstanding Work by a Graduating Student and the Masons’ Company Prize for Studentship and Commitment. The awards were presented to Alex Wheeldon and Paul Farmiloe. Adrian Munns with Alex Wheeldon, winner of the Masons’ Company Prize for Outstanding Work by a Graduating Student Adrian Munns with Paul Farmiloe, winner of the Masons’ Company Prize for Studentship and Commitment The Ceremony ended with addresses from graduands from each course on behalf of their classmates. Each speaker thanked their fellow students, the staff and the team at Art School. This year’s graduands addresses were delivered by Rob Postle, BA (Hons) Carving: Architectural Stone, Amanda Lancaster, BA (Hons) Conservation: Books and Paper, Ellie Seaward, BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces, Bunny Hennessey and Ted McKenzie, BA (Hons) Fine Art. “This is not just an Art School; it is a magical place… But it’s not just an enchanting atmosphere that weaves its spell, it’s something deeper and more tangible” Rob Postle, BA (Hons) Carving: Architectural Stone “In a digital age, our work as conservators feels more crucial than ever. While technology advances and changes the way that information is stored and accessed, our past through books and paper remains invaluable as physical artefacts that document our human experience.” Amanda Lancaster, BA (Hons) Conservation: Books and Paper “It is unique to receive this level of tuition, with such small class sizes, which has allowed us to learn so much.” Ellie Seaward, BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood and Decorative Surfaces “We are both so grateful for the time we spent at the school with our peers and tutors, all of whom have gone the extra mile in nurturing our artistic practices.” Ted McKenzie and Bunny Hennessey, BA (Hons) Fine Art We wish our graduating students the very best of luck and we look forward to hearing about their future projects and endeavours. 2024 GRADUATE PRIZES AND AWARDS ART SCHOOL PRIZES City & Guilds of London Art School Board of Trustees Prize: Max Cotterill, Graduate Diploma Arts: Carving PRINTMAKING PRIZES Norman Ackroyd Etching Prize: Emily-May Sibley, BA (Hons) Fine Art Printmaking Prize for Technical Excellence: Orla Carolin, BA (Hons) Fine Art The Skinners’ Company Stephen Gooden Prize for Engraving: Fitzroy Schofield, BA (Hons) Fine Art DRAWING PRIZES The Surveyor’s Club Drawing Prize: Mark Thompson, Graduate Diploma Arts: Carving CONSERVATION PRIZES City & Guilds of London Art School Research Project Prize (Books and Paper): Laura Goodman, BA (Hons) Conservation: Books and Paper City & Guilds of London Art School Prize Practical Conservation Project Prize (Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces): Fiorella Lavado, BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood and Decorative Surfaces City & Guilds of London Art School Ballardie Practical Conservation Project Prize (Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces): Savannah Grieve, BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood and Decorative Surfaces City & Guilds of London Art School Prize Practical Conservation Project Prize (Books and Paper): Amanda Lancaster, BA (Hons) Conservation: Books and Paper Venice in Peril Residency: Fiorella Lavado and Ellie Seaward, BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood and Decorative Surfaces CARVING PRIZES De Laszlo Stone Carving Prize for Outstanding Work: Rob Postle, BA (Hons) Carving: Architectural Stone Joiner & Ceilers’ Prize: Peter Daoud, BA (Hons) Carving: Woodcarving and Gilding Masons’ Company Prize for Outstanding Work by a Graduating Student: Alex Wheeldon, BA (Hons) Carving: Architectural Stone Masons’ Company Prize for Studentship and Commitment: Paul Farmiloe, BA (Hons) Carving: Architectural Stone City & Guilds of London Art School Lettering Prize: Rob Postle, BA (Hons) Carving: Architectural Stone FINE ART PRIZES Anthony Caro Sculpture Prize: Patrizia Moschetti, BA (Hons) Fine Art Baton Fine Art Prize: Maria Andrievskaya, BA (Hons) Fine Art Chadwyck-Healey Prize for Painting: Alice Delhanty, BA (Hons) Fine Art ART HISTORIES PRIZES Brian Till Art Histories Thesis Prize (Carving): Rob Postle, BA (Hons) Carving: Architectural Stone Brian Till Art Histories Thesis Prize (Fine Art): Gwen Brown, BA (Hons) Fine Art Art School shortlisted for Educational Institution of the Year Award We are delighted to announce that City & Guilds of London Art School has been shortlisted for the Educational Institution Of The Year Award in the BeLambeth Awards 2024. The BeLambeth Awards are a celebration of Lambeth’s exceptional community, showcasing triumphs, people and businesses, and highlighting their contributions. We are thrilled to be a finalist in the Educational Institution Of The Year category, and to be a part of this exciting event. VOTE FOR US TO WIN Click here to vote for us. Voting closes on Wednesday 17 July. Please note that voters can vote once per category. Artist Talk: Jack Bullen We were pleased to recently welcome BA (Hons) Fine Art 2013 alumnus Jack Bullen, Director and Co-Founder of Woolwich Contemporary Print Fair, back to the Art School to speak to our students. Jack generously shared his journey of building the Woolwich Contemporary Print Fair and his experience in entrepreneurship and printmaking. A practicing painter and printmaker himself, through WCPF Jack educates collectors and novices alike on printmaking processes and techniques through the curated exhibition of invited print galleries, individual artists, printmaking studios and artist-led demonstrations, academic talks and curator tours. Jack is also an advocate of print as an accessible basis from which to establish an art collection, allowing for buyers to explore different artists and styles and to confidently talk about and grow their collection. Our students learned more about the Fair’s Open Call and opportunities open to students. CGLAS X WCPF PRIZE The CGLAS Prize at WCPF is awarded each year to a recipient external to the Art School network, and selected by a member of our Print Room team. The winner receives three days access to our Print Room, where they can explore and develop their printing skills alongside our tutors, fellows and students. Our warmest thanks to Jack for visiting us and for an inspiring talk. BA Fine Art student featured in a-n Degree Shows Guide 2024 We were thrilled to see third year BA (Hons) Fine Art student Eleanor Cunningham featured in this year’s a-n Degree Shows Guide. Students are selected from the guide by open call, and Eleanor was amongst 31 artists from 28 UK art schools featured this year. Eleanor Cunningham, Laura Wearing the Pigeon Mask, 112 x 44cm, papier-mache and acrylic paint, 2023. “Using simple papier-mache techniques, Eleanor Cunningham creates garish masks, often of animals and recognisable characters. In works such as Laura Wearing the Pigeon Mask, there is a playfulness that perhaps belies a darker undercurrent, with Cunningham saying the masks are designed to be “worn by anyone brave enough to be immersed into a state of performance while wearing them, which I then photograph and use to draw and paint from”. The resulting paintings take on a much more unsettling version of the masks, which have begun to take over the participant’s body in the form of a ‘second skin’.” The full a-n Degree Shows Guide 2024 can be accessed here. Our Degree Show is open from 22-28 June 2024. Please see full visiting information and our opening hours on our event page. Senior Woodcarving Tutor interviewed in Woodcarving Magazine Tom Ball, de Laszlo Senior Woodcarving Tutor and professional carver, was recently featured in the 200th edition of Woodcarving Magazine. Interviewed by Guest Editor Steve Bisco, Tom discussed how he began his career, his training at City & Guilds of London Art School and his work in carving, conservation and restoration, including restoration work on Grinling Gibbons carvings. The interview concluded with Tom asked, as a tutor, what advice he would give to someone thinking of pursuing a career in carving. “Become as diverse as possible – woodcarving is a great skill but also concentrate on other areas like joinery, gilding, casting and letter cutting. Why also limit yourself to wood? Stone carving follows a very similar process and is a great way to increase your reach. I would also add that City & Guilds of London Art School is the go-to if you are serious about carving as a career. It is now the only place left in the country that offers full-time three-year courses in wood or stone carving and you can even do an MA in carving there. Finally, draw, draw and then draw. It really is the fundamental skill to get your head around understanding complex forms and movement. Best of luck and keep chipping away.” Check out the 200th edition of Woodcarving Magazine to read the full interview. London Craft Week 2024 at the Art School Last month, we were delighted to host our annual London Craft Week event. Over Friday 17 and Saturday 18 May, visitors joined us for our exciting two-day programme of activities celebrating specialist craft skills. The programme kicked off on Friday morning with the start of the Annual Carving Competition. First year woodcarving and stone carving students are challenged to complete an original work within 12 hours, split across the two days. Each year, the competition is centred around a different theme, which this year was ‘Under the Sea’. Annual wood and stone carving competition We were thrilled to be joined by 2013 carving alumna and distinguished stone carver Anna Rubincam and Miranda Lowe CBE, Principal Curator of Crustacea at the Natural History Museum and Chair of Culture&, as our judges for this year’s competition. During the prize-giving, Anna and Miranda commended the level of work created by our students in the time allocated, and the diversity of subject matter. Well done to all those who took part, and a huge congratulations to our winners: First Prize Stone Carving, sponsored by the Mason’s Company – Mark Thompson, BA (Hons) Carving: Architectural Stone First Prize Woodcarving, sponsored by Dick Onians – Alec Stevens, BA (Hons) Carving: Woodcarving & Gilding Second Prize Stone Carving, sponsored by the Mason’s Company – Charlotte Ellery, BA (Hons) Carving: Architectural Stone Second Prize Woodcarving, sponsored by Dick Onians and the William Wheeler’s People’s Choice Award – Joss Trevena. BA (Hons) Carving: Woodcarving & Gilding Peer Prize, voted for by carving students – Sarah Balfour, BA (Hons) Carving: Architectural Stone Honourable Mention, voted for by carving staff – Joe Klose, BA (Hons) Carving: Architectural Stone Take a look at the winning carvings on our Instagram post here. (L-R) Judges Anna Rubincam and Miranda Lowe CBE with Tom Young, Head of Carving Visitors were invited to place their vote for the People’s Choice award, and were also able to have a go at stone carving themselves. ‘Have a Go’ at Stone Carving Our Conservation students ran a series of demonstrations and interactive activities, including gilding, japanning, verre eglomise and paper restoration. The students were joined by Decorative Surfaces Fellow Eloise Dethier-Eaton, who demonstrated Trompe-l’œil painting techniques. Conservation Demonstrations Decorative Surfaces Demonstrations Over in our historic print room, visitors had the opportunity to take part in printmaking workshops with Print Fellow Ben Topping. Ben ran a series of workshops on the traditional process of Intaglio printing, where participants were taught how to create beautiful debossed prints using a variety of materials to create texture and without using ink. Printmaking workshops A number of exhibitions were on display throughout the Art School over the weekend. Visitors were greeted in the atrium by an exhibition of work by our National Saturday Club members, who have been learning 2D and 3D heritage craft skills at the Art School every Saturday this academic year. Our members had a range of their work on display, including carved frames, prints, examples of paper marbling and verre églomisé. Visitors also enjoyed an exhibition of entries for the Art School’s Taylor Pearce Drawing Prize, open to students on our Carving and Conservation degree programmes, and the Roger de Grey Drawing Prize. Exhibition of work by National Saturday Club members Our sponsors and artisan beer company, Fabal Lager, held a free Talk & Tasting in the Art School café, where visitors learned about their locally-sourced ingredients, commitment to sustainability and championing of craftsmanship. Talk & Tasting with Fabal Lager Thank you to our sponsors, The Masons’ Company Craft Fund, The Carpenters’ Company, Dick Onians and Fabal Lager, and thank you to everyone who visited and took part. We hope to see you all at our upcoming Degree Show, running from 22-28 June, and at next year’s London Craft Week. Degree Show 2024 You are warmly invited to our Degree Show 2024, taking place from Saturday 22 June – Friday 28 June 20234. The show is a celebration of the outstanding work of our 2024 graduates from our undergraduate Fine Art, Conservation and Carving courses. Please see full information on our public opening times, location and accessibility on our event page. We look forward to welcoming you to the Art School! Join our mailing list to receive updates and invitations for our Graduate Shows and events. Artist studio visits Last week, our National Saturday Club members were invited to Glass & Casting Technician Pippa Beveridge‘s studio as part of Second Floor Studio’s Open Studios. Pippa introduced us to her art practice, methods, and concepts. It was very exciting for our members to see the day-to-day operations of an artist – our thanks to Pippa for an inspiring visit. We then looked around the 40 studios on site. It was a great opportunity for our members to meet artists working in Deptford and find out how they began a career in the arts. The day ended with a visit to the Drawing Open exhibition at no format Gallery, where we discussed curation, framing and drawing techniques. Our members have been continuing their work in stone and glass, and we are excited to see them installed in Somerset House for the National Saturday Club’s end of year celebration. Thank you to tutors Mark Frith and Pippa Beveridge, Glass Fellow Mils Bridgewater, and student assistants Alex Stone, Louis Power and Six Alyss Hotchkiss. Celebrating our 2024 Foundation Graduates Last week, we were delighted to celebrate the hard work of our Foundation Diploma in Art & Design 2024 graduates at their end of year show, which ran from 15-18 May. On Tuesday 14 May, friends and family of the students were invited to preview the show, before which we hosted the end of year prize giving. Deputy Chair of Trustees Laurence Benson welcomed those in attendance before introducing the Art School Principal, Dr Lois Rowe. Addressing the students, Dr Rowe thanked and commended the students for their work in the show, commenting: “The work is ambitious, and what I found fascinating was the focus on materiality and really diverse process. Some of you use found objects… and the thing which is important about this kind of work is its energy. It isn’t driven by how it might look on a plinth or a wall – a lot of the work in this show demonstrates this creative energy, and it has been such a pleasure to witness. We are so impressed by what everyone has achieved this year.” Deep thanks were given to the Foundation Teaching Staff and Technicians, who have supported the students in achieving the outstanding outcomes as seen in the show. The 2024 Prizes were awarded to: The Skinners’ Company Vargas Eyres Design Prize – Harry McCallum Prize for an Outstanding Foundation 2D Fine-Art Student – Joné Esterhuysen Prize for an Outstanding Foundation 3D Fine-Art Student – Ester Haward Principal’s Prize for Outstanding Work at the Foundation Show – Hannah Jose and Georgia Gundy City & Guilds Of London Art School Scholarship – Delia Madden Thank you to everyone who visited the Foundation Show 2024, and please join us again soon for the Degree Show 2024. LATE APPLICATIONS There are a few last spaces on our 2024/25 Foundation Diploma in Art & Design, with full fee bursaries available. Find out more and submit your application via the ‘Apply’ page of our website. Foundation Show 2024 You are warmly invited to our Foundation Show 2023, taking place from Wednesday 15 May – Saturday 18 May 2024. The show is a celebration of the outstanding work of our 2023 graduates studying Foundation Diploma in Art & Design. During this year of exploration, students interrogate and extend their art practice and create an impressive body of work, displayed in this end of year show. Please see full information on our public opening times, location and accessibility on our event page. We look forward to welcoming you to the Art School! Join our mailing list to receive updates and invitations for our Graduate Shows and events. Woodcarving students win first and second prize at 2024 Joinery and Woodcarving Competition We are pleased to share that Woodcarving and Gilding students Henry Brown (GradDip Arts: Carving) and Alice Ridgway (BA (Hons) Carving: Woodcarving and Gilding) won first and second place respectively at the Worshipful Company of Joiners & Ceilers’ Joinery and Woodcarving Competition 2024. The competition is open to students currently on a full time carving course, and seven woodcarving students from the Art School took part this year. Held on Saturday 20 April at London Building Crafts College, the participants each carved a low relief panel of scrolling foliage. Congratulations Henry and Alice! Photo credit: Worshipful Company of Joiners & Ceilers Exploring new techniques in glass and stone This week, our National Saturday Club members continued their exploration of historical stone lettering techniques and glass cutting. Our 2D members, led by Tutor Pippa Beveridge and Glass Fellows Roberta De Caro and Holly Hooper, worked in our glass studio. Moving on from clear glass cutting, our members began their coloured creations. Our members based their artworks upon real or imagined buildings and used various glass techniques, such as grinding and oil cutting. Next week we will be moving on to soldering each individual piece together to create the finished work. Our 3D members continued making great progress with their stone letting. Thank you to tutor Mark Frith and students Louis Power (BA Carving: Architectural Stone) and Six Alyse Hotchkiss (Graduate Diploma Arts: Carving) for their wonderful guidance. Stone, glass and cityscapes This week, our 3D members, led by tutor Mark Frith and students, Louis Power (BA Carving: Architectural Stone) and Six Alyse Hotchkiss (Graduate Diploma Arts: Carving) continued their works in stone. Having chosen the word ‘illusion’ last week, our members began transferring their sketches to their stone blocks. Chisels hit limestone, and the carving began. Our 2D members, led by Tutor Pippa Beveridge and Glass Fellows Roberta De Caro and Holly Hooper, were introduced to our glass workshop. Taking inspiration from last week’s trip to Two Temple Place, our members began making fused glass cityscapes. Influences raged from iconic London buildings, such as Big Ben to local pubs. The group sketched their buildings and then were taught how to cut glass and fuse it together. We can’t wait to see how the works look once they’re out of the kiln. Exploring Stained Glass and Stone Carving Last Saturday was our National Saturday Club’s first week back after the Spring break. Each group is now studying a new subject, with our 3D members learning the art of lettering and our 2D members exploring the Tiffany technique of stained glass. To introduce our 2D members to stained glass, we enjoyed a tour of ‘The Glass Heart’ exhibition at Two Temple Place. Ranging from 19th century to contemporary experimental glass work, the exhibition examines how glass-making in the UK contains and expresses stories. Our members engaged with the artworks, planning their cityscapes for the following weeks and creating sketches of the works in the exhibition. A huge thank you to Two Temple Place and to Fay for hosting us, and for an enlightening visit. Our 3D members, led by Lettering Tutor Mark Frith, Graduate Diploma Arts: Carving: Architectural Stone student Six Alyse Hotchkiss, and BA (Hons) Fine Art student Louis Power, were introduced to stone carving. Members worked together to choose an eight-letter word, and each will carve a single letter using a variety of carving techniques. Our members traced the outline of their limestone block, and, using medieval lettering for inspiration, began to plan their artwork. Watch this space! Student success in British Art Medal Society Student Medal Project We are delighted to share that four of our students had their work accepted for this year’s British Art Medal Society Student Medal Project, with first year BA (Hons) Carving: Woodcarving and Gilding student Jocelyn Trevena winning the Michael Robert Memorial Prize for her medal ‘Agatha’. This prize is awarded for ‘subtle portraiture, with details that reflect on earlier traditions of making, an edge that links the two sides, and a reverse with an effective change of scale’. Dr Dora Thornton, Curator of the Goldsmiths’ Company Collection and one of the judges of this year’s prizes wrote in her introduction in the BAMS Student Medal Project Catalogue 2024: “One medal that impressed me for its sense of taking its place in a long European tradition was by Jocelyn Trevena of City & Guilds of London Art School. This presents her take on the legend of Saint Agatha, with the agonised saint portrayed on one side and one of her breasts, cut off at her martyrdom, on the other. This medal could easily be placed alongside Italian Renaissance medals on similar themes in the way that it presented the story of an individual. It was no surprise that it should have won the Michael Roberts Memorial Prize.” Jocelyn discussed her work and process: “My medal depicts Saint Agatha, who was martyred via the sexually violent act of having her breasts torn off after refusing the advances of a Roman prefect. I was fascinated by depictions of Agatha that were sexualised, her breasts often taking centre stage, while also idealising her as a virgin. I wanted to pose a question of how we respond to such a distant yet distinct tale of sexual violence, while also trying my best to do justice to Agatha. On one side of my medal, you hold Agatha in your hand, in her torment and unrelenting faith. On the other side, you hold Agatha’s severed breast. The project was a very rewarding experience for me, and I learnt a lot about my burgeoning practice. This was my second ever relief model, and my first time working with wax, working in miniature, and my first time working with metal. Learning so much at once made me grow very attached to my medal and it’s subject, I’m so pleased it’s been a success, and hugely thankful for the opportunity.” Three more of our undergraduate Carving students, Helen Aitchison, Thomas Stainer and Alec Stevens, also had their work accepted for the exhibition. Please read their Catalogue entries below. Helen Aitchison (First Year BA (Hons) Carving: Architectural Stone), Conquer ‘The medal is a grounding object, something to hold at times of great anxiety to steady your heart. In turn, the medal will hold you; protected by its outer shell, you can conquer your fear and find the courage to carry on. As a psychotherapist, I understand that people use grounding objects, things we picked up and treasured as children. My intention is that this feels familiar in some way.’ Thomas Stainer (First Year BA (Hons) Carving: Architectural Stone), Same Old Story ‘This medal’s motif and aesthetic is based on the enduring theme of sibling rivalry, and pays homage to the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh. It shows the figures Enkidu and Gilgamesh, who appear on the front, parallel with the biblical verses from the story of Cain and Abel on the reverse, thus exploring the associations with Christian and Islamic religions.’ Alec Stevens (BA (Hons) Carving: Woodcarving and Gilding), Meddling with History ‘Inspired by dystopian science fiction, such as 1984 and Metropolis, I’ve made a cautionary tale medal that warns of the dangers of Meddling with History when building future societies. As a contemporary sculptor, working within heritage locations, I am always curious as to how and what is represented throughout history. My medal sits within this curiosity of what artefacts survive.’ See information on all of our students’ entries on pages 25-27 of the Project Catalogue. Sixteen colleges within the UK, joined by two guest academies, produced 106 medals for this year’s project. The exhibition is open at Birmingham School of Jewellery until Friday 26th April. Paris Medieval Study Trip 2024 On Monday 26 February, 36 first year students from our BA (Hons) Carving and BA (Hons) Conservation courses embarked on the annual Paris Medieval Study Trip. Our Conservation students were accompanied by Jim Bloxam (Head of Book Conservation), Sophie Barton (Conservation Tutor) and Sophie Ambelas (Conservation Technician), and our Carving students were joined by Tom Young (Head of Carving) and Ghislain Puget (Senior Stone Carving Tutor). This study trip, generously supported by the Stuart Heath Charitable Settlement, greatly enriches the learning experience of our first year students by contextualizing their studies and enabling them to engage directly with the art and architecture of Paris. Day 1 After checking into accommodation, the trip’s activities started straight away. Our Carving students walked to Île Saint-Louis, stopping at Notre Dame on the way, to look at the baroque churches Église de St Louise and Église de Saint Paul. Later in the afternoon, they visited Places des Voges, one of the oldest squares in Paris, and the nearby Hôtel de Sully. The day ended with a trip to see the contemporary art at Palais Tokyo. Meanwhile, our Conservators spent the afternoon at the Louvre, where our BA (Hons) Conservation: Books & Paper students discussed the restoration of The Wedding Feast at Cana by Paolo Veronese. Photo credit: Sophie Barton Photo credit: Sophie Barton Day 2 The first full day in Paris began with our Carving students visiting the Gothic church Église St-Séverin and the medieval church Église Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre. Afterwards, they walked to the Cluny Museum, where our BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood and Decorative Surfaces students had spent the morning. Meanwhile, our Books & Paper Conservation students visited the Conservation Studio of the Sorbonne School of Art History and Archeology, kindly hosted by conservator Dr Élodie Lévêque. In the afternoon, our Carvers visited the Pantheon and the 17th century Église Saint-Étienne-du-Mont. The group then headed over to the Parc du Luxembourg, where they saw the Carpeaux Sculpture and the Bartholdi maquette for the Statue of Liberty. Afterwards, they visited the nearby Musée Zadkine, dedicated to the 20th Century sculptor Ossip Zadkine, and the Musée Carnavalet, a museum of the history of the city. Our Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces Conservation students also visited the Musée Carnavalet, in addition to spending time at the Musée Rodin, the Places des Vosges and the Hôtel de Sully. Our Books & Paper Conservation cohort went to the Bibliothèque nationale de France for the afternoon, where they visited the Manuscripts Conservation Studio with Nathalie Trion, Head of Conservation. The rest of the day was spent at the conservation study and library at the Mazarine Library with conservator Alizée Lacourtiade. Photo credit: Lottie Ellery, BA (Hons) Carving: Architectural Stone Photo credit: Lottie Ellery, BA (Hons) Carving: Architectural Stone Day 3 Our third day in Paris began with a trip to the Musée d’Orsay for our Carving students, whilst our Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces students visited the conservation studios of the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, stopping en route at Notre Dame and Sainte-Chapelle. Our Books & Paper Conservation students headed over to the Palace of Versailles, where they spent the whole day. In the afternoon, our Carvers visited Musée Rodin to see the work of 19th Century sculptors including Camille Claudel. This was followed by visits to the Musée Bourdelle and Musée Maillol. Our Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces conservators spent the afternoon at the Musée Guimet, followed by a visit to the exhibition ‘From Builders to Restorers’ at the Cité de l’architecture et du patrimoine on the construction and restoration of Notre Dame Cathedral. Photo credit: Sophie Barton Day 4 The morning started with a visit to the Cité de l’architecture et du patrimoine for our Carving students, where they saw architectural casts by Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, before heading over to the Musée de la Marine. Our conservators across both courses spent the morning at Institut National du Patrimoine. Our Carvers then visited Villa La Roche, designed by 20th Century Architect Le Corbusier, before ending the day at the Louvre. The students admired Lead Stone Carving Tutor Ghislain Puget’s sculptural heritage in the Cour Puget! Meanwhile, our Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces Conservation students visited the Conservation studio at the Musée National d’ Archaeologie, and ended the day at the Musée d’Orsay. Our Books & Paper conservators spent the afternoon at the Sorbonne Conservation Studio with Sylvie Struyve. Photo Credit: Lottie Ellery, BA (Hons) Carving: Architectural Stone Friday For the final morning in Paris, the students had time for independent exploration. There was an optional visit for all students to École Boulle, a college of fine arts, crafts and applied arts, and our Carving students were also given the opportunity to visit Père Lachaise Cemetery and Josef et Fils toolshop. The End of the Spring Term In the final two sessions of the Spring Term, our members continued their explorations of glass artwork and printing. Our 2D members have been enjoying working in our historic print room. Led by Print Tutor Kristina Chan and Print Fellow Benjamin Topping, half of the group worked with Intaglio printmaking, and learned the art of soft ground, hard ground and aquatint. The other half of our group, led by Print Tutor Niamh Clancy and Print Fellow Angela A’Court, were introduced to Screen Printing. Our members created beautiful multi layered prints, with influences ranging from animals to landscapes, to comic books. Our 3D cohort continued the glass sculptures that they began working on in the Autumn Term. The members completed the casting of their sculptures, before moving on to pouring the works. In the final week of term, they unveiled their finished sculptures! Thank you to our Glass Tutor Anne Petters and Glass Fellows Roberta De Caro and Mils Bridgewater for running these fantastic sessions in the Glass Studio over the last two terms. Well done to all of our members and thank you for your hard work! Master Craft Certificates awarded to two members of the Art School community Nina Bilbey with the Rt. Hon. The Lord Mayor of the City of London and the Master of the Masons Company Last month, in a ceremony at Mansion House, two members of the Art School community received Master Crafts certificates from the Livery Company Skills Council with the City and Guilds of London Institute. The Livery Company prizes recognize outstanding learners and tutors who have been awarded or who have delivered City & Guilds Group qualifications. The awards were presented by the Rt. Hon. The Lord Mayor of the City of London, Professor Michael Mainelli. Our congratulations to Nina Bilbey, who was awarded her Master Certificate, acknowledging a career spanning over thirty years including her work as Senior Stone Carving Tutor at the Art School. Nina is one of the country’s most respected carvers: an award-winning sculptor, teacher and mentor, the co-founder of the Abraxas Stone Carving Academy and the co-host of the podcast “The Stone Carving and Lettering Takeaway”. Her work can be seen across many heritage buildings, including the statues of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip on the West Front of Canterbury Cathedral – the first sculptures to depict them as a pair. Certificate recipients from the Worshipful Company of Masons, Apprentices, Journeymen and Masters with the Master of the Company The Art School also congratulates alumna Jo Grogan on receiving her Master Wood Carver certificate. Following a career in fashion and jewellery design, Jo graduated last year from the Art School with a First Class BA (Hons) Carving: Woodcarving & Gilding. She has been the recipient of multiple awards, including the Grinling Gibbons 300 Tercentenary Emerging Carvers Award, Student Designer at the 2023 Wood Awards, QEST scholarship, and First Prize in the Worshipful Company of Joiners & Ceilers Wood Carving competition 2023. Jo has received press recognition for her work, including participation in Sky Arts’ The Prince’s Master Crafters in 2022. Attendees and Prize Winners at the ceremony, held at Mansion House Well done Nina and Jo! New Freelands Foundation grant for Foundation Art & Design Bursaries City & Guilds of London Art School are delighted to have received a new grant from the Freelands Foundation which will provide five new bursaries for those wishing to study with us on our Foundation Diploma: Art & Design. Each of the new bursaries supported by the Freelands Foundation will cover full tuition fees as well as a stipend towards materials. Dr Lois Rowe, Principal of City & Guilds of London Art School, commented: “Our priority as an Art School is to nurture a more diverse student body and we are delighted to now be supported in this endeavour by the Freelands Foundation. This generous new grant enables the Art School to launch our first dedicated bursaries to fully fund five places for applicants to our Foundation Diploma Art & Design course in 2024/25 who have potential, but not the means to come and study with us, thereby empowering us to grow our community and ultimately to contribute further to the city’s cultural, economic and environmental future.” City & Guilds of London Art School are most grateful to the Freelands Foundation for their support of the Art School’s mission and approach to teaching and learning. We very much look forward to working with the Freelands Foundation team over the coming academic year to pursue our shared objectives. Our longstanding Art School wide bursary programme aims to ensure all those with the potential and dedication to be offered a place on our courses are able to take it up, regardless of financial circumstance. Applications for bursaries are currently open to those who have accepted an offer for 2024/25. Please visit our Student Funding and Apply pages to find out more about eligibility and making a bursary application or to contact our admissions team. Freelands Foundation believes art is central to a broad and balanced education, and a right for everyone. We are driven by a conviction in the vital role of learning and making to foster creativity, resilience, criticality and problem-solving that empowers and equips us for the future. Our approach combines action research, through academic commissions, workshops, discussions, exhibitions, publications, films, partnerships and a dedicated library; and funding, through grants, awards, fellowships and residencies. ABOUT US: City & Guilds of London Art School provides an alternative approach to creative education to 300 students a year studying on Foundation Art & Design and BA and MA courses in Fine Art, Illustration, Conservation and Carving. For 170 years, we have played a vital role in passing on specialist hand skills and inspiring new generations. We believe that art can change the world and that, beyond its material creation, it has the power to change lives and benefit society. Arts education should not be a privilege, but something that anyone can access and use to empower themselves and others. If you work in a secondary school and would like to explore working with us, please contact Camilla Robinson, Director of Widening Participation at c.robinson@cityandguildsartschool.ac.uk. If you would like to discuss supporting the Art School and our students, please contact Natasha Hastings, Development and External Relations Manager, at development@cityandguildsartschool.ac.uk. MA Interim Show 2024 Each year at the mid-point of their course, our MA Fine Art and MA Carving students and Decorative Surfaces Fellow produce an Interim Show at City & Guilds of London Art School for the Art School community of staff and students. Please see below a selection of photos of some of the works on display this year. Congratulations to our students on a fantastic show, and we look forward to seeing everyone at the MA Show in September. Keep an eye on our website and socials for updates on our graduate shows this summer! Image Credit: Maxim Burnett Image Credit: Molly Martin Image Credit: Eva Merendes Image Credit: Luc Nonga Image Credit: Linda Simon Image Credit: Nell Mitchell Image Credit: Julia Pomeroy Image Credit: Tabby Li Image Credit: Yohan Le Peuch Conservation Student Symposium 2024 Alongside specialist conservation practice, students in the final year of BA (Hons) Conservation and students studying MA Conservation undertake a conservation research project based on an area of conservation practice they have identified during their practical work. Students prepare a thesis illustrating their research methodology, experimental data and conclusions. Their research findings are presented at the Conservation Symposium, a public-facing annual event to which professionals and interested parties from the world of Conservation are invited. Conservation Symposium 2024 Tuesday 16 April 10:00 – 17:00 Imperial College London, Read Lecture Theatre, Level 4 of the Sherfield Building, Exhibition Road Campus, London SW7 2AZ PROGRAMME 10:15 – 10:35 \| Laura Goodman An investigation into the Migration of Optical Brightening Agents (OBA) in Paper Substrates 10:35 – 10:55 \| Savannah Grieve An investigation into the Properties of Blended Paraloid™ Resins with Bulking Agents 10:55 – 11:15 \| Molly Hobbs An investigation into the relative adhesive strengths of different starches for paper repairs Break: 11:15 – 11:40 11:40 – 12:00 \| Julieta Herrera The use of CaLoSil® for the consolidation of plaster casts 12:00 – 12:20 \| Masha Ivanelo Phenolic Yellowing: How it affects ink-jet paper 12:20 – 12:40 \| Lola Jackson A preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of waxes and acrylic polymers as a barrier layer to reduce the rate of corrosion on bronze samples in a high humidity environment Lunch: 12:40 – 13:30 13:30 – 13:50 \| Yeasuel Jung A study of the potential use of Abelmoschus Manihot root and Photinia Villosa leaf extracts as natural adhesives in conservation 13:50 – 14:10 \| Fiorella Lavado Chiarella Exploring the viability of Opuntia Ficus Indica (OFI) Mucilage as a consolidant for Reigate Stone 14:10 – 14:30 \| Mags Monaghan Exploring efficacy of accessible deacidification techniques on acidic paper Break: 14:30 – 14:50 14:50 – 15:10 \| Emily Stuart An investigation into the mechanical properties of common bookbinding and conservation adhesives 15:10 – 15:30 \| Ellie Seaward Understanding the degradation of pigmented and unpigmented beeswax 15:30 – 15:50 \| Ally Wingate-Saul A preliminary investigation into the use of d-limonene as an alternative green solvent to xylene in the context of object conservation 15:50 – 16:10 \| Lyz Yingzhen Liu TBC Our Conservation Symposium 2024 has been organised in association with Imperial College London’s Centre for Languages, Culture and Communication and Science and Engineering Research for Cultural Heritage Network. Venice Study Trip 2023 The annual Venice trip is a highlight in the calendar for our second year BA (Hons) Carving and BA (Hons) Conservation students. We were delighted to return to the city in late November 2023, kindly hosted once again by the Cini Foundation. The trip’s activities started straight away on arrival into the city. Once we had checked into our rooms, we were given an introduction to the themes of the week before travelling to St Mark’s Square to visit the Basilica. This was followed by an orientation walk around Venice center towards the Dorsoduro and seeing some of the Baroque churches en route. The second day started early, with the whole group taking a train out of the city to Padua. There, we visited the 13th century Church of the Eremitani, which was badly damaged by aerial bombardment during World War II. We discussed the conservation issues and restoration process, and why the church has deliberately not been restored to a pristine state. We then split into two groups for the rest of the day. BA (Hons) Carving and BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces students visited the 16th-century Palazzo Bo, before seeing the Padua Baptistry and San Antonio Basilica. Our BA (Hons) Conservation: Books and Paper students visited the Abbazia di Praglia, a Benedictine monastery founded in 1080 with a center for book restoration. After their visits, students had the opportunity to spend the evening in Padua before catching the train back to Venice. Palazzo Bo Palazzo Bo Abbazia di Praglia On Day 3, we were given a tour of the Cini Foundation and library, where we saw works on paper, a Palladian building and carvings. Late morning, we travelled to St Mark’s Square, where we split into the same groups as the day before. Our Books & Paper Conservation students visited Marciana Library, one of the earliest surviving public libraries in Italy. Meanwhile, the rest of the group studied the artefacts in St Marks Square, considering their material properties and meanings from both a carving and conservation perspective, and learned a little about the history of Venice. Cini Foundation Cini Foundation Cini Foundation Marciana Library Marciana Library After a break for lunch, the carvers went to the Scuola San Rocca and the Santa Maria dei Carmini Church to see the stunning wood carvings, and our Books and Paper Conservation students visited the San Francesco della Vigna library. All students came together at the end of the day with a trip to the Ca’ Rezzonico museum. The fourth and last full day of the trip began again in St Mark’s Square. BA (Hons) Carving and BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces students visited the Church of San Zaccaria, the Basilica dei Santi Giovanni e Paolo, the Scuola San Marco and Santa Maria dei Miracoli. Books and Paper Conservation students visited the Armenian Monastery of San Lazzaro, home to one of the oldest printing and publishing houses in Venice, and their archive. After lunch, students were then given an afternoon free to explore the city. San Lazzaro San Lazzaro Our last morning in Venice was spent at the church of San Nicolo dei Mendicoli, followed by a visit to the Frari – the largest church in the city. Our Books and Paper Conservation students had the special opportunity to visit Mario Berta Battiloro, the last artisan gold beater in Venice. Mario Berta Battiloro Mario Berta Battiloro – Earrings of 24 ct gold over oyster shells We then returned to the Cini to collect our bags and say goodbye to our hosts before heading to the airport. Interested in studying on one of our BA Carving or BA Conservation courses? Find out more at one of our upcoming Open Days. Applications are now open for 2024/25. BA Fine Art Alumna wins award from the Royal Society of British Artists for second year in a row Our congratulations to Natalia Glinoer (BA (Hons) Fine Art graduate, 2016), who has won the Surgeon’s Prize 2024 from the Royal Society of British Artists (RBA) for her painting ‘iPad’. Her work is on display at the RBA Annual Exhibition at the Mall Galleries until 9 March 2024. This is the second year in a row that Natalia has received an award from the RBA, having won The Michael Harding Prize for her painting ‘In the Artist’s Studio’ last year. Natalia Glinoer, iPad, Oil on Linen, 24 x 18cm Natalia is an artist based in Brighton. She studied at City and Guilds of London Art School, 2014-2016 and at the Heatherley school of Fine Art, 2018-2021. In 2017, Natalia won the RBA Rome Scholarship where she travelled to Rome for one month, studying the High Renaissance, Baroque paintings and sculptures that helped inspire her current work. Natalia also won the 2023 Royal Society of British Artist’s Michael Harding Award and The Surgeon’s Prize in 2024. She is predominantly an oil painter and a printmaker. She has and continues to work on private commissions and models for life drawing. Natalia has also exhibited across the UK, notably at the Green and Stone Gallery, The Royal Society of British Artists, The New English Art Club, ING Discerning Eye, The Society of Women Artists at the Mall Galleries and The Royal Academy Summer Exhibition. Artist Talk: Kelvin Okafor Last Friday we were delighted to be visited by Kelvin Okafor, 2005 alumnus of our Foundation Diploma in Art & Design (pictured above with Acting Course Leader, Joshua Uvieghara). Kelvin is an internationally renowned and award-winning drawing practitioner and pencil artist, with a community of over 385k followers on Instagram and regular solo exhibitions in the UK. In his talk, Kelvin shared his career journey, in which he reflected on his year at City & Guilds of London Art School, and how important it had been to him. He discussed his drawing process and his current body of work, ‘Drawing Awareness’. The purpose of his latest project is to engage and educate the audience by learning through art about people with visible differences. Its narrative is based on acceptance and inclusion whilst promoting positive change in people’s attitudes towards people with skin differences. The theme of acceptance and inclusion is visually captured and documented throughout. Each drawing conveys a story; a non-fiction of truth told by the sitter to steer change. Each sitter has openly shared their personal story of their difference or skin condition and journey so far. Kelvin most generously donated a limited edition print of his drawing of Bob Dylan and his catalogue from the Albemarle Gallery to the Art School. We are most grateful to Kelvin for the gift and for taking the time to visit us and speak with our students. Student Blog – What to expect in your first term studying on the Foundation Diploma in Art & Design Hello there! This is Zahra Nawal, an international student hailing from Pakistan who packed her entire life in a suitcase to experience the journey of an art school in one of the most amazing cities in the world, London. What has this art school been for me in these past three months? Everything. It was a seamless decision for me to make City & Guilds of London Art School my first choice for a Foundation year. This was primarily because of the reviews by the previous students who I interacted with, but equally importantly because of the facilities and faculties this place offers. From open spaces for students, to a wide range of workshops and an array of exceptional tutors, City & Guilds of London Art School has everything an art enthusiast like me desires. From the outset of my classes, the entire Foundation Diploma in Art & Design course seems to be strategically designed on how to encourage students to venture into unexplored territories. It began with manipulating an open space, laid back sessions of life drawing and delving in the intricacies of geometry. Throughout the first week, we were shuffled into different groups with different people and introduced to most tutors through these one-day classes. As the term progressed, the classes continued with a fresh mix of student groups. This propelled me to get out of my comfort zone and become familiar with as many new students as possible. Engaging in insightful discussions, and offering and receiving critiques, has been a humbling yet rewarding experience to delve deeper into the realm of art alongside making great connections with people. The first term provided me with a structured pathway that I could rely on with clear instructions given to me in the form of a brief. These briefs are really the pivotal elements if used appropriately, as they are the core of your projects. Despite the provided guidelines, you are given the opportunity to explore. This is a versatile part of the course that primarily makes you learn how to research and develop ideas. Each project is about a week long, and you get a well-informed overview in terms of Fine Art and Design and, to some extent, Architecture, which can help you evaluate your choices for future career. This term is also a vital time to seek insight about different workshops and get a sense of different materials. Each week was a whirlwind of activity with projects that kept me totally engaged. Fridays, however, brought a welcome change of pace as they were dedicated to Art History. Divided into two separate groups, each week we concluded our work with a tour to different art galleries to explore different Art History themes and write about it in our essays. Through these visits, we had the opportunity to test into various themes and concepts alongside fellow students, engaging in discussions that encompassed diverse viewpoints during these tours. Finally, the term concluded with the transposition project that students work on for two days. Furthermore, we have to make sure to upload everything onto the school’s electronic portfolio software. Regular evaluation and feedback helps students to maintain their work and prevent tasks from accumulating towards the end. Additionally, we each get assigned a pastoral tutor, to help us explore various courses and start our research for applications for our next step. Carving alumni featured in House & Garden magazine We were thrilled to see three of our Carving alumni featured in the latest edition of House & Garden magazine. Check out the March edition to read Christabel Chubb’s profile on London Stone Carving, founded in 2018 by Stone Carving alumni Tom Brown and Tom Nicholls, along with Josh Locksmith and Sam Lee. In the article, they discuss their careers since graduating from the Art School, their processes and commitment to the use of traditional stonemasonry techniques, and the variety of commissions and projects they have taken on. Woodcarving & Gilding alumna Silje Loa’s limewood and limestone sculpture ‘Draped in Wood’ is featured in the ‘Decorate’ section of the magazine, where Ruth Sleightholme looks at interiors featuring trompe-l’oeil. Images 2-4 below from Silje Loa via Instagram. Art School launches new BA (Hons) Illustration City & Guilds of London Art School is delighted to be launching a new undergraduate course in Illustration. The Art School has a deep association with illustrative practice dating back to its origins in the 19th century. Artisans at nearby Royal Doulton came to train at the Art School, including two of Doulton’s celebrated designers Hannah and Florence Barlow, whose work can be seen in the V&A Museum. Arthur Rackham, one of the leading figures of the ‘Golden Age of Illustration’, siblings Clemence and Laurence Housman, founders of the Atelier that produced much of the campaigning artwork of the Suffrage Movement, and much-loved children’s author and illustrator Lauren Child, number amongst the prominent illustrators who have passed through the Art School. About the course This BA (Hons) Illustration course will challenge students to develop their own visual language in a collaborative and dynamic Art School that is renowned for mark-making practice. Using traditional drawing skills and historic lettering as a foundation for contemporary practice, students will learn to approach illustration as a diverse tool of communication and build their skills by experimenting with new technologies. Throughout the development of practical work, our learners will benefit first hand from the Art School’s clients, designers and curators across the sector and be supported in their professional and contextual understanding of illustration as it relates to industry. Understanding illustration as a catalyst for accessible communication is a fundamental part of the course ethos and will be tested directly through practice. Taking ‘traditional’ discipline as its starting point, material processes and live projects will be utilised to develop new approaches to illustrative literacy, drawing on the specialist learning and facilities that the Art School is well renowned for. In this way, the course will support the development of a basis of skills and knowledge, informing experimentation, invention and the questioning of orthodoxy. Over the duration of the course, students will experience a unique creative learning environment and will be supported by their tutors in becoming a pro-active participant in their own learning in preparation for the challenges of further study and/or a range of professional futures. Some elements of the course have a specific focus based on choice of illustration, while group tutorials, workshop time, live projects and other sessions, such as professional practice, are shared more widely across the Art School. Our focus on material creation is informed by in-depth engagement with the critical contexts of art, design and illustration. Due to our central location, the students will have London’s rich cultural heritage at their feet to educate and inspire them. Find out more See full information about our BA (Hons) Illustration on the course page of our website. If you have any questions, please contact our Admissions Team. Credit: Artwork in header by MA Fine Art alumna Annie Farrer Conservation students use X-Ray analysis in their final year projects A mobile X-Ray service recently came to the Art School to support our Third Year BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces students in the analysis of their objects as part of their final year projects. Read more about Ally, Yingzhen and Julieta’s experience below. “My third-year wood project is a Baroque style table that has a large, carved and gilded putto as a central column. The body of the putto shows extensive structural damage with several cracks visible on the left side and back of the drapery. The table appeared to be structurally stable and a metal detector confirmed that metal hardware was used in previous repairs, however, the condition and age of these repairs was unknown and needed to be checked as the table must be functional when it leaves the studio. The repairs were not designed to be dismantled, so it would have been too intrusive to do so unless absolutely necessary. In this case, x-ray analysis was the perfect technique to assess the condition of these repairs to inform the treatment proposal. X-ray images showed that the metal hardware was still intact and providing the necessary support. They also revealed that four different types of nails and screws were used, with the earliest type, a large hand wrought nail, not widely used since the 19th century, alluding to several repairs to the same area over time. X–ray images also revealed more detail about the original and later joinery, fills, and the unusual construction of the base which was built to house the putto, confirming the theory that he was repurposed into this table from a different original location.” Ally Wingate Saul, Third Year BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces “In my third year, I embarked on a wood project, a table casket in the Renaissance style. This casket is constructed from wood, embellished with carved alabaster. It boasts a rectangular design, with architectural motifs and structurally stable. Upon opening, it reveals an array of five secret compartments, accessible through vertically sliding panels on both sides. For a comprehensive assessment of the casket’s condition and to inform the methodology for its hinge conservation phase, I utilized the Amadeo M-DR X-ray imaging system. The resultant imagery detailed the heterogeneous assemblage of nails affixing the hinges to the casket body. This assortment ranged from slender to robust, spiral-textured nails, with one particular nail exhibiting deformation likely attributed to external stress. This irregularity might compromise the hinge’s stability. Furthermore, the variance in nail morphology intimates a blend of original and subsequent additions, ostensibly for enhancing the structural robustness of the hinge attachment. The radiographic evidence necessitated a re-evaluation of the initial strategy to rectify the bent hinge. The removal of the deeply embedded nails posed a risk of inflicting further damage, potentially jeopardising the secure union of the casket lid and body.” Yingzhen Liu, Third Year BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces “A plaster cast of the Medici Venus is one of my third-year projects in the BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces course. The main concern was the structural stability; cracks on the knees and ankles suggested the sculpture might be at risk of collapse. Given that these objects are regularly used by students at the school, ensuring their mobility without causing further damage is of a great importance. As part of the analysis to assess its condition and inform the treatment proposal, a mobile X-Ray service came to school to capture images of the sculpture. The images revealed that the armature inside the legs is not broken; it initiates at the base and extends to the knees, measuring 30 mm. The angles of inclination could be discerned using the software. Additionally, the dolphin features an armature made from a 2 mm wire, which is weaker than the main body, explaining the semi-detached fin and the missing end tail.” Julieta Herrera, Third Year BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces Interested in studying on one of our BA (Hons) Conservation or MA Conservation courses? Find out more by visiting us at one of our upcoming Open Days. Register online. Applications now open for 2024/25 study. 3D members complete their frames Our National Saturday Club 3D members finished their wonderful carved frames last Saturday. After four weeks of learning woodcarving from BA (Hons) Carving: Woodcarving and Gilding alumnus Tom Buchanan and Graduate Diploma Arts: Carving: Woodcarving & Gilding student Henry Brown, our members have created intricate frames with unique designs. Well done to our 3D cohort! Our 2D members continued working in the Print Room. Led by Print Tutor Kristina Chan and Print Fellow Benjamin Topping, half of the group learned the art of hard-ground etching, part of which involved working with fire. Influences ranged from landscapes, butterflies to plague doctors. The other half of our group was led by Screen Print Tutor Niamh Clancy and Print Fellow Angela A’Court. Members worked quickly creating multiple screens, multi-layered screen prints and printing onto fabric, all in one workshop. Skill Share Workshop: Julie Hayashi We were delighted to be joined recently by Artist Julie Hayashi, who ran a demonstration on Nihonga (traditional Japanese Painting) at one of our student Skill Share events. With a PhD in Japanese Painting (Conservation) from Tokyo University of the Arts, Julie gave a generous presentation on her work in the conservation and the mounting of paintings, the research of painting techniques, the reproduction of cultural property and Nihonga painting. Julie discussed the transformation and styles of Japanese painting, from 8th century to contemporary, and how contemporary Japanese painters use traditional methods and materials of Nihonga. She shared insight on the materials used, such as pigments, paper, ink and dye, and where they can be found. Following the presentation, Julie gave a demonstration on the techniques discussed, which the attendees were given the opportunity to try out. Students from across all our courses and disciplines were invited to the workshop, and the room was packed out. Our warmest thanks to Julie for her time and for visiting us. An Introduction to the Print Room Last Saturday marked our 2D members’ first experience in our historic Print Room. Divided into two groups, one half of our members were guided by Print Tutor Kristina Chan and Print Fellow Benjamin Topping, and delved into the world of intaglio print. The other half were led by Screen Print Tutor Niamh Clancy and Print Fellow Angela A’Court, who introduced our students to Screen Printing. The members created beautiful works influenced by a range of themes, from nature to domestic interiors. Our 3D cohort continued to work on their carved frames. The members’ designs are now down, and they are well and truly immersed in the woodcarving. Our young creatives have swiftly embraced this craft, and the resulting works are looking magical. Marbling and Carving continues Last weekend, our National Saturday Club members continued their work in paper marbling and woodcarving. Our 2D group were led by Decorative Surfaces Fellow Elosie Dethier-Eaton and BA (Hons) Conservation: Books & Paper student Mariia Ivanelo and continued exploring paper marbling techniques. The club member produced stunning examples of Spanish Wave Marbling, Bouquet and Nonpareil. The 3D group were led by BA (Hons) Carving: Woodcarving and Gilding Alumnus Tom Buchanan and Graduate Diploma Arts: Carving: Woodcarving and Gilding student Henry Brown. The members began to carve the patterns and forms they designed last week, starting with a test carving before carving their frames. The pieces are beginning to emerge and the results are already looking incredible. An Introduction to Global Conservation: Commonwealth Summer School This summer, the Commonwealth Heritage Forum and City & Guilds of London Art School are delighted to be offering ‘Introduction to Global Conservation’, a Commonwealth Summer School. This Summer School will run for two weeks from 22 July – 2 August 2024. Level: Beginner to Intermediate. Be inspired by this rare opportunity to learn historic conservation skills in one of the few art schools in Britain still teaching traditional craftsmanship. In the first week, you will learn a range of stonework and masonry skills offered at the City & Guilds of London Art School. In the second week, you will learn the specific skills that are relevant to the preparation and use of lime mortar, lime render, lime plaster, lime wash and limecrete. During the programme you will have the opportunity to hear a talk on the philosophy of conservation, allowing you to synthesise practical experience with broader cultural understandings. You will be invited to share ideas and exchange approaches from the projects you are currently working on in a discursive environment. This will involve group visits to some of London’s most iconic and important historic buildings, for example to Westminster Abbey and the Houses of Parliament, to learn how these skills were originally applied and to better understand contemporary approaches to the conservation of existing fabric. The Commonwealth Heritage Forum will award up to twenty-four full bursaries to include: course fees, including accommodation and lunch meals whilst on campus at City & Guilds; a stipend for sundries and weekday breakfast and dinner meals; return air travel from your home country to London Heathrow airport; travel from London Heathrow airport to the short-term student accommodation in London; and UK visitor visa costs (if applicable). See full information on eligibility and how to apply here. Deadline for applications: Monday 8 April 2024 Apply by email: info@chstrainingprogramme.org Venice in Peril Internship 2023 On Wednesday 11th October 2023, my fellow graduate Josh and I embarked on a once in a lifetime opportunity. After three years of hard work, we graduated from the City and Guilds of London Art School, with a BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood, and Decorative Surfaces. Following this, we were selected to carry out a 10-week stone conservation internship in Venice, held in collaboration with Abbazia di San Giorgio Maggiore – Benedicti Claustra Onlus and funded by the Venice in Peril Fund. The beautiful Palladian Basilica is located on the island of San Giorgio Maggiore, across the lagoon from mainland Venice and our accommodation was situated in the Benedictine monastery next to the church. The area we were assigned to work on was The Altar of Saint Lucy situated on the North Wall of the Basilica. Following assessment of this space we implemented a programme of cleaning to remove and reduce heavy layers of dirt, dust and surface deposits that had accumulated over many years. Before attending the internship, we took part in the PASMA training course, organised by City and Guilds of London Art School, to equip us with the knowledge that would help us erect and deconstruct a mobile scaffold tower to enable us to reach the high areas. At the end of our internship, the difference that our conservation had made to the area was clear to see, confirming that this collaboration between City and Guilds of London Art School and Abbazia di San Giorgio Maggiore is very worthwhile. Josh’s experience: From the moment I received this award I knew it would be the most significant challenge in my career to date. I was very excited to learn about the monastery and the lifestyle in San Giorgio Maggiore Abbey as it seemed such a contrast to my life in London. It was nerve-wracking to think I would be there for 10 weeks with no understanding of the Italian language as well as the adjustment of both working and living with my friend Carla and managing each other’s stress and anxieties of being away from home. That being said, the experience was wonderful. Everyone we met working at the church was very friendly and super helpful – I truly felt a part of the place within the first month. The lunches with the monks and the staff were a lovely part of the working day, not only for the tremendous food cooked by chef Fiorello but a great place for learning Italian phrases and feeling like part of the family. The work went smoothly thanks to my lovely colleague Carla and support from Carmelo. It was an honour to be a small part in the history of this incredible Palladian church. Outside of the monastery I enjoyed two weekends with my family and also proposed to my partner on San Giorgio! The pace of life and the fortunate weather we experienced gave us some of the most relaxing days in such a beautiful setting. It will always have a place in my heart. A big thank you to City & Guilds of London Art School for awarding this to me, it has been life changing. Another thank you to Venice in Peril for your support and finally a thank you to everyone on the Island of San Giorgio for making it the most unforgettable experience. Carla’s experience: If someone had told me that in 2023, I would be spending 10 weeks living in a Benedictine monastery in Venice, carrying out stone conservation on a Palladian Basilica, I would never have believed them. Now in my early fifties, with a husband and two adult children, I felt it was time to try something different. So, I sent in my application form without thinking too deeply about the fact I would be away from home for so long adopting a mostly solitary lifestyle. After the initial jubilation when I found out I had been accepted, the enormity of the situation began to dawn on me. Would I crumble after the first week away? Would I gel with the people working in the Abbey? Would my good friendship with Josh remain intact? Well, I’m happy to say that all my fears were unfounded. To say that the 10 weeks spent in Venice were life changing would be an understatement. From the moment we arrived we were made to feel like part of the San Giorgio Maggiore family. From Carmelo our supervisor, to the lovely Paola who took care of our washing, every person that worked at The Abbey was very special. Despite the language barrier we all managed to communicate, and the communal lunches were a highlight of the day. It would not be unknown for the whiskey and limoncello to make an appearance! I was lucky enough to have visits from friends and family that helped stave off the feelings of homesickness that popped up every so often. The Venice in Peril Fund organized some amazing trips for us whilst we were there, including visits to The Misericordia Conservation Labs and a performance at the church of San Nicolo dei Mendicoli. Being able to carry out conservation work on such a historic building whilst being in such beautiful surroundings is a memory that will stay with me forever. I’m just glad that I was able to share it with my good friend Josh. Thanks must go to City and Guilds of London Art School and the Abbazia di San Giorgio Maggiore -Benedicti Claustra Onlus for facilitating this amazing experience and of course The Venice in Peril Fund for providing the funding to enable me to take part, and the great support we received from their representative in Venice, Susan Steer. Words and Images by Carla Learoyd and Josh Horsfall. The altar of Santa Lucia following conservation Starting the new year with woodcarving and paper marbling Our National Saturday Club members enjoyed their first session of 2024 last week. Our 2D cohort were joined by Decorative Surfaces Fellow Eloise Dethier-Eaton, assisted by Third Year BA (Hons) Conservation: Books & Paper student Mariia Ivanelo, to explore the world of paper marbling. The members used carrageenan, alum-coated paper and acrylic paint to create swirling patterns, with magical results. Next week we will use these techniques to accomplish even more complex and traditional patterns. Our 3D cohort were led by BA (Hons) Carving: Woodcarving and Gilding Alumnus Tom Buchanan and Graduate Diploma Arts: Carving: Woodcarving & Gilding student Henry Brown to learn the art of woodcarving. Each member will undertake a project to carve an intricate frame of their own design, using inspiration ranging from historical carving techniques, to nature, to video games and book covers. They began by drawing their designs on paper to map out their plans, before moving onto transferring them to wood. We are excited to see what they do next! Launching the Conservation Umbrella Fund A new Umbrella Fund for the Conservation Department at City & Guilds of London Art School has recently been established, with the aim to raise financial support for our specialist provision. These funds will contribute to sustaining the widely recognised excellence of our Conservation Department, and allow us to build further on its national and international reach. At a time when many of the UK’s conservation courses have now closed or are threatened with closure, we are one of the few institutions still offering conservation courses at undergraduate and postgraduate level. This is made possible due to our small scale and independence. However, as an independent, specialist and not-for-profit organisation, we are ineligible for public subsidy. This means that our teaching is delivered without public sector support or any other form of core funding, and is reliant on tuition fee income and private donations. The curriculum learning on our BA (Hons) Conservation and MA Conservation courses is densely packed, with intensive one to one tuition, as well as significant use of materials and specialist equipment. Therefore, it is not feasible to teach more than 50 students (8 on each pathway, per year of study) at any one time. This makes the per student cost relatively high at any time, but particularly now given the current significant increase in energy and material costs. In order to support our Conservation Department in continuing its vitally important work, we have set up this new fund to actively seek support from the industry, professionals and all those who are interested in the teaching of Conservation. Please see full information on how you can support the Conservation Umbrella Fund here. With thanks to those who have already become supporters of the Conservation Umbrella Fund: Shepherds Bookbinders Ltd Museum Conservation Services Ltd Dr Timothy Schroder If you would like to discuss any other forms of support, please contact Natasha Hastings, Development & External Relations Manager: n.hastings@cityandguildsartschool.ac.uk Student Blog – What to expect in your first term studying BA (Hons) Carving The first term of BA (Hons) Carving: Architectural Stone is all about introducing new students to a range of skills that you will build on in the next term and years to come. The curriculum includes drawing, clay modelling, art history and stone carving which are staggered and mixed over the timetabled weeks so we are always doing something new. For example, one week will consist of clay modelling with one tutor for the first two days then switch to two days of letter carving with another tutor and the week after might change to two days of modelling and the two days of drawing. We always have two art history lectures on Friday, the final in the form of a walking tour somewhere in London to discuss a specific type of architecture and ending at a pub for a well-deserved drink. Teaching is between 9:30-4:30 every day so the perfect time for me is to arrive at 9am, which allows me to set up and enjoy a coffee before jumping into the day. As we can’t take our work home with us, it is usually better to stay a little longer than the teaching hours. On Tuesdays, I will stay for life drawing which finishes at 8pm. These days are excellent for improving drawing, as we get the benefit of even more one-on-one teaching from the Tutors. The biggest challenge can be the workload. We are so lucky to have constant access to teachers and resources, but this means the days can be long and require sustained attention. I would say you should expect your quality of sleep to improve instantly because you’ll be wiped out each day for the first few weeks. Fear not, your tolerance builds up quickly, but it can sometimes be a shock if you’re unprepared. Outside of teaching, there are plenty of opportunities to expand your experience at the school. As the Art School is in London, we get the benefit of extracurricular activities all the time. Exhibitions, lectures and museum visits are always happening, so it helps to ask the tutors if they have any recommendations. As for your experience with other students at the school, you can expect to meet a close group of fascinating people. Many of them have already had time and experience in a separate field before attending the school, so you should bring helpful insights and the maturity to try hard and be accepting of new challenges. My year is a particularly big cohort, and has people from various life experiences and skillsets. There are stonemasons, art students, history students, and people from established careers in psychology and the civil service. No one student has the same experience, and will often have strengths in one particular area. This means that each person has the chance to feel confident whilst also feeling challenged and motivated to progress in areas that are out of their comfort zone. We swap ideas and help each other to improve our carving and academic skills. I had almost no experience carving before the course, so the stonemasons will give me tips and encouragement on basic skills to help me in the carving lessons and I try to give back in our art history lectures and portfolio note-taking. The carving studio is open plan, so we mingle with different year groups of woodcarving and stone carving throughout the day. This is particularly good for first years, as we can see both the second and third-year stone carvers working on their projects. These are typically longer and more intricate than anything we produce as first year students. We are lucky as they are often keen to discuss their work, answer any questions and give encouraging stories about their experience as first years. It’s a great opportunity to keep yourself motivated to improve and excited to reach the next year of the course. First-year woodcarvers and stone carvers attend classes in drawing and clay modelling together and the conservationists join us for our art history lectures on Fridays. The carvers are tasked with organising the Christmas party at the end of term which includes deciding on a theme, making decorations and organising music. My favourite social event happens every other Thursday where all the carvers from each year group are invited to a communal lunch, the Head of Department bakes a mountain of different types of bread, and we bring food for everyone to share. Words and Photography by Charlotte Ellery, First Year BA (Hons) Carving: Architectural Stone Student Blog – What to expect in your first term studying BA (Hons) Conservation My course, BA (Hons) Conservation: Stone, Wood & Decorative Surfaces, started on the 25th of September 2023. Usually, the first week of a new term is considered easier than the rest, as a week to get to know the school and the other students, and try to maintain conversations without giving anyone an awkward impression of oneself. The thought of a first week in an entirely new environment fuelled my anxiety. But luckily, City & Guilds of London Art School does not have a chilled first week! After having just arrived, we were introduced to Stone Lettering by Tom Young, Head of Carving. My natural reaction was of brief relief mixed with excitement, and then followed by a new rush of anxiety. I had never held a chisel in my hand, or even spelt the word (I’m Austrian), and I had never carved a letter into stone before. Throughout this course, and thanks to the kind and very patient support of Tom, my lettering improved daily, even experiencing small moments of proudness! It did not give me time for social anxiety, but rather reassured my curiosity in craftswomanship and the course ahead, and allowed us new students to bond through our shared emotional ups and downs of learning Lettering. Our first-year class of Stone, Wood and Decorative Surfaces Conservation contains nine people, all of different ages and backgrounds. In an interesting way, this mixture of characters allows oneself to be an individual in a group. Everyone has strengths and weaknesses, but, rather than competing, our approach has been to ask each other for help or share ways to improve our work together. Although different in certain aspects, what we have in common as students is an interest in conservation and the willingness to learn and to become better in a nourishing environment. And this was only the first few days! In the last few weeks, I have undertaken courses in plaster casting and moulding, technical drawing, joinery, history of decorative styles and architecture, observational drawing and conservation science, as well as an introduction to conservation. What I have enjoyed so far about my first year at City & Guilds of London Art School is that we are taught to approach Conservation in a very sensible way. Because you are interested in conserving or restoring an object, it is important for you to be aware of how something is made and how to handle different objects in regard of their material, heritage, etc. As a student with little knowledge about conservation, it has been very helpful to get to know wood and stone as working materials in the first place, and then later as materials to conserve. Understanding them as their own entity, and getting familiar with their possibilities and also their boundaries, will come in handy as soon as you are confronted with an actual finished object, which is placed in your capable hands to conserve. In conclusion, the course has tak
5269	dbpedia	2	7	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740798	en	William C. Marland	https://upload.wikimedia…m_C._Marland.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…m_C._Marland.jpg	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/William_C._Marland.jpg/220px-William_C._Marland.jpg", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://www.wikidata.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	American football player (1918-1965)	en	/static/apple-touch/wikidata.png		https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740798	American football player (1918-1965) William Casey Marland edit
5269	dbpedia	3	16	https://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/	en	Mayor Brandon M. Scott			[ "https://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/sites/all/themes/custom/flight_city/logo.png", "https://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/sites/all/modules/contrib/gtranslate/gtranslate-files/blank.png", "https://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/sites/all/modules/contrib/gtranslate/gtranslate-files/blank.png", "https://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/sites/all/modules/contrib/gtranslate/gtranslate-files/blank.png", "https://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/sites/all/modules/contrib/gtranslate/gtranslate-files/blank.png", "https://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/sites/all/modules/contrib/gtranslate/gtranslate-files/blank.png", "https://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/sites/all/modules/contrib/gtranslate/gtranslate-files/blank.png", "https://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/sites/all/modules/contrib/gtranslate/gtranslate-files/blank.png", "https://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/sites/default/files/mayor_headshot-275.png", "https://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/sites/default/files/actionplan_fpimg.png", "https://www.baltimorecity.gov/sites/default/files/brandon_scott-footer2.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "City of Baltimore", "Maryland", "Official", "Government", "Website" ]	null	[]	null	The official website of Charm City, Baltimore, Maryland.	en	//mayor.baltimorecity.gov/sites/all/themes/custom/flight_city/favicon.ico	Mayor Brandon M. Scott	https://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/	Brandon M. Scott is the 52nd Mayor of Baltimore, working to end gun violence, restore the public’s trust in government and change Baltimore for the better. Scott was unanimously elected President of the Baltimore City Council by his colleagues in May 2019. As Council President, Scott developed and released the first-ever City Council President legislative agenda, focused on building safer, stronger communities, cleaning up city government, investing in Baltimore’s young people, and centering equity. Previously, Scott served on the City Council representing Baltimore's 2nd District. He was first elected in 2011 at the age of 27 and is one of the youngest people ever elected to the Baltimore City Council. During his first term, Scott emerged as a leading voice in reducing violence in Baltimore and reinstated Council Oversight of the Baltimore Police Department by holding quarterly hearings. He believes that reducing violence will require a holistic, all-hands-on-deck approach, one that recognizes violence is fundamentally a public health issue. Scott led legislative initiatives that created extensive crime data sharing and online reporting of crimes by the Baltimore Police Department. In 2016, Scott introduced and passed legislation creating an open data policy in Baltimore. In early 2018, then-Councilman Scott introduced and passed monumental legislation on equity in Baltimore. His equity assessment program law will require all city agencies to operate through a lens of equity and require all operating budgets, capital budgets, and proposed legislation to be weighed through an equity lens. That legislation is in the early stages of implementation. Mayor Scott is a rising star in politics. He was a member of the Young Elected Officials Network and served as the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development for YEO’s America’s Cabinet. He also served as the Chair of the National League of Cities' Large Cities Council. Mayor Scott is a community leader, public servant, and lifelong resident of Baltimore City. A proud Baltimorean, Scott is a graduate of MERVO High School and St. Mary’s College of Maryland. He lives in Baltimore’s Frankford neighborhood in Northeast Baltimore.
5269	dbpedia	3	82	https://marylandmatters.org/2024/04/16/fundraising-in-md-senate-election-reaches-astonishing-heights/	en	Fundraising in Md. Senate election reaches astonishing heights	https://marylandmatters.…5393-scaled.jpeg	https://marylandmatters.…5393-scaled.jpeg	[ "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Maryland_Mobile_logo2.svg", "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Maryland-Matters-Logo-2024-4.png", "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/AdobeStock_17685393-1536x1020.jpeg", "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/plugins/sn2/republisher/assets/img/ccwhite.png", "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/SNY06180-closer.jpg", "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/GettyImages-164649417-2048x1668-1-600x489.jpg", "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Canvassing-mail-in-ballots-8-9-2024-600x386.jpg", "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Vote-2024-700x394-1-600x338.jpeg", "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Maryland-Icon-Square.png", "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/themes/genesis-child/icons/ccwhite.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Josh Kurtz", "William J. Ford", "Bryan P. Sears" ]	2024-04-16T00:00:00	U.S. Rep. David Trone (D) has spent almost $42 million of his own money so far, while Prince George's County Executive Angela Alsobrooks (D) and former Gov. Larry Hogan (R) have raised money at a fast clip.	en	https://marylandmatters.…oter-148x150.png	Maryland Matters	https://marylandmatters.org/2024/04/16/fundraising-in-md-senate-election-reaches-astonishing-heights/
5269	dbpedia	1	74	https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/category/government/page/2/	en	Government Archives	https://www.aziza.com.ng…0/10/icone-1.jpg	https://www.aziza.com.ng…0/10/icone-1.jpg	[ "https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/aziza-logo-60.png", "https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/aziza-logo-60.png", "https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/NCEC-Registration.jpg", "https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/NCEC-Registration.jpg", "https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Cultural-Heritage-of-Seychelles-150x150.jpg", "https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/logo_v2.png", "https://foxiz.themeruby.com/default/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/09/newsletter.jpg", "https://foxiz.themeruby.com/default/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/09/login.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2022-10-21T11:42:00+00:00		en	https://www.aziza.com.ng…0/10/icone-1.jpg	Aziza Goodnews	https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/category/government/page/2/	SECOND REPUBLIC PARLIAMENTS OF GHANA CONSTITUENCIES, SPEAKERS AND MEMBERS WITH DATES. In this post we will be looking at the second republic parliament… THE LEADERSHIP STRUCTURE AND PALIAMENT OF GHANA. In this post we will be looking at the Leadership structure of… LIST OF GHANA MILLITARY AND ELECTED GOVERNORS WITH DATES. In this post we will be looking at the list of Elected… HISTORY OF GHANA, COLONIALISM, INDEPENDENCE AND POLITICS. In this post we will be looking at the History of Ghana,… STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES (WYOMING). In this post we will looking at Wyoming and its territories, Its… STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES (WISCONSIN). In this post we will looking at Wisconsin and its territories, Its… STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES (WEST VIRGINIA) In this post we will looking at West Virginia and its territories,… STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES (WASHINGTON). In this post we will looking at Washington and its territories, Its… STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES (VIRGINIA). In this post we will looking at Virginia and its territories, Its…
5269	dbpedia	1	23	https://kids.kiddle.co/Solid_South	en	Solid South facts for kids	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…th_1876-1964.png	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…th_1876-1964.png	[ "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-robot.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/a/a1/DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png/300px-DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/1/10/USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png/300px-USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/9/95/Solid_South_1880_to_1912.jpg/300px-Solid_South_1880_to_1912.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/5/5d/McCutcheonMysteriousStrange.jpg/200px-McCutcheonMysteriousStrange.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Learn Solid South facts for kids	en	/images/wk/favicon-16x16.png		https://kids.kiddle.co/Solid_South	For the play titled Solid South, see Lawton Campbell. The Solid South or Southern bloc was the electoral voting bloc of the states of the Southern United States for issues that were regarded as particularly important to the interests of Democrats in those states. The Southern bloc existed especially between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964. During this period, the Democratic Party controlled state legislatures; most local and state officeholders in the South were Democrats, as were federal politicians elected from these states. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, Southern Democrats disenfranchised blacks in all Southern states, along with a few non-Southern states doing the same as well. This resulted essentially in a one-party system, in which a candidate's victory in Democratic primary elections was tantamount to election to the office itself. White primaries were another means that the Democrats used to consolidate their political power, excluding blacks from voting in primaries. The "Solid South" is a loose term referring to the states that made up the voting bloc at any point in time. The Southern region as defined by U.S. Census comprises sixteen states plus Washington, D.C.—Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Washington, D.C., West Virginia, Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas. The idea of the Solid South shifted over time and did not always necessarily correspond to the census definition. After Reconstruction, all the former slave states were dominated by the Democratic Party for at least two decades. Delaware, the least secessionist slave state, was considered a reliable state for the Democratic Party, as was Missouri, classified as a Midwestern state by the U.S. Census. From the early part of the 20th century on, Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and West Virginia ceased to be reliably Democratic (although West Virginia once again became a reliably Democratic state with the New Deal era). History At the start of the American Civil War, there were 34 states in the United States, 15 of which were slave states. Slavery was also legal in the District of Columbia. Eleven of these slave states seceded from the United States to form the Confederacy: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. The slave states that stayed in the Union were Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, and Kentucky, and they were referred to as the border states. In 1861, West Virginia was created out of Virginia, and admitted in 1863 and considered a border state. By the time the Emancipation Proclamation was made in 1863 Tennessee was already under Union control. Accordingly the Proclamation applied only to the 10 remaining Confederate states. Several of the border states abolished slavery before the end of the Civil War—Maryland in 1864, Missouri in 1865, one of the Confederate states, Tennessee in 1865, West Virginia in 1865, and the District of Columbia in 1862. However, slavery persisted in Delaware, Kentucky, and 10 of the 11 former Confederate states, until the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery throughout the United States on December 18, 1865. Democratic dominance of the South originated in the struggle of white Southerners during and after Reconstruction (1865–1877) to reestablish white supremacy and disenfranchise black people. The U.S. government under the Republican Party had defeated the Confederacy, abolished slavery, and enfranchised black people. In several states, black voters were a majority or close to it. Republicans supported by black people controlled state governments in these states. Thus the Democratic Party became the vehicle for the white supremacist "Redeemers". The Ku Klux Klan, as well as other insurgent paramilitary groups such as the White League and Red Shirts from 1874, acted as "the military arm of the Democratic party" to disrupt Republican organizing, and intimidate and suppress black voters. By 1876, "Redeemer" Democrats had taken control of all state governments in the South. From then until the 1960s, state and local government in the South was almost entirely monopolized by Democrats. The Democrats elected all but a handful of U.S. Representatives and Senators, and Democratic presidential candidates regularly swept the region – from 1880 through 1944, winning a cumulative total of 182 of 187 states. The Democrats reinforced the loyalty of white voters by emphasizing the suffering of the South during the war at the hands of "Yankee invaders" under Republican leadership, and the noble service of their white forefathers in "the Lost Cause". This rhetoric was effective with many Southerners. However, this propaganda was totally ineffective in areas that had been loyal to the Union during the war, such as eastern Tennessee. Most of East Tennessee welcomed U.S. troops as liberators, and voted Republican even in the Solid South period. Even after white Democrats regained control of state legislatures, some black candidates were elected to local offices and state legislatures in the South. Black U.S. Representatives were elected from the South as late as the 1890s, usually from overwhelmingly black areas. Also in the 1890s, the Populists developed a following in the South, among poor white people who resented Democratic party establishment. Populists formed alliances with Republicans (including black Republicans) and challenged the Democratic bosses, even defeating them in some cases. To prevent such coalitions in the future and to end the violence associated with suppressing the black vote during elections, Southern Democrats acted to disfranchise both black people and poor white people. From 1890 to 1910, beginning with Mississippi, Southern states adopted new constitutions and other laws including various devices to restrict voter registration, disfranchising virtually all black and many poor white residents. These devices applied to all citizens; in practice they disfranchised most black citizens and also "would remove [from voter registration rolls] the less educated, less organized, more impoverished whites as well – and that would ensure one-party Democratic rules through most of the 20th century in the South". All the Southern states adopted provisions that restricted voter registration and suffrage, including new requirements for poll taxes, longer residency, and subjective literacy tests. Some also used the device of grandfather clauses, exempting voters who had a grandfather voting by a particular year (usually before the Civil War, when black people could not vote.) White Democrats also opposed Republican economic policies such as the high tariff and the gold standard, both of which were seen as benefiting Northern industrial interests at the expense of the agrarian South in the 19th century. Nevertheless, holding all political power was at the heart of their resistance. From 1876 through 1944, the national Democratic party opposed any calls for civil rights for black people. In Congress Southern Democrats blocked such efforts whenever Republicans targeted the issue. White Democrats passed "Jim Crow" laws which reinforced white supremacy through racial segregation. The Fourteenth Amendment provided for apportionment of representation in Congress to be reduced if a state disenfranchised part of its population. However, this clause was never applied to Southern states that disenfranchised black residents. No black candidate was elected to any office in the South for decades after the turn of the century; and they were also excluded from juries and other participation in civil life. Democratic candidates won by large margins in the Southern states in every presidential election from the 1876 to 1948 except for 1928, when the Democratic candidate was Al Smith, a Catholic New Yorker; and even in that election, the divided South provided Smith with nearly three-fourths of his electoral votes. Scholar Richard Valelly credited Woodrow Wilson's 1912 election to the disfranchisement of black people in the South, and also noted far-reaching effects in Congress, where the Democratic South gained "about 25 extra seats in Congress for each decade between 1903 and 1953". In the Deep South (South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas), Democratic dominance was overwhelming, with 80%–90% of the vote, and only a tiny number of Republican state legislators or local officials. Mississippi and South Carolina were the most extreme cases – between 1900 and 1944, only in 1928 when the three subcoastal Mississippi counties of Pearl River, Stone and George went for Hoover did the Democrats lose even one of these two states' counties in any presidential election. In the remaining states, the German-American Texas counties of Gillespie and Kendall, and a number of counties in Appalachian parts of Alabama and Georgia, would vote Republican in presidential elections through this period. In the Upper South (Tennessee, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Virginia), Republicans retained a significant presence mainly in these remote Appalachian and Ozark regions which supported the Union during the Civil War, even winning occasional governorships and often drawing over 40% in presidential votes. By the 1920s, as memories of the Civil War faded, the Solid South cracked slightly. For instance, a Republican was elected U.S. Representative from Texas in 1920, serving until 1932. The Republican national landslides in 1920 and 1928 had some effects. In the 1920 elections, Tennessee elected a Republican governor, elected Republicans to five of the state's ten U.S. House seats and became the first former Confederate state to vote for the Republican candidate for U.S. President since Reconstruction. However, with the Democratic national landslide of 1932, the South again became solidly Democratic. In the 1930s, black voters outside the South largely switched to the Democrats, and other groups with an interest in civil rights (notably Jews, Catholics, and academic intellectuals) became more powerful in the party. This led to the national Democrats adopting a civil rights plank in 1948. A faction of Deep South Democrats bolted the party, and ran their own "Dixiecrat" presidential ticket, which carried four states: South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Even before then, a number of conservative Southern Democrats felt chagrin at the national party's growing friendliness to organized labor during the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, and began splitting their tickets as early as the 1930s. Southern demography also began to change. From 1910 through 1970, about 6.5 million black Southerners moved to urban areas in other parts of the country in the Great Migration, and demographics began to change Southern states in other ways. Florida began to expand rapidly, with retirees and other migrants from other regions becoming a majority of the population. Many of these new residents brought their Republican voting habits with them, diluting traditional Southern hostility to the Republicans. The Republican Party began to make gains in the South, building on other cultural conflicts as well. By the mid-1960s, changes had come in many of the southern states. Former Dixiecrat Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina changed parties in 1964; Texas elected a Republican Senator in 1961; Florida and Arkansas elected Republican governors in 1966. In the Upper South, where Republicans had always been a small presence, Republicans gained a few seats in the House and Senate. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the South was still overwhelmingly Democratic at the state level, with majorities in all state legislatures and most U.S. House delegations. Over the next thirty years, this gradually changed. Veteran Democratic officeholders retired or died, and older voters who were still rigidly Democratic also died off. There were also increasing numbers of migrants from other areas, especially in Florida, Texas, Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina. As part of the "Republican Revolution" in the 1994 elections, Republicans captured a majority of House's southern seats for the first time. As of 2021, they account for a majority of each Southern state's House delegation apart from Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. Following the 2016 elections, when Republicans won the Kentucky House of Representatives, every state legislative chamber in the South had a Republican majority for the first time ever. This would remain the case until Democrats regained both Houses of the Virginia Legislature in 2019. Today, the South is considered a Republican stronghold at the state and federal levels. Some political experts identify a re-Southernization of politics and culture in the Clinton presidency coinciding with House and Senate leading positions held by southerners. West Virginia For West Virginia "reconstruction, in a sense, began in 1861". Unlike the other border states West Virginia did not send the majority of its soldiers to the Union. The prospect of those returning ex-Confederates prompted the Wheeling state government to implement laws that restricted their right of suffrage, practicing law and teaching, access to the legal system, and subjected them to "war trespass" lawsuits. The lifting of these restrictions in 1871 resulted in the election of John J. Jacob, a Democrat, to the governorship. It also led to the rejection of the war-time constitution by public vote and a new constitution written under the leadership of ex-Confederates such as Samuel Price, Allen T. Caperton and Charles James Faulkner. In 1876 the state Democratic ticket of eight candidates were all elected, seven of whom were Confederate veterans. For nearly a generation West Virginia was part of the Solid South. However, Republicans returned to power in 1896, controlling the governorship for eight of the next nine terms, and electing 82 of 106 U.S. Representatives. In 1932, as the nation swung to the Democrats, West Virginia became solidly Democratic. It was perhaps the most reliably Democratic state in the nation between 1932 and 1996, being one of just two states (along with Minnesota) to vote for a Republican president as few as three times in that interval. Moreover, unlike Minnesota (or other nearly as reliably Democratic states like Massachusetts and Rhode Island), it usually had a unanimous (or nearly unanimous) congressional delegation and only elected two Republicans as Governor (albeit for a combined 20 years between them). West Virginian voters shifted toward the Republican Party from 2000 onward, as the Democratic Party became more strongly identified with environmental policies anathema to the state's coal industry and with socially liberal policies, and it can now be called a solidly red state. Presidential voting The 1896 election resulted in the first break in the Solid South. Florida politician Marion L. Dawson, writing in the North American Review, observed: "The victorious party not only held in line those States which are usually relied upon to give Republican majorities ... More significant still, it invaded the Solid South, and bore off West Virginia, Maryland, and Kentucky; caused North Carolina to tremble in the balance and reduced Democratic majorities in the following States: Alabama, 39,000; Arkansas, 29,000; Florida, 6,000; Georgia, 49,000; Louisiana, 33,000; South Carolina, 6,000; and Texas, 29,000. These facts, taken together with the great landslide of 1894 and 1895, which swept Missouri and Tennessee, Maryland and Kentucky over into the country of the enemy, have caused Southern statesmen to seriously consider whether the so-called Solid South is not now a thing of past history". In the 1904 election, Missouri supported Republican Theodore Roosevelt, while Maryland awarded its electors to Democrat Alton Parker, despite Roosevelt's winning by 51 votes. By the 1916 election, disfranchisement of blacks and many poor whites was complete, and voter rolls had dropped dramatically in the South. Closing out Republican supporters gave a bump to Woodrow Wilson, who took all the electors across the South (apart from Delaware and West Virginia), as the Republican Party was stifled without support by African Americans. The 1920 election was a referendum on President Wilson's League of Nations. Pro-isolation sentiment in the South benefited Republican Warren G. Harding, who won Tennessee, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Maryland. In 1924, Republican Calvin Coolidge won Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland; and in 1928, Herbert Hoover, perhaps benefiting from bias against his Democratic opponent Al Smith (who was a Roman Catholic and opposed Prohibition), won not only those Southern states that had been carried by either Harding or Coolidge (Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Maryland), but also won Florida, North Carolina, Texas, and Virginia, none of which had voted Republican since Reconstruction. He furthermore came within 2.5% of carrying the Deep South state of Alabama. (All of Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover carried the two Southern states that had supported Hughes in 1916, West Virginia and Delaware.) Al Smith had received serious backlash as a Catholic in the largely Protestant South in 1928, losing several states in the Outer South, only managing to hold Arkansas outside the Deep South. Smith had also nearly lost Alabama, which he held by 3%, which had Hoover won, would have physically split the Solid South. The South appeared "solid" again during the period of Roosevelt's political dominance, as his welfare programs and military buildup invested considerable money in the South, benefiting many of its citizens, including during the Dust Bowl. Democratic President Harry S. Truman's support of the civil rights movement, combined with the adoption of a civil rights plank in the 1948 Democratic platform, prompted many Southerners to walk out of the Democratic National Convention and form the Dixiecrat Party. This splinter party played a significant role in the 1948 election; the Dixiecrat candidate, Strom Thurmond, carried Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and his native South Carolina. In the elections of 1952 and 1956, the popular Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower, commander of the Allied armed forces during World War II, carried several Southern states, with especially strong showings in the new suburbs. Most of the Southern states he carried had voted for at least one of the Republican winners in the 1920s, but in 1956, Eisenhower carried Louisiana, becoming the first Republican to win the state since Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876. The rest of the Deep South voted for his Democratic opponent, Adlai Stevenson. In the 1960 election, the Democratic nominee, John F. Kennedy, continued his party's tradition of selecting a Southerner as the vice presidential candidate (in this case, Senator Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas). Kennedy and Johnson, however, both supported civil rights. In October 1960, when Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested at a peaceful sit-in in Atlanta, Georgia, Kennedy placed a sympathetic phone call to King's wife, Coretta Scott King, and Kennedy's brother Robert F. Kennedy helped secure King's release. King expressed his appreciation for these calls. Although King made no endorsement, his father, who had previously endorsed Republican Richard Nixon, switched his support to Kennedy. Because of these and other events, the Democrats lost ground with white voters in the South, as those same voters increasingly lost control over what was once a whites-only Democratic Party in much of the South. The 1960 election was the first in which a Republican presidential candidate received electoral votes from the former Confederacy while losing nationally. Nixon carried Virginia, Tennessee, and Florida. Though the Democrats also won Alabama and Mississippi, slates of unpledged electors, representing Democratic segregationists, awarded those states' electoral votes to Harry Byrd, rather than Kennedy. The parties' positions on civil rights continued to evolve in the run up to the 1964 election. The Democratic candidate, Johnson, who had become president after Kennedy's assassination, spared no effort to win passage of a strong Civil Rights Act of 1964. After signing the landmark legislation, Johnson said to his aide, Bill Moyers: "I think we just delivered the South to the Republican Party for a long time to come." In contrast, Johnson's Republican opponent, Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona, voted against the Civil Rights Act, believing it enhanced the federal government and infringed on the private property rights of businessmen. Goldwater did support civil rights in general and universal suffrage, and voted for the 1957 Civil Rights Act (though casting no vote on the 1960 Civil Rights Act), as well as voting for the 24th Amendment, which banned poll taxes as a requirement for voting. This was one of the devices that states used to disfranchise African Americans and the poor. That November, Johnson won a landslide electoral victory, and the Republicans suffered significant losses in Congress. Goldwater, however, besides carrying his home state of Arizona, carried the Deep South: voters in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina had switched parties for the first time since Reconstruction. Goldwater notably won only in Southern states that had voted against Republican Richard Nixon in 1960, while not winning a single Southern state which Nixon had carried. Previous Republican inroads in the South had been concentrated on high-growth suburban areas, often with many transplants, as well as on the periphery of the South. According to a quantitative analysis for the National Bureau of Economic Research, racism played a central role in the decline in relative white Southern Democratic identification. "Southern strategy": end of Solid South Main article: Southern strategy In the 1968 election, Richard Nixon saw the cracks in the Solid South as an opportunity to tap into a group of voters who had historically been beyond the reach of the Republican Party. With the aid of Harry Dent and South Carolina Senator Strom Thurmond, who had switched to the Republican Party in 1964, Nixon ran his 1968 campaign on states' rights and "law and order". As a key component of this strategy, he selected as his running mate Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew. Liberal Northern Democrats accused Nixon of pandering to Southern whites, especially with regard to his "states' rights" and "law and order" positions, which were widely understood by black leaders to legitimize the status quo of Southern states' discrimination. This tactic was described in 2007 by David Greenberg in Slate as "dog-whistle politics". According to an article in The American Conservative, Nixon adviser and speechwriter Pat Buchanan disputed this characterization. The independent candidacy of George Wallace, former Democratic governor of Alabama, partially negated Nixon's Southern Strategy. With a much more explicit attack on integration and black civil rights, Wallace won all but two of Goldwater's states (the exceptions being South Carolina and Arizona) as well as Arkansas and one of North Carolina's electoral votes. Nixon picked up Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Missouri, and Delaware. The Democrat, Hubert Humphrey, won Texas, heavily unionized West Virginia, and heavily urbanized Maryland. Writer Jeffrey Hart, who worked on the Nixon campaign as a speechwriter, said in 2006 that Nixon did not have a "Southern Strategy", but "Border State Strategy" as he said that the 1968 campaign ceded the Deep South to George Wallace. Hart suggested that the press called it a "Southern Strategy" as they are "very lazy". The 1968 election had been the first election in which both the Upper South and Deep South bolted from the Democratic party simultaneously. The Upper South had backed Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956, as well as Nixon in 1960. The Deep South had backed Goldwater just four years prior. Despite the two regions of the South still backing different candidates, Wallace in the Deep South and Nixon in the Upper South, only Texas and West Virginia had held up against the majority Nixon-Wallace vote for Humphrey. By 1972, Nixon had swept the South altogether, Outer and Deep South alike, marking the first time in American history a Republican won every Southern state. At the 1976 election, Jimmy Carter, a Southern governor, gave Democrats a short-lived comeback in the South, winning every state in the old Confederacy except for Virginia, which was narrowly lost. However, in his unsuccessful 1980 re-election bid, the only Southern states he won were his native state of Georgia, West Virginia, and Maryland. The year 1976 was the last year a Democratic presidential candidate won a majority of Southern electoral votes. The Republicans took all the region's electoral votes in the 1984 election and every state except West Virginia in 1988. In the 1992 election and 1996, when the Democratic ticket consisted of two Southerners, (Bill Clinton and Al Gore), the Democrats and Republicans split the region. In both elections, Clinton won Arkansas, Louisiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware, while the Republican won Texas, Mississippi, Alabama, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and Oklahoma. Bill Clinton won Georgia in 1992, but lost it in 1996 to Bob Dole. Conversely, Clinton lost Florida in 1992 to George Bush, but won it in 1996. In 2000, however, Gore received no electoral votes from the South, even from his home state of Tennessee, apart from heavily urbanized and uncontested Maryland and Delaware. The popular vote in Florida was extraordinarily close in awarding the state's electoral votes to George W. Bush. This pattern continued in the 2004 election; the Democratic ticket of John Kerry and John Edwards received no electoral votes from the South apart from Maryland and Delaware, even though Edwards was from North Carolina, and was born in South Carolina. However, in the 2008 election, Barack Obama won the former Republican strongholds of Virginia and North Carolina as well as Florida; Obama won Virginia and Florida again in 2012 and lost North Carolina by only 2.04 percent. In 2016, Hillary Clinton won only Virginia while narrowly losing Florida and North Carolina. And in 2020, Joe Biden won Virginia, a growing stronghold for Democrats, and narrowly won Georgia, while narrowly losing Florida and North Carolina. While the South was shifting from the Democrats to the Republicans, the Northeastern United States went the other way. The Northeastern United States is defined by the US Census Bureau as Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and the New England States. Well into the 1980s, much of the Northeast--in particular the heavily suburbanized states of New Jersey and Connecticut, and the rural states of northern New England--were strongholds of the Republican Party. The Democratic Party made steady gains there, however, and from 1992 through 2012, all nine Northeastern states, from New Jersey to Maine, voted Democratic, with the exception of New Hampshire's plurality for George W. Bush in 2000. "Southern strategy" today Although Republicans gradually began doing better in presidential elections in the South starting in 1952, Republicans did not finish taking over Southern politics at the nonpresidential level until the elections of November 2010. Today, the South is dominated by Republicans at both the state and presidential level. Republicans now control 21 of the 22 legislative bodies in the former Confederacy, the sole exceptions being the Virginia Senate. Between the defeats of Georgia Representative John Barrow, Arkansas Senator Mark Pryor and Louisiana Senator Mary Landrieu in 2014 and the election of Alabama Senator Doug Jones in 2017, there were no white Democratic members of Congress from the states that voted for George Wallace in 1968. Until November 2010, Democrats had a majority in the Alabama, North Carolina, Mississippi, Arkansas and Louisiana Legislatures, a majority in the Kentucky House of Representatives and Virginia Senate, a near majority of the Tennessee House of Representatives, and a majority of the U.S. House delegations from Arkansas, North Carolina, Mississippi, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, as well as near-even splits of the Georgia and Alabama U.S. House delegations. However, during the 2010 midterm elections, Republicans swept the South, successfully reelecting every Senate incumbent, electing freshmen Marco Rubio in Florida and Rand Paul in Kentucky, and defeating Democratic incumbent Blanche Lincoln in Arkansas for a seat now held by John Boozman. In the House, Republicans reelected every incumbent except for Joseph Cao of New Orleans, defeated several Democratic incumbents, and gained a number of Democratic-held open seats. They won the majority in the congressional delegations of every Southern state. Every Solid South state, with the exceptions of Arkansas, Kentucky, North Carolina, and West Virginia, also elected or reelected Republicans governors. Most significantly, Republicans took control of both houses of the Alabama and North Carolina State Legislatures for the first time since Reconstruction, with Mississippi and Louisiana flipping a year later during their off-year elections. Even in Arkansas, the GOP won three of six statewide down-ballot positions for which they had often not fielded candidates until recently; they also went from eight to 15 out of 35 seats in the State Senate and from 28 to 45 out of 100 in the State House of Representatives. In 2012, the Republicans finally took control of the Arkansas State Legislature and the North Carolina Governorship, leaving West Virginia as the last Solid South state with the Democrats still in control of the state legislature, as well as the governorship. In 2014, though, both houses of the West Virginia legislature were finally taken by the GOP, and most other legislative chambers in the South up for election that year saw increased GOP gains. Arkansas' governorship finally flipped GOP in 2014 when incumbent Mike Beebe was term-limited, as did every other statewide office not previously held by the Republicans. Many analysts believe the so-called "Southern Strategy" that has been employed by Republicans since the 1960s is now virtually complete, with Republicans in firm, almost total, control of political offices in the South. However, the Louisiana governorship was won by John Bel Edwards in 2015, and Jim Hood won a fourth term as Mississippi Attorney General the same year, making them the only Southern Democratic statewide executive officials. Hood retired in 2019 to mount an unsuccessful run for Governor of Mississippi, and was succeeded by Republican Lynn Fitch, while Edwards was reelected as Governor of Louisiana. The biggest exception to this trend has been the state of Virginia. It got an earlier start in the trend towards the Republican Party than the rest of the region. It voted Republican for president in eleven of the twelve elections between 1952 and 1996, while no other Southern state did so more than nine times (that state, Florida, is the other potential exception to the trend, but to a significantly lesser extent). Moreover, it had a Republican Governor more often than not between 1970 and 2002, and Republicans held at least half the seats in the Virginia congressional delegation from 1968 to 1990 (although the Democrats had a narrow minority throughout the 1990s), while with single-term exceptions (Alabama from 1965–1967, Tennessee from 1973–1975, and South Carolina from 1981–1983) and the exception of Florida (which had its delegation turn majority-Republican in 1989) Democrats held at least half the seats in the delegations of the rest of the Southern states until the Republican Revolution of 1994. However, thanks in large part to massive population growth in Northern Virginia and the orientation of that population with the political ideologies of the solidly Democratic Northeast, the Democratic party has won nearly every major statewide race since 2005, with the exceptions being the gubernatorial races in 2009 and 2021. Solid South in presidential elections While Republicans occasionally won southern states in elections in which they won the presidency in the Solid South, it was not until 1960 that a Republican carried one of these states while losing the national election. Presidential votes in southern states since 1876 Year Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia 1876 Tilden Tilden Hayes Tilden Tilden Hayes Tilden Tilden No election Hayes Tilden Tilden Tilden Tilden 1880 Hancock Hancock Hancock Hancock Hancock Hancock Hancock Hancock No election Hancock Hancock Hancock Hancock Hancock 1884 Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland No election Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland 1888 Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland No election Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland 1892 Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland No election Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland 1896 Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan McKinley Bryan Bryan Bryan No election Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan McKinley 1900 Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan No election Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan McKinley 1904 Parker Parker Parker Parker Parker Parker Parker Parker No election Parker Parker Parker Parker Roosevelt 1908 Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Taft 1912 Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson 1916 Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Hughes 1920 Cox Cox Cox Cox Cox Cox Cox Cox Harding Cox Harding Cox Cox Harding 1924 Davis Davis Davis Davis Coolidge Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Coolidge 1928 Smith Smith Hoover Smith Hoover Smith Smith Hoover Hoover Smith Hoover Hoover Hoover Hoover 1932 Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt 1936 Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt 1940 Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt 1944 Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt 1948 Thurmond Truman Truman Truman Truman Thurmond Thurmond Truman Truman Thurmond Truman Truman Truman Truman 1952 Stevenson Stevenson Eisenhower Stevenson Stevenson Stevenson Stevenson Stevenson Eisenhower Stevenson Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Stevenson 1956 Stevenson Stevenson Eisenhower Stevenson Eisenhower Eisenhower Stevenson Stevenson Eisenhower Stevenson Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower 1960 Byrd Kennedy Nixon Kennedy Nixon Kennedy Byrd Kennedy Nixon Kennedy Nixon Kennedy Nixon Kennedy 1964 Goldwater Johnson Johnson Goldwater Johnson Goldwater Goldwater Johnson Johnson Goldwater Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson 1968 Wallace Wallace Nixon Wallace Nixon Wallace Wallace Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Humphrey Nixon Humphrey 1972 Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon 1976 Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Ford Carter Carter Carter Ford Carter 1980 Reagan Reagan Reagan Carter Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Carter 1984 Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan 1988 Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Dukakis 1992 Bush Clinton Bush Clinton Clinton Clinton Bush Bush Bush Bush Clinton Bush Bush Clinton 1996 Dole Clinton Clinton Dole Clinton Clinton Dole Dole Dole Dole Clinton Dole Dole Clinton 2000 Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush 2004 Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush 2008 McCain McCain Obama McCain McCain McCain McCain Obama McCain McCain McCain McCain Obama McCain 2012 Romney Romney Obama Romney Romney Romney Romney Romney Romney Romney Romney Romney Obama Romney 2016 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Clinton Trump 2020 Trump Trump Trump Biden Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Biden Trump Year Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Democratic Party nominee Republican Party nominee Third-party nominee or write-in candidate Bold denotes candidates elected as president South in gubernatorial elections Officials who acted as governor for less than ninety days are excluded from this chart. This chart is intended to be a visual exposition of party strength in the solid south and the dates listed are not exactly precise. Governors not elected in their own right are listed in italics.
5269	dbpedia	0	80	https://www.nndb.com/gov/925/000051772/	en	Governor of West Virginia			[ "https://www.nndb.com/title.gif", "http://mapper.nndb.com/t/42/3033/s3033.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			/silly-nndb-icon.png		null	Bibliographies NNDB has added thousands of bibliographies for people, organizations, schools, and general topics, listing more than 50,000 books and 120,000 other kinds of references. They may be accessed by the "Bibliography" tab at the top of most pages, or via the "Related Topics" box in the sidebar. Please feel free to suggest books that might be critical omissions.
5269	dbpedia	1	0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okey_Patteson	en	Okey Patteson	https://upload.wikimedia…key_Patteson.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…key_Patteson.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Okey_Patteson.jpg/220px-Okey_Patteson.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_West_Virginia.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_West_Virginia.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2005-08-21T02:47:06+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okey_Patteson	American politician (1898–1989) Okey Leonidas Patteson (September 14, 1898 – July 3, 1989) was the 23rd Governor of West Virginia from 1949 to 1953. He was a member of the United States Democratic Party and of the "machine" that totally controlled politics in that era in the state. Biography [edit] Okey Patteson was son of L.C. and Lola (Groves) Patteson. He was born at Dingess, West Virginia and raised at Mount Hope, Fayette County. He married Lee Hawse in 1923 and they had two daughters, Fanny Lee and Anna Hughes. His religious affiliation was Methodist. In 1932, a hunting accident left him disabled, as both of his legs had to be amputated below the knees.[1] Patteson graduated with a bachelor's degree from West Virginia Wesleyan College and did post-graduate work at Carnegie Institute of Technology. He was awarded honorary degrees of L.L.D. from West Virginia University in 1949 and from West Virginia Wesleyan College. Patteson worked as an automobile dealer and with real estate in Mount Hope. He served as President of Fayette County Court 1935–41 and as sheriff of Fayette County 1941–44. In the 1944 elections, he was Campaign manager for the Democratic Party and became a Presidential elector. The new governor, Clarence W. Meadows, appointed him his personal assistant, a position he held for three years, until he resigned to run for governor, January 1, 1948. He won the nomination with a margin of 62 000 over the nearest opponent and was elected by majority of 110 000 in the general election. He served as governor for one term.[2] Patteson was a member of the Board of Trustees of West Virginia Wesleyan, and of a number of societies: Free masons, Knights Templar, Moose International, Lions, Chamber of Commerce, American Legion, Sons of the American Revolution and Elks. He was a member of the National Guard for three years.[2] After his term Patteson served as general manager of the Turnpike, returned to real estate business, and became president of the Raleigh County Bank. In 1969, Governor Arch A. Moore, Jr. named Patteson to the newly created Board of Regents.[1] Governorship [edit] He is best known for his decision to place the state's first medical school at West Virginia University in Morgantown, in the northern part of the state, rather than in the more centrally located Charleston.[1] A section of West Virginia Route 705 leading to West Virginia University Hospitals is named Patteson Drive in his honor. He also is known for the initial construction of the West Virginia Turnpike, which was to be a 4-lane road system throughout the state, although, after his term, it was superseded by the interstate highway system, with only a 2-lane section between Charleston and Princeton ever completed. During his governorship, Patteson, in a now-infamous decision, closed the state investigation into the disappearance of the Sodder children, calling the children's parents' pursuit of the case "hopeless".[3] During his term, the legislature created the position of state Tax Commissioner and authorized cities to levy sales taxes.[1] He was praised by crime writer Erle Stanley Gardner for his careful re-investigation of the case of convicted murderer Robert Ballard Bailey when doubts were raised about the validity of the conviction.[4][5] Gardner dedicated his detective novel Top of the Heap to Patteson. References [edit] patteson.html Biography of Okey L. Patteson Inaugural Address of Okey L. Patteson
5269	dbpedia	3	20	https://www.marland-school.co.uk/exams/	en	Marland School			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Marland School	en	https://primarysite-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/theme/MarlandSchoolTorrington/favicon.ico		null	Information for Candidates Summer 2024 Results, Appeals and Certificates Assessed Grades For GCSE exam boards mark students’ completed exam papers. Examiners are mostly experienced teachers and do most of their marking on-screen. Examiners’ work is quality-checked by the exam boards to ensure their marking is consistent and to the required standard. If your qualification includes non-exam assessment — for example practical work or a performance – this may be marked by the exam board, or by your teacher. To support your understanding, please refer to Ofqual’s link below for more information. Results On candidate statements of results (results slip) and certificates, grades will be reported in the same way as in previous years. For further information on GCSE results grading please click on the link below. GCSE factsheet for parents (publishing.service.gov.uk) WJEC marking is as follows - M = Merit Level 2, P1 = Pass Level 1, P2 = Pass level 2, U = ungraded and X indicates part or all of the paper has not been sat. Results will be issued on results day in August as follows: Arrangements for results day Please be aware that neither Marland Residential or Secondary School sites will be open to students or parents / carers on this day. Please do not try to ring in to either of the sites on the day as the Examination Officer will be working to download / despatch all examination results on the morning of 22th August. These will then be emailed and posted by First Class mail to the email / postal address we hold on our system for students. Concerns about your results When you receive your results, if you think that a grade is wrong, your first step should be to contact our Head of Centre Matt Tithecott – m.tithecott@marland.devon.sch.uk Information on the appeals process can be accessed via the link in this form, an electronic copy of this form can be found on the main Marland School website (Parents drop down / Exams) where you can click on the links to bring up the information. Certificates Certificates, when received from the awarding organisations, will be issued to you in due course – normally at the end of November when all certificates have been received. Ofqual Student Guide 2024 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk) The arrangements for appeals Marland School will support its students through the awarding organisation appeals process. The information below describes the arrangements in place at Marland School for submitting an appeal to the awarding organisation. Appeal to the awarding organisation You can only make an appeal if you've already requested and received the outcome of a review of marking or a review of moderation. The awarding organisation will not be able to consider an appeal that is based solely on differences of opinion - if the student wants to improve their grade they may want to consider entering for the autumn exam series. If the student believes there is an error, or if the awarding organisation has made an administrative error, or the student considers that the grade awarded was an unreasonable exercise of academic judgement, the student can submit a request to Marland School to proceed with a review / subsequent appeal to the awarding organisation on their behalf if required. To proceed, the student must complete and sign the consent form for Clerical re-checks, reviews of marking and appeals. The Head of Centre for Marland School will have to submit the appeal on the student’s behalf according to the requirements of the awarding organisation to which it is being submitted. The awarding organisation will determine the grade at appeal and the outcome will be final. The outcome of the appeal may result in the grade remaining the same, being lowered or raised There is no further opportunity to appeal the outcome to the awarding organisation. The awarding organisation’s appeal outcome letter will be provided by post to the student by Marland School as soon as reasonably practical after the outcome letter from the awarding organisation is received in the centre. If there are concerns the awarding body has not followed its appeals process, they may be able to apply for a procedural review. The appeal outcome letter will include the next appropriate steps, where applicable, to apply for a procedural review to the Exam Procedures Review Service (EPRS). Note - Once a finding has been made you cannot withdraw your request for an appeal. If your grade has been lowered, you will not be able to revert back to the original grade you received on results day. For more information please refer to the Department for Education’s blog. Deadline to submit a request Non-priority – reviews of marking and moderation, appeals
5269	dbpedia	3	98	https://indepthnh.org/2024/08/03/distant-dome-education-voucher-advocates-seek-national-solution/	en	Distant Dome: Education Voucher Advocates Seek National Solution	https://indepthnh.org/wp…1/garrynewer.jpg	https://indepthnh.org/wp…1/garrynewer.jpg	[ "https://indepthnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/InDepthNHorg_logo-tag-110-1.png", "https://indepthnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/InDepthNHorg_logo-tag-110-1.png", "https://indepthnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/garrynewer.jpg", "https://indepthnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/dome3.jpg", "https://indepthnh.org/wp-content/plugins/republication-tracker-tool/assets/img/creative-commons-sharing.png", "https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nd/4.0/88x31.png", "https://indepthnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/YDCsununu-60x60.jpg", "https://indepthnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/stateboard-60x60.png", "https://indepthnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/ferber-60x60.jpg", "https://indepthnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/atohl-60x60.png", "https://indepthnh.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/StickerPictureMosaic-1-60x60.png", "https://indepthnh.org/wp-content/themes/largo/img/inn_logo_gray.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "GARRY RAYNO", "InDepthNH.org" ]	2024-08-03T00:00:00	America’s traditional institutions, the foundation for the greatest political experiment in history, are under attack from the social safety net to food regulations, and from the court system to environmental protection.	en	https://indepthnh.org/wp…re-indepthnh.jpg	InDepthNH.org	https://indepthnh.org/2024/08/03/distant-dome-education-voucher-advocates-seek-national-solution/	By GARRY RAYNO, Distant Dome America’s traditional institutions, the foundation for the greatest political experiment in history, are under attack from the social safety net to food regulations, and from the court system to environmental protection. The drive to create doubt and even rejection of these long-standing pillars of our society is to eventually destroy the underpinnings of government to create a new order where the rich will flourish even more with all the advantages, while everyone else will fight over the crumbs of the plutocrats. The current large target in this fight to turn democracy into an oligarchy is the public school system. The first blow to the public school system in New Hampshire was the push for charter schools, which are still public schools but without the regulations and requirements traditional public schools must meet. Charter schools have had to ask the state for more and more per pupil money to stay afloat, about double the per pupil adequacy grant amount for traditional schools. The charter schools that found a niche have been successful, but many have fallen by the wayside over the years even with federal grant money approved during the Trump administration for start-ups and expansions. And until recently, they have not strayed into the Christian Nationalist area that has been widely promoted by Hinsdale College in Michigan and adopted by some states. Then came the voucher push sold as a way of helping low-income families find a more suitable education environment for students who do not do well in the public-school setting. After several unsuccessful attempts, proponents, who include Education Commissioner Frank Edelblut and State School Board Chairman Drew Cline, lawmakers successfully approved the Education Freedom Account program as a rider to the 2022-2023 biennial operating budget after it failed to pass the House and was retained. Since then attempts to expand the eligibility of parents by raising the income cap passed two sessions ago, but failed in the recently completed session. Instead of helping the low-income families with educational options the program has largely been a subsidy program for parents with children who were already in religious or private schools and homeschooling. Only about 10 to 15 percent of the increasingly expensive draw on the Education Trust Fund have left public schools for alternative education programs. What proponents ultimately seek is a “universal program” which would be open to any New Hampshire student regardless of his or her parents’ income, although a similar program has nearly bankrupted Arizona and put public education at risk in Ohio, where it is being litigated. New Hampshire is not alone in the push to do away with public education as we know it. A letter from many national figures seeking to privatize education like Betsy DeVos and Edward Bennett; the CEOs of organizations pushing for privatization; former federal and state governors; sitting governors from almost all southern states; two state education commissioners including Edelblut, and state elected officials most from Republican controlled states was sent to Republican Congressional leaders saying, “The task before the next Congress is clear and unambiguous: bring education freedom to millions of students across America who desperately need it!” The letter also touts the GOP’s platform approved at its recent national convention “to cultivate great K-12 schools, ensure safe learning environments free from political meddling, and restore Parental Rights. We commit to an Education System that empowers students, supports families, and promotes American Values… Republicans believe families should be empowered to choose the best Education for their children. We support Universal School Choice in every State in America.” The political meddling the platform contends is that “Lessons about American values have been displaced by political or cultural trends of the day,” without noting several states have recently required the Bible be taught in public schools. Children whose faith is Muslim or Buddhism or are Native Americans may believe those state’s Biblical requirement is political meddling. What the proponents of universal vouchers seek is to have Congress do what some state legislators, including Texas, have failed to do and that is approve universal private or religious education on the public’s dime. This push to do away with public education has attempted to tarnish what has always been the great equalizer, by saying schools are failing, teachers are indoctrinating students and withholding information from parents. You would think public schools are a far-reaching conspiracy to destroy family values, while ignoring the fact that 90 percent of students are in public schools and many are very successful. New Hampshire public schools ranked sixth in the nation this year, down from the number two spots five years ago. The number ranking was before the push to privatize education became successful with the help of Gov. Chris Sununu who put both Edelblut and Cline where they are, in charge of the public education system in the state, although both seek to diminish its reach. Edelblut focuses on the learning disparity between well to do school districts and the poorly performing ones that lack the property values to support schools in the same way property wealthy communities do as the reason to seek alternatives. Yet when the state education funding system is raised as a possible culprit for the disparity, Edelblut is quick to dismiss that as a different issue when it isn’t. One of the major concerns about the Education Freedom Program, the Business Tax Scholarship Program and charter schools, is the lack of accountability. How do taxpayers know their money is being used wisely if there is no way to determine those students are receiving “an adequate education,” as the state Supreme Court ruled? Attempts to bring more accountability have failed in the Republican controlled legislature. At the same time, Cline this week in his column “The Broadside” touts the state as doing pretty well for educational entrepreneurs according to a recent ranking. “There’s more that can be done to make New Hampshire a freer state for education entrepreneurs looking to start small, decentralized, and unconventional educational environments, but so far the state is doing better than most,” according to Cline. He cites the Education Entrepreneur Freedom Index released by the yes.every kid.foundation for the ranking. It shouldn’t be surprising that according to Wikipedia, “Yes. every kid. (YEK) is a 501(c)(4) advocacy group that is a part of the Koch Network. Launched by the Charles Koch-funded Stand Together in June of 2019, YEK supports the privatization of education. The organization is a proponent of the school choice movement, advocating for subsidized private school vouchers and charter schools.” The Koch Foundation has long advocated for ending public education and installing a private education system where you pay for what you get. Not exactly the great equalizer. Cline argues New Hampshire should be looking to encourage more private education. “States with more relaxed homeschool and nonpublic school laws/regulations score higher, as entrepreneurs have an easier time getting started in these states,” he notes. Cline and the Koch organization suggest relaxing state requirements for non-public schools and also zoning regulations to make it easier to locate educational facilities including child care businesses by allowing education in all zoning districts in a municipality. “Though New Hampshire lost a point for rules requiring state approval for non-public schools, the state could become much more friendly to education entrepreneurs, the study’s authors conclude, primarily by relaxing some child-care rules and local regulations,” Cline writes. Supporters of Education Freedom Accounts are fond of saying the best accountability is if parents are satisfied with the education their children receive, which you would hope is the case or why would you leave your child in an unsatisfactory educational environment? But that is not what the state Supreme Court said in its Claremont I decision. It said the state has a responsibility to provide an adequate education to every student in the state and to pay for it. Parents have choices but the state defines an adequate education. The state legislature has yet to live up to its responsibility and allowing a bypass through religious and private schools and homeschooling is not constitutionally fair to those children. If you believe public education is failing in this state, you should begin looking at the top: the governor, the commissioner and to the state board of education chair. Their priority is not public education. Garry Rayno may be reached at garry.rayno@yahoo.com. Distant Dome by veteran journalist Garry Rayno explores a broader perspective on the State House and state happenings for InDepthNH.org. Over his three-decade career, Rayno covered the NH State House for the New Hampshire Union Leader and Foster’s Daily Democrat. During his career, his coverage spanned the news spectrum, from local planning, school and select boards, to national issues such as electric industry deregulation and Presidential primaries. Rayno lives with his wife Carolyn in New London.
5269	dbpedia	2	95	https://memim.com/cecil-h.-underwood.html	en	Cecil H. Underwood	https://memim.com/static/favicon.ico	https://memim.com/static/favicon.ico	[ "https://memim.com/static/logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Cecil H. Underwood" ]	null	[]	null	Cecil H. Underwood		/static/favicon.ico		null	Cecil Harland Underwood ( born November 5, 1922 in Josephs Mills, Tyler County, West Virginia, † November 24, 2008 in Charleston, West Virginia ) was an American politician ( Republican). He was the 25th Governor from 1957 to 1961 and from 1997 to 2001 the 32nd Governor of the state of West Virginia. Early years and political rise Cecil Underwood attended the Tyler County High School, the Salem College and West Virginia University. During the Second World War he served in the reserve force of the U.S. Army. Between 1943 and 1950, Underwood was high school teacher. The following six years he was vice-president of Salem College. Underwood's political career began in 1944 when he was elected to the House of Representatives from West Virginia. This mandate he held until 1956. At times he was leader of the republican deputies. In 1956 he was elected governor of West Virginia. First term as governor Underwood was the first Republican governor of the state of West Virginia since 1928, when William G. Conley was elected. At the time of taking office, he was the youngest Governor of that State. Curiously, he was in his second term are also the oldest. Underwood began his first four -year term on 14 January 1957. During this time, he promoted the expansion and improvement of the road network. He campaigned for the socially disadvantaged and unemployed and developed a temporary employment program. At that time, the number of unemployed had risen through the introduction of new technologies, especially in the mining industry. He had also revise the laws relating to the mining industry. In addition, during his tenure within his government a department to take care of the mentally handicapped was established. Underwood began the desegregation of the schools in the country continued and supported the civil rights movement. In his first term was 1959, the last execution in West Virginia instead. Between his two terms as governor According to the constitution of his State, which forbade two contiguous terms of office of a governor, Underwood had to resign from his post on 16 January 1961. A candidacy for a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1960 was as unsuccessful as two attempts at a new governor candidacy in the years 1964 and 1976; in 1968 he lost already in the primaries of his party. In the years following the end of his first term Underwood worked in different areas. Among other things, he was employed by a coal and chemical company and built up his own firm. His name was occasionally associated with a software company in Morgantown. Between 1972 and 1975 he was president of Bethany College. Second term as governor In 1996, Cecil Underwood was yet again elected governor of his state. 36 years after the end of his first term, he entered on 13 January 1997 as previously oldest governor of West Virginia his second term on. In the election, he benefited from a split within the Democratic Party. His second term was overshadowed by economic problems and his moderate views were considered by some of his Republican Party Friends skeptical. Underwood was a member of several associations governor, but he was not able to bring a political majority in his country behind him. In 2000, he competed unsuccessfully for reelection (which was now constitutionally possible). He was defeated by Democrat Bob Wise. Underwood was married to the late 2004 Hovah Hall, the couple had three children.
5269	dbpedia	2	94	https://www.nndb.com/gov/925/000051772/	en	Governor of West Virginia			[ "https://www.nndb.com/title.gif", "http://mapper.nndb.com/t/42/3033/s3033.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			/silly-nndb-icon.png		null	Bibliographies NNDB has added thousands of bibliographies for people, organizations, schools, and general topics, listing more than 50,000 books and 120,000 other kinds of references. They may be accessed by the "Bibliography" tab at the top of most pages, or via the "Related Topics" box in the sidebar. Please feel free to suggest books that might be critical omissions.
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https://www.history.com/editorial/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.editorial.aetnd.com%2Fhistory-article-default.desktop.jpg&w=750&q=75 750w, https://www.history.com/editorial/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.editorial.aetnd.com%2Fhistory-article-default.desktop.jpg&w=828&q=75 828w, https://www.history.com/editorial/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.editorial.aetnd.com%2Fhistory-article-default.desktop.jpg&w=1080&q=75 1080w, https://www.history.com/editorial/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.editorial.aetnd.com%2Fhistory-article-default.desktop.jpg&w=1248&q=75 1248w, https://www.history.com/editorial/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.editorial.aetnd.com%2Fhistory-article-default.desktop.jpg&w=1920&q=75 1920w, https://www.history.com/editorial/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.editorial.aetnd.com%2Fhistory-article-default.desktop.jpg&w=2048&q=75 2048w, https://www.history.com/editorial/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.editorial.aetnd.com%2Fhistory-article-default.desktop.jpg&w=3840&q=75 3840w" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Missy Sullivan" ]	2010-02-09T12:31:25+00:00	The first colonists to Maryland arrive at St. Clement’s Island on Maryland’s western shore and found the settlement of St. Mary’s. In 1632, King Charles I of England granted a charter to George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, yielding him proprietary rights to a region east of the Potomac River in exchange for a share […]	en	https://www.history.com/…e-touch-icon.png	HISTORY	https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-settlement-of-maryland	The first colonists to Maryland arrive at St. Clement’s Island on Maryland’s western shore and found the settlement of St. Mary’s. In 1632, King Charles I of England granted a charter to George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, yielding him proprietary rights to a region east of the Potomac River in exchange for a share of the income derived from the land. The territory was named Maryland in honor of Henrietta Maria, the queen consort of Charles I. Before settlement began, George Calvert died and was succeeded by his son Cecilius, who sought to establish Maryland as a haven for Roman Catholics persecuted in England. In March 1634, the first English settlers—a carefully selected group of Catholics and Protestants—arrived at St. Clement’s Island aboard the Ark and the Dove. Religious conflict was strong in ensuing years as the American Puritans, growing more numerous in Maryland and supported by Puritans in England, set out to revoke the religious freedoms guaranteed in the founding of the colony. In 1649, Maryland Governor William Stone responded by passing an act ensuring religious liberty and justice to all who believed in Jesus Christ. In 1654, however, the so-called Toleration Act was repealed after Puritans seized control of the colony, leading to a brief civil war that ended with Lord Baltimore losing control of propriety rights over Maryland in March 1655. Although the Calverts later regained control of Maryland, anti-Catholic activity persisted until the 19th century, when many Catholic immigrants to America chose Baltimore as their home and helped enact laws to protect their free practice of religion.
5269	dbpedia	1	79	https://newspaperarchive.com/us/west-virginia/charleston/charleston-gazette/1956/04-01/page-4/	en	Charleston Gazette Newspaper Archives, Apr 1, 1956, p. 4	https://newspaperarchive…ges/NASocial.png	https://newspaperarchive…ges/NASocial.png	[ "https://newspaperarchive.com/Content/Images/main-logo.svg", "https://newspaperarchive.com/Content/Images/main-logo.svg", "https://newspaperarchive.com/charleston-gazette-apr-01-1956-p-4-40763503-thumbnail.webp" ]	[]	[]	[ "Newspapers", "NewspaperArchive.com", "Title: Charleston Gazette", "City: charleston", "State: west virginia", "Country: United States", "Date: 1956-04-01", "article", "obituaries", "articles", "headlines", "historical news", "history", "archives", "genealogy" ]	null	[]	1956-04-01T00:00:00	Read Charleston Gazette Newspaper Archives, Apr 1, 1956, p. 4 with family history and genealogy records from charleston, west virginia 1924-2015.	en	/favicon.ico	NewspaperArchive.com	https://newspaperarchive.com/charleston-gazette-apr-01-1956-p-4/	How to Find What You Are Looking for on This Page We use Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology to make the text on a newspaper image searchable. Below is the OCR data for 1 Apr 1956 Charleston Gazette in Charleston, West Virginia. Because of the nature of the OCR technology, sometimes the language can appear to be nonsensical. The best way to see what’s on the page is to view the newspaper page. Show OCR Charleston Gazette (Newspaper) - April 1, 1956, Charleston, West Virginia The Charleston Gazette serving West Virginia for 82 years Washington s easter eggs Page 4 he did t say it in so Many words but Paul Butler chair Man of the democratic National committee implied that his party did t expect a fair shake from the Republican press when he proposed that american newspapers publish a Battle Page during the coming presidential Campaign. He asked that the suggestion be considered when editors meet in Washington and new York later this month. Meritorious As chairman Butler s plan May be it would be highly improper Lor any newspaper association to advise its members on a course of editorial or news policy. This is some thing which each editor must decide for himself and if the verdict is wrong then his readers have the right to Stop buying his newspaper. I say this although agreeing with the demo cratic chairman that there were Many instances in the 1952 Campaign when Adlai Stevenson did t receive any thing like the line treatment Dwight Eisenhower was Given in the nation s press. Perhaps Thea is because 85 per cent of the country s newspapers Are con trolled by Republican interests. In deed there Are but very Lew truly in dependent democratic newspapers remaining the Gazette being one of them. One of the chief reasons is that the expense of publishing a news paper has More than doubled in the fast few years and despite the in Sonday april a thought for thou seek lord thy god thou Shah find him. If thou him with All thy heart and soul. 1. 1956 editor1als he is risen Hope of Mankind rests with truth of first easter As Jesus entered death in the dark Ness of the Cross he said Tather into thy hands i commend my then he slept. Even As darkness extinguished the last Ray of Light and was the Victor Jesus had Confidence in the brightness and Victory of the easter Dawn. But before the easter Dawn there came the Phenomena of nature which accomplished the death of our lord. The appalling blackness of the heavens the piercing rays of Light that revealed the ghastly details of the heart rending scene of the crucifixion the taking of Christ from the Cross his Side from the portals of the Tomb since the world began. It represented the dying out of the dawning of the new. That Light of the easter Dawn fell first on woman our brightest earthly comforter and it was most appropriate that from her eager lips the disciples Learned the Joyful news of the resurrection. Christ overcame sin and death and Light returned to the world to give place to darkness. So it was on that first eventful easter so it Ever will be so i Are considerably less. Candidates Touchy Battle Page is not new to the newspaper business. As Long ago As 1936 the new York daily news instituted such a service with that very title. Other newspapers have had similar features under other names and presentation. We be never tried the plan at the Gazette since in elect it would be permitting both party committees to prepare the copy for such pages. Neither is known Lor its objectivity in the heat of a Campaign and news papers which have permitted their statements to go unedited have been threatened with libel suits. Handling political copy is a very Touchy business at Best. Although both candidates and holders of Public of fice Are automatically open to criticism they usually Are extremely sensitive persons for the very Good Rea son that they want to be either elected or re elected. To get them to agree on hard and fast rules so that both they and their opponents could have their say in equal space and position during the Campaign would be impossible. Besides there is the matter of the Reader to consider. What one Candi Date says May not be considered newsworthy although to him they Are the most important words uttered since the beginning of time. Still another candidate can say More in one paragraph of Public interest than his competitor includes in ten. This being the Case it probably will be Well Lor the Gazette to go on giving what we believe to be fair treatment to All candidates regardless of rank or party. Okey s confession n this regard Okey Patteson s confession of last week that he goofed when he picked gov. Marland As his successor at the statehouse received top play in this and practically every state newspaper. It took a lot of courage Lor a Man to lace a state wide audience and admit he made a colossal mistake. The 15-minute telecast was accepted with mixed emotions. I heard it deep in the Hills of Wyoming county where politics can be discussed at the drop of a hat and found that the former governor still has a Large number of followers. Ii anything he has considerably More than his Lormer pro Tege a former resident of Wyoming which is a subject political editor Harry Hoffmann does into with considerable detail this morning in his column across the Page. How much of his popularity Patte son can Transfer to j. Howard Myers whom he is managing in the present gubernatorial Campaign remains to be seen. And he also must be aware that while he May be getting votes Lor Myers he also has taken some away by now being so closely identified with Myers the one Man who represents More Independent voters in the democratic party than any other candidate. The facts of the Case Are that Myers sought Patteson As his Man Ager and would t enter the race until Okey agreed to the assignment. When you re running Lor a top office you need political savvy regardless How Independent you Are in your thinking and Patteson still has plenty of that around. I would like to see Myers whom the Gazette is supporting completely unattached from All politicians and groups. But that in t the Way it works although that Man in the White House has some Fine people thinking it does. Myers needs help easiest Way to affirm this 1 conclusion is to look at the Cost of running for office. One Raleigh county observer a Beckley paper re ported last week said the five demo cratic candidates for governor and the four or five who will be in the Senate race will spend More than million during the primary. If this is True then you can be sure the Republican candidates will spend at least that much. Myers is depending largely on individuals for financial assistance while his two chief opponents Robert Mollo Han and Milton Ferguson have been assured of help from labor and the statehouse organization in that order. It s going to be rough the entire Way but Myers can win if enough people get interested in his cause. It will be comforting to if he makes that he won t be obligated to a political machine. From the bitter Cross to the sepulchre maintain Confidence in the brightness and then came the easter Dawn. And Victory of the easter Dawn. If if if easter is the principal feast of the the feeling of hopelessness ecclesiastical year commemorating As it and despondency was pushed aside As does the resurrection of the Savior. It the Light returned with the Dawn of gives us cause to be thankful for the re turning Light of the Dawn of resurrection Day the returning Light that was Christ and that will Shine for All eternity the Hope for the salvation resurrection morn the gloom of the sepulchre was illuminated by the figure of the Angel of the resurrect first glowing Ray of consummated Light that glowed Over our hither harm c. Marland now conceded Good Chance to win Senate nod of Mankind. Sen. Neuberger Points up u. S. Need for conserving our great outdoors you know where and when the lands lakes streams and Mountain Rel last passenger Pigeon in this a treats is not vicarious his is a knowl Tion died and Why no american boy Edge which comes with the experience or girl Ever will see this species a Wing of outdoor living and he knows How to in Transfer these experiences to can you explain the difference be concisely and tween a National Park and a National Forest have you the of the fantastic number of your fellow find citizens who paid visits to such areas a dramatically Ris. During 1955. Population sensible planning and Are you familiar with the Federal foresight will be needed to safeguard regulations governing a wilderness these heritages. Area it in not comforting to learn in Are you at All concerned with the Genator Neuberger s report that Canada even More the future of the magnificent resources and Bountiful riches with which nature has endowed our 48 states if you Are conserving our great outdoors by Oregon senator Richard l. Neuberger will be Well Worth the time and trouble it takes you to obtain a copy and to digest its contents. The Cost is nothing. Merely write the Tamiment Institute 7 East 15th Street in new York and request same. Senator Neuberger is an ardent conservationist and his love of our Wood has More than 75 million acres of publicly owned forests with a population of almost 140 million less than the United states. Spacious provincial Parks Akin to our state Are plentiful in Canada and one in British Columbia is far bigger than Yellowstone our largest National Park. Our neighbors to the North can be proud of their government s methods and practices. Unfortunately Here there is much to be accomplished and you can discover Why if you la just take the Tims to read conserving our great out if Ever a political Campaign shaped up to an impossible outcome even before the filing deadline it is the confusing free for All in the democratic contest to Lill the u. S. Senate vacancy created by the death of Harley m. Kilgore. A few weeks ago when gov. William c. Marland first entered speculation As a possible Senate candidate the response was one of jeering laughter. It was incredulous that such a political move would be considered by a Public figure whose wide in popularity is conceded Hoffmann even by people within his own state administration. Yet today the tune has changed with respect to the Man who sat Down to play. Now instead of wisecracks and ridicule Hii presence in the Senate race is the subject of deeply for the prospects of the democratic party in West Virginia. Democrats who started out talking about the terrific beating Marland would take in the May 8 primary Are now ready to give Odds that he will win the nomination. The reason for this Quick switch from laughter to seriousness is simply a mat Ter of numbers while Marland can count on the controlled vote of the state House machine four other candidates will be splitting up the rest of the vote. And there is a possibility that still More candidates May join in the farce before the april 7 filing deadline. An indication of the serious concern now Felt for the Marland candidacy cams last week from a Man of political stature in the governor s Home county of Wyom with so Many in the he said Marland might even carry this county and believe me there is As much bitterness against him Here As in any that statement when it is considered in the Light of its full implication is both a powerful indictment of Marland Lor his unpopularity As governor and a Strong sign of the remorse is being Felt Over the possibility of his nomination. And it is with a feeling of remorse that democrats speak of the Senate nomination for their comment on the prospects of a Marland primary Victory in variably is followed by expressed fear of a party defeat in the general election. If if in Marland s unpopularity in his Home county was indicated in the unwillingness to have the governor testify in open court in the England Gazette libel trial now i the hands of a Wyoming county Cir Cuit court jury. State sen. Oscar h. Ballard too ill to appear in person had Given a deposition for use in the trial. Marland was called As a witness in connection with the Ballard testimony but instead of making himself available for a personal court appearance he journeyed to Pineville to make a deposition. Courtroom testimony always is More effective in counteracting the Flat impersonal Reading of a said one court observer and it can hardly considered a sign of popularity when the Opportunity to have the governor testify before a jury in nil Home county ii passed during his overnight visit to Pineville incidentally Marland stayed at the Home of former judge r. D. Bailey the Politi Cal patriarch of Wyoming who Only the Day before had declared in open court his allegiance to Robert h. Mollohan for governor As opposed to Marland s Candi Date Milton j. Ferguson. The Ferguson Camp is not at All Happy with Marland s entry into the Senate race feeling that it will detrimental by further emphasizing resentment to the statehouse machine. Ferguson himself admitted publicly few weeks ago that he had run into considerable opposition to the Marland administration in Campaign. The Story is that virtually All of the state House strategists were opposed to mar land s except Marland and political Boss Homer Hanna. But As the Field continue to grow it appears More and More that they knew what they were doing in sizing up the primary Campaign. The trouble is that they do not seem to have considered the general election or the welfare of the democratic party. Drew term co round communist Label boomerangs on Republican politicians those who shout about patriotism Are not always for american Way american As Bishop Wilburn c. Campbell pointed out in a luncheon club speech Here last week May frequently mean the in american Way and it follows that flags sym Bols and slogans Don t make a Patriot. Too Many organizations Large enough unfortunately to apply pres sure in High made an extremely Handy device of the term Bishop Campbell deplored. Is it the american Way to censor and thus deprive citizens of free Choice is it the american Way to maintain a readers forum caste system is it the american Way to accuse indiscriminately and without proper proofs one s neighbors of trea son is it the american Way to fight one sort of dictatorship by usurping civil rights and thus threaten to impose another sort of dictatorship is it the american Way to do All these things under a Banner Reading the Ameri can Many people would have you be Lieve so. Take careful Stock of the men and institutions which shout of patriotism too loudly and too often. Sudden Cancella Tion of Toscanini s fomer Abc sym phony of the air from taking a state department sponsored Tou of Southeast Asia had More backstage by play behind it than the finding of leftist musicians. Basically it was a Battle Between a Penn s y 1 v a n i a Republican. Robinson Mcllvain publisher of the Down ingrown. A. Archive and a Brooklyn demo crat rep. John j. Rooney. But also the democrats saw a Chance to Embarrass Eisenhower by showing that his own personal fund had been used to Send red musicians on a tour of Japan. Having smarted from the Nixon Eisen Hower gop charge that the democrats harboured communists in government the democrats saw a Chance to pin the same communist Label not Only on the Eisen Hower administration but right on Eisenhower himself since Only he can spend his special fund. Tragedy is that the orchestra has done a great Job for the u. S. A. Its tour of the far East last year won americans tremendous kudos was one of the Best Good will projects the state department has undertaken. The trip Cost out of the White House fund and an other trip was planned for Indonesia India and suddenly Pearson Brooklyn Democrat Rooney burst out with his red charges. What happened was that a musician fired by the symphony of the air came to Rooney with the charge that the or Chestra had been taken Over by reds. On Jan. 18, Rooney passed the tip on to Dennis a. Flinn assistant to state department Security officer Scott Mcleod an old Friend of sen. Mccarthy s. It was Mcleod s Job to Check the orchestra for Security in the first place. But he had failed to catch any communists prior to the far Eastern had assured Mcllvain any known communist would be identified in our passport however he finally sent Rooney the raw unchecked Fri files on the or Chestra which showed derogatory information against eight musicians three of whom had possible communist Back ground. Mcleod had checked the leaders of the orchestra carefully but had not checked every Piccolo because of the fact that they handle no government Docu ments had Access to no classified information. However it developed that some had taken pictures of american hmm on Okinawa and it was claimed had spread anti american propaganda. Pentagon officials incidentally had that any red musicians could have taken any important photos of american Bates. As a result however rep. Rooney demanded cancellation of the orchestra s Middle East trip also cast doubt about continuing Ike s special fund. Sex publisher Mcllvain now Deputy assistant Secretary of state put up an eloquent plea. If we Are to win this struggle we must present the positive factors of our system. All the world knows that we produce the mightiest bombs bomber and Battle ships. This fact is vital to our Security. But we have something equally important or perhaps More persuasive than instruments of destruction or gadgets for easier living to show the world. This is our culture and our people. Or. Chairman i believe that the time has come when we can no longer afford to ignore if occasionally we Export a foul sen. Kefauver and his advisers have been complaining that the demo cratic National committee ii loaded in favor of Adlai Stevenson. Meanwhile Stevenson has been complaining about the democratic National committee. Specifically Adlai put in a phone Call to his old Friend rep. Mel Price of East St. Louis 111. Stevenson sounded Wor ried and depressed. Price replied that what Adial needed was a professional politician. Stevenson replied that his Campaign manager James Finnegan former demo cratic Leader of Philadelphia was a professional. Rep. Price scoffed. Finnegan he said was Able to win the City of Philadelphia for the democrats thanks to sex mayor Joseph Clark and present mayor Richard Dilworth. Why Don t statehouse employees use parking building right declaration supporting the Constitution this Money comes from the people and the managing editor. Intercepted message april 1, 1958 dear Boss you picked a Good Day to Lay an egg. Yours Hubert a. Kelly candidate City. Editor the Gazette i live on Quarrier St. Just above the Capitol bldg. And when 1 come Home from work each evening i can t find a place to Park my car. All the statehouse employees persist in Park ing in front of our House while the parking building remains practically empty. Why Don t they use the parking building that was built for them and let us at least Park within walking distances of our houses City. J. Carey. An assist for Morrison editor the Gazette i did t approve of what l. J. Sterling of Logan said but Deane Morrison of St. Albani did a Good Job. Of defending the holy Bible. I feel that i can add a Little More to what is no word in the dictionary to de scribe the was written by inspired men of god. There have always been those who have tried to destroy it but it lives on. Read the Bible for no Man s opinion. Everyone who Asketh Rece Iveth. Kimball. C. J. Kirby. Eisenhower Hedges editor the Gazette at his press conference president Eisenhower hedged on the question of prosecuting negroes for their refusal to ride on segregated Public conveyances in Montgomery Ala. If the president is afraid to make a Forth right declaration supporting and human rights in a matter involving Citi Zens he is too weak to be president. Cleveland m. Cadle. Money is from people editor the Gazette i wonder How Many people read Drew Pear son s column about our president who spends so much of the taxpayer s Money for foreign countries which do nothing but fight and quarrel. It seems the president has teamed up with some Rich senators and Secretary of health education and welfare Folsom to prevent any changes in the social Security system to help the old people. They want an adjustment that will help the retired men and women before they get run Down they can t resist Illner. Reader. Governor was t there editor the Gazette you spoke of your embarrassment because neither Copenhaver nor Marland greeted the mexican president at the Airport. What do you think the people of Greenbrier county Felt when the governor was t on hand to Greet the president of the United states it it any wonder we Are called Hillbillies p. Rian Search the Charleston Gazette Today with a Free Trial We want people to find what they are looking for at NewspaperArchive. 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5269	dbpedia	0	35	https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/federal-reserve-bulletin-62/october-1951-21202/fulltext	en	Full text of Federal Reserve Bulletin : October 1951	https://fraser.stlouisfe…avicon-32x32.png	https://fraser.stlouisfe…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.fraser.stlouisfed.org/images/StlFedHoriz.svg", "https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.fraser.stlouisfed.org/images/FRASER-20Years_Rev.svg", "https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/images/x-logo/logo-white.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png		null	The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies. FEDERAL E SE BULLETIN OCTOBER 1951 BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM EDITORIAL COMMITTEE ELLIOTT THURSTON WOODLIEF THOMAS WINFIELD W. RIEFLER SUSAN S. BURR RALPH A. YOUNG The Federal Reserve BULLETIN is issued monthly under the direction of the staff editorial committee. This committee is responsible for interpretations and opinions expressed, except in official statements and signed articles. CONTENTS PAGE The Consumer Durable Goods Situation. 1225-1234 New Index of Output of Major Consumer Durable Goods. 1235-1240 Voluntary Credit Restraint Releases 1241-1243 Credit and Sales Reported by Regulation W Registrants. 1244-1255 Member Bank Earnings, First Half of 1951. 1256-1257 Current Events and Announcements 1257 National Summary of Business Conditions. 1258-1259 Financial, Industrial, Commercial Statistics, U. S. (See p. 1261 for list of tables) . 1261-1321 International Financial Statistics (See p. 1323 for list of tables). 1323-1341 Board of Governors and Staff; Open Market Committee and Staff; Federal Advisory Council 1342 Senior Officers of Federal Reserve Banks; Managing Officers of Branches. Federal Reserve Publications. 1343 1344-1345 Map of Federal Reserve Districts. 1346 Subscription Price of Bulletin A copy of the Federal Reserve BULLETIN is sent to each member bank without charge. The subscription price in the United States and its possessions, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Republic of Honduras, Mexico, Newfoundland (including Labrador), Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, El Salvador, Uruguay, and Venezuela is $2.00 per annum or 20 cents per copy; elsewhere, $2.60 per annum or 25 cents per copy. Group subscriptions in the United States for 10 or more copies to one address, 15 cents per copy per month, or $1.50 for 12 months. FEDERAL VOLUME 37 RESERVE BULLETIN October 1951 NUMBER 10 THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION Changes in production and sales of consumer durable goods have been important influences on over-all business developments since mid-1950. Very high rates of buying reached during the second half of 1950, accompanied by sharply advanced levels of production, were followed in the first half of 1951 by marked declines in consumer purchases. Output, although reduced after March, continued above retail sales and there was a rapid accumulation of inventories. Since mid-1951 production of consumer durable goods has been curtailed considerably further, owing partly to reduced availability of materials. At the same time retail sales have picked up moderately and inventories have shown some reduction. Production and inventories of various consumer nondurable goods have also been reduced from earlier peak levels. These shifts since the early part of the year have occurred at a time when personal incomes—reflecting expanding defense and capital equipment programs —have continued to rise moderately and have been high in relation to total retail sales, as shown in the chart. Manufacturers' list prices of most consumer goods have been maintained at the ceiling levels established in January. Wholesale price ceilings on new passenger automobiles were raised in March and again in September and now average 8 per cent higher than in January. There have been extensive OCTOBER 1951 promotions of goods at special prices, however, and these have been a factor in stimulating consumer buying during recent months. Unit purchases of durable goods and apparel have probably increased somewhat more than the dollar volume of retail sales. In the case of foods, buying and prices have been sustained at record levels. Prices of cotton, hides, and various other maPERSONAL INCOME and SALES and STOCKS of GOODS Per Cent Seasonally adjusted indexes, 1947-49=100 Per Cent ^ 120 100 1947 1949 1950 1951 NOTE.—Department of Commerce series converted to indexes on 1947-49 base by Federal Reserve. Inventories are end-of-month data. Latest figures are for August. 1225 THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION terials used mainly by the consumer goods industries declined sharply during the spring and summer from the highs reached early in the year. Since mid-September prices of materials have shown selective advances, reflecting some increase in business demands and a more restricted volume of offerings by producers. During the recent period of readjustment in consumer goods industries, activity, incomes, and expenditures in most other major sectors of the economy have been maintained or have exceeded earlier peak rates. Total industrial production in September is indicated to be only slightly below the high level of the first half of the year, as the curtailments in output of consumer goods have been largely offset by increases in production of munitions and capital equipment. While the number of new dwelling units started since March has been about one-third below the same period last year, there have been further marked increases in new plant construction. Wage rates have continued to advance, and unemployment in early September was at about the lowest level since 1945. CONSUMER DEMAND DEVELOPMENTS T h e falling off early this year in demands for consumer durable goods—notably appliances, television, and new automobiles—reflected a number of influences. Some were of a temporary character such as the pushing forward of purchases resulting from earlier fears of shortages and, for certain items, the greatly advanced levels of prices reached for a time. After such an upsurge in prices as occurred in 1950, a certain amount of buyer resistance was to be expected as the new price levels were tested—especially when it became apparent that heavy accumulations of business inventories were developing. Moreover, the establishment of general direct price con1226 trols and tighter credit conditions contributed to the abatement in demands generally. Of considerable significance also for interpretation of the reduced rate of consumer buying of goods this year was the fact that consumers had become better stocked and housed than in any preceding period. T h e accelerated rate of consumer buying after the Korean outbreak came on top of large-scale spending for goods throughout most of the period following World W a r II. This buying reflected large deferred demands and various other influences, including a rapid increase in the number of new households. Consumer expenditures for goods alone were a larger proportion of personal disposable income than at any time in the previous two decades. T h e proportion in the three years 1947-49 averaged 67 per cent as compared with a high before World W a r II of 61 per cent. Expenditures for services meanwhile remained at relatively low rates, reflecting in part Federal controls on rents and a lagging adjustment in prices of other services. This year the proportion of disposable incomes going for goods has fallen off to 61 per cent during the second and third quarters. T h e proportion spent on services has been maintained. Rents and prices of other essential services are now higher as compared with 1948 than is the case for retail prices of goods. Larger consumer outlays are necessary to service and maintain the record volume of major durable goods and housing now in the hands of consumers. These include expenditures on various miscellaneous goods, such as gasoline and parts, and on such services as repairs, insurance, and taxes. Consumer savings have increased this year, both in aggregate and as a percentage of income, and this reflects in part higher payments on consumer short-term and mortgage FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS debt. Consumers have also considerably increased their savings in liquid form as indicated, for example, in increasing time deposits and savings and loan shares. An unusual aspect of the shift in the consumer demand situation was its limited downward impact on the economy generally. While heavy inventories had accumulated and the rise in consumer incomes had slowed down, expenditures for defense and capital equipment were continuing to expand. It was widely expected that further growth in defense activity would soon result in a reversal of the situation in the consumer goods field. Increases in incomes from expanding employment and hours worked in defense activities and from further advances in wage rates were counted on to more than offset decreases resulting from reduced working time in nondefense lines, while further curtailments in consumer goods output were expected to result from material shortages. SITUATION consumer durable goods have been especially pronounced in 1950 and 1951. Output of passenger automobiles and household goods—carpets, furniture, major appliances, and radios and television—are measured by a new index shown in the accompanying chart and described in a special article on pages 1235-40. This index rose sharply in 1950 and during the second half was two-thirds above the 1947-49 average. By March 1951 output was only slightly below this advanced level and, with consumer demand for these goods sharply curtailed after February, business stocks mounted further. OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS Seasonally Adjusted, 1947-49 Average for Total '100 Points in Total Index Points in Total Index SUPPLIES OF CONSUMER GOODS The extraordinary levels of demand for consumer goods reached in mid-1950, inspired by prospects of shortages and of rising prices, resulted in a very sharp expansion in output of finished consumer goods and of materials and parts for their production—including many nondurable items as well as most durable goods. The inauguration of the expanded defense program in the summer of 1950 was widely heralded to mean marked curtailments before the end of the year in output for civilians. Contrary to these expectations, output of consumer goods was generally maintained at record levels up to the spring of this year and, despite a new wave of buying after the Chinese intervention in November, stocks of consumer goods generally continued to expand. Fluctuations in output and stocks of major OCTOBER 1951 1947 1948 1949 1950 NOTE.—Federal Reserve indexes. For description see pages 1235-40 of this BULLETIN. Latest figures shown are for August. National Production Authority limitations on use of metals for consumer goods increased in importance beginning in the second quarter; reflecting these measures as well as the accumulation of inventories, average output of major consumer durable goods began to decline and by July was 35 per cent below the high first quarter and close to the 1947-49 average. One of the most striking curtailments among these goods, and 1227 THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION one not affected by Federal material limita- able income. If there should be an abrupt tions, was in output of carpets to the lowest upturn in those demands, the present large peacetime level since the mid-thirties. Since volume of supplies of some goods would be July production of these goods generally has reduced rapidly. On the other hand, the shown little change. Production of other maintenance of recent levels of buying would consumer durable goods, as a group, usually mean that supplies would continue to be shows less fluctuation than do the major relatively ample. items. During the recent period production Market developments for passenger autoof numerous items, including small appli- mobiles and for household durable goods are ances, silverware, jewelry, and luggage, has of special significance in the consumer goods also declined considerably. Output of auto- situation. While broad changes in demand, mobile replacement parts, tires, and various output, and supplies for these two major cateother goods has been maintained. gories have been roughly similar this year, Production of consumer nondurable goods, there have been important differences in the which also showed a further marked rise last timing and degree of changes. For example, year, continued at record levels into the sec- dealers' stocks of passenger cars, though conond quarter of this year, when lagging retail siderably above earlier post-World War II sales led to sharp cutbacks in distributors' low levels, increased less relative to sales than orders. By the third quarter production of did stocks of most household goods. Partly textiles, clothing, shoes, soap, and some other as a result of this relationship, car assemblies items was reduced considerably below earlier by major producers during the third quarter peak rates. were closely in line with the reductions Manufacturers' stocks of all types of fin- ordered by NPA, while curtailments in outished goods expanded substantially further put of major metal household goods were during the second quarter, but distributors' sharper and greatly exceeded those implied holdings leveled off in May, as shown in the by material limitation orders. Developchart on page 1225. As a result of the curments in these two major classes of durable tailments in output of both durable and goods are discussed in greater detail in the nondurable goods and some pickup in retail following sections. sales, distributors' stocks declined and manufacturers' stocks of finished goods leveled off PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES in the third quarter. Passenger car output this year is expected Total business stocks of consumer goods to total about 5.4 million units, a volume at the beginning of the fourth quarter were still far above the levels prevailing before the exceeded only by last year's exceptionally Korean outbreak. Output of most of these large output of 6.7 million. During the past goods, with the major exceptions of pas- three years about 17 million cars have been senger automobiles, meat, and milk, can produced and sold. T h e number now in use be increased from reduced third-quarter is about two-thirds greater than in 1939. levels notwithstanding the expanding de- With employment and incomes high, further fense program. The general level of con- increases in the adult population and the sumer demands is also above the pre-Korean pressure to improve the general standard level, but by a smaller amount than dispos- of living have been continuing to provide 1228 FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN T H E CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION relatively large markets for both new and used cars. Current production. The National Production Authority has allotted materials for the production of 1.1 million new cars during the last quarter of this year, a rate about as high as for any fourth quarter except that of 1950. Whether this output is attained will depend partly on the actual availability of the materials allotted, particularly copper, and partly on demand expectations. Production in the third quarter almost equaled the 1.2 million cars for which materials had been authorized. Some companies, including the three major producers, made maximum use of the materials authorized but other companies curtailed production considerably because of the high levels of their dealers' stocks and because of production difficulties. Sales and stocks. Demand for new passenger cars thus far in 1951 has been considerably below the extraordinary rates reached in the buying waves of the summer and winter of last year. Inventory financing problems developed for certain makes during the second quarter as total dealers' stocks were about double the low levels prevailing in the earlier postwar years. These stocks, however, amounted to less than a month's supply at going sales rates. Dealers' stocks of new cars had increased in the autumn of 1950 from the extremely low levels of the summer. They accumulated further when output for domestic use rose in the first quarter of this year, to an annual rate of 6.8 million units in March, as shown in the chart; car sales, as approximated by registration data, showed little further rise after February when sales usually show marked seasonal increases. The rise in stocks, however, slowed down in the second quarter as output was reduced. An advance of about 3 per cent in Federal price OCTOBER 1951 NEW PASSENGER CARS Millions of Cars 10 Daily Averages at Annual Rates OUTPUT p Millions of Cars REGISTRATIONS L 1 v _ y)50 / * " * ' \1950 1 \ I 6 ^ /19V -'N -^ \ /^ 14 9? V 2 0 1 , 1 1 1 1 > > 1 > > ! J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D NOTE.—Figures derived by Federal Reserve from Automobile Manufacturers Association reports on factory sales for domestic markets and R. L. Polk and Company data on new car registrations. Registrations data for September and output data for September partly estimated by Federal Reserve. ceilings was allowed in March, but in the second quarter dealers increased trade-in allowances and made other concessions. A sharply expanded volume of exports during the first half of this year—at an annual rate of 310,000 units compared with 135,000 in 1950—was a factor in limiting the rise in domestic stocks throughout the period. Recent demand influences. After mid1951, when output was reduced further, new car sales also decreased. The decline in sales was less than in production and stocks were reduced by about the amount that they had increased earlier in the year. With stocks lower, demand for cars in early September was stimulated by expectations of impending shortages, higher ceiling prices, and increases in excise taxes, and by the relaxation of Regulation W terms on July 31 to conform with the amended Defense Production Act. Preliminary indications are that demand for new cars has decreased again since the average advance of about 5 per cent in wholesale 1229 THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION prices in mid-September. The approach of new models and other seasonal influences usually result in a decline in demand for new and used cars after Labor Day. Owing to tooling difficulties and material shortages, the period of new model change-overs may extend over a longer time than usual. Present tentative plans call for the introduction of new models beginning in late November and continuing well into next year. Another factor bearing on demand includes the limits on instalment sales terms under the Board's Regulation W. Throughout the period since its reimposition on September 18, 1950, cash sales of new cars, probably involving an increasing rate of tradeins, apparently have been maintained at higher levels than instalment sales. During the first six months of this year instalment sales were below the corresponding period a year ago while total sales were virtually unchanged. Used cars. Sales of used cars have been more active than sales of new cars in the second and third quarters, following substantial reductions in retail prices of used cars during the spring, as shown in the chart. Dealers' stocks of used cars have been reduced from the relatively high levels which had been reached in the spring as a result partly of the increased proportion of trade-in sales and of dealers' expectations that shortages of new cars would develop. Prices of used cars during 1950 reached a peak in mid-August but declined sharply thereafter and by the end of November were down about as much as might be expected seasonally from the levels just prior to the Korean outbreak. From November through February, prices showed a small counterseasonal rise. Reflecting the subsequent easing of inflationary pressures which developed in other markets and the relatively high 1230 USED CAR PRICES 1400 1200 1000 1000 1950 1951 NOTE.—Federal Reserve compilation of data from private sources based on advertised offerings of Chevrolets, Fords, and Plymouths in Sunday newspapers in 18 cities. Latest figures shown are for September 30. level of new car production, retail offering prices of late model used cars declined about $150 per unit from March to May. After May prices showed little downward movement and in early September they strengthened as new car prices were advanced. Consumer/ stoc\s. Changes in the number and distribution of automobiles in use have become of growing importance in considering shifts in demand, especially since the 1948-49 recession experienced by many other consumer goods. Reflecting output of about 24^2 million vehicles since the end of 1945 and a low scrappage rate, the number of automobiles in use on October 1 is estimated to have totaled 40 million. This is 22 per cent larger than the number in use in mid-1949. Moreover, early this year about 65 per cent of all families in the nation had one or more cars compared with 56 per cent in 1949, according to the Board's Survey of Consumer Finances, and the number of families with more than one car was increasing. Apart from their large number, an unusual FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION feature of the automobiles now in use is their age distribution. This reflects the curtailed production during the war, the limited output immediately after, and the extremely high production and demand rates of the past three years, along with the continued operation of older cars beyond the prewar customary scrappage age. By the middle of this year, about 14 million cars, or 36 per cent, were under three years of age, as compared with 27 per cent in 1949 and 29 per cent in 1939, as shown in the following table. The number 10 years of age and over was far greater than the 4 million in use in 1939. AGE HOUSEHOLD DURABLE GOODS Per Cent Per Cent Seasonally adjusted indexes, 1947-49100 >A 140 RETAIL 140 SALES I Y ^ 100 100 RETAIL, STOCKS 60 O rpuT U 140 £ 100 J \ y. r 140 100 DISTRIBUTION OF PASSENGER CARS IN U S E [Mid-year dates] Number (in millions) 1947 Per cent Age (in years) 1951 Total Under 3 3-5. 6-9 10 and over . . 1949 1939 1951 1949 1939 39.3 32.7 24.2 100 100 100 14.2 6.0 2.9 16.1 8.7 2.0 8.1 13.8 7.1 7.3 5.6 4.2 36 15 8 41 27 6 25 42 29 30 23 18 NOTE.—R. L. Polk data, with 1939 and 1949 figures regrouped and 1951 figures estimated by Federal Reserve. HOUSEHOLD GOODS Consumer demand for major household goods, particularly appliances and television, has shown very sharp shifts since the Korean outbreak. As a result, fluctuations in sales, business inventories, and output have been more marked for these goods than for passenger cars and most other consumer goods. Changes at retail stores in the value of sales and stocks of household goods are compared in the accompanying chart with the course of output—all series adjusted for seasonal variation. A breakdown of output of these goods into four major groups is shown in a chart on page 1235. Production of household goods in 1950 exceeded the postwar replenishment boom levels of 1948. Since the first quarter of this year output has declined much more than OCTOBER 1951 1948 1949 1950 1951 NOTE.—Sales and stocks indexes compiled by Federal Reserve from Department of Commerce figures for homefurnishings stores and Federal Reserve department store data for carpets and m<?s, furniture, major household appliances, and radios and television. Output index described on pages 1235—40 of this BULLETIN. Latest figures shown are: sales, September; stocks, end of August; and output, August. in the 1949 recession and the recent level is close to the low reached at that time. This sharp curtailment, together with a moderate rise in consumer buying from the reduced levels reached in May and June, has probably resulted in a decline recently in over-all business inventories of these goods—considering wholesalers and manufacturers as well as retailers. At retail stores the value of stocks of household durable goods by the end of August was 10 per cent below the May peak, reflecting in part mark-downs of goods in inventory. T h e August figure was still 40 per cent above the pre-Korean level, while the value of retail sales in August, and also September, was at about the same rate as before Korea. Retailers sharply curtailed their orders for household goods after consumer buying fell off from the January peak, and receipts of goods during the second quarter were reduced substantially. Retail sales, however, 1231 THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION did not show the usual seasonal rise during second quarter, but by August was down to the second quarter and stocks continued to about three-fifths of the average for the first increase through May. Retailers' stocks were six months of 1950, as measured by the new reduced thereafter, but stocks held by manu- weighted production index for four types facturers rose further to a point where pro- of radio sets. duction in some plants was discontinued. Since the second quarter, sales of radio and Unemployment generally was not a serious television sets have shown a much more than problem as hours of work were reduced and seasonal expansion, as shown in the chart, vacations were extended. There was also reflecting in part widespread discount sales some shift of employees to defense work in by retailers, and marked reductions in manuthe same plants or to new jobs in other plants. facturers' list prices. Also, the relaxation of The decline in consumer instalment buy- instalment credit terms effective beginning ing of household goods has also been marked July 31, by allowing trade-ins to be part of this year in contrast to the increase in other the required down payment, has been more types of instalment credit. Automobile of a sales stimulant for television and applicredit and miscellaneous personal loans out- ances than for furniture and carpets. The standing rose by a total of about 260 million recent rate of retail sales of television has dollars during the first eight months. The been above output and total stocks have remaining volume of instalment credit, based begun to be reduced but they are still large. largely on sales of such items as television, Major appliances. The highest levels of furniture, and appliances and some nondur- retail stocks relative to sales have been in the able goods, dropped by about 650 million major appliances such as refrigerators, stoves, dollars. In the recent pickup in consumer washing machines, and vacuum cleaners. At buying, however, there has also been a notice- large department stores stocks of these goods able increase in credit granted, reflecting in part the relaxation of instalment terms in SALES and STOCKS of MAJOR HOUSEHOLD DURABLES conformance with the amended Defense Production Act. Television and radio. Among household goods, the greatest instability since mid-1950 has been experienced by television. In August the level of output was only one-third of the first quarter level and less than one-half of the average rate in the first half of 1950 although Federal material orders indicated a production ceiling of about two-thirds of the latter rate. The composition of output changed considerably over the period, with the larger, more expensive console and combination sets rising in proportion to the total ioo -^x-^ey— N during last year's increase and falling off 60 during this year's sharp decline. Radio outNOTE.-—Federal Reserve indexes based on data reported bylarge department stores. Latest put showed only a moderate decline in the tember; stocks, end of August. figures shown are: sales, Sep1232 FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION at the end of August were 180 per cent of the 1947-49 average, while sales in August and September were 75 per cent of that average. The sharp increase in new residential building last year and the decrease this year have resulted in marked changes in contractors' purchases of such major appliances as refrigerators and stoves. These purchases are usually not made at department stores and other retail outlets, but their production is reflected in the new output index referred to earlier. Average output of major appliances was nearly halved from March to July and was lower than at any point since the beginning of 1947, as shown in the chart on page 1235. As noted for television, the 1950 increases in output were especially marked for the more expensive models, which producers anticipated would find a very large market. Carpets and furniture. Compared with appliances and television, fluctuations in buying of carpets and furniture were less extreme, partly because fears of shortages were not so great. Furniture production in August was about one-fifth lower than a year earlier. The much sharper curtailment in output of carpets was influenced by sharp declines in wholesale prices of raw wool and carpets and the subsequent pressure by distributors to liquidate inventories. Prices of carpet wool tripled from the beginning of 1950 to the early part of this year, and there was a succession of advances in wholesale prices of carpets, as shown in the chart, totaling about 75 per cent. Since March carpet wool prices have fallen to preKorean levels. Wholesale prices of carpets have been reduced substantially by October. Retail list prices of carpets, which had not increased so much percentagewise, were reduced only slightly this summer but, as in the case of most other consumer durable OCTOBER 1951 PRICES OF CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS 1947 ! -49-100 Cent 1947 1949 1947 Per Cent 1949 1951 NOTE.—Special Federal Reserve compilations of Bureau of Labor Statistics data, which are monthly for wholesale and end of quarter for retail. Furniture at wholesale includes a small amount of office furniture. Major household appliances includes cooking stoves, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, and washing machines. Latest figures shown are: retail, end of June; wholesale, August. goods, discounts and special promotions on carpets were widespread. The failure of retail list prices of durable goods to be reduced, except for television sets, probably reflected trade views that shortages would reappear soon and that bargain prices would prove to be temporary. SUPPLY PROSPECTS Supplies of consumer durable goods in coming months will depend largely upon production prospects which differ for the various goods. Output of such products as carpets, other textile housefurnishings, wood furniture, and china and glassware is not likely to be limited by material supplies. Federal allocations of steel, copper, and aluminum will continue to be an influence on output of passenger cars, appliances, and other consumer metal products. As noted earlier, new passenger car assemblies are being permitted at a rate slightly below the 1233 T H E CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION reduced third-quarter level and about 30 per cent below the rate in the first half of 1950. Metals have been authorized for production of automotive replacement parts at very high levels. For most other consumer durables, however, the NPA on September 5 announced fourth quarter allotments of steel averaging about 58 per cent of quarterly consumption during the first half of 1950 (or the last half of 1949) as compared with the 70 per cent limitation during the third quarter of this year. Use of copper and aluminum—more sharply curtailed than steel in the third quarter—has been further restricted. Several factors make it difficult to anticipate now what influences these Federal limitations on use of metals will have on total output of consumer metal products other than automobiles. Among these are possible changes in the amount of metal consumed per unit of finished product, possible modification or adjustment in original allotments as a result of appeals of individual producers, and the question of actual availability of metals to meet allotments. Moreover, output of some of these goods has recently been 1234 considerably below levels permitted by NPA. Mainly for the latter reason, output of major metal household goods could probably be increased during the fourth quarter if demands were to rise sufficiently. Also, production of numerous nonmetallic durable goods could be expanded along with output of most consumer nondurable goods. Metal allotments in the first quarter of next year, according to recent announcements, are expected to be below the amounts allotted during the fourth quarter. How long the present relationship between supplies and demands for consumer durables will persist depends on future changes in demand as well as in production. The course of consumer spending in the period ahead will reflect to a considerable extent changes in incomes and output from recent levels resulting from development of the defense program, expansion in productive capacity, and modifications in direct and indirect Federal control policies. Various other economic and political influences, particularly the impact of international events, will also continue to be important influences on consumer spending and saving patterns. FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN NEW INDEX OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS Consumer durable goods have been of growing economic importance in the national economy over the years, and current changes in output of these goods are of special interest because of the impact of the defense program. Changes in demand for passenger automobiles and major household goods account for most of the fluctuations in total consumer purchases of durable goods and in instalment credit. As a consequence, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, in the administration of Regulation W and other measures designed to influence national monetary and credit conditions, has a particular interest in data relating to consumer durable goods. A new monthly index of the physical volume of output of major consumer durable goods for the period since January 1947 has been developed. The new index of output, together with retail sales and other data available for an approximately similar list of products, provides a more complete basis for analyzing output and distribution changes in this volatile sector than has hitherto been available. Such an analysis is presented in the leading article of this BULLETIN. The total index and its principal divisions— passenger automobiles and major household goods —are shown in a chart on page 1227. Indexes for the four groups of household goods covered— carpets, furniture, major appliances, and radio and television receiving sets—are shown in the accompanying chart. Since major items only are included in this index, it does not represent output of all consumer durable goods, as discussed in more detail below. Consumer expenditures for the products included in the new index have represented a large and varying proportion of total consumption expendiNOTE.—This index and analysis were developed in the Board's Division of Research and Statistics by Milton Moss under the general direction of Clayton Gehman, Chief of the Business Conditions Section, and with the assistance of other members of the Section. The following private organizations were of considerable assistance in supplying basic data and other information used in constructing the indexes: American Home Laundry Manufacturers Association, Carpet Institute Incorporated, Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association, National Electric Manufacturers Association, Radio-Television Manufacturers Association, and Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers Association. OCTOBER 1951 tures on durable goods, as indicated by the chart on page 1239. The new index brings together data which previously have been either unavailable to the public or available in scattered sources. The index is composed of 27 individual series representing the physical volume of output of 12 types of products. OUTPUT OF MAJOR HOUSEHOLD GOODS Seasonally adjusted indexes;1947-49!1OO Per Cent Per Cent 1 300 - 1 / 1 200 j \ A /^ V / 200 1 I\ \ \ \\ / 100 250 1 W 1 150 \ \ 1 1 RADIOS anrl TFIFVISION 1 250 L / ' 300 150 \* MAJOR APPLIANCES A t V 150 100 50 150 v * 100 FURNITU > CR A 100 \ 'ETS ^ \ r \ L \ > v 1947 1948 1949 1950 50 1951 NOTE.—For a chart showing total for these lines, see p. 1231. Latest figures shown are for August. The individual series have been expressed in terms of average output in the three years 1947-49 as 100 and then combined into group and total indexes on the basis of the value of manufacturers' sales in the year 1947. Monthly indexes have been adjusted for differences in working days from one month to another and for seasonal variation. Annual indexes for the 27 series and seasonally adjusted monthly indexes for the total and six major groups are shown on pages 1236 and 1238 respectively. The group indexes, without seasonal adjustment, and indexes for the individual series 1235 NEW INDEX OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS on appliances and radio and television are available on request to the Board's Division of Administrative Services. Current figures for the total and six groups will be published regularly in future issues of the Business Indexes release of the Division of Research and Statistics and in the Federal Reserve BULLETIN. This index is entirely independent of the Board's regularly published index of industrial production which covers output of all goods produced at factories and mines and has value-added rather than value-of-finished-product weights. DESCRIPTION OF INDEX Output of consumer goods, as measured by this index, relates to type of product and not to ultimate purchaser. While the goods represented are sold primarily to domestic consumers, a varying proportion is sold to business establishments, to Government agencies, and for export. The index reflects total output of the represented goods including production for export and for nonconsumer use. This and other differences between the index and the statistics on personal consumption expenditures for durable goods are discussed in a later section. The term "major" relates to passenger automobiles and, in general, to durable household goods which involve large outlays per unit. Some relatively expensive consumer goods, such as pleasure boats, sewing machines, and pianos, are not included in the index because current production data are not readily available and individually the goods are of limited economic importance. On the other hand, where smaller items are important for completing their respective product groups, as in the case of table-model radios in the radio group, and small tables and chairs in the furniture group, output of such relatively inexpensive items is reflected in the index. The appliance group is limited to major items, and such products as hand-type vacuum cleaners, portable washing machines, toasters, and other small appliances are not included. A complete list of the items represented in the index is shown in the accompanying table. Sources of data are given on page 1237. All of the individual series in the index are based on monthly physical product data with the exception of the furniture series. For this series, which accounts for 18 per cent of the total in 1236 the base period, data on production worker manhours in the furniture industry, with adjustments for estimated long-term changes in output per man-hour, are used to represent output. Most of the monthly physical product series are based on the number of units produced. For vacuum cleaners, washing machines, ironers, and driers, the series are based on unit data for factory shipments. In the base period these four series accounted for about 5 per cent of the total index and 30 per cent of the major appliance group. The series for passenger automobiles is based on factory sales which, on a monthly basis, are practically identical with the number of cars assembled. In the case of refrigerators, freezers, and cooking stoves, production series were derived by adjusting data on factory shipments for changes in factory inventories—both in number of units. ANNUAL INDEXES OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS [1947-49=100] 1947 1948 1949 Series 91 99 110 153 PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES 85 93 122 160 HOUSEHOLD GOODS 97 106 96 146 92 114 94 111 Furniture 103 105 92 117 Major appliances Cooking stoves Electric Standard Apartment Nonelectric Gas Standard Apartment 96 114 103 119 93 125 93 126 92 114 109 115 101 116 104 113 75 134 130 110 142 113 90 78 82 80 94 76 84 83 92 61 45 136 122 141 146 94 111 127 128 124 73 46 104 127 116 82 103 67 114 103 102 98 110 113 95 71 130 116 121 119 384 151 89 150 75 107 54 198 235 Vacuum cleaners 114 Washing machines 101 Wringer and spinner 104 Automatic and semiautomatic.... 97 100 114 120 103 86 85 76 101 106 128 95 184 Radio and television 92 Radio sets 130 Small 136 Automobile 95 Consoles and combinations. 170 AM-FM console combinations... 115 91 101 101 97 88 117 118 69 64 108 42 69 239 81 82 130 29 84 70 74 52 90 218 212 239 197 563 365 938 405 TOTAL. . Carpets. . . . Bungalow All other and combination.... Driers Freezers Ironers Refrigerators 5.4 cubic feet and less 5.5 to 6.4 cu. ft 6.5 to 7.4 cu. ft 7.5 to 8.4 cu. ft 8.5 cu. ft. and over Television sets.. Table Consoles Combinations.. . 70 103 131 83 101 77 134 53 61 13 14 9 15 FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN WEIGHTS AND SOURCES FOR INDEXES OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS Computation of weights Value in 1947-49 Series Output Value index in in 1947 2 1947 i (Millions (1947 49 = 100) of dollars) In 1947 prices 3 (Millions of dollars) As percentage of total index 8,365.9 91.0 9,198.2 100.00 PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES 4,085.5 85.0 4,806.5 52,25 HOUSEHOLD GOODS 4,280.4 357.3 97.5 Carpets. 91.8 4,391.6 389.2 47.75 4.23 Furniture... 1,676.0 103.3 1,622.4 17.64 Major appliances 1,505.6 389.8 132.2 120.6 11.6 95.9 103.2 93.2 93.2 92.5 1,570.6 377.6 142.0 129.4 12.5 17.08 4.11 1.55 1.41 257.5 109.3 100.5 104.3 74.5 129.9 141.9 235.6 178.2 155.9 22.4 2.56 1.94 1.70 26.0 31.4 .24 .28 .34 69.7 10.6 .12 Description and source TOTAL Cooking stoves Electric Standard Apartment Nonelectric Gas Standard Apartment Bungalow and combination All other. 179.2 162.6 16.7 33.8 44.5 7.4 Driers. . ,14 Freezers. . 100.4 102.5 98.0 1.07 Ironers. . 34.8 130.6 26.7 .29 504.9 12.4 82.9 226.3 84.3 99.0 82.7 101.3 77.3 133.8 53.3 60.5 113.9 610.4 12.3 107.3 169.1 158.2 163.6 115.6 6.64 Refrigerators 5.4 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 cubic feet and less to 6.4 cu. ft to 7.4 cu. ft to 8.4 cu. ft cu. ft. and over. .13 1.17 1.84 1.72 1.78 Vacuum cleaners.. 131.6 Washing machines 336.7 101.5 104.2 96.9 331.7 208.5 123.2 3.61 2.27 1.34 741.5 708.2 271.2 104.3 190.2 142.6 33 3 18.O 7.9 7.4 91.6 129.9 136.1 94.8 170.4 114.8 12.6 14.3 809.4 545.1 199.2 110.1 111.6 124.2 264.3 125.6 87.7 51.0 8.80 5.93 2.17 1.20 1.21 1.35 2.87 1.37 Wringer and spinner Automatic and semiautomatic... . Radio and television Radio sets Small Automobile Consoles and combinations A M - F M console combinations Television sets Table Consoles Combinations. 1 2 3 217.3 119.4 9.0 14.5 1.26 .95 .56 Census value of shipments of passenger automobiles, including complete vehicles, knocked-down or assembled, and chassis for sale separately. Monthly series: Automobile Manufacturers Association, factory sales of passenger automobiles. Census value of production of woven carpets and rugs except floor covering for automobiles and aircraft. Monthly series: Carpet Institute, Incorporated, square yards of production of Axminster, Wilton, Velvet, and Chenille type fabrics. Does not include production of hooked, rag, cotton, or automobile and aircraft carpets and rugs. Census value of shipments of household furniture (wood, metal, and fiber), mattresses, and bedsprings. Value of furniture frames, radio and sewing machine cabinets excluded. Monthly series: Bureau of Labor Statistics, man-hours in household furniture and bedding industry, adjusted by Federal Reserve for estimated long-term changes in output per reported man-hour Census value of production of electric domestic ranges, 2% kw. and over, except combination types, which are classified with nonelectric cooking stoves. Monthly series: National Electrical Manufacturers Association and Federal Reserve, production estimates based on NEMA member reports of factory shipments and factory inventories. Census value of shipments of apartment-type, standard size, bungalow, and combination stoves for use with natural, manufactured, and liquefied petroleum gas. All other stoves includes ranges and cooking stoves that burn coal and wood, kerosene, gasoline, or fuel oil. Monthly series: Census "Facts for Industry" and Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association, production estimates based on factory shipments and factory inventories. Census value of production of mechanical gas and electric household laundry driers. Monthly series: American Home Laundry Manufacturers Association, factory sales. Census value of shipments of home and farm freezers (for freezing food, storing frozen food, or both purposes), complete units. Monthly series: National Electrical Manufacturers Association and Federal Reserve, production estimates based on N E M A member reports of factory shipments and factory inventories. Census value of shipments of household laundry ironing machines. Monthly series: American Home Laundry Manufacturers Association, factory sales. Census value of production of household mechanicaJ refrigerators, complete units (electric and gas). Monthly series: National Electrical Manufacturers Association and Federal Reserve, production estimates based on NEMA member reports and other confidential [information on factory shipments and factory inventories. Census value of shipments of household type vacuum cleaners, standard types (upright, cylinder, and other general purpose household types). Excludes hand type. Monthly series: American Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers Association, factory sales. Census value of shipments of household laundry washing machines, electric and gasoline. Breakdown in base period betewen wringer and nonautomatic, spinner type, and automatic and semiautomatic type partly estimated by Federal Reserve. Monthly series: American Home Laundry Manufacturers Association, factory sales. Value of production partly estimated by Federal Reserve from data reported by Bureau of the Census and Radio Corporation of America. Unit values for radios based ron 1947 prices, for television, 1949 prices. Monthly series: Since January, 1950, RadioTelevision Manufacturers Association, production. 1947-1949: production partly estimated by Federal Reserve from data reported by Bureau of the Census, Radio Corporation of America, and RadioTelevision Manufacturers Association. Small radios include portable and home battery sets and all table models except table radio-phonograph combinations; console and combination radios exclude AM—FM console combinations. Based on 1947 Census of Manufactures value of shipments or production, f.o.b. plant, with exceptions noted for television sets. 1947 quantity divided by average quantity for 1947-49. Value in 1947 as shown in first column divided by output index in 1947 as shown in second column. Value at 1949 prices. OCTOBER 1951 1237 NEW INDEX OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS use as a comparison base in Government index numbers. The weights are based on relative prices per unit of output and, except for television sets, are derived from 1947 factory values as shown in the Census of Manufactures. These figures are after discounts and allowances and exclusive of excise taxes. In the case of television sets, the weights are based on unit values in 1949 since prices in 1947 were very high because output had not yet reached large-scale volume. The weights for the individual indexes and the steps in the calculation of these weights are shown in the table on the preceding page. The method used in making the seasonal adjustment is that described in the December 1941 issue of the Federal Reserve BULLETIN. In the case of passenger automobiles, however, the sea- The physical product data used are compiled by private trade associations and the Bureau of the Census. In most cases these sources furnish data for nearly 100 per cent of the industry, but in some cases it has been necessary to adjust reported monthly data to more comprehensive annual production figures. This has been done in consultation with industry representatives. All of the monthly product series are converted to output rates per working day. In the furniture series, man-hours derived from reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics relate to uniform payroll periods nearest the 15th of the month and thus do not require any daily average adjustment. All series are expressed as percentages of the average rate of output in the three-year base period 1947-49. This period has been recommended recently by the Bureau of the Budget for general MONTHLY INDEXES OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS [Adjusted for seasonal variation, 1947-49 =100 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 80 100 97 135 146 87 100 103 127 157 89 100 102 130 160 91 94 106 138 138 92 88 103 152 129 1947 1948 1949 1950.... 1951 73 94 99 143 138 85 89 111 122 156 87 93 107 126 169 Year June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. TO! AL 87 107 96 126 156 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 78 109 114 105 114 99 113 90 103 118 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 ... .... 76 111 100 119 132 90 90 90 197 297 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 89 111 95 132 158 76 114 109 107 115 100 111 89 107 119 81 115 99 127 138 88 102 91 203 294 91 108 96 134 151 78 116 109 108 102 100 109 88 109 119 86 114 98 132 139 89 90 100 203 262 86 103 113 161 P100 84 100 116 166 P101 94 97 123 166 92 109 120 166 101 104 112 165 105 99 114 163 87 85 122 135 144 1^assenger utomobile 74 84 88 82 99 73 124 137 117 169 183 165 140 140 Pill 74 95 139 172 89 87 143 175 82 109 133 175 96 104 120 177 102 100 115 170 95 104 88 141 131 I . household goods, tola 98 99 97 107 106 105 84 86 87 141 152 138 P88 117 108 98 107 101 157 102 109 107 156 106 105 103 152 109 97 112 156 93 117 85 114 101 116 91 113 110 112 95 121 106 113 103 115 102 101 95 124 105 103 99 123 107 100 98 123 111 98 103 121 99 117 90 142 102 120 90 135 110 114 88 133 113 96 100 141 94 95 141 273 97 94 161 283 95 98 147 263 97 91 159 273 91 93 104 163 125 90 108 95 110 101 Car ets 88 90 118 119 74 85 107 111 70 82 101 106 88 114 116 Furn 'Hire 105 103 105 103 87 86 119 118 103 109 92 111 83 142 125 Major afpliances 96 100 116 117 81 81 134 135 111 115 93 84 97 208 186 P113 95 107 92 160 P88 97 114 75 109 M7 96 116 81 109 104 105 88 120 102 103 91 124 P103 P97 98 116 80 146 92 118 88 144 P76 P81 Radio an i television 93 86 90 92 74 85 101 100 86 212 199 248 133 153 P98 88 91 106 287 P55 P96 NOTE.—Annual averages are shown in the table on page 1236. 1238 FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN NEW INDEX OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS sonal adjustment consisted mainly of distributing the effects of the model change-overs in 1949 and 1950. The extent of curtailment in output resulting from model change-overs was estimated from weekly output figures for individual makes of passenger automobiles. Seasonal adjustments for this and all of the other series in the index should be considered tentative. Strong nonseasonal forces have tended to obscure seasonal patterns during the period covered by the indexes and may do so increasingly as the defense program develops further. Insofar as available data permitted and where significantly improved results could be demonstrated, separate output series for different sizes and types of products were developed. As shown in the table of annual indexes, changes in output varied greatly for different sizes and types of particular products. In the case of refrigerators, for example, it was found that the weighted combination of the five, size groups used in the present index showed a rise of 81 per cent from 1947 to 1950 as compared with a rise of 64 per cent in a simple count of the number of refrigerators produced. In the important case of passenger automobiles, there has been no allowance for changes by type or size of vehicle. Additional analysis is being made of this problem. COMPARISON WITH EXPENDITURE DATA The new output index is a substantially different measure from the Department of Commerce estimates of personal consumption expenditures for all durable goods. Several broad groupings of the expenditure data are published quarterly, with more detailed data available annually. Annual figures for the total, expressed in constant 1939 dollars, are also available. The quarterly and annual expenditure data in current dollars reflect changes in prices and in physical volume, while changes in the new output index are unaffected by fluctuations in prices. Considering only the annual expenditure figures expressed in constant dollars, it is likely that the most important differences between relative changes in the Commerce series and in the output index would reflect differences in the list of products covered and changes in business inventories of these products. Only major items are represented in the index. The unrepresented goods, which cover a wide variety of items, such as replacement OCTOBER 1951 parts, luggage, and housewares, accounted for 37 per cent of expenditures for all consumer durable goods in 1950, expressed in prices current to that period, as shown in the accompanying table. The proportion of unrepresented goods was somewhat smaller in that year than in the 1947-49 period. CONSUMER EXPENDITURES FOR DURABLE GOODS, 1950 Billions of dollars Products Total Percentages of total 29.2 100 Major goods represented in index New passenger cars Furniture and carpets Major appliances, radios, and television. 18.6 8.9 4.2 5.5 63 30 14 19 Unrepresented goods 10.6 37 NOTE.—Total expenditures as reported by the Department of Commerce. Breakdown partly estimated by Federal Reserve. Items not represented in the index are automobile parts and accessories, tires and tubes, used cars (net), other second-hand goods, hard surface floor coverings, sewing machines, portable heating equipment, small appliances, china and glassware, tableware and utensils, jewelry and watches, tombstones, household tools, books and maps, writing equipment, wheel goods, durable toys and sport equipment, boats and pleasure craft, luggage, ophthalmic products and orthopedic appliances, musical instruments, and phonographs and records. Monthly and annual changes in output and consumer expenditures have usually been more pronounced for major items than for other durable goods. Annual comparisons since 1929 are given for expenditures in the accompanying chart. These expenditures are expressed in current prices but it PERSONAL CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES FOR DURABLE GOODS Billions of Dollars Billions of Dollars 30 1 1 1 1 TH 3 0 A TOTAL/ \ 8888888 & ^ ^ MAJOR ITE S M IsiOTHER Hi 1931 1936 1941 1946 III GOODS! 1951 NOTE.—Department of Commerce data, with special groupings by Federal Reserve. Total for 1951 estimated. "Major items" includes used automobiles and some other products for which data are not published separately. 1239 NEW INDEX OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS is likely that year-to-year changes in prices for the two groups of durable goods were not divergent enough to have a significant effect on relative annual changes. Practically all of the annual fluctuations shown for the total from the mid-thirties to 1942 reflected changes in expenditures for the major items. A marked difference developed from 1942 to 1944, when other durable goods increased and the major items showed a further decrease. Major items advanced sharply in 1946 from the reduced volume of 1945 and expanded considerably further from 1946 to 1950. Other goods showed little change after 1946. The output index measurement is at the point of factory production while the expenditure measurement is at the point of retail sales. This also can be an important source of difference between the movements of the two series. Thus, during a period such as 1950 and the first half of 1951, when large inventories were being accumulated by retailers, wholesale distributors, and manufacturers, increases in output were greater than in expenditures. During a period when business inventories were being reduced a contrary relationship would occur. 1240 Various other differences in the concepts and basic data used in developing these measures can contribute to their divergent behavior. The expenditure estimates use retail sale values including excise taxes, while the output index refers to factory values. The expenditure estimates include imports and exclude exports of consumer durable goods while the opposite is true of the output index. Furthermore, in the expenditure figures adjustments are made to exclude domestic sales for business and Government purposes. Finally, owing to the difficulty of securing accurate price data for highly fabricated goods such as consumer durable items, the results of deflating current value figures could be expected to vary considerably from time to time from the results of measurements based on unit volume. Even after allowance for the differences described above, divergence in trend between the expenditure and the output series could occur because of estimating or reporting errors in either series. Further attention and analysis are being given to such problems with a view toward developing more consistent information in this sector of the economy. FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN VOLUNTARY CREDIT RESTRAINT RELEASES BULLETIN NUMBER 4 (REVISED) OF THE NATIONAL VOLUNTARY CREDIT RESTRAINT COMMITTEE—LOANS ON REAL ESTATE The Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee at its meeting on September 5, 1951 evaluated the experience to date with Bulletin No. 4 covering loans on real estate, and adopted the following statement: The permanent financing of most new construction will continue to be governed by Regulation X as revised on September 1, 1951 to conform with the provisions of the recently enacted Defense Housing and Community Facilities and Services Act of 1951. Section 1 of Bulletin No. 4 is revised to recommend, in the case of loans on residential properties of one- to four-family units, that loans on existing properties should not exceed the limitations imposed by Regulation X or 66%3 per cent of the fair value of the property, whichever is greater. This means that on properties the fair value of which is $16,700 or less, the recommended limitations are those imposed by Regulation X (all of which are above 66% per cent); on properties the fair value of which is greater than $16,700, the limitation on borrowing is 66% per cent. In all other respects Bulletin No. 4 remains unchanged. Experience indicates that two points in Bulletin 4 are deserving of special emphasis. First, in determining whether proposed financing conforms to the Bulletin, all mortgage indebtedness to be outstanding on the property, including secondary financing, should be taken into account. Second, loans on residential property of more than four units and loans on commercial property should be screened as to purpose and loans should not be made unless they are in harmony with the principles of the Program. A sale with credit involved not exceeding that recommended in this Bulletin is sufficient evidence of proper purpose. Mortgage lenders, who do not have a regional committee from which to obtain opinions in doubtful cases, may refer questions to the regional insurance voluntary credit restraint committee serving their area. OCTOBER 1951 For the guidance of financing institutions in granting real estate credit encompassed by the Voluntary Program, Bulletin No. 4, as amended, is reprinted below. REVISED BULLETIN NO. 4—LOANS ON REAL ESTATE Real estate credit transactions governed by Regulation X, which covers the permanent financing of most new construction and major additions or improvements to existing structures, are not within the area of influence of this Voluntary Program. Neither does the Program apply to FHA or VA loans or to other loans guaranteed or insured or authorized as to purpose by an agency of the United States Government. The Program does apply, however, to all other real estate credit transactions. Financing institutions extending such credit are urged to observe the principles and the spirit of the Program. 1. Loans on residential property (one- to four-family units). The Committee has been informed that most financing institutions are following conservative lending policies on existing residential properties (one- to four-family units). The Committee urges all financing institutions to follow such policies and in no case to make a loan on existing property in an amount which would cause the total amount of credit outstanding (primary and all other credit combined) with respect to the property or with respect to the transaction to exceed the limit which Regulation X imposes as to new construction or a limit of 66% per cent of the fair valuex of the property, whichever of such limits is the greater.2 1 Wherever used in this Bulletin, "fair value" means: 1. If the loan is to be made to finance the purchase of real property: the bona fide sale price, or the appraised value of the property securing the loan, whichever is lower; 2. In all other cases: the appraised value of the property securing the loan. The appraised value should be determined in accordance with sound and established practice in the community. A good definition of "bona fide sale price" is given in Section 2(/) of Regulation X. 2 As a working rule, the above statement may be interpreted as meaning that where the fair value of the property 1241 VOLUNTARY CREDIT RESTRAINT RELEASES 3. Loans on residential property (more than fourfamily units) and on commercial property. Loans on residential property (more than four-family units) and loans on commercial property, such as office buildings, stores, hotels, motels, motor courts, restaurants, etc., should be screened as to purpose and the loan should not be made unless it is in harmony with the principles of the Program. If the loan is to be made in connection with a sale of commercial or residential property a determination by the financing institution that the sale and the sale price are bona fide may constitute a sufficient screening of the loan. The Committee conceives that it is not the function of the Voluntary Credit Restraint Program to make the transfer of real estate impossible or impracticable, but rather to reduce inflationary pressures by limiting the amount of additional credit created in the process of real estate transfer. Financing institutions are urged to limit a loan, on any type of property described in this section, whether or not a sale is involved, to an amount which would not cause the total amount of credit outstanding with respect to the property or with respect to the transaction to exceed 662/z per cent of the fair value of the property.3 Also, the Committee urges that financing institutions require an appropriate and substantial amortization of principal. The Committee recognizes that hardship cases may arise where a 66% per cent loan limitation would not be sound or equitable. Such cases would include a loan to finance the sale of property to close an estate or to pay estate taxes, the refinancing of a maturing mortgage, or the sale of property of a bankrupt company. The Committee makes no recommendation in such cases. 4. Loans on industrial property. Loans on industrial property should be screened as to purpose whether or not the loan is to be made in connection with a sale of real property. In this instance, however, there appears to be no need for a percentage limitation on the amount of the loan, since in the industrial field mortgage security usually is merely one of the factors considered by the lender in determining whether to make the loan and often bears comparatively little relation to the amount of the loan. 5. Sale-lease-back arrangements. The Committee also urges financing institutions to recognize that in most instances a "sale-lease-back" arrangement, whereby real property is purchased by a financing institution and leased to the vendor or his nominee, is a substitute for a form of financing and therefore comes within the Program and should be screened as to purpose. is $16,700 or less the limits of Regulation X would apply and where such fair value is more than $16,700 the limit of 66% per cent would apply. 3 If the facts are not already known, the financing institution presumably will want to request the borrower to furnish information as to any other indebtedness or credit existing or contemplated in connection with the transaction. 2. Loans on agricultural property. While the Committee recognizes that in some instances a loan on agricultural property may be in effect a loan on residential property, the Committee feels that normally such a loan falls in the category of a loan on commercial property (see Section 3 below), and the lender should be guided by the recommendations of that section as to over-all credit limits and purposes. NATIONAL FRATERNAL CONGRESS OF AMERICA JOINS VOLUNTARY CREDIT RESTRAINT PROGRAM 4 The Chairman of the National Voluntary Credit hearted support of his organization to the VolunRestraint Committee, Oliver S. Powell, has issued tary Credit Restraint Program. an invitation to the National Fraternal Congress Representatives of the fraternal life insurance of America and its members comprising the companies will be appointed to serve on the refraternal life insurance companies of the United gional insurance committees of the Voluntary States to join in the Voluntary Credit Restraint Credit Restraint Program to give the fraternal Program to combat inflation. The National Vol- companies a voice in decisions as to the desiruntary Credit Restraint Committee had voted to ability of borderline loan applications. The Naissue this invitation at its last meeting. President tional Fraternal Congress, through its SecretaryJohn P. Stock of the National Fraternal Congress 4 Statement National has accepted this invitation and pledged the whole- Committee on by the 27, 1951. Voluntary Credit Restraint Sept. 1242 FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN VOLUNTARY CREDIT RESTRAINT RELEASES Treasurer-Manager, Mr. Foster F. Farrell, will keep its members informed as to the status of the Pro- gram and the principles to be followed in restraining inflation under the Voluntary Program. STATE BOND ISSUES TO FINANCE BONUS PAYMENTS 5 The National Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee today conferred with Governor Okey L. Patteson of West Virginia and a delegation of West Virginia State and banking officials who had been invited to discuss their proposal to issue 75 million dollars in State bonds to finance bonus payments to veterans voted in the November 1950 elections. There was also some discussion of a somewhat similar situation in the State of Oregon where a veterans' bonus plan has also been approved by the voters. In addition to Governor Patteson, the West Virginia delegation included William H. Ansel, State Treasurer; W. C. Marland, Attorney General; Fred Diddle, Assistant State Treasurer; Mason Crickard, Vice President of the Charleston National Bank, Charleston; and Hayes Picklesimer, President of the Kanawha Valley Bank, Charleston. In view of the fact that investment bankers in compliance with the Voluntary Credit Restraint Program have refrained from bidding on the pending issue of bonds, the Governor of West Virginia proposes to ofifer these bonds to the public directly by placing them on sale through the banks of West Virginia. The plan contemplates that any bonds left unsold would be purchased OCTOBER 1951 by using various State trust funds, disposing of other obligations if necessary. The Committee expressed its genuine concern over the difficult situation in which the Governor and his staff have been placed by credit restraint measures taken in the national interest to facilitate the defense program. In conformity with these measures, the Committee has adhered to the position announced on May 7, 1951, that "soldiers' bonus issues are inflationary under today's conditions. They add to the spending power of the public through the creation of credit. It would seem desirable to postpone such issues until a time when immediate purchasing power is needed to counteract unemployment and when it might be more beneficial to the veteran." It was announced that Mobilization Director Charles E. Wilson had invited the Governor and the members of his West Virginia delegation and other interested parties to meet with him on October 5. There was no change in the position of either Governor Patteson or the Committee on this bonus issue as a result of the discussions today. 5 Statement by the National Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee on Sept. 28, 1951. 1243 CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS1 Under the Board of Governors' Regulation W, as reinstated in September 1950, every business engaged in extending instalment credit or purchasing instalment paper subject to the regulation was required to register with the regional Federal Reserve Bank. Each registrant was asked to submit certain data concerning credit volume in order to provide an adequate basis for appraising the coverage and effectiveness of the regulation. By the beginning of 1951 about 143,000 businesses had submitted sufficient statistical detail to permit tabulation. Of these, about 8,000 did not give separate figures for instalment and chargeaccount credit. The remaining 135,000 reported a total of 15.2 billion dollars of instalment credit outstanding on September 30, 1950—12.8 billion held by registrants engaged primarily in financial business, and 2.4 billion by those engaged primarily in retail and other nonfinancial business.2 Instalment sales of 14.5 billion dollars were reported by nonfinancial businesses for the 12 months ended September 30, 1950. This amount represented 35 per cent of their total sales in that period. In addition, a substantial amount of their cash and charge-account sales was financed by instalment loans extended directly to consumers by financial businesses. Since nearly all financial businesses extending consumer instalment credit are subject to the regulation, these data give virtually complete coverage for this type of business. On the other hand, instal1 This article was prepared by Donald M. Fort and Katharyne P. Reil of the Consumer Credit and Finances Section of the Board's Division of Research and Statistics. The editing of the statistical data obtained by the registration statements was done by the research departments of the Federal Reserve Banks. 2 The 15.2 billion dollars of instalment credit balances reported by registrants differs from the Board's published estimate of 13.3 billion dollars of consumer instalment credit outstanding on September 30, 1950. It is therefore important to note that the instalment credit data presented here are not intended to be revisions of the consumer instalment credit estimates. The figures in this article summarize information given by registrants under Regulation W and include some nonconsumer credit. On the other hand, not all consumer instalment credit is covered here since some businesses that extend this type of credit were not subject to the regulation and did not register, and some of those who registered were unable to provide information on instalment credit. 1244 ment credit granted to consumers by retailers is not completely covered by registrants' reports because retail establishments which did not make instalment sales of articles listed in the regulation were not required to register.3 The proportion of total retail instalment credit thus omitted was relatively small inasmuch as the listed articles included most major consumer durable goods. Apparel and jewelry are the two principal types of unlisted consumer goods giving rise to instalment credit. Some apparel and jewelry stores registered, however, because they sold some listed articles on instalment. Some other businesses registered even though their operations were not currently subject to regulation.4 Financial businesses were asked to report the amounts of direct instalment loans and purchased paper outstanding as of September 30, 1950 for retail automobile instalment credit, other retail instalment credit, FHA-insured repair and modernization loans, other repair and modernization credit, and personal instalment loans. Nonfinancial businesses were requested to report instalment and charge accounts outstanding as of September 30, 1950; cash, instalment, and charge-account sales made during the year ended on that date; the total amount of down payments on instalment sales; and the amount of instalment paper sold during the 12-month period.5 Registrants were asked to report all data in the preceding categories, including credit and sales not subject to the regulation. More detail was requested in the 1950 registration than in registrations while Regulation W was in effect in 1941 and 1948.6 The data requested from financial businesses were intended to provide up-to-date information for registrants comparable to the call data for commercial banks. Separate figures for direct loans and purchased paper were obtained to throw some light on the origin of the instal3 The listed articles included most of the principal consumer durable goods: new and used automobiles, radio and television sets, major household appliances, furniture and floor coverings, and residential repairs and alterations. 4 These businesses may have registered simply to be on the safe side, or in anticipation of engaging in regulated operations later on. 5 Registration statement schedules and instructions are shown at the end of this article, pp. 1252-55. 6 For data from earlier registrations, see BULLETIN for May 1942, pp. 434-37, and for April 1949, p. 340. FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS ment credit held by financial businesses. Separate figures on FHA-insured and other repair and modernization credit provided for the first time detailed information on the amount and distribution of such credit. Nonfinancial businesses reported sales and receivables by type of transaction, as in the 1941 registration, and, in addition, down payments and instalment paper sold. All this additional information helped to trace the flow of credit from the originator to the holder. Attempts were made to obtain complete reports from all registrants. Nearly all of the financial businesses filed complete returns. Figures on total sales and total receivables were obtained from almost all of the nonfinancial registrants, but about 8 per cent of these businesses could not give separate data on the instalment portion of their sales or receivables, and about 10 per cent of those who reported these data could not give figures for down payments or instalment paper sold. The accompanying tables summarize the data reported by registrants. NUMBER OF REGISTRANTS The present analysis covers 112,796 nonfinancial businesses and 30,606 financial businesses.7 It is believed that most financial businesses are covered 7 The number of registrants included in the present analysis is not strictly comparable with the numbers given for the 1941 and 1948 registrations in the Federal Reserve BULLETIN for April 1949 (p. 340) since the present analysis excludes businesses that reported zero instalment receivables or sales. Also, the figures are not readily comparable with the total number of business offices or outlets reported by other agencies such as the Census. For example, the registration statements were filed only by the head offices of multi-unit businesses except where branches were separate legal entities, whereas each "establishment" reported separately in the Census. TABLE 1 NUMBER OF REGISTRANTS INCLUDED IN ANALYSIS, BY KIND OF BUSINESS AND FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICT Federal Reserve District Kind of business United States total Boston New York Phila- Cleve- Richdelland mond phia Atlanta Chicago MinSt. neLouis apolis Kansas City Dallas San Francisco 30,606 2,110 2,353 1,594 2,494 2,109 2,652 5,433 2,033 2,073 2,951 2,823 1,981 Financial, total i Commercial banks and trust com987 1,089 1,330 962 441 818 732 758 1,011 388 panies 11,463 829 2,118 456 198 207 149 143 81 147 351 2,720 116 238 447 187 Sales finance companies 24 1 17 15 11 16 15 139 19 7 3 11 Industrial banks 102 44 637 34 11 80 10 105 72 21 74 47 37 Industrial loan companies 152 192 130 205 255 624 523 84 42 345 231 301 State-licensed small loan companies. 3,084 325 622 1,889 427 494 462 8,724 843 876 896 475 Credit unions 543 872 Small loan companies, not State11 48 195 1 37 10 1 12 44 115 681 1,161 6 licensed 153 166 127 218 101 92 87 1,480 236 76 97 49 78 Building and loan associations 211 2 1 289 68 1 3 Mutual savings banks 33 28 74 146 50 70 " l 2 0 ' " 8 5 909 46 103 Other financial businesses 3 . . . 60 94 112,796 6,647 12,220 6,340 12,439 7,475 7,411 15,093 Nonfinancial, t o t a l 4 297 939 458 199 503 256 331 4,489 Department and general stores 5 42,438 2,522 3,912 2,327 4,024 2,949 2,905 6,138 Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing 17,194 1,162 1,659 990 1,851 1,592 1,831 1,871 stores Household appliance, radio, and 17,701 1,113 2,364 1,239 2,147 950 1,052 2,159 television stores 694 123 39 67 50 68 Electric and gas utility companies.. 47 72 Hardware and automotive acces517 263 207 10,681 393 569 719 1,371 sory stores 6 546 1,731 956 651 317 1,744 10,848 376 Dealers and contractors 7 17 21 64 607 43 65 20 80 Manufacturers 102 482 1,894 139 92 222 151 226 Jewelry stores 43 67 152 304 80 2,063 76 345 Farm implement dealers 42 84 38 77 84 634 28 25 Piano, organ, and music stores 90 48 47 15 39 5 78 578 Fuel, ice, and fuel-oil dealers 331 2,975 160 83 196 45 598 Other nonfinancial businesses 8 . . . . 155 All registrants. 143,402 7,760 7,033 8,312 9,747 12,319 275 264 202 379 386 3,126 2,735 3,730 3,656 4,414 1,157 629 1,031 1,505 1,916 1,096 1,030 1,055 1,189 2,307 39 32 50 49 58 915 1,481 1,065 1,239 942 621 310 984 1,299 313 45 89 3 47 113 57 146 25 89 163 143 191 270 283 109 20 35 54 37 110 48 11 120 17 60 228 170 181 377 451 8,757 14,573 7,934 14,933 9,584 10,063 20,526 9,793 9,106 11,263 12,570 14,300 1 2 3 Financial businesses reporting instalment receivables by type of transaction. Includes savings and loan associations, cooperative banks, and homestead associations. Includes agents, brokers, and dealers in real estate, holding and investment companies, mortgage companies, life insurance companies, and miscellaneous financial businesses. 4 Nonfinancial businesses reporting total sales and total receivables. 5 Includes mail-order houses. 6 Includes filling stations. 7 Dealers and contractors in heating, plumbing, air conditioning equipment, and in construction and repairs. 8 Includes apparel stores, dealers in bicycles, motorcycles, aircraft, boats and marine engines, business supply dealers, and miscellaneous dealers and contractors. NOTE.—Registrants are classified by Federal Reserve District in which head office is located. OCTOBER 1951 1245 CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS of financial businesses. Nearly three-quarters of the total was held by commercial banks, sales finance companies, and State-licensed small loan companies. As shown in Table 2, commercial bank holdings were largest, amounting to about 6.0 billion dollars on September 30, 1950. Sales finance companies were second in importance with nearly 4.2 billion, and State-licensed small loan companies were third with slightly more than 1.0 billion dollars. Only 2.4 billion or about one-sixth of the reported total for instalment receivables was held by retailers and other nonfinancial businesses. Nine years earlier, when the initial registration under Regulation W took place, the nonfinancial group held approximately one-fourth of all instalment paper reported. The declining importance of dealer holdings has been brought about largely by two factors. Retailers have been selling a larger proportion of their instalment paper. At the same time lenders have shown an increasing interest not only in purchasing retail instalment paper but also in making instalment loans directly to consumers. Such loans are often used to finance purchases of consumer goods which appear on the books of dealers as cash transactions. Among the non- with the exception of a small number of commercial banks and a substantial number of building and loan associations and miscellaneous financial businesses that do not deal in regulated forms of instalment credit. The coverage of nonfinancial businesses that grant instalment credit appears to be practically complete in the case of department and general stores, automobile dealers, and furniture and household appliance stores; it is less complete, and in some cases only fragmentary, for other types of retail businesses, many of which do not sell listed articles on instalment. Table 1 shows the distribution by Federal Reserve District of registrants covered by the analysis. Because of the inclusion of branches in the registration statement of the main office, the distribution of registrants by District does not give a correct picture of the geographic distribution of business outlets. Consolidated reporting is particularly important in the case of department and general stores, hardware and automotive accessory stores, sales finance companies, and small loan companies. INSTALMENT RECEIVABLES Most of the 15.2 billion dollars of instalment receivables reported by registrants was in the hands TABLE 2 INSTALMENT RECEIVABLES, BY KIND OF FINANCIAL BUSINESS, SEPT. 30, 1950 * [Dollar amounts in millions] Instalment loans extended directly Kind of business Total Commercial banks and trust companies Sales finance companies Industrial banks Industrial loan companies.... State-licensed small loan companies Credit unions Small loan companies, not State-licensed Building and loan associations 3 Mutual savings banks Other financial businesses 4 ... Number of registrants Instalment paper purchased Total Repair and Repair and instalmodernizamodernizament Retail Other tion loans Retail Other tion paper receivPerPerautoautoables Total mobile retail sonal Total mobile retail sonal held loans loans loans loans FHApaper paper FHAin- Other in- Other sured sured 30,606 $12,819 $5,448 $1,694 $375 $414 364 (2) 10 11,463 2,720 139 637 5,958 4,175 212 357 2,939 222 103 289 1,324 91 23 35 173 25 4 6 3,084 8,724 1,032 548 927 47 142 39 33 1,161 48 1,480 289 909 276 41 172 545 41 $132 $2,834 $7,371 $4,436 $2,200 1,032 3,020 96 3,953 64 109 247 67 838 342 105 3 1,201 1,215 3,070 828 42 51 44 22 50 2 $588 491 37 12 1 $115 $32 20 4 1 1 51 31 94 18 74 240 29 114 1 Financial businesses reporting instalment receivables by type of transaction. 2 Less than $500,000. 3 Includes savings and loan associations, cooperative banks, and homestead associations. 4 Includes agents, brokers, and dealers in real estate, holding and investment companies, mortgage companies, life insurance companies, and miscellaneous financial businesses. NOTE.—Details may not add to totals because of rounding. 1246 FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS financial businesses shown in Table 3, department and general stores (including mail-order houses), automobile dealers, and furniture and housefurnishing stores were the principal granters of instalment credit but their combined holdings on September 30, 1950 were only 1.8 billion dollars. Retail automobile instalment credit accounted for about two-fifths of the total outstanding instalment credit of registrants. Most of the automobile paper arose from instalment sales by automobile dealers, but only 0.3 billion dollars of outstanding instalment credit appeared on their books on September 30, 1950. Credit arising from automobile sales but owned by sales finance companies at that time amounted to 3.1 billion dollars while similar holdings of commercial banks totaled 1.2 billion. In addition, commercial banks had outstanding 1.3 billion dollars of automobile loans made directly to individuals. Holdings of other retail instalment credit were divided almost equally between financial and nonfinancial businesses. Both banks and finance companies purchased a substantial volume of nonautomotive retail paper, especially that arising from the sale of household appliances and construction and repair items, but their direct loan operations in this field were comparatively small. Commercial banks held about 85 per cent of all FHA-insured repair and modernization paper reported, but little more than one-half of the noninsured paper. Purchased paper constituted a somewhat larger part of repair and modernization credit than did direct loans. The repair and modernization data shown here include only paper held by financial institutions, as no specific information was obtained on the amount of such paper held by retailers and other nonfinancial businesses. It may be assumed, however, that a substantial part of the instalment paper held by building supply dealers and contractors and by hardware stores arose from repair and modernization work. Personal instalment loans outstanding accounted for more than one-fifth of the total credit reported by financial businesses. Banks and small loan companies accounted for the major portion of these loans. For most financial businesses other than sales finance companies and banks, personal instalment loans constituted the principal type of instal- TABLE 3 RETAIL SALES AND RECEIVABLES, BY K I N D OF NONFINANCIAL BUSINESS f Dollar amounts in millions] All registrants reporting total sales and receivables Registrants reporting sales and receivables by type of transaction Total Department and general stores i Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing stores Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies Hardware and automotive accessory stores 2 Dealers and contractors 3 . . . Manufacturers Jewelry stores Farm implement dealers.... Piano, organ, and music stores Fuel, ice, and fuel-oil dealers. Other nonfinancial businesses 4 Number of registrants Total Total receiv- Number sales, ables of year held, ended regisSept. 30, Sept. 30, trants 1950 1950 Total Cash 112,796 Kind of business $43,167 14,185 104,047 $41,861 4,489 42,438 11,101 20,109 1,250 677 4,072 39,748 17,194 3,077 964 17,701 2,127 244 694 271 10,681 10,848 607 1,894 2,063 Sales, year ended Sept. 30, 1950 Receivables held, Sept. 30, 1950 Instalment Other credit Total Instalment Other $18,450 $14,461 $8,950 $4,030 $2,429 $1,601 11,050 19,414 6,016 9,073 2,153 8,138 2,881 2,203 1.242 652 740 314 502 338 15,724 2,930 641 1,749 540 924 792 132 16,220 1,914 640 856 419 194 111 83 102 643 255 34 135 86 95 82 13 1,522 1,868 795 325 528 188 255 116 106 45 9,718 9,810 555 1,752 1,938 1,466 1,804 781 316 512 707 320 287 83 201 295 351 202 208 106 464 1,132 292 25 205 180 247 114 104 43 84 31 61 97 12 96 216 54 7 31 634 578 147 259 40 26 584 540 144 257 45 83 74 14 25 159 40 25 35 2 4 23 2,975 1,038 173 2,743 1,018 320 179 519 169 68 101 1 2 8 4 Includes mail-order houses. Includes filling stations. Dealers and contractors in heating, plumbing, air conditioning equipment, and in construction and repairs. Includes apparel stores, dealers in bicycles, motorcycles, aircraft, boats and marine engines, business supply dealers, and miscellaneous dealers and contractors. NOTE.—Details may not add to totals because of rounding. OCTOBER 1951 1247 CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS ment credit outstanding on September 30, 1950. Instalment receivables of financial businesses by Federal Reserve District are shown in Table 4. It should be noted that the large holdings of retail automobile credit by sales finance companies in the New York District and of personal instalment loans by small loan companies in the Chicago District stem from registration of national operations by head offices located in these Districts. INSTALMENT SALES Retail instalment sales amounting to 14.5 billion dollars were reported for the year ending September 30, 1950, by 104,047 retail and other nonfinancial businesses. Such sales represented about 35 per cent of the total business of the retail dealers registering under Regulation W. This was a much larger proportion than for retail trade as a whole, because grocery stores, most apparel stores, and other predominantly noninstalment groups were not subject to regulation. The nonfinancial registrants accounted for nearly all of the instalment sales in the country and about one-third of the nation's total retail sales. Automobile dealers made more than 8.1 billion dollars of the 14.5 billion of instalment sales reported by all registrants. Department and general stores, including mail-order houses, ranked second with nearly 2.2 billion, and were followed by furniture and household appliance stores with 1.7 billion and 0.9 billion, respectively. Construction and repair dealers and contractors, together with manufacturers, accounted for half a billion dollars of instalment sales. The proportion of total sales volume made on an instalment basis varied considerably by kind of business. Instalment sales accounted for about onefifth of the total sales volume reported by depart- TABLE 4 I N S T A L M E N T RECEIVABLES IN S E L E C T E D K I N D S OF F I N A N C I A L BUSINESS, BY F E D E R A L RESERVE D I S T R I C T X [In millions of dollars] Federal Reserve District Kind of business United States total Boston New York Phila- Cleve- Richdelmond land phia Atlanta Chicago St.# Louis Minneapolis Kansas City Dallas San Francisco Total instalment receivables 2 Commercial banks and trust companies Sales finance companies Industrial banks Industrial loan companies State-licensed small loan companies. Credit unions Building and loan associations All other financial businesses 12,819 449 3,277 503 812 1,109 843 2,128 457 489 511 636 1,603 5,958 4,175 212 357 1,032 548 276 261 273 41 11 5 54 47 7 11 1,099 1,901 79 351 63 16 45 18 7 3 382 540 18 26 47 27 34 35 394 104 10 184 61 40 34 16 789 686 53 56 379 124 25 16 265 57 8 16 69 22 11 9 231 187 1 5 17 18 19 11 251 151 5 13 37 30 5 19 342 166 70 54 14 60 424 145 2 3 117 56 44 21 10 5 35 35 43 1 156 133 25 22 132 77 40 18 Retail automobile credit 2 Commercial banks and trust companies Sales finance companies All other financial businesses 6,129 162 1,884 178 277 656 319 935 198 129 280 347 766 2,525 3,161 443 104 34 24 268 1,582 34 119 54 5 179 67 31 188 437 31 184 88 47 365 468 102 130 48 20 90 27 12 133 118 29 177 143 27 589 97 80 2,574 72 699 84 148 152 130 408 72 239 86 93 392 1,388 853 333 60 5 7 359 301 39 77 4 3 86 27 35 57 79 16 83 9 38 179 202 57 6 9 64 158 17 49 23 14 59 17 17 259 22 111 Repair and modernization credit 2 . Commercial banks and trust companies All other financial businesses 1,248 53 263 80 91 77 73 60 56 38 64 184 993 255 43 10 212 51 74 6 76 15 45 32 57 16 159 52 47 13 51 5 31 7 32 32 168 16 Personal instalment loans 2 . . Commercial banks and trust companies Sales finance companies Industrial loan companies State-licensed small loan companies. Credit unions All other financial businesses 2,866 161 433 160 296 224 322 575 128 66 108 132 262 1,052 100 248 840 342 284 67 2 3 44 34 11 260 81 4 13 42 15 5 82 51 2 93 32 36 92 4 16 41 19 52 71 2 154 41 26 28 87 13 28 359 75 13 32 3 8 61 14 10 26 39 9 6 26 17 11 74 3 7 2 17 29 141 7 8 46 42 18 O t h e r retail c r e d i t 2 . . . Commercial banks and trust companies . . Sales finance companies All other financial businesses 69 46 58 27 211 3 16 8 12 (3) 1 Financial businesses reporting instalment receivables by type of transaction. Direct loans and purchased paper. 3 Less than $500,000. NOTE.—Registrants are classified by Federal Reserve District in which head office is located. of rounding. 2 1248 Details may not add to totals because FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS ment and general stores, hardware and automotive accessory stores, dealers and contractors in construction and repair materials, and farm implement dealers. The proportion was around one-half at household appliance stores and utility companies, approximately three-fifths at furniture and housefurnishing stores, and about two-thirds at jewelry stores. These data are shown in Table 5. Automobile dealers made 42 per cent of their total sales on an instalment basis, receiving cash down payments and trade-ins amounting to about 43 per cent of their instalment sales. Of the credit extended by these dealers, about nine-tenths was financed through sale of paper to finance companies, banks, or other businesses. Consequently, the amount of instalment paper held by automobile dealers was small in relation to their instalment sales. Transactions financed by loans made directly to individuals by banks or other financial institutions appear on the dealers' books as cash sales. TABLE 5 SELECTED RATIOS FOR NONFINANCIAL BUSINESSES, BY FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICT, YEAR ENDED SEPT. 30, 1950 [Per cent] Federal Reserve District Ratio and kind of business Instalment sales as percentage of total sales: * Department and general stores 2 . . . Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing stores Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies. . Hardware and automotive accessory stores 3 Dealers and contractors 4 Manufacturers .... Jewelry stores Farm implement dealers Down payments as percentage of instalment sales: 5 Department and general stores 2 . . . Automobile dealers .... Furniture and housefurnishing stores .... Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies. . Hardware and automotive accessory stores 3 Dealers and contractors * Manufacturers .... Jewelry stores .... Farm implement dealers Instalment paper sold as percentage of instalment credit originated (instalment sales less down payments) 5 Department and general stores 2 . . . Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing stores Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies. . Hardware and automotive accessory stores 3 Dealers and contractors ^ Manufacturers Jewelry stores Farm implement dealers United States average 19 42 Bos- New ton York 12 37 14 31 Phila- Cleve- Richdelphia land mond lanta Chicago 13 45 17 47 14 51 28 38 16 38 At- Min- Kan- Dal- San Louis apolis City las cisco 11 36 13 46 12 53 St. 17 42 7 31 60 59 53 62 66 67 75 55 62 41 51 59 54 45 53 49 53 40 46 35 61 42 53 55 54 50 63 45 48 47 36 30 26 41 48 52 69 51 37 20 19 26 66 21 12 17 49 73 9 14 23 32 72 4 14 20 28 61 5 19 18 28 61 17 21 20 29 72 28 23 13 12 75 37 14 34 22 62 26 20 13 46 61 31 21 21 46 17 22 35 24 13 59 20 22 11 15 59 24 13 16 11 69 39 10 43 11 46 10 44 12 45 14 44 11 46 10 43 9 43 12 46 16 46 13 43 11 42 13 39 16 16 17 15 18 15 13 19 15 18 18 16 17 17 14 18 14 15 13 18 12 18 13 17 11 15 13 20 16 17 18 21 17 19 13 15 14 18 22 15 11 22 14 37 16 12 14 12 29 17 10 20 14 28 20 10 11 18 26 11 11 13 16 42 18 11 8 12 38 14 14 6 10 35 17 9 35 14 44 16 16 20 12 38 19 10 14 27 39 11 10 16 17 36 15 12 8 18 31 20 10 17 13 31 45 90 23 93 27 97 4 95 17 91 6 92 24 89 61 88 5 88 14 90 23 81 21 85 20 89 20 22 23 21 15 13 9 23 14 20 25 12 36 77 18 69 10 85 9 80 17 75 12 77 6 72 48 68 8 71 40 71 4 73 1 80 27 85 24 40 85 32 5 76 36 83 80 4 80 63 89 4 4 90 55 82 86 9 78 1 8 75 32 82 65 13 90 41 78 55 44 89 96 4 65 39 77 21 2 76 85 84 64 2 72 37 88 34 28 73 31 75 80 50 87 72 7 79 "76" ' 80* ' 1 2 8 4 6 Based on data of registrants reporting figures for instalment sales. Includes mail-order houses. Includes filling stations. Dealers and contractors in heating, plumbing, and air conditioning equipment, and in construction and repairs. Based on data of registrants reporting figures for down payments and instalment paper sold. NOTE.—In some cases District figures are dominated by reports of head offices of one or more national chains, which show relationships quite different from those of other stores. OCTOBER 1951 1249 CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS Down payments reported by most kinds of nonautomotive businesses were from one-fifth to onetenth of their instalment sales volume. The sale of instalment paper varied widely from one kind of nonautomotive business to another. For example, household appliance and radio stores, farm implement dealers, and dealers and contractors in construction and repair materials sold nearly all of their instalment paper, whereas furniture and housefurnishing stores sold only one-fifth of their paper. In certain Federal Reserve Districts, for some lines of trade the totals shown in Tables 5 and 6 were dominated by data for national chains which were consolidated in a single report from the head office. In several cases the practices of national TABLE 6 TOTAL SALES, INSTALMENT SALES, AND INSTALMENT RECEIVABLES OF NONFINANCIAL BUSINESSES BY FEDERAL RESERVE D I S T R I C T [In millions of dollars] Federal Reserve District Kind of business T o t a l sales, year ended Sept. 30, 1950 1 Department and general stores 2 . . Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing stores Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies. Hardware and automotive accessory stores 3 Dealers and contractors 4 Manufacturers Jewelry stores Farm implement dealers Other nonfinancial businesses 5 . . . . Instalment sales, year ended Sept. 30, 1950 Department and general stores 2 . . Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing stores Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies. Hardware and automotive accessory stores 3 Dealers and contractors 4 Manufacturers Jewelry stores Farm implement dealers Other nonfinancial businesses 5 . . . . I n s t a l m e n t receivables, Sept. 30, 1950 Department and general stores 2 . . Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing stores Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies. Hardware and automotive accessory stores 3 Dealers and contractors 4 Manufacturers Jewelry stores Farm implement dealers Other nonfinancial businesses 6 United States total 41,861 11,050 19,414 Boston New York PhilaCleve- Richdelmond land phia 2,174 510 1,031 5,211 1,677 2,049 2,066 440 1,038 3,724 848 1,482 2,712 517 1,460 Atlanta St. Louis Chicago 2,730 9,921 441 4,741 1,559 3,259 Minneapolis Kansas City Dallas San Francisco 2,120 306 1,258 1,592 226 826 2,309 299 1,333 2,704 339 1,514 4,598 705 2,606 2,930 186 334 166 315 253 291 395 162 68 157 191 413 1,914 255 111 34 377 26 145 14 183 17 105 21 135 33 275 54 85 5 60 80 12 98 26 260 6 1,466 1,804 781 316 512 1,418 67 101 3 22 15 93 63 242 161 38 99 146 46 137 2 16 27 36 232 235 242 43 34 94 69 72 14 29 21 150 107 96 2 24 23 20 157 266 294 46 75 360 90 120 11 13 45 27 167 34 1 1 42 160 181 39 12 14 55 127 135 233 11 34 32 92 152 230 28 38 44 115 14,461 2,153 8,138 686 60 385 1,386 234 639 676 71 392 1,274 107 669 1,090 86 693 1,230 3,248 63 1,304 793 1,241 787 51 529 377 17 254 748 32 481 1,019 45 693 1,939 83 1,369 1,749 109 178 103 209 170 219 216 100 28 80 113 225 856 135 54 18 151 12 51 9 78 9 58 11 67 20 122 26 40 2 18 2 33 6 51 18 132 2 9 55 51 27 4 25 6 28 1 9 1 4 44 42 67 26 6 18 14 14 4 21 6 11 25 12 (6) 18 9 3 22 89 65 29 19 115 18 16 5 8 14 7 35 7 63 9 2 8 11 23 30 26 2 20 20 36 3 26 17 25 108 38 245 45 13 205 46 23 219 27 30 629 374 39 113 22 22 119 13 33 165 24 36 245 36 82 295 35J. 202 208 106 267 2,429 740 314 119 23 12 225 88 6 792 51 75 96 94 122 46 31 55 85 111 82 9 10 9 7 11 6 11 8 11 5 1 5 4 7 15 13 1 84 31 61 97 12 105 2 1 1 2 19 13 20 3 34 12 4 2 1 10 1 5 6 1 3 3 1 3 18 1 1 4 1 9 11 5 (6) 8 1 4 4 2 8 2 6 1 Total sales of the 104,0
5269	dbpedia	3	3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Marland	en	E. W. Marland	https://upload.wikimedia…orth_Marland.png	https://upload.wikimedia…orth_Marland.png	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Ernest_Whitworth_Marland.png/220px-Ernest_Whitworth_Marland.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Statue_of_E._W._Marland.jpg/250px-Statue_of_E._W._Marland.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Pioneer_Woman_Miniature.jpg/250px-Pioneer_Woman_Miniature.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Pioneer_Woman_in_Winter.jpg/250px-Pioneer_Woman_in_Winter.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Marland_Grand_Home_05-26-2021_IMG_3927.jpg/250px-Marland_Grand_Home_05-26-2021_IMG_3927.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Oklahoma.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Oklahoma.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/100px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ConocoPhillips_Logo.svg/150px-ConocoPhillips_Logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2005-09-09T03:35:18+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Marland	American politician (1874–1941) Ernest Whitworth Marland (May 8, 1874 – October 3, 1941) was an American lawyer, oil businessman in Pennsylvania and Oklahoma, and politician who was a U.S. representative and Oklahoma governor. He served in the United States House of Representatives from northern Oklahoma, 1933 to 1935 and as the tenth governor of Oklahoma from 1935 to 1939. As a Democrat, he initiated a "Little Deal" in Oklahoma during the Great Depression, working to relieve the distress of unemployed people in the state, and to build infrastructure as investment for the future. Marland made fortunes in oil in Pennsylvania in the 1900s and in Oklahoma in the 1920s, and lost each in the volatility of the industry and the times. At the height of his wealth in the 1920s, Marland built a mansion known as the Palace of the Prairies in Ponca City, after introducing fox hunts (and red foxes) and polo games to the local elite society. It has been designated a National Historic Landmark. The Marland-Paris Mansion, his former home on Grand Avenue, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Marland and his first wife Virginia did not have any children. To share their wealth and help her sister Margaret Roberts and her family, in 1916 they adopted their two children, George and Lydie, who were then 19 and 16 years old. The Marlands sent them to private school and gave them other advantages. Two years after Virginia's death in 1926, Marland had Lydie's adoption annulled. He married Lydie Roberts that year, and she later accompanied him to Washington, D.C., and the governor's mansion. Early life and education [edit] Ernest Whitworth Marland was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on May 8, 1874. His father was a mill owner in Pittsburgh who boasted in his later years that he never had a strike in his mill and his workers remembered him as having been "always fair to labor". This gave the son his belief in capitalism and his understanding of the importance of good labor relations.[1] Marland was educated in private schools, he did collegiate and law studies on an accelerated schedule, earning his LL.B. from the University of Michigan Law School at the age of 19 in 1893.[2] Marriage and family [edit] Unlike many men of the period, Marland waited to marry until he was well-established. He first married Mary Virginia Collins, known as Virginia, on November 5, 1903, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. By 1907 he had become a millionaire from his oil dealings in Pennsylvania, but lost a fortune in a downturn.[citation needed] They decided to move to Oklahoma, where they found renewed success in its oil boom. They had no children of their own. In 1916, to help Virginia's sister Margaret Roberts and husband George Roberts, and to share their wealth,[citation needed] they adopted the Roberts' two children, George and Lydie, then ages 19 and 16, respectively. They sent them to private schools and gave them other opportunities. The Marlands were together until Virginia's death from pneumonia on June 6, 1926, in Ponca City, Kay County, Oklahoma. E. W. Marland had Lydie Roberts Marland's adoption annulled. The New York Times published news of Marland's engagement (a month before) to Lydie Marland, the daughter of his late wife's sister on January 6, 1928. The front-page notice was followed by an adjacent item reporting the reaction by Miss Roberts' mother, "who broke down and wept when she learned of the engagment."[3] On July 14, 1928, Marland married Lydie Roberts in Philadelphia. She was 28 and he was 54. They were together until his death on October 3, 1941.[4] Career [edit] After law school, Marland returned to Pittsburgh where he started a private practice. Through his experiences as an attorney, he became interested in geology and entered the developing oil industry in Pennsylvania. He invested in new wells and companies and, by the age of 33, Marland had become a self-made millionaire.[citation needed] That same year, Marland lost millions in the panic of 1907. By 1908, Marland was broke and without a job. Hoping to start their lives over, Marland and Virginia moved to the new state of Oklahoma. They settled in Ponca City, where he resumed his oil career. He first founded the 101 Ranch Oil Company. Marland was successful in reestablishing his fortune and, by 1920, it was estimated at $85,000,000 (roughly $910,000,000 in modern dollars). That year he founded the Marland Oil Company in Ponca City (it was incorporated in Delaware on October 8, 1920) and served as its president. In 1928, the Marland Oil Company was taken over in a hostile bid process by J. P. Morgan, Jr. and was merged with Continental Oil and Transportation Company (CONOCO). Marland's oil empire was destroyed and he was pushed out of the company and replaced as President of Marland Oil by Dan Moran. He lost all of his wealth for the second time.[5] He and William Skelly were instrumental in the founding of the Kansas-Oklahoma division of the United States Oil and Gas Association, then known as "Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association".[6] Congressman [edit] Despite his big business background, Marland was not a Republican. His treatment at the hands of Morgan and other eastern monopoly giants gave him a distrust of them, leading him to register as a Democrat. Marland supported Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs from the beginning of his presidency. Through association with FDR, Marland was elected in 1932 to the United States House of Representatives to represent Oklahoma's 8th congressional district, since disbanded. Marland was the first Democrat to hold that seat in 15 years. Marland served in Congress for a single term, from 1933 to 1935. He declined reelection after entering the Democratic primaries to succeed Governor William H. Murray. Marland won both the Democratic nomination and the election in November 1934 to serve as the tenth governor of the state. Governor of Oklahoma [edit] On January 15, 1935, Marland was inaugurated as governor. Several years before, the widower had married Lydie Roberts Marland, his former adopted daughter. She was then 28 and he was 54. She became First Lady of the state. Marland quickly instituted a program that would become known as the "Little New Deal".[7] From the start, the Oklahoma House and Oklahoma Senate were not in favor of his plans. The legislature was more concerned with reducing the state's massive deficit (roughly a quarter of billion dollars in modern currency). Marland, an avid supporter of FDR, stressed the need for the state government to work with the federal government in creating jobs and support for families. Despite Marland's efforts, most Oklahoman politicians never fully embraced the New Deal. What the Legislature would accept was a homestead exemption provision to the state's ad valorem taxes, increased school funds, and raising the state sales tax to two percent. Marland introduced legislation to appropriate funds raised by the sales tax for aid to the handicapped, the elderly, and dependent children. At this time, Oklahoma had an estimated 150,000 Oklahomans that were unemployed and 700,000 on relief.[7] Marland asked the Fifteenth Legislature for a board to craft policy to develop the physical infrastructure of the state with investments to create a more diverse economy. The Legislature responded with the 15-member State Planning and Resources Board. The Board worked with FDR's Works Progress Administration to create jobs through public works projects such as construction of dams and tree planting. The State Highway Department expanded its road work and created thousands of jobs. Historic properties and renovated, archeological excavations were undertaken to identify and preserve resources, and other resources were enhanced. Though he did not balance the state's budget, Marland created the Oklahoma Highway Patrol and the Interstate Oil Compact. Through the Compact, six oil-producing states agreed to practice oil conservation and establish a fair price for petroleum. The governing body of the Compact was a commission, of which Marland was elected to serve as the first president. Marland's term as governor ended on January 9, 1939. Through more than 1,300 WPA projects, he had created jobs for more than 90,000 Oklahomans. After his term, he returned to Ponca City and tried to recreate the Marland Oil Company [citation needed]. In 1940, Marland ran for the United States House of Representatives again but was unsuccessful against a Republican candidate. Pioneer Woman statue [edit] In the early 1920s while enjoying his great oil wealth, Marland decided to commission a statue, the Pioneer Woman, for installation in Ponca City.[8] Marland was asked, "E. W., why don't you have sculptor Jo Davidson make a statue to the vanishing American, a Ponca, Otoe, or an Osage – a monument of great size?"[8] Marland answered, "The Indian is not the vanishing American – it's the pioneer woman."[8] Marland commissioned twelve miniature 3-foot (0.91 m) sculptures by US and international sculptors as models for the Pioneer Woman statue.[9] Marland paid each sculptor a commission for these models, which has been variously cited as $10,000[10] and as $2,000[11] for each submission. The miniatures were shipped for exhibit in twelve cities, where they were viewed by a total of 750,000 people. Marland invited them to cast votes for their favorite but said he would make the final selection.[9] The twelve submissions included Confident by Bryant Baker; Self-Reliant by Alexander Stirling Calder; Trusting by Jo Davidson; Affectionate by James E. Fraser; Protective by John Gregory; Adventurous by F. Lynn Jenkins; Heroic by Mario Korbel; Faithful by Arthur Lee; Challenging by Hermon Atkins MacNeil; Determined by Maurice Sterne; Fearless by Wheeler Williams; and Sturdy by Mahonri Young.[10] The New York Times reported on March 27, 1927, that the exhibition had arrived in New York City and that it had attracted "more interest than any exhibition of sculpture New York has known in a long while."[12] After being exhibited for three weeks in the Reinhardt Galleries, Bryant Baker's model won first place in the New York balloting.[12] The Times reported that "Baker not only won first honors, but was the last man to enter the contest having no more than a month to prepare his model and obtain a casting."[12] I believe all of the sculptors have done well. We could select any one of the twelve figures and get an excellent interpretation of the frontier woman. The decision will be a hard one to make. I expect to be guided largely by public taste, but the final decision will be my own. This national vote is going to show exactly what the American people think about one of the greatest of their women.[12] The exhibition touched a popular chord in American culture of the time.[13] The New York Times reported on March 27, 1927, that among the visitors was 91‑year‑old Betty Wollman, who as a young bride had journeyed from St. Louis, Missouri, to Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1855. She had once entertained Abraham Lincoln as a dinner guest in the Wollman household, long before he was a candidate for president.[13] Wollman spoke about women's role during pioneer days in the Old West and congratulated Marland for his proposal to erect a statue in her honor.[13] The winning statue nationwide was Confident, which featured a woman and her son, by the British-born American sculptor Bryant Baker.[10] Marland's personal favorite was said to be Trusting by Jo Davidson, who had already sculpted statues of Marland and his adopted children: George and Lydie.[10] On April 22, 1930, at a reception for 40,000 guests, Baker's sculpture was unveiled in Ponca City in a public ceremony. Guest speaker Will Rogers paid tribute to Oklahoma's pioneers.[14] President Herbert Hoover addressed the nation in a radio broadcast to commemorate the statue.[15] He said, "It was those women who carried the refinement, the moral character and spiritual force into the West.[15] The finished Pioneer Woman is 27 feet (8.2 m) high and weighs 12,000 pounds.[14] Death [edit] Marland died of a heart condition on October 3, 1941, at the age of 67. He is buried in Ponca City. Movie about Marland [edit] Filmmaker Scott Swearingen made a documentary about the oilman, High Stakes: The Life and Times of E.W. Marland (2016), which he co-produced with Steve Herrin. Supported with funding by the Marland Foundation, the film was featured with a panel discussion at the Oklahoma Historical Society on September 13, 2016.[16] In August 2012, the Weinstein Company, announced that it was to produce the romantic drama film Ends of the Earth, written by Academy Award-winning screenwriter Chris Terrio, and based on the lives of EW and Lydie Marland. The screenplay was said to explore the controversial love affair between the oil baron and former Oklahoma governor, and his adopted daughter, who built a mansion and other extravagances in Ponca City, Oklahoma. Actress Jennifer Lawrence was cast in the role of Lydie Marland.[17][18] The screenplay went through several rewrites and the film may still be in development.[16] Commemoration [edit] His Italianate mansion in Ponca City, the 55-room E. W. Marland Mansion designed by John Duncan Forsyth, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977. His previous home, known as the Marland Grand Home, located on Grand Avenue with eight acres of formal gardens, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. State of the State speeches [edit] First State of the State Speech Second State of the State Speech Third State of the State Speech Fourth State of the State Speech Citations [edit] History of E.W. Marland, Marland Mansion Website Ernest Marland, Oklahoma State "Pioneer Woman Models", Hugh Pickens website
5269	dbpedia	3	21	https://www.amazon.in/Palace-Prairie-Marland-Family-Story/dp/1885596480	en	Amazon.in			[ "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/captcha/huyzhwry/Captcha_mknqgbpvyd.jpg", "https://fls-eu.amazon.in/1/oc-csi/1/OP/requestId=NYQ8D5S3Y4DMXA1EACWG&js=0" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			null	Enter the characters you see below Sorry, we just need to make sure you're not a robot. For best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies.
5269	dbpedia	0	8	http://129.71.204.160/history/collections/manuscripts/Ms2024-013.html	en	William Casey and Valerie Allen Marland Papers			[ "http://129.71.204.160/images/Gif/pixel.gif", "http://129.71.204.160/history/archives/test57.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "West Virginia", "archives", "history", "research", "genealogy" ]	null	[]	null	The West Virginia Archives and History web site offers detailed information on the state's history, outlines the documents available in the State Archives, and provides assistance in conducting genealogical research.				null	Ms2024-013 Descriptive Summary Title: William Casey and Valerie Allen Marland Papers Span Dates: 1935-1965 Bulk Dates: ID No: Ms2024-013 Creator: Marland, William C.; Marland, Valerie Allen; Marland, Casey Dixon Extent: 2.43 linear feet, 1 document container, 1 oversize flat box, 3 scrapbooks, 2 prints. Language: English Repository: West Virginia State Archives, Charleston, WV Conditions on Use and Access: N/A Copyright: Copyright restrictions may apply. Administrative Information Donor: This collection was donated to West Virginia Archives and History at The Cultural Center by Casey Marland in February 2024 Transfers: Preferred Citation: [item, collection number], William Casey and Valerie Allen Marland Papers, West Virginia State Archives, Charleston, WV. Processor: Processed by Bethany Arbaugh, March 2024. Processing Notes: The records are arranged chronologically and by type. Historical Note: William Casey Marland was born in Illinois in 1918 and later moved to Glen Rogers, Wyoming County, at the age of seven. He attended the University of Alabama and West Virginia University Law School, and served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. In 1942, William married Valerie Allen. He was appointed Attorney General in 1949 by Governor Patteson, and was elected to the same position in 1950. Marland, a Democrat, won the 1952 gubernatorial election. He was defeated when he ran for the U.S. Senate in 1956. Marland passed away from cancer in 1965 at the age of 47. Valerie Hildred Allen Marland was born in Lacon, Illinois, in 1917. She attended the University of Illinois. From 1953 to 1957, Valerie served as the First Lady and had four children with her husband William Marland: William Allen, Susan Lynn, John Wesley, and Casey Dixon. Valerie began her teaching career at Charleston High School and later continued at Barrington High School until her death in 1977. Sources of Information: Ancestry.com. U.S., School Yearbooks, 1900-2016 [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. "Ex-Governor's Wife among New Teachers." Charleston Gazette, 6 June 1958. "Fire Kills Widow of Ex-Gov. Marland." Charleston Gazette Mail, 17 Oct. 1977, p. 57. Lutz, Paul F. "William Casey Marland." e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. 09 June 2022. Web. 05 March 2024. Scope and Content: This collection includes personal letters from William and Valerie Marland, as well as cards, notes, financial records, and scrapbooks that document their time at the Governor's Mansion and afterwards. Contents List: Box 1 1:1 Valerie Marland's high school scrapbook, 1935 1:2 Letters to William C. Marland, personal telephone directory, 1951-1965 1:3 Letters from William C. Marland, 1952-1965 1:4 Letters from Valerie Marland, 1950-1956 1:5 Letters to Valerie Marland, day book, 1956-1966 1:6 Alice Rowan Waugh to John and Susan, 1953 1:7 Letters of sympathy on Governor Marland's passing to Valerie Marland, 1965-1966 1:8 William and Valerie Marland organization cards, circa 1940s-1950s 1:9 West Virginia restaurant menus, circa 1940s-1950s 1:10 Political handouts, West Virginia State Parks brochures and maps, circa 1940s-1950s 1:11 Invitations from William and Valerie Marland, 1949-1956 1:12 Allen Marland materials, circa 1950s 1:13 West Virginia Governor's Mansion materials, circa 1950s 1:14 Governor Okey L. Patteson Legislative Reception invitation, 1951 1:15 Organizations pamphlets and booklets, 1951-1958 1:16 William C. Marland Democratic nominee for West Virginia Governor pamphlets, 1952 1:17 Chicago convention materials, 1952 1:18 William C. Marland convention pins, 1952 1:19 Governor Okey L. Patteson honoring Governor William C. Marland guest book, 1953 1:20 Legislative Reception and Tea guest lists and notes, 1953-1956 1:21 Christmas cards, 1956 1:22 Financial records, 1941-1956 1:23 Dutch Ridge Orchard Records of Expenses and Income, 1949 1:24 Newspaper clippings of Governor William C. Marland and Valerie Marland, 1951-1965 1:25 Financial records, 1957 1:26 Checker Taxi Company receipts and other financial records, 1958, 1961-1963 1:27 Photo of Governor Marland, circa 1950s; Photo of Louis Miller, n.d. (2 prints) 2:1 Valerie Marland's scrapbook, circa 1920s-1940s 2:2 Scrapbook on Governor William C. Marland, circa 1940s-1960s 2:3 Scrapbook on Governor William C. Marland, circa 1940s-1960s
5269	dbpedia	1	43	https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/667567222/	en	Hinton Daily News from Hinton, West Virginia	https://img.newspapers.c…00.jpg?cs=&fill=	https://img.newspapers.c…00.jpg?cs=&fill=	[ "https://www.newspapers.com/static/i/logo-endorsed.svg", "https://www.newspapers.com/i/logo-lg.png", "https://img.newspapers.com/img/thumbnail/667567222/300/400.jpg?cs=&fill=" ]	[]	[]	[ "Hinton Daily News", "Hinton", "West Virginia", "newspaper", "newspapers", "obituaries", "marriages", "articles", "headlines", "historical news", "history", "archives", "genealogy" ]	null	[]	1952-01-26T00:00:00	Get this Hinton Daily News page for free from Saturday, January 26, 1952 Minimum Last Night 30 tong to 50.. Edition of Hinton Daily News	en	/i/newspapers-icon.svg	Newspapers.com	https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/667567222/	Minimum Last Night 30 tong to 50. Sunday Yesterday 58 HINTON DAILY NEWS with showers Temnerature argantown, Weather Universit At Noon Today 55 mostly cloudy colder. turning "Home Of The Bluestone Lake" 49th 231 MEMBER OF UNITED PRESS Hinton, W. Saturday, January 26, 1952 NEA AND KING FEATURES Price 5 Year, No. Students Demand War Against Britain Egypt tOn Verge OfBreak In Diplomatic Relations Cairo (U.P)-Thousands of students ran riot in today . They set fire smashed through a police cordon around pha El Nahas Pasha. Egypt appeared on 1 the verge of Britain as the result of pitched battle Zone city of Ismailia where at least 46 Police fired into and hurled attempt to disperse the demonstrators. The British embassy in Cairo was Foreign Office In London that Egypt MRS, MARY V. HARRIS WINS SCHOLARSHIP AT WEST VIRGINIA Morgantown, W. Jun, 26 The Education Foundation of West Virginia, created in 1951 by a Charleston group for the purpose of providing financial aid to graduate students at W . Virginia university, has awarded its first two $500 scholarships to Mrs. Mary V. Harris of Hinton, and J. Reuben Sheler of Institute, President Irvin Stewart an nounced today, Mrs. Harris, who teaches in the Hinton schools, is seeking a master's degree in education . Her thesis subject is "Poetic Pictures of West Virginia." She attended Mar. shall and Concord Colleges, 18 a graduate of the latter institution, and has published a volume of poems "Echoes From the Sheler, who is on leave of absence from teaching staff of Virginia State College, holds a bach. these elor's degree from Knoxville College and a master's from Fisk University. He is now engaged research for for his dissertation, "The Status of the Negro in West Virginia, 1863 His major fields of study are history and political science. Heading the Foundation, which plans to consider publication of the work its scholarship holders, is Phil Conley of Charleston . Other officers, all of Charleston, also, are Virgil L. Flinn, vice-president; Delbert S. Stout, secretary, and, Earl H. Wilson, treasurer. The selection committee is com posed of the following members of the University staff: Dr . R. B. Dustman. dean of the Graduate School: Dr, A. R . Collett, dean of the College of Arts and Sciences: Dr. Carl M. Frasure, head of the Department of Political Seience, Joseph C. Gluck, director of student affairs and chairman of the University Committe on Prizes, Scholarships, and Loan Funds. YOUTH'S DEATH MAY HAVE BEEN CAUSED BY HIS OWN PRANK Summersville, W . Va. (U.P.) Police Investigators theorized today that the death of Benjamin H. Ray, who was found hanged in basement of 8. church at nearby Peon Gilboa, may a have been the tragic result of a boyish prank. Although a Nicholas county core oner's jury returned a verdict of death by strangulation "by persona unknown other than himself." state police Cpl . G. McCain said the possibility of murder has almost been ruled out. The body of Ray, a junior at Summersville High School and part-time! Janitor at the Bilboa Church of God, was discovered late Thursday by his brother, Billy, 13, He had been dead less than an hour. Billy told police his brother had gone to the church, about 500 yards from the home, to start the furnace in preparation for an evening prayer meeting. When he failed to return, Billy said he followed, entering the locked building through a coal chute . McCain said Ray's hands were tied behind his back with a portion of the same wire with which he was hanged. There was no evidence of a struggle and the clothes of the 190- pound victim were not disarrayed Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert Ray, told him habit of scaring his younger brother. He said Ben' may have been trying to scare the boy but his plan may have miscarried . Beckley Men Forfeit Bond For Fighting Beckley, W. Va. (U.P) -Raleigh prosecutor Ned Ragland and county Beckley businessman Jess Richmond forfeited $15 bond each last night when they failed to appear in police court to answer charges brought as a result of a fight between the two men. The fight occurred in city hall here Tuesday night. Police chief Millard Tyree, who broke it up, maid neither man would comment on what prompted it . Ragland and Richmond both issued public apologies later. LOOK MEN ed today to "give zip and sex Boston (UP) Desighers were urge appeal to men's Joseph Salerno, an official of the CIO Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union, made the suggestion at a meeting of the International Asso-1 ciation of Clothing Designers, Cents INDO-CHINA IS NEXT INVASION SPOT FOR REDS Paris (UP) -Nationalis China told the United Nations today that Asian Communists had selected IndoChina and their next targets for militaryconquest, Nationalist Chinese Delegate F. Triang, speaking before the U.N. Main Political committee, urged the U.N, to halt this "mad adventure" on the China mainland. Tsiang said an Asian Red conference 1 under the chairmanship of Communist Chinese President Mao Tze-Tung recently had laid out a three-pronged plan of expansion fo communism in Asia . He said the Communists had pick ed Indo-China and Burma for the "centers of military struggle for the immediate future." He said Malay and Indonesia were named "centers for an economic struggle," by the conference. Mid-Eastern Communists were to be urged to join the Asia revolution ary coordinationg committee, Tsiang said. PACE TO STOP He told the committe the place to stop Mao's expansion plan "was not along the China fringe, but on the mainland of "This is the single greatest issue facing the United Nations today," he said. He asked the N. to condemn Russia for violation of the 1945 Chinese-Soviet friendship treaty . He said the "progressive absorbtion of North China by the Soviet Union and the sovietization of China A.S a whole are acts of aggression against any country." He said the Red conference at which 10 Asiatic nations were represented, met in Pelping Oct. 4, 1951 "Along the whole frontier from Tibet In the extreme west to Kwangs) and Kwuantung in the southwest, political and military preparations were made for further expansion," he said. He made the first official Chinese Nationalist condemnation of the "Yalta agreement in his 20-page spech. He said the agreement was "a great mistake, a disastrous mistake." "Without the Yalta agreement the whole history of China and Korea In the post-war period would have been different and happler." he said. RAILWAY FACING TWO DAMAGE SUITS Charleston (U.P.) Two damage suits, for $100,000 each, against the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad have been transferred from the U . S. District Court of Illinois to the Southern District Court of West Virginia. W. B. Clendenin, of Peach Creek, Logan county, and Paul Creger, Logan, maintain in separate suits that the railway operated in a careJess and negligent manner and caused them permanent personal injuries . Clendenin said a train on which he was working stopped suddenly and threw him against a portion of the caboose, May 24, 1949. Creger, a fireman, claimed he was working near an Inspection pit when a train started without warning, causing him to fall into pit. Attorneys for the asked that the action be transferred here because alleged accidents took place more than 500 miles from Chicago, the seat of the Illinois court, SOME HORSE WINNERS JUST DON'T CARE Louisville, Ky (UP)-Some people who go to the races, bet and win never bother to pick up their earnings. Churchill Downs reported that it has been holding for more than two years $16,230.80 in unclaimed parimutuel 'winning tickets. During the spring racing meet in 1949 $12,414.60 worth of tickets were left . at the track. GOLDFISH RUBBED OUT Madlison, Conn. (UP)-Summer residents three years ago dumped two goldfish into Wakeley Pond. Now the pond has ben siphoned off, killing about 1,000 decendants of the original pair, many which developed into carp weighing a pound or more. A state law prohibits putting golfish in public waters . METALS COME HIGH Moscow, Ida. (UP)-University of Idaho enginers have begun research to determine the most economical processing for a small-scale plant to handle Idaho's 'heavy metals." Principal interest is in columbium and tantalum, both of which bring $127.70 per pound. FIRE ALL AROUND Ansonia, Conn. (UP) -Dashing from his house in response to a fire alarm in another part of the city, a volunteer fire captain, Edward Condon, tound his own car in flames, outside his door. MONKEY STAYS PUT Jacksonville, Fla . (U.P.) -A man passing through Jacksonville was charged with stealing a pet monkey from a truck. His explanation: "He jumped on me, I couldn't get rid of KEFAUVER TO ENTER OHIO'S STATE PRIMARY Washington (U.P)-Sen. Estes Kefauver announced today that he will enter the Democratic presidential primary in Ohio. In statement released through his office here, the Tennessee Democrat said: "I intend enter Ohio with slate of delegates In most of the districts and for most of the places at large. have found great support for my candidacy in Ohio . I intend to campaign in Ohio and I expect to win In Ohio." Kefauver, an avowed presidential candidate who has said he will seek the Democratic nomination whatever President Truman may do, picked Ohio as the third state in which he is entering a presidential primary. IN ILLINOIS TOO Already entered in Illinois, he has announced that he also plans to go into California's primary. Kauver's move in Ohio came in the face of reports that proTruman Democrats want to elect an Ohio slate of delegates pledged to former Sen. Robert J. Bulkley AS "favorite son" candidate . Kefauver named a three-man committee to handle his petitions in Ohio. It included Rep. Wayne Hays, who represents the state's 18th Congressional District; Timothy Hogan of Cincinnati and Herbert Duffy of Columbus. Kefauver is the only Democrat now entered- in the Illinois preferential primary April 8 as a result of the withdrawal yesterday of. Sen . Brien McMahon who said he wants to see Mr. Truman re-elected. But well-informed source predicted that Democratic nattonal convention delegates from strategic will vote for Gov. Adial E. Stevenson as son" candidate: SABOTAGE OF HUGE RESERVOIR CHARGED TO ARAB TERRORISTS Tuns, Tunisia (U.P) -Arab Nationalist terrorists sabotaged the big Zaghouan reservoir today and cut telegraph and telephone wires over wide areas . Operating in the early hours of the morning the Nationalists damaged machinery of the reservoir, 30 miles south of Tunis, and opened sluices. Emergency teams of engineers started repairs at once. Officials here said that, wire ing attacks, Intended lo cripple French communications, were spreading. Tank supported French troops started cleaning up Arab terrorists in the Cap Bon Peninsula area at the. northeast extremity of Tunisia . Reinforcements streamed steadily into the country for the normal French garrison. About 2,500 men have arrived and several hundreds more, including paratroopers, were expected during the day. Sporadic outbursts of terrorism continued in Tunis and its suburbs. A conductor was injured this morning when a mob stoned a street car in the Franceville suburb. Heavily reinforced troops and police patrolled streets in cities throughout Tunisia, breaking up crowds and arresting suspects . Troops arrived in the North African French protectorate yesterday by sea, road and railroad as the Nationalist unrest eased off, possibly in 1 to a French bid for peace talks. MILES 50 SYRACUSE N. Y. NEW PA. NEWARK ELIZABETH . HARRISBURG PHILADELPHIA N. J. MD. SITE OF CRASH -The crossmark on the Newsmap shows where an American Airlines plane with 23 persons aboard crashed in Elizabeth, N. and burst into flames while attempting an instrument landing through a rain and sleet storm . The flight originated in Buffalo and was to have terminated in Newark, N. J. On Dec. 16 a plane crashed in downtown Elizabeth, about half-mile L.om this crash, killing 56. demanding war against Britain, to British establishments and the offices of Premier Musta- breaking diplomatie relations with yesterday in the Suez Canal Egyptian police were killed . tear gas bombs in at least one understood to have informed the may break off relations at any hour. SAVED FROM FLOOD WATERS -Fireman Tom Hedrich, left, pulls 13-year-old Louis Kolisar from the raging Los Angeles River which has been a torrential stream since last week's southern California flood. Louis was the last of three boys to be rescued from a group of five who attempted to ford the river. The other two made it across themselves. Heated Words Exchanged In Korean Armistice Meet Panmunjom, Korea A (UP)F- -U . Rear Admiral R. E. Libby rily told Communist truce delegate today that he WaS "getting a little too big for his britches." Libby's heated denunciation of North Korean Maj. Gen. Lee Sang Cho came during an angry exchange in the armistice subcommittee on war prisoners . United Nations Command is not here for the purpose of satisfying you," Libby told Lee. "Let that be thoroughly understood. There apparently la no limit whatsoever to your and to your rapacity and apparently there is no limit to your utter disregard the right of an individual for, individual." The Reds promised earlier in meeting to return all terned Allied civilians who "wished to return" after an armistice, but Libby said there WAS no guarantee "they will send anyone back." The Communists handed over the names of 48 non-Korean Allied civilians now held behind their lines. ey said these were all held by their side. The U . N. had asked for information on RAILWAY FIREMEN ASKED TO AGREE TO YEAR OLD PROPOSAL Washington (UP) -A pesidential Emergency Fact Finding Board recomended today that 52,000 railroad firemen agree to wage increases al and working rules changes proposed by the carriers more than a vear ago. The board said that to recommend higher wage incrase for the firemen than those in effect for 89 per cent of all railroad employes would "create new inequities" in the industry. The increases by the carriers and proposed the bo. rd offered, would give yard workers a 38 cents an hour wage hike and road men 231 cents an hour . In addition, a cost of living escalator clause would give wOr'cra more money as prices rise. The board also recommended an additional four-cent raise. when the firemen in railroad yards change to a 40-hour week. The fact finders. with only slight changes in working rules sought by the carriers . supported the railroad management position all along the line. The carriers' offer was made to the firemen and three other big operating rail unions at the White House Dec. 21. 1950. All four unions signed an agreement then but later rejected it . Since then. the biggest of the "four--the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen -has accepted the carriers' terms. board's recommendations are not binding and the union has 30 days in which to decide whether to accept. Under the Railway Labor Act, the firemen have the right to strike after the 30dav period, but the government is prepared to obtain al federal court order outlawing 8 walkout. LATE BULLETINS BULLETIN Cairo (UP)-Police fired on A mob of about 20.000 rioters massed near A police station today . The number of casualties was not Immediately known. Cairo, (UP) The Forign try announced today that Egyptian troops hav been called out to help curb rioters. TRAFFIC TICKETS New York (UP)-Traffic officers in congested Manhatten passed out A total of 453.099 summonses for parkin- violation- in 1951. an increase of 93.358 over 1950. 57 civilians last reported behind Red lines . In the truce supervision subcommittee, the Communists dean answer to the U. N. proposal of Friday for speeding up an armistice. The U. N . plan called for staff officers to begin drafting at once an agreement based on the points of a truce supervision program already accepted by both sides. Chinese Maj. Gen. Hsieh Fang asked and was given more information about the plan. Maj . Gen. Howard M. Turner of the U. N. at the same time added a fourth alternative to the three choices given the Reds Friday on how to try to break the deadlock' over airfield construction . st He suggested that the negotiators remove the disputed question from the fourth Item on their agenda and make it a new -No. 7. But he warned that the U. N. has no intention of withdrawing altogether its demand for a restriction on airfield construction during a truce . Both subcommittees will meet again at 11 a. m. Sunday (9 p. m. today e.s.t) . MOTHER WHO KILLED HER FOUR CHILDREN UNAWARE OF THE DEED Louisville, Ky. (UP) Mrs. Lois Coonan, of York, who slashed her four children to death and then tried to commit suicide, lay in hospital her today unaware both of the episode itself and the fact she will be formally arraigned on a murder charge March 21. Mrs. Coonan, the 28-year-old wife of an Army officer, was unable to talk above a whisper because she stabbed herself in the throat and swallowed disinfectant . The former Army nurse was charged with murder for slashing the throats of her four small children in their Fort Konx, home with a carving knife Jan. 16. Jaems E. Malone. chief of the Federal Bureau of Investigation field office here, said yesterday the FBI's investigation of tragedy was, "for all pratical purposes," end ed . U. S. Marshal L. E. Cranor said he had not talked with Mrs . Coonan since Tuesdav and had no immediate plans of doing so. He she wag unaware of what had happened the night her husband, 2nd Lt. Joseph Coonan, discovered the tragedy. In York. Mrs . Coonan's brotherin--law, Walter H. Strine, blamed the slayings on the unsettled life of an Army wife. Former Resident Is Dead In Huntington Mary Scott Lafon, formerly of this city died this morning at 7:20 o'clock in St. Mary's Hospital, Huntington. While in Hinton, she was employed by the Hinton Furniture Company . Brief services will be conducted at the Beard-Fischer Funeral Home in Huntington Sunday at 4 o'clock. Funeral services and burial will be held at Waitsville, Virginia, Monday afternoon at 1:30 o'clock. BOGARTS EXPECTING Hollywood (U.P)--Actress Lauren Bacall and her husband, movie tough guy Humphrey Bogart, say they expect their second child in August. The couple, married May 21, 1945, has a boy, Stephen, 3. NAIL STILL THERE Clinton, LI . (UP)-Sixty-five year old James Gregory, swallowed 8 lathing nail while lathing and plastering a house 26 years ago. Gregory. still har the nail. An xray showed itl odred in the chest area. Doctords said it was BLASTS D . C. Evangelist Billy Graham, seen with Bible in hand on the steps of the Capitol, says he is "disgusted and nauseated" by the moral corruption he has discovered during his spiritual crusade in Washington. The 33-year-old revivalist, now. preaching to audiences there, calls the capital the most sinful city he has ever seen. GOVERNOR SAYS RACE FOR SUCCESSOR STILL WIDE OPEN IN STATE Parkersburg, W . Va. (UP) Gov. Okey L. Patteson said again today that he is "inclined to be partial" toward state Attorney General William C. Marland for the Democratic nomination for governor, but admitted that "this thing is wide open." Patteson made the statement in A recorded telephone interview which was broadcast over Parkersburg radio station WCOM . Newscaster H. B. Kenny asked the chief executive about his preferences in the gubernatorial race. "There are those who think the governor should not have a Patteson said. However, he said he agreed with a Parkersburg newspaper editorial that said governor who is not interested enough in his successor to at least be for someone wouldn't be worth is weight in salt." "I don't want to be in the position of endorsing anyone, but for sometime now I been sitting behind my desk using it more or less AS A sounding beard -waiting and listening for reaction toward various candidates." Patteson said . "I am inclined to be partial toward our very capable attorney general. I consider this an endorsement. don't, I have as much right to be for someone as any other good West Virginian," the chief executive said. "There are a lot of other good candidates." he added. "This thing is wide open . Everyone has a right to get. in the race who wants in." Although predicting West Virginia would again go "solidly Democratic," Patteson declined to go on record as being 'for or against anyone at this time." "Right now, this matter is up in the air 80 high it is impossible to make A prediction concerning the Democratic nominee," the governor said. TAFT WOULD LIKE TO RUN AGAINST TRUMAN New York (U.P)---Sen. Robert A. Taft hopes that his opponent- -if he gets the GOP presidential nomination--will be Harry S . The Ohio Republican Trumate; remark on television program last night, after an intervewer reminded him that Mr. Truman frequently has said he would like to have Taft for an opponent if he seeks re-election. That would be fine, Taft said, and "would squarely present the issues." The presidental aspirant was "fall guy" yesterday at the Circus, Saints and Sinners luncheon here and he took his hazing in good humor. In one skit, Taft was pictured arrving at the White House to take over from Mr. Truman . On the floor Wes what was supposed to be the body of Gov. Thomas E. Dewey of New York. "Dewey always said that I would gO Into the White House over his dead body," said the Taft of the skit. U . S. Ambassador Jefferson Calfery was believed to be trying to mediae and avert a diplomatic break. SHOUT FOR WAR The demonstrators, most of them students, shouted for the, preinier to "declare war" and demanded a treaty between Egypt and Russia. Some 15,000 students, including student "liberations battalions" armed with rifles, marched on the premier's office. Thousands of the demonstrators rioted in the streets . Some broke into the partly Britishowned Rivoll movie theater, smashed furniture and set it afire. Two truckloads of police fired tear gas shells to disperse the demonstrators while the fire brigade tried to quench the flames. Other demonstrators broke into the nearby Metro cinema, owned by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, smashed all the windows and also. set it afire. Shattered, charred seats were hurled into the street . Another crowd of students crashed into 8 cafe in Opera Square, drove out the patrons and smashed chairs and tables, then set them afire. A heavy column smoke billowed over the center of Cairo. Waves of demonstrators converged on the Premier's office from- all sections of Cairo, chanting "Forward, oh army of the people." They shouted demands for A declaration of war against Britain and a treaty with Russia, WANT RED' ALLIANCE Waltdist Deputy Hafez Shiha told one group of demonstrators outside the Premier's "There are we must officehings do -arm ourselves and have an alliance with Russia." Shiba is considered close to Premier Nahas, leader of the Walfdist party. Most of the students. dispersed peacefully after demonstrating briefly, outside Nahas' office . Affairs Minister Abdel Fattah Hassan: "Are you going to break diplomatic relations with Britain and fight Britain?" The minister replied: "Tomorrow you'll hear that the ment has taken decisions along those 'lines." press reports said the EgypunSora, cabinet already had decided to sever relations with London as result of yesterday's Anglo-Egyptian battle in Isbailia, RILEY WILSON MAKES 'HIT' WITH SUMMERS COUNTY COONHUNTERS Not ohly was the Coonhunters banquet in the Memorial Building the best, but it was also the largest. attended in the 23-year history of. the event. Approximately, 250 the state persons attended from the event which was marked by the serving of excellent, food and. the telling of "tall However, the feature attraction was a 32-minute talk by Wilson, nationally known . humorist, of Charleston who kept the crowd in "stitches" from his opening remarks until the conclusion of his talk. Rev. Atkins acted as toastmaster and in addition to music furnished by Lacey family various persons in attendance were called on for short talks. Brief talks were made by Dewey, Keaton, Lieut. S . C. Ballard, Senator J. Lynn Swiger, Delegate C. D. McCormick, Judge Nickell and many others who were present . Demetris Apostolon, hero of recent air crash in the Pacific was also introduced. Shortly after the dinner started i mild sensation was created when six foot, six-inch John Alley, superintendent of the Alaska Coal Company in Fayette. county. made his appearance dressed in a coonskin coat and hat. HINTON MAN ON WILS TONIGHT AT 6:30 P.M . A special' broadcast will be presented over WILS Beckley tonight at 6:30 o'clock featuring Pfc. Apostolon. Apostolon, who has received nation-wde publicity in the last week for his narrow escape from death in an airplane crash and his heroic actions immedlately following, will tell the story of the incident. A tape recording for the broadcast was made at the Daily News office Friday afternoon by Bill. Barrett. .
5269	dbpedia	2	16	https://archive.wvculture.org/history/collections/manuscripts/ms83-4.html	en	West Virginia Medical Society Collection			[ "https://archive.wvculture.org/images/Gif/pixel.gif", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/archives/test57.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Ms83-4 Descriptive Summary Title: West Virginia Medical Society Collection Span Dates: 1922-1981 Bulk Dates: 1932-1980 ID No: Ms83-4 Creator: Extent: 4 boxes Language: English Repository: West Virginia State Archives, Charleston, WV Abstract: Arranged chronological with a time span of 1922-1981, this collection comprises the business and legal papers of the Society. Also contained in this collection are biographical materials regarding many of the organizations members. Several governors letters are also contained therein. Administrative Information Donor: Transfers: Preferred Citation: [item, collection number], West Virginia Medical Society Collection, West Virginia State Archives, Charleston, WV. Processors: Historical Note: The West Virginia Medical Society composed of Black Physicians, Dentists and Pharmacists was organized in 1905. Certificate of Incorporation was received on July 28, 1949. The objects and purposes of the Society shall be to extend medical, dental and pharmaceutical knowledge and advance to the allied education, to secure the enforcement of just medical laws; to promote friendly intercourse among physicians, dentists, and pharmacists; to guard and foster the material interests of its members, and to protect them against opposition; to assist in the preservation of the public health; and to enlighten and direct public opinion in regard to problems of these allied sciences. West Virginia Medical Society, Inc. Contents List: Box 1 Folder 1 Charter: Certificate of Incorporation, Correspondence to members regarding Incorporation, Circular regarding charter Folder 2 New & Revised Constitution: Printed copy of Constitution & By-Laws, 1952 New & Revised Constitution, 1954 New & Revised Constitution, Revised Constitution & By-Laws Folder 3 Constitution Amendments and Proposed Amendments: 1948 re: Officers & Committees, 1952 re: Officers & Committees, Proposed Amendment to Constitution regarding officers, Name title of Society be changed Folder 4 Minutes of Board of Directors 1932, June 18 Minutes 1937 Meeting 1940, October 20 Executive Board and Program and Censor Committee Report 1941, February 2 Executive Board Meeting 1945, March 4 Executive Board Meeting 1948 Business Meeting 1949 Notes to Society members from Dr. A.D. Belton 1949, May 15 Executive Committee Meeting 1950, November 5 Board of Directors Meeting 1951, February 1 Minutes of Board of Directors 1951, November 11 Minutes of Board of Directors 1954, November 21 Board of Directors Meeting 1954, June 16 See 47th Annual Session 1955 Executive Board Meeting 1958 Executive Board Meeting 1958 Business Meeting 1958, November 23 Executive Board Meeting 1959, April 19 Executive Board & Program Committee Meeting 1959, November 23 Executive Board Meeting 1959, November Executive Board Meeting 1959, December 6 Executive Board Meeting 1960, March 16 Executive Board Meeting 1960, June 15 Business Session Report 1961, June 21 Business Session Report 1961, November 12 Executive Board Meeting 1961, December 3 Executive Board Meeting 1962, June 20 Business Session 1963, April 14 Executive Board Meeting 1963, June 20 See 56th Annual Session Report 1963, November 4 Executive Board Meeting 1963, December 15 Executive Board Meeting 1964, April 12 Executive Board Meeting 1965, February 7 Joint Meeting of Executive Committee and Auxiliary Meeting 1967, May 21 Joint Meeting of Executive Committee and Auxiliary Meeting 1967, June 21 Business Meeting 1968, February 4 Executive Board Meeting 1969, March 30 Executive Board Meeting 1970, November 1 Executive Board Meeting 1972, January 9 Executive Board Meeting 1972, April 9 Executive Board Meeting 1972, November 12 Executive Board Meeting 1973, June 20 Executive Board Meeting 1973, June 23 Executive Board Meeting 1974, October Executive Board Meeting 1975, May 18 Executive Board Meeting 1975, November 19 Executive Board Meeting 1976, April 11 Executive Board Meeting 1976, June 3 Executive Board Meeting Folder 5 Resolution Committee Reports 1931 (?) Report made at 25th Session 1932 Report 1936 Report 1936 Report 1940 Report 1942 Report 1943-44 Report 1946 Resolution requesting an auxiliary sanitarium for the early treatment of Negro tubercular patients (2 copies) Folder 6 Budget Requests & Proposals: Lakin State Hospital Budget Request for the Biennium 1951-52 and 1952-53, Budget Study: Proposal and Problems Involved Folder 7 Annual Session Reports June 16, 1954 June 15-16, 1955 (2 copies) June 20-21, 1956 (2 copies) June 19-20, 1957 (2 copies) June 18, 1958 June 17, 1959 52nd Meeting June 15, 1960 (2 copies) June 21, 1961 (2 copies) June 20, 1962 (2 copies) June 20, 1963 (2 copies) June 20, 1964 (2 copies) June 25, 1965 June 20, 1968 (2 copies) June 19, 1969 June 11, 1970 June 17, 1971 June 18, 1972 June 21, 1973 June 19, 1975 June 3, 1976 June 16, 1977 Folder 8 Committee Reports 1940 Finance Committee 1946 Publication Committee 1947 Executive Committee 1948 Time & Place Committee 1954 Resolution Committee 1954 Publicity Committee 1954 Board of Censors Committee 1958 Auditing Committee 1960 Public Health Economic & Public Relations Committee 1960 Publicity Folder 9 Legislature Committee Reports Report June, 1943 Report 1950 Report June, 1961 Report 1963 Report June, 1965 Report 1967 Report 1972 Report June, 1973 Resolution submitted to Legislature Committee regarding establishment of another Institution for treatment of tuberculosis of the Negro in the State of WV Folder 10 Miscellaneous Reports 1922 Report to WV State Board of Control regarding selection of a site for WV State Colored Tuberculosis Sanitarium Report of WV Medical Society Committee to State Board of Control regarding Examination and recommendations of WV State Colored Tuberculosis Sanitarium. Report: Community, non-profit Hospital. A Probable Solution To The Negro Medicos and Their Patients For Hospital Facilities In Southern WV 1948 Program Of The Federal Hospital Survey and Construction Act 1955 Report on the Current Status of Denmar Sanitarium Report: Lakin State Hospital and Its Future Report on Status of Denmar Sanitarium Folder 11 Addresses Speeches Presidents Address to 62 Annual Session Address by President C. B. Payne made at the 37th Annual Meeting Dr. J. H. Boulwane Address to Society President J. E. Browns Address to Society President Martins Address 1963 President J. E. Martin Address President Elect Dr. D. T. Murray address to members of Flat Top Medical Society Dr. T. Manual Smith address to Society 1948 Speech Trends in Modern Drugs by R. B. Alphram at 41st Annual Session Speech by Dr. Joseph Horsham Address by Dr. J. P. Wade to Society, Auxiliary & Guest Clinicians Introduction of President Nelson Folder 12 List of Officers & Committees, Committee Reports re: Membership 1915-1952 List of Officers of WV Medical Society 1960-1961 Committee Appointments Board of Censors Legislative Committee Public Health, Economics and Public Relations Program Committee Liaison Committee Social Committee Budget Committee Publicity Committee Report of Executive Committee regarding applicants for membership List of Committees and Members Board of Censor Legislative Committee Public Health & Economics and Public Relations Program Committee Social Time and Place Budget Committee Publicity 1963-1964 Committee Appointments Board of Censors Legislative Committee Public Health, Economics & Public Relations Programs Committee Liaison Committee Social, Time and Place Committee Budget Committee 1972 Committees Board of Censors Legislative Committee Publicity Committee Budget Committee Social, Time and Place Committee List of Committees Board of Censors Committee Legislative Committee Public Health Committee Program Committee Liaison Committee Social Time and Place Committee Budget Committee Publicity Committee Financial Members of WV Medical Society 1958 Members Paying Dues Folder 13 Membership Applications List of Physicians and Surgeons H. B. Anderson J. S. Bacoats G. G. Becks James M. Bell A. David Belton Alexander V. Boston Milton Butts V. Allen Christian Fred Crawford, Jr. B. F. Davis, Sr. DuPont Evans W. M. Hall H.C. Hargrove (?) P. R. Higginbottham Harold Harvey C. A. Jackson/Johnson Max E. Johnson Simon O. Johnson R. C. Jones Royal Keene J. C. Kingslow Thomas T. Lewis Charles H. Laws Townsend G. Lowe Caesas L. Marshall J. Ernest Martin James H. Nelson, Jr. A. B. Payne Jay Hugh Primus Luther Robinson Margaret Louise Thomas E. B. Thompson H. J. Trice Henry Whisker James M. Whitico W. M. Wright Eugene Youngue Folder 14 Membership Dues Records Harry Anderson, Mt. Hope, WV C. B. Anderson, Mt. Hope, WV A. S. Adams, Huntington, WV S. J. Baskerfield, Charleston, WV G. A. Banks, Wheeling, WV J. Samuel Bacoats, Parkersburg, WV G. G. Becks, Beckley, WV A. D. Belton, Beckley, WV James E. Boozer, Huntington, WV Alexander V. Boston, Virgie, KY James Milton Hall, Lakin, WV Milton A. Butts, Beckley, WV J. D. Butler, Montgomery, WV W. A. Brown, Jr., Keystone, WV W. A. Brown, Sr., Bluefield, WV J. E. Brown, Keystone, WV A. H. Brown, Charleston, WV R. L. Bradford, Charleston, WV J. H. Boulevare, Zanesville, Ohio S. J. Bampfield, Denmar, WV Benjamin F. Clark, Charleston, WV Fred Crawford, Jr., Williamson, WV N. L. Collins, Beckley, WV Walter Lee Colson, Welch, WV M. M. Conliffee, Fairmont, WV E. M. Craighead, Kimball, WV H. D. Clark, Williamson, WV V. Allen Christian, Lester, WV R. E. Carter, Beckley, WV J. S. Carter, Logan, WV J. S. Caldwell, Gary, WV B. A. Critchlow, Charleston, WV R. Lorenzo Carter, Charleston, WV O. E. Davis, Beckley, WV J. M. Davis, --------------------- DeWayne Davis, Charleston, WV Benjamin F. Davis, Fairmont, WV _______Dorrell, Fairmont, WV L. E. Drew, Williamson, WV DuPont A. Evans, Beckley, WV W. K. Elliott, Huntington, WV H. Elliott, Logan, WV W. R. Franklin, Huntington, WV T. R. Gravely, Charleston, WV Robert Gunn, Huntington, WV J. M. Grandison, Lester, WV W. W. Goens, Bluefield, WV L. R. Howe, --------------------- R. J. Howard, Beckley, WV P. G. Howard, Keystone, WV Joseph Horsham, Charleston, WV J. A. Hopkins, Cedar Grove, WV C. F. Hobson, Charleston, WV C. R. Hilton, Charleston, WV P. R. Higginbotham, Bluefield, WV J. E. Hereford, Morgantown, WV C. O. Henry, Huntington, WV Chester Hedgeman, Lakin, WV Harold Harvey, Charleston, WV A. L. Harris, Charleston, WV H. C. Hargrove, East Beckley, WV Maceo Hamlin, Wheeling, WV W. M. Hall, Charleston, WV E. L. Johnson, Huntington, WV Maurice Johnson, Lakin, WV Clinton Jackson, Charleston, WV J. R. Jones, Charleston, WV Simon O. Johnson, Lakin, WV Walter Johnson, Covington, VA R. L. Jones, Charleston, WV Max E. Johnson, Denmar, WV Royal D. Keene, Weirton, WV C. H. Laws, Hinton, WV Hughlin Lewis, Charleston, WV Townsend G. Lowe, Montgomery, WV W. C. Lawrence, Montgomery, WV T. T. Lewis, Bluefield, WV P.A. Lindsay, Charleston, WV E. A. Meade, Montgomery, WV J. E. Martin, Bluefield, WV A. M. Moore, Lakin, WV W. D. Morris, Charleston, WV D. T. Murray, Keystone, WV H. H. Moats, Clarksburg, WV Caesar L. Marshall, Bluefield, WV Thomas Mitchell, Charleston, WV J.H. Nelson, Denmar, WV R. L. Perkins, ------------------ Jay Hugh Primus, Virgie, KY C. B. Payne, Charleston, WV A. G. Rawlins, Denmar, WV Luther Robinson, Lakin, WV C. A. Rogers, Bluefield, WV J. W. Shellcroft, Parkersburg, WV S. A. Smith, Huntington, WV D. E. Smith, Charleston, WV A. A. Staples, Bluefield, WV A. L. Spaulding, Charleston, WV Margaret L. Thomas, Welch, WV E. B. Thompson, Williamson, WV H. J. Trice, Clarksburg, WV James P. Wade, Northfork, WV William Washington, Montgomery, WV R. G. Warren, Williamson, WV Henry Whisaker , Bluefield, WV J. M. Whittico, Williamson, WV Dr. ________William, Clarksburg, WV L. Z. Wright, Welch, WV Thomas B. Wright, Huntington, WV W. M. Wright, Bluefield, WV E. L. Youngue, Lakin, WV Folder 15 Biography-Curriculum Vitaes Barrington B. Barnes Mildred Mitchell Bateman Annis M. Behnam Charles R. Byrd John F. Francis Perry Futterman Norman H. C. Griffiths Rufus Hairston K. Albert Harden Judson C. Hickey Richard E. McCray, Jr. Ernest D. Martin Harold B. Martin W. C. Moorman J. H. Nelson Thomas J. Pinson Gerald P. Rodman Folder 16 Memoriums Marcus F. Wheatland, 1947 H. T. Elliott, 1958 Oscar E. Davis, 1958 T. T. Lewis, 1960 C. H. Laws, 1962 Norman L. Collins, 1963 William D. Morris, 1966 DuPont A. Evans, 1971 J. E. Martin, 1973 J. M. Whittico, 1975 Joseph Horsham, 1979 Aubrey L. Harris, Sr., 1980 J. C. Kingslow, 1980 Charles B. Payne, ----- Dr. William M. Wright, Obituary Memorial service of Dr. H. T. Elliott Funeral service of Dr. Joseph Jones On death of Dr. Joseph Jones Death of Dr. J. C. Kingslow Eulogy for Dr. C. A. Rogers On death of Dr. C. A. Rogers Obituary of Dr. C. A. Rogers Obituary of Dr. William M. Wright Funeral Service of Dr. Eugene Youngue, Sr. On death of Dr. Eugene Youngue, Sr. Resolution on death of Dr. Eugene Youngue, Sr. Box 2 Folder 1 Correspondence, 1933-1939, Letters Received Folder 2 Correspondence, 1940-1943, Letters Received Folder 3 Correspondence, 1944-1948, Letters Received July 12, 1946, Governor Clarence Meadows to Dr. A. D. Belton July 28, 1945,Governor Clarence Meadows to Dr. A. D. Belton Folder 4 Correspondence, 1949-1953, Letters Received March 28, 1950 Governor Okey L. Patteson to Dr. A. D. Belton December 18, 1953 Governor William C. Marland to A. D. Belton Folder 5 Correspondence, 1954-1959, Letters Received June 14, 1954 Governor William C. Marland to Dr. D. T. Murray May 5, 1959 Governor Cecil Underwood to Dr. A. L. Harris July 13, 1959 Senator Robert C. Byrd to Dr. J. H. Nelson August 13, 1959 Senator Robert C. Byrd to Dr. J. H. Nelson Folder 6 Correspondence, 1960-1966, Letters Received Folder 7 Correspondence, 1967-1981, Letters Received Folder 8 Correspondence, 1938-1947, Letters Received Folder 9 Correspondence, 1942-1944, Letters Received Folder 10 Correspondence, 1945-1949, Letters Received Folder 11 Correspondence, 1950-1955, Letters Received Folder 12 Correspondence, 1956-1962, Letters Received Folder 13 Correspondence, 1963-1979, Letters Received Folder 14 Correspondence, Telegrams Folder 15 Annual Sessions Printed Programmes 1938 June 22-24 1939 June 21-23 1940 June 19-21 1941 June 25-27 1942 June 24-26 1943 June 23-35 1944 June 21-23 1945 -------------- 1946 June 26-28 1947 -------------- 1949 June 29-July 1 1950 June 21-23 1951 June 20-22 1952 June 18-20 1953 June 17-18 Folder 16 Annual Sessions Printed Programmes 1954 June 16-18 1955 -------------- 1956 June 20-21 1957 June 19-20 1958 June 18-19 1959 June 17-18 1960 June 15-16 1961 June 21-22 1962 June 20-21 1963 June 19-20 1964 June 17-18 1965 June 25-26 1966 June 16-18 1967 June 21-23 1968 ------------- 1969 June 19-21 1970 June 11-13 1971 Annual Report June 18 Program June 17-19 1972 June 22-24 1973 ------------- 1974 ------------- 1975 1976 1977 June 16-18 1978 June 1-3 Folder 17 Clippings Dr. Sines Installation as President at 62nd Annual Meeting James Whittico Speaks at 62nd Session Dr. Gerald Rodman Speaks at 58th Session Editorial A. M.A. W.V. Medical Journal Dr. Douglas Murray commended Folder 18 Membership Certificates Box 3 - Financial Folder 1 Corporation License Tax Return; Statements of Corporation Officers Folder 2 Disbursements (see: also Black Notebook) Folder 3 Insurance Premium Receipts Folder 4 Bank Statements and deposit slips Folder 5 Canceled Checks (see: also Black Notebook) Folders 6-8 Receipts Folder 9 WV Department of Employment Security, Correspondence & Employers, Initial Statement Box 4 - National Medical Association Folder 1 Constitution & Correspondence, 1932-1968 Folder 2 Correspondence & Miscellaneous Material, 1969-1981 Folder 3 National Pharmaceutical Association Correspondence, 1950-1968 Folder 4 National Dental Associations Constitution; Mountain State Dental Assistant Society History Folder 5 National Dental Association Correspondence, 1951-1979 Folder 6 National Dental Association Miscellaneous Material
5269	dbpedia	0	58	https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/4212787/winter-2010-2011-kappa-sigma-fraternity	en	Winter 2010-2011 - Kappa Sigma Fraternity	https://www.yumpu.com/en…book/4212787.jpg	https://www.yumpu.com/en…book/4212787.jpg	[ "https://assets.yumpu.com/release/9AmF671O0aR9zQ4/v5/img/logo/Yumpu_Logo_RGB.png", "https://assets.yumpu.com/release/9AmF671O0aR9zQ4/v5/img/account/document_privacy_modal/step1.png", "https://assets.yumpu.com/release/9AmF671O0aR9zQ4/v5/img/account/document_privacy_modal/step2.png", "https://img.yumpu.com/4212787/1/500x640/winter-2010-2011-kappa-sigma-fraternity.jpg", "https://assets.yumpu.com/v4/img/avatar/female-200x200.jpg", "https://img.yumpu.com/8138983/1/190x255/like-son-kappa-sigma-fraternity.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/6967645/1/190x255/aekdb-record-breaking-results-kappa-sigma-fraternity.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/5516618/1/190x255/view-pdf-version-13-mb-kappa-sigma-fraternity.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/4187649/1/190x260/2007-man-of-the-year-brother-alan-mulally-kappa-sigma-fraternity.jpg?quality=85", "https://assets.yumpu.com/release/9AmF671O0aR9zQ4/v5/img/logo/yumpu-footer2x.png", "https://assets.yumpu.com/v5/img/footer/worldmap-retina.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "kappasigma.org", "john", "robert", "william", "kappa", "james", "chapter", "brothers", "sigma", "university", "with", "winter", "fraternity", "www.kappasigma.org" ]	null	[ "Yumpu.com" ]	null	Winter 2010-2011 - Kappa Sigma Fraternity	en	https://assets.yumpu.com…icon-favicon.png	yumpu.com	https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/4212787/winter-2010-2011-kappa-sigma-fraternity	Attention! Your ePaper is waiting for publication! By publishing your document, the content will be optimally indexed by Google via AI and sorted into the right category for over 500 million ePaper readers on YUMPU. This will ensure high visibility and many readers! Inappropriate You have already flagged this document. Thank you, for helping us keep this platform clean. The editors will have a look at it as soon as possible.
5269	dbpedia	1	55	https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/667569439/	en	Hinton Daily News from Hinton, West Virginia	https://img.newspapers.c…00.jpg?cs=&fill=	https://img.newspapers.c…00.jpg?cs=&fill=	[ "https://www.newspapers.com/static/i/logo-endorsed.svg", "https://www.newspapers.com/i/logo-lg.png", "https://img.newspapers.com/img/thumbnail/667569439/300/400.jpg?cs=&fill=" ]	[]	[]	[ "Hinton Daily News", "Hinton", "West Virginia", "newspaper", "newspapers", "obituaries", "marriages", "articles", "headlines", "historical news", "history", "archives", "genealogy" ]	null	[]	1952-06-16T00:00:00	Get this Hinton Daily News page for free from Monday, June 16, 1952 Temperature Yesterday 96 Alinimum Last Night 68 At Noon Today 90 50th Year, No.. Edition of Hinton Daily News	en	/i/newspapers-icon.svg	Newspapers.com	https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/667569439/	Temperature Yesterday 96 Alinimum Last Night 68 At Noon Today 90 50th Year, No. 38 FLOGGING GIVEN NEW ENGLAND MAN IN PUBLIC Wilmington, Del. (UP)---John P. Barbeieri 30 flinching at every stroke of the. cat, 'o nine tails, received 20 lashes on his bare back today in Delaware's first public flogging in three years . Barbeieri, sentenced to the flogging after he pleaded guilty to beating Mrs. Belle Davis, 59, last April 18, made DO outcry during seconds it took to carry out the sentence. He walked from a small shed after the flogging to the prison infirmary, where he two" will while be a his patient bruisday or es are treated. Then he will begin a six month jail sentence. There was no blood drawn during the lashing by Warden Elwood Wilson who delegated himself to the unpleasant duty of inflicting! the lashes . Wilson, who explained to reporters that "you can cut man in two with this whip," said the flogging was made as "humane as possible by starting at the shoulders, working down to the waist and then up again" to avoid tearing at any 'particular spot. Barbieri, previously convicted of beating his former wife, WaS led through a small tunnel to the Newcastle County Workhouse courtyard where the lashing took place. Only persons, inclading an official party of six, were present as he was shackled to angle irons in A small shed and the of the court was read to him. Wilson then stepped forward and administered the lashes straightarmed, without bending the elbow, with a whip of nine half-inch flat leather straps attached to half a broom handle. Barbieri sagged several times as the lashing continued . Then he was led to the workhouse. Some welts and bruises were apparent as ewas led away. 'WHOLESALE FRAUD' CHARGE PINNED ON OFFICIALS BY HOLT Parkersburg, W. Va. (U.P) -Top state officials, including Gov . Okey L. Patteson, are directly responsible for "wholesale fraud" in the May 13 primary election, Republican gubernatorial candidate Rush D. Holt. charged in his first major campaign address here. Holt told 100 delegates at the West Virginia Young Republican convention Saturday the "corruption" originated in the "state capitol among high state "It is the most sordid story of election debauchery in this country's he said . "Those who did the dirty work were under orders and instructions of higher ups. Okey Patteson planned the whole thing." The U. S. senator from Weston said the Republican party has only to arouse public opinion to win the November election. "I will win this election and God will help me do it," he declared . Holt listed 12 "indictments" against the state administration, which he said has "no morals or scruples" "will do anything to remain in power." Among other things, he said it "squandered millions of dollars without building roads, put the dollar sign on every piece of state busiess, but politics in state mental institution, failed our municipalities, and accepted support from organized, crime." their closing session, the Young Republicans re-elected Roger Morgan, Huntington, as president, and A. C. Cunningham, Welch, as one of four vice presidents. The new presidents are Tom R. Wilson Beckley; June Carto, Morgantown, and Rachel Hardman, Charleston . Robert J. Martin, Keyser, was elected secretary treasurer. ROTARIANS TO WORK IN BUSINESS ALLEYS Hinton Rotarians will don overalls and go to work in the alleys the business section of Hinton Tuesday evening at 6:15, to help in the Clean up-Paint up-Fix Up campaign which continuing this week. The local Rotes, instigators of the present drive, were assigned this task by the executive committee, and they ask that business houses having trash to dispose of place it at rear of their store and trucks of the Hinton Furniture Co, and Virginia ElecAstric and Power will pick it up and haul it to the city dump. Rotary Committeemen Fred Maddy, Frank Boone, and Stan Newton also have been advised by Mayor Andrew Hopkins that material has been ordered and is enroute with which broken pavements in the alleys will be repaired as soon as possible . HOLT DARES MARLAND TO DEBATE CAMPAIGNS Weston, W. -Republican gubernatorial candidate Rush D. Holt today challenged William C. Marland, Democratic candidate for governor, to debate campaign issues "on the platforms of the state of West Virginia." Holt referred to a speech last Friin which Marland said "it would day, helpful if we conduct this campaign by debating statesmanlike proposals for the welfare of West Vir- ginia." "I agree," Holt said. "And I challenge Mr . Marland for such a series of debates in the major cities of the state." "I await with great interest his Holt said. In Charleston, Marland's campaign headquarters said he was of town and not immediately available for comment. HINTON MEMBER OF UNITED PRESS CONCRETE, NOT ABSTRACT ART-Edward Coffey, of Linville, N. puts the finishing touches on his concrete bust of President Truman. Using only ordinary sidewalk cement and a chisel, he has also created likenesses of General MacArthur, left, and General Eisenhower, at right . Rail Strike Ties UpNew YorkCity New York (U.P) Striking Long Island Rail Road engineers shut down the nation's largest passenger railroad a.m. today. The flash strike stranded 300,000 commuters and thousands of returning weekenders and touched off one of the biggest rush hour traffic jams In history. The railroad the only one serving 120-mile-Long Island jutting into the Atlantic. The city Board of Transportation put all available subway trains into service and ran extra busses for the feeder lines in Queens and Brooklyn . Local Long Island bus lines switched their routes to shuttle travelers in a frantic relay between communities in an effort to reach the city. Taxi drivers loaded up at fixed prices per head and thousands of private automobiles poured into the parkways colossal traffic snarl. The morning was hot and steamy. The road's engineers went on strike in a long dispute complicated the recent settlement of the nation-wide dispute and the return of the roads from presidential seizure. Ross Barr of the National Mediation Board said a he understood the strike was a "wildcat," and had not been authorized by the national leadership the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers . "Everything was going 'along very nicely on Friday," he said, "and they had set Wednesday as their deadline." The 118-year-old Long Island, In federal receivership since 1949, carries nearly one-fifth of all the commuter railroad passengers in the United States. The road provides the sole ling between New York City and hundreds of Long Island communities populated largely. by commuters. Stranded with them this morning were thousands returning from weekends at Long Island beaches and country homes. DEMOCRATS DESTINED FOR MAJORITY WINS, CONVENTION ASSURED Clarksburg, W . Va. (U.P.) -The West Virginia Young Democratic convention was told that all the Democratic candidates for state offices will win by "majorities of more than 100,000" November. The prediction made by Sen. wain Matthew M. Neely, who . addressed the convention Saturday along with Sen. Harley M. Kilgore, Reps. Cleveland Bailey, Harley O. Staggers and M . G. Burnside, and members of the state Board of Public Works. Neely blasted Rush D. Holt, Republican candidate for governor, AS "that political renegade" and "the champion political liar of West Virginia." Neely also lashed out at Gen. Dwight D . Eisenhower and Sen. Robert A. Taft the leading candidates for the GOP presidential nomination. the closing session of the convention, delegates electthree Charles Huntington, as president, succeeding Jack Manley, Fairmont. Other officers elected were Mrs . Margaret Ashby, Parkersburg, vice president; W. W. Barron, Elkins, secretary, and Harry Bell, Wheelig, treasurer. Mrs. Betty Sammons, Fairmont, was named national committeewoman and William C . Changes Ridgeview, Boone County, was chosen national committeeman. Jack Dillon of Hinton was named to the Democrat State Executive Committee. HEAT WAVE KEEPS LAKE CROWD DOWN. Excessive heat greatly reduced usual week-end crowds at the the Blueston dam Saturday and Sunday, as U. S . Engineers reportless than a 2,000 persons on the lake for the two days. A high temperature of 96 degress was registered here Sunday, and it is expected to go as high or higher today with no relief promised for next several days. A total the, 926 persons fished in the lake Saturday and Sunday, sightseers, picnickers and boaters brought the total number of visitors to 1,996. While the crowds at the lake were reduced the number of swimmers all along both rivers WAS greatly increased, however, it was impossible to get an accurate count. DAILY Of The Bluestone Hinton, W . Monday June Library, NEW Virginia W. AND KING FEATURES Mostly fair tonight, low 70 to 74. Penday rather cloudy and quite followed by scattered Corms and becoming night, Weather 'Home BRAINS TO HELP SOLVE PROBLEMS-IKE Denver, (UP) Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower said today he may lack answers to a lot of the nation's specific problems but he does possess "a determination to approach these problems with the help of the finest brains in the country." Speaking to a convention of farm and agricultural editors, Eisenhower remarked that he had been asked numerous questions requiring specific answers . "I have freely confessed I do not have that kind of answer," he said. "The most that I have is a determination to approach these problems in the country." His appearance before the farm editors WAS Eisenhower's first Denver speech since his arrival here yes terday to establish his pre-convention campaign headquarters at the Brown Palace Hotel. He told the editors he was not going to 'try to claim a close relationship with you." Gov. Dan Thornton, a Colorado cattle raiser, introduced the general to the editors at a breakfast, had to Eisenhower's "Hereford "I have an interest in one heifer in fessed. "We're expecting the General this year's con- I increase today . 'The only other relationship I might claim with you is that my wife and I have a farm in Pennsyl-1 vania. But this has been of a dream than an actuality." After his appearance before the farm editors, Eisenhower planned to take the rest of the day off. Earlier, he cancelled a scheduled news conference. STRICKLING SERVICES TODAY IN HUNTINGTON Huntington, W. Va . Funeral services will be held today for C. W. (Bill) Strickling, 58, president of the West Virginia Bar Association, who died unexpectedly of a heart attack at his home here Saturday. Strickling, also a member of the state Judicial Council and one of the best known practicing attorneys in this area, was prominent in state high school athletic circles. He became ill about two weeks ago, but returned to work two days before his death . He came home from his office Saturday, complained of feeling "tired," and died a short time later. Strickling was born in Middlebourne, but had lived here since 1908. He was graduated from Marshall College and received his law degree at the University of Virginia in 1916. He set up a law practice here after serving in World War I. He served as Huntington city attorney from 1922 to 1925 and was associated with the firm of Fitzpatrick, Strickling, Marshall and Huddleston at the time of his death . He had been a member of the judicial council for three years and wag elected president of the bar association last August. Strickling is survived by his widow, Mrs. Bonnelle Strickling, and two daughters, Bonnelle and Lynn. MIAMI BRACES ITSELF FOR SHRINER OUTING braced itself today for A visit by 60,000 of the nation's gayest frolickers AS Shriners opened their biggest convention here since fabulous 1928. Already teeming with red-fezzed funmakers wearing tropical "Truman" shirts, Miami made room for another 53 special trainloads pected by the Grand Imperial Council session tonight . Despite a tight lid on all forms of gambling the influx of drifters was enough in evidence for Sheriff J. B. Henderson to issue the Shriners a warning to be wary of sneak crap and roulette games. They considered a program of rehabilitating the Shriner's hos' pitals for crippled children. Miami, Fla . (U.P.) This fun city Lake" 16, 1952 NICA I DEMONSTRATION BY COMMIES IS HELD IN CHECK 50,000 Troops Guard Gen. Ridgway In Rome HARRIMAN SAYS TRUMAN OKEHS HIS CAMPAIGN Washington (U.P)W. Averell Harriman' reported to President Truman today on his quest for the Democratic presidential nomination and said Mr. Truman praised his campaign as "tops." 'The President said that what I was doing was tops and to keep on fighting, after I told him was campaigning without compromise on the New Deal and Fair Deal principles," Harriman said. "The President said no candidate could run on the Democratic ticket who did not support those principles because they were the principles that made our country prosperous and improved conditions of all the people." The 60-year-old mutual security director said this did not constitute an endorsement of his candidacy by Mr . Truman. But speaking entirely for himself, he said, "I'm the only one who has come out four-square on all of the issues in support of the New Deal and Fair Deal." After the preferential primary in the District of Columbia tomorrow, Harriman, will through leave on the another middle cam- west and the Pacific Northwest. While Harriman was talking to the President, Sen. Estes Kefauver D-. Tenn . walked through the Negro section of the Capital, handshaking and seeking votes for himself in the Capital primary. As the only Democratic presidential contender who has gone down the line for Mr. Truman's foreign and domestic policies, Harriman has high hopes of winning a presidential blessing for his candidacy at, if not before, the Democratic convention in Chicago next month. If Harriman picked up any delegate strength on his tours, it has not been made known in public declarations. The United Press tabulation of delegate standings, based on pledges and known first-ballot commitments, showed Harriman today just where he was a month with delegates, nearly all of them from his home state of New York . Sen. Estes Kefauver of Tennessee leads with 252. It takes 616 delegate votes to win the nomination. TRIPLE SLAYING AT I LOGAN RESULTS IN SUSPECT QUESTIONING Logan, W. Va . (U.P.) -Police questioned Jack White, Mingo County, today in connection with A triple slaying in a one-room shack on lonely wooded hillside at nearby Peck's Mills. The Logan detachment of state police said White was a brother-inlaw of Lilly White, one of the victims, and was reported to have been seen in the vicinity at the time of the killing. Sgt. G. T . Davis said White had been working in Detroit, but returned to Lenore, W. recently and was living with relatives. "White is still being questioned, but we don't expect to file any charges today," Davis said. Police said they had no other clues. The murder weapon had not been found . All three of the victims had been shot in the head with either a rifle or a pistol, police said. The other victims, in addition to the 24-year-old woman, were Melvin Baisden, 75, and Ervin Schoolcraft, 52, who police said had been living with the White woman in the cabin. Ellis McCoy, a neighbor, discovered the bodies early yesterday while passing the cabin. He said he first noticed Baisden's body sprawled in the front yard. The other two bodies were found inside . Mrs. White's husband was shot to death about a year ago and police were checking the possibility that the shootings were related. Police said there also was evidence of heavy drinking. UN TRUCEMEN WARN REDS OF LONG WAR Panmunjom, Kora (UP) The United Nations warned Communist truce negotiators today that they are prolonging a "bloody and itless" war by refusing to accept Allied armistice terms. Maj . Gen. William K. Harrison, senior Allied truce negotiator, spoke seven minutes of A 22- minutes truce meeting, in which no progress was said it was "incomprehensible" the Reds would not accept the final U.N, proposal or agree to a re-screening prisoners, He again suggested a rece33 "to permit you to reconsider your tenable decision." North Korean Gen. Nam Il, using his harshest language in A week, denounced the Allied screening of prisonersc as "Illegal" and a "big fraud." He rejected once against the U. N . offer to re-screen prisoners under suprvision of a neutral agency the Communists' own after an armistice. Price 5 Cents Parties Predict Passage Of Old Age Insurance Bill Washington (UP)- Election -minded House members got a second chance today to get on record in favor of increasing. old age surance benefits by about $5 a month. Both Democrats and eRupbilcans predict that the House will pass the bill this tinte although the final vote may not be taken until tomorrow. The legislators had an agreement providing that there would be no roll cal votes today because of the Maine primary . When the bill came originally on May 19 1 it was defeated after American Medical Association protested that some of its provisions would open the way for SOcialized medicine The AMA objected to a section in the bill giving Federal Security Administrator Oscar R. Ewing specific authority select private physicians to examine disabled persons seeking to preserve their insurance penefit rights, Democrats agreed to eliminate part of the bill to which the AMA took exception. They said Ewing already has the power which th RUSSIAN MIGS DOWN NEUTRAL FLYING BOAT Stockholm, Sweden (U.P.) Two Russian-type MIG-15 jet fighter planes shot down A Swedish Flying Boat today but all seven crew members were rescued, from the Baltic Sea. Two rescued men. were wounded . Armed Swedish Air Force planes, equipped with live ammunition, had been join in the search for the plane and the men in unentnto it. It was feared at first there were no survivors of the attack on the Swedish Catalina Flying Boat over the open Baltic Sea. But the Swedish Air Force announced this afternoon that all seven crewmen had been picked up by a German freighter. Two of them had suffered bullet wounds, the Air Force communique said. The Catalina was on a mercy flight when it was attacked . It was searching for a missing Swedish Air Force "Flying Classroom" plane which disappeared over the Baltic Friday with a crew of three and five radio students. Swedes believe that both of the unarmed planes had been shot down over international waters by the Sovlet Air Force. The entire country was shocked. Newspapers angrily denounced "Rugsian pirates" and their "unheard of brutality." Premier Tage Erlander had summoned an emergency cabinet meeting. He had also summoned Russian Ambassador Constantin Dodinov to his office and delivered a stern protest . TAFT WILL CAMPAIGN FOR IKE IF DEFEATED Washington Sen. Robert A. Taft has offered to campaign for Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower if the general should win the Republican presidential nomination . The Ohio Republican made it clear, however, that he believes he already has the nomination sewed up and that Eisenhower has not gained ground in the heated race for delegates since his return from Europe. In apparent attempts to heal intra-party wounds opened by the two-way scramble for the GOP candidacy, Taft the also: 1. Said believes there are "no fundamental differences of principles" between the policies of himself and Eisenhower. 2. Offered again to "compromise" on contested delegates with Eisenhower . 3. Said he did not "pick" Gen. Douglas A. MacArthur to noter of the GOP National Convention--a move which drew. muffled protests of "steamroller" tactics from the Eisenhower camp . Taft made the statements yesteraay in an interview over the Columbia Broadcasting System's television program, "Man of Week." Taft said he has "practically 200 votes more than today," and claimed to have "nearly enough" delegates already to win the GOP nomination. The 62-year-old candidate, who has tried unsuccessfully twice before to win the GOP nomination, said if h'e is defeated this year, "I will never run for president Cedar Grove Rites For Mrs. Olmstead The Rev. H. P . Hackney, who left here Sunday night for Columbus, Ohio, to visit his ill sister, Mrs. Sarah Olmstead, had been at his sister's bedside only a few hours when Mrs. Olmstead passed The funeral will be held Wednesday afternoon at 2 o'clock in the Cedar Grove Baptist church, Cedar Grove. Surviving in addition to Dr. Hack ney is Mrs . John Voss, adopted daughter, of Columbus. bill originally proposed to spell out in specific terms. The first bill, as well as the new one, would increase benefits of the by $5 a month per cent, 4,500,000 persons now, on the rolls whichever is larger. The minimum benefit payable to retired person would be increased from $20 to a month, and the maximum benefit to a family would be increased from the present $150 to $168.75 month. The bill does not call for any increase in present social security taxes . Officials said the fund on deposit is large enough to absorb the increase in benefits without a tax The increase benefits would a become available Sept. 1, Experts said it would add some 000 to the $2,000,000 now being paid out, annually bill in would retirement permit benefits. persons on the insurance rolls to earn As much as $70 a month without forfeiting their claims to social 50- curity money. Under present law the limit on earnings is $50 month. ITALCOTT RESIDENT GREEN SCOTT, 88, SUCCUMBS SUNDAY Mr . Green Scott, 88, prominent Talcott resident died at 12:08 morning in the Hinton hospital. Death followed a cerebral hemorrhage suffered at his home June 6. Mr. Scott was preceded in death by his wife, who died March 9, 1952. Mr . Scott was born March 26, 1864 on Hungarts Creek near Talcott. A son of the late Mr. and Mra. James K. Scott, he had lived on the same farm his entire life . In his early life Mr. Scott was engaged in the timber and road building business and had become an active farmer in his later years. Mr. Scott was the last surviving member of his family and WAS a member of the Rollinsburg Baptist church at Talcott for many years. He is survived by four sons, nine daughters, '28 grandchildren, and 11 great grandchildren . Surviving are his sons, Emmett and Ben Scott of Talcott; Paul Scott of Hinton; and John Scott of Beckley. His survivig daughters include: Mrs. C. G. Wauhop, Mrs . A. R. Allen, and Mrs. H. H . Cyrus, all of Beckley; Mrs. J. R. Boone, Mrs. J . G. Rudisill, and Mrs. I. H. Boyd, all of Charleston; Mrs . H. M. Callahan of Alderson, Mrs. W. G . Mitchem of Quinnimont, and Miss Faye Scott of Talcott. Funeral services will be held Tuesday afternoon at 2:30 o'clock at the Rollinsburg Baptist church at Talcott. The Rev. Harry V. Wheeler, assisted the Rev . Earl Ward, will offer funeral services. Burial will follow in the Talcott Cemetery. The body WAS removed to the home Sunday evening from the Ronald Meadows Funeral Parlors: The body will be taken to the church one before the funeral Tuesday afternoon. Mr. Scott's grandsons will serve As pallbearers . COURT SETS JUNE 24 FOR PHONE HEARING Charleston (U.P) -The state Supreme Court today set June 24 for hearing arguments on a petition by the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Co. for permission to appeal from a Public Service Commission rate Of'der. Next week's hearing will consider only the question of whether the court should review the commission's ruling May 16, granting the company only 22 per cent of a rate increase it had sought. If an appeal is granted, the court! will schedule another hearing to recoive the main arguments of company and commission attorneys. The company has contended that the commission "erred" in four instances in its order granting a fifth post -war rate increase of $785,880 a year . The company applied last July for an increase of $3,500,000 a year. CIGARET TAX DUE Miss Roxie Brown, county clerk said this morning that cigaret and soft drink licenses are now due. After July 1, a 10 per cent penalty is assessed against persons not renewing their license. Rome (U.P.) -Gen. Matthew Ridgway flew to Rome today and unprecedented 50,000 troops and police kept a tight lid on threatened Communist demonstrations . Ridgway landed at Rome's Ciampino Airport from Paris at 11:56 m. (6:56 a. m. e.d.t) for his first spection of a member country since becoming supreme commander the North Pact armed forces. The largest concentration of police and army troop since World War II guarded the airport, the mile route from Ciampino Rome itself, and the S . embassy and other key buildings in the capital. They were under orders to move "with the utmost vigor" at the first sign of Red trouble-making. But the government's show of strength believed to have prompted Communist leaders to call off their demonstrations against -the appellation they have slapped on Ridgway line with Red charges germ warfare in Korea, the general's former co command. Communist "Partisans of Peace" at the 11th hour cancelled a scheduled demonstration against Ridgway in Rome's Plaza of the Apostels yesterday. But 360 fully-armed police were on hand at the appointed hour . Police pounced on five men they tried to plant dynamite last night under a bridge on the northoutskirts of Rome--across the city, from Clampino Airport. Two men identified by police as Communists were arrested, but the rest escaped. One hundred caribinieri soon afterward raided Communist party headquarters in the suburb of minia and seized a large quantity of propaganda leaflets and what police described 88 "important I documents." More than 40 persons also were arrested elsewhere in Italy during the night for distributing anti-Ridgway propaganda. All, police: leaves have been cancelled in Rome, Florence, Naples and Udine the duration of Ridgway's four -day visit to Italy. ROBERT EDGAR NOEL FUNERAL SERVICES WILL BE WEDNESDAY Funeral rites for Robert Edgar Noel, well known Hinton resident, who died Saturday evening at' his heart home, 419 attack, James will be street conducted following A the home Wednesday morning at ten o'clock . The Rev. Harry V. Wheeler, and the Rev. Fred B. Wyand will officiate at the service and burial will follow in the Greenbrier Burial Park . hothe body Tuesday will be morning removed at to eight the o'clock from the Barnette Funeral Home. The family requests that flowers be omitted. A son of the late Mr. Mrs. R.E Noel he WAS the owner, and operator of the Hinton Marble Works which was established in by his father . He WAs a member of St. Mark's Methodist church in Charleston, the Men's Bible class of the Charleston church and the local Elks club. Survivors include a. won. R . Noel, of Burbank, five sisters, Mrs. Hume K. Nowlan, Mrs. H. O . Graham and Miss Lula Noel all of Hinton; Mrs. F. C. Sweeney of Charleston, and Mrs. E . M. Whanger of Cleveland, Ohio; onebrother A. Noel of St. Albans. Pallbearers named for the gervice were Hume Nowlan Wayne Shuttlworth Frank Brightwell, Charles Hedrick Denver Richmond and Henry Harrison, Little Rockefeller Is Bou Millionaire Lowell, Ind . (UP)three-year-old Winthrop Rockefeller romped in the back yard of his grandparents' home here today, unaware that he is one of the nation's youngest millionaires. Winnie" is the son of beautiful. Barbara (Bobo) Rockerfeller whose storybook marriage to Winthrow Rockefeller in 1948 captivated the country with its Cinderella similarity. Bobo and her husband have beel estranged two and a half years and his attorneys announced in New York. that a $1,000,00 trust fund had been set up to provide the child with proper "mainteance and education." But Bobo scoffed at the' mount and called "inadequate." doesn't mean a thing," the former model said, "It's lot of money if you have nothing like we have she said, but it's . ipadequate if he's to be raised to the station of life that 8 Rockefeller should be be." Under theterms of the trust fund the youngster wil begin immediately to get $750 month until he's 18. Then the stipend goes to $1,200 a month until he's 30. After that he gets the incerest on the fund for the rest of his life; .
5269	dbpedia	2	20	https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/WV/ofc/gov.html	en	The Political Graveyard: West Virginia: Governors	https://politicalgraveya…ges/tpgmain6.gif		[ "https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/tpgmain6.gif", "https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/tpgsub.gif", "https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/WV/ofc/rd.gif", "https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/WV/ofc/rd.gif", "https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/WV/ofc/rd.gif", "https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/WV/ofc/rd.gif", "https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/WV/ofc/rd.gif", "https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/WV/ofc/rd.gif", "https://creativecommons.org/images/public/somerights.gif", "https://badge.facebook.com/badge/40475596932.4982.1015512377.png", "https://twitter-badges.s3.amazonaws.com/follow_us-a.png", "https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/a150X70b.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "political biography history genealogy \ncemeteries politics candidates congress senators legislators governors \npoliticians biographies ancestors mayors birthplace geography elections" ]	null	[ "Lawrence Kestenbaum" ]	null	A database of political history and cemeteries, with brief biographical entries for 320,919 U.S. political figures, living and dead, from the 1700s to the present.				null	The Political Graveyard is a web site about U.S. political history and cemeteries. Founded in 1996, it is the Internet's most comprehensive free source for American political biography, listing 320,919 politicians, living and dead. The coverage of this site includes (1) the President, Vice President, members of Congress, elected state and territorial officeholders in all fifty states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories; and the chief elected official, typically the mayor, of qualifying municipalities; (2) candidates at election, including primaries, for any of the above; (3) all federal judges and all state appellate judges; (4) certain federal officials, including the federal cabinet, diplomatic chiefs of mission, consuls, U.S. district attorneys, collectors of customs and internal revenue, members of major federal commissions; and political appointee (pre-1969) postmasters of qualifying communities; (5) state and national political party officials, including delegates, alternate delegates, and other participants in national party nominating conventions; (6) Americans who served as "honorary" consuls for other nations before 1950. Note: municipalities or communities "qualify", for Political Graveyard purposes, if they have at least half a million person-years of history, inclusive of predecessor, successor, and merged entities. The listings are incomplete; development of the database is a continually ongoing project. Information on this page — and on all other pages of this site — is believed to be accurate, but is not guaranteed. Users are advised to check with other sources before relying on any information here. The official URL for this page is: https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/WV/ofc/gov.html. Links to this or any other Political Graveyard page are welcome, but specific page addresses may sometimes change as the site develops. If you are searching for a specific named individual, try the alphabetical index of politicians. Copyright notices: (1) Facts are not subject to copyright; see Feist v. Rural Telephone. (2) Politician portraits displayed on this site are 70-pixel-wide monochrome thumbnail images, which I believe to constitute fair use under applicable copyright law. Where possible, each image is linked to its online source. However, requests from owners of copyrighted images to delete them from this site are honored. (3) Original material, programming, selection and arrangement are © 1996-2023 Lawrence Kestenbaum. (4) This work is also licensed for free non-commercial re-use, with attribution, under a Creative Commons License.
5269	dbpedia	2	36	https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/federal-reserve-bulletin-62/october-1951-21202/fulltext	en	Full text of Federal Reserve Bulletin : October 1951	https://fraser.stlouisfe…avicon-32x32.png	https://fraser.stlouisfe…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.fraser.stlouisfed.org/images/StlFedHoriz.svg", "https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.fraser.stlouisfed.org/images/FRASER-20Years_Rev.svg", "https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/images/x-logo/logo-white.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png		null	The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies. FEDERAL E SE BULLETIN OCTOBER 1951 BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM EDITORIAL COMMITTEE ELLIOTT THURSTON WOODLIEF THOMAS WINFIELD W. RIEFLER SUSAN S. BURR RALPH A. YOUNG The Federal Reserve BULLETIN is issued monthly under the direction of the staff editorial committee. This committee is responsible for interpretations and opinions expressed, except in official statements and signed articles. CONTENTS PAGE The Consumer Durable Goods Situation. 1225-1234 New Index of Output of Major Consumer Durable Goods. 1235-1240 Voluntary Credit Restraint Releases 1241-1243 Credit and Sales Reported by Regulation W Registrants. 1244-1255 Member Bank Earnings, First Half of 1951. 1256-1257 Current Events and Announcements 1257 National Summary of Business Conditions. 1258-1259 Financial, Industrial, Commercial Statistics, U. S. (See p. 1261 for list of tables) . 1261-1321 International Financial Statistics (See p. 1323 for list of tables). 1323-1341 Board of Governors and Staff; Open Market Committee and Staff; Federal Advisory Council 1342 Senior Officers of Federal Reserve Banks; Managing Officers of Branches. Federal Reserve Publications. 1343 1344-1345 Map of Federal Reserve Districts. 1346 Subscription Price of Bulletin A copy of the Federal Reserve BULLETIN is sent to each member bank without charge. The subscription price in the United States and its possessions, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Republic of Honduras, Mexico, Newfoundland (including Labrador), Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, El Salvador, Uruguay, and Venezuela is $2.00 per annum or 20 cents per copy; elsewhere, $2.60 per annum or 25 cents per copy. Group subscriptions in the United States for 10 or more copies to one address, 15 cents per copy per month, or $1.50 for 12 months. FEDERAL VOLUME 37 RESERVE BULLETIN October 1951 NUMBER 10 THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION Changes in production and sales of consumer durable goods have been important influences on over-all business developments since mid-1950. Very high rates of buying reached during the second half of 1950, accompanied by sharply advanced levels of production, were followed in the first half of 1951 by marked declines in consumer purchases. Output, although reduced after March, continued above retail sales and there was a rapid accumulation of inventories. Since mid-1951 production of consumer durable goods has been curtailed considerably further, owing partly to reduced availability of materials. At the same time retail sales have picked up moderately and inventories have shown some reduction. Production and inventories of various consumer nondurable goods have also been reduced from earlier peak levels. These shifts since the early part of the year have occurred at a time when personal incomes—reflecting expanding defense and capital equipment programs —have continued to rise moderately and have been high in relation to total retail sales, as shown in the chart. Manufacturers' list prices of most consumer goods have been maintained at the ceiling levels established in January. Wholesale price ceilings on new passenger automobiles were raised in March and again in September and now average 8 per cent higher than in January. There have been extensive OCTOBER 1951 promotions of goods at special prices, however, and these have been a factor in stimulating consumer buying during recent months. Unit purchases of durable goods and apparel have probably increased somewhat more than the dollar volume of retail sales. In the case of foods, buying and prices have been sustained at record levels. Prices of cotton, hides, and various other maPERSONAL INCOME and SALES and STOCKS of GOODS Per Cent Seasonally adjusted indexes, 1947-49=100 Per Cent ^ 120 100 1947 1949 1950 1951 NOTE.—Department of Commerce series converted to indexes on 1947-49 base by Federal Reserve. Inventories are end-of-month data. Latest figures are for August. 1225 THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION terials used mainly by the consumer goods industries declined sharply during the spring and summer from the highs reached early in the year. Since mid-September prices of materials have shown selective advances, reflecting some increase in business demands and a more restricted volume of offerings by producers. During the recent period of readjustment in consumer goods industries, activity, incomes, and expenditures in most other major sectors of the economy have been maintained or have exceeded earlier peak rates. Total industrial production in September is indicated to be only slightly below the high level of the first half of the year, as the curtailments in output of consumer goods have been largely offset by increases in production of munitions and capital equipment. While the number of new dwelling units started since March has been about one-third below the same period last year, there have been further marked increases in new plant construction. Wage rates have continued to advance, and unemployment in early September was at about the lowest level since 1945. CONSUMER DEMAND DEVELOPMENTS T h e falling off early this year in demands for consumer durable goods—notably appliances, television, and new automobiles—reflected a number of influences. Some were of a temporary character such as the pushing forward of purchases resulting from earlier fears of shortages and, for certain items, the greatly advanced levels of prices reached for a time. After such an upsurge in prices as occurred in 1950, a certain amount of buyer resistance was to be expected as the new price levels were tested—especially when it became apparent that heavy accumulations of business inventories were developing. Moreover, the establishment of general direct price con1226 trols and tighter credit conditions contributed to the abatement in demands generally. Of considerable significance also for interpretation of the reduced rate of consumer buying of goods this year was the fact that consumers had become better stocked and housed than in any preceding period. T h e accelerated rate of consumer buying after the Korean outbreak came on top of large-scale spending for goods throughout most of the period following World W a r II. This buying reflected large deferred demands and various other influences, including a rapid increase in the number of new households. Consumer expenditures for goods alone were a larger proportion of personal disposable income than at any time in the previous two decades. T h e proportion in the three years 1947-49 averaged 67 per cent as compared with a high before World W a r II of 61 per cent. Expenditures for services meanwhile remained at relatively low rates, reflecting in part Federal controls on rents and a lagging adjustment in prices of other services. This year the proportion of disposable incomes going for goods has fallen off to 61 per cent during the second and third quarters. T h e proportion spent on services has been maintained. Rents and prices of other essential services are now higher as compared with 1948 than is the case for retail prices of goods. Larger consumer outlays are necessary to service and maintain the record volume of major durable goods and housing now in the hands of consumers. These include expenditures on various miscellaneous goods, such as gasoline and parts, and on such services as repairs, insurance, and taxes. Consumer savings have increased this year, both in aggregate and as a percentage of income, and this reflects in part higher payments on consumer short-term and mortgage FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS debt. Consumers have also considerably increased their savings in liquid form as indicated, for example, in increasing time deposits and savings and loan shares. An unusual aspect of the shift in the consumer demand situation was its limited downward impact on the economy generally. While heavy inventories had accumulated and the rise in consumer incomes had slowed down, expenditures for defense and capital equipment were continuing to expand. It was widely expected that further growth in defense activity would soon result in a reversal of the situation in the consumer goods field. Increases in incomes from expanding employment and hours worked in defense activities and from further advances in wage rates were counted on to more than offset decreases resulting from reduced working time in nondefense lines, while further curtailments in consumer goods output were expected to result from material shortages. SITUATION consumer durable goods have been especially pronounced in 1950 and 1951. Output of passenger automobiles and household goods—carpets, furniture, major appliances, and radios and television—are measured by a new index shown in the accompanying chart and described in a special article on pages 1235-40. This index rose sharply in 1950 and during the second half was two-thirds above the 1947-49 average. By March 1951 output was only slightly below this advanced level and, with consumer demand for these goods sharply curtailed after February, business stocks mounted further. OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS Seasonally Adjusted, 1947-49 Average for Total '100 Points in Total Index Points in Total Index SUPPLIES OF CONSUMER GOODS The extraordinary levels of demand for consumer goods reached in mid-1950, inspired by prospects of shortages and of rising prices, resulted in a very sharp expansion in output of finished consumer goods and of materials and parts for their production—including many nondurable items as well as most durable goods. The inauguration of the expanded defense program in the summer of 1950 was widely heralded to mean marked curtailments before the end of the year in output for civilians. Contrary to these expectations, output of consumer goods was generally maintained at record levels up to the spring of this year and, despite a new wave of buying after the Chinese intervention in November, stocks of consumer goods generally continued to expand. Fluctuations in output and stocks of major OCTOBER 1951 1947 1948 1949 1950 NOTE.—Federal Reserve indexes. For description see pages 1235-40 of this BULLETIN. Latest figures shown are for August. National Production Authority limitations on use of metals for consumer goods increased in importance beginning in the second quarter; reflecting these measures as well as the accumulation of inventories, average output of major consumer durable goods began to decline and by July was 35 per cent below the high first quarter and close to the 1947-49 average. One of the most striking curtailments among these goods, and 1227 THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION one not affected by Federal material limita- able income. If there should be an abrupt tions, was in output of carpets to the lowest upturn in those demands, the present large peacetime level since the mid-thirties. Since volume of supplies of some goods would be July production of these goods generally has reduced rapidly. On the other hand, the shown little change. Production of other maintenance of recent levels of buying would consumer durable goods, as a group, usually mean that supplies would continue to be shows less fluctuation than do the major relatively ample. items. During the recent period production Market developments for passenger autoof numerous items, including small appli- mobiles and for household durable goods are ances, silverware, jewelry, and luggage, has of special significance in the consumer goods also declined considerably. Output of auto- situation. While broad changes in demand, mobile replacement parts, tires, and various output, and supplies for these two major cateother goods has been maintained. gories have been roughly similar this year, Production of consumer nondurable goods, there have been important differences in the which also showed a further marked rise last timing and degree of changes. For example, year, continued at record levels into the sec- dealers' stocks of passenger cars, though conond quarter of this year, when lagging retail siderably above earlier post-World War II sales led to sharp cutbacks in distributors' low levels, increased less relative to sales than orders. By the third quarter production of did stocks of most household goods. Partly textiles, clothing, shoes, soap, and some other as a result of this relationship, car assemblies items was reduced considerably below earlier by major producers during the third quarter peak rates. were closely in line with the reductions Manufacturers' stocks of all types of fin- ordered by NPA, while curtailments in outished goods expanded substantially further put of major metal household goods were during the second quarter, but distributors' sharper and greatly exceeded those implied holdings leveled off in May, as shown in the by material limitation orders. Developchart on page 1225. As a result of the curments in these two major classes of durable tailments in output of both durable and goods are discussed in greater detail in the nondurable goods and some pickup in retail following sections. sales, distributors' stocks declined and manufacturers' stocks of finished goods leveled off PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES in the third quarter. Passenger car output this year is expected Total business stocks of consumer goods to total about 5.4 million units, a volume at the beginning of the fourth quarter were still far above the levels prevailing before the exceeded only by last year's exceptionally Korean outbreak. Output of most of these large output of 6.7 million. During the past goods, with the major exceptions of pas- three years about 17 million cars have been senger automobiles, meat, and milk, can produced and sold. T h e number now in use be increased from reduced third-quarter is about two-thirds greater than in 1939. levels notwithstanding the expanding de- With employment and incomes high, further fense program. The general level of con- increases in the adult population and the sumer demands is also above the pre-Korean pressure to improve the general standard level, but by a smaller amount than dispos- of living have been continuing to provide 1228 FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN T H E CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION relatively large markets for both new and used cars. Current production. The National Production Authority has allotted materials for the production of 1.1 million new cars during the last quarter of this year, a rate about as high as for any fourth quarter except that of 1950. Whether this output is attained will depend partly on the actual availability of the materials allotted, particularly copper, and partly on demand expectations. Production in the third quarter almost equaled the 1.2 million cars for which materials had been authorized. Some companies, including the three major producers, made maximum use of the materials authorized but other companies curtailed production considerably because of the high levels of their dealers' stocks and because of production difficulties. Sales and stocks. Demand for new passenger cars thus far in 1951 has been considerably below the extraordinary rates reached in the buying waves of the summer and winter of last year. Inventory financing problems developed for certain makes during the second quarter as total dealers' stocks were about double the low levels prevailing in the earlier postwar years. These stocks, however, amounted to less than a month's supply at going sales rates. Dealers' stocks of new cars had increased in the autumn of 1950 from the extremely low levels of the summer. They accumulated further when output for domestic use rose in the first quarter of this year, to an annual rate of 6.8 million units in March, as shown in the chart; car sales, as approximated by registration data, showed little further rise after February when sales usually show marked seasonal increases. The rise in stocks, however, slowed down in the second quarter as output was reduced. An advance of about 3 per cent in Federal price OCTOBER 1951 NEW PASSENGER CARS Millions of Cars 10 Daily Averages at Annual Rates OUTPUT p Millions of Cars REGISTRATIONS L 1 v _ y)50 / * " * ' \1950 1 \ I 6 ^ /19V -'N -^ \ /^ 14 9? V 2 0 1 , 1 1 1 1 > > 1 > > ! J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D NOTE.—Figures derived by Federal Reserve from Automobile Manufacturers Association reports on factory sales for domestic markets and R. L. Polk and Company data on new car registrations. Registrations data for September and output data for September partly estimated by Federal Reserve. ceilings was allowed in March, but in the second quarter dealers increased trade-in allowances and made other concessions. A sharply expanded volume of exports during the first half of this year—at an annual rate of 310,000 units compared with 135,000 in 1950—was a factor in limiting the rise in domestic stocks throughout the period. Recent demand influences. After mid1951, when output was reduced further, new car sales also decreased. The decline in sales was less than in production and stocks were reduced by about the amount that they had increased earlier in the year. With stocks lower, demand for cars in early September was stimulated by expectations of impending shortages, higher ceiling prices, and increases in excise taxes, and by the relaxation of Regulation W terms on July 31 to conform with the amended Defense Production Act. Preliminary indications are that demand for new cars has decreased again since the average advance of about 5 per cent in wholesale 1229 THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION prices in mid-September. The approach of new models and other seasonal influences usually result in a decline in demand for new and used cars after Labor Day. Owing to tooling difficulties and material shortages, the period of new model change-overs may extend over a longer time than usual. Present tentative plans call for the introduction of new models beginning in late November and continuing well into next year. Another factor bearing on demand includes the limits on instalment sales terms under the Board's Regulation W. Throughout the period since its reimposition on September 18, 1950, cash sales of new cars, probably involving an increasing rate of tradeins, apparently have been maintained at higher levels than instalment sales. During the first six months of this year instalment sales were below the corresponding period a year ago while total sales were virtually unchanged. Used cars. Sales of used cars have been more active than sales of new cars in the second and third quarters, following substantial reductions in retail prices of used cars during the spring, as shown in the chart. Dealers' stocks of used cars have been reduced from the relatively high levels which had been reached in the spring as a result partly of the increased proportion of trade-in sales and of dealers' expectations that shortages of new cars would develop. Prices of used cars during 1950 reached a peak in mid-August but declined sharply thereafter and by the end of November were down about as much as might be expected seasonally from the levels just prior to the Korean outbreak. From November through February, prices showed a small counterseasonal rise. Reflecting the subsequent easing of inflationary pressures which developed in other markets and the relatively high 1230 USED CAR PRICES 1400 1200 1000 1000 1950 1951 NOTE.—Federal Reserve compilation of data from private sources based on advertised offerings of Chevrolets, Fords, and Plymouths in Sunday newspapers in 18 cities. Latest figures shown are for September 30. level of new car production, retail offering prices of late model used cars declined about $150 per unit from March to May. After May prices showed little downward movement and in early September they strengthened as new car prices were advanced. Consumer/ stoc\s. Changes in the number and distribution of automobiles in use have become of growing importance in considering shifts in demand, especially since the 1948-49 recession experienced by many other consumer goods. Reflecting output of about 24^2 million vehicles since the end of 1945 and a low scrappage rate, the number of automobiles in use on October 1 is estimated to have totaled 40 million. This is 22 per cent larger than the number in use in mid-1949. Moreover, early this year about 65 per cent of all families in the nation had one or more cars compared with 56 per cent in 1949, according to the Board's Survey of Consumer Finances, and the number of families with more than one car was increasing. Apart from their large number, an unusual FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION feature of the automobiles now in use is their age distribution. This reflects the curtailed production during the war, the limited output immediately after, and the extremely high production and demand rates of the past three years, along with the continued operation of older cars beyond the prewar customary scrappage age. By the middle of this year, about 14 million cars, or 36 per cent, were under three years of age, as compared with 27 per cent in 1949 and 29 per cent in 1939, as shown in the following table. The number 10 years of age and over was far greater than the 4 million in use in 1939. AGE HOUSEHOLD DURABLE GOODS Per Cent Per Cent Seasonally adjusted indexes, 1947-49100 >A 140 RETAIL 140 SALES I Y ^ 100 100 RETAIL, STOCKS 60 O rpuT U 140 £ 100 J \ y. r 140 100 DISTRIBUTION OF PASSENGER CARS IN U S E [Mid-year dates] Number (in millions) 1947 Per cent Age (in years) 1951 Total Under 3 3-5. 6-9 10 and over . . 1949 1939 1951 1949 1939 39.3 32.7 24.2 100 100 100 14.2 6.0 2.9 16.1 8.7 2.0 8.1 13.8 7.1 7.3 5.6 4.2 36 15 8 41 27 6 25 42 29 30 23 18 NOTE.—R. L. Polk data, with 1939 and 1949 figures regrouped and 1951 figures estimated by Federal Reserve. HOUSEHOLD GOODS Consumer demand for major household goods, particularly appliances and television, has shown very sharp shifts since the Korean outbreak. As a result, fluctuations in sales, business inventories, and output have been more marked for these goods than for passenger cars and most other consumer goods. Changes at retail stores in the value of sales and stocks of household goods are compared in the accompanying chart with the course of output—all series adjusted for seasonal variation. A breakdown of output of these goods into four major groups is shown in a chart on page 1235. Production of household goods in 1950 exceeded the postwar replenishment boom levels of 1948. Since the first quarter of this year output has declined much more than OCTOBER 1951 1948 1949 1950 1951 NOTE.—Sales and stocks indexes compiled by Federal Reserve from Department of Commerce figures for homefurnishings stores and Federal Reserve department store data for carpets and m<?s, furniture, major household appliances, and radios and television. Output index described on pages 1235—40 of this BULLETIN. Latest figures shown are: sales, September; stocks, end of August; and output, August. in the 1949 recession and the recent level is close to the low reached at that time. This sharp curtailment, together with a moderate rise in consumer buying from the reduced levels reached in May and June, has probably resulted in a decline recently in over-all business inventories of these goods—considering wholesalers and manufacturers as well as retailers. At retail stores the value of stocks of household durable goods by the end of August was 10 per cent below the May peak, reflecting in part mark-downs of goods in inventory. T h e August figure was still 40 per cent above the pre-Korean level, while the value of retail sales in August, and also September, was at about the same rate as before Korea. Retailers sharply curtailed their orders for household goods after consumer buying fell off from the January peak, and receipts of goods during the second quarter were reduced substantially. Retail sales, however, 1231 THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION did not show the usual seasonal rise during second quarter, but by August was down to the second quarter and stocks continued to about three-fifths of the average for the first increase through May. Retailers' stocks were six months of 1950, as measured by the new reduced thereafter, but stocks held by manu- weighted production index for four types facturers rose further to a point where pro- of radio sets. duction in some plants was discontinued. Since the second quarter, sales of radio and Unemployment generally was not a serious television sets have shown a much more than problem as hours of work were reduced and seasonal expansion, as shown in the chart, vacations were extended. There was also reflecting in part widespread discount sales some shift of employees to defense work in by retailers, and marked reductions in manuthe same plants or to new jobs in other plants. facturers' list prices. Also, the relaxation of The decline in consumer instalment buy- instalment credit terms effective beginning ing of household goods has also been marked July 31, by allowing trade-ins to be part of this year in contrast to the increase in other the required down payment, has been more types of instalment credit. Automobile of a sales stimulant for television and applicredit and miscellaneous personal loans out- ances than for furniture and carpets. The standing rose by a total of about 260 million recent rate of retail sales of television has dollars during the first eight months. The been above output and total stocks have remaining volume of instalment credit, based begun to be reduced but they are still large. largely on sales of such items as television, Major appliances. The highest levels of furniture, and appliances and some nondur- retail stocks relative to sales have been in the able goods, dropped by about 650 million major appliances such as refrigerators, stoves, dollars. In the recent pickup in consumer washing machines, and vacuum cleaners. At buying, however, there has also been a notice- large department stores stocks of these goods able increase in credit granted, reflecting in part the relaxation of instalment terms in SALES and STOCKS of MAJOR HOUSEHOLD DURABLES conformance with the amended Defense Production Act. Television and radio. Among household goods, the greatest instability since mid-1950 has been experienced by television. In August the level of output was only one-third of the first quarter level and less than one-half of the average rate in the first half of 1950 although Federal material orders indicated a production ceiling of about two-thirds of the latter rate. The composition of output changed considerably over the period, with the larger, more expensive console and combination sets rising in proportion to the total ioo -^x-^ey— N during last year's increase and falling off 60 during this year's sharp decline. Radio outNOTE.-—Federal Reserve indexes based on data reported bylarge department stores. Latest put showed only a moderate decline in the tember; stocks, end of August. figures shown are: sales, Sep1232 FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION at the end of August were 180 per cent of the 1947-49 average, while sales in August and September were 75 per cent of that average. The sharp increase in new residential building last year and the decrease this year have resulted in marked changes in contractors' purchases of such major appliances as refrigerators and stoves. These purchases are usually not made at department stores and other retail outlets, but their production is reflected in the new output index referred to earlier. Average output of major appliances was nearly halved from March to July and was lower than at any point since the beginning of 1947, as shown in the chart on page 1235. As noted for television, the 1950 increases in output were especially marked for the more expensive models, which producers anticipated would find a very large market. Carpets and furniture. Compared with appliances and television, fluctuations in buying of carpets and furniture were less extreme, partly because fears of shortages were not so great. Furniture production in August was about one-fifth lower than a year earlier. The much sharper curtailment in output of carpets was influenced by sharp declines in wholesale prices of raw wool and carpets and the subsequent pressure by distributors to liquidate inventories. Prices of carpet wool tripled from the beginning of 1950 to the early part of this year, and there was a succession of advances in wholesale prices of carpets, as shown in the chart, totaling about 75 per cent. Since March carpet wool prices have fallen to preKorean levels. Wholesale prices of carpets have been reduced substantially by October. Retail list prices of carpets, which had not increased so much percentagewise, were reduced only slightly this summer but, as in the case of most other consumer durable OCTOBER 1951 PRICES OF CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS 1947 ! -49-100 Cent 1947 1949 1947 Per Cent 1949 1951 NOTE.—Special Federal Reserve compilations of Bureau of Labor Statistics data, which are monthly for wholesale and end of quarter for retail. Furniture at wholesale includes a small amount of office furniture. Major household appliances includes cooking stoves, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, and washing machines. Latest figures shown are: retail, end of June; wholesale, August. goods, discounts and special promotions on carpets were widespread. The failure of retail list prices of durable goods to be reduced, except for television sets, probably reflected trade views that shortages would reappear soon and that bargain prices would prove to be temporary. SUPPLY PROSPECTS Supplies of consumer durable goods in coming months will depend largely upon production prospects which differ for the various goods. Output of such products as carpets, other textile housefurnishings, wood furniture, and china and glassware is not likely to be limited by material supplies. Federal allocations of steel, copper, and aluminum will continue to be an influence on output of passenger cars, appliances, and other consumer metal products. As noted earlier, new passenger car assemblies are being permitted at a rate slightly below the 1233 T H E CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION reduced third-quarter level and about 30 per cent below the rate in the first half of 1950. Metals have been authorized for production of automotive replacement parts at very high levels. For most other consumer durables, however, the NPA on September 5 announced fourth quarter allotments of steel averaging about 58 per cent of quarterly consumption during the first half of 1950 (or the last half of 1949) as compared with the 70 per cent limitation during the third quarter of this year. Use of copper and aluminum—more sharply curtailed than steel in the third quarter—has been further restricted. Several factors make it difficult to anticipate now what influences these Federal limitations on use of metals will have on total output of consumer metal products other than automobiles. Among these are possible changes in the amount of metal consumed per unit of finished product, possible modification or adjustment in original allotments as a result of appeals of individual producers, and the question of actual availability of metals to meet allotments. Moreover, output of some of these goods has recently been 1234 considerably below levels permitted by NPA. Mainly for the latter reason, output of major metal household goods could probably be increased during the fourth quarter if demands were to rise sufficiently. Also, production of numerous nonmetallic durable goods could be expanded along with output of most consumer nondurable goods. Metal allotments in the first quarter of next year, according to recent announcements, are expected to be below the amounts allotted during the fourth quarter. How long the present relationship between supplies and demands for consumer durables will persist depends on future changes in demand as well as in production. The course of consumer spending in the period ahead will reflect to a considerable extent changes in incomes and output from recent levels resulting from development of the defense program, expansion in productive capacity, and modifications in direct and indirect Federal control policies. Various other economic and political influences, particularly the impact of international events, will also continue to be important influences on consumer spending and saving patterns. FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN NEW INDEX OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS Consumer durable goods have been of growing economic importance in the national economy over the years, and current changes in output of these goods are of special interest because of the impact of the defense program. Changes in demand for passenger automobiles and major household goods account for most of the fluctuations in total consumer purchases of durable goods and in instalment credit. As a consequence, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, in the administration of Regulation W and other measures designed to influence national monetary and credit conditions, has a particular interest in data relating to consumer durable goods. A new monthly index of the physical volume of output of major consumer durable goods for the period since January 1947 has been developed. The new index of output, together with retail sales and other data available for an approximately similar list of products, provides a more complete basis for analyzing output and distribution changes in this volatile sector than has hitherto been available. Such an analysis is presented in the leading article of this BULLETIN. The total index and its principal divisions— passenger automobiles and major household goods —are shown in a chart on page 1227. Indexes for the four groups of household goods covered— carpets, furniture, major appliances, and radio and television receiving sets—are shown in the accompanying chart. Since major items only are included in this index, it does not represent output of all consumer durable goods, as discussed in more detail below. Consumer expenditures for the products included in the new index have represented a large and varying proportion of total consumption expendiNOTE.—This index and analysis were developed in the Board's Division of Research and Statistics by Milton Moss under the general direction of Clayton Gehman, Chief of the Business Conditions Section, and with the assistance of other members of the Section. The following private organizations were of considerable assistance in supplying basic data and other information used in constructing the indexes: American Home Laundry Manufacturers Association, Carpet Institute Incorporated, Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association, National Electric Manufacturers Association, Radio-Television Manufacturers Association, and Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers Association. OCTOBER 1951 tures on durable goods, as indicated by the chart on page 1239. The new index brings together data which previously have been either unavailable to the public or available in scattered sources. The index is composed of 27 individual series representing the physical volume of output of 12 types of products. OUTPUT OF MAJOR HOUSEHOLD GOODS Seasonally adjusted indexes;1947-49!1OO Per Cent Per Cent 1 300 - 1 / 1 200 j \ A /^ V / 200 1 I\ \ \ \\ / 100 250 1 W 1 150 \ \ 1 1 RADIOS anrl TFIFVISION 1 250 L / ' 300 150 \* MAJOR APPLIANCES A t V 150 100 50 150 v * 100 FURNITU > CR A 100 \ 'ETS ^ \ r \ L \ > v 1947 1948 1949 1950 50 1951 NOTE.—For a chart showing total for these lines, see p. 1231. Latest figures shown are for August. The individual series have been expressed in terms of average output in the three years 1947-49 as 100 and then combined into group and total indexes on the basis of the value of manufacturers' sales in the year 1947. Monthly indexes have been adjusted for differences in working days from one month to another and for seasonal variation. Annual indexes for the 27 series and seasonally adjusted monthly indexes for the total and six major groups are shown on pages 1236 and 1238 respectively. The group indexes, without seasonal adjustment, and indexes for the individual series 1235 NEW INDEX OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS on appliances and radio and television are available on request to the Board's Division of Administrative Services. Current figures for the total and six groups will be published regularly in future issues of the Business Indexes release of the Division of Research and Statistics and in the Federal Reserve BULLETIN. This index is entirely independent of the Board's regularly published index of industrial production which covers output of all goods produced at factories and mines and has value-added rather than value-of-finished-product weights. DESCRIPTION OF INDEX Output of consumer goods, as measured by this index, relates to type of product and not to ultimate purchaser. While the goods represented are sold primarily to domestic consumers, a varying proportion is sold to business establishments, to Government agencies, and for export. The index reflects total output of the represented goods including production for export and for nonconsumer use. This and other differences between the index and the statistics on personal consumption expenditures for durable goods are discussed in a later section. The term "major" relates to passenger automobiles and, in general, to durable household goods which involve large outlays per unit. Some relatively expensive consumer goods, such as pleasure boats, sewing machines, and pianos, are not included in the index because current production data are not readily available and individually the goods are of limited economic importance. On the other hand, where smaller items are important for completing their respective product groups, as in the case of table-model radios in the radio group, and small tables and chairs in the furniture group, output of such relatively inexpensive items is reflected in the index. The appliance group is limited to major items, and such products as hand-type vacuum cleaners, portable washing machines, toasters, and other small appliances are not included. A complete list of the items represented in the index is shown in the accompanying table. Sources of data are given on page 1237. All of the individual series in the index are based on monthly physical product data with the exception of the furniture series. For this series, which accounts for 18 per cent of the total in 1236 the base period, data on production worker manhours in the furniture industry, with adjustments for estimated long-term changes in output per man-hour, are used to represent output. Most of the monthly physical product series are based on the number of units produced. For vacuum cleaners, washing machines, ironers, and driers, the series are based on unit data for factory shipments. In the base period these four series accounted for about 5 per cent of the total index and 30 per cent of the major appliance group. The series for passenger automobiles is based on factory sales which, on a monthly basis, are practically identical with the number of cars assembled. In the case of refrigerators, freezers, and cooking stoves, production series were derived by adjusting data on factory shipments for changes in factory inventories—both in number of units. ANNUAL INDEXES OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS [1947-49=100] 1947 1948 1949 Series 91 99 110 153 PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES 85 93 122 160 HOUSEHOLD GOODS 97 106 96 146 92 114 94 111 Furniture 103 105 92 117 Major appliances Cooking stoves Electric Standard Apartment Nonelectric Gas Standard Apartment 96 114 103 119 93 125 93 126 92 114 109 115 101 116 104 113 75 134 130 110 142 113 90 78 82 80 94 76 84 83 92 61 45 136 122 141 146 94 111 127 128 124 73 46 104 127 116 82 103 67 114 103 102 98 110 113 95 71 130 116 121 119 384 151 89 150 75 107 54 198 235 Vacuum cleaners 114 Washing machines 101 Wringer and spinner 104 Automatic and semiautomatic.... 97 100 114 120 103 86 85 76 101 106 128 95 184 Radio and television 92 Radio sets 130 Small 136 Automobile 95 Consoles and combinations. 170 AM-FM console combinations... 115 91 101 101 97 88 117 118 69 64 108 42 69 239 81 82 130 29 84 70 74 52 90 218 212 239 197 563 365 938 405 TOTAL. . Carpets. . . . Bungalow All other and combination.... Driers Freezers Ironers Refrigerators 5.4 cubic feet and less 5.5 to 6.4 cu. ft 6.5 to 7.4 cu. ft 7.5 to 8.4 cu. ft 8.5 cu. ft. and over Television sets.. Table Consoles Combinations.. . 70 103 131 83 101 77 134 53 61 13 14 9 15 FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN WEIGHTS AND SOURCES FOR INDEXES OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS Computation of weights Value in 1947-49 Series Output Value index in in 1947 2 1947 i (Millions (1947 49 = 100) of dollars) In 1947 prices 3 (Millions of dollars) As percentage of total index 8,365.9 91.0 9,198.2 100.00 PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES 4,085.5 85.0 4,806.5 52,25 HOUSEHOLD GOODS 4,280.4 357.3 97.5 Carpets. 91.8 4,391.6 389.2 47.75 4.23 Furniture... 1,676.0 103.3 1,622.4 17.64 Major appliances 1,505.6 389.8 132.2 120.6 11.6 95.9 103.2 93.2 93.2 92.5 1,570.6 377.6 142.0 129.4 12.5 17.08 4.11 1.55 1.41 257.5 109.3 100.5 104.3 74.5 129.9 141.9 235.6 178.2 155.9 22.4 2.56 1.94 1.70 26.0 31.4 .24 .28 .34 69.7 10.6 .12 Description and source TOTAL Cooking stoves Electric Standard Apartment Nonelectric Gas Standard Apartment Bungalow and combination All other. 179.2 162.6 16.7 33.8 44.5 7.4 Driers. . ,14 Freezers. . 100.4 102.5 98.0 1.07 Ironers. . 34.8 130.6 26.7 .29 504.9 12.4 82.9 226.3 84.3 99.0 82.7 101.3 77.3 133.8 53.3 60.5 113.9 610.4 12.3 107.3 169.1 158.2 163.6 115.6 6.64 Refrigerators 5.4 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 cubic feet and less to 6.4 cu. ft to 7.4 cu. ft to 8.4 cu. ft cu. ft. and over. .13 1.17 1.84 1.72 1.78 Vacuum cleaners.. 131.6 Washing machines 336.7 101.5 104.2 96.9 331.7 208.5 123.2 3.61 2.27 1.34 741.5 708.2 271.2 104.3 190.2 142.6 33 3 18.O 7.9 7.4 91.6 129.9 136.1 94.8 170.4 114.8 12.6 14.3 809.4 545.1 199.2 110.1 111.6 124.2 264.3 125.6 87.7 51.0 8.80 5.93 2.17 1.20 1.21 1.35 2.87 1.37 Wringer and spinner Automatic and semiautomatic... . Radio and television Radio sets Small Automobile Consoles and combinations A M - F M console combinations Television sets Table Consoles Combinations. 1 2 3 217.3 119.4 9.0 14.5 1.26 .95 .56 Census value of shipments of passenger automobiles, including complete vehicles, knocked-down or assembled, and chassis for sale separately. Monthly series: Automobile Manufacturers Association, factory sales of passenger automobiles. Census value of production of woven carpets and rugs except floor covering for automobiles and aircraft. Monthly series: Carpet Institute, Incorporated, square yards of production of Axminster, Wilton, Velvet, and Chenille type fabrics. Does not include production of hooked, rag, cotton, or automobile and aircraft carpets and rugs. Census value of shipments of household furniture (wood, metal, and fiber), mattresses, and bedsprings. Value of furniture frames, radio and sewing machine cabinets excluded. Monthly series: Bureau of Labor Statistics, man-hours in household furniture and bedding industry, adjusted by Federal Reserve for estimated long-term changes in output per reported man-hour Census value of production of electric domestic ranges, 2% kw. and over, except combination types, which are classified with nonelectric cooking stoves. Monthly series: National Electrical Manufacturers Association and Federal Reserve, production estimates based on NEMA member reports of factory shipments and factory inventories. Census value of shipments of apartment-type, standard size, bungalow, and combination stoves for use with natural, manufactured, and liquefied petroleum gas. All other stoves includes ranges and cooking stoves that burn coal and wood, kerosene, gasoline, or fuel oil. Monthly series: Census "Facts for Industry" and Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association, production estimates based on factory shipments and factory inventories. Census value of production of mechanical gas and electric household laundry driers. Monthly series: American Home Laundry Manufacturers Association, factory sales. Census value of shipments of home and farm freezers (for freezing food, storing frozen food, or both purposes), complete units. Monthly series: National Electrical Manufacturers Association and Federal Reserve, production estimates based on N E M A member reports of factory shipments and factory inventories. Census value of shipments of household laundry ironing machines. Monthly series: American Home Laundry Manufacturers Association, factory sales. Census value of production of household mechanicaJ refrigerators, complete units (electric and gas). Monthly series: National Electrical Manufacturers Association and Federal Reserve, production estimates based on NEMA member reports and other confidential [information on factory shipments and factory inventories. Census value of shipments of household type vacuum cleaners, standard types (upright, cylinder, and other general purpose household types). Excludes hand type. Monthly series: American Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers Association, factory sales. Census value of shipments of household laundry washing machines, electric and gasoline. Breakdown in base period betewen wringer and nonautomatic, spinner type, and automatic and semiautomatic type partly estimated by Federal Reserve. Monthly series: American Home Laundry Manufacturers Association, factory sales. Value of production partly estimated by Federal Reserve from data reported by Bureau of the Census and Radio Corporation of America. Unit values for radios based ron 1947 prices, for television, 1949 prices. Monthly series: Since January, 1950, RadioTelevision Manufacturers Association, production. 1947-1949: production partly estimated by Federal Reserve from data reported by Bureau of the Census, Radio Corporation of America, and RadioTelevision Manufacturers Association. Small radios include portable and home battery sets and all table models except table radio-phonograph combinations; console and combination radios exclude AM—FM console combinations. Based on 1947 Census of Manufactures value of shipments or production, f.o.b. plant, with exceptions noted for television sets. 1947 quantity divided by average quantity for 1947-49. Value in 1947 as shown in first column divided by output index in 1947 as shown in second column. Value at 1949 prices. OCTOBER 1951 1237 NEW INDEX OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS use as a comparison base in Government index numbers. The weights are based on relative prices per unit of output and, except for television sets, are derived from 1947 factory values as shown in the Census of Manufactures. These figures are after discounts and allowances and exclusive of excise taxes. In the case of television sets, the weights are based on unit values in 1949 since prices in 1947 were very high because output had not yet reached large-scale volume. The weights for the individual indexes and the steps in the calculation of these weights are shown in the table on the preceding page. The method used in making the seasonal adjustment is that described in the December 1941 issue of the Federal Reserve BULLETIN. In the case of passenger automobiles, however, the sea- The physical product data used are compiled by private trade associations and the Bureau of the Census. In most cases these sources furnish data for nearly 100 per cent of the industry, but in some cases it has been necessary to adjust reported monthly data to more comprehensive annual production figures. This has been done in consultation with industry representatives. All of the monthly product series are converted to output rates per working day. In the furniture series, man-hours derived from reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics relate to uniform payroll periods nearest the 15th of the month and thus do not require any daily average adjustment. All series are expressed as percentages of the average rate of output in the three-year base period 1947-49. This period has been recommended recently by the Bureau of the Budget for general MONTHLY INDEXES OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS [Adjusted for seasonal variation, 1947-49 =100 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 80 100 97 135 146 87 100 103 127 157 89 100 102 130 160 91 94 106 138 138 92 88 103 152 129 1947 1948 1949 1950.... 1951 73 94 99 143 138 85 89 111 122 156 87 93 107 126 169 Year June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. TO! AL 87 107 96 126 156 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 78 109 114 105 114 99 113 90 103 118 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 ... .... 76 111 100 119 132 90 90 90 197 297 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 89 111 95 132 158 76 114 109 107 115 100 111 89 107 119 81 115 99 127 138 88 102 91 203 294 91 108 96 134 151 78 116 109 108 102 100 109 88 109 119 86 114 98 132 139 89 90 100 203 262 86 103 113 161 P100 84 100 116 166 P101 94 97 123 166 92 109 120 166 101 104 112 165 105 99 114 163 87 85 122 135 144 1^assenger utomobile 74 84 88 82 99 73 124 137 117 169 183 165 140 140 Pill 74 95 139 172 89 87 143 175 82 109 133 175 96 104 120 177 102 100 115 170 95 104 88 141 131 I . household goods, tola 98 99 97 107 106 105 84 86 87 141 152 138 P88 117 108 98 107 101 157 102 109 107 156 106 105 103 152 109 97 112 156 93 117 85 114 101 116 91 113 110 112 95 121 106 113 103 115 102 101 95 124 105 103 99 123 107 100 98 123 111 98 103 121 99 117 90 142 102 120 90 135 110 114 88 133 113 96 100 141 94 95 141 273 97 94 161 283 95 98 147 263 97 91 159 273 91 93 104 163 125 90 108 95 110 101 Car ets 88 90 118 119 74 85 107 111 70 82 101 106 88 114 116 Furn 'Hire 105 103 105 103 87 86 119 118 103 109 92 111 83 142 125 Major afpliances 96 100 116 117 81 81 134 135 111 115 93 84 97 208 186 P113 95 107 92 160 P88 97 114 75 109 M7 96 116 81 109 104 105 88 120 102 103 91 124 P103 P97 98 116 80 146 92 118 88 144 P76 P81 Radio an i television 93 86 90 92 74 85 101 100 86 212 199 248 133 153 P98 88 91 106 287 P55 P96 NOTE.—Annual averages are shown in the table on page 1236. 1238 FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN NEW INDEX OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS sonal adjustment consisted mainly of distributing the effects of the model change-overs in 1949 and 1950. The extent of curtailment in output resulting from model change-overs was estimated from weekly output figures for individual makes of passenger automobiles. Seasonal adjustments for this and all of the other series in the index should be considered tentative. Strong nonseasonal forces have tended to obscure seasonal patterns during the period covered by the indexes and may do so increasingly as the defense program develops further. Insofar as available data permitted and where significantly improved results could be demonstrated, separate output series for different sizes and types of products were developed. As shown in the table of annual indexes, changes in output varied greatly for different sizes and types of particular products. In the case of refrigerators, for example, it was found that the weighted combination of the five, size groups used in the present index showed a rise of 81 per cent from 1947 to 1950 as compared with a rise of 64 per cent in a simple count of the number of refrigerators produced. In the important case of passenger automobiles, there has been no allowance for changes by type or size of vehicle. Additional analysis is being made of this problem. COMPARISON WITH EXPENDITURE DATA The new output index is a substantially different measure from the Department of Commerce estimates of personal consumption expenditures for all durable goods. Several broad groupings of the expenditure data are published quarterly, with more detailed data available annually. Annual figures for the total, expressed in constant 1939 dollars, are also available. The quarterly and annual expenditure data in current dollars reflect changes in prices and in physical volume, while changes in the new output index are unaffected by fluctuations in prices. Considering only the annual expenditure figures expressed in constant dollars, it is likely that the most important differences between relative changes in the Commerce series and in the output index would reflect differences in the list of products covered and changes in business inventories of these products. Only major items are represented in the index. The unrepresented goods, which cover a wide variety of items, such as replacement OCTOBER 1951 parts, luggage, and housewares, accounted for 37 per cent of expenditures for all consumer durable goods in 1950, expressed in prices current to that period, as shown in the accompanying table. The proportion of unrepresented goods was somewhat smaller in that year than in the 1947-49 period. CONSUMER EXPENDITURES FOR DURABLE GOODS, 1950 Billions of dollars Products Total Percentages of total 29.2 100 Major goods represented in index New passenger cars Furniture and carpets Major appliances, radios, and television. 18.6 8.9 4.2 5.5 63 30 14 19 Unrepresented goods 10.6 37 NOTE.—Total expenditures as reported by the Department of Commerce. Breakdown partly estimated by Federal Reserve. Items not represented in the index are automobile parts and accessories, tires and tubes, used cars (net), other second-hand goods, hard surface floor coverings, sewing machines, portable heating equipment, small appliances, china and glassware, tableware and utensils, jewelry and watches, tombstones, household tools, books and maps, writing equipment, wheel goods, durable toys and sport equipment, boats and pleasure craft, luggage, ophthalmic products and orthopedic appliances, musical instruments, and phonographs and records. Monthly and annual changes in output and consumer expenditures have usually been more pronounced for major items than for other durable goods. Annual comparisons since 1929 are given for expenditures in the accompanying chart. These expenditures are expressed in current prices but it PERSONAL CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES FOR DURABLE GOODS Billions of Dollars Billions of Dollars 30 1 1 1 1 TH 3 0 A TOTAL/ \ 8888888 & ^ ^ MAJOR ITE S M IsiOTHER Hi 1931 1936 1941 1946 III GOODS! 1951 NOTE.—Department of Commerce data, with special groupings by Federal Reserve. Total for 1951 estimated. "Major items" includes used automobiles and some other products for which data are not published separately. 1239 NEW INDEX OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS is likely that year-to-year changes in prices for the two groups of durable goods were not divergent enough to have a significant effect on relative annual changes. Practically all of the annual fluctuations shown for the total from the mid-thirties to 1942 reflected changes in expenditures for the major items. A marked difference developed from 1942 to 1944, when other durable goods increased and the major items showed a further decrease. Major items advanced sharply in 1946 from the reduced volume of 1945 and expanded considerably further from 1946 to 1950. Other goods showed little change after 1946. The output index measurement is at the point of factory production while the expenditure measurement is at the point of retail sales. This also can be an important source of difference between the movements of the two series. Thus, during a period such as 1950 and the first half of 1951, when large inventories were being accumulated by retailers, wholesale distributors, and manufacturers, increases in output were greater than in expenditures. During a period when business inventories were being reduced a contrary relationship would occur. 1240 Various other differences in the concepts and basic data used in developing these measures can contribute to their divergent behavior. The expenditure estimates use retail sale values including excise taxes, while the output index refers to factory values. The expenditure estimates include imports and exclude exports of consumer durable goods while the opposite is true of the output index. Furthermore, in the expenditure figures adjustments are made to exclude domestic sales for business and Government purposes. Finally, owing to the difficulty of securing accurate price data for highly fabricated goods such as consumer durable items, the results of deflating current value figures could be expected to vary considerably from time to time from the results of measurements based on unit volume. Even after allowance for the differences described above, divergence in trend between the expenditure and the output series could occur because of estimating or reporting errors in either series. Further attention and analysis are being given to such problems with a view toward developing more consistent information in this sector of the economy. FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN VOLUNTARY CREDIT RESTRAINT RELEASES BULLETIN NUMBER 4 (REVISED) OF THE NATIONAL VOLUNTARY CREDIT RESTRAINT COMMITTEE—LOANS ON REAL ESTATE The Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee at its meeting on September 5, 1951 evaluated the experience to date with Bulletin No. 4 covering loans on real estate, and adopted the following statement: The permanent financing of most new construction will continue to be governed by Regulation X as revised on September 1, 1951 to conform with the provisions of the recently enacted Defense Housing and Community Facilities and Services Act of 1951. Section 1 of Bulletin No. 4 is revised to recommend, in the case of loans on residential properties of one- to four-family units, that loans on existing properties should not exceed the limitations imposed by Regulation X or 66%3 per cent of the fair value of the property, whichever is greater. This means that on properties the fair value of which is $16,700 or less, the recommended limitations are those imposed by Regulation X (all of which are above 66% per cent); on properties the fair value of which is greater than $16,700, the limitation on borrowing is 66% per cent. In all other respects Bulletin No. 4 remains unchanged. Experience indicates that two points in Bulletin 4 are deserving of special emphasis. First, in determining whether proposed financing conforms to the Bulletin, all mortgage indebtedness to be outstanding on the property, including secondary financing, should be taken into account. Second, loans on residential property of more than four units and loans on commercial property should be screened as to purpose and loans should not be made unless they are in harmony with the principles of the Program. A sale with credit involved not exceeding that recommended in this Bulletin is sufficient evidence of proper purpose. Mortgage lenders, who do not have a regional committee from which to obtain opinions in doubtful cases, may refer questions to the regional insurance voluntary credit restraint committee serving their area. OCTOBER 1951 For the guidance of financing institutions in granting real estate credit encompassed by the Voluntary Program, Bulletin No. 4, as amended, is reprinted below. REVISED BULLETIN NO. 4—LOANS ON REAL ESTATE Real estate credit transactions governed by Regulation X, which covers the permanent financing of most new construction and major additions or improvements to existing structures, are not within the area of influence of this Voluntary Program. Neither does the Program apply to FHA or VA loans or to other loans guaranteed or insured or authorized as to purpose by an agency of the United States Government. The Program does apply, however, to all other real estate credit transactions. Financing institutions extending such credit are urged to observe the principles and the spirit of the Program. 1. Loans on residential property (one- to four-family units). The Committee has been informed that most financing institutions are following conservative lending policies on existing residential properties (one- to four-family units). The Committee urges all financing institutions to follow such policies and in no case to make a loan on existing property in an amount which would cause the total amount of credit outstanding (primary and all other credit combined) with respect to the property or with respect to the transaction to exceed the limit which Regulation X imposes as to new construction or a limit of 66% per cent of the fair valuex of the property, whichever of such limits is the greater.2 1 Wherever used in this Bulletin, "fair value" means: 1. If the loan is to be made to finance the purchase of real property: the bona fide sale price, or the appraised value of the property securing the loan, whichever is lower; 2. In all other cases: the appraised value of the property securing the loan. The appraised value should be determined in accordance with sound and established practice in the community. A good definition of "bona fide sale price" is given in Section 2(/) of Regulation X. 2 As a working rule, the above statement may be interpreted as meaning that where the fair value of the property 1241 VOLUNTARY CREDIT RESTRAINT RELEASES 3. Loans on residential property (more than fourfamily units) and on commercial property. Loans on residential property (more than four-family units) and loans on commercial property, such as office buildings, stores, hotels, motels, motor courts, restaurants, etc., should be screened as to purpose and the loan should not be made unless it is in harmony with the principles of the Program. If the loan is to be made in connection with a sale of commercial or residential property a determination by the financing institution that the sale and the sale price are bona fide may constitute a sufficient screening of the loan. The Committee conceives that it is not the function of the Voluntary Credit Restraint Program to make the transfer of real estate impossible or impracticable, but rather to reduce inflationary pressures by limiting the amount of additional credit created in the process of real estate transfer. Financing institutions are urged to limit a loan, on any type of property described in this section, whether or not a sale is involved, to an amount which would not cause the total amount of credit outstanding with respect to the property or with respect to the transaction to exceed 662/z per cent of the fair value of the property.3 Also, the Committee urges that financing institutions require an appropriate and substantial amortization of principal. The Committee recognizes that hardship cases may arise where a 66% per cent loan limitation would not be sound or equitable. Such cases would include a loan to finance the sale of property to close an estate or to pay estate taxes, the refinancing of a maturing mortgage, or the sale of property of a bankrupt company. The Committee makes no recommendation in such cases. 4. Loans on industrial property. Loans on industrial property should be screened as to purpose whether or not the loan is to be made in connection with a sale of real property. In this instance, however, there appears to be no need for a percentage limitation on the amount of the loan, since in the industrial field mortgage security usually is merely one of the factors considered by the lender in determining whether to make the loan and often bears comparatively little relation to the amount of the loan. 5. Sale-lease-back arrangements. The Committee also urges financing institutions to recognize that in most instances a "sale-lease-back" arrangement, whereby real property is purchased by a financing institution and leased to the vendor or his nominee, is a substitute for a form of financing and therefore comes within the Program and should be screened as to purpose. is $16,700 or less the limits of Regulation X would apply and where such fair value is more than $16,700 the limit of 66% per cent would apply. 3 If the facts are not already known, the financing institution presumably will want to request the borrower to furnish information as to any other indebtedness or credit existing or contemplated in connection with the transaction. 2. Loans on agricultural property. While the Committee recognizes that in some instances a loan on agricultural property may be in effect a loan on residential property, the Committee feels that normally such a loan falls in the category of a loan on commercial property (see Section 3 below), and the lender should be guided by the recommendations of that section as to over-all credit limits and purposes. NATIONAL FRATERNAL CONGRESS OF AMERICA JOINS VOLUNTARY CREDIT RESTRAINT PROGRAM 4 The Chairman of the National Voluntary Credit hearted support of his organization to the VolunRestraint Committee, Oliver S. Powell, has issued tary Credit Restraint Program. an invitation to the National Fraternal Congress Representatives of the fraternal life insurance of America and its members comprising the companies will be appointed to serve on the refraternal life insurance companies of the United gional insurance committees of the Voluntary States to join in the Voluntary Credit Restraint Credit Restraint Program to give the fraternal Program to combat inflation. The National Vol- companies a voice in decisions as to the desiruntary Credit Restraint Committee had voted to ability of borderline loan applications. The Naissue this invitation at its last meeting. President tional Fraternal Congress, through its SecretaryJohn P. Stock of the National Fraternal Congress 4 Statement National has accepted this invitation and pledged the whole- Committee on by the 27, 1951. Voluntary Credit Restraint Sept. 1242 FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN VOLUNTARY CREDIT RESTRAINT RELEASES Treasurer-Manager, Mr. Foster F. Farrell, will keep its members informed as to the status of the Pro- gram and the principles to be followed in restraining inflation under the Voluntary Program. STATE BOND ISSUES TO FINANCE BONUS PAYMENTS 5 The National Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee today conferred with Governor Okey L. Patteson of West Virginia and a delegation of West Virginia State and banking officials who had been invited to discuss their proposal to issue 75 million dollars in State bonds to finance bonus payments to veterans voted in the November 1950 elections. There was also some discussion of a somewhat similar situation in the State of Oregon where a veterans' bonus plan has also been approved by the voters. In addition to Governor Patteson, the West Virginia delegation included William H. Ansel, State Treasurer; W. C. Marland, Attorney General; Fred Diddle, Assistant State Treasurer; Mason Crickard, Vice President of the Charleston National Bank, Charleston; and Hayes Picklesimer, President of the Kanawha Valley Bank, Charleston. In view of the fact that investment bankers in compliance with the Voluntary Credit Restraint Program have refrained from bidding on the pending issue of bonds, the Governor of West Virginia proposes to ofifer these bonds to the public directly by placing them on sale through the banks of West Virginia. The plan contemplates that any bonds left unsold would be purchased OCTOBER 1951 by using various State trust funds, disposing of other obligations if necessary. The Committee expressed its genuine concern over the difficult situation in which the Governor and his staff have been placed by credit restraint measures taken in the national interest to facilitate the defense program. In conformity with these measures, the Committee has adhered to the position announced on May 7, 1951, that "soldiers' bonus issues are inflationary under today's conditions. They add to the spending power of the public through the creation of credit. It would seem desirable to postpone such issues until a time when immediate purchasing power is needed to counteract unemployment and when it might be more beneficial to the veteran." It was announced that Mobilization Director Charles E. Wilson had invited the Governor and the members of his West Virginia delegation and other interested parties to meet with him on October 5. There was no change in the position of either Governor Patteson or the Committee on this bonus issue as a result of the discussions today. 5 Statement by the National Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee on Sept. 28, 1951. 1243 CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS1 Under the Board of Governors' Regulation W, as reinstated in September 1950, every business engaged in extending instalment credit or purchasing instalment paper subject to the regulation was required to register with the regional Federal Reserve Bank. Each registrant was asked to submit certain data concerning credit volume in order to provide an adequate basis for appraising the coverage and effectiveness of the regulation. By the beginning of 1951 about 143,000 businesses had submitted sufficient statistical detail to permit tabulation. Of these, about 8,000 did not give separate figures for instalment and chargeaccount credit. The remaining 135,000 reported a total of 15.2 billion dollars of instalment credit outstanding on September 30, 1950—12.8 billion held by registrants engaged primarily in financial business, and 2.4 billion by those engaged primarily in retail and other nonfinancial business.2 Instalment sales of 14.5 billion dollars were reported by nonfinancial businesses for the 12 months ended September 30, 1950. This amount represented 35 per cent of their total sales in that period. In addition, a substantial amount of their cash and charge-account sales was financed by instalment loans extended directly to consumers by financial businesses. Since nearly all financial businesses extending consumer instalment credit are subject to the regulation, these data give virtually complete coverage for this type of business. On the other hand, instal1 This article was prepared by Donald M. Fort and Katharyne P. Reil of the Consumer Credit and Finances Section of the Board's Division of Research and Statistics. The editing of the statistical data obtained by the registration statements was done by the research departments of the Federal Reserve Banks. 2 The 15.2 billion dollars of instalment credit balances reported by registrants differs from the Board's published estimate of 13.3 billion dollars of consumer instalment credit outstanding on September 30, 1950. It is therefore important to note that the instalment credit data presented here are not intended to be revisions of the consumer instalment credit estimates. The figures in this article summarize information given by registrants under Regulation W and include some nonconsumer credit. On the other hand, not all consumer instalment credit is covered here since some businesses that extend this type of credit were not subject to the regulation and did not register, and some of those who registered were unable to provide information on instalment credit. 1244 ment credit granted to consumers by retailers is not completely covered by registrants' reports because retail establishments which did not make instalment sales of articles listed in the regulation were not required to register.3 The proportion of total retail instalment credit thus omitted was relatively small inasmuch as the listed articles included most major consumer durable goods. Apparel and jewelry are the two principal types of unlisted consumer goods giving rise to instalment credit. Some apparel and jewelry stores registered, however, because they sold some listed articles on instalment. Some other businesses registered even though their operations were not currently subject to regulation.4 Financial businesses were asked to report the amounts of direct instalment loans and purchased paper outstanding as of September 30, 1950 for retail automobile instalment credit, other retail instalment credit, FHA-insured repair and modernization loans, other repair and modernization credit, and personal instalment loans. Nonfinancial businesses were requested to report instalment and charge accounts outstanding as of September 30, 1950; cash, instalment, and charge-account sales made during the year ended on that date; the total amount of down payments on instalment sales; and the amount of instalment paper sold during the 12-month period.5 Registrants were asked to report all data in the preceding categories, including credit and sales not subject to the regulation. More detail was requested in the 1950 registration than in registrations while Regulation W was in effect in 1941 and 1948.6 The data requested from financial businesses were intended to provide up-to-date information for registrants comparable to the call data for commercial banks. Separate figures for direct loans and purchased paper were obtained to throw some light on the origin of the instal3 The listed articles included most of the principal consumer durable goods: new and used automobiles, radio and television sets, major household appliances, furniture and floor coverings, and residential repairs and alterations. 4 These businesses may have registered simply to be on the safe side, or in anticipation of engaging in regulated operations later on. 5 Registration statement schedules and instructions are shown at the end of this article, pp. 1252-55. 6 For data from earlier registrations, see BULLETIN for May 1942, pp. 434-37, and for April 1949, p. 340. FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS ment credit held by financial businesses. Separate figures on FHA-insured and other repair and modernization credit provided for the first time detailed information on the amount and distribution of such credit. Nonfinancial businesses reported sales and receivables by type of transaction, as in the 1941 registration, and, in addition, down payments and instalment paper sold. All this additional information helped to trace the flow of credit from the originator to the holder. Attempts were made to obtain complete reports from all registrants. Nearly all of the financial businesses filed complete returns. Figures on total sales and total receivables were obtained from almost all of the nonfinancial registrants, but about 8 per cent of these businesses could not give separate data on the instalment portion of their sales or receivables, and about 10 per cent of those who reported these data could not give figures for down payments or instalment paper sold. The accompanying tables summarize the data reported by registrants. NUMBER OF REGISTRANTS The present analysis covers 112,796 nonfinancial businesses and 30,606 financial businesses.7 It is believed that most financial businesses are covered 7 The number of registrants included in the present analysis is not strictly comparable with the numbers given for the 1941 and 1948 registrations in the Federal Reserve BULLETIN for April 1949 (p. 340) since the present analysis excludes businesses that reported zero instalment receivables or sales. Also, the figures are not readily comparable with the total number of business offices or outlets reported by other agencies such as the Census. For example, the registration statements were filed only by the head offices of multi-unit businesses except where branches were separate legal entities, whereas each "establishment" reported separately in the Census. TABLE 1 NUMBER OF REGISTRANTS INCLUDED IN ANALYSIS, BY KIND OF BUSINESS AND FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICT Federal Reserve District Kind of business United States total Boston New York Phila- Cleve- Richdelland mond phia Atlanta Chicago MinSt. neLouis apolis Kansas City Dallas San Francisco 30,606 2,110 2,353 1,594 2,494 2,109 2,652 5,433 2,033 2,073 2,951 2,823 1,981 Financial, total i Commercial banks and trust com987 1,089 1,330 962 441 818 732 758 1,011 388 panies 11,463 829 2,118 456 198 207 149 143 81 147 351 2,720 116 238 447 187 Sales finance companies 24 1 17 15 11 16 15 139 19 7 3 11 Industrial banks 102 44 637 34 11 80 10 105 72 21 74 47 37 Industrial loan companies 152 192 130 205 255 624 523 84 42 345 231 301 State-licensed small loan companies. 3,084 325 622 1,889 427 494 462 8,724 843 876 896 475 Credit unions 543 872 Small loan companies, not State11 48 195 1 37 10 1 12 44 115 681 1,161 6 licensed 153 166 127 218 101 92 87 1,480 236 76 97 49 78 Building and loan associations 211 2 1 289 68 1 3 Mutual savings banks 33 28 74 146 50 70 " l 2 0 ' " 8 5 909 46 103 Other financial businesses 3 . . . 60 94 112,796 6,647 12,220 6,340 12,439 7,475 7,411 15,093 Nonfinancial, t o t a l 4 297 939 458 199 503 256 331 4,489 Department and general stores 5 42,438 2,522 3,912 2,327 4,024 2,949 2,905 6,138 Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing 17,194 1,162 1,659 990 1,851 1,592 1,831 1,871 stores Household appliance, radio, and 17,701 1,113 2,364 1,239 2,147 950 1,052 2,159 television stores 694 123 39 67 50 68 Electric and gas utility companies.. 47 72 Hardware and automotive acces517 263 207 10,681 393 569 719 1,371 sory stores 6 546 1,731 956 651 317 1,744 10,848 376 Dealers and contractors 7 17 21 64 607 43 65 20 80 Manufacturers 102 482 1,894 139 92 222 151 226 Jewelry stores 43 67 152 304 80 2,063 76 345 Farm implement dealers 42 84 38 77 84 634 28 25 Piano, organ, and music stores 90 48 47 15 39 5 78 578 Fuel, ice, and fuel-oil dealers 331 2,975 160 83 196 45 598 Other nonfinancial businesses 8 . . . . 155 All registrants. 143,402 7,760 7,033 8,312 9,747 12,319 275 264 202 379 386 3,126 2,735 3,730 3,656 4,414 1,157 629 1,031 1,505 1,916 1,096 1,030 1,055 1,189 2,307 39 32 50 49 58 915 1,481 1,065 1,239 942 621 310 984 1,299 313 45 89 3 47 113 57 146 25 89 163 143 191 270 283 109 20 35 54 37 110 48 11 120 17 60 228 170 181 377 451 8,757 14,573 7,934 14,933 9,584 10,063 20,526 9,793 9,106 11,263 12,570 14,300 1 2 3 Financial businesses reporting instalment receivables by type of transaction. Includes savings and loan associations, cooperative banks, and homestead associations. Includes agents, brokers, and dealers in real estate, holding and investment companies, mortgage companies, life insurance companies, and miscellaneous financial businesses. 4 Nonfinancial businesses reporting total sales and total receivables. 5 Includes mail-order houses. 6 Includes filling stations. 7 Dealers and contractors in heating, plumbing, air conditioning equipment, and in construction and repairs. 8 Includes apparel stores, dealers in bicycles, motorcycles, aircraft, boats and marine engines, business supply dealers, and miscellaneous dealers and contractors. NOTE.—Registrants are classified by Federal Reserve District in which head office is located. OCTOBER 1951 1245 CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS of financial businesses. Nearly three-quarters of the total was held by commercial banks, sales finance companies, and State-licensed small loan companies. As shown in Table 2, commercial bank holdings were largest, amounting to about 6.0 billion dollars on September 30, 1950. Sales finance companies were second in importance with nearly 4.2 billion, and State-licensed small loan companies were third with slightly more than 1.0 billion dollars. Only 2.4 billion or about one-sixth of the reported total for instalment receivables was held by retailers and other nonfinancial businesses. Nine years earlier, when the initial registration under Regulation W took place, the nonfinancial group held approximately one-fourth of all instalment paper reported. The declining importance of dealer holdings has been brought about largely by two factors. Retailers have been selling a larger proportion of their instalment paper. At the same time lenders have shown an increasing interest not only in purchasing retail instalment paper but also in making instalment loans directly to consumers. Such loans are often used to finance purchases of consumer goods which appear on the books of dealers as cash transactions. Among the non- with the exception of a small number of commercial banks and a substantial number of building and loan associations and miscellaneous financial businesses that do not deal in regulated forms of instalment credit. The coverage of nonfinancial businesses that grant instalment credit appears to be practically complete in the case of department and general stores, automobile dealers, and furniture and household appliance stores; it is less complete, and in some cases only fragmentary, for other types of retail businesses, many of which do not sell listed articles on instalment. Table 1 shows the distribution by Federal Reserve District of registrants covered by the analysis. Because of the inclusion of branches in the registration statement of the main office, the distribution of registrants by District does not give a correct picture of the geographic distribution of business outlets. Consolidated reporting is particularly important in the case of department and general stores, hardware and automotive accessory stores, sales finance companies, and small loan companies. INSTALMENT RECEIVABLES Most of the 15.2 billion dollars of instalment receivables reported by registrants was in the hands TABLE 2 INSTALMENT RECEIVABLES, BY KIND OF FINANCIAL BUSINESS, SEPT. 30, 1950 * [Dollar amounts in millions] Instalment loans extended directly Kind of business Total Commercial banks and trust companies Sales finance companies Industrial banks Industrial loan companies.... State-licensed small loan companies Credit unions Small loan companies, not State-licensed Building and loan associations 3 Mutual savings banks Other financial businesses 4 ... Number of registrants Instalment paper purchased Total Repair and Repair and instalmodernizamodernizament Retail Other tion loans Retail Other tion paper receivPerPerautoautoables Total mobile retail sonal Total mobile retail sonal held loans loans loans loans FHApaper paper FHAin- Other in- Other sured sured 30,606 $12,819 $5,448 $1,694 $375 $414 364 (2) 10 11,463 2,720 139 637 5,958 4,175 212 357 2,939 222 103 289 1,324 91 23 35 173 25 4 6 3,084 8,724 1,032 548 927 47 142 39 33 1,161 48 1,480 289 909 276 41 172 545 41 $132 $2,834 $7,371 $4,436 $2,200 1,032 3,020 96 3,953 64 109 247 67 838 342 105 3 1,201 1,215 3,070 828 42 51 44 22 50 2 $588 491 37 12 1 $115 $32 20 4 1 1 51 31 94 18 74 240 29 114 1 Financial businesses reporting instalment receivables by type of transaction. 2 Less than $500,000. 3 Includes savings and loan associations, cooperative banks, and homestead associations. 4 Includes agents, brokers, and dealers in real estate, holding and investment companies, mortgage companies, life insurance companies, and miscellaneous financial businesses. NOTE.—Details may not add to totals because of rounding. 1246 FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS financial businesses shown in Table 3, department and general stores (including mail-order houses), automobile dealers, and furniture and housefurnishing stores were the principal granters of instalment credit but their combined holdings on September 30, 1950 were only 1.8 billion dollars. Retail automobile instalment credit accounted for about two-fifths of the total outstanding instalment credit of registrants. Most of the automobile paper arose from instalment sales by automobile dealers, but only 0.3 billion dollars of outstanding instalment credit appeared on their books on September 30, 1950. Credit arising from automobile sales but owned by sales finance companies at that time amounted to 3.1 billion dollars while similar holdings of commercial banks totaled 1.2 billion. In addition, commercial banks had outstanding 1.3 billion dollars of automobile loans made directly to individuals. Holdings of other retail instalment credit were divided almost equally between financial and nonfinancial businesses. Both banks and finance companies purchased a substantial volume of nonautomotive retail paper, especially that arising from the sale of household appliances and construction and repair items, but their direct loan operations in this field were comparatively small. Commercial banks held about 85 per cent of all FHA-insured repair and modernization paper reported, but little more than one-half of the noninsured paper. Purchased paper constituted a somewhat larger part of repair and modernization credit than did direct loans. The repair and modernization data shown here include only paper held by financial institutions, as no specific information was obtained on the amount of such paper held by retailers and other nonfinancial businesses. It may be assumed, however, that a substantial part of the instalment paper held by building supply dealers and contractors and by hardware stores arose from repair and modernization work. Personal instalment loans outstanding accounted for more than one-fifth of the total credit reported by financial businesses. Banks and small loan companies accounted for the major portion of these loans. For most financial businesses other than sales finance companies and banks, personal instalment loans constituted the principal type of instal- TABLE 3 RETAIL SALES AND RECEIVABLES, BY K I N D OF NONFINANCIAL BUSINESS f Dollar amounts in millions] All registrants reporting total sales and receivables Registrants reporting sales and receivables by type of transaction Total Department and general stores i Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing stores Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies Hardware and automotive accessory stores 2 Dealers and contractors 3 . . . Manufacturers Jewelry stores Farm implement dealers.... Piano, organ, and music stores Fuel, ice, and fuel-oil dealers. Other nonfinancial businesses 4 Number of registrants Total Total receiv- Number sales, ables of year held, ended regisSept. 30, Sept. 30, trants 1950 1950 Total Cash 112,796 Kind of business $43,167 14,185 104,047 $41,861 4,489 42,438 11,101 20,109 1,250 677 4,072 39,748 17,194 3,077 964 17,701 2,127 244 694 271 10,681 10,848 607 1,894 2,063 Sales, year ended Sept. 30, 1950 Receivables held, Sept. 30, 1950 Instalment Other credit Total Instalment Other $18,450 $14,461 $8,950 $4,030 $2,429 $1,601 11,050 19,414 6,016 9,073 2,153 8,138 2,881 2,203 1.242 652 740 314 502 338 15,724 2,930 641 1,749 540 924 792 132 16,220 1,914 640 856 419 194 111 83 102 643 255 34 135 86 95 82 13 1,522 1,868 795 325 528 188 255 116 106 45 9,718 9,810 555 1,752 1,938 1,466 1,804 781 316 512 707 320 287 83 201 295 351 202 208 106 464 1,132 292 25 205 180 247 114 104 43 84 31 61 97 12 96 216 54 7 31 634 578 147 259 40 26 584 540 144 257 45 83 74 14 25 159 40 25 35 2 4 23 2,975 1,038 173 2,743 1,018 320 179 519 169 68 101 1 2 8 4 Includes mail-order houses. Includes filling stations. Dealers and contractors in heating, plumbing, air conditioning equipment, and in construction and repairs. Includes apparel stores, dealers in bicycles, motorcycles, aircraft, boats and marine engines, business supply dealers, and miscellaneous dealers and contractors. NOTE.—Details may not add to totals because of rounding. OCTOBER 1951 1247 CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS ment credit outstanding on September 30, 1950. Instalment receivables of financial businesses by Federal Reserve District are shown in Table 4. It should be noted that the large holdings of retail automobile credit by sales finance companies in the New York District and of personal instalment loans by small loan companies in the Chicago District stem from registration of national operations by head offices located in these Districts. INSTALMENT SALES Retail instalment sales amounting to 14.5 billion dollars were reported for the year ending September 30, 1950, by 104,047 retail and other nonfinancial businesses. Such sales represented about 35 per cent of the total business of the retail dealers registering under Regulation W. This was a much larger proportion than for retail trade as a whole, because grocery stores, most apparel stores, and other predominantly noninstalment groups were not subject to regulation. The nonfinancial registrants accounted for nearly all of the instalment sales in the country and about one-third of the nation's total retail sales. Automobile dealers made more than 8.1 billion dollars of the 14.5 billion of instalment sales reported by all registrants. Department and general stores, including mail-order houses, ranked second with nearly 2.2 billion, and were followed by furniture and household appliance stores with 1.7 billion and 0.9 billion, respectively. Construction and repair dealers and contractors, together with manufacturers, accounted for half a billion dollars of instalment sales. The proportion of total sales volume made on an instalment basis varied considerably by kind of business. Instalment sales accounted for about onefifth of the total sales volume reported by depart- TABLE 4 I N S T A L M E N T RECEIVABLES IN S E L E C T E D K I N D S OF F I N A N C I A L BUSINESS, BY F E D E R A L RESERVE D I S T R I C T X [In millions of dollars] Federal Reserve District Kind of business United States total Boston New York Phila- Cleve- Richdelmond land phia Atlanta Chicago St.# Louis Minneapolis Kansas City Dallas San Francisco Total instalment receivables 2 Commercial banks and trust companies Sales finance companies Industrial banks Industrial loan companies State-licensed small loan companies. Credit unions Building and loan associations All other financial businesses 12,819 449 3,277 503 812 1,109 843 2,128 457 489 511 636 1,603 5,958 4,175 212 357 1,032 548 276 261 273 41 11 5 54 47 7 11 1,099 1,901 79 351 63 16 45 18 7 3 382 540 18 26 47 27 34 35 394 104 10 184 61 40 34 16 789 686 53 56 379 124 25 16 265 57 8 16 69 22 11 9 231 187 1 5 17 18 19 11 251 151 5 13 37 30 5 19 342 166 70 54 14 60 424 145 2 3 117 56 44 21 10 5 35 35 43 1 156 133 25 22 132 77 40 18 Retail automobile credit 2 Commercial banks and trust companies Sales finance companies All other financial businesses 6,129 162 1,884 178 277 656 319 935 198 129 280 347 766 2,525 3,161 443 104 34 24 268 1,582 34 119 54 5 179 67 31 188 437 31 184 88 47 365 468 102 130 48 20 90 27 12 133 118 29 177 143 27 589 97 80 2,574 72 699 84 148 152 130 408 72 239 86 93 392 1,388 853 333 60 5 7 359 301 39 77 4 3 86 27 35 57 79 16 83 9 38 179 202 57 6 9 64 158 17 49 23 14 59 17 17 259 22 111 Repair and modernization credit 2 . Commercial banks and trust companies All other financial businesses 1,248 53 263 80 91 77 73 60 56 38 64 184 993 255 43 10 212 51 74 6 76 15 45 32 57 16 159 52 47 13 51 5 31 7 32 32 168 16 Personal instalment loans 2 . . Commercial banks and trust companies Sales finance companies Industrial loan companies State-licensed small loan companies. Credit unions All other financial businesses 2,866 161 433 160 296 224 322 575 128 66 108 132 262 1,052 100 248 840 342 284 67 2 3 44 34 11 260 81 4 13 42 15 5 82 51 2 93 32 36 92 4 16 41 19 52 71 2 154 41 26 28 87 13 28 359 75 13 32 3 8 61 14 10 26 39 9 6 26 17 11 74 3 7 2 17 29 141 7 8 46 42 18 O t h e r retail c r e d i t 2 . . . Commercial banks and trust companies . . Sales finance companies All other financial businesses 69 46 58 27 211 3 16 8 12 (3) 1 Financial businesses reporting instalment receivables by type of transaction. Direct loans and purchased paper. 3 Less than $500,000. NOTE.—Registrants are classified by Federal Reserve District in which head office is located. of rounding. 2 1248 Details may not add to totals because FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS ment and general stores, hardware and automotive accessory stores, dealers and contractors in construction and repair materials, and farm implement dealers. The proportion was around one-half at household appliance stores and utility companies, approximately three-fifths at furniture and housefurnishing stores, and about two-thirds at jewelry stores. These data are shown in Table 5. Automobile dealers made 42 per cent of their total sales on an instalment basis, receiving cash down payments and trade-ins amounting to about 43 per cent of their instalment sales. Of the credit extended by these dealers, about nine-tenths was financed through sale of paper to finance companies, banks, or other businesses. Consequently, the amount of instalment paper held by automobile dealers was small in relation to their instalment sales. Transactions financed by loans made directly to individuals by banks or other financial institutions appear on the dealers' books as cash sales. TABLE 5 SELECTED RATIOS FOR NONFINANCIAL BUSINESSES, BY FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICT, YEAR ENDED SEPT. 30, 1950 [Per cent] Federal Reserve District Ratio and kind of business Instalment sales as percentage of total sales: * Department and general stores 2 . . . Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing stores Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies. . Hardware and automotive accessory stores 3 Dealers and contractors 4 Manufacturers .... Jewelry stores Farm implement dealers Down payments as percentage of instalment sales: 5 Department and general stores 2 . . . Automobile dealers .... Furniture and housefurnishing stores .... Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies. . Hardware and automotive accessory stores 3 Dealers and contractors * Manufacturers .... Jewelry stores .... Farm implement dealers Instalment paper sold as percentage of instalment credit originated (instalment sales less down payments) 5 Department and general stores 2 . . . Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing stores Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies. . Hardware and automotive accessory stores 3 Dealers and contractors ^ Manufacturers Jewelry stores Farm implement dealers United States average 19 42 Bos- New ton York 12 37 14 31 Phila- Cleve- Richdelphia land mond lanta Chicago 13 45 17 47 14 51 28 38 16 38 At- Min- Kan- Dal- San Louis apolis City las cisco 11 36 13 46 12 53 St. 17 42 7 31 60 59 53 62 66 67 75 55 62 41 51 59 54 45 53 49 53 40 46 35 61 42 53 55 54 50 63 45 48 47 36 30 26 41 48 52 69 51 37 20 19 26 66 21 12 17 49 73 9 14 23 32 72 4 14 20 28 61 5 19 18 28 61 17 21 20 29 72 28 23 13 12 75 37 14 34 22 62 26 20 13 46 61 31 21 21 46 17 22 35 24 13 59 20 22 11 15 59 24 13 16 11 69 39 10 43 11 46 10 44 12 45 14 44 11 46 10 43 9 43 12 46 16 46 13 43 11 42 13 39 16 16 17 15 18 15 13 19 15 18 18 16 17 17 14 18 14 15 13 18 12 18 13 17 11 15 13 20 16 17 18 21 17 19 13 15 14 18 22 15 11 22 14 37 16 12 14 12 29 17 10 20 14 28 20 10 11 18 26 11 11 13 16 42 18 11 8 12 38 14 14 6 10 35 17 9 35 14 44 16 16 20 12 38 19 10 14 27 39 11 10 16 17 36 15 12 8 18 31 20 10 17 13 31 45 90 23 93 27 97 4 95 17 91 6 92 24 89 61 88 5 88 14 90 23 81 21 85 20 89 20 22 23 21 15 13 9 23 14 20 25 12 36 77 18 69 10 85 9 80 17 75 12 77 6 72 48 68 8 71 40 71 4 73 1 80 27 85 24 40 85 32 5 76 36 83 80 4 80 63 89 4 4 90 55 82 86 9 78 1 8 75 32 82 65 13 90 41 78 55 44 89 96 4 65 39 77 21 2 76 85 84 64 2 72 37 88 34 28 73 31 75 80 50 87 72 7 79 "76" ' 80* ' 1 2 8 4 6 Based on data of registrants reporting figures for instalment sales. Includes mail-order houses. Includes filling stations. Dealers and contractors in heating, plumbing, and air conditioning equipment, and in construction and repairs. Based on data of registrants reporting figures for down payments and instalment paper sold. NOTE.—In some cases District figures are dominated by reports of head offices of one or more national chains, which show relationships quite different from those of other stores. OCTOBER 1951 1249 CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS Down payments reported by most kinds of nonautomotive businesses were from one-fifth to onetenth of their instalment sales volume. The sale of instalment paper varied widely from one kind of nonautomotive business to another. For example, household appliance and radio stores, farm implement dealers, and dealers and contractors in construction and repair materials sold nearly all of their instalment paper, whereas furniture and housefurnishing stores sold only one-fifth of their paper. In certain Federal Reserve Districts, for some lines of trade the totals shown in Tables 5 and 6 were dominated by data for national chains which were consolidated in a single report from the head office. In several cases the practices of national TABLE 6 TOTAL SALES, INSTALMENT SALES, AND INSTALMENT RECEIVABLES OF NONFINANCIAL BUSINESSES BY FEDERAL RESERVE D I S T R I C T [In millions of dollars] Federal Reserve District Kind of business T o t a l sales, year ended Sept. 30, 1950 1 Department and general stores 2 . . Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing stores Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies. Hardware and automotive accessory stores 3 Dealers and contractors 4 Manufacturers Jewelry stores Farm implement dealers Other nonfinancial businesses 5 . . . . Instalment sales, year ended Sept. 30, 1950 Department and general stores 2 . . Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing stores Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies. Hardware and automotive accessory stores 3 Dealers and contractors 4 Manufacturers Jewelry stores Farm implement dealers Other nonfinancial businesses 5 . . . . I n s t a l m e n t receivables, Sept. 30, 1950 Department and general stores 2 . . Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing stores Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies. Hardware and automotive accessory stores 3 Dealers and contractors 4 Manufacturers Jewelry stores Farm implement dealers Other nonfinancial businesses 6 United States total 41,861 11,050 19,414 Boston New York PhilaCleve- Richdelmond land phia 2,174 510 1,031 5,211 1,677 2,049 2,066 440 1,038 3,724 848 1,482 2,712 517 1,460 Atlanta St. Louis Chicago 2,730 9,921 441 4,741 1,559 3,259 Minneapolis Kansas City Dallas San Francisco 2,120 306 1,258 1,592 226 826 2,309 299 1,333 2,704 339 1,514 4,598 705 2,606 2,930 186 334 166 315 253 291 395 162 68 157 191 413 1,914 255 111 34 377 26 145 14 183 17 105 21 135 33 275 54 85 5 60 80 12 98 26 260 6 1,466 1,804 781 316 512 1,418 67 101 3 22 15 93 63 242 161 38 99 146 46 137 2 16 27 36 232 235 242 43 34 94 69 72 14 29 21 150 107 96 2 24 23 20 157 266 294 46 75 360 90 120 11 13 45 27 167 34 1 1 42 160 181 39 12 14 55 127 135 233 11 34 32 92 152 230 28 38 44 115 14,461 2,153 8,138 686 60 385 1,386 234 639 676 71 392 1,274 107 669 1,090 86 693 1,230 3,248 63 1,304 793 1,241 787 51 529 377 17 254 748 32 481 1,019 45 693 1,939 83 1,369 1,749 109 178 103 209 170 219 216 100 28 80 113 225 856 135 54 18 151 12 51 9 78 9 58 11 67 20 122 26 40 2 18 2 33 6 51 18 132 2 9 55 51 27 4 25 6 28 1 9 1 4 44 42 67 26 6 18 14 14 4 21 6 11 25 12 (6) 18 9 3 22 89 65 29 19 115 18 16 5 8 14 7 35 7 63 9 2 8 11 23 30 26 2 20 20 36 3 26 17 25 108 38 245 45 13 205 46 23 219 27 30 629 374 39 113 22 22 119 13 33 165 24 36 245 36 82 295 35J. 202 208 106 267 2,429 740 314 119 23 12 225 88 6 792 51 75 96 94 122 46 31 55 85 111 82 9 10 9 7 11 6 11 8 11 5 1 5 4 7 15 13 1 84 31 61 97 12 105 2 1 1 2 19 13 20 3 34 12 4 2 1 10 1 5 6 1 3 3 1 3 18 1 1 4 1 9 11 5 (6) 8 1 4 4 2 8 2 6 1 Total sales of the 104,0
5269	dbpedia	0	4	https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/repositories/2/resources/5710	en	Collection: West Virginia Governors' Papers			[ "https://host.lib.wvu.edu/images/2015/facebook.png", "https://host.lib.wvu.edu/images/2015/instagram.png", "https://host.lib.wvu.edu/images/2015/twitter.png", "https://host.lib.wvu.edu/images/2015/youtube.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/favicon.ico		null	General correspondence and papers, ca. 1929-1964, of Governors William G. Conley (18th Governor, in office 1929-1933), Herman G. Kump (19th Governor, in office 1933-1937), Homer A. Holt (20th Governor, in office 1937-1941), Matthew M. Neely (21st Governor, in office 1941-1945), Clarence W. Meadows (22nd Governor, in office 1945-1949), Okey Patteson (23rd Governor, in office 1949-1953), William C. Marland (24th Governor, in office 1953-1957), Cecil H. Underwood (25th Governor, in office 1957-1961), and William Wallace Barron (26th Governor, in office 1961-1965). There is material on the "flower fund" for 1944. The correspondence of the Barron administration concerns mainly state employment applications. Series include: Series 1. Conley, Kump, Holt, and Neely State Capitol Papers, undated (box 1) Series 2. Neely Flower Fund Records, 1944 (boxes 2-3) Series 3. Meadows Correspondence, 1945-1949 (boxes 4-7) Series 4. Meadows Miscellaneous Papers, 1945-1949 (boxes 7-8) Series 5. Patteson Correspondence, 1948-1953 (boxes 9-24) Series 6. Patteson Miscellaneous Papers, 1949-1953 (boxes 24-27) Series 7. Marland Correspondence, 1952-1956 (boxes 28-45) Series 8. Marland Miscellaneous Papers, 1953-1957 (boxes 46-52) Series 9. Underwood Correspondence, 1956-1961 (boxes 53-61) Series 10. Underwood Miscellaneous Papers, 1957-1960 (boxes 61-63) Series 11. Barron Correspondence, 1960-1964 (boxes 64-65) Series 12. Barron Miscellaneous Papers, 1960-1961 (box 66) Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.
5269	dbpedia	3	56	https://marylandmatters.org/2024/07/01/hundred-of-new-laws-go-into-effect-on-monday/	en	Hundreds of new laws go into effect on Monday	https://marylandmatters.…19829482782.jpeg	https://marylandmatters.…19829482782.jpeg	[ "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Maryland_Mobile_logo2.svg", "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Maryland-Matters-Logo-2024-4.png", "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/DSC_0647-newsletter-1536x1024.jpeg", "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/plugins/sn2/republisher/assets/img/ccwhite.png", "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Maryland-Matters-150x150.png", "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/MACo-drone-panel-8-14-2024-2-600x323.jpg", "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/010818_pg_county_crime-e1664032309830-1000-600x400.jpg", "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IMG_0351-600x400.jpeg", "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Maryland-Icon-Square.png", "https://marylandmatters.org/wp-content/themes/genesis-child/icons/ccwhite.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Maryland Matters Staff", "William J. Ford", "Danielle J. Brown" ]	2024-07-01T00:00:00	More than 400 new laws set to take effect Monday, among nearly 1,050 that were signed into law this year.	en	https://marylandmatters.…oter-148x150.png	Maryland Matters	https://marylandmatters.org/2024/07/01/hundred-of-new-laws-go-into-effect-on-monday/
5269	dbpedia	2	6	https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Patteson-21	en	Okey Leonidas Patteson (1898-1989)			[ "https://www.wikitree.com/images/wikitree-small.png.pagespeed.ce.5G9g5z_Ayb.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/thumb/b/b0/Patteson-21.gif/75px-Patteson-21.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/privacy60.png.pagespeed.ce.40ChhYgHYM.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qcAFb.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/pedigree.gif.pagespeed.ce.4kSwuvQoBH.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qcAFb.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qcAFb.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/thumb/f/fb/State_Seals-46.png/75px-State_Seals-46.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/a/a2/WikiTree_Image_Library-37.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/star.gif.pagespeed.ce.PFsRnIv2dh.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/star.gif.pagespeed.ce.PFsRnIv2dh.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/b/b0/Patteson-21.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "Okey Patteson genealogy" ]	null	[]	1898-09-14T00:00:00	Is this your ancestor? Explore genealogy for Okey Patteson born 1898 Dingess, Mingo, West Virginia, United States died 1989 Beckley, Raleigh, West Virginia, United States including ancestors + children + 1 photos + more in the free family tree community.	en	/favicon.ico		https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Patteson-21	WIKITREE HOME \| ABOUT \| G2G FORUM \| HELP \| SEARCH IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE TERMS OF SERVICE AND PRIVACY POLICY. © 2008 - 2023 INTERESTING.COM, INC. CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS.
5269	dbpedia	0	49	https://dokumen.pub/the-deans-bible-five-purdue-women-and-their-quest-for-equality-9781612493251-9781557536761.html	en	The Deans' Bible : Five Purdue Women and Their Quest for Equality 9781612493251, 9781557536761	https://dokumen.pub/img/…781557536761.jpg	https://dokumen.pub/img/…781557536761.jpg	[ "https://dokumen.pub/dokumenpub/assets/img/dokumenpub_logo.png", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/women-development-and-the-un-a-sixty-year-quest-for-equality-and-justice-0253346975-9780253346971-9780253111845.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/women-and-politics-in-america-the-quest-for-equality-2017021114-9781138856547-9781138856554-9781315719535.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/the-women-of-the-bible-speak-the-wisdom-of-16-women-and-their-lessons-for-today-9780063046610-9780063046597-006304661x.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/king-and-the-other-america-the-poor-peoples-campaign-and-the-quest-for-economic-equality-9780520963436.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/women-of-faith-and-the-quest-for-spiritual-authenticity-9781000361162.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/abraham-clark-and-the-quest-for-equality-in-the-revolutionary-era-1774-1794-0838631002-9780838631003.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/post-grad-five-women-and-their-first-year-out-of-college-first-edition-9780062429490-9780062429537-0062429493.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/the-kurds-the-history-of-the-middle-eastern-ethnic-group-and-their-quest-for-kurdistan.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/communists-and-their-victims-the-quest-for-justice-in-the-czech-republic-0812250141-9780812250145.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/communists-and-their-victims-the-quest-for-justice-in-the-czech-republic-9780812294989.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/the-deans-bible-five-purdue-women-and-their-quest-for-equality-9781612493251-9781557536761.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/dokumenpub/assets/img/dokumenpub_logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Five women successively nurtured students on the Purdue University campus in America's heartland during the 1930s t...	en	https://dokumen.pub/doku…e-icon-57x57.png	dokumen.pub	https://dokumen.pub/the-deans-bible-five-purdue-women-and-their-quest-for-equality-9781612493251-9781557536761.html	Citation preview The Deans’ Bible The Founders Series Also by Angie Klink Kirby’s Way: How Kirby and Caroline Risk Built their Company on Kitchen-Table Values Divided Paths, Common Ground: The Story of Mary Matthews and Lella Gaddis, Pioneering Purdue Women Who Introduced Science into the Home The Deans’ Bible Five Purdue Women and Their Quest for Equality By Angie Klink Purdue University Press West Lafayette, Indiana The author and publisher gratefully acknowledge the support of friends and admirers of the deans depicted in this book. Without their generosity, the writing and production of this book would not have been possible. Copyright 2014 by Purdue University. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Cataloging-in-Publication data on file at the Library of Congress. Cover design by Natalie Powell. In memory of my mother, Rosemary Lawhead Rhodes Lipp, because no one told her she could. Contents Foreword ix Preface xi Author’s Note xvii The Deans’ List xix 1 Celestial Chicken Salad 1 2 Carolyn Shoemaker, a Faraway Look 3 3 Artists of Life 13 4 Far Horizons 23 5 Dorothy Stratton Finds a Bible 31 6 Helen Schleman, Born in the Right Moment 39 7 If Walls Could Talk 47 8 Amelia Earhart, Cabbages and Kings 55 9 Lillian Gilbreth, the One Best Way 69 10 Ladies’ Agreement 79 11 Beverley Stone, a Lovely Light 93 12 Your Best Foot Forward 101 13 Be Interesting 111 14 Don’t Be a Spare . . . Be a SPAR! 121 15 Meanwhile, Back at the Ranch 135 16 In Sheep’s Clothing 145 17 Barbara Ivy Wood Cook, ’Tis a Gift to Be Free 157 18 Bible Bequeathed 167 19 Gospel of the Go-to-Hell Fund 179 20 B-Squared 187 21 Dean of Women Punch 195 22 At the Service of the President 205 23 Mixed Messages 217 24 Winter’s Death Rattle 233 25 Betty Mitchell Nelson, Message in the Hollow Oak 243 26 ’Twas Ever Thus 253 27 The Quiet Crisis 261 28 Uncharted Waters 267 29 Peace, Love, and a Bible Passage 279 30 Off Guard 285 31 Sit In, Stand Out 293 32 In Walks the Pantsuit 303 33 Hip Women 313 34 Entitled to Title IX 323 35 The Hand That Rocks the Cradle Can Rock the Boat 333 36 Easier to Move a Cemetery 339 37 And She Did It! 349 38 Deanie Weenies 357 39 Bible Holding Pattern 365 40 Chicken Salad Reprise 379 41 The Main Thing 383 42 To Understand More Than One Knows 393 43 Hearing What Is Not Said 403 44 Helen’s Hankie Club 415 45 Betty’s Blast Off and Bible Hand Off 421 46 Hugging the Purdue Campus 427 47 By Your Leave, Sirs 435 48 The Place Just Right 441 49 Epilogue 445 Index 447 Foreword We must always take sides. Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim. Silence encourages the tormentor, never the tormented. —Elie Wiesel, Holocaust survivor, author of Night Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, 1986 F ive remarkable women enlivened and enhanced Purdue University from 1933 to 1995. They shared profound concern for students and the educations they were receiving. In addition, they also were united by their efforts to expand opportunities for women, both at Purdue and nationally. Purdue itself benefited immensely from their service, including their forceful and direct efforts to convince their boss, typically the university president, to modify policies that would make Purdue a stronger university. Often, though not always, they were successful. Who was this quintet? They were the deans of women and then deans of students from 1933 to 1995: Dorothy C. Stratton, Helen B. Schleman, M. Beverley Stone, Barbara I. Cook, and Betty M. Nelson. In their early years they were part of a mere handful of adult women in positions of responsibility at Purdue. Thus, their concerns for women transcended student life to include opportunities for women as professors and senior ix x Foreword administrators. Not surprisingly, many of their male colleagues did not share their enthusiasm. Angie Klink has recorded their experiences in this lively volume, The Deans’ Bible: Five Purdue Women and Their Quest for Equality. This is not simply a tale of five beloved servants of Purdue. Rather, Klink has embedded their efforts in the larger tale of women’s changing role in American society in the twentieth century. She places these women—from Missouri, Indiana, Virginia, Tennessee, and West Virginia—in the national events influencing women’s experience as well as the service of three of them in the military during World War II. This is a book for Boilermakers to remember some of our most impressive leaders. I am fortunate to have known and admired all of the deans as a child in West Lafayette and as a Purdue student (BS, 1955; MS, 1958; Litt.D., 1980). Additionally, it is a book for those who have not had the privilege of a Purdue education to learn about this dedicated group who sought and achieved improvements, both in women’s opportunities and in university education. —Patricia Albjerg Graham Charles Warren Professor of the History of Education Emerita Harvard University Preface F or nearly a century, six Purdue women deans passed down a secret Bible. The Bible was the clandestine emblem of their shared profession and a symbol of their sisterhood. The many-layered story of their interwoven lives and their pursuit of equity for all people rings of fiction, but because it is true, the tale is relevant and inspiring today. We hunger to learn from women like Dorothy Stratton, Helen Schleman, Beverley Stone, Barbara Cook, and Betty Nelson. I was privileged to channel these women’s astonishing lives into this book. Over the course of several years when I attended a University “women’s event” in the Purdue Libraries Archives and Special Collections, I saw the same photo of five women striding shoulder to shoulder in a grassy meadow. Repeatedly, the photo was printed on programs or posters to signify “women of Purdue.” It was as if this image was the representation of powerful women in Purdue’s history. The photo became iconic. I didn’t xi xii Preface know much about the five, but every time I saw the picture, the women walked toward me, and I thought, “There’s a story.” Then I was told of the secret Bible, originally held by Carolyn Shoemaker who became Purdue’s first part-time dean of women in 1913. When I heard of the hand-me-down Testament, I knew—there is a story, and I would love to write it. While not all of the women were devoted churchgoers, each dean passed the Bible to her successor. The book remained tucked in the acting dean’s desk drawer where it emitted a quiet, formidable reminder that when the dean on duty met with obstacles, injustice, or good fortune, the deans were always there for one another in presence and in spirit, shoulder to shoulder in forward momentum. The story of the five deans is a tale of women helping other women. The deans abetted each other, female students, faculty, and administrators. These women of great substance aided minorities, people with disabilities, and any student—male or female—who needed a good listener and a word of hope. The Deans’ Bible spans one hundred years of women’s rights, women at Purdue University, and women in America. The book is about equality for all people. Dorothy, Helen, Bev, Barb, and Betty were cut from the same progressive, broad-minded cloth and wore the same mantel of parity and integrity throughout their lives. Dorothy and Helen were friends with Amelia Earhart and Lillian Gilbreth. The aviatrix and engineer were profound influences on Dorothy and Helen who, into the twentieth century, carried forth the famous women’s philosophies that females can accomplish great feats. Dorothy, Helen, and Bev enlisted to serve during World War II. Captain Dorothy Stratton was the founder and director of the women’s reserve of the United States Coast Guard, which she named the SPARs. Captain Helen Schleman was Dorothy’s “right-hand woman.” Many who knew Beverley Stone may not have realized that this ultrafeminine woman who wore pearls and fur coats had been a WAVE, a member of the women’s reserve of the United States Navy. Time spent in the SPARs and the WAVES proved to these three that females could accomplish anything; however, when the war ended, women were told to go back Preface xiii home, take care of their men, have children, and forget thoughts of careers. This cultural pressure for women to marry, stay home, and not pursue their dreams was something that the deans challenged on Purdue’s campus for decades. Throughout her lifetime, Dorothy Stratton was honored as the director of the SPARs. Her contribution to America’s women and minorities spanned from her association with Eleanor Roosevelt, beginning in the 1940s, to her posthumous association with Michelle Obama in the 2000s, when the first lady christened and commissioned a United States Coast Guard cutter in Dorothy’s name. The USCGC Stratton protects America’s shoreline today. I thank the staff of the Purdue University Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections for their steadfast assistance during my research for The Deans’ Bible. University Archivist and Head of Archives and Special Collections Sammie L. Morris was most helpful in opening the “vaults” for me to peer inside. A special thank-you goes to Stephanie Schmitz, the France A. Córdova Women’s Archivist, and Jonathan K. McConnell, graduate assistant, for their prompt attention to my many queries to find a particular letter or newspaper clipping. Each dean has her share of papers and ephemera housed in the Purdue Libraries Archives and Special Collections, but Helen was the queen saver of them all. I read through thirteen archival boxes filled with Helen’s papers. She saved every letter she received and carbon copies (written back in the days of carbon paper) of the correspondence she sent. It was as if Helen knew that she must document the continual battles to bring women equal opportunities at Purdue and in the country, and that I would come along sixty years later to write down her trials for the world to see and learn from her efforts and fortitude. Often, when I left the beautiful research area of the Purdue Libraries Archives and Special Collections, where I had been cloistered for an afternoon surrounded by the rich wooden cabinets housing every Debris yearbook since the 1800s, I would feel the weight of Helen’s struggles. The continual oppression that she and the female students endured weighed heavily upon my shoulders; however, I also went away with such awe for her persistence and that of her sister deans. They never gave up. Even in . xiv Preface retirement during the early 1990s, Helen, in her eighties, handwrote a four-page letter to the president of Purdue expressing her concern that there were not enough women in administration at the University. She then listed potential candidates and their qualifications. I thank two very special women for their immeasurable help in writing The Deans’ Bible. Dean of Students Emerita Betty M. Nelson is the dean “holding down the spiritual fort” here on earth for her predecessors. The deans considered themselves a “chosen family,” and Betty’s stories of her lineage of deans gave much insight to the tapestry of their connections, the challenges they faced individually and collectively, and the fun they had in the journey. To know Betty is to know a woman of class, depth, and energy. She’s funny, intuitive, and brilliant. I thank another member of the “chosen family,” Captain Sally Watlington. Sally was the daughter Helen Schleman never had. Sally was equally close to Dorothy Stratton. Dorothy, Helen, and Bev influenced Sally in her decision to join the navy. Sally and Betty cared for the deans as they aged. (Sally affectionately called them “the Deanie Weenies” and “the Girls.”) In the spirit of the Bible’s symbolic undertone of women advocating for one another, Betty and Sally were there for the deans, to the end. Most recently, the two cared for Barbara Cook until her passing in April 2013. The day after Barb passed away, I was at Betty’s house to interview Purdue alumna Teresa Roche, who knew all of the deans and is especially close to Betty. As Teresa and I sat at the kitchen table, Betty headed for the front door to leave for an errand. As if something came to her suddenly, she stopped, turned her head to the side, and said rather cryptically, “Be prepared for your life to change.” Then she opened the door and scurried off. Her words wafted prophetically in her wake. People have asked me if my books change me during the process of writing. They all have left their marks, even the children’s books with their sparse number of words. But The Deans’ Bible has transformed me the most, for these distinguished women have “removed the scales from my eyes.” Each dean chose a favorite passage to write down in the front matter of Carolyn Shoemaker’s Bible. Similarly, I am selecting a verse for this book—Acts 9:15–18, referred to as the “Conversion of Saul.” It reads: Preface xv But the Lord said, “Go and do what I say. For Saul is my chosen instrument to take my message to the Gentiles and to kings, as well as to the people of Israel. And I will show him how much he must suffer for me.” So Ananias went and found Saul. He laid his hands on him and said, “Brother Saul, the Lord Jesus, who appeared to you on the road, has sent me so that you may get your sight back and be filled with the Holy Spirit.” Instantly something like scales fell from Saul’s eyes, and he regained his sight. After receiving his sight, Saul spent time with other believers to learn of the teachings of Jesus, and then he embarked on a ministry to preach the truth to others. When Saul spoke to others, his words were powerful because he was a brilliant scholar, yet most convincing was the evidence of the way he lived. It’s important to know the Good Book and how to defend one’s faith, but words need to be backed up with a changed life. For nearly two years I conducted research and wrote The Deans’ Bible. I have spent much time with the believers. It’s important that the efforts of the deans are written down to proclaim their faith in the potential of all people and their gospel of women helping other women. Scales must fall from more eyes. I hope my words can be backed up with a changed life—yours and mine. —Angie Klink Publisher’s Note: In addition to the photographs in the center of this book, further images can be found on a connected website hosted by the Purdue University Archives and Special Collections at http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315231. Author’s Note D eans of women at universities and colleges across the United States were once connected as a nurturing network of mentors by their own professional organization, founded in 1916 as the National Association of Deans of Women (NADW). The early founders worked diligently to professionalize the position of dean and to legitimize their roles on predominantly male college campuses. The organization metamorphosed through the twentieth century, changing its name three times before shuttering in 2000. Deans of women opened doors and opportunities for female students, faculty, and administrators throughout American campuses. Their scholarly journal, research monographs, symposia, and conferences provided evidence of the immeasurable contributions that the association and its members made to higher education and women’s voices in that education. At the 1956 NADW annual conference in Cincinnati, Ohio, President Eunice Hilton declared a new name for the forty-year-old association. xvii xviii Author’s Note It became the National Association of Women Deans and Counselors (NAWDC). In 1973, the name changed again as the word “administrators” was added. The organization became the National Association for Women Deans, Administrators, and Counselors (NAWDAC), a name it would hold until 1991, when the group moved into a new identity. In 1990, a fundraising consultant hired by NAWDAC recommended a name change using the ideas of “women in education” and “women’s leadership” as a guide. The membership of NAWDAC voted to change the association’s name to the National Association for Women in Education (NAWE). The word “dean” was no longer part of the seventy-five-year-old organization’s distinctiveness. By the turn of the twenty-first century, NAWE experienced increased competition for membership from other professional organizations. Society had also shifted away from supporting single-sex groups; NAWE came to an end in 2000. The association’s legacy and immense contributions to the advancement of female students, faculty, and administrators in higher education live on through its historical contributions—contributions that are of the utmost importance still today. In 2012, the American Council on Education’s (ACE) survey of college presidents found a profession dominated by white men—a portrait that has hardly changed since the NADW was founded in 1916. Today, 26 percent of institutional leaders are female. No doubt, the deans of women would encourage females to persevere, for there is still work to be done for the issue of women’s educational equity and advancement—still a goal to be attained in the twenty-first century. Today, the National Student Affairs Archives (NSAA) at the Center for Archival Collections at Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, comprises the institutional papers of numerous national, regional, and state professional student affairs associations. The NSAA also is home to “The Student Affairs History Project,” a website devoted to the history of the student affairs profession. The NSAA was a helpful resource in the writing of The Deans’ Bible. The Deans’ List Carolyn E. Shoemaker Born: 1865 Died: March 2, 1933 Dean of Women: 1913–1933 Dorothy C. Stratton Born: March 24, 1899 Died: September 17, 2006 Dean of Women: 1933–1942 WWII leave of absence: 1942–1947 Helen B. Schleman Born: June 21, 1902 Died: February 5, 1992 Dean of Women: 1947–1968 M. Beverley Stone Born: June 10, 1916 Died: April 16, 2003 Dean of Women: 1968–1974 Dean of Students: 1974–1980 xix xx The Deans’ List Barbara I. Cook Born: December 8, 1929 Died: April 10, 2013 Dean of Students: 1980–1987 Betty M. Nelson Born: March 17, 1935 Dean of Students: 1987–1995 Deans Helen B. Schleman, M. Beverley Stone, Barbara I. Cook, Betty M. Nelson, and Dorothy C. Stratton at Purdue’s North Golf Course (today named Kampen Course) in July 1987. Betty had been Purdue’s dean of students for two weeks when she was invited to lunch at the Cook-Stone home flanking the golf course. Much to her surprise, Betty was presented with Carolyn Shoemaker’s Bible, a symbol of the women’s shared profession. Photo by Dave Umberger. 1 Celestial Chicken Salad O n a verdant July day in 1987, a camera clicked and a roll of 35-millimeter film advanced to record a moment in Purdue University history. Five women were captured in a photograph that represented six decades of striving for the advancement of women, a quest for equality for all beings, and an interweaving of lives that formed a chosen family. The photograph became known as “Five Deans Walking.” Betty Nelson, age fifty-two, had just completed her first two weeks as Purdue’s dean of students when her predecessors, Beverley Stone, age seventyone, and Barbara Cook, age fifty-eight, invited her to lunch at the white twostory colonial they shared on Western Drive in West Lafayette, Indiana. Betty thought she merely was invited to a nice lunch with the women who had become like family since she first worked in the Office of the Dean of Women twenty years before. Bev and Barb said the meal would be “something small, just a little salad.” And, as an afterthought, “Oh, Helen and Dorothy might be there, too.” 1 2 The Deans’ Bible Neighbors and friends had nicknamed Western Drive “Deans’ Row.” Down the block from the “Cook-Stone” home, Dorothy Stratton, age eighty-eight, Purdue’s first full-time dean of women, shared a contemporary house with her successor, Helen Schleman, age eighty-five. The four former Purdue deans lived their retirement years, houses apart, along the edge of the emerald bunkers and bays of Purdue’s North Golf Course (today named Kampen Course). Betty arrived and noticed that the deans were dressed in summer suits, pastel skirts, and crisp blouses. Helen wore her gold Purdue pendant watch around her neck. Dangling from Bev’s ears were her signature faux pearl earrings. The table in the breakfast nook with a panoramic view of the golf course was set in style, and the women were in high spirits. Celestial Chicken Salad was served nestled in crisp lettuce cups. Celestial Chicken Salad was a recipe handed down to Barb Celestial Chicken Salad from her mother, Thelma Wood. Dice cooked chicken (always white Thelma told her daughter it was meat, of course). Toss lightly with a dish to be served when one celery, whole mushrooms (whole, not sliced), toasted pecans, fried wanted to impress. The chicken bacon, mayonnaise (must be Hellsalad was aptly named, for it was man’s—this is important), sour heavenly, indeed. The five deans cream (not low fat), and lemon sat at the kitchen table feasting juice. Garnish the luncheon plate and chatting. The lineage of with halved cherry tomatoes. their common chosen professions was nearly palpable. Dessert was served, and at the invitation of Barb and Bev, Dave Umberger, Purdue’s senior photographer, arrived. The women knew Dave loved Key lime pie, and Bev’s southern recipe was a refreshing favorite. It was then that the reason for the gathering was revealed. Barb pulled out a tattered brown leather Bible. Betty watched, hands folded and resting on her poplin skirt, still thinking she was simply there for a pleasant noontime meal. She loved to hear these women’s stories, some captivating and new, others familiar and deeprooted like family fables. Betty sat waiting, glancing at the old book in Barb’s hand. It was then that the four past women deans shared with the new woman dean their long-standing secret—the tale of the deans’ Bible. 2 Carolyn Shoemaker, a Faraway Look C arolyn Ernestine Shoemaker possessed a Bible, an American Standard. The cover was supple, cocoa-hued leather. The end of the word “HOLY,” embossed with gold lettering on the spine, curled cheerily upward. The spine read: HOLY BIBLE REFERENCES SELF-PRONOUNCING NELSON The term “References” indicated that throughout the text, the Bible contained mentions of other passages of Scripture on the same subject. A “Self-Pronouncing Bible” is one where difficult names are broken into syllables and accented by diacritical marks to help the reader pronounce them correctly. “Nelson” referred to Thomas Nelson Bibles, one of the oldest Bible publishers in the world. 3 4 The Deans’ Bible Perhaps the Bible was given to Carolyn as a gift when she was baptized or when she graduated from high school and entered Purdue University. Carolyn graduated with a bachelor of science degree in 1888, less than twenty years after the University opened. Two of her classmates were George Ade, an author and humorist, and John T. McCutcheon, the “Dean of American Cartoonists” and Pulitzer Prize winner. Carolyn was quiet, composed, and cheerful. People said she had perfect poise. Mrs. Mindwell Crampton Wilson, in “A Tribute to Dean Shoemaker” during Carolyn’s memorial service, said that she “loved truth, seeking it above material things.” She had an open mind; she valued friends, loved her two brothers, Jesse and Charles, lived simply, and found joy in work. One of the few photos of Carolyn shows her looking wistfully through her wire glasses, her dark hair in a finger wave, a popular style of the time, with a long strand of pearls accenting her dark, scooped-neck dress with lace sleeves. Carolyn was a student in the first class Stanley Coulter taught after he arrived at Purdue to teach zoology. Later, he would become Purdue’s first dean of men. Coulter spoke fondly of Carolyn, the student he would grow to know more deeply as a colleague in the following decades. During Carolyn’s memorial service, in a speech titled “Dean Shoemaker, The Woman,” Coulter said: “I recognized in her case I was to deal with an exceptional personality. She had at all times a faraway look in her eyes, which only the years interpreted to me.” Emma Montgomery McRae was a professor of English literature at Purdue who nurtured Carolyn’s love of language. The two women had studied together and shared a trip to Europe. Carolyn said that Emma was the greatest influence of her adult life. Emma was a solid, broad-faced woman with hair loosely piled atop her head. She had been a high school teacher and principal in Muncie, Indiana, and she was the first woman in the state to be chosen as president of the State Teachers Association. A group of women created the Muncie McRae Club in Emma’s honor in 1894 for “intellectual and cultural pursuit” of “education in art, science, literature, and music.” This was during a time when many women did not have the opportunity for education, and the club was an answer to that Carolyn Shoemaker, a Faraway Look 5 academic void. The club also discussed social concerns such as suffrage, child labor, and race relations. A program booklet contained the motto, “Study to be what you wish to seem” with a tribute to Emma, “our honorary member—eminent as teacher and lecturer, a woman of rare character and great influence.” The McRae Club history goes on to describe Emma as a woman who “. . . filled her niche in life to the fullest, and with it all, remained so gentle, so plain, so unassuming and yet so dignified. Wherever she walked, people were wont to say, ‘A queen has passed this way.’ [Her] lectures were always masterpieces, her travelogues were unsurpassed [and] couched in the King’s best English.” When Purdue President James H. Smart hired her in 1887, Emma became the “unofficial” dean of women. She was known as “Mother McRae,” and because there were few female faculty members and a small number of female students, she served as a counselor on every academic and personal problem these students experienced. Emma epitomized high character, delivered masterful speeches, and garnered immense respect. With Emma, the die was cast. Ladies Hall was the epicenter of every academic and social activity for Purdue’s female students and where all of the home economics classes were held. In the early years, home economics was the “foot in the door” to higher education for women. Often, females were “not allowed” to take other courses seen as “unwomanly.” It was the rare woman who bucked the stereotypes and took engineering or agriculture. The building also was a residence hall where the women and Emma lived. Ladies Hall was a striking redbrick building with imposing twin towers. An iron fire escape wove a path from a third-floor arched window onto a veranda rooftop, then down a ladder that scaled the side of the building to the lawn. The fire escape was a popular place for photographs, with women students posing in a line on each stair step or clinging to the ladder, smiling, in their hats, gloves, black fur-collared coats, and highbutton shoes. Each window bore a roller shade with a dangling string to pull for privacy. When it was constructed in 1872, Ladies Hall was the first permanent building north of State Street, the dirt thoroughfare that divided the Purdue campus. 6 The Deans’ Bible Put in context, it is remarkable that any woman obtained a college degree during the late 1800s, for society severely challenged women’s efforts for an education. When Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the first Women’s Rights Convention in 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York, grievances were documented in the “Declaration of Sentiments” and set the agenda for the women’s rights movement. One of the sentiments stated, “The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward women. . . . He had denied her the facilities of a thorough education, all colleges being closed against her.” An outcome of the convention was a demand for higher education for women. Through the 1890s, “scientific” reports were released that showed that too much education could seriously hurt the female reproductive system. Commonly known as the Progressive Era, 1890 to 1917 was a watershed in women’s intellectual history. There was a genuine fear that a good education would make a woman unfit for marriage and motherhood. In fact, nearly half of the first generation of college women did not marry or delayed marriage. They turned their energies to social reform and careers. Society offered educated women two choices—marriage or work, and many chose work. Remarkably, this cultural commandment to choose between career and marriage persisted well into the first half of the twentieth century. When Carolyn Shoemaker was twenty-one, she obtained her master’s degree from Purdue with plans to embark on a teaching career; however, as happens to many women, she put her personal goals on hold to care for someone she loved. Carolyn tended to her invalid mother for eleven years. Emma McRae hired Carolyn, age thirty-five, as an English literature instructor in 1900, the same year Carolyn’s mother passed away. Carolyn was an inspiring professor who infused a love of literature and drama into her teaching. She was a dynamic orator, on and off campus, and gave book reviews and speeches to clubs and organizations throughout Indiana. Carolyn’s office was in University Hall, today the oldest building on Purdue’s campus. In his speech during Carolyn’s memorial service, titled “Miss Shoemaker, The Teacher,” Professor H. L. Creek, head of the Department of English, described Carolyn in this manner: Carolyn Shoemaker, a Faraway Look 7 She would enter the English Department office to get her mail, smile a greeting to anyone who might be present, and go back to her own office, perhaps without speaking. Ordinarily she seemed quite composed, with something of philosophic calm in her face and manner. Then sometimes there would come a sudden revelation of emotion—deep determination to accomplish something she thought important, a touch of indignation at some wrong, a bit of sorrow at the failure of others to reach her ideals, a flash of sympathy for someone who did not seem to be having a fair chance in life. At such moments we felt that Miss Shoemaker, calm as she might seem, had a deeply emotional life, and that her power as a teacher and as a woman lay in the warmth of her feelings. Carolyn enjoyed studying human character. The teaching of drama appealed to her the most because she was interested in the interplay of purpose and personality. She relished mortal complexities found in fiction, biography, and autobiography. As a member of Central Presbyterian Church, Carolyn taught “Bible Class in the Sabbath School” to a large group of Purdue coeds. The Bible was filled with the literary concepts Carolyn loved—drama, mortal complexities, purpose, and personality. T he “unofficial” dean of women Emma McRae retired from Purdue in 1912. She was the first female faculty member to receive a Carnegie Foundation retirement grant. Andrew Carnegie had just established the Carnegie Corporation of New York in 1911 “to promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding” among the people of the United States. While Carnegie is best known for his establishment of free public libraries throughout America, he also supported education and teachers. He was shocked to discover that teachers, “one of the highest professions,” had less financial security than his former office clerks. His teacher retirement accounts are now called TIAA-CREF. The year after Emma retired, Purdue President Winthrop Stone called Carolyn, age forty-eight, into his office and offered her the newly created appointment of part-time dean of women. Many universities were establishing similar positions, and as Stone said, almost begrudgingly, he guessed 8 The Deans’ Bible Purdue should, too. Female students had lost their confidante and counselor when Emma retired. Shoemaker was surprised and in awe of the responsibility; she said she was not sure she could handle such a job. The story repeated in countless chronicles of Purdue history for the last century is that Stone bellowed, “Be a man, Miss Shoemaker! Be a man! Do not let this or any other task worry you.” Carolyn accepted the position of part-time dean of women in 1913, but she served Purdue very much like a woman. Student Marion L. Smith (in her memorial speech for Carolyn, titled “The Dean of Women”) described her: High aims and high ideals alone were not enough for Miss Shoemaker. One of the significant characteristics to which practically every coed made reference was her willingness to help—no problem brought to her by a coed was too small for her to consider; another characteristic was her desire to be reached easily by the coeds—she tried to be in her office whenever possible, and she was never too busy to see one; another trait was her sympathetic and understanding nature. She realized how important those problems were and what they meant to the girls who brought them, and she sincerely tried to solve those problems. Girls have actually gone into her office weeping and come out smiling. Female faculty members in colleges across the United States were asked to serve a dual role as deans of women from the 1890s to the 1930s. The deans were to oversee the women who were the minority population on campus. They would insulate the women from the “maleness” of the campuses and, in turn, protect and guide the women. The deans were scholars who were concerned about the intellectual development of women, especially in competition with men. The presence of women on campuses made university presidents and male faculty members uneasy. Women in colleges raised concerns about propriety, delicate matters of health, and female “problems,” as well as the institutional responsibility to families to protect the safety, sexual virtue, and reputations of daughters far from home. For the uncomfortable males, appointing a dean of women to handle all those “unpleasant” female needs was the perfect solution. Yet Carolyn helped the less than one hundred females on Purdue’s campus with much more than matters of propriety. When women did Carolyn Shoemaker, a Faraway Look 9 not have enough money to finish their degrees, Carolyn gave them financial assistance from her own pocketbook. She also abetted social troubles, “scholastic adjustments,” rooming house supervision, and general overseeing of all coed organizations and activities. The Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) was one of the oldest campus institutions. The YWCA sponsored the Big Sister Movement, by which the women in the upper classes familiarized the freshmen females with activities and customs. In later years, this program at Purdue would be named the “Green Guard.” Carolyn became Purdue’s first part-time dean of women the same year Alice Paul and Lucy Burns formed the Congressional Union (later named the National Woman’s Party) to work toward the passage of a federal amendment to give women the right to vote. Paul, age twenty-eight, “cut her teeth” as a suffragist in England. While there, she met Burns in London. On March 3, 1913, one day before President-elect Woodrow Wilson’s inauguration, Paul and Burns organized a strategically timed, majestically staged women’s suffrage parade with more than 5,000 marchers striding down Pennsylvania Avenue. Stunning and confident, Inez Milholland, a lawyer, led the parade. Draped in a cream cape that billowed in the breeze, she rode astride a snow-white horse. Holding a place of honor, immediately following, were women from seventeen countries that had already enfranchised women. Then came the “Pioneers,” women who had been struggling in the American suffrage movement for sixty-five years to secure the right to vote. The next section of the parade celebrated workingwomen, grouped by occupation and wearing the appropriate garb. There were nine bands, twenty-four floats, and a section for male supporters. The marchers waved American flags and bore signs and sashes in suffrage colors of purple, white, and gold that bore the words “Votes for Women.” About 500,000 spectators gathered along the route. Everyone was welcome to participate, with one exception. In a city that was southern in both location and attitude, where the Christmas Eve rape of a government clerk by a black man had percolated racist sentiments, Paul was convinced that some white women would not march with black women. In response to several inquiries, she had quietly discouraged blacks from participating. 10 The Deans’ Bible Aware they were not wanted and in spite of fear that they may be attacked, a new Howard University African American sorority, Delta Sigma Theta, joined the procession. African American activists believed that if white women needed the vote to secure their rights, black women needed it even more. They faced discrimination on two levels—sex and race. The parade was the group’s first public act. Today, Delta Sigma Theta is one of the largest African American women’s organizations in the country, with an estimated 300,000 members around the world and a chapter at Purdue University. Meanwhile, panicky reports came from white suffragists in Chicago that Ida B. Wells-Barnett, an African American journalist and suffragist who led an antilynching campaign, planned to join the procession. When the Illinois unit assembled in the parade line, leaders of the group instructed Wells-Barnett to walk with an all-black group rather than under the flag of her home state. With tears in her eyes, Wells-Barnett refused to participate in the procession unless “I can march under the Illinois banner.” Wells-Barnett stood from the sidelines watching the cavalcade until she decided to solve the issue herself by defiantly walking, mid-parade, from the sidelines into the Illinois group, matching their stride and ignoring their stares. Wells-Barnett once said, “I felt that one had better die fighting against injustice than to die like a dog or a rat in a trap.” Few would notice Wells-Barnett’s bold move for the parade was about to turn to mayhem. Some of the onlookers, mostly men in town for the presidential inauguration, jeered, “Go back home where you belong.” Men surged into the street, making it difficult for the parade to pass. They snatched banners, grabbed at clothing, and tried to climb onto floats. Women were tripped, grabbed, shoved, spat upon, and many heard “indecent epithets” and “barnyard conversation.” The men marching in the parade were met with degrading remarks, such as, “Where are your skirts?” Rather than protecting the marchers, some of the police were amused by the sneers and laughter and joined in. A mass of humanity filled the streets, wearing bowlers and wide-brimmed hats, bundled in coats and gloves. While many policemen turned a blind eye to the marchers’ degrading and frightening circumstances, the unexpected heroes of the march were 1,500 Boy Scouts of America. Carolyn Shoemaker, a Faraway Look 11 The Boy Scouts had been invited to the parade in full uniform—knickers, boots, hats, and staves—as volunteers to help with law enforcement. Their organization had been founded just three years earlier. Little did the Boy Scouts know when they agreed to assist the police, they would have to actually defend marchers from police inaction. The boys attempted to hold back the crowds and assisted the two ambulances that traveled to and from the hospital for six hours shuttling the one hundred injured. Eventually, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson authorized the use of a troop of cavalry from nearby Fort Myer to help control the crowd. Boys’ Life magazine featured a four-page article about the Scouts’ deeds in its April 1913 issue. The magazine reported that while the police initially told the Boy Scouts to stay behind their lines, the crowd soon overwhelmed law enforcement. Police were begging scouts for help and borrowing their staves. As a young organization, the Boy Scouts of America relished the good press. The Boys’ Life article concluded, “Washington and its respectable visitors will not soon forget the spectacle of boys in the uniform that stands for learning the principles of good citizenship actually restraining grown men from acting the part of brutes.” Even with the numerous difficulties, many marchers completed the parade route, which ended at the Treasury Building. The mistreatment of the marchers by both the crowd and the police led to Senate subcommittee hearings with more than 150 witnesses recounting their experiences. The superintendent of police for the District of Columbia lost his job. The committee heard multiple mentions of the heroic Boy Scouts. Despite the anger and violence, the suffragists considered the march a success, for it was the first national expression of demand for an amendment to the United States Constitution enfranchising women. The public outcry and press coverage after the event helped the suffragists’ cause. The parade reinvigorated the suffrage movement and aided in propelling the country toward the Nineteenth Amendment’s ratification on August 18, 1920. With a parade, a vision, and courage, Alice Paul and Lucy Burns reignited a national ardor for the women’s vote. This was America for women when Carolyn Shoemaker became the first dean of women at Purdue University. 3 Artists of Life S ix years after Carolyn Shoemaker was appointed Purdue’s first dean of women, Stanley Coulter, Carolyn’s former instructor, was named Purdue’s first dean of men. Slowly, universities in the United States added the Office of the Dean of Men during the 1910s and 1920s. Administrators were jittery about women on campus, so they made rules and regulations for them and thought a dean of women was needed to guide the girls. The male students were left to their own devices with few rules, so at the outset, administrators didn’t think they needed a dean of men. In 1916, the deans of women united officially and founded the National Association of Deans of Women (NADW), a branch of the National Education Association (NEA). The first annual meeting, organized by Kathryn Sisson Phillips, dean of women at Ohio Wesleyan University, was entitled “What a Dean of Women Is—What Her Duties Are.” Gertrude S. Martin gave the key address at the first program and pinpointed poetically what a dean does: 13 14 The Deans’ Bible We are trying to define the dean. Some say the dean is just a chaperone— a nice, ladylike person. Others say the dean is a necessary evil, a concession. . . . Others say the dean is a sort of adjunct to the President, because the President usually lacks at least one of the qualifications for the dean. The fact is the dean of women is unique! She is expected to teach and do a great many other things. She is preeminently a teacher of the art of living. She asks: How many of us are artists of life ourselves? Often when a group of women come together, there is a sisterhood formed that can facilitate change. The collecting of deans of women was no different. In the decades to follow, the NADW would prove to be a lobbying powerhouse and a force of nature as it connected deans of women throughout the country in common goals for females everywhere. Their discussions and resolutions were on cutting-edge topics. They came to define themselves as humanists. Future Purdue deans of women would make their marks and become known throughout the United States through the NADW, later named the National Association of Women Deans and Counselors (NAWDC). The early deans of women established the foundations of professional practice for student affairs and higher education administration. They developed a body of professional literature, which included journals, research reports, and books. The deans of women at Purdue would write many papers for such periodicals. The pioneering women of NADW worked hard to “professionalize” the position of dean and to legitimize her role. The deans of women were early champions of the scientific methods of guidance for students. After World War I, their vocation would be termed “student personnel work.” They often challenged each other and their campuses to “do the right thing” by women. During their first informal meeting in Chicago in 1903, the country’s collective deans of women passed a resolution condemning “gender segregation” in higher education. This cause to condemn gender segregation in universities perpetuates still today. In “How the Deans of Women Became Men,” printed in The Review of Higher Education, Robert A. Schwartz wrote candidly of the unfair, demeaning, and stereotypical views of deans of women: “Many of their Artists of Life 15 significant accomplishments have been lost or ignored in compilations of the modern history of higher education. What remains is an unfortunate caricature of deans of women as ‘snooping battle axes’—prudish spinsters who bedeviled the harmless fun seeking of their students.” Schwartz also gave his opinion as to why the achievements of deans of women have been disregarded: “This inaccurate view results from the male voice’s domination of written and oral histories of American colleges and universities . . . the accomplishments of deans of women have rarely received honest evaluation, validation, or appreciation. Rather, they have been discounted, discredited, or ignored.” Schwartz then imparted women deans their due: “In reality, the deans of women were consummate professionals who anchored much of their work to the academic principles of rigorous research and scholarly dissemination of their findings. Many of the significant and well-established practices of student affairs work and higher education administrations that exist today were first put in place through the work of the deans of women.” Additionally, the deans of men gathered as a group but with a very different mind-set and direction. The first recorded meeting of deans of men took place casually in 1919 “for a discussion of our problems.” The men came together because of a concern about student discipline. (Since the male students had few rules, unlike the females who had many, it is understandable that discipline would be a concern.) Two years later, the gathering formerly organized under the name of the National Association of Deans of Men (NADM). The meetings were social and club-like, sounding almost like a men’s society where they could imbibe and smoke cigars, in contrast to the professionalism of the national conferences of the deans of women. According to Schwartz: “The deans of men enjoyed the opportunity to converse, to enjoy local hospitalities and activities, and to regale each other with tales from their campuses. Over time, issues of professionalism, graduate study, and the role of the dean of men were topics of discussion, but they were addressed in a more affable, informal manner with less emphasis on scholarship and research than the deans of women demonstrated in their sessions.” Purdue’s own Dean of Men Stanley Coulter revealed his sense of humor when he described his position. Coulter said: The Deans’ Bible 16 What is Dean of Men? I have tried to define him. When the Board of Trustees elected me Dean of Men, I wrote to them very respectfully and asked them to give me the duties of the Dean of Men. They wrote back that they did not know what they were but when I found out to let them know. I worked all the rest of the year trying to find out. I discovered that every unpleasant task that the president or the faculty did not want to do was my task. I was convinced that the Dean of Men’s office was intended as the dumping ground of all unpleasant things. C arolyn’s love of language and literature blossomed in her speeches. The creation of a Community Center for Women began through her articulated words. During World War I, when women sewed bandages and knitted socks, gloves, and hats to be sent overseas to the men in battle, fifteen sewing machines belonging to war relief organizations were hauled around the city of Lafayette because they had no permanent resting spot where women could congregate and work for civic causes. Carolyn not only thought of the welfare and needs of her Purdue women, but she wanted to help women of her community. Lucy Eunice Coulter (wife of Purdue’s Stanley Coulter) was superintendent of the Industrial School and Free Kindergarten in Lafayette. Members of the Purdue faculty volunteered their services there. On Valentine’s Day that year, Carolyn was asked to speak to the women on the board of this organization. The title of her speech was “Civic Needs.” She talked about the necessity of a central meeting place and shelter for girls and women. Carolyn was concerned about women who visited the city from rural farms who spent time on the streets or in a lonely boarding house. There was no common meeting place open to them. Her speech was inspiring and roused the board to purchase a building to serve the community. The group found a home to purchase at 617 Ferry Street. Carolyn paid $800 into a fund to create the Community House. The Community House Association was formed, and with her large donation, Carolyn was made a life member of its board of directors. Artists of Life 17 Eventually, the Industrial School and Free Kindergarten became a part of the public school system, and the Community House was used solely for women’s society meetings and rented sleeping rooms for women. The YWCA held its first meetings there. In subsequent years, Carolyn’s dean of women successors would also heed the call to help women and families of the Lafayette community and foster strong connections to the YWCA. A s early as 1913, Purdue’s female students were longing for a new residence hall and classroom building to replace the decaying Ladies Hall. Yet it would be years before they would see a new women’s residence hall built on Purdue’s campus. In the 1919 Debris yearbook, a poem called “The Coed’s Plea” was printed. In lighthearted rhyme, the women students lamented their need for a new building and how other new structures on campus, such as a new horse barn, received precedence over providing an adequate facility for women. Inside Ladies Hall, the walls were cracking and chunks of plaster fell into the bread dough the women mixed; the coeds were forced to work in dim light because many of the gaslights were inoperable; and dishpans were scattered around the building to catch leaks from the water pipes. The poem ended with these lines: “And now, Purdue, you wonder why / We’re sour and cross today. / It’s all because we coeds few / Are treated in this way.” Accompanying the poem printed in the 1919 Debris, Carolyn wrote an essay titled “Woman’s Building.” She said, “The number of girls enrolled in the University has been more than doubled in the past few years.” There were 247 women registered, and she attributed the increase to the fact that the women were offered courses that appealed to them, and “we have taken care of our girls.” Carolyn continued, “This, in fine, is the Purdue spirit. Progressive? Yes. And we have accomplished it all with no place that is peculiarly our own. But with a Woman’s Building with headquarters for our various activities,—well, just watch us and see!” In 1920, the women were still waiting for their new building, so Carolyn wrote another essay in the Debris, ending with words of empowerment: “With the advent of a Woman’s Building there will be a new order of things. And with a Dormitory we could beat the world.” 18 The Deans’ Bible Carolyn had established a rapport with the women students she affectionately called “my girls,” as is evident in a tribute they wrote to her: “She is sympathetic to the popular activities of the University and is ready to march across the levee at the head of the coeds whenever a college demonstration is to be made—and never is too weary to chaperone a campus dance, even into the ‘wee sma’ hours.’ ” In 1920, women gained the right to vote and Prohibition was instituted. The next year, the Indiana General Assembly passed a bill requiring the governor to select at least one woman among the six appointments to the Purdue University Board of Trustees. The women’s suffrage movement had put pressure on all public institutions to appoint qualified women when board positions became available. Indiana Governor Warren T. McCray selected Virginia Claypool Meredith, age seventy-two, as the first female member of the Purdue University Board of Trustees. Virginia had been a “lady farmer,” managing a 115-acre farm in Cambridge City, Indiana, after her husband passed away. She was a nationally known agricultural writer and speaker. At the age of forty, Virginia became a single mother when she adopted the children of her late best friend. Her adopted daughter was Mary L. Matthews, who would become Purdue’s first dean of home economics. Mary and her graduate students taught at the Industrial School and Free Kindergarten where Carolyn was a lifetime board member. During the Roaring Twenties, Virginia was the grand dame of Purdue. With so few women on campus and a rather small University population of approximately 3,200 students, her presence was noticeable at meetings and functions; photos show her with an understated regal air. Nearly always depicted as the only female standing with the other male trustees, she dressed in an ankle-length black dress, a cape, and a matching hat with plumes softly cascading over the brim. She wore black gloves and a scarf with a hefty tassel. Her layers of clothing seemed to weigh her down, for she stooped slightly with her head bowed; however, perhaps, rather than her strata of clothing, it was the enormity of being the first woman on the Purdue University Board of Trustees that pressed upon her. The first woman of any endeavor must set the pace and the example for those who follow in her stead. Artists of Life 19 At her initial meeting as Purdue’s first female trustee, Virginia voted with the board to authorize the construction of the Home Economics Building, a structure that five decades later would be named after her adopted daughter. Once the Home Economics Building was completed, Virginia turned her attention to creating a much-needed women’s residence hall. Carolyn’s annual reports during the 1920s referred repeatedly to the need for scholarships, dormitory accommodations, and a women’s gymnasium. She continually expressed concern for the number of female students living in town for whom the University made no provision. In 1925, she urged the establishment of housing that would accommodate all freshmen women and thus do away with sorority rush, which she considered one of the worst aspects of college life. Often, women who were not selected for sorority membership withdrew from the University and returned home in humiliation and despair. Later, her successor, Dorothy Stratton, would share Carolyn’s aversion of rush and make a change in its structure. Because women students could not find housing close to campus, they often walked great distances, and in the winter, they walked in the dark in their high-top, heeled shoes. The women often were physically uncomfortable and vulnerable to exhaustion, especially in hot weather. The average outfit a woman wore back then, with its layers of garments, took nineteen yards of material and weighed almost twenty-five pounds. Virginia and a committee she established to study women’s housing recommended to the Purdue University Board of Trustees that Ladies Hall be renovated and used as a temporary dormitory until an adequate women’s hall could be erected. The board consented but put just enough money into the project to keep the building serviceable, and Ladies Hall housed fewer than fifty women. Five years later, the cost for more repairs exceeded what the board was willing to spend, and Ladies Hall was demolished. One of the last of Purdue’s five original buildings disappeared. Virginia thought that the demise of Ladies Hall would speed up the construction of a women’s dormitory. After all, fifty women had been displaced. She pointed out that most land-grant colleges in the Midwest already offered modern residence halls for women; however, Purdue administrators again leased rooms for female students in local homes, and even Dean of Women Carolyn Shoemaker had to follow suit. 20 The Deans’ Bible One of the homes was the George Dexter house on Marsteller Street where today’s Marsteller Parking Garage is located. This was where Carolyn made her office and home with some of her students. In 1928, Frank Cary offered $60,000 to build a residence hall for women, which was to be named in memory of his wife who had passed away. The Carys previously had given money for the building of a men’s dormitory in memory of their late son. Today, that building is named Cary East, part of Cary Quadrangle. Virginia was appreciative and thanked Frank Cary for his gift in a heartfelt resolution read to the board. The group assured Frank that they would borrow sufficient additional funds necessary to complete the construction of the women’s residence hall. With the go-ahead for the project, Virginia and the other trustees decided they would no longer lease the home for women students on Marsteller Street. As a result, Carolyn lost her office and was given a temporary space in the Engineering Administration Building. It would turn out to be not so “temporary.” The plan was that the women’s dormitory would be built on property on what is today called Russell Street. Purdue expected to acquire this land from owner Phillip Russell. Years before, Phillip’s parents had donated land to John Purdue for the construction of the University; however, Phillip was not as generous as his parents and did not want to donate the land. The Women’s Residence Hall project faced suits and countersuits as Purdue tried to gain control of the Russell property. Frank Cary grew tired of waiting and eventually found another project in which he memorialized his late wife. He built the Jessie Levering Cary Home for Children in Lafayette. Though Frank would not donate funds to build a women’s dormitory, he agreed to give money to build another men’s dormitory near Cary Hall. Not wanting to lose a chance at a donation, the Purdue board, including Virginia, agreed that the money would be accepted for the construction of another men’s dorm. The male administration did not place a high priority on bringing female students to Purdue. Virginia had spent nine years working for better housing for women with nothing to show for her efforts, and Purdue’s enrollment of women was in jeopardy. Why would women choose to attend Purdue if adequate and safe housing was unavailable? It appears excuses Artists of Life 21 were made. Bids came in “too high,” the designated land was caught in a legal battle, and the men in administration wondered how many women would actually be able to afford and want to stay in the new dormitory. Virginia, Carolyn, and the female students they fostered were left in limbo. While Virginia spent much of her energy on women’s residential concerns, she also headed the effort to build Purdue’s Memorial Union. Just two months after she was appointed to the board, Virginia was named president of the Purdue Memorial Union Association Board of Governors. She was the principal figure in the design, construction, financing, and management of the building dedicated to the more than four thousand alumni who had served in the Civil War and World War I. Raising money to build the Memorial Union was an ongoing, agonizing process. She led the groundbreaking for the building in 1922, but it was not completed until 1930 when Virginia was eighty years old. This long gap was due to donors who were not honoring their commitments to pay their pledges to finance the construction; however, Carolyn made a handsome donation of $5,000 (the equivalent of $65,000 today), the largest contribution made by a woman. 4 Far Horizons A fter the Nineteenth Amendment was passed and women received the right to vote, many suffragists “retired” from activism, but Alice Paul, the famed suffragist who organized the march on Washington in 1913, continued to toil for women’s equality. In 1923, Alice announced a new constitutional amendment she authored and named the Lucretia Mott Amendment. It stated. “Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction.” Like Alice, Lucretia Mott was a Quaker. She and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention in New York “to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women.” Lucretia was a fluent, moving speaker for human rights who remained composed even before hostile audiences. She was the consummate role model for Alice, and it was fitting that Alice named the amendment after her. In the decades to follow, Alice would work assiduously for the passage of the Lucretia Mott Amendment, which would be reworded and named 23 24 The Deans’ Bible the Alice Paul Amendment, before it would be termed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). The ERA was introduced in every session of Congress from 1923 until 1972. After Congress passed the amendment nearly fifty years after Alice first introduced it, the ERA ultimately was not endorsed by enough states to be ratified. Every step of the way, each year the ERA was presented and debated in Congress and at statehouses, the National Association of Deans of Women steadfastly supported its ratification. During this time, female students in higher education sought equality with regard to honor societies. Since women were not considered for membership in most of the men’s honor societies, women began forming their own local groups. At Purdue, the Home Economics Society was renamed the Virginia C. Meredith Club in the spring of 1925 to esteem the revered first and only female trustee. Honor societies and other forms of recognition are vital for a woman’s development of ambition. In Necessary Dreams: Ambition in Women’s Changing Lives, psychiatrist Anna Fels wrote of the two emotional engines of ambition: the mastery of chosen skills and the essential recognition of that mastery by others. In The Good Girls Revolt by Lynn Povich, Fels is quoted as saying that women are “subtly discouraged from pursing their goals by a pervasive lack of recognition for their accomplishments.” For centuries, women have feared that seeking recognition will open them up for ridicule about how they live their lives, with attacks on most anything, including their popularity, femininity, and motherhood. Povich states in her book, “But recognition in all its forms—admiration from peers, mentoring, institutional rewards, and societal approval—is something that makes us better at what we do.” Fels explained that without it, “people get demoralized and ambitions erode.” Thus, on college campuses, women’s honor societies were and are crucial to foster female ambition and success. Mortar Board was the first national organization honoring senior college women. It began with a chance meeting of two women from separate societies wearing identical pins. In the fall of 1915 on the campus of the University of Chicago, a member of the Ohio State University honor society, called Mortar Board, met a member of the Pi Sigma Chi honor society from Swarthmore College. Both women wore lapel pins in the Far Horizons 25 shape of a mortarboard, the tasseled academic cap with a square, flat top worn at graduation ceremonies. The women remarked of their identical pins and realized each represented a different honor society for women with similar ideals and traditions. The main difference between the two honor societies was the name. Three years later, a founding meeting for the Mortar Board National College Senior Honor Society took place at Syracuse University. Female representatives at the meeting were from Cornell University, the University of Michigan, the Ohio State University, and Swarthmore College. Representatives from Syracuse University also were in attendance, but this university did not choose to join the national organization when it later became Mortar Board. Years later, Barbara Cook, who would become a Purdue University dean of students, gave her theory on why Mortar Board came to be: “My guess is that women in the early twentieth century were not taken very seriously as scholars or as leaders. In 1916, women were not yet allowed to vote. So perhaps Mortar Board originated from a feeling of being excluded and isolated as women in higher education.” Many of the traditions established for Mortar Board were taken from the original Ohio State Chapter, including the name, their initiation rituals, and the pin in the shape of a mortarboard with the insignia of three Greek letters—ΠΣΑ (Pi Sigma Alpha)—meaning service, scholarship, and leadership. Barbara Cook said: Service as a concept has always been familiar and appropriate to the feminine domain, but surely there was something adventuresome about suggesting to college women in 1916 that scholarship and leadership were achievable qualities for women. Although the collegiate fashion of the day was that of secret societies bathed in mysticism and meeting by the hoot of an owl at midnight, there is no evidence that Mortar Board was ever intended to be anything but open and available to both public and academic scrutiny. With Carolyn Shoemaker’s impetus, the thirty-sixth chapter of Mortar Board was chartered at Purdue University in November 1926. Carolyn became an honorary member. That year 631 women were enrolled out of the 26 The Deans’ Bible approximately 3,500 students. A russet suede commemorative scrapbook with leather ties at the binding and a metal Purdue medallion affixed to the center of its cover contains the original handwritten petition for a charter. The mellow gold pages are filled with particulars and photographs about the University. Under the lovely handwritten words “Purdue Facts,” the text eloquently states the mantra of the land-grand institution: “Purdue’s sole cause for existence is service to the people of the state, not only in the training of young people here on the campus, but in the carrying of information out to residents of the state unable to come to the institution for its advantages.” The scrapbook contains black and white photographs of each “active” and a listing of her activities. Each woman smiles from under her Roaring Twenties hat and drop-waist dress. The group would provide scholarships to many women who would otherwise be unable to obtain a college education. The money for the scholarships was raised through Mortar Board-sponsored events, such as the “coed bid dance” and the Gingham Gallop held each spring. In subsequent years, each succeeding Purdue dean of women and dean of students would be a member and advisor to Mortar Board. Today, the national headquarters for Mortar Board is located in Columbus, Ohio, as an affiliate of Ohio State University. In 2014, Mortar Board’s third executive director is Jane Hamblin, a Purdue University graduate who formerly worked in Purdue’s Office of the Dean of Students. At the encouragement of the men’s athletic booster group, the Gimlet Club, the Purdue Mortar Board organized a junior and senior women’s athletic booster club called the Gold Peppers. Adorning their heads, the Gold Pepper women wore gold felt beanies called “pots.” The Gold Peppers served as Purdue’s pep club.They attended football and basketball games where they sold candy and led the crowds in cheers In the early years, a newly elected pledge wore a black pot, one gold and one black bobby sock, and a black and gold armband. She carried a cigar box filled with candy and, dangling from a ribbon, a real green pepper gilded in gold leaf. The pledge carried the pepper for days, and often it would rot. After the pledge became a full-fledged active member of the Far Horizons 27 group, she turned her beanie inside out and displayed the celebrated gold side that was decorated with an image of a pepper. In the stands and on the bleachers the audience was “peppered” with gold pots. After World War II, the women organized veterans’ dances known as “Pepper Shakers.” In the 1960s, the Gold Peppers celebrated the end of their yearly activities with a “Smarty Party” to honor high-achieving sophomore women and award an annual scholarship to one of those entering graduate school. The Gold Peppers disbanded in the 1970s. Women and society had changed. Wearing a gold pot was outmoded, and by then, the term had taken on a new meaning in the slang prevalent on college campuses. S arah Ely was a member of the Community House Association in Lafayette, where Carolyn was active. Sarah married her boss, Thomas Duncan, who founded the Duncan Electrical Manufacturing Company in 1901 in Lafayette. Duncan Electric produced electrical meters that were used in homes and businesses around the world. Thomas Duncan was an inventor and industrialist who held 150 patents. He traveled to Europe and took a safari tour of Africa in 1922. Upon his return, he wanted to entertain his wide circle of friends with his movies and a lecture about his adventures. He engaged the entire first floor of the Community House for his travelogue, but he found it too small. It was then that he decided to make provisions in his will for the creation of “an adequate hall” for the people of Lafayette. When he died in1929, Duncan left money to the Community House Association to construct a new building where the Victorian house once stood. A new two-story, redbrick Georgian colonial with stone trim and a slate roof was constructed in 1931. The structure boasted walnut panel walls, marble floors, a balcony overlooking a ballroom, richly decorated meeting rooms, a tearoom, and live-in hostess quarters. As stipulated in Duncan’s will, a board of thirty women was to be elected to manage the facility. The regal building still graces Ferry Street, where citizens hold wedding receptions, piano recitals, quilt shows, concerts, art shows, club meetings, and teas. Duncan provided the money for the hall, but it had 28 The Deans’ Bible been Carolyn who originally energized the idea of a community hall back in 1914 through her speech, “Civic Needs.” On March 1, 1933, Carolyn was scheduled to speak at Duncan Hall to the educational and social group called the Twentieth Century Club, but she failed to show. Members of the club attempted to locate her, calling her office and her home in Varsity Apartments, located a block from the Purdue Memorial Union. Unable to contact Carolyn, club members became alarmed, for she seldom missed a meeting in which she provided the program reviewing the latest current literature. The club contacted the office of Purdue’s President Edward C. Elliott and spoke with Helen Hand, Elliott’s secretary. Helen checked the University calendar and determined there was no record of any engagement to account for the dean’s absence. Helen then contacted a janitor at the Varsity Apartments to check Carolyn’s home. The janitor unlocked Carolyn’s door that afternoon and found the dean lying on her bed, unconscious. It appeared that she had been stricken while she prepared to retire the prior evening. The newspaper account read: “The lights were burning. The morning milk bottles had not been taken in, and papers at her office, placed under the door, had not been disturbed. Nor her mail touched. She had only one class in English scheduled for 11 a.m. Thursday, and her absence from it had not been reported.” Physicians were summoned, and Carolyn was rushed by ambulance to St. Elizabeth Hospital in Lafayette. The newspaper stated that after her arrival at the hospital, Carolyn uttered a few words to one of the Catholic sisters on staff, which indicated she was partly conscious for a time, but she never spoke again. Carolyn died of apoplexy and acute uremia that night. Today, apoplexy is referred to as a stroke. Uremia is a condition that results from kidney failure. Some accounts say that Carolyn passed away from nephritis, which is inflammation of the nephrons in the kidneys caused by infections, toxins, or autoimmune diseases. Carolyn had not complained of feeling ill and had gone about her numerous duties as usual, so her sudden passing stunned all who knew her. The newspaper headline the day after Carolyn’s death stated, “Community Shocked by Death of Dean Carolyn Shoemaker.” Carolyn’s funeral was at Central Presbyterian Church, where she had taught Sunday Far Horizons 29 school. Pastor W. R. Graham said, “The key to the amazing life of service of Dean Shoemaker was selflessness.” She was referred to as “a student, teacher, executive, club woman, alert citizen, and ‘foster mother’ to an ever changing and ever increasing host of young people.” The newspaper said of Carolyn: “She was a deep student of human nature, sympathetic and helpful to all. Her philanthropies were so numerous and extensive that she seemed to overlook completely her own comforts and convenience. From her vast store of literary information and understanding, was able to act as guide and interpreter of books and writers. At the same time her own personality served to awaken new interest in the subjects she discussed.” Carolyn’s casket was covered with a blanket of red roses, a tribute from the University she loved. All of the student organizations of Purdue honored their cherished dean with a huge spray of calla lilies and roses. Relatives and University officials asked that all others omit flowers and instead give to the newly established Carolyn E. Shoemaker Scholarship fund. Carolyn was buried in Springvale Cemetery in Lafayette. Purdue held a memorial service in Eliza Fowler Hall on April 19, 1933. President Elliott presided. He and Harry G. Leslie, the governor of Indiana who was born in West Lafayette, spoke to the crowd of their personal loss. Marion L. Smith, a student, recounted a story that Carolyn had told during a speech to a group of coeds the previous October. Paraphrased, the story describes a morning when Carolyn was walking down State Street, the main avenue through Purdue’s campus, when a child and her mother approached. As they were about to pass, the child recognized Carolyn and spoke to her. The mother did not know the dean. Perhaps the child knew Carolyn from time spent at the New Community House and Industrial School and Free Kindergarten. The mother asked the child who the passing woman was, and the youngster looked up in surprise and said very emphatically: “Why, Mama, she is the mother of all the Purdue girls!” Dean Emeritus Stanley Coulter spoke of Carolyn, whom he had known since she was a student nearly forty-five years before. He had watched Carolyn metamorphose from student to professor to dean of women. He said: 30 The Deans’ Bible During all of those years that “faraway’ look in her eyes deepened, and those same years brought its interpretation to me. You may have visited Atlantic City. . . . You may have wearied of its meaningless monotony and turned your eyes seaward following the long line of a great pier. There, at its uttermost limit, you may have seen a few, perhaps only one or two, who, utterly unmindful of the gay throngs, gazed steadfastly seaward, seemingly striving to penetrate far, far horizons. What lay beyond those horizons of opportunity for growth and service? Dean Shoemaker was one of those who constantly gazed upon far horizons. Apparently removed from the bustle and confusion round her, she gazed steadfastly into the future. What did it have for her of opportunity and service and growth? But it loomed larger and larger before her, and she grew into and became a part of those far horizons. 5 Dorothy Stratton Finds a Bible I t was during the Great Depression, as thousands of Americans were unemployed and a decade-long drought helped to create the Dust Bowl, when Dorothy Stratton, age thirty-four, received a phone call. She had just finished her PhD at Teachers College of Columbia University in New York City and was happily employed as dean and vice principal of girls at Sturges Senior High School in San Bernardino, California. The president of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, was on the line. Edward C. Elliott invited Dorothy to interview for the position of Purdue’s first full-time dean of women. Soon after that fateful call, Dorothy journeyed by train across the parched countryside to Purdue where she was introduced to, as she said, “everybody from the president to the janitors.” It is not clear how Elliott knew of Dorothy. One speculation is that Elliott obtained Dorothy’s name through mutual Columbia University connections. Elliott had received an honorary degree from Columbia in 1929. Dorothy received her PhD from that institution in 1932. Perhaps 31 32 The Deans’ Bible President Elliott asked his friends at Columbia to recommend someone for the position of dean of women to replace Carolyn Shoemaker. Decades later, Dorothy said good-naturedly, “I came from California to be looked over.” She met with R. B. Stewart, vice president for finance, and Mary L. Matthews, the dean of home economics and the only female dean at Purdue. Dorothy accepted the offered position and became Purdue’s first full-time dean of women. Dorothy was outdoorsy, easygoing, and attractive, with short, dark, wavy hair, thin lips that smiled pleasantly, and confident almond-shaped blue eyes. She wore the latest dresses or two-piece, knit business frocks with cowl necks and shin-length skirts or a herringbone wool blazer over a white blouse. To look at Dorothy was to see a woman comfortable in her own skin. After Dorothy was offered the dean of women position, she purchased her first car, a $200 secondhand Dodge. Her parents, Reverend Richard Lee and Anna Troxler Stratton, lived with her. The three drove from California to Indiana in the used car, which sporadically lost its brakes during the cross-country trek. The trio discovered late in the trip that “a suction cup had been put in the wrong way.” Dorothy was born on March 24, 1899, in Brookfield, Missouri. Her broad-minded father was a Baptist minister who had been born in Rothville, where Dorothy’s grandfather had a large plantation during the Civil War. Her mother was a homemaker from Louisville, Kentucky, who met her husband when he was attending a Baptist seminary there. When Dorothy was growing up with her brother, Richard, the family moved every three or four years to small communities throughout Missouri and Kansas as her father ministered from church to church. Dorothy entered grade school a year earlier than the average child back then. She said, “I was always very fond of school. In fact, my father took me to visit when I was only five, and I was so crazy about it, they never could get me away. So the teacher finally gave up and let me enroll.” Dorothy was a bookworm, spending time in the library rather than with groups of friends who may have seen her as the minister’s daughter who would put a damper on their social lives. Dorothy was a lifelong learner, and her love of reading and knowledge would continue as she lived into the twenty-first century. Her academic Dorothy Stratton Finds a Bible 33 prowess was combined with a fervent independence likely fostered as she moved from town to town, school to school, always the new girl in the classroom. Dorothy had a strong devotion to her parents. She said, “From my father I learned to have an abiding interest in people and to want to be of service to my fellow man. He taught me the importance of intangibles. From my mother I learned to make the most of simple things. She was able to create a happy home atmosphere and to make you physically comfortable on very little. Ours was a typical minister’s family. We actually received ‘missionary barrels’ in Kansas, although none of my friends will believe it. They were good barrels, too.” The term “missionary barrel” is synonymous with used clothing and hand-me-downs. The contents were cast-offs from donors or even foodstuffs. The filled barrels or packages were gifts to help missionaries survive in their work that afforded them little money. Dorothy was five years older than her brother. She said, “I had to look after him, iron his blouses, take care of him during church services, and final humiliation, occasionally take him out with me on dates!” As an undergraduate, Dorothy had attended Ottawa University, a Baptist college in Ottawa, Kansas. Dorothy said, “Of course, nobody in (other parts) of the country ever heard of Ottawa University. They think it’s in Canada. I’ve just given up on trying to correct that impression.” Dorothy wanted to learn to dance, but dancing was not something that the daughter of a Baptist minister was allowed to do. She managed to pick up a few dance steps where she wasn’t supposed to—at her Baptist college. She would go on to chaperone so many dances during her career that she claimed dancing “lost its glamour.” Known in her neighborhood as a tomboy, Dorothy loved to play ball and tennis, with no interest in cooking or sewing. At Ottawa, she played on the school basketball team and won the women’s tennis championship in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference. She served on the staff of the school newspaper, the yearbook, and as a member of the student council. Though most of her friends did not go to college, Dorothy always knew she would pursue higher education. “It was never a question,” she said. “I was very academically oriented.” After she graduated in 1920, Dorothy 34 The Deans’ Bible was offered a position on the Ottawa newspaper. As a young avid reader, she had dreamed of writing the proverbial great American novel. She said, “I don’t know what gave me the idea, but it was there. I don’t recall that I expected to go through any apprentice period. I just expected that said masterpiece would spring full-blown from the head of Zeus.” Dorothy turned down the newspaper job in favor of the field of education and moved to Renton, Washington, to teach physical education. She said, “My reception there was a trifle sour. When I arrived, the principal took one look and told the superintendent, ‘We surely have picked a lemon this time.’” During the Great Depression, Dorothy worked to pay off her parents’ debts and to put her brother through medical school. “Baptists ministers didn’t make much in those days,” she explained. With her zest for learning and her abiding interest in others, Dorothy wanted to discover why people behaved the way they did. In 1923, she enrolled at the University of Chicago for a year of graduate study in psychology. She left with her master’s degree and the realization that not even psychology can explain all the “whys” of the human race. She recalled, “I found that employers wanted firstly, a man with a PhD degree; secondly, a man with a master’s degree; thirdly, a woman with a doctoral degree, and very fourthly, a woman with a master’s degree. Having no money to continue my studies, I went to San Bernardino, California, as dean of girls and vice principal of the high school. I was working under my former principal of the ‘lemon’ quotation.” In California, Dorothy learned to love the outdoor life in a way that had never been possible before. She soaked in the desert, mountains, and seashore. She loved to look from her office window at Mount San Bernardino, gaining strength and serenity from the peaceful view. After several years at San Bernardino, Dorothy traveled to Teachers College of Columbia University to study student personnel administration. During her year at the university, she stayed in the International House with students from fifty-seven countries. Early in 1933, she received her PhD and returned to San Bernardino. That’s when President Elliott called. She came to Purdue not only as dean of women, but also as an associate professor of psychology. Her salary was $3,300 a year, about $100 more than she was paid in California. Dorothy Stratton Finds a Bible 35 Even before Dorothy became dean of women, she had accomplished much in a time when few females attended college, worked outside the home, or made a respectable living. Yet for Dorothy, still in her mid-thirties, the best was yet to come. Her life would be filled with accomplishments that inspired other women. When Dorothy and her parents arrived at Purdue, they were lodged at the Fowler Hotel across the Wabash River in Lafayette. She said, “After having lived in beautiful California, I moved to a seared state [referring to drought-devastated Indiana]. I thought to myself, ‘I can’t stand it.’ The minute I got across to West Lafayette, the people were so nice—so really nice—I changed my mind.” Dorothy was appointed dean in August 1933, and she was given what had been the office of the part-time dean of women located on the top floor of Fowler Hall. Dorothy said, “The dean preceding me was Carolyn Shoemaker, who must have been a very fine person. I never met her. She had great respect from people on campus.” Dorothy climbed to the top of Fowler Hall carrying a box of her workplace goods and discovered that the Office of the Dean of Women was more like the Closet of the Dean of Women. The room was about six-byeight feet. Tucked away from the accesses of student life, it was a tiny room about to be inhabited by a world of a woman. Dorothy set about moving her files and papers into her new desk. Someone had been given the task of emptying the desk after Carolyn’s sudden death. As Dorothy began to arrange pens and paperclips, she opened a drawer and found in its shadowy recesses a book. Dorothy pulled the book from the drawer, feeling the nubby texture of the cover; the scent of leather preceded the exhumation. It was a Bible. She thumbed through the soft, India paper. The title page indicated that the Bible was a 1901 standard edition, “Translated out of the original tongues.” Dorothy thought of her predecessor, whom she had never met but had heard mentioned with great reverence. Was the Bible inadvertently left inside of Carolyn’s desk? Or did the person with the unpleasant task of clearing elect to leave the testaments for the next dean of women? 36 The Deans’ Bible As the daughter of a Baptist minister, Dorothy was no stranger to the Holy Bible. An analytical thinker, she had her questions regarding its stance on such topics as women and their place. She wrote in 1971 letter, “Aside from the Adam and Eve story, Paul has done more to set back the progress of women than almost any other person. Many people are greatly influenced by Bible references. Probably, we all are, even though unconsciously.” Dorothy placed the Bible back into the drawer and continued her task of cultivating the Office of the Dean of Women. D orothy and her parents obtained a house at 825 Salisbury in West Lafayette. Her father worked as a representative for the Equitable Life Assurance Society in the Lafayette Life Building on the courthouse square in Lafayette. Dorothy’s first goal as dean of women was to campaign for a more accessible office. She said of her out-of-sight, out-of-mind alcove, “Students would really have to want to see me to find me.” She accomplished the relocation of her office by the “Elliott method,” which President Elliott himself described: “First, you ask the president for something, and he says, ‘no.’ Then you come back and ask again—and he says ‘no’ again. The third time you come back to ask, you pound on his desk, and he says, ‘Oh, go ahead and do it!’” Dorothy explained that her experience was a bit different than Elliott’s take: “Well, it turned out just the other way; it was the president who yelled, and I was the one who went and did it. I was never much of a pounder, but I learned how to operate with Elliott.” Apparently, Dorothy was, indeed, a quick study of the Elliott method, for her office was moved to the ground floor of the Engineering Administration Building, next to the office of the much-revered Dean of the Schools of Engineering Andrey A. Potter and across the hall from Dean of Men Martin L. Fisher, who had succeeded Stanley Coulter. Dorothy said she made every effort to furnish the Office of the Dean of Women to create a friendly, informal, and cheerful atmosphere. At a 1988 Mortar Board Leadership Conference, recorded on a videotape now stored in the Purdue Archives, Dorothy, then age eightynine, spoke to a group of students about her first days as dean of women: Dorothy Stratton Finds a Bible 37 When I came to Purdue in 1933, of course we didn’t have all the things that you have now. We were very simple, and we didn’t have very much of anything for women. No university housing, no placement service for women, no bachelor of arts degree in the University. So it was a lot of fun to start from scratch and see what could be done. The Dean of Women’s Office consisted of me, period. No secretary, no staff, just me. I wanted to have the image of the dean of women not to be one of discipline. I thought no intelligent person would spend her life in a job that had discipline at its core, and I didn’t want students to say when they left, “I was never called into the dean’s office once while I was in the University” and be proud of that. There were 500 female students at Purdue when Dorothy assumed her deanship. That was about one woman to seven men. She said of the campus, “It was like the old definition of an island—a small body of women completely surrounded by men.” Years later, Dorothy reminisced about what she and her women students lacked, yet also what they possessed in abundance: “We didn’t have anything fancy like career counseling. We didn’t know what it meant. We didn’t have television, drip-dries, or power steering. What we did have was trust in each other, and that was very important.” In Dorothy’s 1933 annual report, she shared her most frequently asked question, “Just what does the dean of women do?” Dorothy said her office had two main functions: the first was to ensure that the environment in which female students lived, worked, and played was conducive to development and growth. The second was to be of assistance to the individual student. In short, her office was a clearinghouse for matters pertaining to the welfare of female students. Her annual dean of women report was the first to refer to female students as “women” rather than “girls.” In her leisure time, Dorothy enjoyed shooting baskets in the women’s gym. It was there that she befriended a newly arrived graduate student named Helen Blanche Schleman. Helen worked part-time in the Department of Physical Education, refereeing women’s basketball games at twenty-five cents an hour while she earned her master’s degree in psychology and education. The two women had a lot in common. They had 38 The Deans’ Bible both arrived at Purdue the same year and were well educated, brilliant, athletic—both golfers—and forethinkers. Maybe that’s why some people often mistook one for the other. Helen said, “I appeared on campus and everybody sort of bowed and scraped. They were nice and friendly to me. I soon found out that they were confusing me with Dorothy Stratton!” The National Youth Administration (NYA) had just been established on Purdue’s campus. During the Great Depression, many young people could not afford the cost of even a high school education. Taking stock of these grim statistics, Eleanor Roosevelt remarked that she often had “moments of real terror when I think we might be losing this generation.” She persuaded President Franklin D. Roosevelt to create the NYA, a New Deal program established by an executive order in June 1935. The NYA created part-time jobs for high school and college students, and it provided relief and job training to unemployed young people. The goal was to prevent students from dropping out of high school and college due to financial hardship by providing grants in return for part-time work in such places as libraries and cafeterias. For the female students at Purdue, the NYA initiative was assigned to the Office of the Dean of Women. Dorothy needed a part-time staff member to organize and administer the program. She hired her new acquaintance, Helen Schleman, for the position that paid seventy-five cents an hour. At the time, Dorothy had no idea she was mentoring the next dean of women and fashioning a friendship that would span six decades. 6 Helen Schleman, Born in the Right Moment H elen B. Schleman said she was born fifty years before her time. What she meant was that she lived during an era when women were not given the same opportunities afforded to men. Yet Helen seemingly grabbed with gusto every life prospect that appeared before her, and her “progressive” thinking about what women could do arrived at the perfect time—when women needed her convictions most. Helen was born in Francesville, Indiana, on June 21, 1902, to William and Blanche Hollett Schleman. In the summer of 1912 when she was ten, Helen moved with her parents and two brothers, Herbert and Delos, to Valparaiso, Indiana. Her father had been in the harness, buggy, and farm implement business and owned Gas-well Farm. He sold the business and purchased an eight-hundred-acre farm called Breyfogle Ranch. The Schlemans were active in the Methodist Church. Every Sunday morning from spring through fall, Helen’s mother brought one or two bouquets of flowers from her garden to adorn the church altar. 39 40 The Deans’ Bible Helen’s father also owned a real estate and insurance business, the Schleman-Morton Company, and the Valparaiso Home Ice Company, but his real interest was in land development. In the 1920s, he opened several housing developments including, with great pride, Forest Park, a subdivision with several wooded homesites surrounded by a seven-hole golf course. Helen was essentially weaned on golf, and she would live near a golf course for most of her life. She was athletic, as was her younger brother, Delos, who died of a heart problem at age eighteen. Delos was described as a “tall, lanky boy, a good student, but a better golfer.” The Schlemans donated Forest Park Golf Course to the city of Valparaiso in 1947, with the stipulation that it be restored and operated as a municipal facility. Two years later, the course was expanded from seven to nine holes with a clubhouse, and a dedication ceremony was held. William was asked to tee up the first ball. Thirty years later, land was purchased to create an additional nine holes. Another dedication ceremony was held, and among those teeing off that day in 1973 was Helen Schleman. Helen had a broad, open face with blue eyes. She swept her brown hair away from her high forehead, and when she smiled broadly, her inner zest was unmistakable. To look at Helen was to see woman standing on solid ground. In 1920, the year women won the right to vote, Helen entered Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, because it was relatively close to home and was easy to reach. She claimed that young people didn’t receive much guidance as to college selection back then. Helen said, “I had a marvelous four years—garnered two majors, one in English literature and one in philosophy—had a terrible time with organic chemistry—had plenty of time to play tennis, field hockey, baseball, basketball, and golf.” Helen was president of the Women’s Athletic Association, and she worked with the YWCA, student government, and Mortar Board. The organizations she enjoyed and believed in early on would continue to remain close to her heart throughout her life. As student president of Northwestern’s Women’s Athletic Association in 1922, Helen, age twenty, attended the national Athletic Conference of American College Women, held at the University of California over Easter weekend, where she gave a “splendid report.” Her talk was on the successful Helen Schleman, Born in the Right Moment 41 launching of the official national publication of the Newsletter of the Athletic Conference of American College Women. Helen was an assistant editor of the student publication and would become the editor the following year. A newspaper account of the convention tells of Helen’s future goals for the Women’s Athletic Association and foreshadows what would become her career philosophy for decades to come: “One of the highlights toward local progress, which Miss Schleman advocated for the association, was the taking of a bigger place in shaping campus ideals. ‘The WAA has a definite place in campus activities,’ she advised. ‘We must not only maintain our present standing, but show a marked development at the next national conference in 1927 at Cornell University.’” Helen’s youthful vocal stance on increasing the visibility and power of the Women’s Athletic Association for every American college and “shaping campus ideals” occurred at the same synergistic moment when Virginia Meredith and Carolyn Shoemaker were speaking out in the struggle for a women’s residence hall to be built at Purdue. Across America, women were plodding along and joining forces to bring females’ collective needs to the forefront of higher education. Helen graduated in 1924 with, as she said, an “AB degree.” AB is an abbreviation of the Latin name (artium baccalaureus) for the bachelor of arts (BA) degree. Yet Helen was not actually expected to do something with her degree. Years later, she said in a speech: Nobody—not the dean of women, not any of my professors, not anyone in my residence hall—no one, and least of all, I, myself, expected me to do anything with my college education. Exposure to higher education was just supposed to make you a better person for your traditional role as wife and mother. No one asked me what I was going to do when I graduated. As far as I know, no one expected me to do anything except to get married, raise a family, be an upright citizen, volunteer my services wherever needed, and live happily ever after. With these expectations, or lack of expectations, Helen graduated from Northwestern with her future in question. Helen recounted, “I had no plans to marry. I had no plans to work. I had no plans—period. What was more, I didn’t have a marketable skill in the world. One of my favorite gym teachers suggested that since I liked sports so well, I might go to 42 The Deans’ Bible Wellesley and do two years of satisfactory graduate work in hygiene and physical education for which I would get a certificate. With that in hand, I might get a teaching job in physical education. So, that’s what I did!” Helen claimed that she had no “marketable skills,” but in her position as president of Northwestern’s Women’s Athletic Association and the speech she gave at their 1922 convention, the seed of her talents was sown. She just did not yet see her own burgeoning abilities. It would take another person to help Helen recognize her potential: Dorothy Stratton. Helen’s two-year graduate course in hygiene and physical education at Wellesley College also had a marked influence on her future career and principles. Wellesley is a highly selective private women’s liberal arts college founded in 1870 by Henry and Pauline Durant, who were passionate about the higher education of women. Located in Wellesley, Massachusetts, west of Boston, the organization is a member of the original Seven Sisters, a loose association of seven liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern
5269	dbpedia	1	87	https://newspaperarchive.com/beckley-raleigh-register-feb-10-1956-p-1/	en	Beckley Raleigh Register Archives, Feb 10, 1956, p. 1	https://newspaperarchive…ges/NASocial.png	https://newspaperarchive…ges/NASocial.png	[ "https://newspaperarchive.com/Content/Images/main-logo.svg", "https://newspaperarchive.com/Content/Images/main-logo.svg", "https://newspaperarchive.com/beckley-raleigh-register-feb-10-1956-p-1-266914622-thumbnail.webp" ]	[]	[]	[ "Newspapers", "NewspaperArchive.com", "Title: Beckley Raleigh Register", "City: beckley", "State: west virginia", "Country: United States", "Date: 1956-02-10", "article", "obituaries", "articles", "headlines", "historical news", "history", "archives", "genealogy" ]	null	[]	1956-02-10T00:00:00	Read Beckley Raleigh Register Newspaper Archives, Feb 10, 1956, p. 1 with family history and genealogy records from beckley, west virginia 1907-1991.	en	/favicon.ico	NewspaperArchive.com	https://newspaperarchive.com/beckley-raleigh-register-feb-10-1956-p-1/	How to Find What You Are Looking for on This Page We use Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology to make the text on a newspaper image searchable. Below is the OCR data for 10 Feb 1956 Beckley Raleigh Register in Beckley, West Virginia. Because of the nature of the OCR technology, sometimes the language can appear to be nonsensical. The best way to see what’s on the page is to view the newspaper page. Show OCR Beckley Raleigh Register (Newspaper) - February 10, 1956, Beckley, West Virginia Turnpike work a up to Date Patteson avers very agreement was worked out in a manner that was satisfactory to the three commissions. I feel that our Public relations in p c signed to Shiv that i a pending he had no Choice any credit for accomplishments or tis work with the West Virginia hut to announce it ahead of ached Progress made but it is merely t Turnpike commission is a up topic. To Point out the fact that our work Date will be submitted to Tho i confirming his plans for resign is up to Date. O my sooner this afternoon by if Patteson said he will head a in addition to the regular re-1 the Field of building up Good will Okey l. Patteson who has an he primary election Campaign that befall a general for the Turnpike prior to its open flounced his resignation As turn-1 of j. Howard Myers mrs. Rosa manager one of my principal ing and in inducing traffic parti a i so Nora manager effective i and c. Funk. Who has been assist duties has been in the Field of Cui arly from the Trucl cing it i ant general manager of the turn Public relations. The commission Dusty has been very satisfactory. Patteson who said he had not Pike will act As assistant Cam Felt the need of close cooperation j he explained that he had found intended to make Public his re Fps a manager. Her resignation and work among our neighbouring it necessary to devote More than a ignition until he had discussed i Quot ill he handed to the commission states particularly Virginia and half of his time to brokers and it with the commissioners Anil tuned thursday night that in View of widespread rumours press had radio reports that such action my today in Patty Sony a report. North Carolina in regard to the investors trying to keep them Hap his report to the commission Tri state study pm with their investments by con win begin a tins resume of actin a after much hard work and per tautly pointing out the Progress Vity or Progress is not Given j server Anoe and the cooperation and growth of the Turnpike and with the idea of attempting to take1 of our own commission Tab this assuring them it would eventual j in be a financial Success discussing sew be of mrs. Funk a duties to called attention to the great amount of publicity which the Turnpike has received a much of it due to articles written and prepared by Hor. Patteson said he keenly Felt the responsibility of the transition from the construction period to the operation of tire Turnpike. Csire rally in View of the Many obstacles which had to be overcome. A i am highly pleased with the manner in which this transition was a Eom Pliscz and with the efficient operation of the Turnpike today a he stated. Patteson said he had pursued his Job in the Public relations Field to the fullest extent in connection with the proposed Turnpike legislation for extensions. Remarking that he practically has lived with the legislators during the past two weeks he Aid that he feels Hie legislators Are More interested and have a better understand ing of he need for Turnpike of tensions. A their action in setting up a committee to make a Cost Survey of the proposed extensions and report Back to the special session Hale ii w Register vol. 76 no. 198 six Chisho Beckley s oldest Iasi Iti i Fox Beckley West Vuu Ixia Fhi Day afternoon february to 1956 five cents Senate adopts House Bill school teachers win salary hike is most commendable a he stated adding that he feels confident that the legislature after receiving such report will pass the Resolution referring the matter to a vote of Hie people in tile general election tins fall. Patteson said in is convinced that the Turnpike will ultimately be financially successful a in fact i feel that it is already Well on the Road to Success and the increased traffic and revenues certainly substantiate this belief. In my opinion it is most unfair to attempt to judge he Success or failure of a s133.000.000 project on a Mere 14 months or gave a comparison of traffic figures for january. 1956 with lose of last january showing an increase of 32.1 per cent in total revenues. This increase is Hie More encouraging he stated considering the Winter weather which resulted in almost continual bad driving conditions during january of this year. Tile report shews an increase of 31 per cent in truck traffic and 37.8 per cent in revenues. Quot truck traffic is the life blood of any Turnpike a he reported Quot and the percentage of increase in this Field is most Gratifying. With this increase on the 88-mile initial to Rrapi ice it is Tea Del y a Parent that the farther the Turnpike is extended the greater will be the acceleration of traffic especially i Okey Patteson mrs. Rosalind Funk sex Becklean commended for 12 years work a former Beckley woman has received the highest commendations of her co worker for the past 12 years in a joint resignation move from the West Virginia Turnpike which will put both into the Campaign to make j. Howard Meyers governor erf West Virginia. Okey l. Patteson told the Register that a if mrs. Rosalind Funk does As Good a Job for Howard Myers As she did for former gov. Clarence w. Meadows and me in our gubernatorial campaigns his Victory is As Good As an interesting sidelight to this is the picture which hangs in mrs. Funk a office. The photograph of Patteson bearing his autograph dated feb. 18. 1949, is inscribed a to my Loyal and indispensable assistant. Rosalind Funk who was the number one contributor to the Success of my mrs. Funk a name came up frequently in Patteson a report which he was to hand to the members of the West Virginia Turnpike commission at a meeting Early this afternoon at the Turnpike Headquarters at Reed. It includes in part a shortly after i came with the commission. Mrs. Rosalind Funk was employed As my assistant. Her duties of course were those which generally befall an assistant general manager. In addition to which she was assigned the work of publicity and advertising including writing of articles and contacting newspapers and magazines to gain favourable publicity for the Turnpike. Quot mrs. Funk served As general chairman of both dedications and had the responsibility of arrangements including the preparation of the two souvenir programs copies of both of which were purchased by brokers and used for advertising and Selling Turnpike Bonds. Quot widespread National publicity resulting from the dedications of the Southern and Northern sections of the Turnpike was invaluable. We Are highly pleased that some of the brokers who made an on the ground investigation of the status of our Turnpike stated that the West Virginia Turnpike had received More nationwide free favourable publicity than any other toll Road in the country. A having stated his decision to enter into the Campaign he wrote a i. Of course could not remain with the commission and actively engage in politics without putting a political tinge on the Turnpike. There in View of the fact that both mrs. Funk and i have decided to participate in the Campaign. We feel it necessary to leave the commission although we reluctantly do so. A therefore on behalf of both of us i hereby tender my resignation As general manager of the West Virginia Turnpike and the resignation of mrs. Rosland c. Funk As assistant general manager. Quot we would appreciate being relieved of our duties not later than feb. 15, if Patteson added that if the Turnpike were in process of construction or preparing to Coneen consider leaving the commission because their senders would be needed due to the extremely heavy volume of work. he since no construction can be considered until after the next session of legislature we Felt that although there is much we can do yet our services Are not an absolute he concluded that both he and mrs. Funk had sincerely enjoyed working for the commission and highly value the Friendship of the group and pledged his support to do everything in his Power to add in the passing of the Turnpike Extension referendum in the fall. Pat Tesori said his Dep rooted interest in the Turnpike and his desire to see it a Success was proved last july when both mrs. Funk and Patteson took Steps which resulted in reducing their own salaries. Patteson a $20,000 a year salary was Cut at his own request to $15,000, while mrs. Funk a annual salary of $7,500 was Cut to $6,000. Daniels youth jailed a 15-Vear-Oki Daniels youth was lodged in the Raleigh county jail at 9 45 a. In. Today by state police who booked him on a charge of delinquency. Nuckols Burke May be in line for state posts names of two Beckley Legisla f the Extension connects with Quot tee tors Arp Hrino mentioned frequent Ohio and Pennsylvania turnpikes. In connection with pending state a in my opinion we have an sex appointments. Charleston a after voting Revenue exceeding $05,000,000. Were designed to raise $4,600,000 of tile i to up the Revenue estimates the went Back to the House that cell it organization in the and senator Jack a. Nuckols Beck Schodl teachers their first salary called to meet at 9 . Needed Revenue toward paying the Senate shelved its own salary Bill chamber gave its final approval ministration and operation of the de a Democrat who May be in line raise since 1951 and compromising with the knotty problems of teacher salary boost. And took up the $6,400,000 measure 87-1, with Del Gentry a Cabell it Turnpike. I feel that each depart for 1,10 appointment of general other differences legislators to yesterday resolved in such haste they included a fifth Penny tax which the House had passed Back the Lone dissenter. Ment is Well staffed and is doing manager of the West Virginia Day faced Only the Job of wrapping the legislature was expected to on cigarettes raising the state on Jan. 31. Both Bills were sent to the gov an excellent Job. Furthermore to in Pike Nucko a. Serving his up the budget Bill before compleat Complete work on the budget with Levy to five cents per package. It it raises the Legal monthly mini error along with others passed in the entire overhead operating sex elected term in the Senate ing the work of. This term. Some dispatch so that adjournment was the biggest item in the bundle mum salaries of teachers by sums yesterdays flurry of activity. Pense of the Turnpike including Kas followed administration poll both houses worked until Airn Ost could be taken in the afternoon heralded As Good for $2,000,000. Ranging from $15 to $55. Around included in the legislation re is Only 4-10th of one per cent of cues throughout a his voting Midnight before sending to the among other things the Senate this figure a regarded in some 16,700 teachers will share the a Aie caving final action were measures the Over Delegate w. A. Burke also is governor a teachers salary Meas at a secret session yesterday con quarters however As extravagant with the biggest segment of Bene to authorize building projects at he reminded the commissioners reportedly among those being conure costing $6,400,000. Finned 48 of gov. Marlandus a other items included raising the ovaries falling in the category of West Virginia University and mar that his report was Quot merely to Sid Rod for the position of Warden it was made possible after the appointees while House and Senate states take on race track betting teachers with bachelors degrees shall College. Point out that there was no Loose at us slate Penitentiary at Board of Public works had met created a special committee to look pools irom 4 per cent to 5 per cent they number s it me 8,000, and will rejected was a controversial Tiro ends and that the work of my de Moundsville with legislative representatives and into Turnpike Extension proposals. Increasing that License tax on non get $50 More a month. Postal to create the state building i apartment is up to Date a a the Warden s position was a upped its estimates of state Rove tile committee was Given a $60, resident corporations and extending the Senate gave final approval authority to handle the projects Nues in the next fiscal year by too working fund and the groups Che same tax to insurance com to the Bill 29-2, with dissenting one of the measures passed will $1, too. Findings will determine whether a Panier and claiming for the Gen votes cast by senators Amos Ltd permit the Wavu Board of Gover with that item out of the Way Bond Issue proposal will be glib a Era Revenue fund balances which the Senate adjourned until i ., j fitted to the people at the nov. Have accumulated in Quot special a and the House until 1 30 today. 6 election. J counts of state agencies and in conferees on the hefty budget i yesterday afternoon the Senate striations. Kanawha and Sayre a Jackson. Nors to sell up to $10,000,000 Worth sen. Jackson Ltd Lincoln it was a of Revenue Bonds to finance an will this he launched into his ,,d recently by Orel j. Skeen who announced his candidacy for the democratic nomination for state treasurer. The Turnpike Job will be open after feb. 15, the Date set by reasons for submitting his Nesig nation Quot during the past few months. I have been pressured from every construction program Side to become a candidate for in. T a a a companion Bill to provide for which is to include new buildings governor. I steadfastly refused to1 manager Okey l. T Atte expected in its new form to Calli sent a bundle of Revenue Bill to after Tho Compromise Between debuting the raise outside the for the colleges of engineering and do so but i cannot Brush aside son in his resignation for appropriations from general i the governor which altogether Are j the Board and legislators last night1 a a s s a a announce $15,571 received from sinking fund fund. Lusk will work until feb. 29 Sophia mayor state Aid formula based upon the i agriculture and the school of or Overlook the Many pleas made m thursday number of teachers in a county mines. J to me to take an Active part in cleared the Senate with Only one the other will authorize the the present political Campaign dissenting vote that of minority state Board of education to sell Quot i have Given this matter care Leader Stemple Ltd it Barbour. Up to $950,000 Worth of Bonds Toful thought and consideration and the Senate had amended the finance a new gym at Marshall my decision has not been an easy night. Companion Bill slightly. When it i College. Warrant in Sophia mayor James Salyers with receipt of a Check in that amount of $15,571.52 which today said that part time police two killed 3 in collision at Hurt Ghent one. Of course of prime import Ance to me is the ultimate Success of the Turnpike and i would prefer to remain in my present position and continue to work toward that goal. However i feel that i have a moral obligation to my fellow West virginians which i cannot Overlook. With this he submitted the joint Boone Mother suicide victim Madison . An ill and despondent Mother of three children took her own life today in a lonely wooded area about 500 feet from her Boone county Home. Deputy sheriff w. L. Nelson said mrs. Lena Carpenter Dolan 43. Of Raleigh county a general fund assistant Secretary of the today became $15,571.52 Richer two a bread i Quot we enclose state til at amount from the state sinking represents a balance on Deposit Man toy Lusk would not be re w fund. With this commission after pay moved from his Post until feb. 29. A a a i 11 Babi i in 11 by resignations of mrs. Funk Jand Foster died of three shots from a the Check was made out in the in halite Quot he said. A was or. And mrs. Robert Smith Natl Dale co. Princeton. The week oct a they desire to Par Rone Maris has eld dad a Bein town District roads Raleigh he action of Council since Alop were killed outright about curved in front of the freewill i in coming election1 a Aureia urea Ine county., town this size As Many others 12 30 Today in a head on col Baptist Church county clerk Harry e. Ander finds it hard to afford More than a Json son said today that receipt of the one Check either Means that Bonds mayor Salyers continued. A i have been paid off or that there just wan Clear up that Council is ample Money in the sinking not fire him but removed name of sheriff John c. Ward county treasurer and accompanied a letter rom o. R. Shreve coed claims officials could have halted riot Birmingham. Ala. It i fund to pay off the Bonds. He explained that 25 or 30 work and is not effective until a years ago the county floated Bond feb. 28. Between a car and truck about a mile North of Ghent. The truck Driver Ray t. Tilley 24, Princeton was being exam-1 ,. A a. Ined at press time at the Raleigh i general Hospital. He suffered a Chest injury. Two ambulances from Quesen state police Are investigating. Death a suicide. Nelson said mrs. Doland a body negro coed returning to Federal i for Road projects and then As to a previous statement of be Quot Quot a Quot it w7bb Quot and Talfred. I a had levies each year to pay off councilman Steve Sokola who a ,. A a n j. A court in a bid to gain readmit-1 to Frest on Tje Bonds. Sam. A Lusk has not been working Quot Era Homes Beckley dispatched Tance to the University of Ala \ of w years ago. He said on Friday nights Ever since Bas. Scene. Drought the me Bania charged school officials enough Money had been a cum Ket bail season started As he is mums to the Hospital the bodies lated in the fund to discontinue refereeing on those nights a i mayor a a re a Hospital the levies and there Wae enough savers said pending identification by relatives. Laslo jailed after hearing could have halted Campus rioting. The action was one of two filed Money to retire the Bonds. A if Lusk we Asnat working on the couples son about four Campaign. This particular report did not,._. Carry the information that they we was were joining the Myers Camp. This was made known in a separate release to the press. Myers one of the five demo cratic candidates for governor j has announced on an a anti mar j land Quot ticket. He also is one of. ,. Said and made her Way to tile wooded area Clad Only in a Nightgown. Also surviving Are her husband Calvin h. Dolan and two daughters son Troy 19. And a companion Elmo Miller of Foster. The Deputy said he was told the woman had been in ill health for some time. Mrs. Dolan apparently arose before Dawn without Awakening other running a Ninde three candidates Frank Laslo Cool Ridge was i placed in the Raleigh county jail i gov. Marlandus statehouse and today after appearing before mag ministration has announced full Strate j. P. Meadows on a non support for Milton j. Ferguson. W a a. Support charge. J during his own closing months a Vandal la and Hael Anne 13 he was ordered to pay $50 a As governor. Patteson devoted yesterday in the Long Legal Battle periodically a the acc Mula Hose nights and was refereeing was in a of. And was Mon for the support of his wife i much time to helping to install of Natherine Lucy to attend classes lion of Money gathered the state j believe he was within his rights at the University. Hearings on both made refunds and since there no since the Days lie was to work petitions Are scheduled feb. 29. Be longer is a District Road fund the were to be decided Between the fore . Dist. Judge Hobart j Money is credited to the county a police chief and the part time pogroms. General fund. Wheeling victim of cub scout murderer reported to be critically injured. Arland Hatcher 17, Flat top Coni tonnage and $25 a month for support of Marland in the governors seat. ,. Child. He was placed in jail the other so called a a indecent Wash Langton a bituminous was j .�?zre4a after failure to Post Bond. Entz candidates Are Joe Burdett production for the week ended Fob. Lineman. This arrangement was approved by Council when the part time policeman was hired. A the arrangements a he said a were that Lusk would work on saturdays or sundays or what a a a a Ever Days the police chief wanted musics or needed to be off. It was Between the two of them to decide who was to work a leg injury suffered in the wreck. Alg0 placed in the jail today Tilley is a Driver for the Addi was Nathaniel Moss fire co for son Brothers and Smith it Hole non support and destruction of i property. He was arrested by con stables. Legislature extends former president of tile state4 was about 9,825,000 tons a de Board of control and Albert Vii Cline from the 10,350.000 ton Cutler former president of the state put in the period ended Jan. 28. Cio Council. Robert Moho an has the National Coal Assn. Estimated labors support. Today. Wheeling urn a 9-year-old i Stepson of Otto Dlesk who told Wheeling cub scout was found police the youngster had been murdered about 11 40 . Today j missing from Home More than 18 under the porch of a Home on hours. Wheeling Island. City police it. William Finnegan the victim was David Powell said first details were sketchy but Plant workers find Man s body Coal prices due to hike in april it was definitely murder. A we understand his head was a Ltd caved in with a bloody two by four i Charleston a Southern lying alongside the he said. Coal operators Assn. Has confirm c Hoehle Ston it the citizen commission on education which conducted studies of Public school matters last year was Given extended life yesterday by the 1956 legislature. House and Senate voted continuation of the committee in a Reso-1 the Cdv Mullens chamber moves to get More representative Council Mullens Orns charter to revision of 1 Are elected and they in turn pm j favor of widening one Way Bridges provide for Elf y a City manager. On roads leading into the City and Lution. The group was instructed to More representation in City gov. The Ciuba Ai it Mullens itself. to the 1957 j to eight or to years ago promoted a the group also planned rimmed s t n p emment was proposed thursday i Campaign for that div manager Date efforts t0 see ure a rep Ace. The committee engaged a pro-1 Dight As the Chatt Ber of Commerce Type of government but it was ment for county farm agent w. H. Dlesk said Quot the Bey Quot had failed red that Coal prices will go up group to conduct studies i Board of directors met at City Hall. Voted Down in election Patton who resigned after Only a to re Tovell for dinner yester april because of a wage increase of the Public school system last to discuss projects for 1956. Is tabs to olfaction thed rectors de i Day after leaving the House earlier negotiated last fall by the United i year. City commissioner w. F. Stasis j c r Mundy Char a pre sift i cited to Prei tor Lur Seison of in the afternoon to sell tickets for mine workers. In another Resolution the House questioned about his feeling on the a Aid he would announce appoint-1 equal a Benefit show being sponsored by Walter r. Thurmond association membership extended condolences matter voiced approval and Point ment of committees to his cub pack. Secretary Caid today that the in i to some 200 Island residents were i crease of 15 to 20 cents a ton k to j Welton out looking for the boy this morning. Bloodhounds from the West Virginia Penitentiary at Moundsville had aided in the search. Gauley Bridge . A the body of a Man missing since saturday night was found Early today at nearby Glen Ferris on the Racks of tire electro metallurgical co. Plower Plant dam on the Kanawha River. Mortuary personnel said Clive f a a. I a i. F a i. Regional King. 58, had drowned. J 3631x11 Lolk ick jul talk he was found by Plant woofers Shawnee okla. Obj a new about 8 . Paper Carrier boy shot himself to Constable Owen c. Burton of death because be said in a note mond a a won to mean More profit Security the 3.121 teachers Glen Ferris said King had lived he wanted to investigate the theory to the operators. It merely will other personnel it employs. With his brother. Laird King in of reincarnation. I cover the additional operating sex tile employees previously property fees scents on carry county property and a study to see cover an 80-eent pay boost for Coal last year. Miners. Tile Industry wide agreement with u ,. The to in explain do speared Kanawha teachers now a $1.20-per-Day wage increase last sept. I and an additional 80 cents april i. Tile Price of Coal went up 35 to 40 cents when the first pay hike went into effect. A a raise in said thur it relatives of former Del. Ralph de out that the growing Ponulak i till you buy properly Ana a Sway to see in ton of Petersburg who died a made Asmi Nistra of 5sj City affairs a dig business i vol Jyi onday at the Victory Cate. They also agreed to join in the i Tan Cape Goanue o. In discussing other projects i sponsorship of the second Annua j some $80,000. Thursday night the directors de fourth of july horse show Here and persons attending the meeting ended that a More positive stand to encourage shopping in Mullens expressed the opinion that five should be taken on Road improve by Means of advertising and other precincts of the City should be rep ments including the construction of methods resented on the City Council. The an alternate route or bypass for on social Security Charleston it amp a Fie Kanawha county Board of education voted last night to include under social and had a one room dwelling on an Island j Dick Swink 19, was found dead where the new and Gauley Rivers in his pickup truck. By him was form the Kanawha. A note saying sunday officers found Kings a they say that curiosity kills a dog swimming in the water near cat. Well in a a cat and in a very a boat the victim owned. Constable curious. I am curious about this Burton said Crews dragged the Bridey Murphy Story so i am Gorger unsuccessfully monday and ing to investigate the theory in tuesday but were unable to con person. Tine the following Day because of tire Bridey Murphy Story is a High water. I Book dealing with reincarnation. King was a Bachelor and his j the you the smother is mrs. Wil brother is his Only survivor. Diam Wright Harko 111, Pense created by the pay voted for inclusion under the social tire Wall Street journal Esti Security Law. The Board estimated mates the april increase will put the Protection would Cost $89,082 the Price of High Grade steam Coal from Jan. I to june 30. It had at about $5.05 a ton. Budgeted $91,086 for the purpose. Beckley Fayette Folk area organizations Back movement Council is presently composed of i traffic through the Mullens Busi mayor Woodrow w. Cook Staats Ness District. They also spoke in and commissioner Eugene Atkins. A Ritz kingdom City attorney was asked what forms of government were available to Mullens./. He replied that the City had three us 3611316 s di6ssimq choices the present form. The Beekman and two far. A Strong mayor Type and the City count Ian is were included in manager form whereby councilmen hot appoint Ems which won a from the san rain extended West Virginia weather mostly Cloud. Rain beginning tonight. Low 36-4 4 saturday Cloud. Mild rain. Uva forecast memorial Hospital handles 537 cases during first month ifs business As usual at the Tion 537 persons were treated As Beckley memorial Hospital. Stana a at Tiente the out. Patient department while 211 per Ford Road which today Mark. The Gong were admitted As bed end of its first month of operation patients. The $3,300,000 Hospital one in a the Hospital census As of today Chain of to constructed in West listed 113 persons hospitalized. The Proval thursday ate. Re a Are. Temperatures through next wednesday will average Norma Charles s. Lewis jr., cd Beck sve degrees above Normal in Ley member of the West Virginia portion and slightly below Turnpike commission for me in to Lorrani in North portion. Colder expired term ending july i. 19j6. A Urcia and sunday warmer Hulett c. Smith do Beckley monday colder tuesday a Ai. ,1 pm i i member of the we est Virginia state wednesday. Snow in the North pot by five organizations in Southern i that the Bozo club favors and from the Peterstown Ballard and Armani stirs commission for the tit it a rain a a a a 1 seek Bluestone development a Resolution has been adopted the Resolution a be it resolved end of the Bluestone Reservoir the is to West Virginia to develop and en-1 requests that the following items Forest Hill areas Hance the resources of the Blue be considered and that appropriate �?o5. That the intent of Stone Reservoir to attract sports action be taken concerning the above stated Resolution Man and tourists. Bluestone Reservoir the Resolution was first proposed a i. That the water level of Beautiful and attractive location and adopted by the Bozoo Puritan Bluestone Reservoir be raised a for sportsmen and vacationers club at Bozoo similar resolutions proximately 20 feet from its pre travelling in the Eastern part of have been adopted by the Ballard sent level the United states Puritan club. Ballard Peterstown �?o2. That Arter the water level that the concessions which rotary club Peterstown and is raised provision be made for Are necessary to put this resold Lynn Side Puritan club. Lease or Sale of government own lion into effect Are fair and Justi the latest endorsement was cd property along the Waters liable. We feel that in this Way made by the Board of supervisors Edge of Bluestone Reservoir to the people of our area and state of the Southern soil conservation any of the general Public for the can be partially compensated for District at their monthly meeting purpose of erecting Camp Sites and the loss of thursday. Summer Homes which came aeronautics commission for the Tion rain in tire s Aith Robab term ending june. 30. 1959 turning to Snow flurries saturday William r. Laird Iii Fayette night Snow or ram monday. Tot. J l Ville state tax commissioner for precipitation one half to one Inch Dei clop and enhance the existing unexpired term ending Fob. Normal f r a in Southern port for a Triu Rii Iii Nyrl at frat i to i a at i a i 28, 1959 Nell w. Walker. Winona commissioner of banking for the unexpired term ending March 31, 1959. Police probe break in state police today Ane inv Suga Revenue and Trade Ting a break in at the Prosperity As a result of the Plant of t in Peerless packing co. Boat government having bought of l. P. Soren in manager of tire Virginia. Virginia and Kentucky Hospital has a capacity of 207, by the miners memorial Hospital Beds and 25 bassinets. A spokesman for the Yazoo that an adequate association accepted its first a a spokesman for the Hospital Puritan club said other civic Dock site be made available for the Beautiful and productive farm company said that toe int it a Tient tuesday Jan. To. Stated that the number of per a groups and clubs Are urged to lease or Sale on the upper end lands surrounding Bluestone ref thieves took Between $10 and $12 since the admittance of the first son referred to the institution by j join in endorsement of the Besoiu of the Bluestone Reservoir at or in Cash and a Quantity of areal patient Over 700 persons have re other local hospitals or physicians Tion for the development of Blue near Harvey Falls the Bozoo Puritan clubs Reso from tire Plant thursday night a lived treatment at the Hospital has been showing a steady in Stone Reservoir As an economic �?o4. That weather and wide lotion was signed by r. A. Johns entry tamed in b King during the first 30 Day of opera crease. Asset to Southern West Virginia., roads be constructed to the upper ton Secretary. Airt several win cd is to said. Is 37 Degn portion is 33 of Kley High Yeruc Low last 7 Tec to . T noon Tod a o Vuk Hill High Vert Low last s and for the be her Lav 49 get. 49 y49 Lay. 4941 Rivers at Bellepoint Search the Beckley Raleigh Register Today with a Free Trial We want people to find what they are looking for at NewspaperArchive. We are confident that we have the newspapers that will increase the value of your family history or other historical research. With our 7-day free trial, you can view the documents you find for free.
5269	dbpedia	1	68	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Solid_South	en	Solid South	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	[ "https://wikiwandv2-19431.kxcdn.com/_next/image?url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1924_Electoral_Map.png/640px-1924_Electoral_Map.png&w=640&q=50", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1924_Electoral_Map.png/640px-1924_Electoral_Map.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png/320px-DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Solid South was the electoral voting bloc for the Democratic Party in the Southern United States between the end of the Reconstruction era in 1877 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. During this period, the Democratic Party controlled southern state legislatures and most local, state and federal officeholders in the South were Democrats. During the late 19th century and early 20th century, Southern Democrats disenfranchised nearly all blacks in all the former Confederate states. This resulted in a one-party system, in which a candidate's victory in Democratic primary elections was tantamount to election to the office itself. White primaries were another means that the Democrats used to consolidate their political power, excluding blacks from voting.	en	https://wikiwandv2-19431…icon-180x180.png	Wikiwand	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Solid_South	For the play titled Solid South, see Lawton Campbell. The Solid South was the electoral voting bloc for the Democratic Party in the Southern United States between the end of the Reconstruction era in 1877 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[1][2] During this period, the Democratic Party controlled southern state legislatures and most local, state and federal officeholders in the South were Democrats. During the late 19th century and early 20th century, Southern Democrats disenfranchised nearly all blacks in all the former Confederate states. This resulted in a one-party system, in which a candidate's victory in Democratic primary elections was tantamount to election to the office itself. White primaries were another means that the Democrats used to consolidate their political power, excluding blacks from voting.[3] Quick Facts Founded, Dissolved ... Close The "Solid South" included all 11 former Confederate states: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. It also included Oklahoma, which became a state in 1907.[4] States considered part of the South by the Census Bureau but not part of the Solid South were Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia, because these states remained electorally competitive during the Jim Crow era.[5]
5269	dbpedia	0	65	https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/united-states-and-canada/us-political-geography/west-virginia	en	Encyclopedia.com			[ "https://www.encyclopedia.com/themes/custom/trustme/images/header-logo.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Get information", "facts", "and pictures", "about West Virginia", "at Encyclopedia.com", "Make", "research", "projects", "and school reports", "about West Virginia", "easy", "with credible", "articles", "from our FREE", "online encyclopedia and dictionary" ]	null	[]	null	West Virginia [1] State of West Virginia ORIGIN OF STATE NAME: The state was originally the western part of Virginia. NICKNAME: The Mountain State. CAPITAL: Charleston. ENTERED UNION: 20 June 1863 (35th).	en	/sites/default/files/favicon.ico		https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/united-states-and-canada/us-political-geography/west-virginia	West Virginia State of West Virginia ORIGIN OF STATE NAME: The state was originally the western part of Virginia. NICKNAME: The Mountain State. CAPITAL: Charleston. ENTERED UNION: 20 June 1863 (35th). SONG: "The West Virginia Hills;" "West Virginia, My Home Sweet Home;" "This Is My West Virginia." MOTTO: Montani semper liberi (Mountaineers are always free). COAT OF ARMS: A farmer stands to the right and a miner to the left of a large ivy-draped rock bearing the date of the state's admission to the Union. In front of the rock are two hunters' rifles upon which rests a Cap of Liberty. The state motto is beneath and the words "State of West Virginia" above. FLAG: The flag has a white field bordered by a strip of blue, with the coat of arms in the center, wreathed by rhododendron leaves; across the top of the coat of arms are the words "State of West Virginia." OFFICIAL SEAL: The same as the coat of arms. BIRD: Cardinal. FISH: Brook trout. FLOWER: Rhododendron. TREE: Sugar maple. LEGAL HOLIDAYS: New Year's Day, 1 January; Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr., 3rd Monday in January; Presidents' Day, 3rd Monday in February; Memorial Day, last Monday in May; West Virginia Day, 20 June; Independence Day, 4 July; Labor Day, 1st Monday in September; Columbus Day, 2nd Monday in October; Veterans' Day, 11 November; Thanksgiving Day, 4th Thursday in November and the day following; Christmas Day, 25 December. TIME: 7 AM EST = noon GMT. LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT Located in the eastern United States, in the South Atlantic region, West Virginia ranks 41st in size among the 50 states. The area of West Virginia totals 24,231 sq mi (62,758 sq km), including 24,119 sq mi (62,468 sq km) of land and 112 sq mi (290 sq km) of inland water. The state extends 265 mi (426 km) e-w; its maximum n-s extension is 237 mi (381 km). West Virginia is one of the most irregularly shaped states in the United States, with two panhandles of land—the northern, narrower one separating parts of Ohio and Pennsylvania, and the eastern panhandle separating parts of Maryland and Virginia. West Virginia is bordered on the n by Ohio (with the line formed by the Ohio River), Pennsylvania, and Maryland (with most of the line defined by the Potomac River); on the e and s by Virginia; and on the w by Kentucky and Ohio (with the line following the Ohio, Big Sandy, and Tug Fork rivers). The total boundary length of West Virginia is 1,180 mi (1,899 km). The geographical center of the state is in the Elk River Public Hunting Area in Braxton County, 4 mi (6 km) e of Sutton. TOPOGRAPHY West Virginia lies within two divisions of the Appalachian Highlands. Most of the eastern panhandle, which is crossed by the Allegheny Mountains, is in the Ridge and Valley region. The remainder, or more than two-thirds of the state, is part of the Allegheny Plateau, to the west of a bold escarpment known as the Allegheny Front, and tilts toward the Ohio River. The mean elevation of West Virginia is 1,500 ft (458 m), higher than any other state east of the Mississippi River. Its highest point, Spruce Knob, towers 4,861 ft (1,483 m) above sea level. Major lowlands lie along the rivers, especially the Potomac, Ohio, and Kanawha. A point on the Potomac River near Harpers Ferry has the lowest elevation, only 240 ft (73 m) above sea level. West Virginia has no natural lakes. Most of the eastern panhandle drains into the Potomac River. The Ohio and its tributaries—the Monongahela, Little Kanawha, Kanawha, Guyandotte, and Big Sandy—drain most of the Allegheny Plateau section. Subterranean streams have carved out numerous caverns—including Seneca Caverns, Smoke Hole Caverns, and Organ Cave—from limestone beds. During the Paleozoic era, when West Virginia was under water, a 30,000-ft (9,000-m) layer of rock streaked with rich coal deposits was laid down over much of the state. Alternately worn down and uplifted during succeeding eras, most of West Virginia is thus a plateau where rivers have carved deep valleys and gorges and given the land a rugged character. CLIMATE West Virginia has a humid continental climate, with hot summers and cool to cold winters. The climate of the eastern panhandle is influenced by its proximity to the Atlantic slope and is similar to that of nearby coastal areas. Mean annual temperatures vary from 56°f (13°c) in the southwest to 48°f (9°c) at higher elevations. The yearly average is 53°f (12°c). The highest recorded temperature, 112°f (44°c), was at Martinsburg on 10 July 1936; the lowest, −37°f (−38°c), at Lewisburg on 30 December 1917. Prevailing winds are from the south and west, and seldom reach hurricane or tornado force. In Charleston, average annual precipitation is about 42.9 in (108 cm) and is slightly heavier on the western slopes of the Alleghenies. Accumulations of snow may vary from about 20 in (51cm) in the western sections to more than 50 in (127 cm) in the higher mountains. FLORA AND FAUNA With its varied topography and climate, West Virginia provides a natural habitat for more than 3,200 species of plants in three life zones: Canadian, Alleghenian, and Carolinian. Oak, maple, poplar, walnut, hickory, birch, and such softwoods as hemlock, pine, and spruce are the common forest trees. Rhododendron, laurel, dogwood, redbud, and pussy willow are among the more than 200 flowering trees and shrubs. Rare plant species include the box huckleberry, Guyandotte beauty, and Kate's mountain clover. The Cranberry Glades, an ancient lake bed similar to a glacial bog, contains the bog rosemary and other plant species common in more northern climates. In April 2006, six plant species were listed as threatened or endangered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, including shale barren rock-cress, harperella, northeastern bulrush, running buffalo clover, Virginia spirea, and small whorled pogonia. West Virginia fauna includes at least 56 species and subspecies of mammals and more than 300 types of birds. The gray wolf, puma, elk, and bison of early times have disappeared. The white-tailed (Virginia) deer and the black bear (both protected by the state) as well as the wildcat are still found in the deep timber of the Allegheny ridges; raccoons, skunks, woodchucks, opossums, gray and red foxes, squirrels, and cottontail rabbits remain numerous. Common birds include the cardinal, tufted titmouse, brown thrasher, scarlet tanager, catbird, and a diversity of sparrows, woodpeckers, swallows, and warblers. Major game birds are the wild turkey, bobwhite quail, and ruffed grouse; hawks and owls are the most common birds of prey. Notable among more than 100 species of fish are smallmouth bass, rainbow trout, and brook trout (the state fish). The copperhead and rattlesnake are both numerous and poisonous. In April 2006, 13 animal species (vertebrates and invertebrates) were listed as threatened or endangered in West Virginia, including the bald eagle, three species (gray, Indiana, and Virginia big-eared) of bat, fanshell, flat-spired three-toothed snail, and the Cheat Mountain salamander. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Major responsibility for environmental protection in West Virginia rests with the Division of Environmental Protection (DEP). The DEP was established in October 1991 and became West Virginia's leading environmental agency in July 1992, with the consolidation of the state's major environmental regulatory programs. Today, the DEP is responsible for the oversight of the state's Abandoned Mine Lands, Air Quality, Mining and Reclamation, Oil and Gas, Waste Management, and Water Resources programs. A new DEP program is the Office of Environmental Advocate. The office was created to improve public access and input into DEP functioning. Environmental issues confronting the state of West Virginia include the restoration of about 2,000 mi (3,218 km) of streams that are being impacted by acid mine damage. To combat the problem, the state has created a Stream Restoration program, which is using a variety of treatment methods, including limestone drum technology, to improve water quality. The first treatment station is under construction in the Blackwater River watershed, with plans to construct a second station in the Middlefork River watershed. The state is in the midst of an initiative that focuses on better planning and management of West Virginia's five major watersheds. In 1996, less than 1% of West Virginia's land was designated wetlands. The proper disposal of solid waste had been addressed through requirements for landfills to meet environmental safety standards by the end of 1994 or face closure. West Virginia also mandates that cities with populations of 10,000 or more develop recycling programs. In 2003, 102.2 million lb of toxic chemicals were released in the state. Also in 2003, West Virginia had 154 hazardous waste sites listed in the US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) database, nine of which were on the National Priorities List as of 2006, including the Allegany Ballistics Laboratory of the US Navy. In 2005, the EPA spent over $1.3 million through the Superfund program for the cleanup of hazardous waste sites in the state. The same year, federal EPA grants awarded to the state included $2 million for projects involving water quality protection and control through nonpoint source program management. POPULATION West Virginia ranked 37th in population in the United States with an estimated total of 1,816,856 in 2005, an increase of 0.5% since 2000. Between 1990 and 2000, West Virginia's population grew from 1,793,477 to 1,808,344, an increase of 0.8%. The population is projected to decline to 1.76 million by 2025. The population density in 2004 was 75.4 persons per sq mi. In 2004 the median age was 40.3, compared to the US average of 36.2. Persons under 18 years old accounted for 21.2% of the population (the national average was 25%) while 15.3% was age 65 or older (national average 12.4%). The state's population grew rapidly in the 1880s and 1890s, as coal mining, lumbering, and railroads expanded to meet the needs of nearby industrial centers, but the pace of expansion slowed in the early 20th century. The population peaked at 2,005,552 in 1950; then mass unemployment, particularly in the coal industry, caused thousands of families to migrate to Midwestern cities. An upswing began in the 1970s. West Virginia's major cities all have populations of less than 100,000. However, the Charleston metropolitan area had an estimated 2004 population of 307,763. The Huntington-Ashland metropolitan region, which includes parts of eastern Kentucky and southern Ohio, had an estimated population of 287,038 the same year. ETHNIC GROUPS Nearly all Indian inhabitants had left the state before the arrival of European settlers. In the 2000 census, about 3,606 Indians were counted. In 2004, 0.2% of the population was American Indian. The 57,232 blacks in the state in 2000 constituted about 3.2% of the population. That percentage remained unchanged in 2004. The majority lived in industrial centers and coal-mining areas. Only 19,390 West Virginians, or 1.1% of the population, were foreign born in 2000. In 2000, there were 12,279 Hispanics and Latinos, representing 0.7% of the total population. In 2004, Hispanics or Latinos accounted for 0.8% of the total population. In 2000, there were 9,434 persons of Asian origin. In 2004, 0.6% of the population was Asian. In 2004, 0.8% of the population reported origin of two or more races. Persons reporting at least one specific an-cestry group in 2000 included 176,297 English, 253,388 Germans, 198,473 Irish, and 37,837 Dutch. LANGUAGES With little foreign immigration and with no effect from the original Iroquois and Cherokee Indians, West Virginia maintains Midland speech. There is a secondary contrast between the northern half and the southern half, with the former influenced by Pennsylvania and the latter by western Virginia. The basic Midland speech sounds the /r/ after a vowel as in far and short, and has /kag/ for keg, /greezy/ for greasy, sofy instead of sofa, and nicker in place of neigh. The northern part has /yelk/ for yolk, /loom/ for loam, an /ai/ diphthong so stretched that sat and sight sound very much alike, run for creek, and teeter(totter) for seesaw. The southern half pronounces here and hear as /hyeer/, aunt and can't as /aint/ and /kaint/, and uses branch for creek, and tinter for teeter. In 2000, 1,661,036 West Virginians—97.3% of the population five years of age or over (virtually unchanged since 1990)—spoke only English at home. The following table gives selected statistics from the 2000 Census for language spoken at home by persons five years old and over. The category "Other Indic languages" includes Bengali, Marathi, Punjabi, and Romany. The category "Other Asian languages" includes Dravidian languages, Malayalam, Telugu, Tamil, and Turkish. LANGUAGENUMBERPERCENTPopulation 5 years and over1,706,931100.0 Speak only English1,661,03697.3 Speak a language other than English45,8952.7Speak a language other than English45,8952.7 Spanish or Spanish Creole17,6521.0 French (incl. Patois, Cajun)5,6930.3 German5,0400.3 Italian2,8150.2 Chinese1,6340.1 Arabic1,5630.1 Japanese1,1350.1 Tagalog9700.1 Greek9120.1 Other Indic languages8060.0Other Asian languages7840.0 Polish7630.0 Korean5810.0 RELIGIONS Throughout its history, the religiously active population in West Virginia has been overwhelmingly Protestant. Most settlers before the American Revolution were Anglicans, Presbyterians, Quakers, or members of German sects, such as Lutherans, German Reformed, Dunkers, and Mennonites. The Great Awakening had a profound effect on these settlers and they avidly embraced its evangelism, emotionalism, and emphasis on personal religious experience. Catholics were mostly immigrants from Ireland and southern and eastern Europe. The major Protestant denominations and the number of their adherents (in 2000 except as indicated) include the American Baptist Churches USA, 108,087; the United Methodist Church, 105,879 (in 2004); the Southern Baptist Convention, 43,606; and the Presbyterian Church USA, 28,467. In 2002, the Southern Baptist Convention reported 967 newly baptized members in the state. Other fundamentalist denominations included the Churches of Christ, 24,143; the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee), 21,657; and the Church of the Nazarene, 21,389. In 2004, there were about 100,648 Roman Catholics in the state. In 2000, there were an estimated 2,400 Jews and 1,528 Muslims. Over 1.1 million people (about 64% of the population) were not counted as members of any religious organization. TRANSPORTATION West Virginia has long been plagued by inadequate transportation. The first major pre-Civil War railroad line was the Baltimore and Ohio (B&O), completed to Wheeling in 1852. Later railroads, mostly built between 1880 and 1917 to tap rich coal and timber resources, also helped open up interior regions to settlement. Today, the railroads still play an important part in coal transportation. In 2003, CSX and Norfolk Southern were the state's Class I operators. In the same year, total rail mileage was 2,489 mi (4,007 km). Coal was the top commodity carried by rail that terminated and originated within the state that year. As of 2006, Amtrak provided east-west passenger service (Washington DC to Chicago) to 10 communities in the state. In 2004, there were 37,011 mi (59,587 km) of public roads under the state system The West Virginia Turnpike was completed from Charleston to Princeton in 1955. There were some 1.3 million registered motor vehicles in the state in 2003 and 1,292,036 licensed drivers in 2004. Major navigable inland rivers are the Ohio, Kanawha, and Monongahela. Each has locks and dams. West Virginia is home to the Port of Huntington-Tristate, the largest inland river port in the United States. Located on the Ohio River, the port handled 77.307 million tons of cargo in 2004, making it the eighth-busiest port in the United States. In 2003, waterborne shipments totaled 73.326 million tons. In 2004, West Virginia had 682 mi (1,098 km) of navigable inland waterways. In 2005, West Virginia had a total of 126 public and private-use aviation-related facilities. This included 75 airports, 40 heliports, 1 STOLport (Short Take-Off and Landing), and 10 seaplane bases. Yeager Airport in Charleston is the state's main air terminal. In 2004, the airport had 292,054 passenger enplanements. HISTORY Paleo-Indian cultures in what is now West Virginia existed some 15,000 years ago, when hunters pursued buffalo and other large game. About 7000 bc, they were supplanted by Archaic cultures, marked by pursuit of smaller game. Woodland (Adena) cultures, characterized by mound-building and agriculture, prevailed after about 1000 bc. By the 1640s, the principal Indian claimants, the Iroquois and Cherokee, had driven out older inhabitants and made the region a vast buffer land. When European settlers arrived only a few Shaw-nee, Tuscarora, and Delaware Indian villages remained, but the area was still actively used as hunting and warring grounds, and European possession was hotly contested. The fur trade stimulated early exploration. In 1671, Thomas Batts and Robert Fallam explored New River and gave England a claim to the Ohio Valley, to which most of West Virginia belongs. France also claimed the Ohio Valley by virtue of an alleged visit by Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, in 1669. England eventually prevailed as a result of the French and Indian War. Unsubstantiated tradition credits Morgan Morgan, who moved to Bunker Hill in 1731, with the first settlement in the state. By 1750, several thousand settlers were living in the eastern panhandle. In 1769, following treaties with the Iroquois and Cherokee, settlers began to occupy the Greenbrier, Monongahela, and upper Ohio valleys, and movement into other interior sections continued into the Revolutionary War, although wars with Indians occurred sporadically until the 1790s. The area that is now West Virginia was part of Virginia at the time of that state's entry into the Union, 25 June 1788. Serious differences between eastern and western Virginia developed after the War of 1812. Eastern Virginia was dominated by a slaveholding aristocracy, while small diversified farms and infant industries predominated in western Virginia. Westerners bristled under property qualifications for voting, inadequate representation in the Virginia legislature, and undemocratic county governments, as well as poor transportation, inadequate schools, inequitable taxes, and economic retardation. A constitutional convention in 1829–30 failed to effect changes, leaving the westerners embittered. Another convention in 1850–51 met the west's political demands but exacerbated economic differences. When Virginia seceded from the Union in 1861, western counties remaining loyal to the Union set up the Reorganized Government and consented to the separation of present-day West Virginia from Virginia. After approval by Congress and President Lincoln, West Virginia entered the Union on 20 June 1863 as the 35th state. West Virginia won control over Jefferson and Berkeley counties in the eastern panhandle in 1871, giving it a greater share of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad lines in the state. Both Bourbon Democratic and Republican governors after the Civil War sought to improve transportation, foster immigration, and provide tax structures attractive to business. Industrialists such as Democrats Henry Gassaway Davis and Johnson N. Camden, who amassed fortunes in coal, oil, railroads, and timber, sat in the US Senate and dominated party affairs in West Virginia. Similarly, industrialists Nathan Goff Jr., and Stephen B. El-kins—Davis's son-in-law—wielded preponderant influence in the Republican Party from the 1870s until 1911. Native industrialists often collaborated with eastern interests to give the state a colonial economy dominated by absentee owners. Although Republican governors of the early 20th century were dominated by Elkins, they were attuned to Progressive ideas and were instrumental in the adoption of the direct primary, safety legislation for the coal mines, revision of corporate tax laws, and improvements in highways and education. The Great Depression of the 1930s, from which West Virginia suffered acutely, ushered in a Democratic era. West Virginians embraced the New Deal and Fair Deal philosophies of presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S Truman. World Wars I and II produced significant changes in West Virginia, particularly through stimulation of chemical, steel, and textile industries in the Kanawha and Ohio valleys and the eastern panhandle. These industries lessened the state's dependence on extractive industries, historically the backbone of its economy, and gave cities and towns a more cosmopolitan character. Overshadowing the economic diversification was the plight of the coal-mining areas, where, after World War II, mechanization and strip-mining displaced thousands of miners and resulted in a large exodus to other states. By 1960, West Virginia was considered one of the most economically depressed areas of the country, primarily because of conditions in the mining regions. The antipoverty programs of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations provided some relief, but much of it was temporary, as was a brief upsurge in coal mining during the late 1970s. Over the last several decades, West Virginia's manufacturing and mining sectors have shrunk dramatically. Automation, foreign competition, and the recession of the early 1980s caused employment in steel, glass, and chemical manufacturing and in coal mining to drop by a third between 1979 and 1985, when the state had the highest rate of unemployment in the nation. West Virginia's economy improved in the 1990s. Coal and timber production expanded, and trade and tourism were boosted by the completion of Interstate Highway 64 in 1988. The state won a number of federal projects (including the FBI's fingerprint identification division), aided by the tenure of Democrat Robert C. Byrd as chairman of the US Senate Appropriations Committee from 1988 to 1995 and from 2001 to 2003. Byrd remained ranking member on the committee as of 2005. In 2003, Democratic governor Bob Wise called for a special session of the legislature to prevent the state Workers' Compensation Fund from going bankrupt. The system provides medical care and cash benefits for workers injured on the job. Democrat Joe Manchin III was elected the state's governor in November 2004 after Wise decided not to run for reelection. Manchin's election marked the first time two persons of the same political party have followed one another in the governor's office since 1964. STATE GOVERNMENT Since becoming a state, West Virginia has had two constitutions. The first, adopted in 1863, served until 1872, when the present constitution was adopted. As of January 2005, 71 amendments to this constitution had become law. The legislature consists of a Senate with 34 members and a house of delegates with 100 members. Senators and delegates must be at least 25 and 18 years old, respectively. All legislators must be qualified voters, state citizens, and residents of their districts for at least one year before taking their seats. In addition, delegates must have been US citizens for at least one year, and a one-year resident of the state. Senators must be US citizens for at least five years, and five-year residents of their state. Senators are elected to staggered four-year terms, and delegates serve for two years. The legislature meets annually in 60-day sessions, beginning in January. Special sessions may be called by a petition signed by three-fifths of the members of each house. The legislative salary in 2004 was $15,000, unchanged from 1999. Elected officials of the executive branch of government are the governor, secretary of state, auditor, attorney general, commissioner of agriculture, and treasurer, all elected for four-year terms. The governor, who may serve no more than two terms in succession, must be at least 30 years old, a registered voter, a citizen of the state for at least five years, and a resident for at least one. His successor is the president of the Senate (there is no lieutenant governor). As of December 2004, the governor's salary was $90,000. Bills passed by the legislature become law when signed by the governor or left unsigned for five days when the legislature is in session (or 15 days after it has adjourned). Bills vetoed by the governor become law if passed again by a majority of the elected members of each house. Either house may propose an amendment to the state constitution. If both houses approve it by a two-thirds majority, it is submitted to the voters at the next regular election or at a special election for adoption by majority vote. Voters in West Virginia must live in the state, be US citizens, and at least 18 years old. Restrictions apply to those convicted of certain crimes and to those judged by the court as mentally incompetent to vote. POLITICAL PARTIES The Republican Party presided over the birth of West Virginia, but the Democrats have generally been in power for the past five decades. In 1940, a strong New Deal faction, headed by Matthew M. Neely and supported by organized labor, formed the "state-house machine," which became a dominant factor in state politics. Only two Republicans, Cecil H. Underwood (1957–61, 1997–2001) and Arch Moore Jr. (1969–77, 1985–89), have been governor since 1933. Underwood was elected in 1996, having vacated the office 35 years earlier. Democrat Bob Wise unseated Underwood in 2000. Underwood did not seek a second term; in 2004 Democrat Joe Manchin III was elected. Democratic senator Robert C. Byrd, first elected in 1958, was reelected to his eighth term in 2000. Democratic senator John D. "Jay" Rockefeller IV, first elected in 1984, was reelected to his fourth term in 2002. Following the 2004 elections, West Virginia sent two Democrats and one Republican to the US House of Representatives. As of mid-2005, Democrats controlled both the state House and state Senate. There were 21 Democrats and 13 Republicans in the state Senate, and 68 Democrats and 32 Republicans in the state House. West Virginia Presidential Vote by Major Political Parties, 1948–2004YEARELECTORAL VOTEW. VA. WINNERDEMOCRATREPUBLICAN Won US presidential election.IND. candidate Ross Perot received 108,829 votes in 1992 and 71,639 in 1996 19488Truman (D)429,188316,25119528Stevenson (D)453,578419,97019568Eisenhower (R)381,534449,29719608Kennedy (D)441,786395,99519647Johnson (D)538,087253,95319687Humphrey (D)374,091307,55519726Nixon (R)277,435484,96419766Carter (D)435,914314,76019806Carter (D)367,462334,20619846Reagan (R)328,125405,48319886Dukakis (D)341,016310,0651992*5Clinton (D)331,001241,9741996*5Clinton (D)327,812233,94620005Bush, G. W. (R)295,497336,47520045Bush, G. W. (R)326,541423,778 Republican presidential candidates carried West Virginia in 1956, 1972, 1984, 2000, and 2004. In 2000, Republican George W. Bush received 52% of the popular vote to Democrat Al Gore's 46%; Green Party candidate Ralph Nader garnered 2% of the vote. In 2004, Bush again won the state, with 56% of the vote to Democrat John Kerry's 43%. In 2004 there were 1,169,000 registered voters. In 1998, 63% of registered voters were Democratic, 29% Republican, and 8% unaffiliated or members of other parties. The state had five electoral votes in the 2004 presidential election. LOCAL GOVERNMENT As of 2005, West Virginia had 55 counties, 234 municipal governments, 55 school districts, and 342 special districts. The chief county officials are the three commissioners, elected for six-year terms, who serve on the county court; the sheriff, assessor, county clerk, and prosecuting attorney, elected for four-year terms; and the five-member board of education, elected for six-year terms. The sheriff is the principal peace officer but also collects taxes and disburses funds of the county court and board of education. The cities, towns, and villages are divided into classes according to population. They are run by mayor and council or by council and city manager. In 2005, local government accounted for about 60,712 full-time (or equivalent) employment positions. STATE SERVICES To address the continuing threat of terrorism and to work with the federal Department of Homeland Security, homeland security in West Virginia operates under the authority of the governor; the public safety director/secretary was designated as the state homeland security advisor. The Department of Education determines policy for public elementary and secondary schools, and the West Virginia Higher Education Policy Commission governs the state's colleges and universities. The Department of Transportation is responsible for construction and operation of state roads. Services of the Department of Health and Human Resources center around treatment of alcoholism and drug abuse, mental health, environmental health services, maternal and child care, family planning, and control of communicable diseases, along with a variety of economic, medical, and social services. In the area of public protection, the Department of Public Safety enforces criminal and traffic laws, the Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management oversees civil defense and other emergency activities, and the Department of Corrections oversees prisons and other such facilities. The Public Service Commission regulates utilities. The Housing Development Fund concentrates on housing for low- and middle-income families and the elderly. The Department of Environmental Protection has the major responsibility for protection of forests, wildlife, water, and other resources, for reclamation projects, and for operation of state parks and recreational facilities. Responsibility in labor matters is shared by the Division of Labor, Bureau of Employment Programs, Office of Miners' Health, Safety, and Training, and BrickStreet (workers' compensation plan). JUDICIAL SYSTEM The highest court in West Virginia, the Supreme Court of Appeals, has five justices, including the chief justice, elected for 12-year terms. The court has broad discretionary appellate jurisdiction in both civil and criminal cases, and original jurisdiction in certain other cases. West Virginia's general trial court is the circuit court, with 156 judges in 1999. Each circuit serves from one to four counties and has jurisdiction over civil cases in amounts that exceed $300 and criminal cases. Circuit courts also have jurisdiction over juveniles, domestic relations, and certain administrative appeals. Family law specialists conduct most domestic relations hearings. Local courts include the county magistrate and municipal courts. Magistrate courts have original jurisdiction in criminal matters but may not convict or sentence in felony cases. All judges down to the magistrate level are popularly elected by partisan ballot. Municipal, police, or mayor's courts have authority to enforce municipal ordinances. Unlike other courts, these are not part of the unified court system. Appeals from municipal and magistrate courts are to circuit courts, and from circuit courts are to the supreme court. As of 31 December 2004, a total of 5,067 prisoners were held in West Virginia's state and federal prisons, an increase from 4,758 of 2.5% from the previous year. As of year-end 2004, a total of 4,589 inmates were female, up from 405 or 13.3% from the year before. Among sentenced prisoners (one year or more), West Virginia had an incarceration rate of 277 per 100,000 population in 2004. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, West Virginia in 2004, had a violent crime rate (murder/nonnegligent manslaughter; forcible rape; robbery; aggravated assault) of 271.2 reported incidents per 100,000 population, or a total of 4,924 reported incidents. Crimes against property (burglary; larceny/theft; and motor vehicle theft) in that same year totaled 45,497 reported incidents or 2,506.2 reported incidents per 100,000 people. West Virginia abolished its death penalty in 1965. In 2003, West Virginia spent $76,290,914 on homeland security, an average of $41 per state resident. ARMED FORCES In 2004, there were 503 active duty military personnel and 1,810 civilian personnel stationed in West Virginia. The state has no military bases, academies, or training facilities. The Naval Telecommunications Station, Sugar Grove, operated by the National Security Agency is the main receiving facility for the Navy's global high-frequency radio communications and for point-to-point circuits destined for Washington, DC, and has been mentioned as a site that intercepts all international communications entering the Eastern United States. In 2004, defense contracts awarded West Virginia totaled about $279 million, and defense payroll outlays were $410 million. In 2003, there were 188,101 veteran living in West Virginia, of whom 27,900 served in World War II; 23,322 in the Korean conflict; 59,857 in the Vietnam era; and 24,626 in the Gulf War. In 2004, the Veterans Administration expended more than $747 million in pensions, medical assistance, and other major veterans' benefits. As of 31 October 2004, the West Virginia State Police employed 649 full-time sworn officers. MIGRATION West Virginia has considerable national and ethnic diversity. Settlers before the Civil War consisted principally of English, German, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh immigrants, many of whom came by way of Pennsylvania. A second wave of immigration from the 1880s to the 1920s brought thousands of Italians, Poles, Austrians, and Hungarians to the coal mines and industrial towns, which also attracted many blacks from the South. In 1980, 79% of the residents of the state were born in West Virginia (fourth highest among states). Between 1950 and 1970, West Virginia suffered a 13% loss in population, chiefly from the coal-mining areas; but between 1970 and 1980, population rose by almost 12%. According to federal estimates, the state had a net migration gain of 71,000 in the 1970s and a net migration loss of about 81,000 in the 1980s. Between 1990 and 1998, West Virginia had net gains of 8,000 in domestic migration and 3,000 in international migration. In 1998, the state admitted 375 foreign immigrants. Between 1990 and 1998, the state's overall population increased by 1%. In the period 2000–05, net international migration was 3,691 and net internal migration was 10,518, for a net gain of 14,209 people. INTERGOVERNMENTAL COOPERATION The West Virginia Commission on Interstate Cooperation participates in the Council of State Governments. West Virginia is a member of some 30 regional compacts, including the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation and Potomac River Basin compacts, Interstate Mining Compact Commission, Wheeling Creek Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Commission, Ohio River Basin Commission, Appalachian Regional Commission, Jennings Randolph Lake Project Compact, Southern Regional Education Board, Southern States Energy Board, and Southern Governors' Association. In fiscal year 2005, federal grants to West Virginia totaled $2.960 billion, an estimated $2.861 billion in fiscal year 2006, and an estimated $3.045 billion in fiscal year 2007. ECONOMY Agriculture was the backbone of West Virginia's economy until the 1890s, when extractive industries (including coal, oil, natural gas, and timber) began to play a major role. World War I stimulated important secondary industries, such as chemicals, steel, glass, and textiles. The beauty of West Virginia's mountains and forests attracted an increasing number of tourists in the 1990s, but the state's rugged topography and relative isolation from major markets continued to hamper its economic development. West Virginia did not participate substantially in the high-tech boom of the 1990s, and the long-term decline of its critical coal mining sector continued. From 1997 to 2000, output from the general services and retail trade sectors grew 19% and 13.6%, respectively, while coal mining declined 17.6%, trends that meant the loss of coal mining jobs paying more than $53,000 a year and the increase in service jobs paying $14,000 to $24,000 annually. Output from the manufacturing sector fell at the same rate as mining output (17.6%) from 1997 to 2000, although from a high base ($6.5 billion in 1997 vs. $2.4 billion from coal mining). Overall growth was sluggish in the late 1990s, reaching 3.8% in 1999 (up from 1.9% in 1998), but falling to 0.1% in 2000. In 2001, growth actually improved to 3.5%, including a 13.8% jump in output from coal mining. However, by 2002, the national economic slowdown had begun to impact West Virginia's employment, and by October 2002, there was a year-on-year losses in jobs in every state economic sector except services and government (a sector that grew 24.5% 1997 to 2001). The overall decline in employment was 0.7%, ahead of the national average of 0.4%. In 2004, West Virginia's gross state product (GSP) was $49.454 billion, of which manufacturing (durable and nondurable goods) accounted for the largest share at $5.469 billion or 11% of GSP, followed by health care and social assistance at $4.757 billion (9.6% of GSP), and the real estate sector at $4.598 billion (9.2% of GSP). In that same year, there were an estimated 119,806 small businesses in West Virginia. Of the 36,830 businesses that had employees, an estimated total of 35,621 or 96.7% were small companies. An estimated 3,937 new businesses were established in the state in 2004, down 4.6% from the year before. Business terminations that same year came to 5,136, down 7.5% from 2003. There were 247 business bankruptcies in 2004, down 14.8% from the previous year. In 2005, the state's personal bankruptcy (Chapter 7 and Chapter 13) filing rate was 600 filings per 100,000 people, ranking West Virginia 20th in the nation. INCOME In 2005 West Virginia had a gross state product (GSP) of $54 billion which accounted for 0.4% of the nation's gross domestic product and placed the state at number 41 in highest GSP among the 50 states and the District of Columbia. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, in 2004 West Virginia had a per capita personal income (PCPI) of $25,792. This ranked 50th in the United States and was 78% of the national average of $33,050. The 1994–2004 average annual growth rate of PCPI was 4.1%. West Virginia had a total personal income (TPI) of $46,749,648,000, which ranked 39th in the United States and reflected an increase of 5.3% from 2003. The 1994–2004 average annual growth rate of TPI was 4.1%. Earnings of persons employed in West Virginia increased from $29,740,318,000 in 2003 to $31,612,176,000 in 2004, an increase of 6.3%. The 2003–04 national change was 6.3%. The US Census Bureau reports that the three-year average median household income for 2002–04 in 2004 dollars was $32,589 compared to a national average of $44,473. During the same period an estimated 16.1% of the population was below the poverty line as compared to 12.4% nationwide. LABOR According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), in April 2006 the seasonally adjusted civilian labor force in West Virginia 813,700, with approximately 33,600 workers unemployed, yielding an unemployment rate of 4.1%, compared to the national average of 4.7% for the same period. Preliminary data for the same period placed nonfarm employment at 754,200. Since the beginning of the BLS data series in 1976, the highest unemployment rate recorded in West Virginia was 18.2% in March 1983. The historical low was 3.8% in January 2006. Preliminary nonfarm employment data by occupation for April 2006 showed that approximately 5.1% of the labor force was employed in construction; 8.1% in manufacturing; 18.6% in trade, transportation, and public utilities; 4% in financial activities; 7.8% in professional and business services; 15.3% in education and health services; 9.3% in leisure and hospitality services; and 19% in government. Important milestones in the growth of unionism were the organization of the state as District 17 of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) in 1890 and the formation of the State Federation of Labor in 1903. The coal miners fought to gain union recognition by coal companies, and instances of violence were not uncommon in the early 1900s. Wages, working conditions, and benefits for miners improved rapidly after World War II. Membership in unions in 1980 was 222,000, or 34% of the work force, compared to 47% in 1970, an indication of the UMWA's waning strength. The BLS reported that in 2005, a total of 99,000 of West Virginia's 688,000 employed wage and salary workers were formal members of a union. This represented 14.4% of those so employed, up from 14.2% in 2004, and above the national average of 12%. Overall in 2005, a total of 107,000 workers (15.5%) in West Virginia were covered by a union or employee association contract, which includes those workers who reported no union affiliation. West Virginia is one of 28 states that does not have a right-to-work law. As of 1 March 2006, West Virginia had a state-mandated minimum wage rate of $5.15 per hour, which was applied to those employers with six or more employees at any one location. In 2004, women in the state accounted for 46.7% of the employed civilian labor force. AGRICULTURE With estimated farm marketings of $429 million ($348 million from livestock and poultry), West Virginia ranked 46th among the 50 states in 2005. Poultry, meat animals, and dairy dominate the farm economy in the Mountain State. Until about 1890 small, diversified farms were dominant, but, as in other states, farms have grown larger and the farm population has dropped. In 2004, the state had 3,600,000 acres (1,457,000 hectares), or 23% of its land, devoted to farming. Its 20,800 farms averaged 173 acres (70 hectares) in size. Major farm sections are the eastern panhandle, a tier of counties along the Virginia border, the upper Monongahela Valley, and the Ohio Valley. Leading crops produced in 2004 were hay, 1,062,000 tons; corn for grain, 3,799,000 bushels; corn for silage, 306,000 tons; commercial apples, 86,000,000 lb; and tobacco, 1,690,000 lb. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY In 2005, there were an estimated 405,000 cattle and calves, valued at $315.9 million. During 2004, the state had 10,000 hogs and pigs, valued at around $1.1 million. During 2003, poultry farmers produced 357 million lb (162 million kg) of broilers valued at $121.5 million, and 92 million lb of turkey, valued at $33.1 million. The dairy industry yielded 222 million lb (101 million kg) of milk and 270 million eggs. FISHING West Virginia fishing has little commercial importance. In 2004, there were 34 trout farms, selling 378,000 lb (172,000 kg) of fish. In 2004, the state issued 269,727 sport fishing licenses. The White Sulphur Springs National Fish Hatchery is located within the state. There are two state hatcheries. FORESTRY In 2004, West Virginia had four-fifths, or 12.1 million acres (4.9 million hectares), of its land area in forestland and, of this, 11.9 million acres (4.8 million hectares) are classified as timberland. Despite increasing production of wood and paper products, West Virginia's total softwood and hardwood inventory has more than doubled since 1953. Sawtimber volumes average 6,500 board feet per acre. About 92% of West Virginia forest species are hardwoods, with approximately 77% of the timberland being of the oak-hickory forest type. In all, West Virginia's forests contain more than 100 species of trees. During the early 1900s, West Virginia became a lumbering giant. From 1908 to 1911, some 1,500 mills produced up to 1.5 billion board ft of lumber annually to feed the nation's needs. By 1920, the state was first in the production of cherry and chestnut lumber and 13th in total production. After the extensive logging and resulting debris came forest fires which devastated the remaining forest resource and caused extensive soil erosion. In the early 1930s, a cooperative fire prevention program was initiated in the state and later in the early 1950s, an educational and forestry technical assistance program was created to help forest landowners manage and protect their forests. The maturing forests of West Virginia languished in their contribution to the state's economy until the 1980s when annual production, which had averaged around 350 to 450 million board ft per year, began to increase significantly. Production increased to 600 million board ft in 1988, and 701 million board ft by 2004, with over 300 mills and manufacturing facilities. Employment in the forest industry is second only to the chemical and primary metal manufacturing industries. However, it is estimated that growth still exceeded removals by a ratio of 1.34 to 1. The state is encouraging the professional management of its forests so they will continue to produce a sustained array of benefits, such as wood products, jobs, clean water, oxygen, scenery, and diverse recreational opportunities like hunting, hiking, and tourism. MINING According to preliminary data from the US Geological Survey (USGS), the estimated value of nonfuel mineral production by West Virginia in 2003 was $168 million, which was only a marginal increase over 2002. According to preliminary USGS data for 2003, crushed stone was the state's top nonfuel mineral by value, accounting for about 39% of all nonfuel mineral output, and was followed by cement (portland and masonry), industrial sand and gravel, lime and salt. Collectively, these five commodities accounted for around 95% of all nonfuel mineral output, by value. By volume, West Virginia in 2003 was the nation's ninth leading producer of salt. Preliminary data for 2003 showed crushed stone production as totaling 14.8 million metric tons, with a value of $65.9 million, while construction sand and gravel that year at 1.6 million metric tons, with a value of $8 million. All of West Virginia's mines in 2003 produced either coal or industrial minerals. No metals were mined in the state. Although raw steel and primary aluminum were produced in that year, materials were acquired from other states or foreign sources. West Virginia ranked 11th out of 12 primary aluminum producing states. ENERGY AND POWER West Virginia has long been an important supplier of energy in the form of electric power and fossil fuels. As of 2003, West Virginia had 17 electrical power service providers, of which two were publicly owned and three were cooperatives. Of the remainder, 11 were investor owned, and one was the owner of an independent generator that sold directly to customers. As of that same year there were 974,510 retail customers. Of that total, 961,675 received their power from investor-owned service providers. Cooperatives accounted for 9,318 customers, while publicly owned providers had 3,516 customers. There was only one independent generator or "facility" customer. Total net summer generating capability by the state's electrical generating plants in 2003 stood at 16.124 million kW, with total production that same year at 94.711 billion kWh. Of the total amount generated, 67.6% came from electric utilities, with the remainder coming from independent producers and combined heat and power service providers. The largest portion of all electric power generated, 92.468 billion kWh (97.6%), came from coal-fired plants, with hydroelectric plants in second place at 1.356 billion kWh (1.4%). Other renewable power sources, petroleum and natural gas fired plants, and plants using other types of gases accounted for the remaining output. Major coal-mining regions lie within a north-south belt some 60 mi (97 km) wide through the central part of the state and include the Fairmount, New River-Kanawha, Pocahontas, and Logan-Mingo fields. West Virginia in 2004, had 261 producing coal mines, 109 of which were surface mines and 152 were underground. Coal production that year totaled 147,993,000 short tons, up from 139,711,000 short tons in 2003. Of the total produced in 2004, underground mines accounted for the largest share of production at 90,932,000 short tons. In 2004, West Virginia's output of coal was exceeded only by Wyoming. Recoverable coal reserves that year totaled 1.51 billion short tons. One short ton equals 2,000 lb (0.907 metric tons). As of 2004, West Virginia had proven crude oil reserves of 11 million barrels, or under 1% of all proven US reserves, while output that same year averaged 4,000 barrels per day. Including federal offshore domains, the state that year ranked 25th (24th excluding federal offshore) in proven reserves and 26th (25th excluding federal offshore) in production among the 31 producing states. In 2004 West Virginia had 6,037 producing oil wells and accounted for less than 1% of all US production. As of 2005, the state's sole refinery had a crude oil distillation capacity of 19,400 barrels per day. In 2004, West Virginia had 47,117 producing natural gas and gas condensate wells. In that same year, marketed gas production (all gas produced excluding gas used for repressuring, vented and flared, and nonhydrocarbon gases removed) totaled 187.723 billion cu ft (5.33 billion cu m). As of 31 December 2004, proven reserves of dry or consumer-grade natural gas totaled 3,306 billion cu ft (93.89 billion cu m). INDUSTRY Major industrial areas are the Kanawha, Ohio, and Monongahela valleys and the eastern panhandle. The largest industrial corporations with headquarters in West Virginia are Weirton Steel and Wheeling-Pittsburgh. Other major industrial companies with operations in West Virginia include E. I. du Pont de Nemours, Union Carbide, Ravenswood Aluminum, and Rhone Poulenc. According to the US Census Bureau's Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) for 2004, West Virginia's manufacturing sector covered some 14 product subsectors. The shipment value of all products manufactured in the state that same year was $20.578 billion. Of that total, chemical manufacturing accounted for the largest share at $6.325 billion. It was followed by primary metal manufacturing at $3.379 billion; transportation equipment manufacturing at $2.538 billion; wood product manufacturing at $1.795 billion; and fabricated metal product manufacturing at $1.662 billion. In 2004, a total of 63,094 people in West Virginia were employed in the state's manufacturing sector, according to the ASM. Of that total, 47,549 were actual production workers. In terms of total employment, the chemical manufacturing industry accounted for the largest portion of all manufacturing employees at 10,101, with 6,121 actual production workers. It was followed by primary metal manufacturing at 9,081 employees (7,110 actual production workers); wood product manufacturing at 8,782 employees (7,692 actual production workers); fabricated metal product manufacturing at 6,520 employees (5,157 actual production workers); and food manufacturing with 4,433 employees (3,105 actual production workers). ASM data for 2004 showed that West Virginia's manufacturing sector paid $2.651 billion in wages. Of that amount, the chemical manufacturing sector accounted for the largest share at $648.063 million. It was followed by primary metal manufacturing at $535.129 million; wood product manufacturing at $251.845 million; fabricated metal product manufacturing at $226.838 million; and transportation equipment manufacturing at $203.334 million. COMMERCE According to the 2002 Census of Wholesale Trade, West Virginia's wholesale trade sector had sales that year totaling $10.9 billion from 1,699 establishments. Wholesalers of durable goods accounted for 1,162 establishments, followed by nondurable goods wholesalers at 486 and electronic markets, agents, and brokers accounting for 50 establishments. Sales by durable goods wholesalers in 2002 totaled $5.1 billion, while wholesalers of nondurable goods saw sales of $5.3 billion. Electronic markets, agents, and brokers in the wholesale trade industry had sales of $426.5 million. In the 2002 Census of Retail Trade, West Virginia was listed as having 7,454 retail establishments with sales of $16.7 billion. The leading types of retail businesses by number of establishments were: gasoline stations (1,212); motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts dealers (1,010); food and beverage stores (873); miscellaneous store retailers (863); and clothing and clothing accessories stores (646). In terms of sales, motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts dealers accounted for the largest share of retail sales at $4.2 billion, followed by general merchandise stores at $3.1 billion; food and beverage stores at $2.1 billion; and gasoline stations at $2.06 billion. A total of 89,340 people were employed by the retail sector in West Virginia that year. In 2005, exports of goods originating from the state had a value of $3.1 billion. CONSUMER PROTECTION The state Attorney General Office's, Division of Consumer Protection and Antitrust, is empowered to investigate, arbitrate, and litigate complaints by consumers alleging unfair and deceptive trade practices, and violations of the West Virginia Consumer Credit and Protection Act, the West Virginia Antitrust Act, and the Pre-need Funeral Contracts Act. There are five assistant attorneys general assigned to defend these laws. The Public Service Commission, consisting of three members, regulates rates, charges, and services of utilities and common carriers. Since 1977, it has included one member who is supposed to represent the "average" wage earner. When dealing with consumer protection issues, the state's Attorney General's Office can initiate civil but not criminal proceedings; represent the state before state and federal regulatory agencies; administer consumer protection and education programs; handle formal consumer complaints; and exercise broad subpoena powers. In antitrust actions, the Attorney General's Office can act on behalf of those consumers who are incapable of acting on their own; initiate damage actions on behalf of the state in state courts; and represent counties, cities and other governmental entities in recovering civil damages under state or federal law. However, the Office cannot initiate criminal proceedings over antitrust actions. The office of the Consumer Protection Division of the Office of the Attorney General is located in Charleston. BANKING As of June 2005, West Virginia had 71 insured banks, savings and loans, and saving banks, in addition to 7 state-chartered and 110 federally chartered credit unions (CUs). Excluding the CUs, as of 2004, the Charleston market area ranked first for its portion of financial institution deposits in the state with $4.404 billion and second in the number of financial institutions. The Huntington-Ashland market area in that same year was first in the number of financial institutions at 25, and was second by the volume of deposits at $3.566 billion. As of June 2005, CUs accounted for 9.8% of all assets held by all financial institutions in the state, or some $2.234 billion. Banks, savings and loans, and savings banks col-lectively accounted for the remaining 90.2% or $20.560 billion in assets held. The state's insured banks median return on assets (ROA) ratio (the measure of earnings in relation to all resources) was unchanged in 2005 compared to 2004, at 0.96%, but up from 0.92% for 2003. The median net interest margin (the difference between the lower rates offered to savers and the higher rates charged on loans) stood at 4.30% in fourth quarter 2005, up from 4.23% for all of 2004 and 4.12% for all of 2003. West Virginia—State Government Finances(Dollar amounts in thousands. Per capita amounts in dollars.)AMOUNTPER CAPITA Abbreviations and symbols: - zero or rounds to zero; (NA) not available; (X) not applicable.source: U.S. Census Bureau, Governments Division, 2004 Survey of State Government Finances, January 2006. Total Revenue11,633,3436,416.63 General revenue9,638,1395,316.13 Intergovernmental revenue3,306,1931,823.60 Taxes3,749,0132,067.85 General sales1,021,365563.36 Selective sales1,071,888591.22 License taxes179,10798.79 Individual income tax1,068,212589.20 Corporate income tax181,515100.12 Other taxes226,926125.17 Current charges1,343,207740.88 Miscellaneous general revenue1,239,726683.80 Utility revenue330.18 Liquor store revenue59,80332.99 Insurance trust revenue1,935,0711,067.33Total expenditure9,879,2175,449.10 Intergovernmental expenditure1,942,0691,071.19 Direct expenditure7,937,1484,377.91 Current operation5,574,7203,074.86 Capital outlay746,595411.80 Insurance benefits and repayments1,257,883693.81 Assistance and subsidies167,48292.38 Interest on debt190,468105.06Exhibit: Salaries and wages1,343,106740.82Total expenditure9,879,2175,449.10 General expenditure8,555,2714,718.85 Intergovernmental expenditure1,942,0691,071.19 Direct expenditure6,613,2023,647.66 General expenditures, by function: Education2,939,6791,621.44 Public welfare2,294,4661,265.56 Hospitals72,78240.14 Health287,709158.69 Highways948,901523.39 Police protection58,55232.30 Correction182,906100.89Natural resources185,025102.05 Parks and recreation56,54731.19 Government administration444,431245.14 Interest on general debt190,468105.06 Other and unallocable893,805493.00 Utility expenditure14,8008.16 Liquor store expenditure51,26328.28 Insurance trust expenditure1,257,883693.81Debt at end of fiscal year4,745,3872,617.42Cash and security holdings12,389,3916,833.64 Regulation of West Virginia's state-chartered banks and other state-chartered financial institutions is the responsibility of the West Virginia Division of Banking. INSURANCE As of 2003, there were four property and casualty companies and one life and health insurance company domiciled in the state. In 2003, direct premiums for property and casualty insurance totaled $2.3 billion. That year, there were 21,424 flood insurance policies in force in the state, at a total value of $1.8 billion. About $47 million of coverage was held through FAIR plans, which are designed to offer coverage for some natural circumstances, such as wind and hail, in high risk areas. In 2004, there were about 1.1 million individual life insurance policies in force with a total value of $43.7 billion; total value for all categories of life insurance (individual, group, and credit) was $80.3 billion. The average coverage amount is $39,600 per policy holder. Death benefits paid that year totaled $308.2 million. In 2004, 47% of state residents held employment-based health insurance policies, 3% held individual policies, and 32% were covered under Medicare and Medicaid; 17% of residents were uninsured. In 2003, employee contributions for employment-based health coverage averaged at 14% for single coverage and 17% for family coverage. The state offers an 18-month health benefits expansion program for small-firm employees in connection with the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA, 1986), a health insurance program for those who lose employment-based coverage due to termination or reduction of work hours. In 2003, there were over 1.2 million auto insurance policies in effect for private passenger cars. Required minimum coverage includes bodily injury liability of up to $20,000 per individual and $40,000 for all persons injured in an accident, as well as property damage liability of $10,000 and uninsured motorist coverage. In 2003, the average expenditure per vehicle for insurance coverage was $841.95. SECURITIES There are no securities exchanges in West Virginia. In 2005, there were 220 personal financial advisers employed in the state and 390 securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents. In 2004, there were over 21 publicly traded companies within the state, with over eight NASDAQ companies and three AMEX listings. In 2006, the state had one Fortune 1,000 company; Wheeling Pittsburgh, based in Wheeling and listed on NASDAQ, ranked 943rd in the nation with revenues of over $1.5 billion. PUBLIC FINANCE The state constitution requires the governor to submit to the legislature within 10 days after the opening of a regular legislative session a budget for the ensuing fiscal year (FY) which runs 1 July through 30 June. Fiscal year 2006 general funds were estimated at $3.9 billion for resources and $3.8 billion for expenditures. In fiscal year 2004, federal government grants to West Virginia were $3.7 billion. In the fiscal year 2007 federal budget, West Virginia was slated to receive $35 million to build a Department of Veterans Affairs data center in Martinsburg. TAXATION In 2005, West Virginia collected $4,301 million in tax revenues or $2,367 per capita, which placed it 16th among the 50 states in per capita tax burden. The national average was $2,192 per capita. Property taxes accounted for 0.1% of the total, sales taxes 25.5%, selective sales taxes 24.6%, individual income taxes 27.2%, corporate income taxes 10.8%, and other taxes 11.8%. As of 1 January 2006, West Virginia had five individual income tax brackets ranging from 3.0% to 6.5%. The state taxes corporations at a flat rate of 9.0%. In 2004, state and local property taxes amounted to $979,034,000 or $540 per capita. The per capita amount ranks the state 44th highest nationally. Local governments collected $975,664,000 of the total and the state government $3,370,000. West Virginia taxes retail sales at a rate of 6%. Food purchased for consumption off-premises is taxable. The tax on cigarettes is 55 cents per pack, which ranks 35th among the 50 states and the District of Columbia. West Virginia taxes gasoline at 27 cents per gallon. This is in addition to the 18.4 cents per gallon federal tax on gasoline. According to the Tax Foundation, for every federal tax dollar sent to Washington in 2004, West Virginia citizens received $1.83 in federal spending, which ranks West Virginia third-highest nationally. ECONOMIC POLICY The West Virginia Development Office supports business and industry in the state and assists new companies with site location and employee training programs as well as with the construction of plants and access roads and the provision of essential services. The West Virginia Economic Development Authority may make loans of up to 45% of the costs of land, buildings, and equipment at low interest rates for a normal term of 15 years. Tax incentives include a credit of 10% on industrial expansion and revitalization, applicable to the business and occupations tax over a 10-year period. The Development Office helps small business by investing in venture capital companies and by offering loans for venture capital purposes. In 2006, West Virginia has trade offices in Munich, Germany and Nagoya, Japan. Workforce development has been one important focus for economic development in the state. HEALTH The infant mortality rate in October 2005 was estimated at 8.2 per 1,000 live births. The birth rate in 2003 was 11.5 per 1,000 population. The abortion rate stood at 6.8 per 1,000 women in 2000. In 2003, about 85.8% of pregnant woman received prenatal care beginning in the first trimester. In 2004, approximately 87% of children received routine immunizations before the age of three. The crude death rate in 2003 of 11.8 deaths per 1,000 population was the highest rate in the nation. West Virginia also had the highest mortality rates in the nation for heart disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases and diabetes. As of 2002, the death rates for major causes of death (per 100,000 resident population) were: heart disease, 343.5; cancer, 258.2; cerebrovascular diseases, 69.9; chronic lower respiratory diseases, 68.2; and diabetes, 47. The mortality rate from HIV infection was 1.1 per 100,000 population, the second-lowest rate in the nation after Iowa. In 2004, the reported AIDS case rate was at about 5.1 per 100,000 population. In 2002, about 61.2% of the population was considered overweight or obese, representing the highest percentage in the nation. As of 2004, about 26.9% of state residents were smokers, representing the second-highest percentage in the nation, after Kentucky. In 2003, West Virginia had 57 community hospitals with about 7,800 beds. There were about 296,000 patient admissions that year and 5.8 million outpatient visits. The average daily inpatient census was about 4,800 patients. The average cost per day for hospital care was $993. Also in 2003, there were about 136 certified nursing facilities in the state with 11,152 beds and an overall occupancy rate of about 89.3%. In 2004, it was estimated that about 62.5% of all state residents had received some type of dental care within the year. West Virginia had 254 physicians per 100,000 resident population in 2004 and 861 nurses per 100,000 in 2005. In 2004, there was a total of 844 dentists in the state. Medical education is provided by medical schools at West Virginia University and Marshall University and at the West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine. About 20% of state residents were enrolled in Medicaid programs in 2003. In 2004, 19% were enrolled in Medicare programs; this percentage was the highest in the nation. Approximately 17% of the state population was uninsured in 2004. In 2003, state health care expenditures totaled $2.2 million. SOCIAL WELFARE Although rich in natural resources, West Virginia is a generally poor state. In 2004, about 44,000 people received unemployment benefits, with the average weekly unemployment benefit at $219. In fiscal year 2005, the estimated average monthly participation in the food stamp program included about 262,442 persons (114,038 households); the average monthly benefit was about $81.94 per person. That year, the total of benefits paid through the state for the food stamp program was about $258 million. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), the system of federal welfare assistance that officially replaced Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) in 1997, was reauthorized through the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005. TANF is funded through federal block grants that are divided among the states based on an equation involving the number of recipients in each state. West Virginia's TANF program is called West Virginia Works. In 2004, the state program had 36,000 recipients; state and federal expenditures on this TANF program totaled $88 million in fiscal year 2003. In December 2004, Social Security benefits were paid to 407,460 West Virginians. This number included 205,770 retired workers, 54,610 widows and widowers, 76,340 disabled workers, 31,890 spouses, and 38,850 children. Social Security beneficiaries represented 22.6% of the total state population and 92.2% of the state's population age 65 and older. Retired workers received an average monthly payment of $943; widows and widowers, $858; disabled workers, $936; and spouses, $443. Payments for children of retired workers averaged $447 per month; children of deceased workers, $616; and children of disabled workers, $268. Federal Supplemental Security Income payments in December 2004 went to 75,982 West Virginia residents, averaging $401 a month. HOUSING In 2004, West Virginia had an estimated 866,944 housing units, 736,954 of which were occupied; 74% were owner-occupied (the third-highest percentage of owner-occupied units in the nation, following Minnesota and Michigan). About 70.2% of all units were single-family, detached homes; 16% were mobile homes. Utility gas and electricity were the most common energy sources for heating. It was estimated that 44,343 units lacked telephone service, 3,995 lacked complete plumbing facilities, and 4,267 lacked complete kitchen facilities. The average household had 2.40 members. In 2004, 5,700 new privately owned housing units were authorized for construction. The median home value was $81,826, one of the lowest in the country. The median monthly cost for mortgage owners was $769, representing the lowest rate in the country. Renters paid a median of $461 per month, which was also the lowest rate in the nation. In September 2005, the state received grants of $400,000 from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for rural housing and economic development programs. For 2006, HUD allocated to the state over $17 million in community development block grants. EDUCATION In 2004, 80.9% of adult West Virginians were high school graduates, below the national average of 84%. Only 15.3% had completed four or more years of college, also well below the national average of 26%. The total enrollment for fall 2002 in West Virginia's public schools stood at 282,000. Of these, 197,000 attended schools from kindergarten through grade eight, and 82,000 attended high school. Approximately 94.1% of the students were white, 4.6% were black, 0.5% were Hispanic, 0.6% were Asian/Pacific Islander, and 0.1% were American Indian/Alaskan Native. Total enrollment was estimated at 279,000 in fall 2003 and expected to be 255,000 by fall 2014, a decline of 9.8% during the period 2002–14. Expenditures for public education in 2003/04 were estimated at $2.6 billion. There were 14,397 students enrolled in 166 private schools in fall 2003. Since 1969, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) has tested public school students nationwide. The resulting report, The Nation's Report Card, stated that in 2005, eighth graders in West Virginia scored 269 out of 500 in mathematics compared with the national average of 278. As of fall 2002, there were 93,723 students enrolled in college or graduate school; minority students comprised 7.2% of total postsecondary enrollment. In 2005 West Virginia had 40 degree-granting institutions including 12 public 4-year schools, 6 public 2-year schools and 10 nonprofit private 4-year schools. The state supports West Virginia University, Marshall University, and the West Virginia College of Graduate Studies (all offering graduate work), as well as three medical schools. ARTS The West Virginia Commission on the Arts was established in 1967 and is part of the West Virginia Division of Culture and History. In 2005, the commission and other West Virginia arts organizations received eight grants totaling $637,900 from the National Endowment for the Arts. In 2005, the National Endowment for the Humanities contributed $578,176 for six state programs. Contributions to the arts also come from state and private sources. West Virginia is known for the quilts, pottery, and woodwork of its mountain artisans. The Huntington Museum of Art, the Avampato Discovery Museum at the Clay Center (formerly the Sunrise Museum), and Oglebay Park in Wheeling are major art centers. The Avampato Discovery Museum was initially accredited by the American Association of Museums (AAM) in 1976 and has maintained that status as of 2003. The museum features both art and science exhibits and, since their relocation in July 2004 to the Clay Center, the museum has hosted almost 300,000 guests. Other musical attractions include the West Virginia Symphony Orchestra in Charleston, the Charleston Ballet, Charleston Light Opera Guild, the Wheeling Symphony, and a country music program at Wheeling. The Charleston Stage Company and the Children's Theater of Charleston are also popular. As of 2005, the Charleston Light Opera Guild (founded in 1949) has produced over 150 musical theater shows. The Mountain State Art and Craft Fair is held each summer at Ripley. FestivALL Charleston began in 2005 and was designed to become an annual celebration of the arts. LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS In 2001, West Virginia had 97 public library systems, with a total of 177 libraries, of which there were 80 branches. In that same year, the systems had a combined 4,920,000 volumes of books and serial publications, and a combined circulation of 7,868,000. The system also had 151,000 audio and 126,000 video items, 11,000 electronic format items (CD-ROMs, magnetic tapes, and disks), and seven bookmobiles. The largest was the Kanawha County Public Library system at Charleston, with 628,308 volumes. Of college and university libraries, the largest collection was at West Virginia University. In fiscal year 2001, operating income for the state's public library system totaled $26,844,000 and included $336,000 from federal sources and $8,302,000 from state sources. There were 51 museums in 2000, including the State Museum and the Sunrise Museum in Charleston, and Oglebay Institute-Mansion Museum in Wheeling. Point Pleasant marks the site of a battle between colonists and Indians, and Harpers Ferry is the site of John Brown's raid. Wheeling is the location of the Oglebay's Good Children's Zoo. COMMUNICATIONS In 2004, 93.2% of West Virginian homes had telephones. Additionally, by June of that same year there were 713,657 mobile wireless telephone subscribers. In 2003, 55.0% of West Virginia households had a computer and 47.6% had Internet access. By June 2005, there were 178,242 high-speed lines in West Virginia, 166,454 residential and 11,788 for business. In 2005, broadcasting facilities included 9 major AM and 46 major FM radio stations, and 13 major television stations. Approximately 13,062 Internet domain names were registered in the state as of 2000. PRESS In 2005 West Virginia had 20 daily newspapers and 12 Sunday newspapers. The following table shows leading West Virginia newspapers with their approximate 2002 circulations: AREANAMEDAILYSUNDAY The Sunday edition is a combination of the Gazette and the Daily Mail. CharlestonGazette (m,S)68,97584,676Daily Mail (e,S)68,97584,676*HuntingtonHerald-Dispatch (m,S)29,32335,492WheelingIntelligencer/News Register (m,e,S)33,64439,696 ORGANIZATIONS In 2006, there were over 2,300 nonprofit organizations registered within the state, of which about 1,421 were registered as charitable, educational, or religious organizations. The West Virginia Coal Association is one of several statewide labor, business, and professional associations. The Black Lung Association promotes safe working conditions in coalmines and benefits for disabled miners. The Appalachian Studies Association is based in Huntington. The Hereditary Order of the Families of the Presidents and First Ladies of America, based in Sutton, was established in 2003. There are city and county historical societies throughout the state. Some counties also sponsor arts councils. The Cacapon Institute and the Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition are regional environmental conservation organizations. The headquarters of the Appalachian Trail Conference is in Harpers Ferry and the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums is in Oglebay. TOURISM, TRAVEL, AND RECREATION In 2004, tourists spent $3.4 billion on visits to the state; in 2002, almost 23.9 million travelers visited West Virginia, representing an increase of 8.5% from 2000, with some 14.19 million visitors making day trips. Travel spending has increased every year since 2000. Tourism supports an estimated 41,000 jobs and generates $766 million in state taxes. About 250,000 whitewater rafting enthusiasts raft West Virginia waters each year, and more than 750,000 skiers venture down the slopes of the Appalachian Mountains. Major attractions are Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, New River Gorge National River, the Naval Telecommunications Station at Sugar Grove, and White Sulphur Springs, a popular mountain golfing resort. Mountaineer casinos, with over 3,200 slot machines, attract many visitors also. Nearly 80% of the state is covered by forest. Among the 37 state parks and state forests are Cass Scenic Railroad, which includes a restoration of an old logging line, and Prickett's Fort, with recreations of pioneer life. SPORTS No major professional teams are based in West Virginia, but there are minor league baseball teams in Charleston, Bluefield, and Princeton, and there is minor league hockey in Wheeling. West Virginia University's basketball team won a National Invitation Tournament championship in 1942 and was National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I runner-up in 1959. In football, West Virginia produced a string of national contenders in the late 1980s and early 1990s. West Virginia won the Peach Bowl in 1981 and played for the national championship in the 1989 Fiesta Bowl, which they lost to Notre Dame. Marshall University has also risen to the elite among college football teams, having secured a string of several Mid-American Conference champions and having won five straight bowl game appearances from 1998 to 2002. Horse-racing tracks operate in Chester and Charles Town. Greyhound races are run in Wheeling and Charleston. Other popular sports are skiing and white-water rafting. Professional athletes born in West Virginia include George Brett, Mary Lou Retton, and Jerry West. FAMOUS WEST VIRGINIANS Among West Virginians who have served in presidential cabinets are Nathan Goff Jr. (1843–1920), navy secretary; William L. Wilson (1843–1900), postmaster general; John Barton Payne (1855–1935), interior secretary; and Newton D. Baker (1871–1937), secretary of war during World War I. Lewis L. Strauss (1896–1974) was commerce secretary and chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, and Cyrus R. Vance (1917–2002) served as secretary of state. John W. Davis (1873–1955), an ambassador to Great Britain, ran as the Democratic presidential nominee in 1924. Prominent members of the US Senate have included Matthew M. Neely (1874–1958), who was also governor, Harley M. Kilgore (1893–1956), and Robert C. Byrd (b.1917). Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson (1824–63) was a leading Confederate general during the Civil War. Brigadier General Charles E. "Chuck" Yeager (b.1923), a World War II ace, became the first person to fly faster than the speed of sound. Major state political leaders, all governors (though some have held federal offices), have been E. Willis Wilson (1844–1905), Henry D. Hatfield (1875–1962), Arch A. Moore Jr. (b.1923), and John D. "Jay" Rockefeller IV (b.New York, 1937). The state's only Nobel Prize winner has been Pearl S. Buck (Pearl Sydenstricker, 1893–1973), who won the Nobel Prize for literature for her novels concerning China. Alexander Campbell (b.Ireland, 1788–1866), with his father, founded the Disciples of Christ Church and was president of Bethany College in West Virginia. Major labor leaders have included Walter Reuther (1907–70), president of the United Automobile Workers, and Arnold Miller (1923–85), president of the United Mine Workers. Musicians include George Crumb (b.1929), a Pulitzer Prize-winning composer, and opera singers Eleanor Steber (1916–90) and Phyllis Curtin (b.1922). Melville Davisson Post (1871–1930) was a leading writer of mystery stories. Important writers of the modern period include Mary Lee Settle (1918–2005) and John Knowles (1926–2001). Jerry West (b.1938) was a collegiate and professional basketball star, and a pro coach after his playing days ended; Rod Hundley (b.1934) and Hal Greer (b.1936) also starred in the National Basketball Association. Mary Lou Retton (b.1968) won a gold medal in gymnastics at the 1984 Olympics. Another West Virginian of note is Anna Jarvis (1864–1948), founder of Mother's Day. BIBLIOGRAPHY Brisbin, Richard A. Jr., et al. (eds.). West Virginia Politics and Government. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996. Council of State Governments. The Book of the States, 2006 Edition. Lexington, Ky.: Council of State Governments, 2006. Duda, Mark Damian. West Virginia Wildlife Viewing Guide. Helena, Mont.: Falcon, 1999. Lesser, W. Hunter. Rebels at the Gate: Lee and McClellan on the Front Line of a Nation Divided. Naperville, Ill.: Sourcebooks, 2004. Lilly, John (ed.). Mountains of Music: West Virginia Traditional Music from Goldenseal. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999. Rice, Otis K. West Virginia: A History. 2nd ed. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1993. Shogan, Robert. The Battle of Blair Mountain: The Story of America's Largest Labor Uprising. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2004. Thomas, Jerry Bruce. An Appalachian New Deal: West Virginia in the Great Depression. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1998. US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, US Census Bureau. West Virginia, 2000. Summary Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics: 2000 Census of Population and Housing. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 2003. West Virginia ■ ALDERSON-BROADDUS COLLEGE D-9 1 College Hill Dr. Philippi, WV 26416 Tel: (304)457-1700 Free: 800-263-1549 Fax: (304)457-6239 E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.ab.edu/ Description: Independent, comprehensive, coed, affiliated with American Baptist Churches in the U.S.A.. Awards associate, bachelor's, and master's degrees. Founded 1871. Setting: 170-acre rural campus. Endowment: $12.7 million. Research spending for 2004 fiscal year: $38,284. Educational spending for 2005 fiscal year: $7240 per student. Total enrollment: 779. Faculty: 87 (58 full-time, 29 part-time). Student-undergrad faculty ratio is 11:1. 480 applied, 75% were admitted. 19% from top 10% of their high school class, 45% from top quarter, 79% from top half. 27 student government officers. Full-time: 592 students, 67% women, 33% men. Part-time: 56 students, 86% women, 14% men. Students come from 22 states and territories, 5 other countries, 20% from out-of-state, 0.3% Native American, 1% Hispanic, 2% black, 1% Asian American or Pacific Islander, 2% international, 27% 25 or older, 41% live on campus, 11% transferred in. Retention: 69% of full-time freshmen returned the following year. Academic areas with the most degrees conferred: health professions and related sciences; biological/life sciences; education. Core. Calendar: semesters. Academic remediation for entering students, advanced placement, accelerated degree program, honors program, independent study, double major, summer session for credit, part-time degree program, internships. Off campus study at Mountain State Association of Colleges. Study abroad program. Entrance Requirements: Options: electronic application, deferred admission. Required: high school transcript, minimum 2.0 high school GPA, SAT or ACT. Required for some: 3 recommendations, interview. Entrance: moderately difficult. Application deadline: Rolling. Notification: continuous until 8/31. Costs Per Year: Application fee: $10. Comprehensive fee: $24,006 includes full-time tuition ($17,970), mandatory fees ($166), and college room and board ($5870). College room only: $2860. Full-time tuition and fees vary according to degree level. Room and board charges vary according to housing facility. Part-time tuition: $598 per credit hour. Part-time mandatory fees: $41.50 per term. Part-time tuition and fees vary according to degree level. Collegiate Environment: Orientation program. Drama-theater group, choral group, student-run newspaper, radio station. Social organizations: 50 open to all; local fraternities, local sororities; 10% of eligible men and 12% of eligible women are members. Most popular organizations: Baptist Campus Ministry, Collegiate 4-H, American Academy of Physician Assistants, S.L.I.C.E. (Students Learning in Community Education), Association of Women Students. Major annual events: homecoming, Spring Festival, Opening Convocation. Student services: health clinic, personal-psychological counseling. Campus security: 24-hour patrols, late night transport-escort service, controlled dormitory access. 758 college housing spaces available; 283 were occupied in 2003-04. On-campus residence required through senior year. Options: coed, women-only housing available. Pickett Library with 100,000 books, 9,000 serials, 700 audiovisual materials, an OPAC, and a Web page. Operations spending for 2004 fiscal year: $313,203. 75 computers available on campus for general student use. A campuswide network can be accessed from student residence rooms and from off campus. Staffed computer lab on campus. Community Environment: Philippi is a rural community enjoying a moderate climate ranging from balmy summers to snowy winters. There are churches of major denominations, a hospital, clinic, and more than 50 civic, fraternal, and veteran's organizations active in the community. Local recreation includes swimming, bowling, theater, and major outdoor sports. Skiing and whitewater rafting are within minutes of the campus. Some part-time employment is available. ■ AMERICAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITY SYSTEM C-17 111 West Congress St. Charles Town, WV 25414 Tel: (304)724-6857; 877-468-6268 Admissions: (703)330-5398 Fax: (304)724-6863 Web Site: http://www.apus.edu/ Description: Proprietary, comprehensive, coed. Awards associate, bachelor's, and master's degrees (profile includes American Public University, American Military University and American Community College). Founded 1991. Total enrollment: 13,477. Faculty: 362 (47 full-time, 315 part-time). Student-undergrad faculty ratio is 12:1. 3,489 applied, 81% were admitted. Full-time: 473 students, 27% women, 73% men. Part-time: 8,557 students, 19% women, 81% men. Students come from 52 states and territories, 23 other countries, 96% from out-of-state, 83% 25 or older. Retention: 68% of full-time freshmen returned the following year. Academic areas with the most degrees conferred: military science and technologies; security and protective services; liberal arts/general studies. Core. Calendar: trimesters. Independent study, distance learning, part-time degree program, external degree program, adult/continuing education programs. Entrance Requirements: Open admission. Options: Peterson's Universal Application, electronic application, deferred admission, international baccalaureate accepted. Required: high school transcript, complete no-fee orientation. Entrance: noncompetitive. Application deadline: Rolling. Costs Per Year: Application fee: $0. One-time mandatory fee: $75. Tuition: $6000 full-time, $250 per semester hour part-time. Collegiate Environment: College housing not available. ■ APPALACHIAN BIBLE COLLEGE I-6 PO Box ABC Bradley, WV 25818 Tel: (304)877-6428 Free: 800-678-9ABC Web Site: http://www.abc.edu/ Description: Independent nondenominational, 4-year, coed. Awards associate and bachelor's degrees. Founded 1950. Setting: 110-acre small town campus. Endowment: $242,376. Total enrollment: 304. 105 applied, 69% were admitted. Full-time: 238 students, 52% women, 48% men. Part-time: 66 students, 65% women, 35% men. Students come from 31 states and territories, 8 other countries, 0% Native American, 1% Hispanic, 2% black, 1% Asian American or Pacific Islander, 2% international, 33% 25 or older, 12% transferred in. Core. Calendar: semesters. Academic remediation for entering students, advanced placement, honors program, independent study, summer session for credit, part-time degree program, adult/continuing education programs, internships. Entrance Requirements: Required: essay, high school transcript, 3 recommendations, SAT or ACT. Recommended: minimum 2.5 high school GPA, interview. Entrance: minimally difficult. Application deadline: Rolling. Costs Per Year: Application fee: $10. Comprehensive fee: $12,808 includes full-time tuition ($7140), mandatory fees ($1268), and college room and board ($4400). Part-time tuition: $297 per credit hour. Part-time mandatory fees: $32 per credit hour. Collegiate Environment: Orientation program. Drama-theater group, choral group. Social organizations: 1 open to all. Most popular organization: Campus Missionary Fellowship. Major annual events: Spring Music Festival, Christmas Concert, Bible Conference. Student services: health clinic, personal-psychological counseling. Campus security: 24-hour emergency response devices, patrols by trained security personnel. 236 college housing spaces available; 191 were occupied in 2003-04. Freshmen given priority for college housing. On-campus residence required through senior year. Options: men-only, women-only housing available. John Van Pufflen Library with 44,944 books, 985 microform titles, 347 serials, 4,268 audiovisual materials, and an OPAC. 7 computers available on campus for general student use. A campuswide network can be accessed from student residence rooms and from off campus. Staffed computer lab on campus. Community Environment: Bradley is a rural community enjoying temperate climate. There is a railroad line 15 miles distant, an airline 14 miles away, buses, and Highways I-77, I-64, 19, 21, and 16 to serve the community. The city has 5 churches and a Lions Club. Within walking distance is Crossroads Mall. The community provides numerous part-time employment opportunities, and enjoys all the cultural, recreational, and medical facilities of nearby Beckley. ■ BETHANY COLLEGE Main St. Bethany, WV 26032 Tel: (304)829-7000 Free: 800-922-7611 Admissions: (304)829-7611 Fax: (304)829-7142 E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.bethanywv.edu/ Description: Independent, 4-year, coed, affiliated with Christian Church (Disciples of Christ). Awards bachelor's degrees. Founded 1840. Setting: 1,600-acre rural campus with easy access to Pittsburgh. Endowment: $42 million. Educational spending for 2005 fiscal year: $4873 per student. Total enrollment: 902. Student-undergrad faculty ratio is 14:1. 859 applied, 75% were admitted. 11% from top 10% of their high school class, 28% from top quarter, 58% from top half. 1 National Merit Scholar, 17 class presidents, 13 valedictorians, 67 student government officers. Full-time: 895 students, 54% women, 46% men. Part-time: 7 students, 86% women, 14% men. Students come from 26 states and territories, 20 other countries, 73% from out-of-state, 0.1% Native American, 1% Hispanic, 4% black, 0.2% Asian American or Pacific Islander, 3% international, 2% 25 or older, 88% live on campus, 6% transferred in. Retention: 75% of full-time freshmen returned the following year. Academic areas with the most degrees conferred: education; business/marketing; psychology. Core. Calendar: 4-1-4. Academic remediation for entering students, ESL program, services for LD students, advanced placement, self-designed majors, independent study, double major, internships. Off campus study at members of the East Central College Consortium. Study abroad program. Entrance Requirements: Options: Peterson's Universal Application, Common Application, electronic application, deferred admission, international baccalaureate accepted. Required: essay, high school transcript, minimum 2.5 high school GPA, 1 recommendation, documentation of student involvement, SAT or ACT. Recommended: interview. Required for some: interview. Entrance: moderately difficult. Application deadline: Rolling. Notification: continuous until 8/15. Costs Per Year: Application fee: $25. Comprehensive fee: $23,520 includes full-time tuition ($15,750) and college room and board ($7770). College room only: $4000. Collegiate Environment: Orientation program. Drama-theater group, choral group, student-run newspaper, radio station. Social organizations: 38 open to all; national fraternities, national sororities; 40% of eligible men and 45% of eligible women are members. Most popular organizations: Student Board of Governors, Outdoor Club, Model United Nations, Public Relations Society, International Student Association. Major annual events: Homecoming, Mardi Gras, Spring Weekend. Student services: health clinic, personal-psychological counseling. Campus security: 24-hour emergency response devices and patrols, late night transport-escort service. Freshmen guaranteed college housing. On-campus residence required through senior year. Options: coed, men-only, women-only housing available. T. W. Phillips Memorial Library with 130,696 books, 116,065 microform titles, 785 serials, 3,101 audiovisual materials, an OPAC, and a Web page. Operations spending for 2004 fiscal year: $449,182. 136 computers available on campus for general student use. A campuswide network can be accessed from student residence rooms and from off campus. Staffed computer lab on campus. ■ BLUEFIELD STATE COLLEGE L-6 219 Rock St. Bluefield, WV 24701-2198 Tel: (304)327-4000 Free: 800-654-7798 Admissions: (304)327-4567 Fax: (304)327-7747 E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.bluefieldstate.edu/ Description: State-supported, 4-year, coed. Part of Higher Education Policy Commission System. Awards associate and bachelor's degrees. Founded 1895. Setting: 45-acre small town campus. Endowment: $7.6 million. Educational spending for 2005 fiscal year: $3498 per student. Total enrollment: 1,708. Student-undergrad faculty ratio is 17:1. 615 applied, 96% were admitted. 10% from top 10% of their high school class, 27% from top quarter, 71% from top half. 38 class presidents, 3 valedictorians, 3 student government officers. Full-time: 1,400 students, 59% women, 41% men. Part-time: 308 students, 62% women, 38% men. Students come from 21 states and territories, 11 other countries, 8% from out-of-state, 0.2% Native American, 1% Hispanic, 11% black, 0.4% Asian American or Pacific Islander, 1% international, 46% 25 or older, 13% transferred in. Retention: 58% of full-time freshmen returned the following year. Academic areas with the most degrees conferred: education; health professions and related sciences; liberal arts/general studies. Core. Calendar: semesters. Academic remediation for entering students, advanced placement, self-designed majors, honors program, distance learning, double major, summer session for credit, part-time degree program, external degree program, adult/continuing education programs, internships. Entrance Requirements: Open admission except for allied health programs. Options: Peterson's Universal Application, Common Application, electronic application, deferred admission. Required: high school transcript, minimum 2.0 high school GPA. Recommended: SAT or ACT. Entrance: noncompetitive. Application deadline: Rolling. Notification: continuous. Costs Per Year: Application fee: $0. State resident tuition: $3410 full-time, $142 per credit part-time. Nonresident tuition: $7014 full-time, $292 per credit part-time. Full-time tuition varies according to degree level, program, and reciprocity agreements. Part-time tuition varies according to course load, program, and reciprocity agreements. Collegiate Environment: Orientation program. Drama-theater group, choral group, marching band, student-run newspaper. Social organizations: 35 open to all; national fraternities, national sororities, local fraternities, local sororities; 5% of eligible men and 8% of eligible women are members. Most popular organizations: Phi Eta Sigma, Student Nurses Association, Student Government Association, Minorities on the Move. Major annual events: homecoming, Greek Week, Black History Month. Student services: health clinic, personal-psychological counseling. Campus security: 24-hour emergency response devices and patrols, student patrols. College housing not available. Hardway Library with 76,391 books, 706,413 microform titles, 2,453 serials, 341 audiovisual materials, an OPAC, and a Web page. Operations spending for 2004 fiscal year: $283,454. 358 computers available on campus for general student use. A campuswide network can be accessed from off-campus. Staffed computer lab on campus. Community Environment: At the foot of the East River Mountain, high in the Appalachian chain, Bluefield is situated at the southern tip of West Virginia, bordering on the Virginia state line. The city is the commercial and industrial center for the surrounding area. The climate is temperate with a mean annual temperature of 53.7 degrees and an average rainfall of 38.52 inches. Due to a high altitude and low humidity, the city known as"Nature's Air Conditioned City." Bluefield is accessible by airlines, bus lines, and major highways. There are many churches representing most denominations, community health facilities, and major civic, fraternal, and veteran's organizations to serve the community. Local recreation includes nearby Bluestone Reservoir and lakes for fishing, swimming, and boating; municipal swimming pools, golf, a football stadium, tennis courts, softball, and Little Theatre group. ■ COMMUNITY AND TECHNICAL COLLEGE OF SHEPHERD B-16 400 West Stephen St. Martinsburg, WV 25401 Tel: (304)260-4380 Fax: (304)260-4376 E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.shepherd.edu/ctcweb/ Description: County-supported, 2-year, coed. Awards certificates, transfer associate, and terminal associate degrees. Total enrollment: 1,711. Student-undergrad faculty ratio is 29:1. 333 applied, 99% were admitted. Full-time: 427 students, 55% women, 45% men. Part-time: 1,284 students, 62% women, 38% men. 40% from out-of-state, 1% Native American, 2% Hispanic, 8% black, 1% Asian American or Pacific Islander, 0.2% international. Entrance Requirements: Required: high school transcript. Recommended: SAT and SAT Subject Tests or ACT. Required for some: interview. Entrance: noncompetitive. Costs Per Year: Application fee: $35. State resident tuition: $2944 full-time, $123 per credit part-time. Nonresident tuition: $8542 full-time, $355 per credit part-time. Collegiate Environment: Social organizations: national fraternities. ■ COMMUNITY & TECHNICAL COLLEGE AT WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY H-5 Montgomery, WV 25136 Tel: (304)442-3149; 888-554-8324 Admissions: (304)442-3167 Web Site: http://ctc.wvutech.edu/ Description: County-supported, 2-year, coed. Awards certificates and terminal associate degrees. Total enrollment: 645. ■ CONCORD UNIVERSITY K-6 Vermillion St., PO Box 1000 Athens, WV 24712-1000 Tel: (304)384-3115; 888-384-5249 Admissions: (304)384-5248 Fax: (304)384-9044 E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.concord.edu/ Description: State-supported, 4-year, coed. Part of State College System of West Virginia. Awards associate, bachelor's, and master's degrees. Founded 1872. Setting: 100-acre rural campus. Endowment: $19.1 million. Educational spending for 2005 fiscal year: $6397 per student. Total enrollment: 3,015. Faculty: 185 (97 full-time, 88 part-time). Student-undergrad faculty ratio is 22:1. 2,227 applied, 67% were admitted. 20% from top 10% of their high school class, 43% from top quarter, 74% from top half. 12 valedictorians, 127 student government officers. Full-time: 2,444 students, 57% women, 43% men. Part-time: 508 students, 68% women, 32% men. Students come from 27 states and territories, 15 other countries, 15% from out-of-state, 0.2% Native American, 1% Hispanic, 5% black, 1% Asian American or Pacific Islander, 0% international, 18% 25 or older, 39% live on campus, 5% transferred in. Retention: 65% of full-time freshmen returned the following year. Academic areas with the most degrees conferred: education; business/marketing; social sciences. Core. Calendar: semesters. Academic remediation for entering students, ESL program, services for LD students, advanced placement, accelerated degree program, self-designed majors, honors program, independent study, distance learning, double major, summer session for credit, part-time degree program, external degree program, internships. Off campus study. Study abroad program. Entrance Requirements: Options: Peterson's Universal Application, Common Application, electronic application, early admission, early decision, i
5269	dbpedia	3	10	https://www.courts.state.md.us/	en	Maryland Courts	https://www.courts.state…iles/favicon.png	https://www.courts.state…iles/favicon.png	[ "https://www.courts.state.md.us/sites/default/files/icon-close.png", "https://www.courts.state.md.us/sites/default/files/mdcourts-logo_0.png", "https://www.courts.state.md.us/sites/default/files/styles/hero_slide/public/hero-slides/killoughp-slider.png?itok=Acnp8hx9", "https://www.courts.state.md.us/sites/default/files/styles/hero_slide/public/hero-slides/gavelscalesbocah.jpg?itok=YBlSJXRR", "https://www.courts.state.md.us/sites/default/files/styles/hero_slide/public/hero-slides/meetingblurred.png?itok=KEhPTdir", "https://www.courts.state.md.us/sites/default/files/styles/hero_slide/public/hero-slides/jurybenchslider.jpg?itok=_M2BC2Ym", "https://www.courts.state.md.us/sites/default/files/styles/hero_slide/public/hero-slides/traffic900_0.jpg?itok=sowVTIzH", "https://www.courts.state.md.us/sites/default/files/styles/hero_slide/public/hero-slides/manwithphoneandlaptopcalling.png?itok=6EBMahfm", "https://www.courts.state.md.us/sites/default/files/inline-images/mdec-block-header.png", "https://www.ola.state.md.us/media/1186/shutterstock_495840280.jpg", "https://www.courts.state.md.us/sites/default/files/inline-images/footer-logo_0.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/sites/default/files/favicon.png		null	More than 200 mediators gathered to learn and share best practices for family and civil mediation in Maryland. Read more. The following telephone scam has been reported: People have received calls about a bench warrant being issued for missing jury duty are told they must make a payment to clear the warrant. The call is a scam. Read more. Did you get a traffic ticket? To find payment methods, deadlines, or information about your case, start here. Call or chat with a lawyer who can help you represent yourself in your civil case. 8:30 a.m. - 8 p.m. Monday - Friday. Read more.
5269	dbpedia	1	48	https://faceinthemirror.wixsite.com/trade/audios	en	FaceInTheMirror	https://www.wix.com/favicon.ico	https://www.wix.com/favicon.ico	[ "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/86851d_9cd9b707501b46219a0a9e78698aae93~mv2.png/v1/fill/w_80,h_80,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/image01.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Crack", "me", "open", "and", "I'm", "Idina", "Menzel", "spewing", "Kitt", "Yorkey", "lyrics" ]	null	[]	null	A list of all my audios, a-z, with the exception of a few shows in their own pages.	en	https://www.wix.com/favicon.ico	tradecurrent	https://faceinthemirror.wixsite.com/trade/audios	Aaron Tveit: The Radio in My Head - 54 Below - May 3, 2013 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [176MB] CAST: Aaron Tveit SETLIST: 1. Make You Feel My Love, 2. What You’d Call a Dream, 3. There’s a World, 4. We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together, 5. If I Loved You, 6. Hero and Leander, 7. A Case of You, 8. When I Was Your Man, 9. Something’s Coming, 10. One Song Glory, 11. I Could Be In Love with Someone Like You, 12. She’s Always a Woman, 13. Run Away with Me Aaron Tveit - 54 Below - December 31, 2018 FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [125MB] CAST: Aaron Tveit NOTES: An hour-long show. New years! WILLOW'S TEA: A pretty good recording, the music can be a bit loud at times, making it hard to hear the songs. The master can be heard laughing/giggling/commenting at times between songs. was very into it. Great performance. The audience wasn't overbearing on the recording. His banter was enjoyable. Aaron Tveit: Aaron Tveit Live! - Barrington Stage Company - July 19, 2021 (Highlights) (Soundboard’s master) FORMAT: M4A (tracked) [68.7MB] CAST: Aaron Tveit NOTES: Aaron dazzled BSC audiences in Company (2017), for which he won Broadway World’s Regional award for Best Vocalist of the Decade, and is currently starring in Moulin Rouge! The Musical. Aaron’s Tony-nominated performance is hailed as “staggeringly impressive” (Stage Left) and “gorgeous” (Entertainment Weekly). (This is a soundboard recording, extracted from the virtual stream of the pro-shot of Aaron Tveit Live! At Barrington Stage. It's tracked. Songs only, plus the Les Mis banter. But I made it into a highlights boot on here since I don’t think EVERY spoken word by him is in this ) An Accident of Love (搭错车) - Singapore - November 16, 2019 (encharmed's master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [115MB] CAST: Ding Dang (Sun Ruiqi/Ah Mei), Wang Baisen (Ya Shu), Chen Nairong (Shi Junmai), Ye Wenhao (Ah Ming), Zheng Fanting, Jiang Yirui Aida (Ghislanzoni) - Metropolitan Opera - December 2, 2022 (Radio Broadcast) FORMAT: Mp3 (untracked) [236MB] CAST: Paolo Carignani (Conductor); Latonia Moore (Aida), Olesya Petrova (Amneris), Brian Jagde (Radamès), George Gagnidze (Amonasro), Christian Van Horn (Ramfis), Alexandros Stavrakakis (The King) Notes: First performance of revival in this Met season, ripped from weekly Met Opera radio stream, includes program PDF. Ajijaak on Turtle Island - New Victory Theater - March 2, 2019 (Autistic Jellicle Cat’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [46.5MB] CAST: Joan Henry (Grandma Aki), Henu Josephine Tarrant (Ajijaak), Tony Enos (Walks In Two Worlds), Sheldon Raymore (Brings Humble), Wren Jeng (Coyote / Sammy, the Activist Turtle), Adelka Polak (Queen Of The Crabs & the Deer) Aimie Atkinson: Sunday Favourites - The Other Palace - September 15, 2019 (MythicTudorRose’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [49.8MB] CAST: Aimie Atkinson, Jodie Steele, Genesis Lynea, Sarah Naudi, Samantha Pauly, Christina Modestou, Renée Lamb, Annabel Marlow, Arabella Rodrigo NOTES: Not tracked, but does include 'All You Wanna Do' sung by Aimie, Sam, Jodie, and Annabel as a separate track. Aladdin - Australasian Tour - November 26, 2016 (forgotten-peggy's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [137MB] CAST: Graeme Isaako (u/s Aladdin), Arielle Jacobs (Jasmine), Adam Murphy (Jafar), Michael James Scott (Genie), George Henare (Sultan), Troy Sussman (Babkak), Adam-Jon Fiorentino (Kassim), Aljin Abella (Iago), Robert Tripolino (Omar) Aladdin - Australasian Tour - March 4, 2018 (oneshortdaytodefygravity's master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [120MB] CAST: Ben Gillespie (u/s Aladdin), Hiba Elchikhe (Jasmine), Dean Vice (s/b Jafar), Gareth Jacobs (Genie), George Henare (Sultan), Troy Sussman (Babkak), Adam-Jon Fiorentino (Kassim), Aljin Abella (Iago) Aladdin - Australasian Tour - September 21, 2018 FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [116MB] CAST: Ainsley Melham (Aladdin), Shubshri Kandiah (Jasmine), Adam Murphy (Jafar), Gareth Jacobs (Genie), George Henare (Sultan), Troy Sussman (Babkak), Aljin Abella (Iago), Adam Di Martino (Omar) NOTES: After the curtain call Ainsley talks about donating to Telethon. Aladdin - Broadway - March 5, 2014 (Preview) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) & M4A (untracked) [319MB] CAST: Adam Jacobs (Aladdin), Courtney Reed (Jasmine), James Monroe Iglehart (Genie) NOTES: Unofficially untracked by FaceInTheMirror. Aladdin - Broadway - March 5, 2017 (Matinee) (Autistic Jellicle Cat’s master) FORMAT: WMA (untracked) [166MB] CAST: Rodney Ingram (u/s Aladdin), Courtney Reed (Jasmine), Jonathan Freeman (Jafar), Deonte L Warren (s/b Genie), James Moye (s/b Sultan), Brian Gonzales (Babkak), Nathan Lucrezio (Kassim), Don Darryl Rivera (Iago), Brad Weinstock (Omar), Adam Hyndman (Prince Abdullah), Kathryn Allison (Fortune Teller), Angelo Soriano (u/s Shop Owner), Dennis Stowe (Razoul) NOTES: Autism-Friendly Performance. Rodney Ingram's last before leaving for Phantom, and only known recording of him in the role. The boy sitting next to me shouts enthusiastically quite often. Right after Friend Like Me, Deonte acknowledged said boy who stood up and danced during the tap sequence, saying "thanks for dancing with us". Aladdin - Broadway - January 12, 2020 (Today4UTomorrow4Netflix’s master) FORMAT: M4A (tracked & untracked) [396MB] CAST: Clinton Greenspan (Aladdin), Arielle Jacobs (Jasmine), Dennis Stowe (u/s Jafar), Major Attaway (Genie), JC Montgomery (Sultan), Brian Gonzales (Babkak), Mike Longo (Kassim), Don Darryl Rivera (Iago), Brad Weinstock (Omar), Jaz Sealey (Prince Abdullah), Charles South (Shop Owner), Wes Hart (Razoul) Aladdin - First National Tour - January 19, 2018 (thehouseonsunset's master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) & M4A (untracked) [252MB] CAST: Adam Jacobs (Aladdin), Courtney Reed (Jasmine), Jonathan Weir (Jafar), Michael James Scott (Genie), JC Montgomery (Sultan), Zach Bencal (Babkak), Mike Longo (Kassim), Reggie De Leon (Iago), Philippe Arroyo (Omar), Jaz Sealey (Prince Abdullah), Olivia Donalson (Fortune Teller), Michael Graceffa (Shop Owner), Bobby Daye (Razoul), Albert Jennings, Charles South, Mary Antonini, Annie Wallace NOTES: Los Angeles. Unofficially untracked by FaceInTheMirror. Aladdin - Tokyo, Japan - August 10, 2020 Limited Trade 2:1 FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [195MB] CAST: Tokiya Genbara (Aladdin), Azusa Hirata (Jasmine), Mitsuyuki Doguchi (Genie), Takeshi Tesigawara (Jafar) NOTES: In Japanese. Aladdin - Scheveningen - November 16, 2022 (Matinee) (Highlights) (LichtInDuizendvoud's master) NFT: Except through master FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [21.1MB] CAST: Jonathan Vroege (Aladdin), Juliann Ubbergen (s/b Genie), Bente Mulan Nanayakkara (u/s Jasmine), Sander van Voorst Tot Voorst (s/b Jafar), Michel Sorbach (Sultan), Darren Van Der Lek (Iago), Florian Avoux (Babkak), Gino Korsèl (u/s Omar), Jermaine Faber (Kassim) NOTES: Only Prince Ali & Entr'acte. (Includes Edited audio file & Original File!) Rest of highlights went lost. Great quality recording. Recorded front row so you can really hear the orchestra well! Juliann is an amazing genie and rocked this performance! Aladdin - Scheveningen - November 30, 2022 (Highlights) (LichtInDuizendvoud's master) NFT: Except through master FORMAT: M4A (tracked) [33.4MB] CAST: Jonathan Vroege (Aladdin), Keoma Aidhen (Jasmine), Florian Avoux (u/s Genie), Jermaine Faber (Kassim), Yannick Plugers (u/s Babkak), Dave Rijnders (Omar), Darren van der Lek (Iago), Roberto De Groot (Jafar), Michel Sorbach (Sultan) NOTES: Highlights from act 1 only, very clear audio. Includes: Overture/Arabian Nights, Babkak, Omar, Aladdin, Kassim, Diamond in The Rough, Friend Like Me. Aladdin - Scheveningen - February 24, 2023 (LichtInDuizendvoud’s master) FORMAT: M4A (tracked & untracked) [343MB] CAST: Davy Reedijk (t/r Aladdin), Stanley Burleson (Genie), Keoma Aidhen (Jasmine), Sander van Voorst Tot Voorst (s/b Jafar), Tommie Luyben (Iago), Michael Konings (u/s Sultan), Florian Avoux (Babkak), Dave Rijnders (Omar), Jermaine Faber (Kassim), Mickey Vermeer (Fortune Teller) NOTES: Final weekend in the Netherlands! An usher can be heard talking to the man next to me asking him to stop filming in the scene after “Proud Of Your Boy”. Stanley does some improvisation after “Friend Like Me” which causes his microphone to mess up for the rest of the scene, but is fixed in the scene before the Act 1 Finale! Not for sale Alan Cumming & Ari Shapiro: Och and Oy! A Considered Cabaret - Indianapolis, IN - April 9, 2022 FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [69.2MB] CAST: Alan Cumming, Ari Shapiro NOTES: 7pm show. Alice By Heart - Lyric Hammersmith, London - March 10, 2012 (Closing Night) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [113MB] CAST: Scarlet Billham (Alice Spencer/Alice), George Pelham (Alfred Hallam/White Rabbit/March Hare), Miles Westman (Harold Pudding/Mad Hatter/Pigeon/Knave of Spades/Mock Mock Turtle), Genevieve Frain (Dodgy/Duchess/Dodo/Mock Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Stefan Svrdlin (Nigel/Dormouse/Eaglet/Knave of Clubs), Zofzjar Belsham (Tabatha/Cheshire Cat/Caterpillar 2), Jessica Alade (Red Cross Nurse/Queen of Hearts/Magpie), Amandine Braun, Brianna Wilson, Charlotte Hall, Emma Bradley, Emmanuel Simon, Korein Brown, Krystal Doherty, Maja Laskowska, Piers Saich, Victoria Beyai, Violet Vincent Alice By Heart - Off-Broadway - February 28, 2019 (OrRatherAGhost’s master) FORMAT: M4A (tracked & untracked) [323MB] CAST: Molly Gordon (Alice Spencer/Alice), Colton Ryan (Alfred Hallam/White Rabbit/March Hare), Wesley Taylor (Harold Pudding/Mad Hatter/Pigeon/Knave of Spades/Mock Mock Turtle), Noah Galvin (Dodgy/Duchess/Dodo/Mock Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Catherine Ricafort (Clarissa/Canary/Queen of Diamonds/Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Zachary Infante (Nigel/Dormouse/Eaglet/Knave of Clubs), Nkeki Obi-Melekwe (Tabatha/Cheshire Cat/Caterpillar 2), Grace McLean (Red Cross Nurse/Queen of Hearts/Magpie), Heath Saunders (Angus/Caterpillar/Knave of Hearts), Andrew Kober (Dr Butridge/King of Hearts/Duck/Jabberwocky/Mock Turtle) NOTES: Includes talkback. Alice By Heart - Off-Broadway - March 10, 2019 (Matinee) (StarCuffedJeans's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [74.2MB] CAST: Natalie Walker (u/s Alice Spencer/Alice), Colton Ryan (Alfred Hallam/White Rabbit/March Hare), Wesley Taylor (Harold Pudding/Mad Hatter/Pigeon/Knave of Spades/Mock Mock Turtle), Michael Hartung (u/s Dodgy /Duchess/Dodo/Mock Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Catherine Ricafort (Clarissa/Canary/Queen of Diamonds /Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Zachary Infante (Nigel/Dormouse/Eaglet/Knave of Clubs), Kim Blanck (Tabatha /Cheshire Cat/Caterpillar 2), Grace McLean (Red Cross Nurse/Queen of Hearts/Magpie), Heath Saunders (Angus/Caterpillar/Knave of Hearts), Andrew Kober (Dr Butridge/King of Hearts/Duck/Jabberwocky/Mock Turtle) Alice By Heart - Off-Broadway - March 10, 2019 (Matinee) (bubbledress's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [176MB] & MP3 (tracked) [189MB] CAST: Natalie Walker (u/s Alice Spencer/Alice), Colton Ryan (Alfred Hallam/White Rabbit/March Hare), Wesley Taylor (Harold Pudding/Mad Hatter/Pigeon/Knave of Spades/Mock Mock Turtle), Michael Hartung (u/s Dodgy /Duchess/Dodo/Mock Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Catherine Ricafort (Clarissa/Canary/Queen of Diamonds/Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Zachary Infante (Nigel/Dormouse/Eaglet/Knave of Clubs), Kim Blanck (Tabatha/Cheshire Cat/Caterpillar 2), Grace McLean (Red Cross Nurse/Queen of Hearts/Magpie), Heath Saunders (Angus/Caterpillar/Knave of Hearts), Andrew Kober (Dr Butridge/King of Hearts/Duck/Jabberwocky/Mock Turtle) Alice By Heart - Off-Broadway - March 10, 2019 (bubbledress's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [200MB] CAST: Natalie Walker (u/s Alice Spencer/Alice), Colton Ryan (Alfred Hallam/White Rabbit/March Hare), Wesley Taylor (Harold Pudding/Mad Hatter/Pigeon/Knave of Spades/Mock Mock Turtle), Michael Hartung (u/s Dodgy /Duchess/Dodo/Mock Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Catherine Ricafort (Clarissa/Canary/Queen of Diamonds/Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Zachary Infante (Nigel/Dormouse/Eaglet/Knave of Clubs), Kim Blanck (Tabatha/Cheshire Cat/Caterpillar 2), Grace McLean (Red Cross Nurse/Queen of Hearts/Magpie), Heath Saunders (Angus/Caterpillar/Knave of Hearts), Andrew Kober (Dr Butridge/King of Hearts/Duck/Jabberwocky/Mock Turtle) NOTES: Natalie’s Alice debut, Michael’s Duchess debut Alice By Heart - Off-Broadway - March 16, 2019 (Matinee) (DEHtenner’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [86.9MB] CAST: Molly Gordon (Alice Spencer/Alice), Colton Ryan (Alfred Hallam/White Rabbit/March Hare), Wesley Taylor (Harold Pudding/Mad Hatter/Pigeon/Knave of Spades/Mock Mock Turtle), Noah Galvin (Dodgy/Duchess/Dodo/Mock Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Catherine Ricafort (Clarissa/Canary/Queen of Diamonds/Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Zachary Infante (Nigel/Dormouse/Eaglet/Knave of Clubs), Kim Blanck (Tabatha/Cheshire Cat/Caterpillar 2), Grace McLean (Red Cross Nurse/Queen of Hearts/Magpie), Heath Saunders (Angus/Caterpillar/Knave of Hearts), Andrew Kober (Dr Butridge/King of Hearts/Duck/Jabberwocky/Mock Turtle) Alice By Heart - Off-Broadway - March 30, 2019 (Matinee) (Token Goat’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [126MB] CAST: Molly Gordon (Alice Spencer/Alice), Colton Ryan (Alfred Hallam/White Rabbit/March Hare), Wesley Taylor (Harold Pudding/Mad Hatter/Pigeon/Knave of Spades/Mock Mock Turtle), Noah Galvin (Dodgy/Duchess/Dodo/Mock Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Catherine Ricafort (Clarissa/Canary/Queen of Diamonds/Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Zachary Infante (Nigel/Dormouse/Eaglet/Knave of Clubs), Kim Blanck (Tabatha/Cheshire Cat/Caterpillar 2), Grace McLean (Red Cross Nurse/Queen of Hearts/Magpie), Heath Saunders (Angus/Caterpillar/Knave of Hearts), Andrew Kober (Dr Butridge/King of Hearts/Duck/Jabberwocky/Mock Turtle) Alice By Heart - Off-Broadway - April 2, 2019 (millifan's master) NFT: Except through master FORMAT: WAV (untracked) [241MB] & WAV (tracked) [212MB] CAST: Molly Gordon (Alice Spencer/Alice), Colton Ryan (Alfred Hallam/White Rabbit/March Hare), Wesley Taylor (Harold Pudding/Mad Hatter/Pigeon/Knave of Spades/Mock Mock Turtle), Noah Galvin (Dodgy/Duchess/Dodo/Mock Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Catherine Ricafort (Clarissa/Canary/Queen of Diamonds/Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Zachary Infante (Nigel/Dormouse/Eaglet/Knave of Clubs), Kim Blanck (Tabatha/Cheshire Cat/Caterpillar 2), Grace McLean (Red Cross Nurse/Queen of Hearts/Magpie), Heath Saunders (Angus/Caterpillar/Knave of Hearts), Andrew Kober (Dr Butridge/King of Hearts/Duck/Jabberwocky/Mock Turtle) NOTES: This was recorded on my iphone using Recorder Plus but I was in the 5th row and the sound was too loud at times. Disappointing to have some distortion especially during Isn't It A Trial (because I love Grace McLean sooooo much). I have better recordings of other nights, but for thoroughness, I'm posting this one. Alice By Heart - Off-Broadway - April 3, 2019 (unicornbraindoctor's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [44.1MB] CAST: Molly Gordon (Alice Spencer/Alice), Colton Ryan (Alfred Hallam/White Rabbit/March Hare), Andrew Mueller (u/s Harold Pudding/Mad Hatter/Pigeon/Knave of Spades/Mock Mock Turtle), Noah Galvin (Dodgy/Duchess /Dodo/Mock Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Catherine Ricafort (Clarissa/Canary/Queen of Diamonds/Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Zachary Infante (Nigel/Dormouse/Eaglet/Knave of Clubs), Kim Blanck (Tabatha/Cheshire Cat/Caterpillar 2), Grace McLean (Red Cross Nurse/Queen of Hearts/Magpie), Heath Saunders (Angus/Caterpillar/Knave of Hearts), Andrew Kober (Dr Butridge/King of Hearts/Duck/Jabberwocky/Mock Turtle) Alice By Heart - Off-Broadway - April 4, 2019 (millifan's master) NFT: Except through master FORMAT: WAV (tracked) [8669MB] & WAV (untracked) [956MB] CAST: Molly Gordon (Alice Spencer/Alice), Colton Ryan (Alfred Hallam/White Rabbit/March Hare), Wesley Taylor (Harold Pudding/Mad Hatter/Pigeon/Knave of Spades/Mock Mock Turtle), Noah Galvin (Dodgy/Duchess/Dodo/Mock Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Catherine Ricafort (Clarissa/Canary/Queen of Diamonds/Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Zachary Infante (Nigel/Dormouse/Eaglet/Knave of Clubs), Kim Blanck (Tabatha/Cheshire Cat/Caterpillar 2), Grace McLean (Red Cross Nurse/Queen of Hearts/Magpie), Heath Saunders (Angus/Caterpillar/Knave of Hearts), Andrew Kober (Dr Butridge/King of Hearts/Duck/Jabberwocky/Mock Turtle) NOTES: Stereo recording from mezzanine. Edited and tracked. Most extra noise removed (loud coughing, clapping). You can hear me sniffling and crying a little through the last 20 minutes or so. Last time I was able to see the show... I was very sad. Alice By Heart - Vassar College - July 6, 2018 (StarCuffedJeans's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [65.4MB] CAST: Molly Gordon (Alice Spencer/Alice), J Quinton Johnson (Alfred Hallam/White Rabbit/March Hare), Alex Brightman (Harold Pudding/Mad Hatter/Pigeon/Knave of Spades/Mock Mock Turtle), Noah Galvin (Dodgy/Duchess/Dodo/Mock Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Megan Masako Haley (Clarissa/Canary/Queen of Diamonds/Mock Mock Mock Turtle), Zachary Infante (Nigel/Dormouse/Eaglet/Knave of Clubs), Gizel Jimenez (Tabatha/Cheshire Cat/Caterpillar 2), Lesli Margherita (Red Cross Nurse/Queen of Hearts/Magpie), Heath Saunders (Angus/Caterpillar/Knave of Hearts), Don Stephenson (Dr Butridge/King of Hearts/Duck/Jabberwocky/Mock Turtle) NOTES: This is a reading of Duncan Sheik’s new show! Alice By Heart - Vassar College - July 7, 2018 (StarCuffedJeans's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [66.4MB] CAST: Molly Gordon (Alice Spencer/Alice), Gizel Jimenez (Tabatha/Cheshire Cat), Lesli Margherita (Red Cross Nurse/Queen Of Hearts), Alex Brightman (Harold Pudding/Mad Hatter), Noah Galvin (Dodgy/Duchess), J. Quinton Johnson (Alfred Hallam/White Rabbit), Megan Masako Haley (Clarissa/Canary), Zachary Infante (Nigel/Dormouse), Heath Saunders (Angus/Caterpillar), Don Stephenson (Dr. Butridge/Jaberwocky) Alice By Heart - Thaumatrope Theatre - June 1, 2024 (Matinée) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [134MB] CAST: Jasmine Haughey (Alice Spencer/Alice), Luca McPhee (Alfred Hallam/White Rabbit/March Hare), Talfryn Quiring (Harold Pudding/Mad Hatter), Angelli McGuigan (Dodgy/Duchess), Ayokunmi Oladesu (Clarissa/Caterpillar), Luka Lars-Nova (Nigel/Dormouse), Maya Bogojevic (Tabatha/Cheshire Cat), Tega Aror (Red Cross Nurse/Queen of Hearts), Rhys Parker (Angus/Caterpillar), Justus Alexander (Dr. Butridge/Jabberwocky), Daniela Monaco (Young Alice), Zander Van Nynatten (Young Alfred) NOTES: The mics didn’t turn on a few times, so some lines may be hard to hear. Alice Ripley and Emily Skinner - 54 Below - February 4, 2016 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [68.3MB] CAST: Alice Ripley, Emily Skinnter All The Natalie Portmans - Off-Broadway - February 15, 2020 (Matinee) (hi_im_joe's master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [155MB] CAST: Kara Young (Keyonna), Elise Kibler (Natalie Portman), Montego Glover (Ovetta), Joshua Boone (Samuel), Renika Williams (Chantel) WILLOW'S TEA: A pretty clear recording. Sometimes it was hard to make out what they were saying. The music is captured very well. Great audio and an amazing performance form the cast. Allegiance - San Diego - September 30, 2012 (Matinee) (asteptowardshope’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [87.5MB] CAST: Lea Salonga (Kei Kimura), George Takei (Sam Kimura/Ojii-chan), Telly Leung (Sammy Kimura), Allie Trimm (Hannah Campbell), Michael K Lee (Frankie Suzuki), Paul Nakauchi (Tatsuo Kimura), Paolo Montalban (Mike Masaoka) NOTES: Crystal clear. A lot of changes have been made from its tryout to Broadway run. Allegiance - Off-West End - March 2, 2023 (sitting-in-my-hotel’s master) FORMA: M4A (tracked & untracked) [197MB] CAST: Aynrand Ferrer (Kei Kimura), George Takei (Sam Kimura/Ojii-Chan), Telly Leung (Young Sammy Kimura), Megan Gardiner (Hannah Campbell), Patrick Munday (Frankie Suzuki), Masashi Fujimoto (Tatsuo Kimura), Iverson Yabut (Mike Masaoka), Iroy Abesamis (s/w Johnny Goto/Ben Masaoka), Mark Anderson, Raiko Gohara, Eu Jin Hwang, Hana Ichijo, Misa Koide, Rachel Jayne Picar, Joy Tan NOTES: Tracked by FaceInTheMirror. Sario was off so Iroy (who I believe is an on stage swing) covered his track. Almost Famous - The Old Globe Theatre - October 19, 2019 (Matinee) (Token Goat's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [180MB] CAST: Casey Likes (William Miller), Solea Pfeiffer (Penny Lane), Colin Donnell (Russell Hammond), Drew Gehling (Jeff Bebe), Gerard Canonico (Dick Roswell), Rob Colletti (Lester Bangs), Anika Larsen (Elaine Miller), Katie Ladner (Sapphire), Storm Lever (Polexia), Julia Cassandra (Estrella), Matt Bittner (Larry Fellows), Chad Burris (Vic Nunez), Brandon Contreras (Silent Ed Vallencourt), Sam Gravitte (Dennis Hope), Van Hughes (David Felton), Daniel Sovich (Darryl), Libby Winters (Leslie), Matthew C Yee (Ben Fong-Torres), Emily Schultheis (Anita Miller) Almost Famous - Broadway - October 8, 2022 (Matinee) (Preview) (ZaltyTeardrops’ master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [65.2MB] CAST: Casey Likes (William Miller), Solea Pfeiffer (Penny Lane), Chris Wood (Russell Hammond), Anika Larsen (Elaine Miller), Drew Gehling (Jeff Bebe), Rob Colletti (Lester Bangs), Matt Bettner (Larry Fellows), Brandon’s Contreras (Silent Ed Vallencourt), Ensemble: Chad Burris (Vic Nettles), Gerard Canonico (Dick Roswell), Julia Cassandra (Estrella), Jakeim Hart (Dennis Hope), Van Hughes (David Felton), Jana Djenne Jackson (Polexia), Katie Ladner (Sapphire), Emily Schultheis (Anita Miller), Daniel Sovich (Darryl), Libby Winters (Leslie) NOTES: Recorded from the orchestra. Almost Famous - Broadway - January 8, 2023 (Matinee) (BlueJeanBaby’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [265MB] CAST: Casey Likes (William Miller), Solea Pfeiffer (Penny Lane), Chris Wood (Russell Hammond), Anika Larsen (Elaine Miller), Drew Gehling (Jeff Bebe), Rob Colletti (Lester Bangs), Matt Bittner (Larry Fellows), Brandon Contreras (Silent Ed Vallencourt), Chad Burris (Vic Nettles), Gerard Canonico (Dick Roswell), Julia Cassandra (Estrella), Jakeim Hart (Dennis Hope), Van Hughes (David Felton), Jana Djenne Jackson (Polexia), Katie Ladner (Sapphire), Emily Schultheis (Anita Miller), Daniel Sovich (Darryl) NOTES: Fair warning, I was living my best life so you can vividly hear some obnoxiously loud commentary during the opening of the beginning monologue (the whole crowd was Vibing and it was a Time). A little bit of the beginning of each act is missing due to me absolutely reeling on adrenaline. Includes Fever Dog curtain call video (and again, loud screaming from me for pretty much every cast member). America Kicks Up Its Heels - Off-Broadway - March, 1983 (Soundboard’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [168MB] CAST: Patti LuPone (Cleo), Dick Latessa (Boris), Peggy Hewett (Eleanor Roosevelt), I M Hobson (Polly), Robin Boudreau (Thyra), Lenora Nemetz (Hennie), Alix Korey (Zoe), Robert Dorfman (Julie), Rodney Hudson (Harlen) NOTES: The sound has gotten a little watery over the years. American Psycho - Broadway - April 30, 2016 (redladydeath's master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [60.8MB] CAST: Benjamin Walker (Patrick Bateman), Jennifer Damiano (Jean), Drew Moerlein (Paul Owen), Alice Ripley (Svetlana/Mrs. Bateman/Mrs. Wolfe), Heléne Yorke (Evelyn Williams), Holly James (Hardbody Waitress/Hardbody Trainer/Christine) American Songbook: The Songs of Tom Kitt & Brian Yorkey - The Lincoln Center - March 1, 2013 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [72.6MB] CAST: Nikki Bohne, Adam Chanler-Berat, Mariano Chiesa, Jenn Colella, Jennifer Damiano, Manuela Del Campo, Jason Gotay, Gregory Haney, Louis Hobson, Brian d'Arcy James, Taylor Louderman, Kyle Dean Massey, Matias Mayer, Marin Mazzie, Lindsay Mendez, Idina Menzel, Michael Mindlin, Julia Murney, Alejandro Paker, Alejandra Perlusky, Ryann Redmond, Alice Ripley, Adrienne Warren WILLOW’S TEA: HAS SONGS FROM IF/THEN!!!!!! Good audio, amazing show! Such talent and amazing music! IF/THEN!!!!!!!!! Also, Lindsay Mendez. I am dead, willow.exe has stopped working. On a more serious note, an amazing performance with songs form some of my favourite shows. A great audio. So much talent, you will not be disappointed. Ana Gasteyer - The Rrazz Room, San Francisco - November 16, 2012 (hi_im)joe's master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [42.1MB] CAST: Ana Gasteyer WILLOW'S TEA: At first I wasn't sure if this was my thing but honestly it was amazingly entertaining everything from the banter to the set list. It's so much fun to listen too. I was grinning as I worked while listening to it. The audience was rowdy near the end, she really got them enthralled. Was great. Would love to hear more from her (and before you ask, yes, she does sing Defying Gravity). Ana Gasteyer: Sugar and Booze - The Cabaret in Indianapolis, IN - December 11, 2021 (whattradingcando’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [81MB] CAST: Ana Gasteyer NOTES: 7pm show. Andrew Lloyd Webber: Birthday in the Park - Hyde Park - September 14, 2008 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [124MB] CAST: Joss Stone, Steve Balsamo, Jassie Buckley, John Barrowman, Idina Menzel, Duncan James, Hayley Westenra, Jonathan Ansell, Lee Mead, Michael Crawford, Ramin Karimloo, Gina Beck, Rhydian, Maria Friedman, Ruthie Henshall, Elaine Page Animal Crackers - Paper Mill Playhouse - November-December, 1993 FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [65.2MB] + MP3 (tracked) [95.3MB] CAST: Kristin Chenoweth (Arabella Rittenhouse, et al), Frank Ferrante, Robert Michael Baker, Les Marsden, John Hoshko, Carol Swarbrick, Jan Neuberger (Ensemble), Michael O'Steen (Ensemble), Hal Robinson (Ensemble), John Scherer (Ensemble), Dick Decareau (Ensemble), Karen Murphy (Ensemble), Amy M. Young (Ensemble) NOTES: There are 2 versions floating around and, despite what the meta data says, they are the same file (one's tracked and one's untracked, untracked includes some chatting after the show by master and friends) and are both the full show. WILLOW'S TEA: Good for its age. Hard to make out lyrics, do not turn this up louder if you're using earphones. Loudest noises are very loud and very scratchy/scratchy. The applause sounds atrocious, however, the instrumental bits sound lovely. The cuts are a bit jarring. The reorder and be heard laughing occasionally. Any belting comes out bad, however, there are some songs that sound lovely minus the big finales. Anna Karenina - Moscow, Russia - March 12, 2022 (Matinee) (tdvfan's master) FORMAT: WAV (untracked) [1.18GB] CAST: Olga Belyaeva (Anna Karenina), Sergey Li (Alexey Vronsky), Aleksandr Marakulin (Alexey Karenin), Daria Yanvarina (Kiti Shcherbatskaya), Dennis Demkiv (Konstantin Levin). NOTES: ACT 2 ONLY. Recorded by non-trader friend and released by tdvfan. Annaleigh Ashford: Live from Lincoln Center - New York, NY - December 18, 2018 (nycbound620's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [53.7MB] CAST: Annaleigh Ashford, Jake Gyllenhaal (g/p) NOTES: Special guest Jake Gyllenhaal. PBS taping; includes all the takes and restarts. Annaleigh Ashford: The Cabaret - Indianapolis, IN - May 11, 2019 FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [83.4MB] CAST: Annaleigh Ashford NOTES: 9:30pm show. Anne and Gilbert - New York (Reading) - August 11, 2003 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [166MB] CAST: Jessica Grové (Anne), Peter Diewick (Gilbert), Jill Corey (Mrs. Lynde), Nancy White (Marilla) Anne of Green Gables: Part I - Off-Off-Broadway (Royal Family Productions) - January 24, 2019 FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [65MB] CAST: Ali Ewoldt (Anne, etc.), Brooke Averi, Nichole Forde, Hannah Hall, Kara Menendez, Juna Shai, Stephanie Young NOTES: Part I was produced on its own. Part II was a separate play with a different cast. Anne of Green Gables - Concept Recording - Unknown FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [79.51MB] CAST: Diana DeGarmo, George Salazar, Colin Donnell, Patti Murin, Aurelia Williams, Chris McCarrell, Emily Bautista, Michelle Veintimilla, and others Annie - The Muny - July 24, 2018 FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [122MB] CAST: Peyton Ella (Annie), Jennifer Simard (Miss Hannigan), Christopher Sieber (Oliver 'Daddy' Warbucks), Britney Coleman (Grace Farrell), Jon Rua (Rooster Hannigan), Holly Ann Butler (Lily St. Regis), Ana McAlister (Molly), Samantha Iken (Pepper), Trenay LaBelle (Duffy), Amanda Willingham (July), Madeleine Domian (Tessie), Ella Grace Roberts (Kate) Annie - North Carolina Theatre - July 28, 2019 (Closing Night) (LanadelNay's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [116MB] CAST: Alexa Lasanta (Annie), Karen Ziemba (Miss Hannigan), John Eric Parker (Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks), Manna Nichols (Grace Farrell), Nicholas Mansfield (Rooster Hannigan), Erica Foote (Lily St. Regis), Dirk Lumbard (Franklin D. Roosevelt) NOTES: Lovely short run of a classic. WILLOW'S TEA: A lot of recorder rustling, however, the cast was super talented! The kids were amazing and the girl who played Annie was very talented! Haven't listed tot he stage version of this musical, only seen the movies before. I absolutely loved some of the different songs. Annie - Third US National Tour - February 14, 2023 (WhatTradingCanDo’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [57.6MB] CAST: Ellie Rose Pulsifer (Annie), Stefanie Londino (Miss Hannigan), Christopher Swan (Oliver Warbucks), Nick Bernardi (Rooster Hannigan), Krista Curry (Lily), Julia Nicole Hunter (Grace Farrell), Bradley Ford Betros (u/s FDR), Riglee Ruth Bryson (Pepper), Bronte Harrison (Molly), Vivianne Neely (July), Izzy Pike (Kate), Kenzie Rees (Duffy), Valeria Velasco (Tessie), Aidan Ziegler-Hansen (s/w Drake/Ensemble), Laura Elizabeth Flanagan (Ensemble), Jataria Heyward (Star to Be/Ensemble), Kevin Ivey Morrison (Ensemble), Joel Oliver (Ensemble), Cheyenne Omani (s/w Ensemble), Leeanna Rubin (Ensemble), Andrew Scoggin (Ensemble/Bert Healy), Kaley Were (Ensemble), Addison (Sandy) Annie Get Your Gun - London Palladium Concert - April 7, 2023 (GloryOfTheSpring’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [40MB] CAST: Rachel Tucker (Annie Oakley), Oliver Savile (Frank Butler), Matt Henry (Buffalo Bill), Nicolas McLean (Charlie Davenport), Olivia Moore (Winnie Tate), Jay Rincon (Tommy Keeler), Charlotte Ruby (Dolly Tate) NOTES: Crystal clear recording of this one night only concert performance! Usual spiel - you’re free to trade & gift privately but do not post any part publicly and do not sell. Another Country - BBC Radio 4 - September 23, 2006 (Radio Broadcast's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [59.9MB] CAST: Ben Righton (Guy Bennett), Tom Hiddleston (Tommy Judd) NOTES: Broadcast by BBC Radio 4. Length: 1 hour, 30 minutes. Anyone Can Whistle - Ravinia Festival - August, 2005 (Soundboard’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [103MB] CAST: Patti LuPone (Cora Hoover Hooper), Audra McDonald (Fay Apple), Michael Cerveris (J. Bowden Hapgood), Ray Wills (Comptroller Schub), Peter Mohawk (Dr. Detmold), Jerry Galante (Treasurer Cooley), David Mendes (Chief Magruder), Christine Sherrill (June), Jason Bayle (John) NOTES: There is heavy noise and distortion during Act Two, from "I've Got You to Lean On" to after "See What It Gets You." Some copies have completely removed this section because it's largely unlistenable. Highland Park, IL. Anyone Can Whistle - Master Voices Concert (Carnegie Hall) - March 10, 2022 (clarajohnson's master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [56.4MB] CAST: Vanessa Williams (Cora Hoover Hooper), Elizabeth Stanley (Fay Apple), Santino Fontana (Hapgood), Joanna Gleason (Narrator), Douglas Sills (Comptroller Schub), Eddie Cooper (Treasurer Cooley), Michael Mulheren (Police Chief Magruder), Mark Spergel (Dr. Detmond) NOTES: some big sound issues with crackling mics. Semi-staged concert presentation. Can be used in trades but please gift upon request. Anyone Can Whistle - MasterVoices Concert - March 10, 2022 (BlackbirdFly’s master) NFT: Except through master FORMAT: M4A (tracked & untracked) [503MB] CAST: Vanessa Williams (Cora Hoover Hooper), Elizabeth Stanley (Fay Apple), Santino Fontana (Hapgood), Joanna Gleason (Narrator), Douglas Sills (Comptroller Schub), Eddie Cooper (Treasurer Cooley), Michael Mulheren (Police Chief Magruder), Mark Spergel (Dr. Detmond) NOTES: Special one night only concert presentation. Sound levels were unbalanced in the venue so the audio has been boosted. This unfortunately also boosts the noise caused by the two people I was seated next to. To the left of me, there was a loud laugher who drank from a flask that clinked. To the right was a very loud, heavy breather/sniffler who randomly whinny'ed, pulled a water bottle out of a plastic bag in the middle of the title song, drank it louder than I've ever heard anyone ever drink, constantly moved around in his seat and punched and spoke to his friend. There is sometimes a bit of shuffling as I tried in vain not to capture these distractions. Includes opening speech from Ted Sperling, curtain call and exit music. Anyone Can Whistle - MasterVoices Concert - March 10, 2022 (hi_im_joe’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [56.82MB] CAST: Vanessa Williams (Cora Hoover Hooper), Elizabeth Stanley (Fay Apple), Santino Fontana (Hapgood), Joanna Gleason (Narrator), Douglas Sills (Comptroller Schub), Eddie Cooper (Treasurer Cooley), Michael Mulheren (Police Chief Magruder), Mark Spergel (Dr. Detmond) Anyone Can Whistle - Southwark Playhouse - April 25, 2022 (sitting-in-my-hotel’s master) FORMAT: M4A (tracked & untracked) [312MB] CAST: Alex Young (Cora Hoover Hooper), Chrystine Symone (Nurse Fay Apple), Jordan Broatch (J Bowden Hapgood), Danny Lane (Comptroller Schub), Samuel Clifford (Treasurer Cooley), Renan Teodoro (Chief of Police Magrueder), Nathan Taylor (Dr Detmold), Kathryn Akin (Mrs Schroeder), Marisha Morgan (Baby Joan), Teddy Hinde (John), Hana Ichijo (June), Shane Convery (George), Jensen Tudtud (Martin) NOTES: Tracked by Hester. Alex trips off the stage in 'Miracle Song' (you can hear her go 'I'm fine!') and in the scene after she exaggeratedly steps carefully off the stage (which is why there's a lot of laughter and some applause seemingly out of nowhere). One of the girls in the audience has a really loud distinctive laugh, which causes Alex and Danny to corpse a bit in Act 2 (you can hear Danny say 'are you ready'). Sorry, I got a bit fidgety toward the end of Act 1 and was rustling my ticket for a bit. Anyone Can Whistle - Southwark Playhouse - May 3, 2022 (Matinée) (magicinthemess’ master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [56.6MB] CAST: Alex Young (Cora Hoover Hooper), Chrystine Symone (Nurse Fay Apple), Jordan Broatch (J. Bowden Hapgood), Danny Lane (Controller Schub), Samuel Clifford (Treasurer Cooley), Renan Teodoro (Chief of Police Magruder), Nathan Taylor (Dr. Detmold), Kathryn Akin (Mrs. Schroeder), Marisha Morgan (Baby Joan), Teddy Hinde (John), Hana Ijicho (June), Shane Convery (George), Jensen Tudtud (Martin). NOTES: There was a pre-show announcement to let the audience know that since Alex had sprained her ankle a few days previous, she would be performing with a crutch - which she ended up using as a prop for comedic effect occasionally. Anything Goes - First Broadway Revival - May-September, 1989 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [189MB] CAST: Leslie Uggams (Reno Sweeney), Gregg Edelman (Billy Crocker), Kathleen Mahoney-Bennett (Hope Harcourt), Bill McCutcheon (Moonface Martin), Walter Bobbie (Lord Evelyn Oakleigh), Anne Francine (Mrs. Evangeline Harcourt), Susan Terry (Erma) Anything Goes - Second Broadway Revival - March 10, 2011 (Preview) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) & M4A (untracked) [334MB] CAST: Sutton Foster (Reno Sweeney), Colin Donnell (Billy Crocker), Laura Osnes (Hope Harcourt), Joel Grey (Moonface Martin), Adam Godley (Lord Evelyn Oakleigh), Jessica Walter (Mrs. Evangeline Harcourt), John McMartin (Elisha J. Whitney), Jessica Stone (Erma) NOTES: First Preview. Unofficially untracked by FaceInTheMirror. Anything Goes - Second Broadway Revival - June 11, 2011 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [188MB] CAST: Sutton Foster (Reno Sweeney), Colin Donnell (Billy Crocker), Laura Osnes (Hope Harcourt), Joel Grey (Moonface Martin), Adam Godley (Lord Evelyn Oakleigh), Jessica Walter (Mrs. Evangeline Harcourt), John McMartin (Elisha J. Whitney), Jessica Stone (Erma) NOTES: Recorded from the front row the night before the Tony's. The cast was filled with energy during this performance! Sutton actually sang "Friendship, meow, friendship" during the song "Friendship"! The cast was screaming at each other and cracking up the entire time during "Anything Goes". Anything Goes - Second Broadway Revival - July 8, 2012 (Matinee) (Closing Night) (juniper47's master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [198MB] CAST: Stephanie J Block (Reno Sweeney), Bill English (Billy Crocker), Erin Mackey (Hope Harcourt), Joel Grey (Moonface Martin), Robert Petkoff (Lord Evelyn Oakleigh), Julie Halston (Mrs. Evangeline Harcourt), John McMartin (Elisha J. Whitney), Joyce Chittick (Erma) NOTES: Final performance of the Broadway revival production. A very appreciative and energetic audience. Includes closing speech delivered by Joel Grey. Anything Goes - Second West End Revival - July 25, 2021 (Matinee) (Preview) (VeryTheatricalTrades’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked & untracked) [245MB] CAST: Sutton Foster (Reno Sweeney), Samuel Edwards (Billy Crocker), Nicole-Lily Baisden (Hope Harcourt), Robert Lindsay (Moonface Martin), Haydn Oakley (Lord Evelyn Oakleigh), Felicity Kendal (Mrs. Evangeline Harcourt), Gary Wilmot (Elisha J. Whitney), Carly Mercedes Dyer (Erma), Alistair So (Luke), Jon Chew (John), Clive Haywood (Captain) NOTES: 3rd Preview, standing ovations after “Anything Goes” and “Blow, Gabriel, Blow”. Tracked By Hester. Anything Goes - Second West End Revival - July 28, 2021 (MozartWasCrazy's master) FORMAT: M4A (tracked & untracked) [105MB] CAST: Sutton Foster (Reno Sweeney), Robert Lindsay (Moonface Martin), Samuel Edwards (Billy Crocker), Nicole-Lily Baisden (Hope Harcourt), Haydn Oakley (Lord Evelyn Oakleigh), Carly Mercedes Dyer (Erma), Gary Wilmot (Elisha J. Whitney), Felicity Kendal (Evangeline Harcourt), Jon Chew (John), Alistair So (Luke) NOTES: Recorded by a friend and released by MozartWasCrazy.Audio is's very muffled and quiet. There are lots of high-pitched constant recorder noises, especially prominent in act 2. Can be hard to make out lines in songs. Tracked by FaceInTheMirror. Anything Goes - Second West End Revival - October 22, 2021 (Very Theatrical Trades’s master) FORMAT: M4A (tracked) & MP3 (untracked) [516MB] CAST: Rachel York (Reno Sweeney), Samuel Edwards (Billy Crocker), Nicole-Lily Baisden (Hope Harcourt), Robert Lindsay (Moonface Martin), Haydn Oakley (Lord Evelyn Oakleigh), Haydn Gwynne (Mrs. Evangeline Harcourt), Gary Wilmot (Elisha J. Whitney), Carly Mercedes Dyer (Erma), Alistair So (Luke), Jon Chew (John), Clive Haywood (Captain) NOTES: Moved at the interval due to disruptive audience Members. Act 2 Clearer than the first act. Tracked by FaceInTheMirror. WILLOW’S TEA: Very clear, talented cast. The audience was very energetic with lots of applause and laughter. Anything Goes - Second UK Tour - May 14, 2022 (hausofbootlegs’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [183MB] CAST: Kerry Ellis (Reno Sweeney), Denis Lawson (Moonface Martin), Simon Callow (Elisha Whitney), Bonnie Langford (Evangeline Harcourt), Samuel Edwards (Billy Crocker), Nicole-Lily Baisden (Hope Harcourt), Carly Mercedes Dyer (Erma), Haydn Oakley (Lord Evelyn), Carl Au (Luke), Cornelius Clarke (Purser), Clive Hayward (Ships Captain), Trev Neo (John), Billie-Kay (Chairty), Jessica Buckby (Virtue), Selina Hamilton (Purity) The Apple Tree - Encores! - May 11, 2005 FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [140MB] CAST: Kristin Chenoweth (Eve/Princess Barbára/Ella and Passionella), Malcolm Gets (Adam/Captain Sanjar/Flip, the Prince, Charming), Michael Cerveris (Snake/Balladeer/Narrator) NOTES: Dress Rehearsal. The Apple Tree - Broadway (2006 Revival) - December 16, 2006 (Matinee) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [114MB] CAST: Kristin Chenoweth (Eve/Princess BarbÃ¡ra/Ella and Passionella), Brian d’Arcy James (Adam/Captain Sanjar/Flip, the Prince, Charming), Marc Kudisch (Snake/Balladeer/Narrator) The Apple Tree - Broadway (2006 Revival) - January 17, 2007 FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [60.4MB] CAST: Kristin Chenoweth (Eve/Princess Barbára/Ella and Passionella), Brian d'Arcy James (Adam/Captain Sanjar/Flip, the Prince, Charming), Marc Kudisch (Snake/Balladeer/Narrator) The Apple Tree - Broadway (2006 Revival) - January 24, 2007 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [91.9MB] CAST: Kristin Chenoweth (Eve/Princess Barbára/Ella and Passionella), Brian d'Arcy James (Adam/Captain Sanjar/Flip, the Prince, Charming), Marc Kudisch (Snake/Balladeer/Narrator) The Apple Tree - Broadway (2006 Revival) - March 3, 2007 (mystic_meg_gal’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [97.6MB] CAST: Kristin Chenoweth (Eve/Princess Barbára/Ella and Passionella), Brian d'Arcy James (Adam/Captain Sanjar/Flip, the Prince, Charming), Sean Palmer (Snake/Balladeer/Narrator) The Apple Tree - Broadway (2006 Revival) - March 7, 2007 (mystic_meg_gal’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [147MB] CAST: Kristin Chenoweth (Eve/Princess Barbára/Ella and Passionella), Brian d'Arcy James (Adam/Captain Sanjar/Flip, the Prince, Charming), Sean Palmer (u/s Snake/Balladeer/Narrator) NOTES: During this performance, Kristin got her whip caught in her headdress and couldn't free it so she stopped singing half way through, stuck the whip down her dress and finished ‘I've Got What You Want' like that before asking a member of the ensemble to free her – very funny. The Apple Tree - Broadway (2006 Revival) - March 10, 2007 (Matinee) (galinda_the_good’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [60.6MB] CAST: Kristin Chenoweth (Eve/Princess Barbára/Ella and Passionella), Brian d'Arcy James (Adam/Captain Sanjar/Flip, the Prince, Charming), Marc Kudisch (Snake/Balladeer/Narrator) The Apple Tree - Broadway (2006 Revival) - March 11, 2007 (Matinee) (Closing Night) (galinda_the_good’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [106MB] CAST: Kristin Chenoweth (Eve/Princess Barbára/Ella and Passionella), Brian d'Arcy James (Adam/Captain Sanjar/Flip, the Prince, Charming), Marc Kudisch (Snake/Balladeer/Narrator) NOTES: Includes Kristin's speech at the end. Appropriate - Broadway - March 1, 2024 (idkbootlegs’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [240MB] CAST: Sarah Paulson (Toni), Corey Stoll (Bo), Michael Esper (Franz), Natalie Gold (Rachael), Elle Fanning (River), Graham Campbell (Rhys), Alyssa Emily Marvin (Cassidy), Everett Sobers (Ainsley), Michael Crane (Stranger) As You Like It - West End (@Sohoplace) - January 28, 2023 (Closing Night) (forfivemoreminutes’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [65.9MB] CAST: Leah Harvey (Rosalind), Rose Ayling-Ellis (Celia), Alfred Enoch (Orlando), Tom Mison (Touchstone), Martha Plimpton (Jaques), Syakira Moeladi (u/s Aimens/Court Lady), Tom Edden (Duke Frederick/Duke Senior), Dickon Gough (Charles/William/3rd Forester), Gabriella Leon (Audrey/Court Lady), Mary Malone (Phoebe/Court Lady), Syakira Moladi (Hysperia/2nd Forester), Nathan Queeley-Dennis (Silvius/Dennis/First Forester), Cal Watson (Le Beau), June Watson (Adam/Corin), Ben Wiggins (Oliver), Michael Bruce (Compser/Pianist) NOTES: Final performance of this run. Rose mostly used BSL for her lines and so they are not audible. No swings so I am assuming Syakira just covered her normal role plus the Aimens part as nothing else was marked on the cast board. Includes cast board. As You Like It - West End (@Sohoplace) - January 28, 2023 (Closing Night) (sitting-in-my-hotel’s master) NOT FOR SALE FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [68.4MB] CAST: Leah Harvey (Rosalind), Rose Ayling-Ellis (Celia), Alfred Enoch (Orlando), Tom Mison (Touchstone), Martha Plimpton (Jaques), Syakira Moeladi (u/s Aimens/Court Lady), Tom Edden (Duke Frederick/Duke Senior), Dickon Gough (Charles/William/3rd Forester), Gabriella Leon (Audrey/Court Lady), Mary Malone (Phoebe/Court Lady), Syakira Moladi (Hysperia/2nd Forester), Nathan Queeley-Dennis (Silvius/Dennis/First Forester), Cal Watson (Le Beau), June Watson (Adam/Corin), Ben Wiggins (Oliver), Michael Bruce (Compser/Pianist) NOTES: Closing night. The scenes with Celia might be a bit hard to follow just from the audio because Rose signs most of her scenes. As You Like It (Shaina Taub) - Shakespeare in the Park - August 30, 2022 (Opening Night) (BlackbirdFly’s master) NFT: Except through master FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [354MB] CAST: Amar Atkins (u/s Duke Senior), Angel Universe (Lady in Waiting/Attendant), Arianne Recto (Puppet-deer), Ato Blankson-Wood (Orlando), Bianca Edwards (Phoebe), Bobby Moody (De Boys/Arden Dancer), Christopher M. Ramirez (Touchstone), Clarimar Capellan (Lady in Waiting/Attendant), Claudia Yanez (u/s Silvia), Damion Allen (William), Edwin Rivera (De Boys/Attendant), Eric Herrera (Puppet-deer), Eric Pierre (Duke Frederick), Fiona Chen (Lady in Waiting/Arden Dancer), Genesis Perdomo Santos (Lady in Waiting/Arden Dancer), Idania Quezada (Celia), Jonathan Jordan (Andy), JonPaul Niang (Puppet-deer), Lori Brown-Niang (Agent/Puppet-deer), Maria Capellan (Puppet-deer), Mili Shrestha (Lady in Waiting/Attendant), Nancy Hannah Pierre (Lady in Waiting/Arden Dancer), Nanjean Gonzalez (Puppet-deer), Pierre Harmony Graves (De Boys/Arden Dancer/Young Orlando Dad), Rebecca Naomi Jones (Rosalind), Reina Celis (Attendant), Renrick Palmer (Oliver), Sabrina Cedeño (Puppet-deer), Shaina Taub (Jaques), Tristan André (De Boys/Attendant) NOTES: Opening night. Due to the weather, the show ended 20 minutes before it should have. Some audio has been removed or silenced for privacy reasons: about 30 seconds of chatter during the audience “bonding moment” and the 15 minute show pause (including part of the speech announcing the show was over). Typical noise to be expected from an outside recording, and some shuffling as I tried to protect my phone when the rain got worse (you can hear people around me discussing the weather at this point as well). It’s unclear which ensemble was on that night so unfortunately the cast list is not complete. NFT except through master. Never to be sold and/or posted publicly. As You Like It (Michael Mayer/Tom Kitt) - Japan - January 14, 2017 FORMAT: M4A (tracked & untracked) & FLAC (untracked) [907MB] CAST: Reon Yuzuki (Rosalind), Julian Cihi (Orlando), Maiko (Celia), Imoaraizaka Kakarichou (Touchstone), Satoshi Hashimoto (Jaques), Eiji Yokota (Oliver), Takehiko Ono (Duke Frederick), Takehiko Ono (Duke Senior), Kanata Irei (Amiens), Touta Tawaragi (Corin), Ryo Hirano (Silvius), Nino Furuhata, Masato Shinkawa, Kate Doi, Emiko Hijikata, Rika Tanaka, Takashi Waki, Takayuki Shishido, Kanako Irie (Audrey), Kaoru Hirata (Phoebe), Tatsumi Aoyama (Adam), Kozo Takeda (Charles) NOTES: A shakespeare play directed by Michael Mayer, featuring 8 original songs by Tom Kitt (performed live) and several pre-recorded ‘60s music. Dialogues and songs are performed in Japanese. Aside from the full show audio, the folder contains 10 original song/instrumental tracks that were separated from it, plus 3 official recordings taken from the official website. Aspects of Love - West End Revival - May 30, 2023 (sitting-in-my-hotel’s master) FORMAT: M4A (tracked & untracked) [196MB] CAST: Jamie Bogyo (Alex Dillingham), Michael Ball (George Dillingham), Laura Pitt-Pulford (Rose Vilbert), Danielle de Niese (Giulietta Trapani), Anna Unwin (Jenny Dillingham), Rosemary Ashe (Elisabeth), Vinny Coyle (Hugo le Meunier), Michael Matus (Marcel), Anthony Cable, Chumisa Dornford-May, Soophia Foroughi, Dickon Gough, Ben Heathcote, Eu Jin Hwang, Daniel Jagusz-Holley, Linda Jarvis, Natasha O’Brien, Joanna O’Hare NOTES: Tracked by FaceInTheMirror. Some chattering, rustling and creaky chairs (especially in Act 2). Not for sale. Assassins - Sheffield - April 1, 2006 (Closing Night) (Highlights) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [56.9MB] CAST: Matt Rawle (The Balladeer), Matthew Cross (Lee Harvey Oswald), Hadley Fraser (John Wilkes Booth), Josie Walker (Sara Jane Moore), Penny Layden (Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme), James Gillian (John Hinckley, Jr.), Gerard Murphy (Samuel Byck), Richard Colvin (Giuseppe Zangara), Billy Carter (Leon Czolgosz), Ian Bartholomew (Charles Guiteau) NOTES: Songs only. Astonishing Return of the Protagonists - National Alliance for Musical Theatre - October 17, 2013 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [45.4MB] CAST: Marc Kudisch (Captain Marvelous), Sutton Foster (Eagle Woman), Andy Karl (Voltman), Tyler Maynard (Fishboy), Christopher Sieber (The Clump), Kara Lindsay (Penelope), Douglas Sills (Dr. Victor Zappus), Todd Alan Johnson (Stage Directions/Featured Roles) Audra McDonald in Concert - Carnegie Hall - April 29, 2015 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [106MB] CAST: Audra McDonald NOTES: Set-list includes (but is not limited to): “Mr. Snow,” “No One Else,” “Proud Lady,” “Vanilla Ice Cream,” “Maybe This Time,” “How Could I Ever Know?” “Go Back Home,” “The Writing on the Wall,” “Climb Every Mountain,” “Rainbow High,” “Over the Rainbow” Audra McDonald: LA Opera -Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Los Angeles, CA - May 20, 2018 (thehouseonsunset's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [73.3MB] CAST: Audra McDonald, LA Opera Orchestra NOTES: 3 pm show. Under the direction of Andy Einhor. Audra McDonald sings from the American song book featuring classics like Summertime, Before the Parade Passes By, Cabaret, Children Will Listen, I Could Have Danced All Night and more. August: Osage County - Broadway - June 20, 2009 (Matinee) (turkeylurkeytime’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [145MB] CAST: Phylicia Rashad (Violet Weston), Amy Morton (Barbara Fordham), Mariann Mayberry (Karen Weston), Sally Murphy (Ivy Weston), Frank Wood (Bill Fordham), Elizabeth Ashley (Mattie Fae Aiken), Guy Boyd (Charlie Aiken), Michael Mulligan (Little Charles Aiken), Kimberly Guerrero (Johnna), John Cullum (t/r Beverly Weston), Brian Kerwin (Steve Heidebrecht), Troy West (Sheriff Gilbeau) August Rush - Paramount Theatre - May 22, 2019 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [70.6MB] CAST: Jack McCarthy (August Rush), George Abud (Lewis Chapman), John Hickok (Wizard/Thomas Novacek), Leenya Rideout (Hope), Sydney Shepherd (Lyla Novacek) Autumn Nights Concert - Spijkenisse, The Netherlands - October 3, 2020 (MusicalTheatreLove’s master) NFT: Except through master FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [179MB] CAST: Steven Roox, Willemijn Verkaik, Linda Verstraten, Yoran de Bont, Stef de Hond. NOTES: Two concerts on the same night, this is the 19:30 concert. Includes a setlist. Baby - Workshop - December 17, 1982 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [87.9MB] CAST: Liz Callaway (Lizzie Fields), Catherine Cox (Pam Sakarian), Beth Fowler (Arlene McNally), James Congdon (Alan McNally) Back to the Future: The Musical - Manchester Opera House - February 29, 2020 (Matinee) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [320MB] CAST: Olly Dobson (Marty McFly), Roger Bart (Dr. Emmett Brown), Hugh Coles (George McFly), Rosanna Hyland (Lorraine Baines-McFly), Cedric Neal (Goldie Wilson / Marvin Berry), Aidan Cutler (Biff Tannen), Courtney-Mae Briggs (Jennifer Parker), Mark Oxtoby (Gerald Strickland), Will Haswell (Dave McFly), Emma Lloyd (Linda McFly), Alessia McDermott, Amy Barker, Bethany Rose Lythgoe, Cameron McAllister, Jake Small, Jamal Crawford, Jemma Revell, Justin Thomas, Laura Mullowney, Mitchell Zhangazha, Nathanael Landskroner, Oliver Ormson, Owen Chaponda, Rhianne Alleyne Back to the Future: The Musical - West End - August 21, 2021 (Matinee) (Preview) (Very Theatrical Trades’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked & untracked) [272MB] CAST: Olly Dobson (Marty McFly), Roger Bart (Dr. Emmett Brown), Hugh Coyles (George McFly), Rosanna Hyland (Lorraine Baines-McFly), Cedric Neal (Goldie Wilson / Marvin Berry), Aidan Cutler (Biff Tannen), Courtney-Mae Briggs (Jennifer Parker), Mark Oxtoby (Gerald Strickland) NOTES: 2nd Preview of the Spectacular New Musical in the West End. Tracked By Hester. Back to the Future: The Musical - West End - September 13, 2021 (Opening Night) (Very Theatrical Trades’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked & untracked) [513MB] CAST: Olly Dobson (Marty McFly), Mark Oxtoby (u/s Dr. Emmett Brown), Hugh Coles (George McFly), Rosanna Hyland (Lorraine Baines-McFly), Cedric Neal (Goldie Wilson / Marvin Berry), Aidan Cutler (Biff Tannen), Courtney- Mae Briggs (Jennifer Parker), Mathew Barrow (u/s Gerald Strickland) NOTES: Opening Night; Opening Night. Mark Oxtoby’s First show as Doc Brown after having no understudy Run prior to the show. Includes speeches by Colin Ingram and Bob Gale. Tracked By Hester. Back to the Future: The Musical - West End - October 17, 2021 (Matinee) (All-Revved-Up's Master) NFT: Except through master FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) & M4A (untracked) [346MB] Cast: Roger Bart (Doc Brown), Will Haswell (u/s Marty McFly), Hugh Coles (George McFly), Rosanna Hyland (Lorraine Baines), Cedric Neal (Goldie Wilson), Aidan Cutler (Biff Tannen), Courtney-Mae Briggs (Jennifer Parker), Mark Oxtoby (Strickland), Ryan Heenan (u/s Dave McFly), Emma Lloyd (Linda McFly), Amy Barker (Ensemble), Alessia McDermott (Ensemble), Cameron McAllister (Ensemble), Jamal Crawford (Ensemble), Joshua Clemetson (Ensemble), Justin Thomas (Ensemble), Katharine Pearson (Ensemble), Laura Mullowney (Ensemble), Matthew Barrow (Ensemble), Melissa Rose (Ensemble), Morgan Gregory (Ensemble), Nic Myers (Ensemble), Rhianne Alleyne (Ensemble), Ryan Heenan (Ensemble), Shane O'Riordan (Ensemble), Tavio Wright (Ensemble) NOTES: First time seeing the show! It was incredible as I expected! Tracked By Hester! Back to the Future: The Musical - West End - August 6, 2022 (Matinee) (soulofamansteponetrades’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked & untracked) [723MB] CAST: Mark Oxtoby (u/s Doc Brown), Will Haswell (alt Marty McFly), Hugh Coles (George McFly), Rosanna Hyland (Lorraine Baines), Cedric Neal (Goldie Wilson), Aidan Cutler (Biff Tannen), Courtney-Mae Briggs (Jennifer Parker), Mark Oxtoby (Strickland), Will Haswell (Dave McFly), Emma Lloyd (Linda McFly) NOTES: Includes 2 recordings one from Apple Watch and one from Dolby ON app. Tracked by FaceInTheMirror. Includes Encore Video. Back to the Future: The Musical - West End - August 15, 2022 (soulofaman’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked & untracked) [450MB] CAST: Olly Dobson (Marty McFly), Roger Bart (Doc Brown), Hugh Coles (George McFly), Rosanna Hyland (Lorraine Baines), Cedric Neal (Goldie Wilson/Marvin Berry), Aidan Cutler (Biff Tannen), Courtney-Mae Briggs (Jennifer Parker), Will Haswell (Dave McFly/Slick), Emma Lloyd (Linda McFly), Katharine Pearson (Clocktower Woman), Shane O'Riordan (3D), Rhianne Alleyne (Betty), Nic Myers (Babs) Back to the Future: The Musical - West End - September 5, 2022 (Very Theatrical Trades’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked & untracked) [469MB] CAST: Will Haswell (alt Marty McFly), Roger Bart (Doc Brown), Oliver Nicholas (George McFly), Amber Davies (Lorraine Baines), Tavio Wright (u/s Goldie Wilson/Marvin Berry), Harry Jobson (Biff Tannen), Sophie Naglik (Jennifer Parker), Gary Trainor (Strickland), Glen Facey (u/s Dave McFly), Emma Lloyd (Linda McFly) NOTES: Tracked by FaceInTheMirror. The Baker's Wife - Pre-Broadway Tour - September, 1976 (Soundboard’s master) FORMAT: AIFF (tracked) [1.16GB] CAST: Patti LuPone (Geneviève), Kurt Peterson (Dominique), Chaim Topol (Aimable), Portia Nelson (Thérèse), Teri Ralston (Denise), Benjamin Rayson (Claude) NOTES: Soundboard. Pre-Broadway try-out in Boston. Mullikin's role was not yet written. Includes 'Meadowlark,' 'The Baking,' 'Look for the Woman,' 'When She Comes Home Tomorrow,' and 'Endless Delights'. Band Geeks - Staged Reading - October 20, 2009 FORMAT: M4A (tracked) & MP3 (untracked) [71MB] CAST: Jared Gertner (Elliott), Marie-France Arcilla (Molly), Aaron J. Albano (Alvin), Alex Brightman (Stewart), Adam Chanler-Berat (Spitz), Patti Murin (Nicole), Griffin Matthews (Kyle), John Bolton (Mr. Hornsby), Dwayne Clark (Jake), Kat Palardy (Natalia), Lindsay Mendez (Laura), Jill Abramovitz (Mrs. Dixon) NOTES: Staged reading for the National Alliance for Musical Theatre's 21st Annual Festival of New Musicals, abridged. The Band's Visit - Broadway - November 2, 2017 (Preview) (redladydeath's master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [47MB] CAST: Katrina Lenk (Dina), Tony Shalhoub (Tewfiq), John Cariani (Itzik), Ari’el Stachel (Haled), Etai Benson (Papi), Adam Kantor (Telephone Guy), George Abud (Camal), Andrew Polk (Avrum), Bill Army (Zelger), Rachel Prather (Julia), Jonathan Raviv (Sammy), Sharone Sayegh (Anna), Kristen Sieh (Iris), Alok Tewari (Simon) The Band's Visit - Off-West End - November 8, 2022 (GloryOfTheSpring’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [45.9MB] CAST: Emma Kingston (alt Dina), Alon Moni Aboutboul (Tewfiq), Sharif Afifi (Haled), Marc Antolin (Itzik), Harel Glazer (Papi), Michal Horowitz (Iris), Ashley Margolis (Telephone Guy), Levi Goldmeier (Zelger), Ido Gonen (Sammy), Shira Kravitz (u/s Sammy’s Wife), Carlos Mendoza He Hevia (Camal), Yale Topol Margalith (Anna), Maya Kristal Tenenbaum (Julia), Peter Polycarpou (Avrum), Sargon Yelda (Simon), Andy Findon (Woodwinds), Ant Romero (Percussion), Idlir Shyti (Cello), Baha Yetkin (Oud) NOTES: Emma’s second performance as Dina! She flubs the end of 'Something Different (Reprise),' but you would only notice if you know the show well. The Band's Visit - Off-West End (Donmar Warehouse) - November 11, 2022 (sitting-in-my-hotel’s master) NOT FOR SALE FORMAT: M4A (tracked & untracked) [166MB] CAST: Mira Mesika (Dina), Alon Moni Aboutboul (Tewfiq), Marc Antolin (Itzik), Sharif Afifi (Haled), Harel Glazer (Papi), Ashley Margolis (Telephone Guy), Carlos Mendoza De Hevia (Camal), Peter Polycarpou (Avrum), Levi Goldmeier (Zelger), Maya Kristal Tenenbaum (Julia), Ido Gonen (Sammy), Yali Topol Margalith (Anna), Michal Horowicz (Iris), Sargon Yelda (Simon), Emma Kingston (Sammy's Wife) NOTES: Tracked by Hester. Wow what a fantastic show - Mira as Dina is amazing. The Band's Visit - Off-West End - November 19, 2022 (Matinee) (sitting-in-my-hotel’s master) NOT FOR SALE FORMAT: M4A (tracked & untracked) [201MB] CAST: Mira Mesika (Dina), Alon Moni Aboutboul (Tewfiq), Marc Antolin (Itzik), Sharif Afifi (Haled), Harel Glazer (Papi), Ashley Margolis (Telephone Guy), Carlos Mendoza De Hevia (Camal), Peter Polycarpou (Avrum), Levi Goldmeier (Zelger), Shira Kravitz (u/s Julia), Ido Gonen (Sammy), Yali Topol Margalith (Anna), Michal Horowicz (Iris), Sargon Yelda (Simon), Emma Kingston (Sammy's Wife) NOTES: Tracked by FaceInTheMirror. Mira flubs a line in 'Something Different'. I'm pretty sure the guy on for the woodwind instruments (as part of the on stage band) isn't the one listed in the program, but I didn't see a notice anywhere. Bandstand - Broadway - July 22, 2017 (carryonkeepsmiling’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [254MB] CAST: Corey Cott (Donny Novitski), Becca Petersen (u/s Julia Trojan), James Nathan Hopkins (Jimmy Campbell), Joe Carroll (Johnny Simpson), Geoff Packard (Wayne Wright), Brandon J Ellis (Davy Zlatic), Joey Pero (Nick Radel), Beth Leavel (Mrs. June Adams), Mary Callanan (Jean Ann Ryan/Production Assistant), Kevin Mirriv (Al/James Haupt), Jessica Lea Patty (Jo), Drew McVety (Oliver), Ryan Kasprzak (Mr. Jackson), Jonathan Shew (Andre Bauch), Ryan VanDenBoom (Roger Cohen), Morgan Marcell (Entertainment Director), Max Clayton (Tom), Andrea Dotto (Betsy) Barack on Broadway - Broadway - June 4, 2012 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [138MB] CAST: Patti LuPone, Neil Patrick Harris, Megan Hilty, Cheyenne Jackson, Angela Lansbury, Mandy Patinkin, Nina Arianda, Bobby Cannavale, Stockard Channing, James Earl Jones, Hettienne Park, Patrick Wilson, Jeffrey Wright, Chuck Cooper, Norbert Leo Butz, Audra McDonald, Tony Kushner, Kerry Butler NOTES: Includes remarks by Bill Clinton and Barack Obama. Bare: A Pop Opera - Off-Broadway - March 27, 2004 (Preview) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [146MB] CAST: Michael Arden (Peter Simmonds), John Hill (Jason McConnell), Jenna Leigh Green (Ivy Robinson), Natalie Joy Johnson (Nadia McConnell), Romelda Benjamin (Sister Chantelle), Aaron Lohr (Matt Lloyd), Jim Price (Priest), Adam Fleming (Lucas Carter), Sasha Allen (Tanya Garrett), Kaitlin Hopkins (Claire Simmonds), Kay Trinidad (Diane Lee), Kearran Giovanni (Kyra), Mike Cannon (Zack), Lindsay Scott (Rory), Isaac Calpito (Alan) Bare: A Pop Opera - Off-Broadway - May 2, 2004 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [148MB] CAST: Michael Arden (Peter Simmonds), John Hill (Jason McConnell), Jenna Leigh Green (Ivy Robinson), Natalie Joy Johnson (Nadia McConnell), Romelda Benjamin (Sister Chantelle), Aaron Lohr (Matt Lloyd), Jim Price (Priest), Adam Fleming (Lucas Carter), Sasha Allen (Tanya Garrett), Kaitlin Hopkins (Claire Simmonds), Kay Trinidad (Diane Lee), Kearran Giovanni (Kyra), Michael Cannon (Zack/Jake), Lindsay Scott (Rory), Isaac Calpito (Alan) Bare: A Pop Opera - Off-Broadway - May 27, 2004 (Closing Night) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [108MB] CAST: Michael Arden (Peter Simmonds), John Hill (Jason McConnell), Jenna Leigh Green (Ivy Robinson), Natalie Joy Johnson (Nadia McConnell), Romelda Benjamin (Sister Chantelle), Aaron Lohr (Matt Lloyd), Jim Price (Priest), Adam Fleming (Lucas Carter), Sasha Allen (Tanya Garrett), Kaitlin Hopkins (Claire Simmonds), Kay Trinidad (Diane Lee), Kearran Giovanni (Kyra), Mike Cannon (Zack), Lindsay Scott (Rory), Isaac Calpito (Alan) NOTES: Could have been ripped from the video of this night, but not sure. Bare: The Musical - Off-Broadway - February 3, 2013 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [118MB] CAST: Jason Hite (Jason McConnell), Taylor Trensch (Peter Simonds), Elizabeth Judd (Ivy Robinson), Barrett Wilbert Weed (Nadia McConnell), Gerard Canonico (Matt Lloyd), Missi Pyle (Sister Joan), Jerold E Solomon (Father Mike), Alice Lee (Diane Lee), Alex Wyse (Alan), Justin Gregory Lopez (Beto), Ariana Groover (Vanessa) NOTES: Last night! Recorded from 5th row center orchestra. Significant amount of applause cut out. The first and last track are largely applause numbers (the intro and the bows), but I included them anyway. No closing speech (strange). Missi was noticeably emotional during You're Not Alone, and so was the entire cast by No Voice. Bat Out of Hell - Toronto - December 27, 2017 (ghostlighttrading’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [61.6MB] CAST: Andrew Polec (Strat), Christina Bennington (Raven), Rob Fowler (Falco), Sharon Sexton (Sloane), Danielle Steers (Zahara), Billy Lewis Jr (Jagwire), Giovanni Spano (Ledoux), Patrick Sullivan (Blake), Aran MacRae (Tink) NOTES: Natalie Chua sings Amy Di Bartolomeo's vocal parts. Bat Boy: The Musical - Off-Broadway - December 2, 2001 (Closing Night) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [169MB] CAST: Deven May (Bat Boy), Leslie Kritzer (u/s Meredith Parker), Sean McCourt (Dr Parker), Kerry Butler (Shelley), Gavin Creel (u/s Sheriff) Bat Out of Hell - Oberhausen, Germany - March 24, 2019 (Matinee) (Elle_08’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [65MB] CAST: Robin Reitsma, Sarah Kornfeld, Alex Melcher, Willemijn Verkaik, Tom van der Ven, Bathoni Puplampu, Benet Monteiro, Antonio Calanna, Gonzalo Campos Be More Chill - Broadway - February 13, 2019 (Preview) (stumbletothesound (brookeslohst)'s master) NFT: Except through master FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [61.6MB] CAST: Will Roland (Jeremy Heere), George Salazar (Michael Mell), Stephanie Hsu (Christine Canigula), Jason Tam (The SQUIP), Lauren Marcus (Brooke Lohst), Katlyn Carlson (Chloe Valentine), Tiffany Mann (Jenna Rolan), Britton Smith (Jake Dillinger), Gerard Canonico (Rich Goranski), Jason SweetTooth Williams (Mr. Heere/Mr. Reyes/Scary Stockboy) NOTES: First Broadway preview! Taken from the second row and the bass is a bit heavy during the songs. Tracked and full audio. A very energetic, brilliant performance, and there are a lot of great changes to the show! BMC 3.0 is amazing, guys. WILLOW'S TEA: A very clear audio, near soundboard quality. No mic rustling or anything like that; quiet audience. Not enterally sure I'm a fan of this show. I didn't find the actor's performances anything amazing either. It will be interesting to see what got changed after the previews. Be More Chill - Broadway - August 8, 2019 (millifan's master) Gifting upon request FORMAT: WAV (untracked) [1.31GB] & WAV (tracked) [1.31GB] CAST: Will Roland (Jeremy Heere), George Salazar (Michael Mell), Stephanie Hsu (Christine Canigula), Jason Tam (The SQUIP), Lauren Marcus (Brooke Lohst), Katlyn Carlson (Chloe Valentine), Tiffany Mann (Jenna Rolan), Britton Smith (Jake Dillinger), Gerard Canonico (Rich Goranski), Jason SweetTooth Williams (Mr. Heere/Mr. Reyes/Scary Stockboy) NOTES: Recorded from orchestra right, about the 5th row, using stereo digital recorder. Very close to the speaker on that side, so some of the louder songs are a bit overly loud (particularly the "screechy" sounding Squip effects). Dialogue is all crystal clear and awesome sounding. Also, please do not share in lossy format. Be More Chill - West End - July 25, 2021 (Matinee) (IrishTrading’s master) FORMAT: M4A (tracked & untracked) [202MB] CAST: Scott Folan (Jeremy Heere), Blake Patrick Anderson (Michael Mell), Miracle Chance (Christine Canigula), Stewart Clarke (The SQUIP), Eloise Davies (Brooke Lohst), Millie O'Connell (Chloe Valentine), Renée Lamb (Jenna Rolan), Miles Paloma (Jake Dillinger), James Hameed (Rich Goranski), Christopher Fry (Mr. Heere/Mr. Reyes/Scary Stockboy) NOTES: Tracked by FaceInTheMirror. Beaches - Signature Theatre, Virginia - March 25, 2014 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [159MB] CAST: Alysha Umphress (Cee Cee Bloom), Mara Davi (Bertie White), Presley Ryan (Little Cee Cee), Brooklyn Shuck (Little Bertie/Nina), Matthew Scott (John Perry), Donna Migliaccio (Leona Bloom) Beautiful: The Carol King Musical - Broadway - July 6, 2018 (juniper47’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [83MB] CAST: Melissa Benoist (Carole King), Adam Dietlein (u/s Gerry Goffin), Jessica Keenan Wynn (Cynthia Weil), Ben Jacoby (Barry Mann), Paul Anthony Stewart (Don Kirshner), Nancy Opel (Genie Klein), Stephanie Martignetti (Marilyn Wald), Kerissa Arrington (Janelle Woods/Shirelle), Gabrielle Elisabeth (Little Eva/Shirelle), Kennedy Caughell (Betty), Matt Faucher (u/s Nick/Righteous Brother), Kevin Duda (Neil Sedaka/Righteous Brother/Lou Adler), Salisha Thomas (Lucille/Shirelle) NOTES: This audio taken from my phone since my main recorder got nothing, so it's mono, but still nice and clear. My roommate's otherwise very quiet service dog shifted back and forth between our laps a few times so there's some shuffling when she did that, or when she decided to shake herself out. Newly released in 2021. Beautiful: The Carole King Musical - Broadway - August 4, 2018 FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [58.8MB] CAST: Melissa Benoist (Carole King), Evan Todd (Gerry Goffin), Kara Lindsay (Cynthia Weil), Ben Jacoby (Barry Mann), Matt Faucher (u/s Don Kirshner), Liz Larsen (Genie Klein) NOTES: Melissa's last show. Beautiful: The Carole King Musical - First National Tour - September 30, 2018 (Closing Night) (Token Goat's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [165MB] CAST: Elise Vannerson (u/s Carole King), Dylan S Wallach (Gerry Goffin), Alison Whitehurst (Cynthia Weil), Jacob Heimer (Barry Mann), James Clow (Don Kirshner), Suzanne Grodner (Genie Klein), Leandra Ellis-Gaston (u/s Janelle Woods/Shirelle), Kaylee Harwood (u/s Betty) NOTES: Closing Night at Pantages. A Beautiful Noise - Broadway - December 4, 2022 (Opening Night) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [55.2MB] CATS: Will Swenson (Neil Diamond – Then), Mark Jacoby (Neil Diamond – Now), Robyn Hurder (Marcia Murphy), Linda Powell (Doctor), Jessie Fisher (Jaye Posner), Michael McCormick (Fred Colby/Tommy O’Rourke), Tom Alan Robbins (Bert Berns/Kieve Diamond), Bria Sudia (Ellie Greenwich/Rose Diamond), Ensemble: Jordan Dobson, Paige Faure, Kalonjee Gallimore, Alex Hairston, Jess Leprotto, Tatiana Lofton, Aaron James McKenzie, Mary Page Nance, Max Sangerman, MiMi Scardulla NOTES: Opening night. Very lively audience. Beauty and the Beast (Disney) - Broadway - July 16, 1994 FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [109.19MB] CAST: Susan Egan (Belle), Terrence Mann (Beast/Prince), Burke Moses (Gaston) Beauty and the Beast (Disney) - Broadway - November 5, 1998 FORMAT: WMA (tracked) [124.29MB] CAST: Toni Braxton (Belle), James Barbour (Beast/Prince), Tim Jerome (Maurice), Steve Blanchard (Gaston), Meschach Taylor (Lumière), Beth Fowler (Mrs. Potts), Skip Harrad (Cogsworth), Jamie Torcellini (Le Fou) NOTES: The first recording with A Change in Me, which was written for Toni Braxton. Could also be traded as May 11, 1998, but that is a date swap (11-05), and is not correct as Toni did not join the show until September, 1998. Beauty and the Beast (Disney) - Broadway - March 4, 1999 FORMAT: M4A (tracked) [133MB] CAST: Andrea McArdle (Belle), James Barbour (Beast/Prince), Tim Jerome (Maurice), Steve Blanchard (Gaston), Patrick Page (Lumière), Beth Fowler (Mrs. Potts), Bill Nabel (u/s Cogsworth), Judith Moore (Madame de la Grande Bouche), Pam Klinger (Babette), Jonathan Andrew Bleicher (Chip), Jeffrey Howard Schecter (Le Fou) Beauty and the Beast (Disney) - Australia - June 19, 1997 (Soundboard’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked)m [119MB] CAST: Sharon Millerchip (Belle), Michael Cormick (Beast/Prince), Scott Irwin (Gaston) Beauty and the Beast (Disney) - West End - 1997 (Soundboard’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [148.25MB] CAST: Alasdair Harvey (Beast), Julie-Alanah Brighten (Belle), Burke Moses (Gaston), Derek Griffiths (Lumiere), Barry James (Cogsworth), Mary Millar (Mrs. Potts), Norman Rossington (Maurice), Di Botcher (Madame de la Grande Bouche), Rebecca Thornhill (Babette), Richard Gauntlett (Lefou) NOTES: Soundboard in 8 parts. Traded with incorrect cast information. The folder dates the performance as October 25, 1997. Cast information is a shot in the dark, but much more likely to be correct than the previous cast info, as Barrowman and Gayle didn’t start playing the leads until 1999. Beauty and the Beast (Disney) - Sacramento Music Circus - June 27, 2017 (MaskedLion's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [295MB] CAST: Jessica Grové (Belle), James Snyder (Beast/Prince), Gordon Goodman (Maurice), Peter Saide (Gaston), Michael Paternostro (Lumière), Shannon Warne (Mrs. Potts), David Hibbard (Cogsworth), Jacquelyn Piro Donovan (Madame de la Grande Bouche), Courtney Iventosch (Babette), Mia Fisher (Chip), Jared Gertner (Le Fou) Beauty and the Beast (Disney) - Thousand Oaks, CA - July 22, 2018 (Matinee) (Token Goat's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [182MB] CAST: Susan Egan (Belle), Jason Chacon (Beast/Prince), David Gilchrist (Maurice), Adam Hollick (Gaston), Marc Ginsburg (Lumière), Sarah Marie (u/s Mrs. Potts), Gregory North (Cogsworth), Nandani Sinha (Madame de la Grande Bouche), Devon Davidson (Babette), Luke Pryor (Chip), Justin Charles Cowden (Le Fou) NOTES: 5-Star Theatricals production of Beauty and the Beast. Beauty and the Beast (Disney) - Second UK Tour (Bristol Hippodrome) - August 25, 2021 (Opening Night) (iseestars’s master) FORMAT: MP4 (untracked} [99.4MB} \| Audio in video format CAST: Courtney Stapleton (Belle), Emmanuel Kojo (Beast), Gavin Lee (Lumiere), Tom Senior (Gaston), Sam Bailey (Mrs Potts), Nigel Richards (Cogsworth), Martin Ball (Maurice), Samantha Bingley (Wardrobe), Emma Caffrey (Babette), Louis Stockil (Le Fou) NOTES: Opening night of the tour. amazing cast and production, includes speech from director at the beginning of act one audio. Bristol stop. Beauty and the Beast (Disney) - Second UK Tour (Bristol Hippodrome) - August 29, 2021 (Matinee) (Very Theatrical Trades’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked & untracked) [277MB] CAST: Courtney Stapleton (Belle), Emmanuel Kojo (Beast), Gavin Lee (Lumiere), Tom Senior (Gaston), Sam Bailey (Mrs Potts), Nigel Richards (Cogsworth), Martin Ball (Maurice), Samantha Bingley (Wardrobe), Emma Caffrey (Babette), Louis Stockil (Le Fou), Theo Querico (Chip) NOTES: Tracked by Hester. Beauty and the Beast (Disney) - UK & Ireland Tour - August 9, 2022 (Matinee) (soulofamansteponetrades’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked & untracked) [720MB] CAST: Grace Swaby-Moore (u/s Belle), Shaq Taylor (Beast), Alyn Hawke (u/s Lumiere), Rhys West (u/s Gaston), Sam Bailey (Mrs. Potts), Nigel Richards (Cogsworth), Thomas Lee Kidd (u/s Maurice), Samantha Bingley (Madame), Emma Caffrey (Babette), Liam Buckland (u/s Le Fou), Suckani Duezwhemi (Chip) NOTES: Recorded front row includes 2 recordings one from Apple Watch and one from Dolby ON app. Tracked by FaceInTheMirror. Beauty and the Beast (Disney) - UK & Ireland Tour - August 1, 2022 (sitting-in-my-hotel’s master) FORMAT: M4A (tracked & untracked) [315.89MB] CAST: Grace Swaby-Moore (u/s Belle), Shaq Taylor (Beast), Gavin Lee (Lumiere), Alyn Hawke (u/s Gaston), Sam Bailey (Mrs. Potts), Nigel Richards (Cogsworth), Martin Ball (Maurice), Emily Squibb (u/s Madame), Emma Caffrey (Babette), Louis Stockil (Le Fou), Rojae Simpson (Chip), Jake Bishop, Pamela Blair, Liam Buckland, Matthew Dawkins, Jasmine Davis, Autumn Draper, Richard Astbury (s/w), David McIntosh (s/w), Jennifer Louise Jones, Thomas-Lee Kidd, Aimee Moore, Sam Murphy, Daisy Edwards (s/w), India Thornton NOTES: Tracked by hadesishere. Recorded by a friend. Quite a loud child can be heard shouting in the last 10 minutes of Act 1. Not for sale. Beauty and the Beast (Disney) - UK & Ireland Tour - August 6, 2022 (Matinee) (Very Theatrical Trades’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked & untracked) [510MB] CAST: Courtney Stapleton (Belle), Shaq Taylor (Beast), Gavin Lee (Lumiere), Rhys West (u/s Gaston), Sam Bailey (Mrs. Potts), Nigel Richards (Cogsworth), Thomas Lee-Kidd (u/s Maurice), Samantha Bingley (Wardrobe), Emma Caffrey (Babette), Liam Buckland (u/s Le Fou) NOTES: Show stop just after the Beasts Transformation. Tracked By FaceInTheMirror. Beauty and the Beast (Disney) - West End (Revival) - June 24, 2022 (Preview) (Very Theatrical Trades’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [119MB] CAST; Courtney Stapleton (Belle), Shaq Taylor (Beast), Gavin Lee (Lumiere), Tom Senior (Gaston), Sam Bailey (Mrs. Potts), Nigel Richards (Cogsworth), Martin Ball (Maurice), Samantha Bingley (Wardrobe), Emma Caffrey (Babette), Louis Stockil (Le Fou) NOTES: First Preview. Some changes made from The UK Tour. Some Talking and wrapper noses. Beauty and the Beast (Martin Doepke) - Ingolstadt, Germany - January 5, 2020 FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [99MB] CAST: Barbara Buchinger (Bella), István Csiszár (Biest), Janneke Thomassen (Fee), Robert Jícha (Vater), Dagmar Križová (Grete), Barbora Remišová (Ilse), Thomas Pruckner (Gustav), Jakub Przebinda (Max), Viktórie Matušovová (Mathilde), Aneta Majerová (Violoncello), Petr Drábek (Sessel), Kristýna Daňhelová, Kristýna Gašperáková, Eva Jedličková, Marek Kolár, Jakub Liška, Igor Maršálek, Libor Matouš, Michaela Mrkosová, Barbora Musilová, Dana Puková, Jakub Ressler, Karel Škarka, Diana Velčická, Bohumil Vitula Because of Winn-Dixie - Goodspeed Musicals - July 13, 2019 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [197MB] CAST: Bowdie (Winn-Dixie), Josie Todd (Opal), J Robert Spencer (Preacher), Isabel Keating (Franny Block), David Poe (Otis), Roz Ryan (Gloria Dump), Crystal Kellogg (Callie Thomas), Brian Michael Hoffman (Jiggs Thomas), Sophia Massa (Sweet Pie Thomas), Kacie Sheik (Jeanne Dewberry), Jay Hendrix (Stevie Dewberry), Jamie Mann (Dunlap Dewberry), Nichole Powell (Millie Wilkinson), John Edwards (Carl Wilkinson), Chloë Cheers (Amanda Wilkinson) NOTES: Reading. Becoming Nancy - Alliance Theatre, Atlanta - October 1, 2019 (YesNewYork’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [214MB] CAST: Zachary Sayle (David Starr), Jessica Vosk (Aunt Val / Kate Bush), Matt Hetherington (Eddie Star), Sally Ann Triplett (Kath Starr / Debbie Harry), Stephen Ashfield (Hamish McClarnon / Sting), Jake Boyd (Maxie Boswell), Jasmine Rogers (Francis Bassey / Gloria Gaynor), Lizzie Bea (Abigail Henson), Evan Duff (Dennis Gordon), Caleb Jenson (Jason Lancaster), Chelsey Lynn Alfredo (u/s Chrissie Starr), Gary Milner (Bob Lord / Liberace), Luana Psaros (Marcia Tubbert), Liz Pearce (Mrs. Boswell), Tally Sessions (Mr. Boswell), Seth Clayton (Squirrel), Nico DeJesus, Ian Gallagher Fitzgerald, Jason Goldston, Talya Groves, Chani Maisonet, Ricky Schroeder, Paul Schwensen Bedknobs and Broomsticks - UK Tour (Theatre Royal, Newcastle) - August 14, 2021 (World Premiere Performance) (IrishTrading’s master) Gifting upon request FORMAT: M4A (tracked & untracked) [215MB] CAST: Diane Pilkington (Eglantine Price), Charles Brunton (Emelius Browne), Conor O’Hara (Charlie Rawlins), Izabella Bucknell (Carrie Rawlins), Haydn Court (Paul Rawlins), Susannah Van Den Berg (Mrs. Mason), Jacqui Dubois (Mrs. Hobday), Rob Madge (Norton), Mark Anderson (Sherman), Emma Thornett (Angela), Matthew Elliot-Campbell (King Leonidas), Kayla Carter, Sam Lupton, Nathaniel Morrison, Sadie-Jean Shirley, Robin Simões da Silva NOTES: World Premiere performance! Includes pre-show speech by co-directors Jamie Harrison and Candice Edmunds. There were a lot of children in the audience so comments and sweet rustlings can be heard throughout. A poster wasn’t brought on for the scene in Emelius’s room leading to some improvising, an ensemble member fell over the set after Beautiful Briny, and the soldier was late to enter which can all be heard. There were a few instances of mics being turned up late but not too bad for a first performance. Eglantine’s entrance gets a delayed round of applause, and most big illusions do too. Thanks to all-revved-up for helping with the cast list. Bedknobs and Broomsticks - UK Tour - October 15, 2021 (Evening) (All-Revved-Up's master) NFT: Except through master FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) & M4A (untracked) [343MB] CAST: Dianne Pilkington (Eglantine Price), Charles Brunton (Emelius Browne), Conor O'Hara (Charlie Rawlins), Jacqui DuBois (Mrs. Hobday), Susannah Van Den Berg (Mrs. Mason), Rob Madge (Norton/Fish), Mark Anderson (Sherman/Bear), Matthew Elliot-Campbell (King Leonidas/Lion), Emma Thornett (Angela/Bird) NOTES: I absolutely loved this show! The whole cast was phenomenal! Tracked By Hester. WILLOW’S TEA: First time listening to the show. It seems like a lot of fun. I’ve never seen the movie before so can’t comment on it as an adaptation. Cast is talented. The Bedwetter - Off-Broadway - April 30, 2022 (Opening Night) (writingonthewalltrades’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [52.4MB] CAST: Zoe Glick (Sarah), Lauren Marcus (u/s Beth Ann), Darren Goldstein (Donald), Emily Zimmerman (Laura), Bebe Neuwirth (Nana), Ellyn Marie Marsh (Mrs. Dembo), Ashley Blanchet (Miss New Hampshire), Rick Crom (Dr. Grimm/Dr. Riley), Margot Weintraub (Amy), Charlotte Macleod (Abby), Charlotte Elizabeth Curtis (Ally) NOTES: Opening, Includes pre-show speech from Sarah Silverman. The Bedwetter - Off-Broadway - June 19, 2022 (clarajohnson’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [50.5MB] CAST: Zoe Glick (Sarah), Bebe Neuwirth (Nana), Caissie Levy (Beth Ann), Ashley Blanchet (Miss New Hampshire), Rick Crom (Dr. Riley), Charlotte Elizabeth Curtis (Ally), Darren Goldstein (Donald), Charlotte MacLeod (Abby), Ellyn Marie Marsh (Mrs. Dembo), Margot Weintraub (Amy), Emily Zimmerman (Laura) NOTES: I gasp SO loud at a moment at the end of act 1. LOL. Can be used in trades but please gift upon request. The Bedwetter - Off-Broadway - July 10, 2022 (Closing Night) (writingonthewalltrades’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [55.8MB] CAST: Zoe Glick (Sarah), Jessica Vosk (Beth Ann), Darren Goldstein (Donald), Emily Zimmerman (Laura), Elizabeth Ward Land (Nana), Ellyn Marie Marsh (Mrs. Dembo), Ashley Blanchet (Miss New Hampshire), Rick Crom (Dr. Grimm/Dr. Riley), Margot Weintraub (Amy), Charlotte Macleod (Abby), Charlotte Elizabeth Curtis (Ally) NOTES: Closing. Believe: An Evening with Stephanie J. Block - Connecticut College - October 1, 2022 (juniper47‘s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked & untracked) [153MB] CAST: Stephanie J. Block NOTES: Recorded by a friend; edited, tracked, and released by juniper47. Funny stories and banter from SJB, lots of her fans in the audience. Benny & Joon - Workshop - November, 2022 (sitting-in-my-hotel’s master) NOT FOR SALE FORMAT: M4A (tracked & untracked) [147MB] CAST: Andrew Samonsky (Benny), Hannah Elless (Joon), George Blagden (Sam), Christine Allado (Ruthie), Simon-Anthony Rhoden (Mike), Eric Stroud (Larry), Jak Malone (Waldo), Landi Oshinowo (Dr. Cruz) NOTES: Tracked by FaceInTheMirror. Please never list with the full date. Billed as a workshop, although this show has already been fully staged twice in America. This was an abridged version of Act 1 and selected scenes from Act 2 (I presume to showcase the show and get investors for a UK production). Includes speeches from the producer Larry Hirschhorn and director Jack Cummings III. The actors weren't mic'd and occasionally might be a bit hard to hear. Bernarda Alba - 2021 South Korea - April 27, 2021 (musicalesrandom’s master) Limited Trades 2:1 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [150MB] CAST: Bernarda Alba \| 정영주 (Jung Young-joo), Angustias\| 최유하 (Choi Yoo-ha), Magdalena \| 임진아 (Im Jinah), Amelia: 김환희 (Kim Hwanhee), Martirio \| 전성민 (Jeon Seong-min), Adela \| 오소연 (Oh So-yeon), Maria Josepha\| 황석정 (Hwang Seok-jeong), Poncia \| 이영미 (Lee Youngmi), Maid \| 이상아 (Lee Sang-ah) Bernadette Peters in Concert - Utah Symphony Orchestra - November 19, 2022 (GayBlayde’s master) FORMAT: WAV (untracked) [445MB] CAST: Bernadette Peters, Joseph Thalken (conductor) NOTES: Concert with the Utah Symphony Orchestra; the first portion of the program did not include Bernadette Peters and is not included here. Her microphone was kind of mushy and difficult to understand in real life, which is reflected in the recording as well. I also had a post-COVID cough from hell, which will crop up sometimes between songs. Bernadette wore the purple dress for this. Overall a listenable but far from perfect recording, so please gift this on request. Best of Broadway - Dutch Tour - June 6, 2019 (bootflix's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [87.3MB] CAST: Willemijn Verkaik, Tessa van Tol, Stanley Burleson, Freek Bartels, Anouk Maas Best of Fest - New York - June 21, 2010 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [135MB] CAST: Alex Wyse, Corey Boardman, Wilson Bridges, Antoni Addeo, Matthew F. Johnson, Andy Mientus, Aaron Riesebeck, Matt Doyle, Vanessa Ray, Alex Brightman, Kerry Butler, Christopher Sieber, Katrina Rose Dideriksen, Krysta Rodriguez, Brian Gonzalez, Leo Ash Evans, Lucia Spina, Liz Powers, David Foley Jr., Andrew Rannells, Preston Sadleir, Curtis Holbrook, Xavier Cano, Patti Murin, Josh Breckenridge, Jay Alan Zimmerman, D.B. Bonds, Stephanie J. Block, Christiane Noll, Jamie LaVerdiere, Tom Kitt Best of Musical Gala - Best of Musical Gala 2010 - January 29, 2010 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [120MB] CAST: Pia Douwes, Ana Milva Gomes, Elisabeth Hübert, DMJ, Mark Seibert, Patrick Stanke, Willemijn Verkaik, Anton Zetterholm Best of Musical Gala - Best of Musical Gala 2010 - February 27, 2010 FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [61.2MB] CAST: Pia Douwes, Ana Milva Gomes, Elisabeth Hübert, David-Michael Johnson, Mark Seibert, Patrick Stanke, Willemijn Verkaik, Anton Zetterholm Best of Musical Gala - Best of Musical Gala 2010 - March 10, 2010 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [108MB] CAST: Pia Douwes, Ana Milva Gomes, Elisabeth Hübert, DMJ, Mark Seibert, Willemijn Verkaik, Anton Zetterholm Between the Lines - Off-Broadway - July 2, 2022 (millifan’s master) FORMAT: WAV (tracked & untracked) CAST: Arielle Jacobs (Delilah), Jake David Smith (Prince Oliver), Vicki Lewis (Ms. Wink/Mrs. Brown/Kyrie/Jessamyn Jacobs/Lady in Waiting), Hillary Fisher (Allie McAndrews/Princess Seraphima), Will Burton (Ryan/Frump), Jerusha Cavazos (Janice/Marina), John Rapson (Dr. Ducharme/Rapskullio/Dad), Wren Rivera (Jules/Ondine), Sean Stack (Martin/Troll/Process Server), Julia Murney (Grace/Queen Maureen) NOTES: Recorded on Zoom H1N1 digital recorder. Only issue is really with the sound design of the show, not the recorder/master: a couple of songs are just much louder than the others (particularly 'Do It For You' and 'Allie McAndrews') which makes it hard to understand the lyrics/hear the singing even when you are in the theater. Recording is released as tracked WAV files for each Act in separate folders, along with an untracked FLAC file of each Act in the appropriate folder. Once trading is available, please (as with all my masters) never trade in lossy format (like MP3). Convert as needed to play on your appropriate device, but only trade original files. Between the Lines - Off-Broadway - July 13, 2022 (shadowinherlight's master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [175MB] CAST: Arielle Jacobs (Delilah), Jake David Smith (Prince Oliver), Vicki Lewis (Ms. Wink/Mrs. Brown/Kyrie/Jessamyn Jacobs/Lady in Waiting), Aubrey Matalon (u/s Allie McAndrews/Princess Seraphima), Will Burton (Ryan/Frump), Jerusha Cavazos (Janice/Marina), John Rapson (Dr. Ducharme/Rapskullio/Dad), Wren Rivera (Jules/Ondine), Sean Stack (Martin/Troll/Process Server), Julia Murney (Grace/Queen Maureen) NOTES: I adore this show and I laughed very loud at this, apologies. Can be used in trades but please gift upon request. Beyond The Barricade: The Les Misérables Cast in Concert - 54 Below - February 8, 2015 (playbill-love’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [72.6MB] CAST: Andrew Kober, Andrew Love, Andy Mientus, Angeli Negron, Arbender Robinson, Brittney Johnson, Caissie Levy, Chris McCarrell, Christianne Tisdale, Cliff Saunders, Erin Clemons, Gaten Matarazzo, Hannah Shankman, John Rapson, Joshua Colley, Kyle Scatliffe, Matt Rosell, Mckayla Twiggs, Melissa Mitchell, Natalie Charle Ellis, Richard Barth, Samantha Hill, Terance Reddick Big: The Musical - West End - September 11, 2019 (Highlights) (forfivemoreminutes's master) Limited trades 2:1 FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [37.4MB] CAST: Jay McGuiness (Big Josh Baskin), Wendi Peters (Mrs. Baskin), Kimberley Walsh (Susan Lawrence), Matthew Kelly (George McMillan), Lori Haley Fox (Mrs Kopecki/Miss Watson), Edward Handoll (Paul Seymour), Harrison Dadswell (Young Josh), Austen Phelan (Billy) NOTES: Act 1 only. Limited trading as this is the only known recording of the West End show. WILLOW'S TEA: A very clear audio. I enjoyed the songs and music a lot, this a very fun show with an interesting concept. The cast was solid. Billy Elliot: The Musical - Netherlands - March 29, 2015 FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [25.9MB] CAST: Pia Douwes (Mrs. Wilkinson), Bas Grevelink (George), Dennis Willekens (Mr. Braithwaite) Billy Elliot: The Musical - West End - December 22, 2008 FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [159MB] CAST: Tom Holland (Billy Elliot), Kate Graham (alt Mrs. Wilkinson), David Bardsley (alt Dad), Ann Emery (Grandma), Craig Gallivan (Tony), George Maycock (Michael), Annabelle Crosby-Stewart (Debbie) NOTES: Includes speeches. Bitching and Belting: An Anti-Valentine's Day Extravaganza - 54 Below - February 13, 2016 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [68MB] CAST: Ari Groover, Ariana DeBose, Ariana Groover, Bonnie Milligan, Christine Dwyer, Cortney Wolfson, Daniel Quadrino, Janai VanWoeart, Jared Picone, Jenna Miller, Jessica Vosk, Joey Contreras, Joey Nelan, Karen Agatep, Lauren Renahan, Lesli Margherita, Melanie Brook, Michael Gioia, Michael Hull, Robin de Jesús Black Friday - Scratch Album FORMAT: M4A (tracked) [146MB] CAST: Jeff Blim NOTES: Has cut songs/lines in the songs that are still in the final versions. Blackout - Toronto - August 15, 2021 (Closing Night) (everyonehateshisparents’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [234MB] CAST: Synthia Yusuf (Eddie), Chilina Kennedy (Leighton), Yemie Sonuga (Pandora), Rami Khan (Fynn), Germaine Konji (Sarah), Jonathan Winsby (Manny), Michael De Rose (Lenin), Brandon Antonio (Zachary) NOTES: There’s a little shuffling here and there after songs, but it’s clear for an outdoor audio. Blood Brothers - Broadway - 1994 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [100MB] CAST: Carole King (Mrs. Johnstone), Adrian Zmed (Narrator), Philip Lehl (Mickey), Ric Ryder (Eddie), Regina O’Malley (Mrs. Lyons), Shauna Hicks (Linda), Kerry Butler (Donna Marie) The Bodyguard - The Netherlands Revival - July 5, 2023 (LichtInDuizendvoud’s master) FORMAT: M4A (tracked & untracked) [514MB] CAST: Talita Angwarmasse (s/b Rachel Marron), Tarikh Janssen (Frank Farmer), Nurlaila Karim (Nicki Marron), Danny Houtkooper (u/s Sam Devaney), Bart Mijnster (u/s Tony Scibelli), Juneoer Mers (Sy Spector), Steven Roox (Ray Court), Bram Blankestijn (alt Stalker), Ki-yeann Wijnaldum (Fletcher), Dorith Creebsberg (Backing Vocal), Lieke Janssen (Backing Vocal), Alessandro Pierotti (Ensemble), Andrew Anthonia (Ensemble), Daniel Visser (s/w Ensemble), Darcey Roosenboom (Ensemble), Desi van Kessel (Ensemble), Fatty-Jay Shaw (Ensemble), Frank Beurskens (Ensemble), Jasper Caransa (s/w Ensemble), Jill Tjin Asjoe (s/w Ensemble), Loek Meijer (s/w Ensemble), Lorenzo Kolf (Ensemble), Melissa Kanza (Ensemble), Melissa Otten (s/w Ensemble), Nathalie Chaves (Ensemble), Samantha de Water (s/w Ensemble), Sanne Groenen (s/w Ensemble), Tom Van Puymbroeck (s/w Ensemble) NOTES: First audio of Talita, Danny, Bart and Bram in these principal roles! Includes pictures of the cast board. Tracked by FaceInTheMirror. La Bohème - Off-Broadway Revival - 1984 FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [154MB] CAST: David Carroll (Rodolfo), Patti Cohenour (Mimi), Keith David (Colline), Merwin Goldsmith (Alcindoro), Howard McGillin (Marcel), Cass Morgan (Musette), Neal Ben-Ari (Schaunard), Joe Pichette (Benoit), Margaret (Benczak), Bill Carmichael (Waiter/Sweeper), Carol Dennis (Student/Dairymaid), Nancy Heikin (Lady with Pearls), John Herrera (Maitre D'/Sweeper), James Judy (Trumpet Vendor/Head Sweeper), Daniel Marcus (Waiter/Night Clerk), Marcie Shaw (Bonnet Vendor), Michael Wilson (Parpignol/Hall Porter) NOTES: New English adaptation by David Spencer. Recorded in November or December, 1984. Bonnie & Clyde: In Concert - West End - January 18, 2022 (whattradingcando’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [58.5MB] CAST: Jeremy Jordan (Clyde Barrow), Frances Mayli McCann (Bonnie Parker), George Maguire (Buck Barrow), Natalie McQueen (Blanche Barrow), Travor Dion Nicholas (Preacher), Liam Tamne (Ted Hinton), Casey Al-Shaqsy (Stella), Simon Anthony (Deputy Johnson), Gillian Bevan (Cummie Barrow/Eleanor), Eloise Davies (Trish), Adrian Grove (Henry Barrow), Debbie Kurup (Governor Miriam Ferguson), Matthe Malthouse (Bob Alcorn), Jeremy Secomb (Sherriff, Schmid), Russell Wilcox (Captain Frank Hamer), Julie Yammanee (Emma Parker) Bonnie & Clyde (Wildhorn) - West End (Second Season) - April 6, 2023 (sitting-in-my-hotel’s master) FORMAT: M4A (tracked & untracked) [297MB] CAST: Frances Mayli McCann (Bonnie Parker), Jordan Luke Gage (Clyde Barrow), George Maguire (Buck Barrow), Jodie Steele (Blanche Barrow), Cleve September (Ted Hinton), Alexander Evans (u/s Preacher) NOTES: Tracked by FaceInTheMirror. Recorded by a friend. Not for sale. The Book of Dust: La Belle Savauge (Play) - Bridge Theatre, London - February 1, 2022 (Very Theatrical Trades’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [120MB] CAST: Samuel Creasey (Malcom Polstead), Ella Dacres (Alice Parslow), Pip Carter (Gerard Bonneville), Ayesha Dharker (Marisa Coulter), Tomi Ogbaro (u/s Lord Asriel/George Boatwright), Naomi Frederick (Dr Hannah Relf), Olivia Le Andersen (Asta), Sky Yang (Ben), Julie Atherton, Holly Atkins, Wendy Mae Brown, Jack Collard (s/w), Richard James-Neale, Dearbhla Molloy, Sid Sagar, Nick Sampson The Book of Mormon - Australia - February 14, 2020 (Closing Night) (mnantn9n's master) FORMAT: FLAC (untracked) [1.08GB] & MP3 (untracked) [275MB] \| Please specify which version you'd like CAST: Blake Bowden (Elder Price), Nyk Bielak (Elder Cunningham), Tigist Strode (Nabulungi), Joel Granger (Elder McKinley), Tyson Jennette (Mafala Hatimbi), Augustin Aziz Tchantcho (General), Loredo Malcolm (Doctor), Andrew Broadbent (Prices Dad/Joseph Smith/Mission President) The Book of Mormon - Broadway - June 24, 2017 (ciaowhizzer's master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [98.4MB] CAST: Nic Rouleau (Elder Price), Brian Sears (Elder Cunningham), Kim Exum (Nabulungi), Stephen Ashfield (Elder McKinley), Billy Eugene Jones (Mafala Hatimbi), Derrick Williams (General), Bud Weber (Cunningham’s Dad), Tommar Wilson (Doctor), Lewis Cleale (Prices Dad/Joseph Smith/Mission President), Marja Harmon (Mrs. Brown), Delius Doherty (Guard), John Eric Parker (Guard) The Book of Mormon - Broadway - December 8, 2019 FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [224MB] CAST: Dave Thomas Brown (Elder Price), Cody Jamison Strand (Elder Cunningham), Kim Exum (Nabulungi), Stephen Ashfield (Elder McKinley), Sterling Jarvis (Mafala Hatimbi), Lewis Cleale (Mission President), Derrick Williams (General) NOTES: Pretty epic line flub from Dave on this one. When he's about to run out of the mission hut, he just cannot find his words for the life of him, before yelling out "I'm outta here!" The file is appropriately titled. WILLOW'S TEA: Clear audio of this show. The performance was stellar, all the cast was on their A-game. First time listening to the show. The Book of Mormon - Second National Tour - July 2, 2017 (Token Goat's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [151MB] CAST: Kevin Douglas Clay (u/s Elder Price), Connor Peirson (Elder Cunningham), Myha'la Herrold (Nabulungi), PJ Adzima (Elder McKinley) The Book of Mormon - Second National Tour - July 5, 2017 (Token Goat's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [149MB] CAST: Gabe Gibbs (Elder Price), Connor Peirson (Elder Cunningham), Myha'la Herrold (Nabulungi), PJ Adzima (Elder McKinley) The Book of Mormon - Second National Tour - July 9, 2017 (Closing Night) (Token Goat's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [152MB] CAST: Gabe Gibbs (Elder Price), Connor Peirson (Elder Cunningham), Myha'la Herrold (Nabulungi), PJ Adzima (Elder McKinley) NOTES: Closing night in LA The Book of Mormon - UK & Ireland Tour - March 3, 2020 (Preview) (putyourmindtoit's master) FORMAT: WAV (untracked) [1.72GB] CAST: Alex James-Hatton (u/s Elder Price), Connor Peirson (Elder Cunningham), Nicole-Lily Baisden (Nabulungi), Will Hawksworth (Elder McKinley), Ewen Cummins (Mafala Hatimbi), Johnathan Tweedie (Mission President), Thomas Vernal (General), David Brewis (s/w Cunningham’s Dad), Tre Copeland-Williams (Doctor), Johnathan Tweedie (Price's Dad), Johnathan Tweedie (Prices Dad/Joseph Smith/Mission President), Sharon Wattis (Mrs Brown), Jemal Felix (Guard), Lukin Simmonds (Guard), Jed Berry (Elder Grant/Elder Church), David Brewis (s/w Elder Young/Elder Neeley), Evan James (s/w Elder Harris/Elder Thomas (Elder Poptarts)), Isaac Hesketh (Elder Cross/Elder Davis), George Crawford (Elder Smith/Elder Zelder), Fergal McGoff (Elder Brown/Elder Michaels), Patrick George (s/w Elder White/Elder Schraeder/Elder Gale) NOTES: Fan preview. Alex James Hatton’s first UK show as Elder Price. Boop! The Musical - Chicago Tryout - December 6, 2023 (Opening Night) (SadLittleBikeRack’s master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [66.2MB] CAST: Jasmine Rogers (Betty Boop), Faith Prince (Valentina), Ainsley Anthony Melham (Dwayne), Stephen DeRosa (Grampy), Angelica Hale (Trisha), Erich Bergen (Raymond), Phillip Huber (Pudgy), Anastacia McCleskey (Carol), Aubie Merrylees (Director), Ricky Schroeder (Assistant Director), Lawrence Alexander, Colin Bradbury, Tristen Buettel, Joshua Michael Burrage, Gabi Campo, Daniel Castiglione, Rebecca Corrigan, Josh Drake, RJ Higton, Nina Lafarga, Morgan McGhee, Ryah Nixon, Christian Probst, Gabriella Sorrentino, Brooke Taylor NOTES: OPENING NIGHT! Recorded from the balcony. Incredible audience, lots of cheering and applause! A few changes were made since Version 3.0 from previews. Act 2 opener Shes Here was restaged with no platforms, different screen effects, and new dialogue. The second half of the song was cut and replaced with a short reprise of Get Her Back sung by the citizens of Bettys world. During the part in Take it to the Next Level when Raymond stands on the desk holding a mic, a spinning disco light effect is projected onto the stage and onto the actual theatre walls, making the audience (including me) erupt with laughter. Jasmine receives a well-deserved 40 second standing ovation at the end of Something to Shout About. At the end of Act 2, the quick-change with the two directors is back, but restaged to happen without wires later into the song. Includes speech by director/choreographer Jerry Mitchell. The Boys in the Band - Broadway - May 12, 2018 (Matinee) (Preview) (hi_im_joe's master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [51.2MB] CAST: Jim Parsons (Michael), Zachary Quinto (Harold), Matt Bomer (Donald), Andrew Rannells (Larry), Robin de Jesús (Emory), Michael Benjamin Washington (Bernard), Brian Hutchison (Alan), Tuc Watkins (Hank), Charlie Carver (Cowboy) NOTES: This is the performance where Jim Parsons fractured his foot during the curtain call. You can hear the audience reacting to his fall, before they continue cheering and applauding. The Boys in the Band - Broadway - May 16, 2018 (Preview) (redladydeath's master) FORMAT: M4A (untracked) [53.7MB] CAST: Jim Parsons (Michael), Zachary Quinto (Harold), Matt Bomer (Donald), Andrew Rannells (Larry), Robin de Jesús (Emory), Michael Benjamin Washington (Bernard), Brian Hutchison (Alan), Tuc Watkins (Hank), Charlie Carver (Cowboy) The Braille Legacy - Off-West End - May 15, 2017 (Musicaltheatrelive’s master) FORMAT: MP3 (tracked) [20.2MB] CAST: Jason Broderick, Tate-Elliot Drew, Will Haswell, Lottie Henshall, Sarah-Marie Maxwell, Matthew McDonald, Kate Milner-Evans, Janet Mooney, Ceili O'Connor, Michael Remick, Ashley Stillburn, Jack Wolfe The Breath of Life - West End - November 27, 2002 FORMAT: AIFF (untracked) [1GB] CAST: Judi Dench (Frances Beale), Maggie Smith (Madeleine Palmer) The Bridges of Madison County - Korea - May 12, 2017 FORMAT: MP3 (tracked & untracked) [252MB] CAST: 옥주현 Ock Joo Hyun (Francesca), 박은태 Park Eun Tae (Robert), 박선우 Park Sun Woo (Bud), 김현진 Kim Hyun Jin (Michael), 송영미 Song Young Mi (Caroline), 김나윤 Kim Na Yoon (Marge), 김민수 Kim Min Soo (Charlie), 유리아 Yuria (Marian/Ciara) Bright Star - First National Tour - October 15, 2017 (Token Goat's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [135MB] CAST: Carmen Cusack (Alice Murphy), Patrick Cummings (Jimmy Ray Dobbs), Jeff Austin (Mayor Josiah Dobbs), AJ Shively (Billy Cane), Maddie Shea Baldwin (Margo Crawford), David Atkinson (Daddy Cane), Allison Briner-Dardenne (Mama Murphy), David Atkinson (Daddy Murphy), Kaitlyn Davidson (Lucy Grant), Jeff Blumenkrantz (Darryl Ames) Bright Star - First National Tour - November 3, 2017 (Token Goat's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [140MB] CAST: Carmen Cusack (Alice Murphy), Patrick Cummings (Jimmy Ray Dobbs), Jeff Austin (Mayor Josiah Dobbs), AJ Shively (Billy Cane), Maddie Shea Baldwin (Margo Crawford), David Atkinson (Daddy Cane), Allison Briner-Dardenne (Mama Murphy), Kaitlyn Davidson (Lucy Grant), Jeff Blumenkrantz (Edna) Bright Star - First National Tour - November 14, 2017 (Token Goat's master) FORMAT: MP3 (untracked) [154MB] CAST: Carmen Cusack (Alice Murphy), Patrick Cummings (Jimmy Ray Dobbs), Jeff Austin (Mayor Josiah Dobbs), AJ Shively (Billy Cane), Maddie Shea Baldwin (Margo Crawford), David Atkinson (Daddy Cane), Allison Briner-Dardenne (Mama Murphy), Kaitlyn Davidson (Lucy Grant), Jeff Blumenkrantz (Edna) Bright Star: in Concert - Salt Lake City - January 20, 2023 (GayBlayde’s master) FORMAT: WAV (untracked) [59.9MB] CAST: Carmen
5269	dbpedia	3	51	https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/maryland-renewable-energy-portfolio-standard-program-frequently-asked-questions/	en	Maryland Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard Program	https://www.psc.state.md…avicon-32x32.png	https://www.psc.state.md…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://www.maryland.gov/branding/translate_button.png", "https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/wp-content/themes/psc/images/dot.gif", "https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/wp-content/themes/psc/images/mdpsc-portal.png", "https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/wp-content/themes/psc/images/email-updates.jpg", "https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/wp-content/themes/psc/images/watch-psc-proceedings.jpg", "https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/wp-content/themes/psc/images/current-outage-information.jpg", "https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/wp-content/themes/psc/images/shop-for-electricity-gas-shadow.png", "https://doit.maryland.gov/PublishingImages/phone.png", "https://doit.maryland.gov/PublishingImages/text.png", "https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/wp-content/themes/psc/images/facebook.png", "https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/wp-content/themes/psc/images/twitter.png", "https://www.maryland.gov/branding/close-icon.png", "https://www.maryland.gov/branding/close-icon.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2013-10-24T21:30:36+00:00	Frequently Asked Questions about Maryland's Maryland Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard Program	en	https://www.psc.state.md…e-touch-icon.png	Electricity	https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/maryland-renewable-energy-portfolio-standard-program-frequently-asked-questions/	Maryland Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard Program – Frequently Asked Questions The objective of Maryland’s Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is to recognize and develop the benefits associated with a diverse collection of renewable energy supplies. The State’s RPS Program does this by recognizing the environmental and consumer benefits associated with renewable energy. The RPS Program requires electricity suppliers to meet a prescribed minimum portion of their retail electricity sales with various renewable energy sources, which have been classified within the RPS Statute as Tier 1 and Tier 2 renewable sources. The program is implemented through the creation, sale and transfer of Renewable Energy Credits (RECs). The development of renewable energy sources is further promoted by requiring electricity suppliers to pay a financial penalty for failing to acquire sufficient RECs to satisfy the RPS. The penalty is used to support the creation of new Tier 1 renewable sources in the State. What does the abbreviation RPS mean? RPS is the abbreviation for the Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard. What is a Maryland-Eligible Renewable Energy Credit? A Maryland-Eligible Renewable Energy Credit is equal to the attributes associated with one megawatt-hour of Tier 1 or Tier 2 renewable energy from a certified Renewable Energy Facility. What states are eligible to participate in the RPS? Section 7-701 of the Public Utilities Article of the Annotated Code of Maryland provides the framework by which the states eligible to participate in the Maryland RPS Program may be determined. Renewable energy credits must be derived from a source that is located in the PJM Region. Renewable energy credits may come from outside the area described above if the electricity is delivered into the PJM Region. What fuel sources are approved for the Maryland RPS Program? Fuel sources are divided into two categories, Tier 1 and Tier 2. Tier 1 includes Solar, Wind, Qualifying Biomass, Methane from a landfill or wastewater treatment plant, Geothermal, Ocean, Fuel Cell that produces electricity from a Tier 1 source, Hydroelectric power plants of less than 30 MW capacity, Poultry litter-to-energy, Waste-to-energy, and Refuse–derived fuel. Tier 2 includes hydroelectric power other than pump storage generation. What does “Qualifying Biomass” include? According to Section 7-701 of the Public Utilities Article of the Annotated Code of Maryland, “Qualifying biomass” means a nonhazardous, organic material that is available on a renewable or recurring basis, and is: Waste material that is segregated from inorganic waste material and is derived from sources including, Except for old growth timber, any of the following forest-related resources: A) Mill residue, except sawdust and wood shavings; B) Precommercial soft wood thinning; C) Slash; D) Brush; or E) Yard waste; A pallet, crate, or dunnage; Agricultural and silvicultural sources, including tree crops, vineyard materials, grain, legumes, sugar, and other crop by-products or residues; or Gas produced from the anaerobic decomposition of animal waste or poultry waste; or A plant that is cultivated exclusively for purposes of being used at a Tier 1 renewable source or a Tier 2 renewable source to produce electricity. What does “Qualifying Biomass” not include? According to Section 7-701 of the Public Utility Companies Article of the Annotated Code of Maryland, “Qualifying biomass” does not include: Unsegregated solid waste or postconsumer wastepaper; or An invasive exotic plant species. How many copies of the forms do I need to submit? For each filing, it is required that one original copy, sixteen additional copies and an electronic copy of the filings be mailed in. How do I apply for certification as a Renewable Energy Facility? The required forms and additional information is available here. The single largest cause of delay in the processing of applications is incomplete applications or attachments. The Commission will not consider incomplete applications. What forms do I need to participate in the Maryland RPS Program? A complete description of the forms for the Maryland RPS Program is listed here. Who should complete the various affidavits? An officer of the applicant should complete the various affidavits. Do I need to notarize the various affidavits? Yes, the affidavits should be notarized. What documentation of authority to sign is appropriate? Whoever signs the application is required to provide authority to sign on behalf of the applicant. A letter from a corporate officer or general counsel granting and/or confirming authority to sign is appropriate. If a corporate officer or general counsel signs the application, a letter of appointment to the position is appropriate documentation of authority to sign on behalf of the applicant. What is GATS? The Generation Attribute Tracking System (GATS) is a system designed by PJM Environmental Information Services, Inc. for the purpose of tracking Renewable Energy Credits. GATS will monitor the generation of participating units and create certificates monthly based on actual output. A GATS certificate from a Commission-certified renewable energy facility will be considered a Maryland-eligible Renewable Energy Credit. Suppliers and load-serving entities are required to maintain a GATS account for compliance purposes. More information is available here. Google Translate Disclaimer The Maryland Department of Information Technology (“DoIT”) offers translations of the content through Google Translate. Because Google Translate is an external website, DoIT does not control the quality or accuracy of translated content. All DoIT content is filtered through Google Translate which may result in unexpected and unpredictable degradation of portions of text, images and the general appearance on translated pages. Google Translate may maintain unique privacy and use policies. These policies are not controlled by DoIT and are not associated with DoIT’s privacy and use policies. After selecting a translation option, users will be notified that they are leaving DoIT’s website. Users should consult the original English content on DoIT’s website if there are any questions about the translated content. 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All site visitors may choose to use alternate tools for their translation needs. Any individuals or parties that use DoIT content in translated form, whether by Google Translate or by any other translation services, do so at their own risk. DoIT is not liable for any loss or damages arising out of, or issues related to, the use of or reliance on translated content. DoIT assumes no liability for any site visitor’s activities in connection with use of the Google Translate functionality or content. The Google Translate service is a means by which DoIT offers translations of content and is meant solely for the convenience of non-English speaking users of the website. The translated content is provided directly and dynamically by Google; DoIT has no direct control over the translated content as it appears using this tool. Therefore, in all contexts, the English content, as directly provided by DoIT is to be held authoritative.
5269	dbpedia	0	3	https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Marland-137	en	William Casey Marland (1918-1965)			[ "https://www.wikitree.com/images/wikitree-small.png.pagespeed.ce.5G9g5z_Ayb.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/thumb/d/d8/Marland-137.jpg/75px-Marland-137.jpg", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/privacy60.png.pagespeed.ce.40ChhYgHYM.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qcAFb.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/pedigree.gif.pagespeed.ce.4kSwuvQoBH.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qcAFb.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/thumb/f/fb/State_Seals-46.png/85px-State_Seals-46.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/a/a2/WikiTree_Image_Library-37.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/star.gif.pagespeed.ce.PFsRnIv2dh.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/star.gif.pagespeed.ce.PFsRnIv2dh.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/thumb/d/d8/Marland-137.jpg/300px-Marland-137.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "William Marland genealogy" ]	null	[]	1918-03-26T00:00:00	Is this your ancestor? Explore genealogy for William Marland born 1918 Johnston City, Illinois died 1965 Barrington, Illinois including ancestors + children + 1 photos + more in the free family tree community.	en	/favicon.ico		https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Marland-137	Ancestors Problems/Questions Profile last modified 14 Jan 2024 \| Created 17 Dec 2014 This page has been accessed 879 times. Preceded by 23rd Governor Okey L. Patteson William C. Marland 24th Governor of West Virginia 1953—1957 Succeeded by 25th Governor Cecil H. Underwood Biography William Marland is Notable. William Casey Marland was born in Johnson City, Illinois, and moved with his parents to Glen Rogers, Wyoming County, at age seven. After working in the coal mines, he attended the University of Alabama and received his law degree from West Virginia University. During World War II, Marland saw combat duty as a Navy gunnery officer in the South Pacific and attained the rank of lieutenant. He served briefly as a law clerk for the United States District Court for Southern West Virginia before being named the state Assistant Attorney General by Governor Clarence Watson Meadows in 1948. The following year, Marland was appointed Attorney General and was elected to that position the following year. Three days after becoming governor, Marland proposed a severance tax on extractive industries, most notably coal. The legislature, heavily backed by the coal industry, blocked this tax and others which would have benefitted schools and roads. Marland advocated the desegregation of schools, expansion of the state parks and other recreational facilities, improved unemployment and workers' compensation laws, and an industrial development program. After an unsuccessful bid for the United States Senate in 1956, Marland established a law practice in Charleston. In 1958, he again was defeated for the Democratic Senate nomination and moved to Chicago to work for a coal company. In 1965, Marland returned to West Virginia as associate director of a horse racing enterprise. Soon thereafter, he was stricken with cancer. Marland died in Barrington, Illinois, later that year. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Marland William Casey Marland (March 26, 1918 – November 26, 1965), a Democrat, was the 24th Governor of West Virginia from 1953 to 1957. He is best known for his early attempts to tax companies that depleted the state's natural resources, especially coal, as well as overseeing the generally non-violent implementation of school desegregation, during an era when other Southern governors opposed it. Biography Son of a mining boss, Joseph Wesley and Maude Casey Marland, he was born in Johnston City, Illinois on March 26, 1918. His family moved to the coal town of Glen Rogers in Wyoming County, West Virginia when he was seven. During World War II, he served as a Navy lieutenant in the Pacific theater, completing four tours. He attended the University of Alabama, where he was a star football player, and received a law degree from West Virginia University in 1947. He married Valerie Allen Marland in 1942, and they had three children: William Allen, Susan Lynn, and John Wesley. Allen was appointed law clerk to Federal Judge Ben Moore, and in August 1948, he was appointed Assistant Attorney General. Upon resignation of former Attorney General Ira J. Partlow December 1, 1949, he was appointed Attorney General. In November 1950, he was elected to the office. Later years The pressures on Marland may have contributed to the development of alcoholism. Accusations that he drank heavily in office or at inappropriate times during the day have been made by Underwood. After his second Senate loss, Marland worked as an attorney, eventually relocating to the Chicago area. In the early 1960s, the ex-governor gave up drinking. But it was not his fate to live out his life as a private individual. A few years after his recovery, he was recognized by a Chicago Sun-Times reporter. Marland indicated that he was working as a taxi driver, and a subsequent article was released to wire services on April 13, 1965. The story received great attention in West Virginia and nationally. Knowing that the story was about to break and concerned about damage to his family, he called a press conference and spoke candidly about his alcoholism, how he overcame it, and his reasons for driving a taxi: to hold in check a level of ambition that may have contributed to his drinking. His fortunes dramatically changed for the better. He was soon invited to appear on Jack Paar's television talk show, and was hired to run a West Virginia horse racing concern. But shortly thereafter, he was struck down by pancreatic cancer. He died of the disease in his Barrington, Illinois home, attended by his wife, children, other relatives, and family friends, on November 26, 1965. His widow followed him in death in 1977. Sources West Virginia Archives and History; Compiled by the West Virginia State Archives William C. Marland on Wikipedia WikiTree Governors of West Virginia Page
5269	dbpedia	3	8	https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/govern.html	en	Maryland Government, State, local & federal			[ "https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/25ind/images/statehouse/1198-1-06303b.jpg", "https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/25ind/images/statehouse/1198-1-06481c.jpg", "https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/images/1198-1-08417b.jpg", "https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/29ap/images/1198-1-1362.jpg", "https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/36loc/sm/leg/images/1198-1-08325b.jpg", "https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/36loc/cal/images/1198-1-06123c.jpg", "https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/36loc/ch/images/1198-1-720b.jpg", "https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/36loc/an/images/1198-1-06427b.jpg", "https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/37mun/rockville/images/i006297b.jpg", "https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/39fed/images/1198-1-08386c.jpg", "https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/39fed/02usd/images/1198-1-2712.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	LOCAL GOVERNMENT Of the 50 states, Maryland is among those with the fewest number of local governments. County Government. Local government is found in Maryland's 23 counties. There, three forms of government exist: county commissioners, code home rule, or charter. Chesapeake Building, 41770 Baldridge St., Leonardtown (St. Mary's County), Maryland, November 2017. Photo by Diane F. Evartt. County Commissioners. Under the county commissioners form of government, the General Assembly is authorized to legislate for a county. While a board of county commissioners exercises both executive and legislative functions defined by State law, and may enact ordinances, its legislative power is limited to those areas authorized by the General Assembly, enabling legislation, or public local laws (Code Local Government Article, secs. 9-101 through 9-113). All Maryland counties formerly had boards of county commissioners, however, only twelve counties continue to operate in this fashion today: Allegany, Calvert, Caroline, Carroll, Charles, Garrett, Kent, Queen Anne's, St. Mary's, Somerset, Washington, and Worcester. Calvert County Courthouse, 175 Main St., Prince Frederick, Maryland, November 2012. Photo by Diane F. Evartt. Code Home Rule. Since 1915, counties have had the option of governing under code home rule, which enables them to exercise broad local legislative authority ( FEDERAL GOVERNMENT Maryland is represented in the U.S. Congress, and is part of the federal court system and other federal offices. U.S. Congress. In the U.S. Senate, Maryland is represented by two senators. In the U.S. House of Representatives, eight representatives speak for Maryland. U.S. Capitol (from First St., SE), Washington, DC, December 2017. Photo by Diane F. Evartt. Federal Courts. Maryland is part of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, and holds the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland. Under the U.S. District Court are the U.S. Bankruptcy Court and the U.S. Magistrates. Garmatz Federal Courthouse, 101 West Lombard St., Baltimore, Maryland, April 2008. Photo by Diane F. Evartt. Federal Offices & Agencies. Maryland Constitution Maryland Elections Maryland State Government Budget Maryland Constitutional Offices & Agencies Maryland Departments Maryland Independent Agencies Maryland Executive Commissions, Committees, Task Forces, & Advisory Boards Maryland Universities & Colleges Maryland Counties Maryland Municipalities Maryland at a Glance Maryland Manual On-Line Search the Manual e-mail: mdmanual@maryland.gov
5269	dbpedia	1	64	https://archive.org/stream/monticola1956west/monticola1956west_djvu.txt	en	Full text of "The Monticola"			[ "https://archive.org/services/img/etree", "https://archive.org/services/img/librivoxaudio", "https://archive.org/services/img/metropolitanmuseumofart-gallery", "https://archive.org/services/img/clevelandart", "https://archive.org/services/img/internetarcade", "https://archive.org/services/img/consolelivingroom", "https://archive.org/images/book-lend.png", "https://archive.org/images/widgetOL.png", "https://archive.org/services/img/tv", "https://archive.org/services/img/911", "https://athena.archive.org/0.gif?kind=track_js&track_js_case=control&cache_bust=217610017", "https://athena.archive.org/0.gif?kind=track_js&track_js_case=disabled&cache_bust=626814361" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://archive.org/images/glogo.jpg		https://archive.org/details/monticola1956west	See other formats lESJ'^fSSv''! ftSSiSiiiiis'S 'f i. «i,aMa;iSi- DON BOND •--4 t 1,^^- ^ jH, fc^^. 'J^'' Ail i^ ': "^ LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT 'HICOITGH W THE PAGES OF THE MOXTICOLA 1956 PlTBLISnED BY THE STITDEXT BOHY OF WEST VIKC;i^IA ITIVIVERSITY EDITOR KAY RICE BFSIXESS MANAGER HILL GREEX THIS IS IT m «?•♦• ^^ ^ * «> 4{ :^,^^' K ^ I «li^ .'S?f^i -.I-** l»i^. i:&f ''■«An r . . ITS OLD YET ALWAYS CaiOWIXG 4 ^ ^ h IT'S €0 ITS WORK . . . HHKlrm ^ ' w^WX^^rf . . . ITS PLAY • mf^\ IT'S PARTY >i=o . . . IT'S STUDY ITS FR& IT S SPIRIT ,mNi: SEC.I2 ♦ l^jl ■'WxV Jt- X ^ ^ IT'S <]iJIET ITS BUSY . . . ITS WEST VIRGI]\IA TIVIVERSITY S T A IV D I X G BY THE M O X O X C; A H E L A T last. AKE A LOOK at the year . . . fur freshmen, perhaps their first look at the Ihiiversity . . . for Seniors, perhaps their A LOO Freshmen invaded the campus early in September pre- ceded only bv the boys from fraternity row coming back to scruli and paint . . . Guides assigned to keep the dorm quiet were reported by the freshmen for making too much noise . . . Rush week — when only the most daring or uncaring frat man appeared without a tie and jacket — came and went with only a little confusion over party nights and pledge pins . . . Women settled down — not to study but to a rush of afternoon parties and evening parties with showboats and circuses . . . Class cuts began to add up to skit practice sessions . . . After a day of silence — tears and triumph for pledges. Mums and alums and Homecoming — and drenching rains turned floats and house decorations to masses of wet paper but didn't dampen the enthusiasm . . . Kris Svensson reigned with poise as queen. Parking meters climbed High Street and student "protests" cost the town money. AT T IB E<] V E A D8 I !\ II B] V I B{ 1»V An understatement — "enthusiasm ran high" before the Pitt game . . . parties turned to a pantie raid at Terrace and sorority houses . . . Several studious boys made a pre-game excursion to the Pitt campus leaving mementoes of their visit on the walls of the stadium and returned with kind thoughts about Pitt's athletic director . . . The bank above the drill field was filled with fans as the team left, followed by an exodus en masse of the student body ... it was a long game and an even longer ride home to "Morguetown." Reynolds was filled for the appearance of Pearl Primus and the Phi Betes did things up in a big way as Senator Hu- bert Humphrey spoke at the celebration of the 179th anni- versary. ISA was successfully organized for the first time and took on ambitious projects . . . building the Mountaineer for the stadium, a formal, and sponsorship of "Bernadine" — and advocated a policy of "no politics." Bigger and better was Mountaineer Weekend with everyone turned out in traditional mountain dress to see the game and Oueen Ann . . . we almost had to parade around the sta- dium but the Morgantown merchants came through with $.50 and saved the tradition of marching down High Street . . . Students seemed to have more enthusiasm than before . . . the dance was crowded and carnival gained new life as visitors tried to shave balloons or send telegrams to friends in the dorms. Mid-semesters came all too soon and a three-day Thanks- giving break was more than welcome . . . overheard con- versation: "Don't feel bad about making 40 — I got a 19." It was a long pull to Christmas . . . hours were cheered by Men's Pan and Cadet Hop and presentation of "Caine Mutiny Court Martial." . . . Everyone declined to work on term papers till the holidays . . . Practice began on Christ- mas carols and the women did a turn about and serenaded the men . . . Parties for children and dates and Christmas spirit filled the air as teachers turned their classes out early for the long trip home. "Glad to be back but just one more week would have finished that studying " . . . and here are finals already . . . Library became more crowded and houses quieter but the bridge games went on as ever . . . Story is spread about the student who asked to leave 15 minutes after a 3-hour exam began. 18 Second semester registration seemed just as confusing as ever and even some upperclassmen couldn't remember what degree they were applying for . . . Many got stuck with late labs and Saturday classes . . . Looks of worry and dis- gust over required classes and seemingly endless forms to fill out — lightened only by the awe and delight in the Senior's eye as he filled out expected date of graduation — June 1956. Mountainlair's TGIF parties became more popular than ever . . . Four Freshmen welcomed students back with en- thusiasm . . . The University became 89 years old on Feb- ruary 7 and received a birthday present from the State Legis- lature as the bond issue for building new engineering and agriculture schools was passed. Basketball took over the spotlight and Hot Rod became a favorite campus topic — "remember the night he . . ." and on and on it went . . . Lots of absences from class when the team took off for New York and the NCAA tournament. Little Man on Campus gained popularity when he pictured a prof saying "And this is the most important class you'll have ...""... E^veryone settled into a routine and the lucky ones went to the Lair for coffee — even at the expense of a cut in their 10 o'clock classes. We dug in — or dug out — for the winter and Fraternity row climbed to the hill for a snowball battle as "big men on campus" became little boys again. The Stewarts threw a tomato juice cocktail party for campus leaders and foreign students ... a music major and a stu- dent from Formosa discussed classical versus jazz and others got free Spanish lessons. A professor commented : "No one here won the new Ford — anyway, where would he park it?' Then the Attorney general clarified the rules and the campus theme song became "Oh where can I park my car? Anywhere! " . . . Lhiiversity Senate took no action so the Council of Administration did and Mr. Gluck became a parking court judge and com- plained that someone was even parking in his space on a private lot. Courtesy weeks or "hell weeks" began and ended with big brothers giving up their pins for a few weeks . . . The Sig Ep door got painted white and the Delt rock red. and class became a place to catch up on sleep missed the night before. Bad cases of senioritus and spring fever and an epidemic of measles hit the campus with the warm weather late in February . . . Couples began to sit on porches and the wall in front of the library and more customers descended on Jimmies and the Spudnut Shop . . . there was a demand for ice cream at the dairy in Olgebay and the clocks went crazy in Armstrong Hall ... A few brave ones spent the after- noons at Cheat watching the lake and dancing . . . Gold- diggers Ball and a leap year TWERP week added to the fun . . . and there was always someone practicing softball in front of the Armory. New interests took over — the Jewish girls formed a local sorority, Mu Omega Tau. and Mountainlair started a Military Marriage class . . . Life Week brought Benjamin Reist to the students to discuss "Who am I" and in the interest of intellectual stimulation the 'Lair started a series of Sunday afternoon seminars and co-sponsored with Mortar Board the lecture series by professors on "if this were the last lecture 1 should ever give . . ." Organizations contributed toward a L^niversity scholarship for a student from another country . . . Fraternity competition for the all-\ear-cup became tougher. Twenty schools sent representatives here for the debates and high schoolers took over as tourney weekend approached . . . Tex Beneke and Les Elgart came and Mountainlair was filled with rustling dresses and complaints about the "no tables" rule. Fi Batar Minstrel was presented and warnings were heard that you better go the first night because they might not be allowed to present it twice . . . DG's won the traveling tro- phy from Sphinx at the talent show and the Sigma Chi's danced into first again . . . Students and town turned out and filled the field house for the Don Cossack chorus ... a class took up a collection to buy an alarm clock for a fellow that slept through his eight o'clock. AWS took heart and gave the frosh women 9 o'clock per- mission each night abolishing the old 7:30 code . . . Seniors got measured for caps and gowns and ordered announcements . . . We went to bed to dream of Cheat and woke up to find the ground covered with snow and cold weather seemed to be here to stay . . . Spring brought student govermiient elections and controversy over proportional representation and campus service planks . . . Interest lagged and it seemed to line up as straight ticket voting . . . Student Party brought out Athenaeum competition with the Daily Adenoid. Mid-semesters again and everyone looked forward to that week of Easter freedom . . . And April brought the promise of a Spring Spree with a field day of crazy contests and per- mission to wear Bermudas. Following Easter there was a general movement toward Jackson's Mill and Leadership Conference as the leaders de- cided what they'd do with the students next year . . . New- officers moved in and seniors moved out and the strange feel- ing of no activities became a happy one. Spring formals and picnics and more students seemed to gaze out the windows than ever before . . . Song practice reached a peak as Sing competition drew near . . . and all the women gave thanks to Panhellenic for the bright blue robes that ended the fashion feud . . . Parents covered the campus and girls were awakened early in the morning by someone saying, "You are being tapped . . ." and Link Day became a day to remember forever ... It became a tradition to sing the Alma Mater and it was never more inspiring. It was almost over as work finished up and seniors prepared for the few finals they had and took off for a vacation or home and Senior Week while underclassmen seethed with envy. Then it was graduation and they lined up on Woodburn Circle to go to the Field House to hear Dr. Lawrence Stell give the baccalaureate address . . . but even those eager to be out will remember the little things that made up their four years at West Virginia lini\ ersity . . . Things like waiting at the mailbox to meet that sjiecial someone . . . memories of rainy mornings when it seemed you couldn't take Morgantown weather another day . . . a picture of High Street with the sidewalks rolled up for the night . . . and the inviting odor as you strolled by the Spud- nut Shop . . . Life in the dorm and frat houses ... or the night vour roommate got thrown in the shower for getting pinned . . . hearing the Alma Mater at football games and the pleasure of seeing the blue flag fly over the Armory . . . Birthday dinners . . . and long lines at the bookstore . . . going to Blue's for a shoeshine . . . flipping cards for the Spiriteers or watching Hot Rod shoot from one knee . . . The sound of chimes from the Ad Building or the blast of the Mountaineer's rifle . . . and that enlightening day when you discovered one of your professors was human too . . . all a part of this year at WVU. 19 'A ADMINISTRATION GOVERNMENT PURLICATIONS PRESIDENT IRVIN STEWART The real test of your years in the University Hes ahead. College has opened many doors for you. How far you go down the corridor of vour interest rests largely with you. Stagnation is the alternative to further educational progress — progress for which you must supph the motivation and the discipline. Leaders are needed in all walks of life, in all arenas of activity. Your college education is an important step in pre- paration for leadership. Seek out your apprenticeship; grow into leadership. I am confident that you will respond to your opportunities and continue to develop. In so doing you will best repay those who made your college education possible. 22 <; O V E R I\ O R WILLIAM C. MARLAND B o A II i> o F c; o \ i: ii x o ii ^ Raymond E. Salvati Huntington President William G. Thompson Montgomery Vice-President K. DoicLAS Bowers Beckley Secretary Thomas E. Millsop Weirton E. G. Otey Bhiefield Thomas L. Harris Parkersbiirg A. C. Spurr Wheeling Mrs. Paul Hammann Martinsl)urg Frank J. Zsoldos Pinevilie Irvin Stewart Morgantown Cliief Executive Officer As Governor of the State of West Virginia, and particularly as a former student at West Virginia University. I consider it a distinct honor to greet the men and women of West Virginia I niversity through the medium of the MONTICOLA. Especially am I glad to have the opportunity to offer my best wishes to the Class of 1956. You will carry into the business and professional world that wisdom and knowledge you have assimilated through the training, wise counsel and academic guidance of West Virginia University's teaching staff. \ou will, just as I do. experience a deep feeling of ap- preciation for the many good things acquired from your years of study in Morgantown. Too. the friendshi]) of so many of your fellow students will be infinitely cherished and warmly harbored. To you. who will return for future study at our L niversity in quest of additional knowledge that will make you FULL MEN. I respectfulh urge that you take advantage of all that West Virginia Universit) has to offer. In a relatively short time, with hard study, you will have earned a license to lead others — indeed it is your duty — in public or private enterprise. All of you are sons and daughters of a great institution. Be proud of it, and use your minds wisely and judiciously. 23 J. Everett Long Chairman of Committee on Admissions Registrar oj the University DEAN OF WOMEN First year as Dean of Women . . . assistant dean for sev- eral years . . . wants to lielp women learn to be independent, mature persons . . . disturbed because college students never ask "why?" . . . always willing to discuss problems . . . says "College students are intelligent, natural people trying hard to be mature and I treat them that way.'" Joseph C. Gluck Director of Student Affairs REGISTRAR A University graduate . . . became Registrar in 1945 . . . tries to make the students feel at home by coordinating new environments with old . . . thoroughly enjoys his work . . . feels "administration-faculty-student situation here is better than at most schools ... a wholesome and free rela- tionship." <il\| Betty Boyd Dean of If omen DIRECTOR OF STUDENT AFFAIRS Director of student affairs, counselor, friend . . . feels more and more of our capable students need to share in the planning and execution of our many campus activities . . . "We have not yet squarely faced the problem of how to integrate classroom and 'beyond-classroom' activities . . . this is our major challenge." A D ]II I X I S T R A T I O ]\ A x\ D D E \ X S FIRST ROW: Chesler A. Areiils, Cnllep,. M Engineering: Raymnn.l W. Cnleman. Ciiilege of Commerce: ArmanH Rene Collett. College of Arlv and Sriences: Ray Osrar Duncan. Srhcjol of Hliy^ical Education anrl Athleliis. SECOND ROW: R,.l,erl Barclay Dii-lman. Graduate School: Eston Kermil Feaster, C.dlege of Education: Col. Douglas Graver Gilbert. Military Science and Tactics: Tliom;i> Porter Hardman. College of Law. THIRD ROW: .1. Lester Hayman. College nf Pharmacy: .Inhn Oliver Knapp. Agricultural Extension Service: Walter Alios Koehler. School of Chemical Engineering: Col. Joseph Ernest Payne, .^ir Science. FOURTH ROW: Perley Isaac Reed. School of Journalism: Henry Withers .Speiden. School of Civil Engineering: Edward Jeraid Van Liere, School of Medicine: Harry Ross Varney. College of .Agriculture, Forestry, and Home Economics. Student Body President Hank Barnette "Actually, it's a soft job." Off to Jackson's Mill and Leadersiiip Conference S T IT D E X T i; O V E R ]\ M E X T Student Government began here in 1921 . . . Reorganized in 1952 to establish a government of three separate depart- ments— Student Executive Council. Student Legislature and Student Court. The Spring Student Government election of 1955 witnessed the traditional struggle for power between the Independent Party and the Student Party . . . Vigorous campaigning included stirring speeches . . . strong party platforms . . . heated debates .... pre-election bonfires on the athletic BETTY SHUMATE Student Body V ice-President CARLEY ANN REES Executive Council Secretary field . . . rain on election day . . . final tabulation of the votes . . . Student Party sweep of all offices except one seat in the Legislature. The purpose of Student Government is to sponsor and or- ganize activities and projects . . . help co-ordinate the work of other campus groups . . . represent the student body to the faculty, administration, and off-campus groups . . . pro- vide students with experience in organization, human rela- tions and democratic process. This year's achievements include the establishment of the President's Council for discussion of campus problems . . . the increased activity of the Council of Service Organization Presidents . . . the institution of the Civil Service Organiza- tion Booklet — an analysis of all Student Government commit- tees . . . The organization of the Spring Weekend . . . the planning of bigger and better Homecoming and Mountaineer Weekends. Membership in National Student Association . . . reor- ganization of all Student Government committees under consolidated headings of Student Government Commission. Student Affairs Commission. International Affairs Commis- sion, and Educational Affairs Commission . . . preliminary work on trophy case construction . . . specific improve- ment of cultural program through the Convocations Com- mittee . . . establishment of International Awareness Com- mission. Freshman and Transfer Orientation Committees to improve orientation programs for these students . . . 26 EXEciTivE rori\ciL The Executive Council consists of the President and Vice- President oi the Student Body, and the Presidents and Vice- Presidents of the senior, junior, sophomore, and freshman classes. The Council discusses campus problems . . . supervises campus activities and projects . . . initiates enactments for the Student Legislature . . . Analyzes existing programs . . . serves as the advisory board to the Student Body Presi- dent. Of its members the Executive council demands many long hours of work . . . much insight . . . and an awareness of campus needs. ■■BLESSED ARE THE CAMPUS WHEELS . . .'• and these are the ones that make student government go "round: (from left to right) Mary Manolakis, vice-president, and Dick Oliker. president. Eresliman Class; Cariey Ann Rees, vice-president, and John Bucy. president. Sophomore Class; Betty Shumate, vice-president, and Hank Barnette. president. Student Body; Bill Green, president, and Jttan Davis, vice-president. Senior Class: Danny Friedberg, president, and Ma Cooper, vire-prc-jdriil. Junior Class. CULTURE PERSONIFIED: Pearl Primus dances for an enthusiastic audience at first campus convocation . . . chosen by student government committee. L E C; I S L A T IT II Rules, motions, resolutions, and debates denote the function of the Student Legislature, the legislative branch of Student Government . . . Membership of the legislature is composed of representatives from each college and school in proportion to its enrollment . . . Serves as the policy making branch of Student Government . . . Confirms or rejects all appoint- ments made by the Student Body President . . . netermines rules of Freshman Tradition . . . Sponsors traditional week- ends and other special events . , . Appropriates Student Body funds . . , Requires reports from student committees and organizations under its jurisdiction . . . Noted for their careful investigation of student body problems . . . Regula- tion of student affairs . . . Formulation of many Student Government policies . . . Enactment of resolutions for the general welfare of the student body . . . Especially noted . . . action on parking meters . . . attempt to get benches back on campus. WE'RE AGAINST THE PANTY RAID— Pictured here are the members ol ihe llniversity Student Legislature. They spoke out against the members of tlte student body who participated in the November panly raid. First r<iw : Kathy Polinj;. Norris Kantor. parliamentarian: Kay Rice, secretary: Joe Kopinsl\i. speaker: Shirley Crane. Pris Miller. Second Row: .lack Front. Tom Dobbins. Fred Post, Nat Kennedy, Bob Walls. Al Karickhoff. Third Row: ,Iohn Hill, D.m Inks, Bob Kuhl. Maynard Slaven. Frank Olivcrio, Bill Mahood. Not pictured: .\rch Meredith. Judy Porter, Sam Tuckwiller. Mary Lohr Varner and Ri>bert Weiler. I want a .student guvertinient job STUDENT JUSTICE: Seated: Carolyn Reynolds, Jim Holliday, Pally Shu- male. Standing; Dave Champe. Herb Underwood, Jim Sweeney. DOSOP stand? for Council of Service Organization President?. S T L D E X T COURT The Student Court is composed of four ex officio members and three appointed members . . . Performs the judicial function of Student Government . . . Determines offenses and penalties of Freshmen rules . . . Hears appeals from disciplinary actions of the Executive Council or Legislature . . . Certifies proposed constitutional amendments as to form and content . . . Functions as an important regulating branch of the Student Government . . . Increased power this year with right to punish by forbidding participation in Student Government activities. 29 PUBLIC x\TIO]\S PIJBLICATIOIVS COMMITTEE liUOkS, PAPKRS AiNU MAGAZINES— Members ..f the Pul)licatinns Com. riiillee are rc>unseli)rs f(ir all publications: (Left to Right) John Hutehinson, Liniia liartlelt. Chucli Petty, P. I. Reed, chairman: J.ihn Williams, Henry D. Collins, John Luchok. .Idiiit student-faculty committee meets twice a year to ap- point editors and lousiness managers of campus publications . . . receives reports, supervises and sets standards . . . Vetoed a petition that Moonshine begin publication again be- cause of financial and censorship problems . . . MONTI- COLA represented bv Prof. Patrick Gainer and Linda Bartlett . . . Charles Petty and John Luchok counselors for Mountain Guide . . . Dr. P. 1. Reed, chairman and counselor for Daily Athenaeum . . . Prof. Henry Collins serves as legal adviser . , , John Hutchinson and Prof. Howard Jeffrey represent Moonshine, and Prof. John Williams, literary magazine. 31 "Chief" KAY RICE. Ediiur " %» MIXED EMOTIONS: Assistant Business Manager. Ann McMunn; Publicity Cliairnian. Shanm Andrews: and Spnrls Editor. Budd Thalmann, left to riglit. think something's pretty funny. l)ut Don McGown, Advertising Manager; Jim Conaway, Art Editor; and Ed Galligan, Assistant Editor, seem to have missed the joke. 1956 MOXTICOLA MONEY! MONEY! PlL.t.igraplier interrupls Busine« Manager. Hill Green, as he makes out bank depcisil -lip- This is the 1956 Monticol\ . . . put together in hours of work and hours of fun ... a big decision about the red cover . . . questions over what rhymes with "delta" . . . and a request for a black border on the Pitt page . . . sche- duling a picture for 4 tomorrow . . . and finally 1300 sub- scriptions ... so thanks to all these for their work on this book : To Ed. assistant editor turned acting editor for a month, for doing odd jobs and for inspiration . . . To Bill for doing a second stretch as Business Manager and never complaining about expenses . . . To Budd for keeping spirits high while turning out sports copy and rhyming cutlines ... To Mary Fran, for checking and rechecking. calling and recalling to get the fraternal section in order ... To Ginny for using her vacation to describe the organizations with just the right touch . . . To Jim for the drawings which decorate the snap pages and posters ... To Sharon for publicity and for cof- fee and malted milk crackers ... To Dave for interest and enthusiasm that even extended to the editorial side . . . To the advertising staff for convincing merchants of the value of yearbook ads ... To photographers. Norm. Bill. Paul and Bob. who took pictures early in the morning and late at night, for standing on their heads to get different shots . . . To Jim Vogel for being around when he was needed most . . . To Prof. Don Bond for his beautiful color shot ... To Dr. Patrick Gainer for understanding assistance and for mending office chairs . . . and especially to staff members and to all tvpists and receptionists for running to the postoffice, for making endless phone calls and stacks of neat copy. Thanks, too to Ralph Langreck and Benson Printing Com- pany for the cover and opening section art work and for help and suggestions . . . and to Dick Phillips and John Luchock for hard-to-find pictures. All these had a part in producing the 19.56 MoNTICOLA . . . they did it for > ou . . . and they had fun doing it! 1».>0 MOIVTICOLx\ «TAFF KAY RICE Editor-in-Chief BILL GREEN Business Manager ED GALLIGAN 4ssislant Editor ANN McMUNN 4ssist(mt Business Manager GINNY KEMP Organizational Editor MARY FRANCES MARTIN Fraternal Editor BUDD THALMAN Sports Editor JIM CONAWAY irt Editor SHARON ANDREWS Publicity Chairman UO DO CURTIS Subscription Chairman CHUCK PETTY Advertising Manager DON McGOWN Advertising Manager Photographers NORMAN MOVES JIM VOGEL GORDON BILL KENDALL BOB FRAME BROWNING PAUL VEATCH Photography Committee JANE ORR SHIRLEY WILSON CAROLYN BARLOW JOYCE McCOMAS Typists LINDA BARTLETT JANET HAMMAN PEGGY JO MARGARET KERR BETTY JO QUEEN HANSBARGER MARGIE DEBRA HARNER CHRISTOPHER Receptioi\ists GAYLE SMITH SALLY SUE FLINN JOAN BRATTON MARY ANN JOYCE ANN BONNIE BLAIR BORNMANN TROJAN Publicity Cotitmittee JONI WALKER SUE HATFIELD DREMA WYANT VICKI VTCKERS Art CARL CHRISTOPH JUDY MACKENZIE WENDEL ORR Advertising Staff DAVE HAGA HOWARD MENDLESOHN WORK? NO. I JUST CAN'T DO ANY MORE WORK— Pictured in the act of either entering or leaving (you figure out which) the MONTICOLA office is our amiable assistant editor, Ed Galligan. Ed seems to be running from something. Perhaps our editor, lovable Kay Rice, has cracked the whip again. PATTERN FOR CONFUSION— It hardly seems possible that anyone in this l.icture could be accomplishing anything but it is from scenes like this that the bonk you now hidd in your hands, the 1').% MONTICOLA, resulted. POWERS OF THE PRESS — Here are the three people charged with the main respnnsihiiity for the pn^duction of the Daily Atiienaeum, Left to Right: Barhara Goe, business manager; Mabel Ann Lewis, editor; John Samsell, managing editor. Student daily produced in School of Journalism labs . . . features eight pages twice a week and special issues at Gradua- tion . . . for Mountaineer Week Team . . . special picture coverage of top events . . . Mabel Ann Lewis, as editor, keeps the editorial page presenting both sides of every topic from French government to panty raids . . . Little Man on Campus and crossword puzzle remain campus favorites . . . Man- aging editor is Johnny Samsell . . . checks copy and layouts . . . keeps reporters busy . . . and Business Manager Bar- bara Goe worries about the advertising. Covering beats, taking pictures and selling ads . . . writ- ing, editing and proof reading . . . fighting the 10 o'clock deadline . . . education — and fun ! ANOTHER DAY, ANOTHER ATHENAEUM— Here in the process of putting out another edition of the Daily Athenaeum is the staff of that daily productii>n of the Journalism School that every member of the WVU student body knows so well. DAILY ATHENAEUM ATHENAEUM'S "BRAIN TRUST"— These are members of the important staff of the Athenaeum. They are First Row: Lnretta Lawson, news editor; Kathy Loufakis, snciety editor; Doris Martin, literary editor; Janet Wallace, librarian. Second Row: Sam Chapman, news editor; Chuck Petty, news editor; Bill Stevens, sports editor; John Fitzgerald, news editor. STAFF MEMBERS MABEL ANN LEWIS Editor-in-Chifj JOHN SAMSELL Managing Editor BARBARA GOE Business Manager C:H UCK PETTY News Editor SAM CHAPMAN News Editor LORETTA LAWSON News Editor JOHN FITZGERALD News Editor TONY DENE News Editor DUANE WYATT News Editor BILL JACKSON /Veil's Editor DON SCHAUB News Editor KATHIE LOUFAKIS News Editor JIM WISE Neivs Editor GEORGE WILLIAMS News Editor KATHIE LOUFAKIS Society Editor POLLY KESSEL Society Editor MARY LEE GRIMMETT Society Editor DORIS MARTIN Literary Editor BILL STEVENS Sports Editor JOHN HAMRIC Sports Editor ART CIERVO Sports Editor SAM CHAPMAN Sports Editor EDITORfAL BOARD MIKE BUKRIM TONY DENE JOHN FITZGERALD MARY ELLEN GLISAN DORIS MARTIN BARBARA GOE BILL MASON BILL GREEN DON McGOWN JOHN HAMRIC LORETTA LAWSON KATHIE LOUFAKIS DON NESTOR JOE POWELL KAY RICE JOHN SAMSELL GEORGE WILLIAMS DUANE WYATT TIIETA SIGMA PHI Journalism honorary for women . . . the only chapter in West Virginia . . . membership based on scholarship, ser- vice, character, intention for further work in Journalism. Sponsors the Journalism school Christmas Party . . . Matrix Dinner . . . Publicity Clinic . . . Campus Christmas Cheer Drive . . . Telegram booth at Mountaineer Weekend Carnival . . . Open house during Greater West Virginia Weekend. Services on the campus include acting as guides for journal- ism conferences on campus . . . serving as editors of the Mountain Guide. Recognizes outstanding work in Journalism by presenting a Best Reporter Award to a sophomore woman reporter. 90 0 a WOMEN WRITERS: (left to right) First Row: Mabel Ann Lewis, Treasurer; Loretta Lawson. President: Barbara Goe, Historian; Kay Rice, Secretary- Editor. Secttnd Rnw : Prof. Bub Summers, Adviser: Betty Sharp, Doris Mar- tin, Ann McMunn, Linda Bartlett, Mary Lee Grimmett, Polly Kessel, Pat Coover. J O IT R I\ A L I E R S Organized in 1927 . . . men's professional journalism hon- orary fraternity . . . chosen on basis of scholarship, profes- sional interest and ambition . . . Thirteen members ... led by John Fitzgerald as president . . . Don McGown. vice- president . . . Chuck Petty, secretary . . . O. D. Wyatt, treasurer . . . Sponsors smokers, 'J' School Christmas party . . . presents best reporting award to sophomore man at spring banquet. PULITZER PRIZE WINNERS OF TOMORROW .'—Pictured here are members of Journaliers, men's professional journalism honorary. Left to Right: First Row: Don McGown. Chuck Petty, .John Fitzgerald, Duane Wyatt. Second Row: Paul Atkins, adviser; Bill Green. Bill Stevens, Don Schaub. Jim Wise. Sam Chapman, John Samsell, Bill Mason, Joe Powell. Not pictured : Budd Thalman. 35 h^r^^ i i H" ' •t ' i ill 'Uj ^A.^ ' iwypP'^^J'^ S/"> k. ^i' ATHLETICS ^^ >: -Nsife »rT^ V •asz- ^67 \^ ^1 4P^60 -'A # 1 -4 ^ 4< 'V* '^J^ #., Bruce Bosley Honorary Captain Sam Huff Honorary Captain Fred Wyant Honorary Captain mJ^^^iJ^^'^f^i^i 1955 MOUNTAINEERS First Row: Center Coach Chick Donaldson, Bruce Bosley. Gene Liilhcy, Jack Rabhits. Freddy Wyant, Joe Marconi, Bobhy Moss, Paul Shepherd, Gary Bnnn, Joe Papetli, Sam Huff, Barry Blake, Ray Surbaugh, End Coach Gene C^>runi. Second Row: Dennis Jones. Roger Chancey, Jimmy Haught, Wah Beene, Max Cosper, Eddie Dugan, Tom Donien, I^rry Krutko, Ron Klim, Jerry I'rda, Te<l Hobnes, Alex Szuch, Bob Guenther. Line Coach Russ Crainc. Third Row: Trainer A. C. (Whiley) Gwynne, Backfield Coach Ed Shockey, Mickey Trimarki, Paul Sharkady, Ray Borst, Ralph Anastasio, Tom Huston, Jim Pickett, Delton MuUenax, Bill Underdonk, Tony Hosek, Chuck Howley. Mike Rader, Jerry Cooper, Kop- nisky. Head Coach Art Lewis. Fourth Row: Dick Nichols, Harry McFealer, Larry Doljac, Allen Colehank, Bob Gauge, Joe Nicely, Chuck Simpson, johnny Plybon, Roy Blizzard, Joe Zimmerman, Phil Messen- ger, Clearence Leggett, Ronnie Santicola, Bob King, Warren Bodkin. 1^^^ ^ ( DIRECTOR OF PUBLICITY RENE HENRY (WILLIAM AND MARY. 19541 ... A native of Charle.slon, now resides in Norfolk. Va. . . . comes fron William and Mary where he handled publicity for the Indians foi almost two years . . . president of the Southern Conferenct Sports Publicity Directors Association . . . has led a varied lift in the sports field . . . since coming to the University, has done an exceedingly fine job and is responsible in part for our two All- American football players. Bruce Bosley and Sam Huff . . . Football Facts booklet and Winter Sports Brochure are evidence of his fine work . . . always busy at the games promoting public lelations with the members of the working press ... a tireless worker who deserves much praise for his efforts . . . still single. DIRECTOR OF ATHLETICS ROBERT N. BROWN (DAVIS AND ELKINS. 19.30) . . . Appointed Athletic Director in July of 19.54 after serving as basketball coach for four years . . . native of Thomas, W. Va. . . . Played quarterback on his high school football team at Elkins ... at college, played basketball under Cam Henderson . . . began coaching at Tygarts Valley High School in 1930 and in six years won 829f of his games . . . appointed coach at Elkins High School in 1940, his football teams won 25 of 40 contests and his basketball teams from "41 through "45 won 90 of 124 contests . . . also coached Elkins to six track championships ... in 1947, he became athletic director and head coach of all sports at his Alma Mater ... in three seasons his basketball teams won 71 of 90 games . . . came to West Virginia in 1951 and in his first year led the varsity cagers to an impressive 18 won and 9 loss record . . . followed first season with seasons of 23 and 4 in "52. 19 and 7 in "53 and 12 and 11 in "54 . . . overall record, won — 72; lost — 31 ... an excellent tennis player and former state collegiate champion, he also coached tennis at the University . . . owns an Elkins restaurant . . . married and the father of one son . . . succeeded to Athletic Director at the death of Roy Hawley. HEAD FOOTBALL COACH ART LEWIS (OHIO UNIVERSITY. 1936) . . . Named head coach to replace Dudley DeGroot in 19.50 . . . born near Clifton. W. Va. . . . Little All-American tackle at Ohio U. . . . starred in the East-West Shrine game as a senior . . . played one year of pro ball with the New York (Jiants after graduation ... in 1937 was named a line coach of the Cleveland (now Los Angeles) Rams pro football team . . , shortly thereafter became head coach at the age of 27 . . . youngest ever in the ranks of the pro- fessionals . . . in 1939-40-41. line coach of the Rams . . . moved to Washington and Lee as line coach in 1942 . . . the world in turmoil, he went into the Navy in 1942 . . . first met up with the Split-T type of offense while officer-in-charge of St. Mary"s (California) pre-flight . . . upon discharge in 1945 went back to Washington and Lee as head coach for 1946-47 . . . compiled 11-17 record . . . 1949. line coach at Mississippi State ... at WVU. his teams have won 30 and lost 18 . . . twice named SC "Coach of the Year"" ("53 and "541 . . . only coach ever to guide the Mountaineers into a major bowl, the Sugar Bowl in 1953 . . . his teams have established 75"^^ of Mountaineer football records ... a champion recruiter, he has been featured in LIFE for his stellar recruiting tactics . . . Lewis is married and the father of two sons. STATISTICS OF 19 5 5 SEASOi\ RICHMOND W^VU Richmond Total First Downs. . 19 10 Rushing Yardage. . .24.5 113 Passes Attempted. . 14 20 Passes Completed. . 9 9 Passing Yardage. ..206 87 Total Yardage 4.51 200 Fumbles Lost 1 2 West Virginia 0 14 7 12—33 Ri(lim(.nd 0 12 0 0—12 WAKE FOREST rCf/ Wake For, -SI Total First Downs. . 19 7 Hushing Yardage. ..2.38 81 Passes Attempted. . 20 21 Passes Completed. .11 8 Passing Yardage. . .258 88 Total Yardage 496 169 Fumbles Lost 2 2 West Virginia ... .12 14 13 7—46 Wake Forest 0 0 0 0—0 VIRGINIA MILITARY ffl V VMl Total First Downs. .19 11 Rushing Yardage. . . 187 1.53 Passes Attempted. . 19 10 Passes Completed. .12 2 Passing Yardage. .. 164 .30 Total Yardage 351 183 Fumbles Lost 2 2 We.st Virginia 6 14 14 13—47 Virginia Military.. 0 0 6 6—12 WILLIAM AND MARY WW W'&M Total First Downs. . 19 8 Rushing Yardage. . .265 53 Passes Attempted. . 19 18 Passes Completed.. 9 9 Passing Yardage. ..145 92 Total Yardage 410 145 Fumbles Lost 2 6 West Virginia ... .20 12 0 7—39 W illiam and Mary 0 0 7 6—13 PENN STATE WW Pemi Slate Total First Downs. . 23 8 Rushing Yardage. . .307 161 Passes Attempted . 9 3 Passes Completed. . 9 3 Passing Yardage. .. Ill 61 Total Yardage 418 222 Fumbles Lost 3 1 West Virginia 0 0 7 14—21 Penn State 0 7 0 0—7 MARQUETTE If VU Marquette Total First Downs. . 15 6 Ru.shing Yardage. . .4.38 48 Passes Attempted. . 20 21 Passes Completed. . 7 5 Passing Yardage. ..128 33 Total Yardage .566 81 F"umbles Lost 3 1 West Virginia ... .20 6 7 6— ,39 Marquette 0 0 0 0-0 GEORGE WASHINGTON THE KICKOFF TO ANOTHER GREAT SEASON. In anntlier preat fcn)lhall season. 19.5.S was a season ili-\|iil.- .ill. lilt- Mi.uHl.iiii.ri- turn.'. With the flip of the coin llle Mountaineers were of! of disappointment and heartbreak in many ways but ,nli.\|liri - Total First Downs Rushing Yardage. Passes Attempted Passes Completed Passing Yardage. Total Yardage 3.58 Fumbles Lost 4 West Virginia .... 0 0 Ceo. Washington . . 7 0 WW . 20 .298 . 13 . 5 . 60 Geo. W ash 7 126 12 4 76 212 2 7 6— 0 0— 13 7 PITT WW Total First Downs. . 16 Hushing Yardage. . . 149 Passes Attempted. . 13 Passes Completed. . 8 Passing Yardage. . . 46 Total Yardage 195 Fumbles Lost 3 West Virginia .... 0 0 Pittsburgh 7 0 SYRACUSE liVV Total First Downs. . 8 Rushing Yardage. . .153 Passes Attempted. . 6 Passes Completed. . 3 Passing Y'ardage... 57 Total Yardage 210 Fumbles Lost 3 West Virginia 0 13 6 Pitt 15 267 13 4 86 353 2 0 7- 2 7- - 7 -26 Syracuse 13 1.56 9 4 78 2.34 0 0 0— 7 7- Syracuse 0 N.C. STATE WW NC State Total First Downs. . 19 10 Rushing Yardage .348 142 Passes Attempted.. 7 17 Passes Completed. . 1 7 Passing Yardage. . . 23 50 Total Yardage 371 192 Fumbles Lost 3 5 West Virginia .... 7 0 NC State 0 7 13 20 13—27 0— 7 i£it£J!J I m. 'J i MAY I CUT IN? Ralph Anastasio cuts in front of Rirhnidncl end. Nelsnn St. Clair to take a Richmond pass and set up WVU's fourth touchdown of the game. Tom Domen (on ground) and Bob Guenther watch the action in the third quarter nf the game at Mountaineer Field. WV'LI spurted in the second half to totally outclass the Spiders in the season's opener, 33-12. WEST VIRGINIA 33 II 1 C II M O I\ n 12 MORGANTOWN. W. VA.. SEPT. 24. 19.S.S . . . Opening game pits WVU. Richmond for the third time in their gridiron histories . . . crowd of some 20.000 watches Richmond open the scoring as Fullhack Pajaczkowski's one yard phinge caps a sus- tained Spider drive . . . point misses, 6-0 . . . Trimarki-Ied second platoon roars 79 yards to score. Trimarki going over from the one . . . following Holmes" conversion Mountaineers lead, 7-6 . . . after once heing denied the Spiders move 44 yards to second score . . . Riggs registers from one yard out. point blocked. 12-7 ... 49 seconds before the half, a Wyant-to-Moss aerial is good for 71 yards and WVU"s second score. Huff converts . . . Halftime score: 14-12. Second half tells the tale . . . WVU scores 19. Richmond 0 . . . Mountaineer second platoon halts Richmond's only second half threat on the two . . . Trimarki. helped by Rabbits' brilliant 43-yard run. again leads second team into paydirt . . . Houston goes the final ten yards. Holmes converts and the Mountaineers lead 21-12 . . . Anastasio's interception sets up the fourth counter . . . Trimarki-to-Bunn. 12 yard pass play, applies the finishing touches . . . Huff, his first conversion nullified, misses second attempt. 27-12 . . . Scoring closes on a 29-yard pass play from Wyant to Marconi in the end zone, HufT misses point attempt and the final reads: WVU— .S3, Richmond— 12. Mountaineers although slow in starting show great depth . . . Trimarki, Howley, Wyant, Huff and Rabbits especially bright . . . Associated Press poll of sports writers and broadcasters rates the Mountaineers 13th in the nation . . . United Press coaches board puts them 23rd. 42 WEST V I IC 4; I I\ I A 46 WAKE F O II E S T O MORGANTOWN. W. VA.. OCT. 1, 1955 . . . From the open- ing kickoff of todays game, it was evident that this was to be a West Virginia afternoon . . . Wyant. taking the kick, went 60 yards behind vicious i)locking to ignite a spark that never flick- ered . . . their opening threat thwarted, the Mountaineers bounce back quickly. Moss registers the first score on a 49-yard run . . . Huffs attempt at tiie point misses. 6-0 . . . before the fans can settle in their seats, exactly 59 seconds later the Gold and Blue score again . . . Bosley and Papetti tackle Wake Forest's vaunted passer Consoles in the end zone forcing a fumble which Huff falls on for the second score . . . point attempt misses. 12-0 . . . The touchdown parade is only beginning . . . Wyant-to-Moss aerial is good for 29 yards to the one foot line from where Bobby carries it over on the next play, capping the 64-yard drive . . . Huff converts. 19-0 . . . Trimarki-to-Hosek pass closes first half scoring via the air lanes . . . Holmes converts and the halftime score reads: WVU— 27. Wake Forest— 0. Fifth score results from a 62-yard drive by the first team. Wyant adding the final two for the next six-pointer . . . point misses. 32-0 . . . 75-yard push, highlighted by Rabbits" exciting 43-yard run. culminates with Shepard's 7-yard scoring run . . . following Holmes" conversion, the count moves to 39-0 . . . Szuch's passing sets up the final score . . . Alex goes the last five yards . . . Pickett"s conversion makes the end result 46-0. Reputed as one of the better teams on the Mountaineer schedule. Wake Forest was subject to the full brunt of the Mountaineer attack in absorbing their worst defeat since 1945 . . . for his outstanding play in this game. Bosley earned a position on the United Press "line of the week"' . . . UP rating vaults to 14th . . . AP advances to 11th. I'LL TAKE THAT PIGSKIN! End Gary Bunn goes high in thr .lir h. -n,,r. a Trimarki pass from the anxiifus arms nf Wake Forest deleiulei Ilan y Mazman. Mountaineers pulled everything from iheir bag of tricks to humiliate the Deacons, 46-0. NICE BLOCK, JOE! Fleet-funied halfback Bob Moss circles his own left end for good yardage against Wake Forest. The block is being applied to Deacon end Whims by Mountaineer terminal Joe Papetti. Other Deacons involved in the action are: Halfback Daniels (21) and Tackle Littleton (29), Mountaineer Guard Chuck Howley is visible at left. >fJ^ WEST VIRGINIA 47 V.M.I. 12 BLUEFIELD. W. VA.. OCT. 8. 1955 . . . Before a packed house of 12.000 in Bliiefields Mitchell Stadium. Mountaineers meet VMI in their first road game of the season . . . flat for most of the first period. Mountaineers walie up when Rahbits rambles 99 yards with a VMI punt for the first score . . . run sets a new school record . . . point misses. 6-0 . . . Bob Moss climaxes a 48-yard second quarter drive by going the final two yards . . . Huff converts. 13-0 . . . Urda recovers Keydel fumi)le on the VMI 15 to set up the third score . . . Rabbits again goes over. this time from the two . . . Holmes adds the point and the Mountaineers lead 20-0 . . . score at halftime is unchanged. A poor VMI punt sets up the Mountaineers" fourth TD . . . Krutko goes the final five and Huff registers the conversion . . . 27-0 . . . VMI takes the ensuing kickoff and drives 65 yards for their first counter . . . Moody rambles the final 20 yards . . . point blocked. 27-6 . . . Mountaineers score again with unbeliev- able ease . . . Trimarki-to-Bunn. 38 yard pass play, adds the fifth counter . . . Holmes makes his attempt good. 34-6 . . . another poor punt by VMI leads to the next score . . . Szuch passes to Chancey for the nine-yard scoring play . . . point misses. 40-6 . . . bad punting seems to be the VMI "order of the day" . . . taking advantage of another poor boot, the Mountaineers register again . . . 37-yard drive finally ends in TD on a 14-yard pass from Wyant-to-Papetti . . . Huff adds the final point for WVU. 47-6 . . . Vaugh of VMI provides an end to the scoring with his 21-yard run . . . point misses and the final reads. 47-12. the Mountaineers winning their third straight. Victory marks the Mountaineers" fourth in as many meetings with VMI . . . for his outstanding play in this game. Freddy Wyant is named as the Southern Conference "Player of the Week" . . . AP finally rates West Virginia in the "top ten" as the nation's tenth ranked team . . . UP drops them one notch to 15th. I'VE GOT ENOUGH TROUBLE LARRY, YOU TAKE CARE OF HIM— B,.b Moss breaks away for 25 yards against llie VMI keydels in Blueliel.l. Larry Krutko is Moss" blocker. The Mountaineers roll to third virtory. 37-12. Photo Courtesy Charleston Gazette. , •mm^^iii^^ mMmiM 44 1 MORGANTOWN. W. VA.. OCT. 15. 1955 . . . Cool, cloudy weather sets the 1955 Homecoming scene for 22.000 fans who watch the Mountaineers as they go after their fourth straight victory . . . Klim recovers a William and Mary fumble on the second play of the game . . . Moss" 24-yard scoring run ends a 60 yard march that took hut four plays . . . Huff's kick misses. 6-0 . . . another Indian bobble presents the Gold and Blue with their second chance on the William and Mary 19 . . . Marconi goe.s into the end zone from two yards out and Huff adds the point. 13-0 . . . hobbling the ball all over the place, the Indians fumble again and this time Urda is "Johnny-on-the-spot" . . . drive from the WM 34 climaxes with Rabbits five yard carry for the third score . . . Guenther makes good the point. 20-0 . . . sustained second quarter drive of 67 yards sparked by halfbacks Moss and Anastasio. registers another score for the Gold and Blue . . . Wyant-to-Kopnisky aerial. 17 yards to paydirt. is the clincher . . . his first attempt nullified by a penalty. Huff misses the second. 26-0 . . . another pass. Trimarki to Bunn is the scor- ing play that ends WVU's second drive of the second quarter, a 74 yard march . . . Guenther's point attempt is blocked . . . by halftime the game has the makings of a complete rout. 32-0. (irieco's 55 yard punt return is William and Mary"s first score of the game . . . Lusk converts and the Indians pull to within WEST V I II f; I X I A .3 » W I I. L I A M A IV II M A It Y 13 25 points . . . still fumbling badly, William and Mary sees yet another bobble turned into six points for the Mountaineers . . . Huff recovers this one ... 36 yards to paydirt is covered in eight plays. Krutko scoring from the two . . . Holmes adds the 39th point . . . finally capitalizing on a West Virginia bobble, the Indians's Lewis recovers a fumble by Houston on the WVU 13 . . . with only 27 seconds left in the game. Lewis takes a pass from Grieco on the four and laterals to Sanner who goes in for the score . . . Lusk's attempted conversion is blocked and the final reads 39-13 in favor of the home team. Mountaineers roll on with ease over a team that was beaten by mighty Navy by but a single touchdown. 7-0 . . . Penn State looms as big hurdle on trail to undefeated season . . . UP poll advances team to 11th . . . AP moves them farther into the top ten, 8tli. WHO'S AFRAID OF THE BIG BAD INDIANS? Mickey Trimarki, Cold and Blue sopluimore quarterback goes for short yardage against William and Mary in tlie 195.S Homecoming attraction before 22,000. Paul Shepard (21) and Boh Guentller (63) are the Mountaineer players involved. Rugged William and Mary defen<lers are: Bob Lusk (77), Lou (Jorbetl (61), Al Griec<» (11) and Elliot Srliauli.n h (74). Homecoming crowd sees the Mountaineers triumph for the fourth straight lini.-. WEST VIHGIXIA 2 1 PEXN STATE 7 MORGANTOWN, W. VA.. OCT. 22. 1955 . . . Before the largest crowd ever to witness an athletic event in West Virginia. 34.400 strong, the Mountaineers take on their toughest opponent of the season . . . starting like a "house-on-fire." the Mountain- eers drive to the State two yard line only to have their drive stall when Lenny Moore covers a costly Gold and Blue fumble . . . later in the half another Mountaineer bobhle on the WVU 36 gives the Lions a scoring opportunity and they are equal to the task . . . Bob Hoffman sneaks over from the one. 13 plays later, to give State a score and Plum converts. 7-0 . . . shortly before the half, Wyant intercepts a Nittany Lion pass to stall another State threat . . . half ends without any further scoring and the outlook is dismal for the mighty Mountaineers. Rising to the occasion, the Mountaineers drive 93 yards led by Moss and Marconi . . . Moss circles end for the last nine yards and Holmes adds the point to knot the count at 7-7 ... . another Mountaineer drive is stalled on the 12 but the Gold and Blue are not to be denied . . . moving from midfield, the Moun- taineers score in seven plays with Marconi providing the power for the final three . . . Holmes again hits on his attempt for the point. 14-7 . . . showing nothing but class, the Mountaineers tally their second score of the final period as Moss's 12-yard jaunt registers . . . this time Huff kicks the point and the final count shows the Mountaineers on the long end of a 21-7 score. National recognition heaped on the team as Bosley is named the Associated Press "Lineman of the Week" . . ., Moss also gets into the limelight as he is named the SC "Player of the Week" . . . Associated Press advances the team for the fifth straight week (7th) . . . United Press rating remains the same (11th). GUESS I'LL HAVE TO REACH FOR THIS ONE! Halfback Bob Moss reaches high for a Freddy Wyant pass in action against Penn State on Mountaineer Field before record throng of 34,000. Moss, named SC "Player of the Week" for his performance in this game, gained 110 yards in 15 carries. R<m Klim (53), Bob Guenther (6.3) and Chuck Howley (66) are the other Mountaineers in the play. AH COME ON' LET GO OF MY LEG. Joe Marconi, Mountaineer right halfback, finds a hole and drives through the Stale line for good yardage. Gene Lathey (64), Bruce Bosley (77). Ron Klim (53) and Joe Papetti (85) are all visable for the Mountaineers. "BARBARIC GOLIATHS DRAGGING ONE OF OUR POOR DEFENSELESS WARRIORS TO THE SOGGY GROUND"— We were growing frantic fur a picture of the Marquette game when we wrote U* the Marquette Tribune (Student Newspaper). They sent us the picture and also cnntrihuted the outline. Since our yearbook uses names, the victim of the "goliaths" is sophomore halfback Bob Neuman. Gene Lathey (64) is the Mountaineer on the ground. The big. brawney taped hand around Neuman could belong to anyone but our guess is Chuck Howley. MILWAUKEE, WISC. OCT. 29, 195.5 . . . Providing the Homecoming opposition for the Marquette Warriors, the Moun- taineers move into the midwest for their first encounter . . . treat Sugar and Cotton Bowl representatives to an awesome dis- play of power . . . Mountaineers score early in tiie first quarter . . . Wyant climaxes a drive of 83 yards by sneaking over from llie one yard line , . . Huff adds the point, 7-0 . . . speedy Bob Moss takes a hand-ofi and slices off tackle for 84 yards and tiie second Mountaineer TD of the game . . . Huff comes through again and the score moves to 14-0 . . . Jack Rabbits, showing some of the speed of his namesake, races 33 yards for WVU's third score of the first quarter . . . point attempt is missed, 20-0 . . . Papetti takes a Wyant pass on the Marquette 25 and races the rest of the way untouched for the TD to complete a 54-yard ])lay . . . attempt for the point is no good and the halftime score shows a margin of 26 points in the Mountaineers favor. Wyant, running the option to perfection, races 51 yards off the option play to give the Mountaineers their fifth touchdown . . . point is good and the score advances to 33 to 0 . . . Rabbits sets up the last counter with an interception . . . Szuch hits Chancey with a 24-yard pass for the end of the scoring . . . WEST V 1 K C; I X I A M A K Q 1 E T T E 0 3 9 jiiiint misses . . . final score shows a shutout. WVU overpowering the hapless Warriors in their only invasion of the midwest for this season . . . Warriors threaten only once during the entire contest, driving to the WVU 14 before a fumble ends all hopes of getting into the scoring column. AP rating remains 7th . . . UP rating moves into the "top ten" as the Coaches" Board rates the Mountaineers 8th in the nation , , . bowl scouts go away impressed with the mighty Mountaineers . . . Bosley. Wyant. Moss and Howley draw Southern Conference nominations for All-American. 47 w e !^ t virginia 13 i;eoiu;i: wasiiixgtox 7 WASHINGTON. D. C. NOV. 4, 1955 . . . Mountaineers invade the nation's capital for their first night game of the sea- son .. . 20.000 chilled Homecoming fans brave freezing tempera- tures in Griffith Stadium to see George Washington's only home game of the season . . . Mountaineers get the ball early in the first quarter on the GW 19 after recovering fumble, but can't move with it . . . ball goes back to GW . . . Halfback Sommer breaks off tackle and goes 89 yards for the game's first score . . . Weaver converts and GW has an early 7-0 lead . . . frozen- fingered Mountaineers can't move with the ball . . . every drive is thwarted by alert GW defense, fumbles or penality . . . second platoon is equally as helpless as the first . . . big GW line holds solid and the Colonials make their one touchdown stand up for a 7-0 lialftime lead. West Virginia gets tough in the second half . . . Mountaineers get their hands on the ball and Moss registers their first counter on a 43-yard run . . . Huff converts and the Gold and Blue are back in the ball game. 7-7 .. . George Washington held to a virtual standstill by the powerful Mountaineer line ... 98 yard drive, side tracked temporarily by a 15 yard holding penality, climaxes with Krutko diving into the end zone from the tiW two . . . Huff's attempted conversion misses. 13-7 . . . with time fading. GW unleashes a mighty air arm . . . moves in .series of pass plays from deep in its own territory to the WVU 15 . . . with a little more than a minute remaining in the game. GW has a first down on the Mountaineer 15 . . . Tom Domen. second platoon center, saves the day for the Gold and Blue with his timely interception of a GW aerial . . . Mountaineers run out the clock from this point on. AP advances Mountaineer rating to 6th despite erratic showing . . . Lip drops team to tie for 10th . . . Krutko is high on the list of nominees for SC "Player of the Week" . . . Bowl specula- tion continues to grow . . . Pitt looms as big obstacle to unde- feated season. WHAT DID WE LEAVE AT HOME? Heai) Cnaoli Art Lewis luoks on as his Mnuntaineer sriilii'-is fall l.. Fill afli-r wimiinj; s.-ven sliaijilu. Altlioujili niir acliialiy taken at the George Washingtmi game, we feel tliat Lewis' actions and expression must have heen similar on that .hill Novemher evening when the Colonials came within one touchdown of slopping that streak at six. The Mountaineers eked out the win hul only after fiO minutes of real effort. I DON'T SEE ANYTHING BUT PANTHERS. Jack Rabbits, fleet Mountaineer halfback, searches for his team-mates as he attempts to circle the Pitt right flank. The Panthers prove the spoiler again, administering the first loss of the season tn the Gold and Blue, 26-7. PfTTJBURGH.PA.. NOV. 12, 1955 . . . Before 58.000 fans in the Pitt Bowl. West Virginia puts their undefeated record on the line . . . fourth down gamljje. inches short of a first down, is successful on the Pitt 47 and there is never any further doubt . . . Neft-to-Walton pass ends the 6.S yard push in a score . . . Bagamery makes good his attempt at the point and Pitt jumps into an early 7-0 lead . . . halftinie ends before the Moun- taineers can get rolling and Pitt maintains 7-0 lead. Two WvU fumbles both recovered by Pitt on the WVU 24 yard line . . . Paulick knocks down Wyant . . . three plays later Neft sneaks the final seven for the score . . . conversion misses. 13-0 . . . two plays after the kickoff. Trimarki fum- bles another i)itchout and Walton recovers on the WVU 24 . . . Salvaterra moves 23 yards on the option play to the one and on the next play Jenkins goes over for Pitt's 19th point . . . point again misses. 19-0 . . . the fourth quarter witnesses an- other Pitt drive . . . Panthers move 78 yards for final score. Lewis adding the final six . . . Paulick's kick is good and Pitt ends their scoring. 26-0 . . . with but 1:36 left in the game, the Mountaineers move in seven plays for their only score . . . score comes after time has run out ... an interference call has given the Mountaineers life . . . once the fans have been cleared off the field. Marconi goes five yards for the score . . . point is awarded to the Mountaineers as the goal posts have already been to'-n down. Mountaineers fall to 13tli in the AP poll . . . IStli in the UP voting . . . bowl hopes dim. WEST PITT V I IS «; I N I A 2 6 GENTLEMEN. THIS IS A SERIOUS SITUATION. Coach Art Lewis talks with his Ail-American candidates Freddy Wyant and Bruce Bosley as the trio watches the action unfolding on the field. Wyant, injured on the second play of the game, missed the last two games. DASHING THROl (HI 1 HI-. SMiW . IJalph Aiij-ia-in moM-- thi.iu;;li the snow and the big Syracuse line ("r -Imri \.iicij^i- in the Mountaineer \\ ii ke d.I jiira. linn ji Mountaineer Field. Ted Holmes (621 id the Gold ami Blue is visible at the extreme left as is another unidentihed team-mate. Orange spells another defeat for the Mountaineers, 20-13. WEST VIK^iBXIA 13 S Y U A t r S E 2 0 MORGANTOWN, W. VA.. NOV. 19. 1955 . . . Attempting to get back on the victory trail, tlie Mountaineers meet a dangerous Syracuse eleven in snow-rain swept Mountaineer Field . . . Mountaineer Weekend crowd of 22.000 see Orange halfback Jim Brown take the opening kickoff 71 yards through the mud to the WVU 19 where Bobby Moss finally catches him . . . one score nullified by a penaUy. Syracuse can't begin moving again so the threat is surpressed and the ball goes back to the Moun- taineers . . . Bob Moss's 64 yard run to the Syracuse six sets up first score . . . Marconi scores at the beginning of the second quarter on a five yard jaunt . . . Huff misses point, 6-0 .. . a Trimarki fumble sets up Syracuse's first score ... Al- bright sneaks over from the one. climaxing a 39 yard drive . . . point misses, 6-6 . . . trying to get into the lead, the Mountaineers accomplish their end . . . Anastasio personally sparks the drive with a run of 18 yards . . . second pass completion is good for second score . . . Huff hits on his point attempt and the half- time score makes everything rosy. 13-6. A 47 yard pass from Albright to Ridlon in the third quarter is the means to Syracuse's second score . . . Ridlon scores after sidestepping two WVU defenders and Brown converts to make it a tie ball game. 13-13 ... a pass interception for another Syra- cuse touchdown is overruled but the Orange is not to be denied . . . move 46 yards for their gain-winning score . . . pass from Albright to Lasse sinks Mountaineer hopes . . . Brown adds the finishing touches and the scoring closes with the Orange on the long end. 20-13 . . . Mountaineers cannot muster a last great effort and the game ends with spirits lower than ever. Freddy Wyant, injured at Pitt, misses his first game in 35 con- tests . . . Howley and Lathey are also hobbled with injuries and see limited action . . . bowl hope disappears completely . . . UP poll again ranks team 15th . . . they disappear completely from the AP rankings. 50 RALEIGH, N. C, NOV. 25. 1955 ... In an attempt to end their 1955 season on a victory note, the Mountaineers meet the Wolfpack in the second night game of the season . . . Moun- taineers score early in the first quarter as they move 35 yards in 12 plays following Lathey's recovery of an NC fumble . . . Trimarlii goes over from the two after Krutko's touchdown dash is nullified by a motion penalty . . . Huff makes good his at- tempt, 7-0 .. . bouncing back in the second quarter the Wolf- pack moves 79 yards in the driving rain to knot the score . . . West moves into TD land and Bagonis adds the conversion, 7-7 . . . driving inside the North Carolina ten yard stripe five times in the first half, the Mountaineers cannot manage the final yardage and the halftime score remains unchanged, 7-7. Moss caps a 70-yard touchdown drive at the opening of the second half with his 25 yard run . . . Huff again converts and the Gold and Blue regain the lead, 14-7 . . . Underdonk blocks an NC punt and the Mountaineers recover on the NC 27 . . . Krutko fumbles on the first play and Oddo recovers for the Wolf- pack on the 18 . . . however, the slippery ball squirts from the hands of NC state on the very next play and Klim recovers for the Mountaineers on the NC 15 . . . Marconi opens the fourth quarter with a bang as he goes fifteen yards for the third score WEST VIKGI^IA N. C. STATE 27 7 . . . Huff misses the point and the score advances to 20-7 . . . Big Joe rolls like an express through the mud for 49 yards and the final Mountaineer score . . . Huff's kick is good and the final score is 27-7. Rain keeps the crowd down to about 3,000 fans as students are home for the Thanksgiving holidays . . . Marconi, playing per- haps the greatest game of his career, is named Southern Confer- ence "Player of the Week" . . . final Associated Press rating lists the Mountaineers 19th . . . United Press put them in 17th place . . . Wyant again misses the whole game . . . Trimarki is great in replacement roll ... ten seniors end their collegiate career with this game . . . such greats as Wyant, Bosley, Huff Moss and Marconi close their playing days at the University . . . Bunn. Doljac, Surbaugh. Dugan and Papetti also perform in last varsity game. YOU-VE GOT MY HEADGEAR, BUT I'VE GOT THE TOUCHDOWN-University fullback Larry Krutko goes over for a touchdown in the final game of the year against North Carolina State. Other Mountaineers identifiable in the muddle are: (Left to Right) Ron Klim, Gene Lathey, Sam Huff and Bob Guenther. Mickey Trimarki is the Mountaineer standing in the rear. A S K E T ALL FRED SCHAUS Head Basketball Coach SEASON'S RECORD WVU 92; WVU 85; WVU 80; WVU 79; WVU 71: WVU 89; Carnegie Tech 79 Fiirman 71 Washington and Lee 71 George Washington 94 North Carolina State 92 Richmond 74 ORANGE BOWL TOURNAMENT WVU. WVU. WVU. 78; Florida State 69 70 ; Columbia 60 83; Miami 78 WVU 98; WVU 53; WVU 71; WVU 89; WVU 66; WVU 81; WVU 84; WVU 76; WVU 103; WVU 78; WVU 69; WVU 76; WVU 84; WVU 105; WVU 82; WVU 97: WVU 77; Washington and Lee 83 Villanova 54 LaSalle 87 Virginia Military 65 Carnegie Tech 68 Penn State 79 Pitt 70 Furman 73 Virginia Military 68 Richmond 84 Memphis State 73 Penn State 73 Virginia Tecli 62 William and Mary 90 St. Johns 75 William and Mary 88 Pitt 94 SOUTHERN CONFERENCE TOURNAMENT WVU 59; Davidson ,53 WVU 77; Furman 74 WVU .58; Richmond 56 WVU. NCAA TOURNAMENT 59; Dartmouth .. 61 B5 , THESE GOOD MEN CAME TO THE AID OF FRED SCHAUS. (Left to right) Front Row: Ronnie LaNeve. Don Vincent, Joedy Gardner, Clyce Kislibaugh, Jim Barnette, Jim Brennan. .Second Row: Coach Fred Schaus. Assistant Coach Jim .Sottile, Paul Whitting, Lloyd Sharrar. Willie Bergines, Marc Constan- tine. Equipment Custodian Carl Roberts. Third Row: Manager Larry .Shahan, Bill King, Don Eddy, Rod Hundley, Gary Mul- lins, Fred Richardson, Manager Bob Creek. THAT'S RIGHT, IN THE SECOND HALF WELL WATCH THIS MAN CUTTING THIS WAY. Coach Fred Schaus discusses strategy with his team before it takes the floor for the second half against VMI. Trainer Whitey Gwynne and Sports Publicity Director Rene Henry taliv over first half action at the riglit. A IIEVIEW OF 19 5 6 BASKETBALL .^^EASOIV Rod Hundley sinks the first shot of the 1955-56 season in Field House opener against Carnegie Tech to set the stage for a success- ful season for the Mountaineers . . . Hundley treats fans to real first night show as Carnegie Tech is the first of the Mountaineer victims ... 14 point victory over Furnian and Darrell Floyd follows . . . Floyd wins first scoring match with Hundley . . . Mountaineers then edge strong Washington and Lee team . . . first loss of the season is at the hands of ever-powerful George Wa.shington . . . Rod scores 40 in defeat. North Carolina State, one of the nation's top-ranked teams, follows suit and dumps the Mountaineers for the second straight time . . . 92-71 . . . Conference rival Richmond visits the Field y PLLL IT DOWN. HOT KUU! Paul Whitting and Willie Bergines watch from the corner as "the Rod" goes high for a rebound. Clayce Kishbaugh stands by ready to help. West Virginia won this opening game of the '55-"56 season but lost the rematch in the Smokey City. IF YOU EVER WENT IN BALL. GO IN NOW. Rnd Hundley appears to be pleading with the ball to go In as be lays it up in tbis gime against VMI. The M»nintaineers were 89-65 victors in the Field House action. ^1 v-^* I X WATCH HIM! HE'S LIABLE TO MAKE IT DISAPPEAR COMPLETELY. West Virginia's big number "33" begins the clowning that has made him known in basketball circles. Richmond captain Ed Harrison (back) caulions a teammate to be careful of the tricky Hot Rnd. The Mountaineers rolled over the Spiders in this game at the Field House but lost the return match in Richmond. V A STUDY IN GAPING MOUTHS. Here is a unique picture ut a basketball game in which all of the players are caught with their mouths ""wide open." In fact, every- one in this picture seems to have his mouth open. Hundley is at the line, Whiiting is first on the left nf the lane and Don Eddy studies the whole situation from the rear of the foul circle. House and tastes the sting of Mountaineer revenge . . . WVU victory is by 15 points. Mountaineers win Orange Bowl tournament in Miami . . . victories are over Florida State, Columbia and Miami . . . Hundley hits .season's low again.st Florida State: 7 points . . . .Sharrar takes over the scoring load . . . Bergines is sharp de- fensively . , . Kishbaugh breaks ankle. Team begins 19.56 with repeat victory over Washington and Lee . . . Moving to Philadelphia. Mountaineers lose two in as many nights . . . Hundley misses two free throws in closing sec- onds to give Villanova one point victory . . . LaSalle throughly spanks West Virginians the following night. A victory over VMl follows disastrous Philadpli)hia trip . . . Carnegie Tech injects salt into wound with \ictory in return match, 68-66 . , , Penn State falls victim to Mountaineer fast break in Field House encounter, 81-79 , , . \'ictory over Pitt in the Smokey City is sweet . . , Rod clowns, paces Mountaineers to 14 point victory with 29 points. Return match with Furman spells another win but Floyd again bests Hundley , , , Rod gets .35 — Darrell hits for 40 , , , Hit hundred mark for the first time with impressive win over VMl. 10.3-68 , , . Richmond return match is not quite so sweet . , , SIGN MINE NEXT, WILI/VA HOT ROD? Surrounded by a compliment of his fans, Hot Rod Hundley, basketball's "clown prince," attempts to satisfy his always-raving public — the kids. Spiders end up on long end of the score . . . After leading for much of the game. WVU blows to Memphis State, nationally ranked power . . . 84-69 . . . Breaks the "jinx" at State Col- lege. Pa, winning over Penn State . . . Twenty-two point spread in our favor is the result of the second match with Virginia Tech. Rod gets hot, hits for 38, as team hits century mark for the second time . . . win 105-90 over William and Mary . . . Madi- son Square Garden sees Rod and the Mountaineers at their best . . . Hot Rodney pumps in half of his shots, ends night with 40 points ... St. Johns" is the Garden victim . . . Field House return aaginst William and Mary is successful as Rod continues blistering scoring pace, adding 31 more to his record total . . . Pitt closes the season on a sour note as they inject defeat . . . game might be termed season's fiasco . . . Hundley has 31 at halftime — looks cinch to break the Field House record . . . only gels nine in the second half for a not-so-bad 40 points and the third time this season that Rod has hit 40. Bouncing back from demoralizing Pitt defeat. Mountaineers spurt to win the Southern Conference Tournament for the sec- ond year in a row . . . Hundley repeats on all-tournament team, most valuable player . . . Whitting. Bergines make second team all-tourney . . . first game is almost the only one as upset-minded Davidson throws a scare into the Mountaineers. 59-53 . . . Fur- man loses its third of the season to the Gold and Blue but the margin is again narrow . . . Rod hits for season's high of 42 points, outscores Floyd by 11 . . . just misses breaking the single game scoring record set by Floyd in Furman's first game . . . Into the finals against a Richmond team that hasn't lost on their home floor for four years . . . Mountaineers turn the trick by but one bucket. 58-56 . . . Rod adds 26 more to his three-game total, misses record by three. Moving to the Garden for the second time in the season, the Mountaineers square off against Darmouth. the Ivy League cham- pion in the first round of the NCAA tournament . . . The Ivy Leaguers play like they're trying to grow ivy by "planting" them- and refusing to move with the game in its closing seconds . . . one last shot misses and the game goes into overtime, the Moun- taineers first overtime battle of the season . . . again the Dar- mouth "ice cubes" hold the ball . . . this time the strategy works and the Mountaineers are eliminated. 61-59. 21-9 is season's final record . . . Whitting. Mullins and Ber- gines graduating seniors and tri-captains all do a fine job . . . WVU Basketball looks to 1956-57 season and continued success. WE'VE GOT OUR "ARMS CROSSED"— Willie Bergines ...1 the Mountaineer- jumps against Lee Marshall of the Generals in the first period of the reluri- same apainst Washington and Lee. The Mountaineers beat the highly-regarded Generals in both encounters. LET'S GO MEN— WE CAN BEAT FURMAN. Rod Hundley seems to be leading the crowd in a cheer as he attempts to snag a rebound against the Paladians. Lloyd Sharrar appears to have the ball in control, sitting on the top of his fist. Bergines (in the background) keeps one eye on Furman's high scoring whiz, Darrell Floyd (extreme right of picture). COME ON FELLOWS, LET'S PLAY GAMES. Hot Rod Hundley is on ili.- floor again. This lime, he's working on the tempers of Furman's Darell Floyd and one of his teammates. Repeats of scenes like this are what make the '"Hot Rod" one of the nation's number one baske:ball players. ^ e l^ft~- !)»' ''t" -trVx^ V ■ t K i^' ' . '^ "<'liy HAIL TO THE CHAMPIONS! Here are the West Virginia University base- hallers who annexed the Southern Conference Baseball cmwn to complete the Mountaineers three-sports sweep. First Row: Don Firestone, Christy Kalt- necker, John Baliker. Ed Lenhart and Jim Dayoob. Second Row: Jim Baliker. Rod Shafer, Ronny LaNeve, Jim Heise. Vic Rabbits and Tom Cook. Third Row: Harold Roberts, assistant coach; Olen Carter. Don Smith. Joe Geldbaugh. Bill Franko, Don O'Haver, Phil Donley, Glen Higgins, Charlie McKown and Coach Steve Harrick. B A §i E ALL MORGANTOWN, SPRING, 1956 -The Mountaineers had a great haseball team this spring ... in 26 games they lost but 6. a fine record for any club . . . annexed the Southern Con- ference Baseball Crown for the first time in the sciiool's history and went into the district playoffs of tiie NCAA against Wake Forest . . . opened with a 10-2 win over America University . . . followed with wins over: Farimont .State. West Virginia Wes- leyan, Alderson-Broaddus and George Washington before suf- fering setback at GW . . . nine straight victories followed . . . single wins over: Notre Dame. Waynesburg. West Virginia Wesleyan . . . doubleheader sweeps at expense of: Washington and Lee. Penn State and VMI . . . second loss administered by tiny Waynesburg College . . . wins over Saint Vincent and Bethany liefore losing again, this time to Virginia Tech . . . returning to winning ways, twin victory over William and Mary and a single win over Bethany follow . . . season closes with loss lo arch-rival Pitt in final game . . . NCAA tournament played on Evansdale Field . . . Lose first game to Wake Forest, cham- liion of the Atlantic Coast Conference ... in second of best-of- ihree series, rally for eight runs in final inning to squeak out 9-7 win . . . final game sees the Deacons come out on top 6-5 . . . Mountaineers eliminated. Wake Forest goes on to become the eventual NCAA champion. .lack Ralibits, fleetfooted outfielder leads team in batting (.382) , Runs batted in (39). hits (34 I. doubles (6) and home runs (6) . . . Lenhart. sophomore first baseman leads in triples with 5 . . . McKown. Lenhart. and Kaltnecker also hit above .300 . . . In the pitching department, it's all .Jim Heise . . . appearing in 18 games. Heise wins 10, loses 4 . . . leads the teams and the nation in strikeouts by a collegiate pitcher. Ill . . . earned runs average — 2.10 . . . behind Hei.se is Don O'Haver wins 7, loses 1 . . . Cook and Shafer appear and are the pitchers of record in other contests. All Southern Conference Baseball Team features three Moun- taineers . . . .lim Heise is the captain-elect . . . Lenhart at first base and Rabbits in the outfield are tiie other selections . . . Catcher Baliker. Outfielder McKown and Pitcher O'Haver are second team selections . . . Captain Christy Kaltnecker draws Honorable Mention . . . Kaltnecker is the only loss to the team by graduation . . . Steve Harrick smiles as he faces SPRING. 1956. I THINK HE'S SAKE. HOW ABOUT YOU? This seems to l,e llie sentiment of ttle onlookers as tlit\ wuitcli llie action on the field. U S OLYMPIC TEAM 1962 Pictured here are ihe members of the 1955 West Virginia University track learn wliich rolled to a 4-1 season's record. They are: First' Row: Marvin Carr, Gus Kaimakides, Charles Casein. Dick Thuburn, Tom Potter and Warren Bodkin. Second Row: Coach Art Smith, Barry Blake Byron Riley, Sam Morris.in Steve Boreman Don Kerr and White Bourland. Third Row: Harry Diehl, Frank Spinks. Alexander Gh.z. John Routa, Bud LaFollette and Dick Clark. TRACK 1955 version of the track team rolls to 4 and 1 record . . . only loss of the season is administered by VMI, 55-76 . . . South- ern Conference meet at Williamsburg. Va. is a minor disaster team places fifth . . . only first place is Bill Solley's un- spectacular 12-foot effort in the pole vault , . . Bethany is first to fall by 115-15 margin . . . Ohio University follows . . . West Virginia Wesleyan is next to feel the brunt of the powerful group as they fall 106y2-23V2 victim to the Mountaineers . . . final vic- tory is at the expense" of Geneva 871/2-421/2 ■ ■ ■ Captain Tom Potter leads the team in scoring . . . Potter scores 50i 4 points on the season . . . soph weight man Barry Blake is right be- hind . . . Blake, competing in shot init and discus throw manages 46 points . . . dash-man. broad-jumper Frank Spinks third in the scoring with 41 tallies. 'II' DISTANCE RUNNERS— Pictured here are the members of the University's right, first row are: Gus Kaimakides, who also participated in 19.55: Dick Thoburn manager of the 1955 team: Bob Harrah; Harry Team composed mostly of juniors . . . compile 5 win, 2 loss record in 1955 . . . Open against Westminster at home . . . vic- tory is the result. 27-28 . . . second contest of the season, again at home — Carnegie Tech . . . Techmen prove the better. 32-24 . . . West Virginia Wesleyan is the third straight home opponent . . . second victory is at Wesleyan's expense — 22-33 . . . Second half of the schedule opens in Richmond . . . Southern Spiders are the Mountaineers' third victims . . . final score shows the low men to be the WVU cross country trotters, 21-34 . . . William and Mary follow the Spiders but not into the victory column . . . the Indians prove too difficult — 39-19 . . . Southern Conference Meet on Nov. 12 includes tiie Mountaineers . . . Davidson wins the meet . . . the Mountaineers make a good showing . . . Only losses to this year's team are seniors Cascio and Diehl . . . Art Smith finishes coaching career . . . €ROS§; COr]\TRY 195 1 Cross Country team. A picture of the 1955 team was not available. Pictured left to ; Charles Cascio, also a 1955 participant and Don Smith. Second row: Jerry McClure, Diehl, a member of the '55 team and Co.i. li An Smitli. THESE GROANERS GRUNT FOR REAL. Here are the members of Coach Steve Harrick's 1955-56 varsity wrestling squad, left to right: First Row: Coach Steve Harrick, Alfred 0"DeII. Jerry McClure. Captain Lewis Guidi, Dick Hamilton. Bob Harrah. Equipment Custodian Carl Roberts. Second Row: Carmen Sensky, Harlen Kinnison, Bryce Kramer. Ernie Fuchs. Dill Clark. John Barilc. U R E S T L I M; One win, six losses and one tie. that's the varsity wrestling record for 1956 . . . performance is far below expectations . . . only win of the season is in the opening match against Case Tech . . . next two matches result in defeat . . . Indiana State Teachers take the measure of the Mountaineers. 19-13 ... in close match with VMI. the team again tastes defeat by the narrow margin of two points. 18-16 . . . Washington and Lee match results in tie, 14-14 . . . Franklin and Marshall, Navy, Virginia Tech and Pitt all win over the Mountaineers in late season matches . . . Captain Lew Guidi is the outstanding per- former . . . heavyweight John Barile also is very promising. Gymnastics under Coach Bill Bonsall goes into third season at University . . . after compiling 2 and 3, 3 and 3 records in 1954 and 1955, gymnasts lose their first four matches of 1956 . . . Penn .State is the first opponent and the Nittany Lions roar . , . roll to 63-31 victory . . , the LIniversity of Illinois comes to Morgantown and goes home with victory over the Mountaineers, 72-24 , . , At the United States Naval Academy, Middies win easily, 75^2-20^2 . . . after four WVU victories in as many tries, the Panthers finally get on the winning side of the ledger with 64-32 victory . . . rounding out their largest schedule in history, the Mountaineers have four matches remaining on their schedule when this book goes to press ... In 1955 they manage three wins in the last four matches. CiYM THEY FLY THROUGH THE AIR WITH THE GREATEST OF EASE. These are the members ..f the varsity gymnastics learn in their third year of intercollegiate lompelition, left to right: Jim FoUmer, Paul Smoot, Captain Bob Gluck, Steve Stockier. Dick Slurfiill. Dick Patrick, Jim Cryster. Kneelin;; is Cach Bill Bonsall. 0f^ THEY REIGN ON THE GREENS AND THE FAIRWAYS. Here are the members of the 1955 University G"lf team. First R.iw ll.-fi i.. right): li„lj Martin, Gei.rRe Petitte, Bob Brown and Bud Allen. Second Row: Dave Boscka, Bob Maier, Capl. Hap Hall, Andy Kourcc. GOLF Golf is just heginniiif; Id takes its roots here . . . 19.55 golfers are tough . . . compile 7 and 3 won, lost record . . . open the season with a 9-0 win over Waynesburg College . . . arch-rival Pitt experiences fall as second rival. 7-2 . . . William and Mary mar the record by administering first loss, 51/2-3% ■ ■ • VMI follows suit by handing "U" golfers second setback, 6^2-2% . . . Linksmen get back on the victory trail with 8-1 win over Carnegie Tech . . . the Colonials of George Washington fall by 5-4 margin . . . Pitt returns our favor and administers the team its third loss of the season . . . season closes with a blaze of glory . . . three straight wins recorded over: Geneva, 9-0; Waynes- burg, 9-0 (default) : and Youngstown, 6-3. Tennis has a losing season in 1955 . . . Mountaineer "netters" win 4 but lose 8 . . . open the .season with five straight los.ses before they can manage a win . . . losses come at the hands of: Wayne 9-0: Pitt, 5-4: William and Mary. 9-0; Richmond. 9-0; and VMI 6-3 . . . first win of the season is at the expense of Salem College, 6-3 . . . George Washington ends hopes with 8-1 victory . . . Pitt defeats the Mountaineers again by the identical 5-4 score . . . Three game winning streak begins with (ieneva . . . Salem provides Mountaineers with second straight victory and a sweep in the season's encounters . . . Bethany follows Salem into the victory column . . . streak ends in a second match with Bethany . . . visitors are 5-4 victors as the season ends . . . Dr. Ruel Foster takes over the coaching reigns vacateil by the promotion of Robert N. (Red) Brown to Athletic Di- rector. TE NI^IS WVU'S "RACKETEERS"— Tennis team, 195.=; Fir-t Row: I,i-<mard L.uclin. .lohn Lyncli. Claude Go.xUin and B.ih Spessard. Second Row: Coach Rucl Foster, Paul K.-ndMll, l!oh Cline, All\n Criihlh-. liili llMrnli.-ld an. I J...- Waiiii -i. SIXTEEN SONS OK FATHER NEPTllNE. SwimminK fur WVH this year are, le{t t,i right: First Ri^w : Runt Yust. John Routa, Greg Ault. John Cumbs. Cliil Briiier. Jim Bnithern. Secdnii Rnw: Jack Travis. Bill Cunliin. Bob Smith, Chuck Muder, Jim Atchinsun, Ray Hopkins. Kirk Canterbury, Wayne Swank, John Sanieius, Dan Cavanaugli. S W I M M I X G Varsity swimmers snatch first victory in 17 tries in 1956 . . . victory comes over Fairmont State Collegians . . . two years of frustration finally end . . . swimming, only at the University since 1953. takes great strides forward . . . first full-time swimming coach, All American Ronnie Gainsford of Pitt . . . Season starts badly with losses to Carnegie Tech, 17-67 . . . Washington and Jeflerson. 27-54 . . . VMl. 19-65 . . . and Virginia Tech. 27-57 . . . swimmers are good but opposition is better . . . victory finally arrives . . . 43-39 decision over the Fairmonters . . . with a sophomore loaded team, the Mountaineer swimmers look like the future may hold brighter things in store. The 19,56 University varsity riHers roll to 10-4 overall record . . . sport 10-2 record in Pittsburgh Rifle League . . . first match of season at home results in win over Carnegie Tech . . . Geneva College falls victim to sharpshooters in second win . . . "V" finishes second in triangular meet with Pitt and Indiana Slate Teachers . . . Home win over Washington and Jefferson . . . Second meeting "U" wins by one point ... In second triangular meet of the season, again finishes second . . . Win over Geneva follows . . . Carnegie Tech gains revenge for earlier season's loss in return match in Pittsburgh . . . Virginia Tech is tough win over "U" . . . arch rival Pitt tastes the sting of the Mountaineer musket . . . Indiana State Teahcers. an earlier victim, again beaten . . . Duquesne falls before the WVU marksmen . . . record is good enough to merit lie for first place at time hook go;s to press. RIFLE DAVE-E-E, DAVY CROCKETT — Pictured here are West Virginia's nmHern Davy Crocketts, the members of the 1956 varsity rifle team. First Row, left to right: Captain Jerry Amiis, Damon Coffman, Tet! Moreland, Jack Bisping and Jim Paxton. Second Row: Captain Clair Book, i-oach; Gilbert Kingsbury, Joe Rjneharl, Ron Gorrell, Lowell Secrist, Jim Morgan, Clyde Mayne and M/Sgt. Haley, assistant ro^irh. ^T"* •iiiiii- THE ALL-AMERICANS OF 1958. 1 i im . ui of this assemblage will come maybe on.-, i , ;.. imi, ,,i ih. m. im-i- i ;:,. i '/; All-Ameriran Football I. :. i i — ■ are the members of the University's luglily-suecessful freshman football squad. First Rt.w ; Ditk Guesnun. Uick Rodesky, Okie Finyd. Jim Hillen, Dick Kelelmer, Ed McDonald, John Bowles, Bruce McClung. Carl Dannerberg. Chuck Guzy. Second Row: Jerry Kenney. Steve Edwards, Pete Peters, Whiiey Estepp, Dick Longfellow, Noel Whipkey, Bill Ford, Fred Sterner, Dick Rosevear, Matt Menas, Roger Elmer. Third Row: Terry Fairbinks, Jimmy Scott. G!en Siiamblin. Bill \lcClure, Paul Bennett, Bill Lopasky, Tony Tailarico, Chuck Billak and Bill McCrea. FIIESHMAX FOOTBALL SQUAD FRESH MAX BxlSKETBALL SQUAD FIRST YEAR FLASHES. Front Row. left to right: Jack Marcella. Howie Schertzinger, Bob Cloussin. John Graham, Steve Ruby. Bob Smith. Back Row: Ronnie Retlon, Marvin "Buck" Bolyard, Dave Coombs, Carroll Bohrer, Jack Shamblin, D >n Miller and Manager Jim Halhaway, Nul Pictured: Joel Plevich, Sonny Miller and Jim Bilotta. MOrXTAIIVEER €HEERL£x\DER!§ Fred Pattison, Mouiiiam i. Our past and future in person. CHEERLEADERS, First Row: (Varsity) Bull Keen, Debbie Gordun, Darlene Wilheini, K. 0. Th..mas. Second Row: (Fresliman) Babe L'rso. B;rk Rulledf;e, Sae SmUh. 1 Jl IS lllf \ v^ kSSS^PF"^ t i\ ^<m SORORITIES FRATERNITIES .-■"vmm'mrwm "And then she said to me . . ." til 111! AAA KKr IT xii Ar KA A0 PA]\HELLEi\IC C O IJ X C I L Panhellenic Council . . . composed of a junior and a senior from each social sorority . . . each girl serves two years . . . recently established Junior Panhellenic is composed of president and representa- tive from each pledge class. Main project each year is coordinating rushing . . . Panhellenic is responsible for booklet issued each girl going out for rushing . . . any problem coming up is referred to Council. In November, Panhellenic sponsored Woman's Pan . . . Virgil Vingle and orchestra played this year . . . pledges of each sorority planned and put up the dec- orations. Participates with Council of Fraternity Presidents in local Community Chest Drive . . . aided the Sal- vation Army by ringing Christmas Bells in business district . . . sponsored a foster child in Germany ... set up exchange dinners t ach month for sorori- ties to attend . . . annually offers a trophy to the so- rority achieving highest over-all average. This year Panhellenic investigated the need for additional sororities resulting from increased enroll- ment with the construction of the new dormitory and the advantages and di^advantages of the quota sys- tem. Left: CAN YOU FIND YOURSELF? Not even the Pitt t;amp kept the Greeks away from Women's Pan. MEMBERS FIRST ROW: Joan Harner, Kappa Kappa Gamma; Regina Jeran, Kappa Delta; Sylvia Lough, secretary. Kappa Delta; Janet Mallunee, Alpha Xi Delta; Ann McMunn, Pi Beta Phi; Janet MoUe, Delta Delta Delta. SECOND ROW: Joedy Moreland, vice-president, Kappa Kappa Gamma; Patricia Morrison, treasurer. Alpha Phi; Sally Provins, Alpha Delta Pi; Miriam Reep. Chi Omega; Diane Reidler. Delta Delta Delta; Carolyn Reynolds, Alpha Delta Pi. THIRD ROW: Janice Riley, Chi Omega; Joan Scott, Alpha Phi; Betty Shumate. Delta Gamma: Mary Lohr Varner, president. Pi Beta Phi; Peggy Witt, Alpha Xi Delta. Not pic- tured: Ann Potter, Delta Gamma. Cokes and Contemplation 67 ALPHA DELTA PI (^€(^r^''LfpC^_ MEMBERS First Row: Sara Jo Dorsey Anderson, Rozella Archer, Carolyn Baer, June Baker, Marjorie Beck, Roberta Behnke, Merlyn Bisping, Betty Board, Mary Lynn Board, Gene Bod- kin. Second Row: Frances Bonds, Sidney Brooks, Phyllis Bur- goyne, Diane Deuvall, Sara Mae Dillon, Margaret Duffield. Sylvia Ekstrom, Paula Fidler, Betty Ann Foor, Jeanne Fox. Third Row: Martha Coins, Diane Gray, Karen Harrah, Anne Haynes, Pepper Haynes, Sarah Hipps, Celeste Hols- wade, Loretta Lawson, Nancy Malone, Mary Frances Martin. Fourth Row: Shirley Mayernick. Melissa Meyer, Sue Mor- ris, Margaret Moyer, Mary Margaret McClue, Mary Evelyn Neville, Judy Peters, Sally Provins, Gerry Rampp, Carley Ann Rees. Fifth Row: Carolyn Reynolds, Ramona Runnion, Ann Schroath, Patricia Smith. Iris Snyder, Mary Sue Stanley, Nancy Walker, Suzanne Wardle, Margaret Winter, Janet Zaleski. Not Pictured: Jo Ann LeVelle. 68 !?i"f:'' SORORITY Alpha Delta Pi, oldest women's secret organization, founded at Wesleyan Female College, Macon, Georgia. May 1851 . . . Came on this campus in 1919 as Alpha Upsilon Chapter . . . Highlights of the year . . . pledging of 15 girls who elected Paula Fidler pledge president . . . House decorations took first place during Homecoming Weekend . . . Holiday season filled with Christmas parties with Alums and dates . . . party for the underprivileged children . . . Pledge Party and annual Stardust Spring Formal in March completed the social season . . . Service projects for the year included the picnic for underprivileged children and supplying funds for equipment and therapy for handicapped children . . . Outstanding girls . . . Loretta Lawson, presi- dent of Theta Sigma Phi, news editor of Athenaeum . . . Carolyn Reynolds, president of AWS, ROTC sponsor. Student Court . . . Carley Ann Rees. vice-president of Sophomore Class, steering committee of Spiriteers, Li-Toon-Awa . . . Diane Deuvall, president of Terrace Hall . . . Mary Frances Martin, fraternal editor of MONTICOLA ... Pat Smith, vice-president of Chaplain's Council . . . Sidney Brooks, co- ordinator of Mountainlair Decorations Committee . . . Mortar Board. Loretta Lawson and Carolyn Reynolds . . . Carley Ann Rees and Diane Deuvall, Y Junior cabinet . . . . . . Jean Bodkin and Gerry Ramp, WRA officers . . . Carley Ann Rees and Margaret Duffield, WRA cabinet . . . Freshman guides were Shirley Mayernick and Mary Margaret McClue. ■'HEY!" THEY CRY. "WE'RE A D PI." (left to right): Shirley Mayernick. Vice-President: June Baker. Senior Representative: Luretta Lawson, President; Suzanne Wardle, Treasurer; Nancy Walker, Sophomore Representative. Not Pictured: Celeste Holswade. Top: PRESENTING— fourteen new pledges. Bottom: Sigma Nu's — 23358 ALPHA UPSILON CHAPTER OF ALPHA P MEMBERS First Row: Sarah Bailey. Ann Bertiaux. Betty Brown, Sally Brown, Pat Coover, Pat Cubbon, Deloris Curtis, Mary Eliz abeth Custer, Sybil Davis. Second Row: Rea Dawn Dawson, Sue Dickinson, Sandra Fervier, Sharon Frisk, Diane George, Peggy Glenn, Nancy Gregory, Yvonne Gump, Diane Hankey. Third Row: Annabelle Harris, Dottie Lou Hedrick, Rachel Ann Hess, Jackie Hyre, Pat Laughlin, Pat LeMasters, Pat Lowe, Lucille Lowry, Mary Lou McClung. Fourth Row: Janice Mall, Ann Marshall, Sonja Matheny, Pat Morrison, Ann Omohundro, Esther Plevich, Harriet Phillips, Virginia Roby, Tommie Lou Rodgers. Fifth Row: Pat Rowan, Joann Scott, Nancy Sue Selby, Molly Seibert. Jane Smith. Nancy Sowers, Glenna Squires, Roniona Starcher, Pat Steele. Sixth Row: Betty Stine, Carolyn Tully, Betsy Valentine, Jean Wells, Mary Elizabeth Wilbourne, Nancy Withers, Nancy Zinn, Rachel Ann Zinn, Mrs. Ethel Forman, Housemother. 70 SORORITY Alpha Phi had its beginning in 1872 at Syracuse University in New York . . . Beta Iota Chapter installed on this campus in 1930 ... 12 girls chose Alpha Phi in the fall, electing Lucille Lowry president of their pledge class . . . Alpha Phi helps with the local Heart Fund Drive by working in the business district taking contributions . . . Working with the Heart Fund Drive is a national project . . . Active members on campus . . . Yvonne Gump, adviser to YWCA Junior Cabinet . . . Annabelle Harris. YWCA social chairman, vice-president of Home Economics Club, chairman of Moun- tainlair Decorations Committee, treasurer of Phi Upsilon Omicron . . . ROTC sponsors, Mary Lou McClung, Yvonne Gump . . . Class Honoraries — Li-Toon-Awa, Pat LeMasters . . . Chimes, Deloris Curtis . . . Mortar Board. Rachel Ann Hess, vice-president . . . Pat Morrison. Panhellenic Treas- urer . . . Pat Coover, Theta Sigma Phi . . . Lambda Chi Sweetheart, Mary Lou McClung . . . Orchesis officers — Jean Wells, president; Betty Brown, vice-president; Janice Mall, secretary . . . Rachel Hess, YWCA treasurer. Phi Upsilon Omicron. Kappa Delta Pi . . . WRA Council members — Deloris Curtis. Sarah Baily. Jean Wells, vice-president . . . Deloris Curtis. MONTICOLA subscription manager. Thanks- giving Convocation chairman. YWCA Senior Cabinet . . . YWCA Junior Cabinet — Ann Omahundro. Molly Seibert . . . Alpha Phi's social agenda included Christmas Party and the Forget-me-not-Formal in March . . . THESE YOU SEE ARE ALPHA PHI: (Left to right) Tommie Lou Rodgers, treasurer: Annabelle Harris, pledge trainer; Jean Wells, scholarship; Betsy Valentine, secretary; Rachel Ann Hess, president. Top: Please someone laugh Bottom : I've never heard that one before BETA IOTA CHAPTER OF ALPHA XI DELTA MEMBERS First Row: Charolette Altmeyer, JoAnne Baker, Sandra Beighley, Sherry Bourn, JoAnn Brown, Carolyn Browning, Ida Cooper, B. J. Cunningham, Anna Lee Davis. Second Row: Karen Davis, Diane Fisher, Jackie Friend, Mary Sue Gilkeson, Deborah Gorden, Jean Hickman, Judy Hornor, Sharon Hubacher, Alice Ann Huffman. Third Row: Sue Jones, Margaret Kenworthy, Annette Kunst. Carol Kusic, Jody Lamb, Patty Lantz, Phyllis McCoy, Janet Lee Mallonee, Elizabeth Murray. Fourth Row: Molly O'Kelly, Beth Pirrung, Rosemary Poe, Jane Ratliff, Jane Rhodes, Susan Rhodes, Joyce Sluzas, Bar- bara Snodgrass, Sue Stout. Sally Swayze. Fifth Row: Fran Truman. Joni Walker. Betty Wall, Ro- berta Warner. Sally Whanger. Barbara Williams, Peggy Witt, Peggy Wolfe, Dreama Wyant, Mrs. Mabel Tennant, House- mother. 72 SORORITY Iota Chapter of Alpha Xi Delta was the first national sorority established on this campus . . . Sorority founded at Lambard College. Galesburg. Illinois in April of 1893 . . . 13 girls were pledged during fall rush season . . .Dreama Wyant was chosen their pledge president . . . Alpha Xi took third place in the 1955 Mother's Day Sing . . . their Home- coming Float won first place . . . House decorations captured second place during Homecoming . . . Mountaineer Week- end Float also took first place . . . Social season was high- lighted by the Christmas Party with their dates . . . Rose Formal in March . . . Buying books for local hospitals was their main project for the year . . . Alpha Xi's outstanding on campus . . . Ida Cooper, AWS representative. Mountain- lair Advisory Council, vice-president of Junior Class, secretary of YWCA . . . B. J. Cunningham. Athletic Council, Spir- iteers Steering Committee, Marketing Club . . . Diane Fisher, Press Club . . . Debbie Gorden. varsity cheerleader, Orchesis . . . Carolyn Sue Jones, Alpha Psi Omega, AWS Representative, YWCA Cabinet . . . Molly O'Kelly, Li-Toon- Awa, YWCA Junior Cabinet . . . Rosemary Poe, Arnold Air Society sponsor . . . Peggy Witt, Alpha Epsilon Delta, WRA Council . . . ROTC sponsors, Rosemary Poe. Ida Cooper . . . Dolphin members. B. J. Cunningham, Debbie Gorden . . . French Honorary. Diane Fisher. Janet Mallonee, Peggy Witt ... ALPHA Xfs ARE LED BY THESE. Left to right: Sally Swayze. pledge tiainer; Joni Walker, social chairman; Ida Cooper, vice-president; Carolyn Browning, corresponding secretary; Rosemary Poe, president: Peggy Witt, treasurer; B. J. Cunningliam, secretary. Top: Trump it! Bottom: Deck the halls. IOTA CHAPTER OF mj CHI OMEGA MEMBERS First Row: Betty Arnett. June Barton. Barbara Borenian. Sandra Brown. Tootie Brown, Connie Campbell, Mary Bird Carder, Ruth Cuppett, Elizabeth Daugherty. Second Row: Joan Davis. Lucinda Davis, Mary Ann Davis. Mary Ann Dilniore. Marjorie Dodd. Sue Dodds, Billie Eng- lish, Carolyn Faegans. Barbara Kay Giffen. Third Row: Suzannah Goad, Kathleen Gronquist, Judy Hammett, Joyce Hanna. Mary Louise Harr, Sarah Jane Hin- erman, Frances Jones, Harriet Jones, Jane Lee Jones. Fourth Row: Reba Lou Jordon. Nancy Keffer. Polly Kessel. .4nn Linger, Roberta MacFarlane. Carol Maddox, Martha Meredith, Jeannette Nichols, Marilyn O'dell. Fifth Row: Susie Pyles, Mirian Reep, Janice Riley. Mar- garet Ann Riley. Gerniaine Rollyson, Lucy Ropp, Mary Sampson, Sue Selby, Douglas Sibbald, Gayle Smith. Sixth Row: Suzanne Smith, Helen Sobak, Sara Stephenson, Carol Trosch, Carol Sue Truman, Pat Way, Betty West, Susie Whiteside, Ann Woodrum, Mrs. Lloyd Wildman, House- mother. 74 SORORITY Sixteen girls chose Chi Omega in the fall rush season, elect- ing Betty West pledge president . . . Theta Chapter of Chi Omega won first place in the 1955 Sphinx Talent Show, retiring the Traveling Trophy . . . took first place in the Mother's Day Sing, again taking the traveling trophy in the women's division . . . 1955 Mountaineer Queen was Chi 0, Ann Woodrum . . . Chi Omega was founded in 1895 at the University of Arkansas . . . sponsors a National Achieve- ment Award — a gold medal presented to a woman of notable accomplishment . . . Chi 0 Service Fund is used to publish research material in the social science field . . . Distinguished actives include Phi Upsilon Omicron members Sandra Brown. Helen Sobak. Connie Campbell. Joan Davis . . . Connie Campbell. Omicron Nu, Kappa Delta Pi . . . Polly Kessel. Theta Sigma Phi . . . Mirian Reep. Alpha Psi Omega . . . Joan Davis, vice-president of Senior Class ... 5 ROTC and AFROTC sponsors . . . Gayle Smith, Scabbard and Blade sponsor . . . Class Honoraries tapped Lucy Ropp. Mary Bird Carder. Harriet Jones — Li-Toon-Awa . . . Chimes — Polly Kessel. keeper of the clapper; Sue Dodds, Betty Arnett, Carolyn Faegans, president . . . French Hon- orary members. Joan Davis, Janice Riley ... La Tertulia, June Barton, president. Polly Kessel, Roberta MacFarlane . . . Social schedule includes Christmas Formal given by pledges . . . Spring Formal in April . . . SIGH OOH— THEY'RE CHI O: (Left to right) First Row: Connie Camp- bell, president; Polly Kessel, pledge mistress; Lucy Ropp, sophomore repre- sentative; Carolyn Feagans, secretary; Sue Dodds, treasurer: Mirian Reep, panhellenic representative. Second Row: Betty Arnett, vice-president; Mar- tha Meredith, social chairman; Ann Woodrum, corresponding secretary. V**^ Top: That's a sailor for you! Bottom: Makeup can do so much THETA CHAPTER OF U DELTA DELTA DELTA MEMBERS First Row: Mary Blair, Grace Bonar, Geraldine Buchannon, Barbara Burton, Janet Caussin, Hester Chandler, Valerie Chilberg, Lois Jean Copper. Second Row: Marie Duduit, Melcina Flaherty, Nancy Gooch, Sandra Gosnell, Jane Hawthonie, Jacquelyn Hughes, Sue Jones, Martha Kemp. Third Row: Janet Molle, Jane Mollohan, Linda Mon- ahan, Edith Poling, Kathryn Poling, Patricia Poling, Laura Powell, Diana Reidler. Fourth Row: Darlene Roberts, Barbara Rollyson, Martha Rush, Ora Lee Rusmisell, Phyllis Ann Rusmi- sell, Rosemary Scully, Sandra Sturm, Jayne Wood- yard, Mrs. Frances Black, Housemother. Not Pictured: Jenny Cassell. 76 SORORITY Delta Delta Delta Sorority was founded in 1888 at Boston University . . . The newest sorority on this campus. Phi Iota Chapter came here in 1954 . . . Started 1955-56 year with nine pledges . . . Hester Chandler elected pledge presi- dent . . . Tri Delta's social calendar included the Pansy Breakfast. Chapter Day. Pine Party. Apple Polishing Party, Founder's Day. and the Spring Formal in May . . . Tri Delta Service Scholarship sponsored locally and nationally . . . Distinguished members on campus . . . Rosemary Scully, president of WRA. vice-president of Chimes . . . Kathryn Poling. Student Legislature . . . Barbara Rollsyon. president. Phi Alpha Theta . . . Laura Powell. Student Court . . . Diane Reidler. Omicron Nu . . . Melcena Flaherty, Junior Panhellenic president . . . Freshman guides, Rosemary Scully. Laura Powell . . . Kathryn Poling. Laura Powell. Martha Kemp, members of Mu Phi Epsilon . . . Kappa Delta Pi. Kathryn Poling, Barbara Rollsyon . . . THEIR INFLUENCE IS FELT IN TRI DELT: (Left to right) Seated: Jenny CasseL house president; Barhara Burton, scholarship chairman; Diana Reid- ler, panhellenic representative; Laura Powell, vice-president; Rosemary Scully, treasurer; Kathie Poling, president. Standing: Barbara Rollyson, secretary; Martha Kemp, marshall. Top: Mustn't get the new house dirty . . . Bottom: After dinner coffee and small talk. PHI IOTA CHAPTER OF DELTA GAMMA MEMBERS First Row: Frances Alderson. Sharon Andrews. Katherine Ashworth, Virginia Babcock, Nancy Bailey. Doris Barber, Carolyn Barlow, Marolyn Barlow, Barbara Binns. Second Row: Mary Ann Bornmann. Patricia Burnell, Jane Clark, Julia Colson, Karen Constantine, Betty Davidson, Mary Jo Deem, Velma Ellyson. Mary Boyd Faulkner. Third Row: Mary Lou Fryman, Louanna Furbee. Mary Lee Grimmett, Margaret Hess. Sally Holliday. Virginia Kemp, Barbara McComas, Carolyn Miller. Elizabeth Mi
5269	dbpedia	0	28	https://www.newspapers.com/article/beckley-post-herald/15487252/	en	Article clipped from Beckley Post-Herald	https://img.newspapers.c…32_1275_3227.jpg	https://img.newspapers.c…32_1275_3227.jpg	[ "https://www.newspapers.com/static/i/logo-endorsed.svg", "https://www.newspapers.com/i/logo-lg.png", "https://img.newspapers.com/img/img?user=4384515&id=15748695&clippingId=15487252&width=820&height=2075&crop=3620_232_1275_3227&rotation=0", "https://img.newspapers.com/img/img?user=4384515&id=15748695&clippingId=15487252&width=820&height=2075&crop=3620_232_1275_3227&rotation=0", "https://img.newspapers.com/img/thumbnail/15748695/250/356/0_0_4900_7283/0/yes/3620_232_1275_3227/", "https://www.newspapers.com/api/client/usericon/4384515/?size=36" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	1950-07-03T00:00:00	Clipping found in Beckley Post-Herald published in Beckley, West Virginia on 7/3/1950.	en	/i/newspapers-icon.svg	Newspapers.com	https://www.newspapers.com/article/beckley-post-herald/15487252/
5269	dbpedia	2	27	https://www.worldstatesmen.org/US_states_V-W.html	en	U.S. states V			[ "https://www.worldstatesmen.org/us-gmb.gif", "https://www.worldstatesmen.org/us-vt-1.gif", "https://www.worldstatesmen.org/us-vt-2a.gif", "https://www.worldstatesmen.org/us-vt-2b.gif", "https://www.worldstatesmen.org/us-vt.gif", "https://www.worldstatesmen.org/us-va1861.png", "https://www.worldstatesmen.org/us-va.gif", "https://www.worldstatesmen.org/us-wa.gif", "https://www.worldstatesmen.org/wvirg1r.gif", "https://www.worldstatesmen.org/wvirg1v.gif", "https://www.worldstatesmen.org/us-wv.gif", "https://www.worldstatesmen.org/us-wi13.gif", "https://www.worldstatesmen.org/us-wi.gif", "https://www.worldstatesmen.org/us-wy.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Ben Cahoon" ]	null					null	WorldStatesmen.org HOME > return to United States > to U.S. States A to D >> U.S. States V-W States: Vermont (VT) - Virginia (VA) - Washington (WA) - West Virginia (WV) - Wisconsin (WI) - Wyoming (WY) Party abbreviations: Dem = Democratic Party (liberal, center-left, former D-R, est.1829); Rep = Republican Party (conservative, center-right, est.1854); Mil = Military;- Former parties:A-D = Anti-Democratic Party; AMP = Anti-Masonic Party (opposed Free Masonry, 1827-1836); Con = Conservative Party (liberal conservative, in Virginia, Dec 1867-1883, merged into Dem); DPP = Debt-Paying Party (favored raising taxes to repay Virginia state debt, affiliated with Dem, 1878-1882); D-R = Democratic-Republican Party (pro-states rights, anti-federalist, 1791-1829, renamed Dem); Fed = Federalist Party (conservative, federalist, 1792-1824); N-R = National Republican Party (anti-Jacksonian, 1826-1834); Pop = People's (Populist) Party (agrarian, populist, left-wing, merger of Farmers' Alliance and Greenback Party, 1892-1909, merged into Dem);Prog = Progressive Party (progressive/socialist, 1924-1955); Rdj = Readjuster Party (biracial, populist, opposed raising taxes to repay Virginia state debt, split from Con, Feb 1879-1887, merged into Rep); Whg = Whig Party (economic nationalist, protectionist, anti-Jacksonian, 1833-1860) Vermont President of the General Convention of Delegates 24 Jul 1776 - 8 Jul 1777 Joseph Bowker (b. 1725 - d. 1784) (nominally to 12 Mar 1778) President of the Council of Safety 11 Jul 1777 - 12 Mar 1778 Thomas Chittenden (b. 1730 - d. 1797) Non-party Governors 13 Mar 1778 - 9 Oct 1789 Thomas Chittenden (1st time) (s.a.) Non-party 10 Oct 1789 - 13 Oct 1789 Joseph Marsh (acting) (b. 1726 - d. 1811)Non-party 13 Oct 1789 - 14 Oct 1790 Moses Robinson (b. 1741 - d. 1813) Non-party 15 Oct 1790 - 20 Oct 1790 Peter Olcott (acting) (b. 1733 - d. 1808) Non-party 20 Oct 1790 - 25 Aug 1797 Thomas Chittenden (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party 25 Aug 1797 - 16 Oct 1797 Paul Brigham (acting) (b. 1746 - d. 1824) D-R 16 Oct 1797 - 9 Oct 1807 Isaac Tichenor (1st time) (b. 1754 - d. 1838) Fed 9 Oct 1807 - 14 Oct 1808 Israel Smith (b. 1759 - d. 1810) D-R 14 Oct 1808 - 14 Oct 1809 Isaac Tichenor (2nd time) (s.a.) Fed 14 Oct 1809 - 23 Oct 1813 Jonas Galusha (1st time) (b. 1753 - d. 1834) D-R 23 Oct 1813 - 14 Oct 1815 Martin Chittenden (b. 1763 - d. 1840) Fed 14 Oct 1815 - 23 Oct 1820 Jonas Galusha (2nd time) (s.a.) D-R 23 Oct 1820 - 10 Oct 1823 Richard Skinner (b. 1778 - d. 1833) D-R 10 Oct 1823 - 13 Oct 1826 Cornelius P. Van Ness (b. 1782 - d. 1852) D-R 13 Oct 1826 - 10 Oct 1828 Ezra Butler (b. 1763 - d. 1838) N-R 10 Oct 1828 - 18 Oct 1831 Samuel C. Crafts (b. 1768 - d. 1853) N-R 18 Oct 1831 - 2 Nov 1835 William A. Palmer (b. 1781 - d. 1860) AMP 2 Nov 1835 - 15 Oct 1841 Silas H. Jennison (b. 1791 - d. 1849) Whg 15 Oct 1841 - 13 Oct 1843 Charles Paine (b. 1799 - d. 1853) Whg 13 Oct 1843 - 11 Oct 1844 John Mattocks (b. 1777 - d. 1847) Whg 11 Oct 1844 - 9 Oct 1846 William Slade (b. 1786 - d. 1859) Whg 9 Oct 1846 - 1 Oct 1848 Horace Eaton (b. 1804 - d. 1855) Whg 1 Oct 1848 - 11 Oct 1850 Carlos Coolidge (b. 1792 - d. 1866) Whg 11 Oct 1850 - 1 Oct 1852 Charles K. Williams (b. 1782 - d. 1853) Whg 1 Oct 1852 - 1 Oct 1853 Erastus Fairbanks (1st time) (b. 1792 - d. 1864) Whg 1 Oct 1853 - 13 Oct 1854 John S. Robinson (b. 1804 - d. 1860) Dem 13 Oct 1854 - 10 Oct 1856 Stephen Royce (b. 1787 - d. 1868) Whg;1855 Rep 10 Oct 1856 - 10 Oct 1858 Ryland Fletcher (b. 1799 - d. 1885) Rep 10 Oct 1858 - 12 Oct 1860 Hiland Hall (b. 1795 - d. 1885) Rep 12 Oct 1860 - 11 Oct 1861 Erastus Fairbanks (2nd time) (s.a.) Rep 11 Oct 1861 - 9 Oct 1863 Frederick Holbrook (b. 1813 - d. 1909) Rep 9 Oct 1863 - 13 Oct 1865 John Gregory Smith (b. 1818 - d. 1891) Rep 13 Oct 1865 - 13 Oct 1867 Paul Dillingham (b. 1799 - d. 1891) Rep 13 Oct 1867 - 15 Oct 1869 John B. Page (b. 1826 - d. 1885) Rep 15 Oct 1869 - 7 Feb 1870 Peter T. Washburn (b. 1814 - d. 1870) Rep 7 Feb 1870 - 6 Oct 1870 George W. Hendee (acting) (b. 1832 - d. 1906) Rep 6 Oct 1870 - 3 Oct 1872 John W. Stewart (b. 1825 - d. 1915) Rep 3 Oct 1872 - 8 Oct 1874 Julius Converse (b. 1798 - d. 1885) Rep 8 Oct 1874 - 5 Oct 1876 Asahel Peck (b. 1803 - d. 1879) Rep 5 Oct 1876 - 3 Oct 1878 Horace Fairbanks (b. 1820 - d. 1888) Rep 3 Oct 1878 - 7 Oct 1880 Redfield Proctor (b. 1831 - d. 1908) Rep 7 Oct 1880 - 5 Oct 1882 Roswell Farnham (b. 1827 - d. 1903) Rep 5 Oct 1882 - 2 Oct 1884 John L. Barstow (b. 1832 - d. 1913) Rep 2 Oct 1884 - 7 Oct 1886 Samuel E. Pingree (b. 1832 - d. 1922) Rep 7 Oct 1886 - 4 Oct 1888 Ebenezer J. Ormsbee (b. 1834 - d. 1924) Rep 4 Oct 1888 - 2 Oct 1890 William P. Dillingham (b. 1843 - d. 1923) Rep 2 Oct 1890 - 6 Oct 1892 Carroll S. Page (b. 1843 - d. 1925) Rep 6 Oct 1892 - 4 Oct 1894 Levi K. Fuller (b. 1841 - d. 1896) Rep 4 Oct 1894 - 8 Oct 1896 Urban A. Woodbury (b. 1838 - d. 1915) Rep 8 Oct 1896 - 6 Oct 1898 Josiah Grout (b. 1841 - d. 1925) Rep 6 Oct 1898 - 4 Oct 1900 Edward C. Smith (b. 1854 - d. 1923) Rep 4 Oct 1900 - 3 Oct 1902 William W. Stickney (b. 1853 - d. 1932) Rep 3 Oct 1902 - 6 Oct 1904 John G. McCullough (b. 1835 - d. 1915) Rep 6 Oct 1904 - 4 Oct 1906 Charles J. Bell (b. 1845 - d. 1909) Rep 4 Oct 1906 - 8 Oct 1908 Fletcher D. Proctor (b. 1860 - d. 1911) Rep 8 Oct 1908 - 5 Oct 1910 George H. Prouty (b. 1862 - d. 1918) Rep 5 Oct 1910 - 3 Oct 1912 John A. Mead (b. 1841 - d. 1920) Rep 3 Oct 1912 - 7 Jan 1915 Allen M. Fletcher (b. 1853 - d. 1922) Rep 7 Jan 1915 - 4 Jan 1917 Charles W. Gates (b. 1856 - d. 1927) Rep 4 Jan 1917 - 9 Jan 1919 Horace F. Graham (b. 1862 - d. 1941) Rep 9 Jan 1919 - 6 Jan 1921 Percival W. Clement (b. 1846 - d. 1927) Rep 6 Jan 1921 - 4 Jan 1923 James Hartness (b. 1861 - d. 1934) Rep 4 Jan 1923 - 8 Jan 1925 Redfield Proctor (b. 1879 - d. 1957) Rep 8 Jan 1925 - 6 Jan 1927 Franklin S. Billings (b. 1862 - d. 1935) Rep 6 Jan 1927 - 8 Jan 1931 John E. Weeks (b. 1853 - d. 1949) Rep 8 Jan 1931 - 10 Jan 1935 Stanley C. Wilson (b. 1879 - d. 1967) Rep 10 Jan 1935 - 7 Jan 1937 Charles M. Smith (b. 1868 - d. 1937) Rep 7 Jan 1937 - 9 Jan 1941 George D. Aiken (b. 1892 - d. 1984) Rep 9 Jan 1941 - 4 Jan 1945 William H. Wills (b. 1882 - d. 1946) Rep 4 Jan 1945 - 9 Jan 1947 Mortimer R. Proctor (b. 1889 - d. 1968) Rep 9 Jan 1947 - 16 Jan 1950 Ernest W. Gibson (b. 1901 - d. 1969) Rep 16 Jan 1950 - 4 Jan 1951 Harold J. Arthur (b. 1904 - d. 1971) Rep 4 Jan 1951 - 6 Jan 1955 Lee E. Emerson (b. 1898 - d. 1976) Rep 6 Jan 1955 - 8 Jan 1959 Joseph B. Johnson (b. 1893 - d. 1986) Rep 8 Jan 1959 - 5 Jan 1961 Robert T. Stafford (b. 1913 - d. 2006) Rep 5 Jan 1961 - 10 Jan 1963 Frank Ray Keyser, Jr. (b. 1927 - d. 2015) Rep 10 Jan 1963 - 9 Jan 1969 Philip H. Hoff (b. 1924 - d. 2018) Dem 9 Jan 1969 - 4 Jan 1973 Deane C. Davis (b. 1900 - d. 1990) Rep 4 Jan 1973 - 6 Jan 1977 Thomas P. Salmon (b. 1932) Dem 6 Jan 1977 - 10 Jan 1985 Richard A. Snelling (1st time) (b. 1927 - d. 1991) Rep 10 Jan 1985 - 10 Jan 1991 Madeleine May Kunin (f) (b. 1933) Dem 10 Jan 1991 - 14 Aug 1991 Richard A. Snelling (2nd time) (s.a.) Rep 14 Aug 1991 - 8 Jan 2003 Howard Dean (b. 1948) Dem 8 Jan 2003 - 6 Jan 2011 Jim Douglas (b. 1951) Rep 6 Jan 2011 - 5 Jan 2017 Peter Shumlin (b. 1956) Dem 5 Jan 2017 - Phillip "Phil" Scott (b. 1958) Rep ¹the Vermont legislature held sessions in several cities, moving each session until Montpelier was made the permanent seat of the legislature in Nov 1805, effective in 1808. Sessions were held: 1778 Windsor, 1778 Bennington, 1778 Windsor, 1779 Bennington, 1779 Windsor, 1779 Manchester, 1780 Westminster, 1780 Bennington, 1781 Windsor, 1781 Windsor, 1781 Bennington, 1781 Charlestown (now N.H.), 1782 Bennington, 1782 Windsor, 1782 Manchester, 1783 Windsor, 1783 Westminster, 1784 Bennington, 1784 Rutland, 1785 Norwich, 1785 Windsor, 1786 Rutland, 1787 Bennington, 1787 Newbury, 1788 Manchester, 1789 Westminster, 1790 Castleton, 1791 Bennington, 1791 Windsor, 1792 Rutland, 1793 Windsor, 1794 Rutland, 1795 Windsor, 1796 Rutland, 1797 Rutland, 1797 Windsor, 1798 Vergennes, 1799 Windsor, 1800 Middlebury, 1801 Newbury, 1802 Burlington, 1803 Westminster, 1804 Windsor, 1804 Rutland, 1805 Danville, 1806 Middlebury, 1807 Woodstock, and from 1808 in Montpelier. Virginia Dates: Note dates listed below are Old Style until Aug 1705. The U.K. officially adopted the New Style (Gregorian) Calendar on 2 Sep 1752 which was followed by 14 Sep 1752. Presidents of the Council 14 May 1607 - 10 Sep 1607 Edward Maria Wingfield (b. 1550 - d. 1631) 10 Sep 1607 - 22 Jul 1608 John Ratcliffe (b. 1549 - d. 1609) 22 Jul 1608 - 10 Sep 1608 Matthew Scrivener (b. 1580 - d. 1609) 10 Sep 1608 - 5 Oct 1609 John Smith (b. 1580 - d. 1631) 5 Oct 1609 - 23 May 1610 George Percy (b. 1586 - d. 1632) Governors of Virginia 23 May 1610 - 10 Jun 1610 Sir Thomas Gates (1st time) (b. c.1565 - d. 1621) (acting) 10 Jun 1610 - 7 Jun 1618 Thomas West, Baron de la Warr (b. 1577 - d. 1618) 28 Mar 1611 - 19 May 1611 George Percy (s.a.) (acting for de la Warr) 19 May 1611 - Aug 1611 Thomas Dale (1st time) (b. c.1565 - d. 1629) (acting for de la Warr) Aug 1611 - Mar 1612 Sir Thomas Gates (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting for de la Warr) Mar 1612 - Apr 1616 Thomas Dale (2nd time) (s.a.) (acting for de la Warr) Apr 1616 - 9 Apr 1617 George Yeardley (1st time) (b. 1587? - d. 1627) (acting for de la Warr) 9 Apr 1617 - 9 Apr 1619 Samuel Argall (Argoll) (b. 1572 - d. 1626) (acting [for Baron de la Warr to 7 Jun 1618]) 9 Apr 1619 - 19 Apr 1619 Nathaniel Powell (acting) (b. c.1587 - d. 1622) 19 Apr 1619 - 18 Nov 1621 Sir George Yeardley (2nd time) (s.a.) 18 Nov 1621 - 24 May 1626 Sir Francis Wyatt (b. 1588 - d. 1644) Jun 1626 - 14 Nov 1627 Sir George Yeardley (3rd time) (s.a.) (acting to 19 Apr 1626) 14 Nov 1627 - 5 Mar 1628 Francis West (b. 1586 - d. 1634) 5 Mar 1628 - Mar 1630 John Pott (Potts) (d. 1642?) Mar 1630 - 7 May 1635 Sir John Harvey (1st time) (b. c.1581 - d. 1646) (acting) 7 May 1635 - 18 Jan 1637 John West (b. 1590 - d. 1659) 18 Jan 1637 - Nov 1639 Sir John Harvey (2nd time) (s.a.) Nov 1639 - Feb 1642 Sir Francis Wyatt (2nd time) (s.a.) Feb 1642 - 12 Mar 1652 Sir William Berkeley (1st time) (b. 1605 - d. 1677) Jun 1644 - 7 Jun 1645 Richard Kemp (acting for Berkeley) (b. 1600 - d. 1649) 30 Apr 1652 - 2 Mar 1655 Richard Bennett (b. 1609 - d. 1675) 13 Mar 1655 - Dec 1656 Edward Digges (b. 1620 - d. 1675) Dec 1656 - Jan 1660 Samuel Mathews (b. 1600 - d. 1660) Jan 1660 - 13 Mar 1660 Vacant 13 Mar 1660 - 27 Apr 1677 Sir William Berkeley (2nd time) (s.a.) 30 Apr 1661 - Nov 1662 Francis Moryson (b. 1628? - d. c.1681) (acting for Berkeley) 30 Jul 1676 - 26 Oct 1676 Nathaniel Bacon, Jr. (in rebellion)(b. 1647 - d. 1676) 27 Apr 1677 - 9 Jul 1677 Herbert Jeffreys (b. 1625 - d. 1678) (acting) Lieutenants and Governors General of Virginia 9 Jul 1677 - 28 Sep 1683 Thomas Culpeper, Baron Culpeper (b. 1635 - d. 1689) of Thoresway (declared to have forfeited office 16 Aug 1683) 28 Sep 1683 - 21 Feb 1684 Vacant 21 Feb 1684 - 20 Sep 1692 Francis Howard, Baron Howard of (b. 1643 - d. 1694) Effingham 20 Sep 1692 - 9 Dec 1698 Sir Edmund Andros (b. 1637 - d. 1714) 9 Dec 1698-15/26 Aug 1705 Francis Nicholson (b. 1655 - d. 1728) 26 Aug 1705 - 3 Sep 1706 Edward Nott (b. 1657 - d. 1706) President of the Council of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia 7 Sep 1706 - 4 Jul 1710 Edmund Jennings (b. 1659 - d. 1727) Lieutenant-Governors and Commanders-in-Chief of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia 4 Jul 1710 - 8 Oct 1722 Alexander Spotswood (b. 1676 - d. 1740) 4 Jul 1710 - 9 Feb 1737 George Hamilton Douglas, Earl of (b. 1666 - d. 1737) Orkney (never came to Virginia) 8 Oct 1722 - 2 Aug 1726 Hugh Drysdale (b. 1672? - d. 1726) President and Commander-in-Chief of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia 12 Aug 1726 - 22 Sep 1727 Robert Carter (b. 1663 - d. 1732) Lieutenant-Governors and Commanders-in-Chief of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia 22 Sep 1727 - 2 Dec 1751 William Gooch (b. 1681 - d. 1751) 15 Nov 1737 - 22 Dec 1754 William Anne Keppel, Earl of (b. 1702 - d. 1754) Albemarle (never came to Virginia) 2 Dec 1751 - 5 Jun 1758 Robert Dinwiddie (b. 1673 - d. 1770) 11 Oct 1756 - 29 Sep 1759 John Campbell, Earl of Loudoun (b. 1705 - d. 1782) (never came to Virginia) 5 Jun 1758 - 3 Mar 1768 Francis Fauquier (b. 1703 - d. 1768) 4 Mar 1760 - 12 Aug 1768 Sir Jeffery Amherst (b. 1717 - d. 1797) (never came to Virginia) President of the Council and Commander-in-Chief of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia 4 Mar 1768 - 26 Oct 1768 John Blair (2nd time) (b. 1687 - d. 1771) Lieutenant and Governor General of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia 26 Oct 1768 - 15 Oct 1770 Norborne Berkeley, Baron de (b. 1717? - d. 1770) Botetourt President of the Council and Commander-in-Chief of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia 15 Oct 1770 - 25 Sep 1771 William Nelson (b. 1711 - d. 1772) Lieutenant and Governor General of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia 25 Sep 1771 - 7 Aug 1776 John Murray, Earl of Dunmore (b. 1730 - d. 1809) (abandons the seat of government 8 Jun 1775, takes refuge on U.K. ship which leaves 7 Aug 1776; [nominally to 3 Sep 1783]) Presidents of the (Provincial) Convention 1 Aug 1774 - 6 Aug 1774 Peyton Randolph (1st time) (b. 1721 - d. 1775) 6 Aug 1774 - 20 Mar 1775 dissolution period 20 Mar 1775 - 27 Mar 1775 Peyton Randolph (2nd time) (s.a.) 27 Mar 1775 - 17 Jul 1775 dissolution period 17 Jul 1775 - 16 Aug 1775 Peyton Randolph (3rd time) (s.a.) 17 Aug 1775 - 26 Aug 1775 Robert Carter Nicholas (b. 1728 - d. 1780) (pro tempore)26 Aug 1775 - 1 Dec 1775 dissolution period 1 Dec 1775 - 20 Jan 1776 Edmund Pendleton (b. 1721 - d. 1803) President of the Committee of Safety 26? Aug 1775 - 5 Jul 1776 Edmund Pendleton (s.a.) Governors 5 Jul 1776 - 1 Jun 1779 Patrick Henry (1st time) (b. 1736 - d. 1799) 1 Jun 1779 - 3 Jun 1781 Thomas Jefferson (b. 1743 - d. 1826) 3 Jun 1781 - 12 Jun 1781 William Fleming (acting) (b. 1729 - d. 1795) 12 Jun 1781 - 22 Nov 1781 Thomas Nelson (b. 1738 - d. 1789) 22 Nov 1781 - 30 Nov 1781 David Jameson (acting) (b. 1723 - d. 1793) 1 Dec 1781 - 29 Nov 1784 Benjamin Harrison (b. 1726 - d. 1791) Fed 30 Nov 1784 - 30 Nov 1786 Patrick Henry (2nd time) (s.a.) anti-Fed 1 Dec 1786 - 30 Nov 1788 Edmund J. Randolph (b. 1753 - d. 1813) Fed 1 Dec 1788 - 1 Dec 1791 Beverley Randolph (b. 1754 - d. 1797) anti-Fed 1 Dec 1791 - 1 Dec 1794 Henry Lee (b. 1756 - d. 1818) Fed 1 Dec 1794 - 1 Dec 1796 Robert Brooke (b. 1751 - d. 1799) D-R 1 Dec 1796 - 1 Dec 1799 James Wood (b. 1747 - d. 1813) Fed 7 Dec 1799 - 11 Dec 1799 Hardin Burnley (acting) (b. 1761 - d. 1809) Fed 11 Dec 1799 - 19 Dec 1799 John Pendleton, Jr. (acting) (b. 1749 - d. 1806) 19 Dec 1799 - 1 Dec 1802 James Monroe (1st time) (b. 1758 - d. 1831) D-R 1 Dec 1802 - 1 Dec 1805 John Page (b. 1744 - d. 1808) D-R 7 Dec 1805 - 1 Dec 1808 William H. Cabell (b. 1772 - d. 1853) D-R 1 Dec 1808 - 15 Jan 1811 John Tyler (b. 1747 - d. 1813) D-R 15 Jan 1811 - 19 Jan 1811 George W. Smith (1st time)(acting) (b. 1762 - d. 1811) D-R 19 Jan 1811 - 3 Apr 1811 James Monroe (2nd time) (s.a.) D-R 3 Apr 1811 - 26 Dec 1811 George W. Smith (2nd time) (s.a.) D-R (acting to 5 Dec 1811) 26 Dec 1811 - 3 Jan 1812 Peyton Randolph (acting) (b. 1779 - d. 1828) D-R 3 Jan 1812 - 1 Dec 1814 James Barbour (b. 1775 - d. 1842) A-D 1 Dec 1814 - 1 Dec 1816 Wilson C. Nicholas (b. 1761 - d. 1820) D-R 1 Dec 1816 - 1 Dec 1819 James P. Preston (b. 1774 - d. 1843) D-R 1 Dec 1819 - 1 Dec 1822 Thomas M. Randolph (b. 1768 - d. 1828) D-R 1 Dec 1822 - 11 Dec 1825 James Pleasants, Jr. (b. 1769 - d. 1836) D-R 11 Dec 1825 - 4 Mar 1827 John Tyler (b. 1790 - d. 1862) Dem 4 Mar 1827 - 4 Mar 1830 William B. Giles (b. 1762 - d. 1830) Dem 4 Mar 1830 - 31 Mar 1834 John Floyd (b. 1783 - d. 1837) Dem 31 Mar 1834 - 30 Apr 1836 Littleton W. Tazewell (b. 1774 - d. 1860) Dem 30 Apr 1836 - 31 Mar 1837 Wyndham Robertson (b. 1803 - d. 1888) Whg 31 Mar 1837 - 31 Mar 1840 David Campbell (b. 1779 - d. 1859) Whg 31 Mar 1840 - 20 Mar 1841 Thomas W. Gilmer (b. 1802 - d. 1844) Whg 20 Mar 1841 - 31 Mar 1841 John M. Patton (acting) (b. 1797 - d. 1858) Whg 31 Mar 1841 - 31 Mar 1842 John Rutherford (acting) (b. 1792 - d. 1866) Whg 31 Mar 1842 - 1 Jan 1843 John M. Gregory (acting) (b. 1804 - d. 1884) Whg 1 Jan 1843 - 1 Jan 1846 James McDowell (b. 1796 - d. 1851) Whg 1 Jan 1846 - 1 Jan 1849 William Smith (1st time) (b. 1797 - d. 1887) Dem 1 Jan 1849 - 16 Jan 1852 John B. Floyd (b. 1806 - d. 1863) Dem 16 Jan 1852 - 31 Dec 1855 Joseph Johnson (b. 1785 - d. 1877) Dem 1 Jan 1856 - 31 Dec 1859 Henry A. Wise (b. 1806 - d. 1876) Dem 1 Jan 1860 - 31 Dec 1863 John Letcher (b. 1813 - d. 1884) Dem 1 Jan 1864 - 9 May 1865 William Smith (2nd time) (s.a.) Dem (arrested by union forces 9 May 1865, paroled 9 Jun 1865) 19 Jun 1861 - 4 Apr 1868 Francis Harrison Pierpont (b. 1814 - d. 1899) Rep (of pro-Union Restored Government of Virginia, in Wheeling to 26 Aug 1863, then Alexandria to 25 May 1865; provisional from 9 May 1865) 4 Apr 1868 - 21 Sep 1869 Henry H. Wells (provisional) (b. 1823 - d. 1890) Rep 21 Sep 1869 - 1 Jan 1874 Gilbert C. Walker (b. 1833 - d. 1885) Rep 1 Jan 1874 - 1 Jan 1878 James L. Kemper (b. 1823 - d. 1895) Con 1 Jan 1878 - 1 Jan 1882 Frederick W.M. Holliday (b. 1828 - d. 1899) DPP 1 Jan 1882 - 1 Jan 1886 William E. Cameron (b. 1842 - d. 1927) Rdj 1 Jan 1886 - 1 Jan 1890 Fitzhugh Lee (b. 1835 - d. 1905) Dem 1 Jan 1890 - 1 Jan 1894 Philip W. McKinney (b. 1832 - d. 1899) Dem 1 Jan 1894 - 1 Jan 1898 Charles T. O'Ferrall (b. 1840 - d. 1905) Dem 1 Jan 1898 - 1 Jan 1902 J. Hoge Tyler (b. 1846 - d. 1925) Dem 1 Jan 1902 - 1 Feb 1906 Andrew J. Montague (b. 1862 - d. 1937) Dem 1 Feb 1906 - 10 Feb 1910 Claude A. Swanson (b. 1862 - d. 1939) Dem 10 Feb 1910 - 1 Feb 1914 William H. Mann (b. 1843 - d. 1927) Dem 1 Feb 1914 - 1 Feb 1918 Henry C. Stuart (b. 1855 - d. 1933) Dem 1 Feb 1918 - 1 Feb 1922 Westmoreland Davis (b. 1859 - d. 1942) Dem 1 Feb 1922 - 1 Feb 1926 E. Lee Trinkle (b. 1876 - d. 1939) Dem 1 Feb 1926 - 15 Jan 1930 Harry Flood Byrd, Sr. (b. 1887 - d. 1966) Dem 15 Jan 1930 - 17 Jan 1934 John Garland Pollard (b. 1871 - d. 1937) Dem 17 Jan 1934 - 15 Jan 1938 George C. Peery (b. 1873 - d. 1952) Dem 15 Jan 1938 - 21 Jan 1942 James H. Price (b. 1878 - d. 1943) Dem 21 Jan 1942 - 16 Jan 1946 Colgate W. Darden, Jr. (b. 1897 - d. 1981) Dem 16 Jan 1946 - 18 Jan 1950 William M. Tuck (b. 1896 - d. 1983) Dem 18 Jan 1950 - 20 Jan 1954 John S. Battle (b. 1890 - d. 1972) Dem 20 Jan 1954 - 11 Jan 1958 Thomas B. Stanley (b. 1890 - d. 1970) Dem 11 Jan 1958 - 13 Jan 1962 J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. (b. 1898 - d. 1986) Dem 13 Jan 1962 - 15 Jan 1966 Albertis S. Harrison, Jr. (b. 1907 - d. 1995) Dem 15 Jan 1966 - 17 Jan 1970 Mills E. Godwin, Jr. (b. 1914 - d. 1999) Dem (1st time) 17 Jan 1970 - 12 Jan 1974 A. Linwood Holton, Jr. (b. 1923 - d. 2021) Rep 12 Jan 1974 - 14 Jan 1978 Mills E. Godwin, Jr. (s.a.) Rep (2nd time) 14 Jan 1978 - 16 Jan 1982 John Dalton (b. 1931 - d. 1986) Rep 16 Jan 1982 - 18 Jan 1986 Charles "Chuck" S. Robb (b. 1939) Dem 18 Jan 1986 - 14 Jan 1990 Gerald L. Baliles (b. 1940 - d. 2019) Dem 14 Jan 1990 - 15 Jan 1994 L. Douglas Wilder (b. 1931) Dem 15 Jan 1994 - 17 Jan 1998 George F. Allen (b. 1952) Rep 17 Jan 1998 - 12 Jan 2002 James "Jim" Gilmore III (b. 1949) Rep 12 Jan 2002 - 14 Jan 2006 Mark Warner (b. 1954) Dem 14 Jan 2006 - 16 Jan 2010 Timothy "Tim" M. Kaine (b. 1958) Dem 16 Jan 2010 - 11 Jan 2014 Robert "Bob" McDonnell (b. 1954) Rep 11 Jan 2014 - 13 Jan 2018 Terence "Terry" McAuliffe (b. 1957) Dem 13 Jan 2018 - 15 Jan 2022 Ralph S. Northam (b. 1959) Dem 15 Jan 2022 - Glenn A. Youngkin (b. 1966) Rep U.S. Military Governors of the Department of Virginia 22 Jan 1865 - 14 Jun 1865 Edward Otho Cresap Ord (b. 1818 - d. 1883) Mil 14 Jun 1865 - 6 Aug 1866 Alfred Howe Terry (b. 1827 - d. 1890) Mil Military Governor of the Department of the Potomac 6 Aug 1866 - 13 Mar 1867 John McAllister Schofield (b. 1831 - d. 1906) MilMilitary Governors of the First Military District during Reconstruction 13 Mar 1867 - 3 Jun 1868 John McAllister Schofield (s.a.) Mil 3 Jun 1868 - 21 Apr 1869 George Stoneman, Jr. (b. 1822 - d. 1894) Mil 21 Apr 1869 - 26 Jan 1870 Edward Richard Sprigg Canby (b. 1817 - d. 1873) Mil Washington Governors 17 Mar 1853 - 11 Aug 1857 Isaac Ingalls Stevens (b. 1818 - d. 1862) Dem 26 Mar 1854 - 1 Dec 1854 Charles H. Mason (b. 1830 - d. 1859) Dem (acting for Stevens) 12 May 1855 - 19 Jan 1856 Charles H. Mason (s.a.) Dem (acting for Stevens) 11 Aug 1857 - 10 Sep 1857 Charles H. Mason (1st time)(acting)(s.a.) Dem 10 Sep 1857 - 25 Jul 1858 LaFayette "Fayette" McMullen (b. 1805 - d. 1880) Dem 25 Jul 1858 - 14 Jul 1859 Charles H. Mason (2nd time)(acting)(s.a.) Dem 14 Jul 1859 - 15 Feb 1861 Richard Dickerson Gholson (b. 1802 - d. 1861) Dem (left state 23 May 1860, resigned 15 Feb 1861) 23 May 1860 - 19 Aug 1861 Henry M. McGill (b. 1831 - d. 1915) Dem (acting [for Gholson to 15 Feb 1861]) 9 Apr 1861 - 8 Jul 1861 William Henson Wallace (b. 1811 - d. 1879) Rep (did not take office) 19 Aug 1861 - 12 Jun 1862 Leander Jay Sharpe Turney (acting) (b. 1819 - d. 1881) Rep 12 Jun 1862 - 8 Jan 1867 William Pickering (b. 1798 - d. 1873) Rep 8 Jan 1867 - 26 Aug 1867 George Edward Cole (b. 1826 - d. 1906) Dem 26 Aug 1867 - 5 Apr 1869 Marshall F. Moore (b. 1829 - d. 1870) Rep 5 Apr 1869 - 3 Mar 1870 Alvan Flanders (b. 1825 - d. 1884) Rep 3 Mar 1870 - 26 Apr 1872 Edward Selig Salomon (b. 1836 - d. 1913) Rep 26 Apr 1872 - 1 Nov 1880 Elisha Peyre Ferry (1st time) (b. 1825 - d. 1895) Rep 1 Nov 1880 - 22 Jul 1884 William Augustus Newell (b. 1817 - d. 1901) Rep 22 Jul 1884 - 9 Apr 1887 Watson Carvosso Squire (b. 1838 - d. 1926) Rep 9 Apr 1887 - 9 Apr 1889 Eugene Semple (b. 1840 - d. 1908) Dem 9 Apr 1889 - 11 Nov 1889 Miles Conway Moore (b. 1845 - d. 1920) Rep 11 Nov 1889 - 9 Jan 1893 Elisha Peyre Ferry (2nd time) (s.a.) Rep 9 Jan 1893 - 11 Jan 1897 John Harte McGraw (b. 1850 - d. 1910) Rep 11 Jan 1897 - 26 Dec 1901 John Rankin Rogers (b. 1838 - d. 1901) Pop;1900 Dem 26 Dec 1901 - 9 Jan 1905 Henry McBride (acting) (b. 1856 - d. 1937) Rep 9 Jan 1905 - 27 Jan 1909 Albert Edward Mead (b. 1861 - d. 1913) Rep 27 Jan 1909 - 28 Mar 1909 Samuel Goodlove Cosgrove (b. 1847 - d. 1909) Rep 28 Mar 1909 - 11 Jan 1913 Marion E. Hay (acting) (b. 1865 - d. 1933) Rep 11 Jan 1913 - 14 Jun 1919 Ernest Lister (b. 1870 - d. 1919) Dem 14 Jun 1919 - 12 Jan 1925 Louis Folwell Hart (b. 1862 - d. 1929) Rep 12 Jan 1925 - 9 Jan 1933 Roland Hill Hartley (b. 1864 - d. 1952) Rep 9 Jan 1933 - 13 Jan 1941 Clarence Daniel Martin (b. 1887 - d. 1955) Dem 13 Jan 1941 - 8 Jan 1945 Arthur Bernard Langlie (1st time) (b. 1900 - d. 1966) Rep 8 Jan 1945 - 12 Jan 1949 Monrad Charles Wallgren (b. 1891 - d. 1961) Dem 12 Jan 1949 - 14 Jan 1957 Arthur Bernard Langlie (2nd time) (s.a.) Rep 14 Jan 1957 - 11 Jan 1965 Albert Dean Rosellini (b. 1910 - d. 2011) Dem 11 Jan 1965 - 12 Jan 1977 Daniel Jackson Evans (b. 1925) Rep 12 Jan 1977 - 14 Jan 1981 Dixy Lee Ray (f) (b. 1914 - d. 1994) Dem 14 Jan 1981 - 16 Jan 1985 John Dennis Spellman (b. 1926 - d. 2018) Rep 16 Jan 1985 - 13 Jan 1993 Booth Gardner (b. 1936 - d. 2013) Dem 13 Jan 1993 - 15 Jan 1997 Michael Edward Lowry (b. 1939 - d. 2017) Dem 15 Jan 1997 - 12 Jan 2005 Gary Locke (b. 1950) Dem 12 Jan 2005 - 16 Jan 2013 Christine Gregoire (f) (b. 1947) Dem 16 Jan 2013 - Jay Robert Inslee (b. 1951) Dem West Virginia Governors 20 Jun 1863 - 26 Feb 1869 Arthur I. Boreman (b. 1823 - d. 1896) Rep 26 Feb 1869 - 4 Mar 1869 Daniel D.T. Farnsworth (b. 1819 - d. 1892) Rep 4 Mar 1869 - 4 Mar 1871 William E. Stevenson (b. 1820 - d. 1883) Rep 4 Mar 1871 - 4 Mar 1877 John J. Jacob (b. 1829 - d. 1893) Dem 4 Mar 1877 - 4 Mar 1881 Henry M. Mathews (b. 1834 - d. 1884) Dem 4 Mar 1881 - 4 Mar 1885 Jacob B. Jackson (b. 1829 - d. 1893) Dem 4 Mar 1885 - 6 Feb 1890 E. Willis Wilson (b. 1844 - d. 1909) Dem 6 Feb 1890 - 4 Mar 1893 A. Brooks Fleming (b. 1839 - d. 1923) Dem 4 Mar 1893 - 4 Mar 1897 William A. MacCorkle (b. 1857 - d. 1930) Dem 4 Mar 1897 - 4 Mar 1901 George W. Atkinson (b. 1845 - d. 1925) Rep 4 Mar 1901 - 4 Mar 1905 Albert B. White (b. 1856 - d. 1941) Rep 4 Mar 1905 - 4 Mar 1909 William M.O. Dawson (b. 1853 - d. 1916) Rep 4 Mar 1909 - 14 Mar 1913 William E. Glasscock (b. 1862 - d. 1925) Rep 14 Mar 1913 - 5 Mar 1917 Henry D. Hatfield (b. 1875 - d. 1962) Rep 5 Mar 1917 - 4 Mar 1921 John J. Cornwell (b. 1867 - d. 1953) Dem 4 Mar 1921 - 4 Mar 1925 Ephraim F. Morgan (b. 1869 - d. 1950) Rep 4 Mar 1925 - 4 Mar 1929 Howard M. Gore (b. 1887 - d. 1947) Rep 4 Mar 1929 - 4 Mar 1933 William G. Conley (b. 1866 - d. 1940) Rep 4 Mar 1933 - 18 Jan 1937 H. Guy Kump (b. 1877 - d. 1962) Dem 18 Jan 1937 - 13 Jan 1941 Homer A. Holt (b. 1898 - d. 1975) Dem 13 Jan 1941 - 15 Jan 1945 M. Mansfield Neely (b. 1874 - d. 1958) Dem 15 Jan 1945 - 17 Jan 1949 Clarence W. Meadows (b. 1904 - d. 1961) Dem 17 Jan 1949 - 19 Jan 1953 Okey L. Patteson (b. 1898 - d. 1989) Dem 19 Jan 1953 - 14 Jan 1957 William C. Marland (b. 1918 - d. 1965) Dem 14 Jan 1957 - 16 Jan 1961 Cecil H. Underwood (1st time) (b. 1922 - d. 2008) Rep 16 Jan 1961 - 18 Jan 1965 William W. Barron (b. 1911 - d. 2002) Dem 18 Jan 1965 - 13 Jan 1969 Hulett C. Smith (b. 1918 - d. 2012) Dem 13 Jan 1969 - 17 Jan 1977 Arch A. Moore (1st time) (b. 1923 - d. 2015) Rep 17 Jan 1977 - 14 Jan 1985 John D. Rockefeller IV (b. 1937) Dem 14 Jan 1985 - 16 Jan 1989 Arch A. Moore (2nd time) (s.a.) Rep 16 Jan 1989 - 13 Jan 1997 W. Gaston Caperton (b. 1940) Dem 13 Jan 1997 - 15 Jan 2001 Cecil H. Underwood (2nd time) (s.a.) Rep 15 Jan 2001 - 17 Jan 2005 Robert "Bob" Wise (b. 1948) Dem 17 Jan 2005 - 15 Nov 2010 Joe Manchin III (b. 1947) Dem 15 Nov 2010 - 16 Jan 2017 Earl Ray Tomblin (b. 1952) Dem (acting to 13 Nov 2011) 16 Jan 2017 - James "Jim" Conley Justice (b. 1951) Dem;8-4-17 Rep Wisconsin Governors 4 Jul 1836 - 13 Sep 1841 Henry Dodge (1st time) (b. 1782 - d. 1867) Dem 30 Sep 1841 - 21 Jun 1844 James Duane Doty (b. 1799 - d. 1865) Dem 21 Jun 1844 - 8 Apr 1845 Nathaniel Pitcher Tallmadge (b. 1795 - d. 1864) Dem 8 Apr 1845 - 7 Jun 1848 Henry Dodge (2nd time) (s.a.) Dem 7 Jun 1848 - 5 Jan 1852 Nelson Dewey (b. 1813 - d. 1889) Dem 5 Jan 1852 - 2 Jan 1854 Leonard James Farwell (b. 1819 - d. 1889) Whg 2 Jan 1854 - 21 Mar 1856 William Augustus Barstow (b. 1813 - d. 1865) Dem 21 Mar 1856 - 25 Mar 1856 Arthur MacArthur (acting) (b. 1815 - d. 1896) Dem 25 Mar 1856 - 4 Jan 1858 Coles Bashford (b. 1816 - d. 1878) Rep 4 Jan 1858 - 6 Jan 1862 Alexander Williams Randall (b. 1819 - d. 1872) Rep 6 Jan 1862 - 19 Apr 1862 Louis Powell Harvey (b. 1820 - d. 1862) Rep 19 Apr 1862 - 4 Jan 1864 Edward P. Salomon (acting) (b. 1828 - d. 1909) Rep 4 Jan 1864 - 1 Jan 1866 James Taylor Lewis (b. 1819 - d. 1904) Rep 1 Jan 1866 - 1 Jan 1872 Lucius Fairchild (b. 1831 - d. 1896) Rep 1 Jan 1872 - 5 Jan 1874 Cadwallader Colden Washburn (b. 1818 - d. 1882) Rep 5 Jan 1874 - 3 Jan 1876 William Robert Taylor (b. 1820 - d. 1909) Dem 3 Jan 1876 - 7 Jan 1878 Harrison Ludington (b. 1812 - d. 1891) Rep 7 Jan 1878 - 2 Jan 1882 William E. Smith (b. 1824 - d. 1883) Rep 2 Jan 1882 - 7 Jan 1889 Jeremiah McLain Rusk (b. 1830 - d. 1893) Rep 7 Jan 1889 - 5 Jan 1891 William Dempster Hoard (b. 1836 - d. 1918) Rep 5 Jan 1891 - 7 Jan 1895 George Wilbur Peck (b. 1840 - d. 1916) Dem 7 Jan 1895 - 4 Jan 1897 William Henry Upham (b. 1841 - d. 1924) Rep 4 Jan 1897 - 7 Jan 1901 Edward Scofield (b. 1842 - d. 1925) Rep 7 Jan 1901 - 1 Jan 1906 Robert Marion La Follette, Sr. (b. 1855 - d. 1925) Rep 1 Jan 1906 - 2 Jan 1911 James Ole Davidson (b. 1854 - d. 1922) Rep 2 Jan 1911 - 4 Jan 1915 Francis Edward McGovern (b. 1866 - d. 1946) Rep 4 Jan 1915 - 3 Jan 1921 Emanuel Lorenz Philipp (b. 1861 - d. 1925) Rep 3 Jan 1921 - 3 Jan 1927 John James Blaine (b. 1875 - d. 1934) Rep 3 Jan 1927 - 7 Jan 1929 Fred R. Zimmerman (b. 1880 - d. 1954) Rep 7 Jan 1929 - 5 Jan 1931 Walter Jodok Kohler, Sr. (b. 1875 - d. 1940) Rep 5 Jan 1931 - 2 Jan 1933 Philip Fox La Follette (b. 1897 - d. 1965) Rep (1st time) 2 Jan 1933 - 7 Jan 1935 Albert George Schmedeman (b. 1864 - d. 1946) Dem 7 Jan 1935 - 2 Jan 1939 Philip Fox La Follette (s.a.) Prog (2nd time) 2 Jan 1939 - 4 Jan 1943 Julius Peter Heil (b. 1876 - d. 1949) Rep 4 Jan 1943 - 12 Mar 1947 Walter Samuel Goodland (b. 1862 - d. 1947) Rep 12 Mar 1947 - 1 Jan 1951 Oscar Rennebohm (b. 1889 - d. 1968) Rep 1 Jan 1951 - 7 Jan 1957 Walter Jodok Kohler, Jr. (b. 1904 - d. 1976) Rep 7 Jan 1957 - 5 Jan 1959 Vernon Wallace Thomson (b. 1905 - d. 1988) Rep 5 Jan 1959 - 7 Jan 1963 Gaylord Anton Nelson (b. 1916 - d. 2005) Dem 7 Jan 1963 - 4 Jan 1965 John Whitcome Reynolds (b. 1921 - d. 2002) Dem 4 Jan 1965 - 4 Jan 1971 Warren Perley Knowles (b. 1908 - d. 1993) Rep 4 Jan 1971 - 6 Jul 1977 Patrick Joseph Lucey (b. 1918 - d. 2014) Dem 6 Jul 1977 - 1 Jan 1979 Martin James Schreiber (b. 1939) Dem 1 Jan 1979 - 3 Jan 1983 Lee Sherman Dreyfus (b. 1926 - d. 2008) Rep 3 Jan 1983 - 5 Jan 1987 Anthony Scully Earl (b. 1936 - d. 2023) Dem 5 Jan 1987 - 1 Feb 2001 Tommy George Thompson (b. 1941) Rep 1 Feb 2001 - 6 Jan 2003 James Scott McCallum (b. 1950) Rep 6 Jan 2003 - 3 Jan 2011 James "Jim" Edward Doyle (b. 1945) Dem 3 Jan 2011 - 7 Jan 2019 Scott K. Walker (b. 1967) Rep 7 Jan 2019 - Anthony "Tony" S. Evers (b. 1951) Dem ¹The state is smaller than the former territory and the leftover area continued to be called the Territory of Wisconsin 7 Jun 1848 - 3 Mar 1849 when it was incorporated into Minnesota, the governors of reduced Territory of Wisconsin were: 7 Jun 1848 - 23 Jun 1848 Henry Dodge (s.a.) Dem 23 Jun 1848 - 3 Mar 1849 John Catlin (acting) (b. 1803 - d. 1874) Dem Wyoming Governors 15 Apr 1869 - 1 Mar 1875 John Allen Campbell (b. 1835 - d. 1880) Rep 1 Mar 1875 - 29 May 1878 John Mimton Thayer (b. 1820 - d. 1906) Rep 29 May 1878 - 22 Aug 1882 John Wesley Hoyt (b. 1831 - d. 1912) Rep 22 Aug 1882 - 13 Jan 1885 William Hale (b. 1837 - d. 1885) Rep 13 Jan 1885 - 28 Feb 1885 Elliot Stetson Neal Morgan (b. 1832 - d. 1894) Rep (1st time)(acting) 28 Feb 1885 - 11 Nov 1886 Francis Emroy Warren (1st time) (b. 1844 - d. 1929) Rep 11 Nov 1886 - 20 Dec 1886 George White Baxter (b. 1855 - d. 1929) Dem 20 Dec 1886 - 24 Jan 1887 Elliot Stetson Neal Morgan (s.a.) Rep (2nd time)(acting) 24 Jan 1887 - 9 Apr 1889 Thomas Moonlight (b. 1833 - d. 1899) Dem 9 Apr 1889 - 11 Oct 1890 Francis Emroy Warren (2nd time) (s.a.) Rep 24 Nov 1890 - 2 Jan 1893 Amos Walker Barber (acting) (b. 1861 - d. 1915) Rep 2 Jan 1893 - 7 Jan 1895 John Eugene Osborne (b. 1858 - d. 1943) Dem 7 Jan 1895 - 2 Jan 1899 William Alford Richards (b. 1849 - d. 1912) Rep 2 Jan 1899 - 28 Apr 1903 DeForest Richards (b. 1846 - d. 1903) Rep 28 Apr 1903 - 2 Jan 1905 Fenimore Chatterton (acting) (b. 1861 - d. 1958) Rep 2 Jan 1905 - 2 Jan 1911 Bryant Butler Brooks (b. 1861 - d. 1944) Rep 2 Jan 1911 - 4 Jan 1915 Joseph Maull Carey (b. 1845 - d. 1924) Dem 4 Jan 1915 - 26 Feb 1917 John Benjamin Kendrick (b. 1857 - d. 1933) Dem 26 Feb 1917 - 6 Jan 1919 Frank Lee Houx (acting) (b. 1860 - d. 1941) Dem 6 Jan 1919 - 1 Jan 1923 Robert Davis Carey (b. 1878 - d. 1937) Rep 1 Jan 1923 - 2 Oct 1924 William Bradford Ross (b. 1873 - d. 1924) Dem 2 Oct 1924 - 5 Jan 1925 Frank Earl Lucas (acting) (b. 1876 - d. 1948) Rep 5 Jan 1925 - 3 Jan 1927 Nellie Tayloe Ross (f) (b. 1876 - d. 1977) Dem 3 Jan 1927 - 18 Feb 1931 Frank Collins Emerson (b. 1882 - d. 1931) Rep 18 Feb 1931 - 2 Jan 1933 Alonzo Monroe Clark (acting) (b. 1868 - d. 1952) Rep 2 Jan 1933 - 2 Jan 1939 Leslie Andrew Miller (b. 1886 - d. 1970) Dem 2 Jan 1939 - 4 Jan 1943 Nels Hanson Smith (b. 1884 - d. 1976) Rep 4 Jan 1943 - 3 Jan 1949 Lester Callaway Hunt (b. 1892 - d. 1954) Dem 3 Jan 1949 - 1 Jan 1951 Arthur Griswold Crane (acting) (b. 1877 - d. 1955) Rep 1 Jan 1951 - 3 Jan 1953 Frank Aloysius Barrett (b. 1892 - d. 1962) Rep 3 Jan 1953 - 3 Jan 1955 Clifford Joy Rogers (acting) (b. 1897 - d. 1962) Rep 3 Jan 1955 - 5 Jan 1959 Milward Lee Simpson (b. 1897 - d. 1993) Rep 5 Jan 1959 - 2 Jan 1961 Joseph J. Hickey (b. 1911 - d. 1970) Dem 2 Jan 1961 - 7 Jan 1963 Jack Robert Gage (acting) (b. 1899 - d. 1970) Dem 7 Jan 1963 - 2 Jan 1967 Clifford Peter Hansen (b. 1912 - d. 2009) Rep 2 Jan 1967 - 6 Jan 1975 Stanley Knapp Hathaway (b. 1924 - d. 2005) Rep 6 Jan 1975 - 5 Jan 1987 Edgar "Ed" Jacob Herschler (b. 1918 - d. 1990) Dem 5 Jan 1987 - 2 Jan 1995 Michael "Mike" John Sullivan (b. 1939) Dem 2 Jan 1995 - 6 Jan 2003 James "Jim" Edward Geringer (b. 1944) Rep 6 Jan 2003 - 3 Jan 2011 Dave Freudenthal (b. 1950) Dem 3 Jan 2011 - 7 Jan 2019 Matthew "Matt" Hansen Mead (b. 1962) Rep 7 Jan 2019 - Mark Gordon (b. 1957) Rep © Ben Cahoon
5269	dbpedia	1	25	https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/federal-reserve-bulletin-62/october-1951-21202/fulltext	en	Full text of Federal Reserve Bulletin : October 1951	https://fraser.stlouisfe…avicon-32x32.png	https://fraser.stlouisfe…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.fraser.stlouisfed.org/images/StlFedHoriz.svg", "https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.fraser.stlouisfed.org/images/FRASER-20Years_Rev.svg", "https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/images/x-logo/logo-white.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png		null	The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies. FEDERAL E SE BULLETIN OCTOBER 1951 BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM EDITORIAL COMMITTEE ELLIOTT THURSTON WOODLIEF THOMAS WINFIELD W. RIEFLER SUSAN S. BURR RALPH A. YOUNG The Federal Reserve BULLETIN is issued monthly under the direction of the staff editorial committee. This committee is responsible for interpretations and opinions expressed, except in official statements and signed articles. CONTENTS PAGE The Consumer Durable Goods Situation. 1225-1234 New Index of Output of Major Consumer Durable Goods. 1235-1240 Voluntary Credit Restraint Releases 1241-1243 Credit and Sales Reported by Regulation W Registrants. 1244-1255 Member Bank Earnings, First Half of 1951. 1256-1257 Current Events and Announcements 1257 National Summary of Business Conditions. 1258-1259 Financial, Industrial, Commercial Statistics, U. S. (See p. 1261 for list of tables) . 1261-1321 International Financial Statistics (See p. 1323 for list of tables). 1323-1341 Board of Governors and Staff; Open Market Committee and Staff; Federal Advisory Council 1342 Senior Officers of Federal Reserve Banks; Managing Officers of Branches. Federal Reserve Publications. 1343 1344-1345 Map of Federal Reserve Districts. 1346 Subscription Price of Bulletin A copy of the Federal Reserve BULLETIN is sent to each member bank without charge. The subscription price in the United States and its possessions, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Republic of Honduras, Mexico, Newfoundland (including Labrador), Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, El Salvador, Uruguay, and Venezuela is $2.00 per annum or 20 cents per copy; elsewhere, $2.60 per annum or 25 cents per copy. Group subscriptions in the United States for 10 or more copies to one address, 15 cents per copy per month, or $1.50 for 12 months. FEDERAL VOLUME 37 RESERVE BULLETIN October 1951 NUMBER 10 THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION Changes in production and sales of consumer durable goods have been important influences on over-all business developments since mid-1950. Very high rates of buying reached during the second half of 1950, accompanied by sharply advanced levels of production, were followed in the first half of 1951 by marked declines in consumer purchases. Output, although reduced after March, continued above retail sales and there was a rapid accumulation of inventories. Since mid-1951 production of consumer durable goods has been curtailed considerably further, owing partly to reduced availability of materials. At the same time retail sales have picked up moderately and inventories have shown some reduction. Production and inventories of various consumer nondurable goods have also been reduced from earlier peak levels. These shifts since the early part of the year have occurred at a time when personal incomes—reflecting expanding defense and capital equipment programs —have continued to rise moderately and have been high in relation to total retail sales, as shown in the chart. Manufacturers' list prices of most consumer goods have been maintained at the ceiling levels established in January. Wholesale price ceilings on new passenger automobiles were raised in March and again in September and now average 8 per cent higher than in January. There have been extensive OCTOBER 1951 promotions of goods at special prices, however, and these have been a factor in stimulating consumer buying during recent months. Unit purchases of durable goods and apparel have probably increased somewhat more than the dollar volume of retail sales. In the case of foods, buying and prices have been sustained at record levels. Prices of cotton, hides, and various other maPERSONAL INCOME and SALES and STOCKS of GOODS Per Cent Seasonally adjusted indexes, 1947-49=100 Per Cent ^ 120 100 1947 1949 1950 1951 NOTE.—Department of Commerce series converted to indexes on 1947-49 base by Federal Reserve. Inventories are end-of-month data. Latest figures are for August. 1225 THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION terials used mainly by the consumer goods industries declined sharply during the spring and summer from the highs reached early in the year. Since mid-September prices of materials have shown selective advances, reflecting some increase in business demands and a more restricted volume of offerings by producers. During the recent period of readjustment in consumer goods industries, activity, incomes, and expenditures in most other major sectors of the economy have been maintained or have exceeded earlier peak rates. Total industrial production in September is indicated to be only slightly below the high level of the first half of the year, as the curtailments in output of consumer goods have been largely offset by increases in production of munitions and capital equipment. While the number of new dwelling units started since March has been about one-third below the same period last year, there have been further marked increases in new plant construction. Wage rates have continued to advance, and unemployment in early September was at about the lowest level since 1945. CONSUMER DEMAND DEVELOPMENTS T h e falling off early this year in demands for consumer durable goods—notably appliances, television, and new automobiles—reflected a number of influences. Some were of a temporary character such as the pushing forward of purchases resulting from earlier fears of shortages and, for certain items, the greatly advanced levels of prices reached for a time. After such an upsurge in prices as occurred in 1950, a certain amount of buyer resistance was to be expected as the new price levels were tested—especially when it became apparent that heavy accumulations of business inventories were developing. Moreover, the establishment of general direct price con1226 trols and tighter credit conditions contributed to the abatement in demands generally. Of considerable significance also for interpretation of the reduced rate of consumer buying of goods this year was the fact that consumers had become better stocked and housed than in any preceding period. T h e accelerated rate of consumer buying after the Korean outbreak came on top of large-scale spending for goods throughout most of the period following World W a r II. This buying reflected large deferred demands and various other influences, including a rapid increase in the number of new households. Consumer expenditures for goods alone were a larger proportion of personal disposable income than at any time in the previous two decades. T h e proportion in the three years 1947-49 averaged 67 per cent as compared with a high before World W a r II of 61 per cent. Expenditures for services meanwhile remained at relatively low rates, reflecting in part Federal controls on rents and a lagging adjustment in prices of other services. This year the proportion of disposable incomes going for goods has fallen off to 61 per cent during the second and third quarters. T h e proportion spent on services has been maintained. Rents and prices of other essential services are now higher as compared with 1948 than is the case for retail prices of goods. Larger consumer outlays are necessary to service and maintain the record volume of major durable goods and housing now in the hands of consumers. These include expenditures on various miscellaneous goods, such as gasoline and parts, and on such services as repairs, insurance, and taxes. Consumer savings have increased this year, both in aggregate and as a percentage of income, and this reflects in part higher payments on consumer short-term and mortgage FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS debt. Consumers have also considerably increased their savings in liquid form as indicated, for example, in increasing time deposits and savings and loan shares. An unusual aspect of the shift in the consumer demand situation was its limited downward impact on the economy generally. While heavy inventories had accumulated and the rise in consumer incomes had slowed down, expenditures for defense and capital equipment were continuing to expand. It was widely expected that further growth in defense activity would soon result in a reversal of the situation in the consumer goods field. Increases in incomes from expanding employment and hours worked in defense activities and from further advances in wage rates were counted on to more than offset decreases resulting from reduced working time in nondefense lines, while further curtailments in consumer goods output were expected to result from material shortages. SITUATION consumer durable goods have been especially pronounced in 1950 and 1951. Output of passenger automobiles and household goods—carpets, furniture, major appliances, and radios and television—are measured by a new index shown in the accompanying chart and described in a special article on pages 1235-40. This index rose sharply in 1950 and during the second half was two-thirds above the 1947-49 average. By March 1951 output was only slightly below this advanced level and, with consumer demand for these goods sharply curtailed after February, business stocks mounted further. OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS Seasonally Adjusted, 1947-49 Average for Total '100 Points in Total Index Points in Total Index SUPPLIES OF CONSUMER GOODS The extraordinary levels of demand for consumer goods reached in mid-1950, inspired by prospects of shortages and of rising prices, resulted in a very sharp expansion in output of finished consumer goods and of materials and parts for their production—including many nondurable items as well as most durable goods. The inauguration of the expanded defense program in the summer of 1950 was widely heralded to mean marked curtailments before the end of the year in output for civilians. Contrary to these expectations, output of consumer goods was generally maintained at record levels up to the spring of this year and, despite a new wave of buying after the Chinese intervention in November, stocks of consumer goods generally continued to expand. Fluctuations in output and stocks of major OCTOBER 1951 1947 1948 1949 1950 NOTE.—Federal Reserve indexes. For description see pages 1235-40 of this BULLETIN. Latest figures shown are for August. National Production Authority limitations on use of metals for consumer goods increased in importance beginning in the second quarter; reflecting these measures as well as the accumulation of inventories, average output of major consumer durable goods began to decline and by July was 35 per cent below the high first quarter and close to the 1947-49 average. One of the most striking curtailments among these goods, and 1227 THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION one not affected by Federal material limita- able income. If there should be an abrupt tions, was in output of carpets to the lowest upturn in those demands, the present large peacetime level since the mid-thirties. Since volume of supplies of some goods would be July production of these goods generally has reduced rapidly. On the other hand, the shown little change. Production of other maintenance of recent levels of buying would consumer durable goods, as a group, usually mean that supplies would continue to be shows less fluctuation than do the major relatively ample. items. During the recent period production Market developments for passenger autoof numerous items, including small appli- mobiles and for household durable goods are ances, silverware, jewelry, and luggage, has of special significance in the consumer goods also declined considerably. Output of auto- situation. While broad changes in demand, mobile replacement parts, tires, and various output, and supplies for these two major cateother goods has been maintained. gories have been roughly similar this year, Production of consumer nondurable goods, there have been important differences in the which also showed a further marked rise last timing and degree of changes. For example, year, continued at record levels into the sec- dealers' stocks of passenger cars, though conond quarter of this year, when lagging retail siderably above earlier post-World War II sales led to sharp cutbacks in distributors' low levels, increased less relative to sales than orders. By the third quarter production of did stocks of most household goods. Partly textiles, clothing, shoes, soap, and some other as a result of this relationship, car assemblies items was reduced considerably below earlier by major producers during the third quarter peak rates. were closely in line with the reductions Manufacturers' stocks of all types of fin- ordered by NPA, while curtailments in outished goods expanded substantially further put of major metal household goods were during the second quarter, but distributors' sharper and greatly exceeded those implied holdings leveled off in May, as shown in the by material limitation orders. Developchart on page 1225. As a result of the curments in these two major classes of durable tailments in output of both durable and goods are discussed in greater detail in the nondurable goods and some pickup in retail following sections. sales, distributors' stocks declined and manufacturers' stocks of finished goods leveled off PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES in the third quarter. Passenger car output this year is expected Total business stocks of consumer goods to total about 5.4 million units, a volume at the beginning of the fourth quarter were still far above the levels prevailing before the exceeded only by last year's exceptionally Korean outbreak. Output of most of these large output of 6.7 million. During the past goods, with the major exceptions of pas- three years about 17 million cars have been senger automobiles, meat, and milk, can produced and sold. T h e number now in use be increased from reduced third-quarter is about two-thirds greater than in 1939. levels notwithstanding the expanding de- With employment and incomes high, further fense program. The general level of con- increases in the adult population and the sumer demands is also above the pre-Korean pressure to improve the general standard level, but by a smaller amount than dispos- of living have been continuing to provide 1228 FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN T H E CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION relatively large markets for both new and used cars. Current production. The National Production Authority has allotted materials for the production of 1.1 million new cars during the last quarter of this year, a rate about as high as for any fourth quarter except that of 1950. Whether this output is attained will depend partly on the actual availability of the materials allotted, particularly copper, and partly on demand expectations. Production in the third quarter almost equaled the 1.2 million cars for which materials had been authorized. Some companies, including the three major producers, made maximum use of the materials authorized but other companies curtailed production considerably because of the high levels of their dealers' stocks and because of production difficulties. Sales and stocks. Demand for new passenger cars thus far in 1951 has been considerably below the extraordinary rates reached in the buying waves of the summer and winter of last year. Inventory financing problems developed for certain makes during the second quarter as total dealers' stocks were about double the low levels prevailing in the earlier postwar years. These stocks, however, amounted to less than a month's supply at going sales rates. Dealers' stocks of new cars had increased in the autumn of 1950 from the extremely low levels of the summer. They accumulated further when output for domestic use rose in the first quarter of this year, to an annual rate of 6.8 million units in March, as shown in the chart; car sales, as approximated by registration data, showed little further rise after February when sales usually show marked seasonal increases. The rise in stocks, however, slowed down in the second quarter as output was reduced. An advance of about 3 per cent in Federal price OCTOBER 1951 NEW PASSENGER CARS Millions of Cars 10 Daily Averages at Annual Rates OUTPUT p Millions of Cars REGISTRATIONS L 1 v _ y)50 / * " * ' \1950 1 \ I 6 ^ /19V -'N -^ \ /^ 14 9? V 2 0 1 , 1 1 1 1 > > 1 > > ! J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D NOTE.—Figures derived by Federal Reserve from Automobile Manufacturers Association reports on factory sales for domestic markets and R. L. Polk and Company data on new car registrations. Registrations data for September and output data for September partly estimated by Federal Reserve. ceilings was allowed in March, but in the second quarter dealers increased trade-in allowances and made other concessions. A sharply expanded volume of exports during the first half of this year—at an annual rate of 310,000 units compared with 135,000 in 1950—was a factor in limiting the rise in domestic stocks throughout the period. Recent demand influences. After mid1951, when output was reduced further, new car sales also decreased. The decline in sales was less than in production and stocks were reduced by about the amount that they had increased earlier in the year. With stocks lower, demand for cars in early September was stimulated by expectations of impending shortages, higher ceiling prices, and increases in excise taxes, and by the relaxation of Regulation W terms on July 31 to conform with the amended Defense Production Act. Preliminary indications are that demand for new cars has decreased again since the average advance of about 5 per cent in wholesale 1229 THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION prices in mid-September. The approach of new models and other seasonal influences usually result in a decline in demand for new and used cars after Labor Day. Owing to tooling difficulties and material shortages, the period of new model change-overs may extend over a longer time than usual. Present tentative plans call for the introduction of new models beginning in late November and continuing well into next year. Another factor bearing on demand includes the limits on instalment sales terms under the Board's Regulation W. Throughout the period since its reimposition on September 18, 1950, cash sales of new cars, probably involving an increasing rate of tradeins, apparently have been maintained at higher levels than instalment sales. During the first six months of this year instalment sales were below the corresponding period a year ago while total sales were virtually unchanged. Used cars. Sales of used cars have been more active than sales of new cars in the second and third quarters, following substantial reductions in retail prices of used cars during the spring, as shown in the chart. Dealers' stocks of used cars have been reduced from the relatively high levels which had been reached in the spring as a result partly of the increased proportion of trade-in sales and of dealers' expectations that shortages of new cars would develop. Prices of used cars during 1950 reached a peak in mid-August but declined sharply thereafter and by the end of November were down about as much as might be expected seasonally from the levels just prior to the Korean outbreak. From November through February, prices showed a small counterseasonal rise. Reflecting the subsequent easing of inflationary pressures which developed in other markets and the relatively high 1230 USED CAR PRICES 1400 1200 1000 1000 1950 1951 NOTE.—Federal Reserve compilation of data from private sources based on advertised offerings of Chevrolets, Fords, and Plymouths in Sunday newspapers in 18 cities. Latest figures shown are for September 30. level of new car production, retail offering prices of late model used cars declined about $150 per unit from March to May. After May prices showed little downward movement and in early September they strengthened as new car prices were advanced. Consumer/ stoc\s. Changes in the number and distribution of automobiles in use have become of growing importance in considering shifts in demand, especially since the 1948-49 recession experienced by many other consumer goods. Reflecting output of about 24^2 million vehicles since the end of 1945 and a low scrappage rate, the number of automobiles in use on October 1 is estimated to have totaled 40 million. This is 22 per cent larger than the number in use in mid-1949. Moreover, early this year about 65 per cent of all families in the nation had one or more cars compared with 56 per cent in 1949, according to the Board's Survey of Consumer Finances, and the number of families with more than one car was increasing. Apart from their large number, an unusual FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION feature of the automobiles now in use is their age distribution. This reflects the curtailed production during the war, the limited output immediately after, and the extremely high production and demand rates of the past three years, along with the continued operation of older cars beyond the prewar customary scrappage age. By the middle of this year, about 14 million cars, or 36 per cent, were under three years of age, as compared with 27 per cent in 1949 and 29 per cent in 1939, as shown in the following table. The number 10 years of age and over was far greater than the 4 million in use in 1939. AGE HOUSEHOLD DURABLE GOODS Per Cent Per Cent Seasonally adjusted indexes, 1947-49100 >A 140 RETAIL 140 SALES I Y ^ 100 100 RETAIL, STOCKS 60 O rpuT U 140 £ 100 J \ y. r 140 100 DISTRIBUTION OF PASSENGER CARS IN U S E [Mid-year dates] Number (in millions) 1947 Per cent Age (in years) 1951 Total Under 3 3-5. 6-9 10 and over . . 1949 1939 1951 1949 1939 39.3 32.7 24.2 100 100 100 14.2 6.0 2.9 16.1 8.7 2.0 8.1 13.8 7.1 7.3 5.6 4.2 36 15 8 41 27 6 25 42 29 30 23 18 NOTE.—R. L. Polk data, with 1939 and 1949 figures regrouped and 1951 figures estimated by Federal Reserve. HOUSEHOLD GOODS Consumer demand for major household goods, particularly appliances and television, has shown very sharp shifts since the Korean outbreak. As a result, fluctuations in sales, business inventories, and output have been more marked for these goods than for passenger cars and most other consumer goods. Changes at retail stores in the value of sales and stocks of household goods are compared in the accompanying chart with the course of output—all series adjusted for seasonal variation. A breakdown of output of these goods into four major groups is shown in a chart on page 1235. Production of household goods in 1950 exceeded the postwar replenishment boom levels of 1948. Since the first quarter of this year output has declined much more than OCTOBER 1951 1948 1949 1950 1951 NOTE.—Sales and stocks indexes compiled by Federal Reserve from Department of Commerce figures for homefurnishings stores and Federal Reserve department store data for carpets and m<?s, furniture, major household appliances, and radios and television. Output index described on pages 1235—40 of this BULLETIN. Latest figures shown are: sales, September; stocks, end of August; and output, August. in the 1949 recession and the recent level is close to the low reached at that time. This sharp curtailment, together with a moderate rise in consumer buying from the reduced levels reached in May and June, has probably resulted in a decline recently in over-all business inventories of these goods—considering wholesalers and manufacturers as well as retailers. At retail stores the value of stocks of household durable goods by the end of August was 10 per cent below the May peak, reflecting in part mark-downs of goods in inventory. T h e August figure was still 40 per cent above the pre-Korean level, while the value of retail sales in August, and also September, was at about the same rate as before Korea. Retailers sharply curtailed their orders for household goods after consumer buying fell off from the January peak, and receipts of goods during the second quarter were reduced substantially. Retail sales, however, 1231 THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION did not show the usual seasonal rise during second quarter, but by August was down to the second quarter and stocks continued to about three-fifths of the average for the first increase through May. Retailers' stocks were six months of 1950, as measured by the new reduced thereafter, but stocks held by manu- weighted production index for four types facturers rose further to a point where pro- of radio sets. duction in some plants was discontinued. Since the second quarter, sales of radio and Unemployment generally was not a serious television sets have shown a much more than problem as hours of work were reduced and seasonal expansion, as shown in the chart, vacations were extended. There was also reflecting in part widespread discount sales some shift of employees to defense work in by retailers, and marked reductions in manuthe same plants or to new jobs in other plants. facturers' list prices. Also, the relaxation of The decline in consumer instalment buy- instalment credit terms effective beginning ing of household goods has also been marked July 31, by allowing trade-ins to be part of this year in contrast to the increase in other the required down payment, has been more types of instalment credit. Automobile of a sales stimulant for television and applicredit and miscellaneous personal loans out- ances than for furniture and carpets. The standing rose by a total of about 260 million recent rate of retail sales of television has dollars during the first eight months. The been above output and total stocks have remaining volume of instalment credit, based begun to be reduced but they are still large. largely on sales of such items as television, Major appliances. The highest levels of furniture, and appliances and some nondur- retail stocks relative to sales have been in the able goods, dropped by about 650 million major appliances such as refrigerators, stoves, dollars. In the recent pickup in consumer washing machines, and vacuum cleaners. At buying, however, there has also been a notice- large department stores stocks of these goods able increase in credit granted, reflecting in part the relaxation of instalment terms in SALES and STOCKS of MAJOR HOUSEHOLD DURABLES conformance with the amended Defense Production Act. Television and radio. Among household goods, the greatest instability since mid-1950 has been experienced by television. In August the level of output was only one-third of the first quarter level and less than one-half of the average rate in the first half of 1950 although Federal material orders indicated a production ceiling of about two-thirds of the latter rate. The composition of output changed considerably over the period, with the larger, more expensive console and combination sets rising in proportion to the total ioo -^x-^ey— N during last year's increase and falling off 60 during this year's sharp decline. Radio outNOTE.-—Federal Reserve indexes based on data reported bylarge department stores. Latest put showed only a moderate decline in the tember; stocks, end of August. figures shown are: sales, Sep1232 FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN THE CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION at the end of August were 180 per cent of the 1947-49 average, while sales in August and September were 75 per cent of that average. The sharp increase in new residential building last year and the decrease this year have resulted in marked changes in contractors' purchases of such major appliances as refrigerators and stoves. These purchases are usually not made at department stores and other retail outlets, but their production is reflected in the new output index referred to earlier. Average output of major appliances was nearly halved from March to July and was lower than at any point since the beginning of 1947, as shown in the chart on page 1235. As noted for television, the 1950 increases in output were especially marked for the more expensive models, which producers anticipated would find a very large market. Carpets and furniture. Compared with appliances and television, fluctuations in buying of carpets and furniture were less extreme, partly because fears of shortages were not so great. Furniture production in August was about one-fifth lower than a year earlier. The much sharper curtailment in output of carpets was influenced by sharp declines in wholesale prices of raw wool and carpets and the subsequent pressure by distributors to liquidate inventories. Prices of carpet wool tripled from the beginning of 1950 to the early part of this year, and there was a succession of advances in wholesale prices of carpets, as shown in the chart, totaling about 75 per cent. Since March carpet wool prices have fallen to preKorean levels. Wholesale prices of carpets have been reduced substantially by October. Retail list prices of carpets, which had not increased so much percentagewise, were reduced only slightly this summer but, as in the case of most other consumer durable OCTOBER 1951 PRICES OF CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS 1947 ! -49-100 Cent 1947 1949 1947 Per Cent 1949 1951 NOTE.—Special Federal Reserve compilations of Bureau of Labor Statistics data, which are monthly for wholesale and end of quarter for retail. Furniture at wholesale includes a small amount of office furniture. Major household appliances includes cooking stoves, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, and washing machines. Latest figures shown are: retail, end of June; wholesale, August. goods, discounts and special promotions on carpets were widespread. The failure of retail list prices of durable goods to be reduced, except for television sets, probably reflected trade views that shortages would reappear soon and that bargain prices would prove to be temporary. SUPPLY PROSPECTS Supplies of consumer durable goods in coming months will depend largely upon production prospects which differ for the various goods. Output of such products as carpets, other textile housefurnishings, wood furniture, and china and glassware is not likely to be limited by material supplies. Federal allocations of steel, copper, and aluminum will continue to be an influence on output of passenger cars, appliances, and other consumer metal products. As noted earlier, new passenger car assemblies are being permitted at a rate slightly below the 1233 T H E CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS SITUATION reduced third-quarter level and about 30 per cent below the rate in the first half of 1950. Metals have been authorized for production of automotive replacement parts at very high levels. For most other consumer durables, however, the NPA on September 5 announced fourth quarter allotments of steel averaging about 58 per cent of quarterly consumption during the first half of 1950 (or the last half of 1949) as compared with the 70 per cent limitation during the third quarter of this year. Use of copper and aluminum—more sharply curtailed than steel in the third quarter—has been further restricted. Several factors make it difficult to anticipate now what influences these Federal limitations on use of metals will have on total output of consumer metal products other than automobiles. Among these are possible changes in the amount of metal consumed per unit of finished product, possible modification or adjustment in original allotments as a result of appeals of individual producers, and the question of actual availability of metals to meet allotments. Moreover, output of some of these goods has recently been 1234 considerably below levels permitted by NPA. Mainly for the latter reason, output of major metal household goods could probably be increased during the fourth quarter if demands were to rise sufficiently. Also, production of numerous nonmetallic durable goods could be expanded along with output of most consumer nondurable goods. Metal allotments in the first quarter of next year, according to recent announcements, are expected to be below the amounts allotted during the fourth quarter. How long the present relationship between supplies and demands for consumer durables will persist depends on future changes in demand as well as in production. The course of consumer spending in the period ahead will reflect to a considerable extent changes in incomes and output from recent levels resulting from development of the defense program, expansion in productive capacity, and modifications in direct and indirect Federal control policies. Various other economic and political influences, particularly the impact of international events, will also continue to be important influences on consumer spending and saving patterns. FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN NEW INDEX OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS Consumer durable goods have been of growing economic importance in the national economy over the years, and current changes in output of these goods are of special interest because of the impact of the defense program. Changes in demand for passenger automobiles and major household goods account for most of the fluctuations in total consumer purchases of durable goods and in instalment credit. As a consequence, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, in the administration of Regulation W and other measures designed to influence national monetary and credit conditions, has a particular interest in data relating to consumer durable goods. A new monthly index of the physical volume of output of major consumer durable goods for the period since January 1947 has been developed. The new index of output, together with retail sales and other data available for an approximately similar list of products, provides a more complete basis for analyzing output and distribution changes in this volatile sector than has hitherto been available. Such an analysis is presented in the leading article of this BULLETIN. The total index and its principal divisions— passenger automobiles and major household goods —are shown in a chart on page 1227. Indexes for the four groups of household goods covered— carpets, furniture, major appliances, and radio and television receiving sets—are shown in the accompanying chart. Since major items only are included in this index, it does not represent output of all consumer durable goods, as discussed in more detail below. Consumer expenditures for the products included in the new index have represented a large and varying proportion of total consumption expendiNOTE.—This index and analysis were developed in the Board's Division of Research and Statistics by Milton Moss under the general direction of Clayton Gehman, Chief of the Business Conditions Section, and with the assistance of other members of the Section. The following private organizations were of considerable assistance in supplying basic data and other information used in constructing the indexes: American Home Laundry Manufacturers Association, Carpet Institute Incorporated, Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association, National Electric Manufacturers Association, Radio-Television Manufacturers Association, and Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers Association. OCTOBER 1951 tures on durable goods, as indicated by the chart on page 1239. The new index brings together data which previously have been either unavailable to the public or available in scattered sources. The index is composed of 27 individual series representing the physical volume of output of 12 types of products. OUTPUT OF MAJOR HOUSEHOLD GOODS Seasonally adjusted indexes;1947-49!1OO Per Cent Per Cent 1 300 - 1 / 1 200 j \ A /^ V / 200 1 I\ \ \ \\ / 100 250 1 W 1 150 \ \ 1 1 RADIOS anrl TFIFVISION 1 250 L / ' 300 150 \* MAJOR APPLIANCES A t V 150 100 50 150 v * 100 FURNITU > CR A 100 \ 'ETS ^ \ r \ L \ > v 1947 1948 1949 1950 50 1951 NOTE.—For a chart showing total for these lines, see p. 1231. Latest figures shown are for August. The individual series have been expressed in terms of average output in the three years 1947-49 as 100 and then combined into group and total indexes on the basis of the value of manufacturers' sales in the year 1947. Monthly indexes have been adjusted for differences in working days from one month to another and for seasonal variation. Annual indexes for the 27 series and seasonally adjusted monthly indexes for the total and six major groups are shown on pages 1236 and 1238 respectively. The group indexes, without seasonal adjustment, and indexes for the individual series 1235 NEW INDEX OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS on appliances and radio and television are available on request to the Board's Division of Administrative Services. Current figures for the total and six groups will be published regularly in future issues of the Business Indexes release of the Division of Research and Statistics and in the Federal Reserve BULLETIN. This index is entirely independent of the Board's regularly published index of industrial production which covers output of all goods produced at factories and mines and has value-added rather than value-of-finished-product weights. DESCRIPTION OF INDEX Output of consumer goods, as measured by this index, relates to type of product and not to ultimate purchaser. While the goods represented are sold primarily to domestic consumers, a varying proportion is sold to business establishments, to Government agencies, and for export. The index reflects total output of the represented goods including production for export and for nonconsumer use. This and other differences between the index and the statistics on personal consumption expenditures for durable goods are discussed in a later section. The term "major" relates to passenger automobiles and, in general, to durable household goods which involve large outlays per unit. Some relatively expensive consumer goods, such as pleasure boats, sewing machines, and pianos, are not included in the index because current production data are not readily available and individually the goods are of limited economic importance. On the other hand, where smaller items are important for completing their respective product groups, as in the case of table-model radios in the radio group, and small tables and chairs in the furniture group, output of such relatively inexpensive items is reflected in the index. The appliance group is limited to major items, and such products as hand-type vacuum cleaners, portable washing machines, toasters, and other small appliances are not included. A complete list of the items represented in the index is shown in the accompanying table. Sources of data are given on page 1237. All of the individual series in the index are based on monthly physical product data with the exception of the furniture series. For this series, which accounts for 18 per cent of the total in 1236 the base period, data on production worker manhours in the furniture industry, with adjustments for estimated long-term changes in output per man-hour, are used to represent output. Most of the monthly physical product series are based on the number of units produced. For vacuum cleaners, washing machines, ironers, and driers, the series are based on unit data for factory shipments. In the base period these four series accounted for about 5 per cent of the total index and 30 per cent of the major appliance group. The series for passenger automobiles is based on factory sales which, on a monthly basis, are practically identical with the number of cars assembled. In the case of refrigerators, freezers, and cooking stoves, production series were derived by adjusting data on factory shipments for changes in factory inventories—both in number of units. ANNUAL INDEXES OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS [1947-49=100] 1947 1948 1949 Series 91 99 110 153 PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES 85 93 122 160 HOUSEHOLD GOODS 97 106 96 146 92 114 94 111 Furniture 103 105 92 117 Major appliances Cooking stoves Electric Standard Apartment Nonelectric Gas Standard Apartment 96 114 103 119 93 125 93 126 92 114 109 115 101 116 104 113 75 134 130 110 142 113 90 78 82 80 94 76 84 83 92 61 45 136 122 141 146 94 111 127 128 124 73 46 104 127 116 82 103 67 114 103 102 98 110 113 95 71 130 116 121 119 384 151 89 150 75 107 54 198 235 Vacuum cleaners 114 Washing machines 101 Wringer and spinner 104 Automatic and semiautomatic.... 97 100 114 120 103 86 85 76 101 106 128 95 184 Radio and television 92 Radio sets 130 Small 136 Automobile 95 Consoles and combinations. 170 AM-FM console combinations... 115 91 101 101 97 88 117 118 69 64 108 42 69 239 81 82 130 29 84 70 74 52 90 218 212 239 197 563 365 938 405 TOTAL. . Carpets. . . . Bungalow All other and combination.... Driers Freezers Ironers Refrigerators 5.4 cubic feet and less 5.5 to 6.4 cu. ft 6.5 to 7.4 cu. ft 7.5 to 8.4 cu. ft 8.5 cu. ft. and over Television sets.. Table Consoles Combinations.. . 70 103 131 83 101 77 134 53 61 13 14 9 15 FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN WEIGHTS AND SOURCES FOR INDEXES OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS Computation of weights Value in 1947-49 Series Output Value index in in 1947 2 1947 i (Millions (1947 49 = 100) of dollars) In 1947 prices 3 (Millions of dollars) As percentage of total index 8,365.9 91.0 9,198.2 100.00 PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES 4,085.5 85.0 4,806.5 52,25 HOUSEHOLD GOODS 4,280.4 357.3 97.5 Carpets. 91.8 4,391.6 389.2 47.75 4.23 Furniture... 1,676.0 103.3 1,622.4 17.64 Major appliances 1,505.6 389.8 132.2 120.6 11.6 95.9 103.2 93.2 93.2 92.5 1,570.6 377.6 142.0 129.4 12.5 17.08 4.11 1.55 1.41 257.5 109.3 100.5 104.3 74.5 129.9 141.9 235.6 178.2 155.9 22.4 2.56 1.94 1.70 26.0 31.4 .24 .28 .34 69.7 10.6 .12 Description and source TOTAL Cooking stoves Electric Standard Apartment Nonelectric Gas Standard Apartment Bungalow and combination All other. 179.2 162.6 16.7 33.8 44.5 7.4 Driers. . ,14 Freezers. . 100.4 102.5 98.0 1.07 Ironers. . 34.8 130.6 26.7 .29 504.9 12.4 82.9 226.3 84.3 99.0 82.7 101.3 77.3 133.8 53.3 60.5 113.9 610.4 12.3 107.3 169.1 158.2 163.6 115.6 6.64 Refrigerators 5.4 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 cubic feet and less to 6.4 cu. ft to 7.4 cu. ft to 8.4 cu. ft cu. ft. and over. .13 1.17 1.84 1.72 1.78 Vacuum cleaners.. 131.6 Washing machines 336.7 101.5 104.2 96.9 331.7 208.5 123.2 3.61 2.27 1.34 741.5 708.2 271.2 104.3 190.2 142.6 33 3 18.O 7.9 7.4 91.6 129.9 136.1 94.8 170.4 114.8 12.6 14.3 809.4 545.1 199.2 110.1 111.6 124.2 264.3 125.6 87.7 51.0 8.80 5.93 2.17 1.20 1.21 1.35 2.87 1.37 Wringer and spinner Automatic and semiautomatic... . Radio and television Radio sets Small Automobile Consoles and combinations A M - F M console combinations Television sets Table Consoles Combinations. 1 2 3 217.3 119.4 9.0 14.5 1.26 .95 .56 Census value of shipments of passenger automobiles, including complete vehicles, knocked-down or assembled, and chassis for sale separately. Monthly series: Automobile Manufacturers Association, factory sales of passenger automobiles. Census value of production of woven carpets and rugs except floor covering for automobiles and aircraft. Monthly series: Carpet Institute, Incorporated, square yards of production of Axminster, Wilton, Velvet, and Chenille type fabrics. Does not include production of hooked, rag, cotton, or automobile and aircraft carpets and rugs. Census value of shipments of household furniture (wood, metal, and fiber), mattresses, and bedsprings. Value of furniture frames, radio and sewing machine cabinets excluded. Monthly series: Bureau of Labor Statistics, man-hours in household furniture and bedding industry, adjusted by Federal Reserve for estimated long-term changes in output per reported man-hour Census value of production of electric domestic ranges, 2% kw. and over, except combination types, which are classified with nonelectric cooking stoves. Monthly series: National Electrical Manufacturers Association and Federal Reserve, production estimates based on NEMA member reports of factory shipments and factory inventories. Census value of shipments of apartment-type, standard size, bungalow, and combination stoves for use with natural, manufactured, and liquefied petroleum gas. All other stoves includes ranges and cooking stoves that burn coal and wood, kerosene, gasoline, or fuel oil. Monthly series: Census "Facts for Industry" and Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association, production estimates based on factory shipments and factory inventories. Census value of production of mechanical gas and electric household laundry driers. Monthly series: American Home Laundry Manufacturers Association, factory sales. Census value of shipments of home and farm freezers (for freezing food, storing frozen food, or both purposes), complete units. Monthly series: National Electrical Manufacturers Association and Federal Reserve, production estimates based on N E M A member reports of factory shipments and factory inventories. Census value of shipments of household laundry ironing machines. Monthly series: American Home Laundry Manufacturers Association, factory sales. Census value of production of household mechanicaJ refrigerators, complete units (electric and gas). Monthly series: National Electrical Manufacturers Association and Federal Reserve, production estimates based on NEMA member reports and other confidential [information on factory shipments and factory inventories. Census value of shipments of household type vacuum cleaners, standard types (upright, cylinder, and other general purpose household types). Excludes hand type. Monthly series: American Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers Association, factory sales. Census value of shipments of household laundry washing machines, electric and gasoline. Breakdown in base period betewen wringer and nonautomatic, spinner type, and automatic and semiautomatic type partly estimated by Federal Reserve. Monthly series: American Home Laundry Manufacturers Association, factory sales. Value of production partly estimated by Federal Reserve from data reported by Bureau of the Census and Radio Corporation of America. Unit values for radios based ron 1947 prices, for television, 1949 prices. Monthly series: Since January, 1950, RadioTelevision Manufacturers Association, production. 1947-1949: production partly estimated by Federal Reserve from data reported by Bureau of the Census, Radio Corporation of America, and RadioTelevision Manufacturers Association. Small radios include portable and home battery sets and all table models except table radio-phonograph combinations; console and combination radios exclude AM—FM console combinations. Based on 1947 Census of Manufactures value of shipments or production, f.o.b. plant, with exceptions noted for television sets. 1947 quantity divided by average quantity for 1947-49. Value in 1947 as shown in first column divided by output index in 1947 as shown in second column. Value at 1949 prices. OCTOBER 1951 1237 NEW INDEX OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS use as a comparison base in Government index numbers. The weights are based on relative prices per unit of output and, except for television sets, are derived from 1947 factory values as shown in the Census of Manufactures. These figures are after discounts and allowances and exclusive of excise taxes. In the case of television sets, the weights are based on unit values in 1949 since prices in 1947 were very high because output had not yet reached large-scale volume. The weights for the individual indexes and the steps in the calculation of these weights are shown in the table on the preceding page. The method used in making the seasonal adjustment is that described in the December 1941 issue of the Federal Reserve BULLETIN. In the case of passenger automobiles, however, the sea- The physical product data used are compiled by private trade associations and the Bureau of the Census. In most cases these sources furnish data for nearly 100 per cent of the industry, but in some cases it has been necessary to adjust reported monthly data to more comprehensive annual production figures. This has been done in consultation with industry representatives. All of the monthly product series are converted to output rates per working day. In the furniture series, man-hours derived from reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics relate to uniform payroll periods nearest the 15th of the month and thus do not require any daily average adjustment. All series are expressed as percentages of the average rate of output in the three-year base period 1947-49. This period has been recommended recently by the Bureau of the Budget for general MONTHLY INDEXES OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS [Adjusted for seasonal variation, 1947-49 =100 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 80 100 97 135 146 87 100 103 127 157 89 100 102 130 160 91 94 106 138 138 92 88 103 152 129 1947 1948 1949 1950.... 1951 73 94 99 143 138 85 89 111 122 156 87 93 107 126 169 Year June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. TO! AL 87 107 96 126 156 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 78 109 114 105 114 99 113 90 103 118 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 ... .... 76 111 100 119 132 90 90 90 197 297 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 89 111 95 132 158 76 114 109 107 115 100 111 89 107 119 81 115 99 127 138 88 102 91 203 294 91 108 96 134 151 78 116 109 108 102 100 109 88 109 119 86 114 98 132 139 89 90 100 203 262 86 103 113 161 P100 84 100 116 166 P101 94 97 123 166 92 109 120 166 101 104 112 165 105 99 114 163 87 85 122 135 144 1^assenger utomobile 74 84 88 82 99 73 124 137 117 169 183 165 140 140 Pill 74 95 139 172 89 87 143 175 82 109 133 175 96 104 120 177 102 100 115 170 95 104 88 141 131 I . household goods, tola 98 99 97 107 106 105 84 86 87 141 152 138 P88 117 108 98 107 101 157 102 109 107 156 106 105 103 152 109 97 112 156 93 117 85 114 101 116 91 113 110 112 95 121 106 113 103 115 102 101 95 124 105 103 99 123 107 100 98 123 111 98 103 121 99 117 90 142 102 120 90 135 110 114 88 133 113 96 100 141 94 95 141 273 97 94 161 283 95 98 147 263 97 91 159 273 91 93 104 163 125 90 108 95 110 101 Car ets 88 90 118 119 74 85 107 111 70 82 101 106 88 114 116 Furn 'Hire 105 103 105 103 87 86 119 118 103 109 92 111 83 142 125 Major afpliances 96 100 116 117 81 81 134 135 111 115 93 84 97 208 186 P113 95 107 92 160 P88 97 114 75 109 M7 96 116 81 109 104 105 88 120 102 103 91 124 P103 P97 98 116 80 146 92 118 88 144 P76 P81 Radio an i television 93 86 90 92 74 85 101 100 86 212 199 248 133 153 P98 88 91 106 287 P55 P96 NOTE.—Annual averages are shown in the table on page 1236. 1238 FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN NEW INDEX OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS sonal adjustment consisted mainly of distributing the effects of the model change-overs in 1949 and 1950. The extent of curtailment in output resulting from model change-overs was estimated from weekly output figures for individual makes of passenger automobiles. Seasonal adjustments for this and all of the other series in the index should be considered tentative. Strong nonseasonal forces have tended to obscure seasonal patterns during the period covered by the indexes and may do so increasingly as the defense program develops further. Insofar as available data permitted and where significantly improved results could be demonstrated, separate output series for different sizes and types of products were developed. As shown in the table of annual indexes, changes in output varied greatly for different sizes and types of particular products. In the case of refrigerators, for example, it was found that the weighted combination of the five, size groups used in the present index showed a rise of 81 per cent from 1947 to 1950 as compared with a rise of 64 per cent in a simple count of the number of refrigerators produced. In the important case of passenger automobiles, there has been no allowance for changes by type or size of vehicle. Additional analysis is being made of this problem. COMPARISON WITH EXPENDITURE DATA The new output index is a substantially different measure from the Department of Commerce estimates of personal consumption expenditures for all durable goods. Several broad groupings of the expenditure data are published quarterly, with more detailed data available annually. Annual figures for the total, expressed in constant 1939 dollars, are also available. The quarterly and annual expenditure data in current dollars reflect changes in prices and in physical volume, while changes in the new output index are unaffected by fluctuations in prices. Considering only the annual expenditure figures expressed in constant dollars, it is likely that the most important differences between relative changes in the Commerce series and in the output index would reflect differences in the list of products covered and changes in business inventories of these products. Only major items are represented in the index. The unrepresented goods, which cover a wide variety of items, such as replacement OCTOBER 1951 parts, luggage, and housewares, accounted for 37 per cent of expenditures for all consumer durable goods in 1950, expressed in prices current to that period, as shown in the accompanying table. The proportion of unrepresented goods was somewhat smaller in that year than in the 1947-49 period. CONSUMER EXPENDITURES FOR DURABLE GOODS, 1950 Billions of dollars Products Total Percentages of total 29.2 100 Major goods represented in index New passenger cars Furniture and carpets Major appliances, radios, and television. 18.6 8.9 4.2 5.5 63 30 14 19 Unrepresented goods 10.6 37 NOTE.—Total expenditures as reported by the Department of Commerce. Breakdown partly estimated by Federal Reserve. Items not represented in the index are automobile parts and accessories, tires and tubes, used cars (net), other second-hand goods, hard surface floor coverings, sewing machines, portable heating equipment, small appliances, china and glassware, tableware and utensils, jewelry and watches, tombstones, household tools, books and maps, writing equipment, wheel goods, durable toys and sport equipment, boats and pleasure craft, luggage, ophthalmic products and orthopedic appliances, musical instruments, and phonographs and records. Monthly and annual changes in output and consumer expenditures have usually been more pronounced for major items than for other durable goods. Annual comparisons since 1929 are given for expenditures in the accompanying chart. These expenditures are expressed in current prices but it PERSONAL CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES FOR DURABLE GOODS Billions of Dollars Billions of Dollars 30 1 1 1 1 TH 3 0 A TOTAL/ \ 8888888 & ^ ^ MAJOR ITE S M IsiOTHER Hi 1931 1936 1941 1946 III GOODS! 1951 NOTE.—Department of Commerce data, with special groupings by Federal Reserve. Total for 1951 estimated. "Major items" includes used automobiles and some other products for which data are not published separately. 1239 NEW INDEX OF OUTPUT OF MAJOR CONSUMER DURABLE GOODS is likely that year-to-year changes in prices for the two groups of durable goods were not divergent enough to have a significant effect on relative annual changes. Practically all of the annual fluctuations shown for the total from the mid-thirties to 1942 reflected changes in expenditures for the major items. A marked difference developed from 1942 to 1944, when other durable goods increased and the major items showed a further decrease. Major items advanced sharply in 1946 from the reduced volume of 1945 and expanded considerably further from 1946 to 1950. Other goods showed little change after 1946. The output index measurement is at the point of factory production while the expenditure measurement is at the point of retail sales. This also can be an important source of difference between the movements of the two series. Thus, during a period such as 1950 and the first half of 1951, when large inventories were being accumulated by retailers, wholesale distributors, and manufacturers, increases in output were greater than in expenditures. During a period when business inventories were being reduced a contrary relationship would occur. 1240 Various other differences in the concepts and basic data used in developing these measures can contribute to their divergent behavior. The expenditure estimates use retail sale values including excise taxes, while the output index refers to factory values. The expenditure estimates include imports and exclude exports of consumer durable goods while the opposite is true of the output index. Furthermore, in the expenditure figures adjustments are made to exclude domestic sales for business and Government purposes. Finally, owing to the difficulty of securing accurate price data for highly fabricated goods such as consumer durable items, the results of deflating current value figures could be expected to vary considerably from time to time from the results of measurements based on unit volume. Even after allowance for the differences described above, divergence in trend between the expenditure and the output series could occur because of estimating or reporting errors in either series. Further attention and analysis are being given to such problems with a view toward developing more consistent information in this sector of the economy. FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN VOLUNTARY CREDIT RESTRAINT RELEASES BULLETIN NUMBER 4 (REVISED) OF THE NATIONAL VOLUNTARY CREDIT RESTRAINT COMMITTEE—LOANS ON REAL ESTATE The Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee at its meeting on September 5, 1951 evaluated the experience to date with Bulletin No. 4 covering loans on real estate, and adopted the following statement: The permanent financing of most new construction will continue to be governed by Regulation X as revised on September 1, 1951 to conform with the provisions of the recently enacted Defense Housing and Community Facilities and Services Act of 1951. Section 1 of Bulletin No. 4 is revised to recommend, in the case of loans on residential properties of one- to four-family units, that loans on existing properties should not exceed the limitations imposed by Regulation X or 66%3 per cent of the fair value of the property, whichever is greater. This means that on properties the fair value of which is $16,700 or less, the recommended limitations are those imposed by Regulation X (all of which are above 66% per cent); on properties the fair value of which is greater than $16,700, the limitation on borrowing is 66% per cent. In all other respects Bulletin No. 4 remains unchanged. Experience indicates that two points in Bulletin 4 are deserving of special emphasis. First, in determining whether proposed financing conforms to the Bulletin, all mortgage indebtedness to be outstanding on the property, including secondary financing, should be taken into account. Second, loans on residential property of more than four units and loans on commercial property should be screened as to purpose and loans should not be made unless they are in harmony with the principles of the Program. A sale with credit involved not exceeding that recommended in this Bulletin is sufficient evidence of proper purpose. Mortgage lenders, who do not have a regional committee from which to obtain opinions in doubtful cases, may refer questions to the regional insurance voluntary credit restraint committee serving their area. OCTOBER 1951 For the guidance of financing institutions in granting real estate credit encompassed by the Voluntary Program, Bulletin No. 4, as amended, is reprinted below. REVISED BULLETIN NO. 4—LOANS ON REAL ESTATE Real estate credit transactions governed by Regulation X, which covers the permanent financing of most new construction and major additions or improvements to existing structures, are not within the area of influence of this Voluntary Program. Neither does the Program apply to FHA or VA loans or to other loans guaranteed or insured or authorized as to purpose by an agency of the United States Government. The Program does apply, however, to all other real estate credit transactions. Financing institutions extending such credit are urged to observe the principles and the spirit of the Program. 1. Loans on residential property (one- to four-family units). The Committee has been informed that most financing institutions are following conservative lending policies on existing residential properties (one- to four-family units). The Committee urges all financing institutions to follow such policies and in no case to make a loan on existing property in an amount which would cause the total amount of credit outstanding (primary and all other credit combined) with respect to the property or with respect to the transaction to exceed the limit which Regulation X imposes as to new construction or a limit of 66% per cent of the fair valuex of the property, whichever of such limits is the greater.2 1 Wherever used in this Bulletin, "fair value" means: 1. If the loan is to be made to finance the purchase of real property: the bona fide sale price, or the appraised value of the property securing the loan, whichever is lower; 2. In all other cases: the appraised value of the property securing the loan. The appraised value should be determined in accordance with sound and established practice in the community. A good definition of "bona fide sale price" is given in Section 2(/) of Regulation X. 2 As a working rule, the above statement may be interpreted as meaning that where the fair value of the property 1241 VOLUNTARY CREDIT RESTRAINT RELEASES 3. Loans on residential property (more than fourfamily units) and on commercial property. Loans on residential property (more than four-family units) and loans on commercial property, such as office buildings, stores, hotels, motels, motor courts, restaurants, etc., should be screened as to purpose and the loan should not be made unless it is in harmony with the principles of the Program. If the loan is to be made in connection with a sale of commercial or residential property a determination by the financing institution that the sale and the sale price are bona fide may constitute a sufficient screening of the loan. The Committee conceives that it is not the function of the Voluntary Credit Restraint Program to make the transfer of real estate impossible or impracticable, but rather to reduce inflationary pressures by limiting the amount of additional credit created in the process of real estate transfer. Financing institutions are urged to limit a loan, on any type of property described in this section, whether or not a sale is involved, to an amount which would not cause the total amount of credit outstanding with respect to the property or with respect to the transaction to exceed 662/z per cent of the fair value of the property.3 Also, the Committee urges that financing institutions require an appropriate and substantial amortization of principal. The Committee recognizes that hardship cases may arise where a 66% per cent loan limitation would not be sound or equitable. Such cases would include a loan to finance the sale of property to close an estate or to pay estate taxes, the refinancing of a maturing mortgage, or the sale of property of a bankrupt company. The Committee makes no recommendation in such cases. 4. Loans on industrial property. Loans on industrial property should be screened as to purpose whether or not the loan is to be made in connection with a sale of real property. In this instance, however, there appears to be no need for a percentage limitation on the amount of the loan, since in the industrial field mortgage security usually is merely one of the factors considered by the lender in determining whether to make the loan and often bears comparatively little relation to the amount of the loan. 5. Sale-lease-back arrangements. The Committee also urges financing institutions to recognize that in most instances a "sale-lease-back" arrangement, whereby real property is purchased by a financing institution and leased to the vendor or his nominee, is a substitute for a form of financing and therefore comes within the Program and should be screened as to purpose. is $16,700 or less the limits of Regulation X would apply and where such fair value is more than $16,700 the limit of 66% per cent would apply. 3 If the facts are not already known, the financing institution presumably will want to request the borrower to furnish information as to any other indebtedness or credit existing or contemplated in connection with the transaction. 2. Loans on agricultural property. While the Committee recognizes that in some instances a loan on agricultural property may be in effect a loan on residential property, the Committee feels that normally such a loan falls in the category of a loan on commercial property (see Section 3 below), and the lender should be guided by the recommendations of that section as to over-all credit limits and purposes. NATIONAL FRATERNAL CONGRESS OF AMERICA JOINS VOLUNTARY CREDIT RESTRAINT PROGRAM 4 The Chairman of the National Voluntary Credit hearted support of his organization to the VolunRestraint Committee, Oliver S. Powell, has issued tary Credit Restraint Program. an invitation to the National Fraternal Congress Representatives of the fraternal life insurance of America and its members comprising the companies will be appointed to serve on the refraternal life insurance companies of the United gional insurance committees of the Voluntary States to join in the Voluntary Credit Restraint Credit Restraint Program to give the fraternal Program to combat inflation. The National Vol- companies a voice in decisions as to the desiruntary Credit Restraint Committee had voted to ability of borderline loan applications. The Naissue this invitation at its last meeting. President tional Fraternal Congress, through its SecretaryJohn P. Stock of the National Fraternal Congress 4 Statement National has accepted this invitation and pledged the whole- Committee on by the 27, 1951. Voluntary Credit Restraint Sept. 1242 FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN VOLUNTARY CREDIT RESTRAINT RELEASES Treasurer-Manager, Mr. Foster F. Farrell, will keep its members informed as to the status of the Pro- gram and the principles to be followed in restraining inflation under the Voluntary Program. STATE BOND ISSUES TO FINANCE BONUS PAYMENTS 5 The National Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee today conferred with Governor Okey L. Patteson of West Virginia and a delegation of West Virginia State and banking officials who had been invited to discuss their proposal to issue 75 million dollars in State bonds to finance bonus payments to veterans voted in the November 1950 elections. There was also some discussion of a somewhat similar situation in the State of Oregon where a veterans' bonus plan has also been approved by the voters. In addition to Governor Patteson, the West Virginia delegation included William H. Ansel, State Treasurer; W. C. Marland, Attorney General; Fred Diddle, Assistant State Treasurer; Mason Crickard, Vice President of the Charleston National Bank, Charleston; and Hayes Picklesimer, President of the Kanawha Valley Bank, Charleston. In view of the fact that investment bankers in compliance with the Voluntary Credit Restraint Program have refrained from bidding on the pending issue of bonds, the Governor of West Virginia proposes to ofifer these bonds to the public directly by placing them on sale through the banks of West Virginia. The plan contemplates that any bonds left unsold would be purchased OCTOBER 1951 by using various State trust funds, disposing of other obligations if necessary. The Committee expressed its genuine concern over the difficult situation in which the Governor and his staff have been placed by credit restraint measures taken in the national interest to facilitate the defense program. In conformity with these measures, the Committee has adhered to the position announced on May 7, 1951, that "soldiers' bonus issues are inflationary under today's conditions. They add to the spending power of the public through the creation of credit. It would seem desirable to postpone such issues until a time when immediate purchasing power is needed to counteract unemployment and when it might be more beneficial to the veteran." It was announced that Mobilization Director Charles E. Wilson had invited the Governor and the members of his West Virginia delegation and other interested parties to meet with him on October 5. There was no change in the position of either Governor Patteson or the Committee on this bonus issue as a result of the discussions today. 5 Statement by the National Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee on Sept. 28, 1951. 1243 CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS1 Under the Board of Governors' Regulation W, as reinstated in September 1950, every business engaged in extending instalment credit or purchasing instalment paper subject to the regulation was required to register with the regional Federal Reserve Bank. Each registrant was asked to submit certain data concerning credit volume in order to provide an adequate basis for appraising the coverage and effectiveness of the regulation. By the beginning of 1951 about 143,000 businesses had submitted sufficient statistical detail to permit tabulation. Of these, about 8,000 did not give separate figures for instalment and chargeaccount credit. The remaining 135,000 reported a total of 15.2 billion dollars of instalment credit outstanding on September 30, 1950—12.8 billion held by registrants engaged primarily in financial business, and 2.4 billion by those engaged primarily in retail and other nonfinancial business.2 Instalment sales of 14.5 billion dollars were reported by nonfinancial businesses for the 12 months ended September 30, 1950. This amount represented 35 per cent of their total sales in that period. In addition, a substantial amount of their cash and charge-account sales was financed by instalment loans extended directly to consumers by financial businesses. Since nearly all financial businesses extending consumer instalment credit are subject to the regulation, these data give virtually complete coverage for this type of business. On the other hand, instal1 This article was prepared by Donald M. Fort and Katharyne P. Reil of the Consumer Credit and Finances Section of the Board's Division of Research and Statistics. The editing of the statistical data obtained by the registration statements was done by the research departments of the Federal Reserve Banks. 2 The 15.2 billion dollars of instalment credit balances reported by registrants differs from the Board's published estimate of 13.3 billion dollars of consumer instalment credit outstanding on September 30, 1950. It is therefore important to note that the instalment credit data presented here are not intended to be revisions of the consumer instalment credit estimates. The figures in this article summarize information given by registrants under Regulation W and include some nonconsumer credit. On the other hand, not all consumer instalment credit is covered here since some businesses that extend this type of credit were not subject to the regulation and did not register, and some of those who registered were unable to provide information on instalment credit. 1244 ment credit granted to consumers by retailers is not completely covered by registrants' reports because retail establishments which did not make instalment sales of articles listed in the regulation were not required to register.3 The proportion of total retail instalment credit thus omitted was relatively small inasmuch as the listed articles included most major consumer durable goods. Apparel and jewelry are the two principal types of unlisted consumer goods giving rise to instalment credit. Some apparel and jewelry stores registered, however, because they sold some listed articles on instalment. Some other businesses registered even though their operations were not currently subject to regulation.4 Financial businesses were asked to report the amounts of direct instalment loans and purchased paper outstanding as of September 30, 1950 for retail automobile instalment credit, other retail instalment credit, FHA-insured repair and modernization loans, other repair and modernization credit, and personal instalment loans. Nonfinancial businesses were requested to report instalment and charge accounts outstanding as of September 30, 1950; cash, instalment, and charge-account sales made during the year ended on that date; the total amount of down payments on instalment sales; and the amount of instalment paper sold during the 12-month period.5 Registrants were asked to report all data in the preceding categories, including credit and sales not subject to the regulation. More detail was requested in the 1950 registration than in registrations while Regulation W was in effect in 1941 and 1948.6 The data requested from financial businesses were intended to provide up-to-date information for registrants comparable to the call data for commercial banks. Separate figures for direct loans and purchased paper were obtained to throw some light on the origin of the instal3 The listed articles included most of the principal consumer durable goods: new and used automobiles, radio and television sets, major household appliances, furniture and floor coverings, and residential repairs and alterations. 4 These businesses may have registered simply to be on the safe side, or in anticipation of engaging in regulated operations later on. 5 Registration statement schedules and instructions are shown at the end of this article, pp. 1252-55. 6 For data from earlier registrations, see BULLETIN for May 1942, pp. 434-37, and for April 1949, p. 340. FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS ment credit held by financial businesses. Separate figures on FHA-insured and other repair and modernization credit provided for the first time detailed information on the amount and distribution of such credit. Nonfinancial businesses reported sales and receivables by type of transaction, as in the 1941 registration, and, in addition, down payments and instalment paper sold. All this additional information helped to trace the flow of credit from the originator to the holder. Attempts were made to obtain complete reports from all registrants. Nearly all of the financial businesses filed complete returns. Figures on total sales and total receivables were obtained from almost all of the nonfinancial registrants, but about 8 per cent of these businesses could not give separate data on the instalment portion of their sales or receivables, and about 10 per cent of those who reported these data could not give figures for down payments or instalment paper sold. The accompanying tables summarize the data reported by registrants. NUMBER OF REGISTRANTS The present analysis covers 112,796 nonfinancial businesses and 30,606 financial businesses.7 It is believed that most financial businesses are covered 7 The number of registrants included in the present analysis is not strictly comparable with the numbers given for the 1941 and 1948 registrations in the Federal Reserve BULLETIN for April 1949 (p. 340) since the present analysis excludes businesses that reported zero instalment receivables or sales. Also, the figures are not readily comparable with the total number of business offices or outlets reported by other agencies such as the Census. For example, the registration statements were filed only by the head offices of multi-unit businesses except where branches were separate legal entities, whereas each "establishment" reported separately in the Census. TABLE 1 NUMBER OF REGISTRANTS INCLUDED IN ANALYSIS, BY KIND OF BUSINESS AND FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICT Federal Reserve District Kind of business United States total Boston New York Phila- Cleve- Richdelland mond phia Atlanta Chicago MinSt. neLouis apolis Kansas City Dallas San Francisco 30,606 2,110 2,353 1,594 2,494 2,109 2,652 5,433 2,033 2,073 2,951 2,823 1,981 Financial, total i Commercial banks and trust com987 1,089 1,330 962 441 818 732 758 1,011 388 panies 11,463 829 2,118 456 198 207 149 143 81 147 351 2,720 116 238 447 187 Sales finance companies 24 1 17 15 11 16 15 139 19 7 3 11 Industrial banks 102 44 637 34 11 80 10 105 72 21 74 47 37 Industrial loan companies 152 192 130 205 255 624 523 84 42 345 231 301 State-licensed small loan companies. 3,084 325 622 1,889 427 494 462 8,724 843 876 896 475 Credit unions 543 872 Small loan companies, not State11 48 195 1 37 10 1 12 44 115 681 1,161 6 licensed 153 166 127 218 101 92 87 1,480 236 76 97 49 78 Building and loan associations 211 2 1 289 68 1 3 Mutual savings banks 33 28 74 146 50 70 " l 2 0 ' " 8 5 909 46 103 Other financial businesses 3 . . . 60 94 112,796 6,647 12,220 6,340 12,439 7,475 7,411 15,093 Nonfinancial, t o t a l 4 297 939 458 199 503 256 331 4,489 Department and general stores 5 42,438 2,522 3,912 2,327 4,024 2,949 2,905 6,138 Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing 17,194 1,162 1,659 990 1,851 1,592 1,831 1,871 stores Household appliance, radio, and 17,701 1,113 2,364 1,239 2,147 950 1,052 2,159 television stores 694 123 39 67 50 68 Electric and gas utility companies.. 47 72 Hardware and automotive acces517 263 207 10,681 393 569 719 1,371 sory stores 6 546 1,731 956 651 317 1,744 10,848 376 Dealers and contractors 7 17 21 64 607 43 65 20 80 Manufacturers 102 482 1,894 139 92 222 151 226 Jewelry stores 43 67 152 304 80 2,063 76 345 Farm implement dealers 42 84 38 77 84 634 28 25 Piano, organ, and music stores 90 48 47 15 39 5 78 578 Fuel, ice, and fuel-oil dealers 331 2,975 160 83 196 45 598 Other nonfinancial businesses 8 . . . . 155 All registrants. 143,402 7,760 7,033 8,312 9,747 12,319 275 264 202 379 386 3,126 2,735 3,730 3,656 4,414 1,157 629 1,031 1,505 1,916 1,096 1,030 1,055 1,189 2,307 39 32 50 49 58 915 1,481 1,065 1,239 942 621 310 984 1,299 313 45 89 3 47 113 57 146 25 89 163 143 191 270 283 109 20 35 54 37 110 48 11 120 17 60 228 170 181 377 451 8,757 14,573 7,934 14,933 9,584 10,063 20,526 9,793 9,106 11,263 12,570 14,300 1 2 3 Financial businesses reporting instalment receivables by type of transaction. Includes savings and loan associations, cooperative banks, and homestead associations. Includes agents, brokers, and dealers in real estate, holding and investment companies, mortgage companies, life insurance companies, and miscellaneous financial businesses. 4 Nonfinancial businesses reporting total sales and total receivables. 5 Includes mail-order houses. 6 Includes filling stations. 7 Dealers and contractors in heating, plumbing, air conditioning equipment, and in construction and repairs. 8 Includes apparel stores, dealers in bicycles, motorcycles, aircraft, boats and marine engines, business supply dealers, and miscellaneous dealers and contractors. NOTE.—Registrants are classified by Federal Reserve District in which head office is located. OCTOBER 1951 1245 CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS of financial businesses. Nearly three-quarters of the total was held by commercial banks, sales finance companies, and State-licensed small loan companies. As shown in Table 2, commercial bank holdings were largest, amounting to about 6.0 billion dollars on September 30, 1950. Sales finance companies were second in importance with nearly 4.2 billion, and State-licensed small loan companies were third with slightly more than 1.0 billion dollars. Only 2.4 billion or about one-sixth of the reported total for instalment receivables was held by retailers and other nonfinancial businesses. Nine years earlier, when the initial registration under Regulation W took place, the nonfinancial group held approximately one-fourth of all instalment paper reported. The declining importance of dealer holdings has been brought about largely by two factors. Retailers have been selling a larger proportion of their instalment paper. At the same time lenders have shown an increasing interest not only in purchasing retail instalment paper but also in making instalment loans directly to consumers. Such loans are often used to finance purchases of consumer goods which appear on the books of dealers as cash transactions. Among the non- with the exception of a small number of commercial banks and a substantial number of building and loan associations and miscellaneous financial businesses that do not deal in regulated forms of instalment credit. The coverage of nonfinancial businesses that grant instalment credit appears to be practically complete in the case of department and general stores, automobile dealers, and furniture and household appliance stores; it is less complete, and in some cases only fragmentary, for other types of retail businesses, many of which do not sell listed articles on instalment. Table 1 shows the distribution by Federal Reserve District of registrants covered by the analysis. Because of the inclusion of branches in the registration statement of the main office, the distribution of registrants by District does not give a correct picture of the geographic distribution of business outlets. Consolidated reporting is particularly important in the case of department and general stores, hardware and automotive accessory stores, sales finance companies, and small loan companies. INSTALMENT RECEIVABLES Most of the 15.2 billion dollars of instalment receivables reported by registrants was in the hands TABLE 2 INSTALMENT RECEIVABLES, BY KIND OF FINANCIAL BUSINESS, SEPT. 30, 1950 * [Dollar amounts in millions] Instalment loans extended directly Kind of business Total Commercial banks and trust companies Sales finance companies Industrial banks Industrial loan companies.... State-licensed small loan companies Credit unions Small loan companies, not State-licensed Building and loan associations 3 Mutual savings banks Other financial businesses 4 ... Number of registrants Instalment paper purchased Total Repair and Repair and instalmodernizamodernizament Retail Other tion loans Retail Other tion paper receivPerPerautoautoables Total mobile retail sonal Total mobile retail sonal held loans loans loans loans FHApaper paper FHAin- Other in- Other sured sured 30,606 $12,819 $5,448 $1,694 $375 $414 364 (2) 10 11,463 2,720 139 637 5,958 4,175 212 357 2,939 222 103 289 1,324 91 23 35 173 25 4 6 3,084 8,724 1,032 548 927 47 142 39 33 1,161 48 1,480 289 909 276 41 172 545 41 $132 $2,834 $7,371 $4,436 $2,200 1,032 3,020 96 3,953 64 109 247 67 838 342 105 3 1,201 1,215 3,070 828 42 51 44 22 50 2 $588 491 37 12 1 $115 $32 20 4 1 1 51 31 94 18 74 240 29 114 1 Financial businesses reporting instalment receivables by type of transaction. 2 Less than $500,000. 3 Includes savings and loan associations, cooperative banks, and homestead associations. 4 Includes agents, brokers, and dealers in real estate, holding and investment companies, mortgage companies, life insurance companies, and miscellaneous financial businesses. NOTE.—Details may not add to totals because of rounding. 1246 FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS financial businesses shown in Table 3, department and general stores (including mail-order houses), automobile dealers, and furniture and housefurnishing stores were the principal granters of instalment credit but their combined holdings on September 30, 1950 were only 1.8 billion dollars. Retail automobile instalment credit accounted for about two-fifths of the total outstanding instalment credit of registrants. Most of the automobile paper arose from instalment sales by automobile dealers, but only 0.3 billion dollars of outstanding instalment credit appeared on their books on September 30, 1950. Credit arising from automobile sales but owned by sales finance companies at that time amounted to 3.1 billion dollars while similar holdings of commercial banks totaled 1.2 billion. In addition, commercial banks had outstanding 1.3 billion dollars of automobile loans made directly to individuals. Holdings of other retail instalment credit were divided almost equally between financial and nonfinancial businesses. Both banks and finance companies purchased a substantial volume of nonautomotive retail paper, especially that arising from the sale of household appliances and construction and repair items, but their direct loan operations in this field were comparatively small. Commercial banks held about 85 per cent of all FHA-insured repair and modernization paper reported, but little more than one-half of the noninsured paper. Purchased paper constituted a somewhat larger part of repair and modernization credit than did direct loans. The repair and modernization data shown here include only paper held by financial institutions, as no specific information was obtained on the amount of such paper held by retailers and other nonfinancial businesses. It may be assumed, however, that a substantial part of the instalment paper held by building supply dealers and contractors and by hardware stores arose from repair and modernization work. Personal instalment loans outstanding accounted for more than one-fifth of the total credit reported by financial businesses. Banks and small loan companies accounted for the major portion of these loans. For most financial businesses other than sales finance companies and banks, personal instalment loans constituted the principal type of instal- TABLE 3 RETAIL SALES AND RECEIVABLES, BY K I N D OF NONFINANCIAL BUSINESS f Dollar amounts in millions] All registrants reporting total sales and receivables Registrants reporting sales and receivables by type of transaction Total Department and general stores i Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing stores Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies Hardware and automotive accessory stores 2 Dealers and contractors 3 . . . Manufacturers Jewelry stores Farm implement dealers.... Piano, organ, and music stores Fuel, ice, and fuel-oil dealers. Other nonfinancial businesses 4 Number of registrants Total Total receiv- Number sales, ables of year held, ended regisSept. 30, Sept. 30, trants 1950 1950 Total Cash 112,796 Kind of business $43,167 14,185 104,047 $41,861 4,489 42,438 11,101 20,109 1,250 677 4,072 39,748 17,194 3,077 964 17,701 2,127 244 694 271 10,681 10,848 607 1,894 2,063 Sales, year ended Sept. 30, 1950 Receivables held, Sept. 30, 1950 Instalment Other credit Total Instalment Other $18,450 $14,461 $8,950 $4,030 $2,429 $1,601 11,050 19,414 6,016 9,073 2,153 8,138 2,881 2,203 1.242 652 740 314 502 338 15,724 2,930 641 1,749 540 924 792 132 16,220 1,914 640 856 419 194 111 83 102 643 255 34 135 86 95 82 13 1,522 1,868 795 325 528 188 255 116 106 45 9,718 9,810 555 1,752 1,938 1,466 1,804 781 316 512 707 320 287 83 201 295 351 202 208 106 464 1,132 292 25 205 180 247 114 104 43 84 31 61 97 12 96 216 54 7 31 634 578 147 259 40 26 584 540 144 257 45 83 74 14 25 159 40 25 35 2 4 23 2,975 1,038 173 2,743 1,018 320 179 519 169 68 101 1 2 8 4 Includes mail-order houses. Includes filling stations. Dealers and contractors in heating, plumbing, air conditioning equipment, and in construction and repairs. Includes apparel stores, dealers in bicycles, motorcycles, aircraft, boats and marine engines, business supply dealers, and miscellaneous dealers and contractors. NOTE.—Details may not add to totals because of rounding. OCTOBER 1951 1247 CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS ment credit outstanding on September 30, 1950. Instalment receivables of financial businesses by Federal Reserve District are shown in Table 4. It should be noted that the large holdings of retail automobile credit by sales finance companies in the New York District and of personal instalment loans by small loan companies in the Chicago District stem from registration of national operations by head offices located in these Districts. INSTALMENT SALES Retail instalment sales amounting to 14.5 billion dollars were reported for the year ending September 30, 1950, by 104,047 retail and other nonfinancial businesses. Such sales represented about 35 per cent of the total business of the retail dealers registering under Regulation W. This was a much larger proportion than for retail trade as a whole, because grocery stores, most apparel stores, and other predominantly noninstalment groups were not subject to regulation. The nonfinancial registrants accounted for nearly all of the instalment sales in the country and about one-third of the nation's total retail sales. Automobile dealers made more than 8.1 billion dollars of the 14.5 billion of instalment sales reported by all registrants. Department and general stores, including mail-order houses, ranked second with nearly 2.2 billion, and were followed by furniture and household appliance stores with 1.7 billion and 0.9 billion, respectively. Construction and repair dealers and contractors, together with manufacturers, accounted for half a billion dollars of instalment sales. The proportion of total sales volume made on an instalment basis varied considerably by kind of business. Instalment sales accounted for about onefifth of the total sales volume reported by depart- TABLE 4 I N S T A L M E N T RECEIVABLES IN S E L E C T E D K I N D S OF F I N A N C I A L BUSINESS, BY F E D E R A L RESERVE D I S T R I C T X [In millions of dollars] Federal Reserve District Kind of business United States total Boston New York Phila- Cleve- Richdelmond land phia Atlanta Chicago St.# Louis Minneapolis Kansas City Dallas San Francisco Total instalment receivables 2 Commercial banks and trust companies Sales finance companies Industrial banks Industrial loan companies State-licensed small loan companies. Credit unions Building and loan associations All other financial businesses 12,819 449 3,277 503 812 1,109 843 2,128 457 489 511 636 1,603 5,958 4,175 212 357 1,032 548 276 261 273 41 11 5 54 47 7 11 1,099 1,901 79 351 63 16 45 18 7 3 382 540 18 26 47 27 34 35 394 104 10 184 61 40 34 16 789 686 53 56 379 124 25 16 265 57 8 16 69 22 11 9 231 187 1 5 17 18 19 11 251 151 5 13 37 30 5 19 342 166 70 54 14 60 424 145 2 3 117 56 44 21 10 5 35 35 43 1 156 133 25 22 132 77 40 18 Retail automobile credit 2 Commercial banks and trust companies Sales finance companies All other financial businesses 6,129 162 1,884 178 277 656 319 935 198 129 280 347 766 2,525 3,161 443 104 34 24 268 1,582 34 119 54 5 179 67 31 188 437 31 184 88 47 365 468 102 130 48 20 90 27 12 133 118 29 177 143 27 589 97 80 2,574 72 699 84 148 152 130 408 72 239 86 93 392 1,388 853 333 60 5 7 359 301 39 77 4 3 86 27 35 57 79 16 83 9 38 179 202 57 6 9 64 158 17 49 23 14 59 17 17 259 22 111 Repair and modernization credit 2 . Commercial banks and trust companies All other financial businesses 1,248 53 263 80 91 77 73 60 56 38 64 184 993 255 43 10 212 51 74 6 76 15 45 32 57 16 159 52 47 13 51 5 31 7 32 32 168 16 Personal instalment loans 2 . . Commercial banks and trust companies Sales finance companies Industrial loan companies State-licensed small loan companies. Credit unions All other financial businesses 2,866 161 433 160 296 224 322 575 128 66 108 132 262 1,052 100 248 840 342 284 67 2 3 44 34 11 260 81 4 13 42 15 5 82 51 2 93 32 36 92 4 16 41 19 52 71 2 154 41 26 28 87 13 28 359 75 13 32 3 8 61 14 10 26 39 9 6 26 17 11 74 3 7 2 17 29 141 7 8 46 42 18 O t h e r retail c r e d i t 2 . . . Commercial banks and trust companies . . Sales finance companies All other financial businesses 69 46 58 27 211 3 16 8 12 (3) 1 Financial businesses reporting instalment receivables by type of transaction. Direct loans and purchased paper. 3 Less than $500,000. NOTE.—Registrants are classified by Federal Reserve District in which head office is located. of rounding. 2 1248 Details may not add to totals because FEDERAL RESERVE BULLETIN CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS ment and general stores, hardware and automotive accessory stores, dealers and contractors in construction and repair materials, and farm implement dealers. The proportion was around one-half at household appliance stores and utility companies, approximately three-fifths at furniture and housefurnishing stores, and about two-thirds at jewelry stores. These data are shown in Table 5. Automobile dealers made 42 per cent of their total sales on an instalment basis, receiving cash down payments and trade-ins amounting to about 43 per cent of their instalment sales. Of the credit extended by these dealers, about nine-tenths was financed through sale of paper to finance companies, banks, or other businesses. Consequently, the amount of instalment paper held by automobile dealers was small in relation to their instalment sales. Transactions financed by loans made directly to individuals by banks or other financial institutions appear on the dealers' books as cash sales. TABLE 5 SELECTED RATIOS FOR NONFINANCIAL BUSINESSES, BY FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICT, YEAR ENDED SEPT. 30, 1950 [Per cent] Federal Reserve District Ratio and kind of business Instalment sales as percentage of total sales: * Department and general stores 2 . . . Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing stores Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies. . Hardware and automotive accessory stores 3 Dealers and contractors 4 Manufacturers .... Jewelry stores Farm implement dealers Down payments as percentage of instalment sales: 5 Department and general stores 2 . . . Automobile dealers .... Furniture and housefurnishing stores .... Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies. . Hardware and automotive accessory stores 3 Dealers and contractors * Manufacturers .... Jewelry stores .... Farm implement dealers Instalment paper sold as percentage of instalment credit originated (instalment sales less down payments) 5 Department and general stores 2 . . . Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing stores Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies. . Hardware and automotive accessory stores 3 Dealers and contractors ^ Manufacturers Jewelry stores Farm implement dealers United States average 19 42 Bos- New ton York 12 37 14 31 Phila- Cleve- Richdelphia land mond lanta Chicago 13 45 17 47 14 51 28 38 16 38 At- Min- Kan- Dal- San Louis apolis City las cisco 11 36 13 46 12 53 St. 17 42 7 31 60 59 53 62 66 67 75 55 62 41 51 59 54 45 53 49 53 40 46 35 61 42 53 55 54 50 63 45 48 47 36 30 26 41 48 52 69 51 37 20 19 26 66 21 12 17 49 73 9 14 23 32 72 4 14 20 28 61 5 19 18 28 61 17 21 20 29 72 28 23 13 12 75 37 14 34 22 62 26 20 13 46 61 31 21 21 46 17 22 35 24 13 59 20 22 11 15 59 24 13 16 11 69 39 10 43 11 46 10 44 12 45 14 44 11 46 10 43 9 43 12 46 16 46 13 43 11 42 13 39 16 16 17 15 18 15 13 19 15 18 18 16 17 17 14 18 14 15 13 18 12 18 13 17 11 15 13 20 16 17 18 21 17 19 13 15 14 18 22 15 11 22 14 37 16 12 14 12 29 17 10 20 14 28 20 10 11 18 26 11 11 13 16 42 18 11 8 12 38 14 14 6 10 35 17 9 35 14 44 16 16 20 12 38 19 10 14 27 39 11 10 16 17 36 15 12 8 18 31 20 10 17 13 31 45 90 23 93 27 97 4 95 17 91 6 92 24 89 61 88 5 88 14 90 23 81 21 85 20 89 20 22 23 21 15 13 9 23 14 20 25 12 36 77 18 69 10 85 9 80 17 75 12 77 6 72 48 68 8 71 40 71 4 73 1 80 27 85 24 40 85 32 5 76 36 83 80 4 80 63 89 4 4 90 55 82 86 9 78 1 8 75 32 82 65 13 90 41 78 55 44 89 96 4 65 39 77 21 2 76 85 84 64 2 72 37 88 34 28 73 31 75 80 50 87 72 7 79 "76" ' 80* ' 1 2 8 4 6 Based on data of registrants reporting figures for instalment sales. Includes mail-order houses. Includes filling stations. Dealers and contractors in heating, plumbing, and air conditioning equipment, and in construction and repairs. Based on data of registrants reporting figures for down payments and instalment paper sold. NOTE.—In some cases District figures are dominated by reports of head offices of one or more national chains, which show relationships quite different from those of other stores. OCTOBER 1951 1249 CREDIT AND SALES REPORTED BY REGULATION W REGISTRANTS Down payments reported by most kinds of nonautomotive businesses were from one-fifth to onetenth of their instalment sales volume. The sale of instalment paper varied widely from one kind of nonautomotive business to another. For example, household appliance and radio stores, farm implement dealers, and dealers and contractors in construction and repair materials sold nearly all of their instalment paper, whereas furniture and housefurnishing stores sold only one-fifth of their paper. In certain Federal Reserve Districts, for some lines of trade the totals shown in Tables 5 and 6 were dominated by data for national chains which were consolidated in a single report from the head office. In several cases the practices of national TABLE 6 TOTAL SALES, INSTALMENT SALES, AND INSTALMENT RECEIVABLES OF NONFINANCIAL BUSINESSES BY FEDERAL RESERVE D I S T R I C T [In millions of dollars] Federal Reserve District Kind of business T o t a l sales, year ended Sept. 30, 1950 1 Department and general stores 2 . . Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing stores Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies. Hardware and automotive accessory stores 3 Dealers and contractors 4 Manufacturers Jewelry stores Farm implement dealers Other nonfinancial businesses 5 . . . . Instalment sales, year ended Sept. 30, 1950 Department and general stores 2 . . Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing stores Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies. Hardware and automotive accessory stores 3 Dealers and contractors 4 Manufacturers Jewelry stores Farm implement dealers Other nonfinancial businesses 5 . . . . I n s t a l m e n t receivables, Sept. 30, 1950 Department and general stores 2 . . Automobile dealers Furniture and housefurnishing stores Household appliance, radio, and television stores Electric and gas utility companies. Hardware and automotive accessory stores 3 Dealers and contractors 4 Manufacturers Jewelry stores Farm implement dealers Other nonfinancial businesses 6 United States total 41,861 11,050 19,414 Boston New York PhilaCleve- Richdelmond land phia 2,174 510 1,031 5,211 1,677 2,049 2,066 440 1,038 3,724 848 1,482 2,712 517 1,460 Atlanta St. Louis Chicago 2,730 9,921 441 4,741 1,559 3,259 Minneapolis Kansas City Dallas San Francisco 2,120 306 1,258 1,592 226 826 2,309 299 1,333 2,704 339 1,514 4,598 705 2,606 2,930 186 334 166 315 253 291 395 162 68 157 191 413 1,914 255 111 34 377 26 145 14 183 17 105 21 135 33 275 54 85 5 60 80 12 98 26 260 6 1,466 1,804 781 316 512 1,418 67 101 3 22 15 93 63 242 161 38 99 146 46 137 2 16 27 36 232 235 242 43 34 94 69 72 14 29 21 150 107 96 2 24 23 20 157 266 294 46 75 360 90 120 11 13 45 27 167 34 1 1 42 160 181 39 12 14 55 127 135 233 11 34 32 92 152 230 28 38 44 115 14,461 2,153 8,138 686 60 385 1,386 234 639 676 71 392 1,274 107 669 1,090 86 693 1,230 3,248 63 1,304 793 1,241 787 51 529 377 17 254 748 32 481 1,019 45 693 1,939 83 1,369 1,749 109 178 103 209 170 219 216 100 28 80 113 225 856 135 54 18 151 12 51 9 78 9 58 11 67 20 122 26 40 2 18 2 33 6 51 18 132 2 9 55 51 27 4 25 6 28 1 9 1 4 44 42 67 26 6 18 14 14 4 21 6 11 25 12 (6) 18 9 3 22 89 65 29 19 115 18 16 5 8 14 7 35 7 63 9 2 8 11 23 30 26 2 20 20 36 3 26 17 25 108 38 245 45 13 205 46 23 219 27 30 629 374 39 113 22 22 119 13 33 165 24 36 245 36 82 295 35J. 202 208 106 267 2,429 740 314 119 23 12 225 88 6 792 51 75 96 94 122 46 31 55 85 111 82 9 10 9 7 11 6 11 8 11 5 1 5 4 7 15 13 1 84 31 61 97 12 105 2 1 1 2 19 13 20 3 34 12 4 2 1 10 1 5 6 1 3 3 1 3 18 1 1 4 1 9 11 5 (6) 8 1 4 4 2 8 2 6 1 Total sales of the 104,0
5269	dbpedia	0	2	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/William_C._Marland	en	William C. Marland	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/William_C._Marland.jpg/180px-William_C._Marland.jpg", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Military Wiki" ]	2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00	William Casey Marland (March 26, 1918 – November 26, 1965), a Democrat, was the 24th Governor of West Virginia from 1953 to 1957. He is best known for his early attempts to tax companies that depleted the state's natural resources, especially coal, as well as overseeing implementation of school...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Military Wiki	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/William_C._Marland	For the soldier, see William Marland (Medal of Honor recipient). William Casey Marland (March 26, 1918 – November 26, 1965), a Democrat, was the 24th Governor of West Virginia from 1953 to 1957. He is best known for his early attempts to tax companies that depleted the state's natural resources, especially coal, as well as overseeing implementation of school desegregation during the Civil Rights Movement when other Southern governors opposed it. Near the end of his life, he re-entered the public stage when a reporter found him driving a cab in Chicago. He responded to the negative publicity by making a public statement to the media about his recovery from alcoholism and indicated that his new, relatively humble job helped in that recovery. Biography[] Son of a mining boss, Joseph Wesley and Maude Casey Marland, he was born in Johnston City, Illinois on March 26, 1918. His family moved to the coal town of Glen Rogers in Wyoming County, West Virginia when he was seven. During World War II, he served as a Navy lieutenant in the Pacific theater, completing four tours. He attended the University of Alabama, where he was a star football player, and received a law degree from West Virginia University in 1947. He married Valerie Allen Marland in 1942, and they had four children: William Allen, Susan Lynn, John Wesley, and Casey Dixon. Allen was appointed law clerk to Federal Judge Ben Moore, and in August 1948, he was appointed Assistant Attorney General. Upon resignation of former Attorney General Ira J. Partlow December 1, 1949, he was appointed Attorney General. In November 1950, he was elected to the office.[1] He announced his resignation on January 30, 1952 to run for election as governor later that year, his resignation taking effect the next day. He beat former Senator Rush Holt by slightly more than 3% in the 1952 gubernatorial race. As Governor, Marland advocated the desegregation of schools, expansion of the state parks and other recreational facilities, improved unemployment and workers' compensation laws, and an industrial development program.[2] He ran for the 1956 special election for Senator. He lost the election to former Senator William Chapman Revercomb. In 1958 he ran for the Democratic primary to another special Senate election, losing to Representative Jennings Randolph.[3] After his second Senate loss, Marland worked as an attorney, eventually relocating to the Chicago area. Later years[] The pressures on Marland may have contributed to the development of alcoholism. Accusations that he drank heavily in office or at inappropriate times during the day have been made by Underwood.[4] In the early 1960s, the ex-governor gave up drinking. But it was not his fate to live out his life as a private individual. A few years after his recovery, he was recognized by a Chicago Daily News reporter, Margery McElheny. Marland confirmed that that he had been working as a taxicab driver since August, 1962, and the Daily News published the exclusive story on March 12, 1965,[5] with the wire services following up on March 13, 1965. The story received great attention nationally.[6] Knowing that the story was about to break and concerned about damage to his family, he called a press conference and spoke candidly about his alcoholism, how he overcame it, and his reasons for driving a taxi: to hold in check a level of ambition that may have contributed to his drinking. His fortunes dramatically changed for the better. He was soon invited to appear on Jack Paar's television talk show, and was hired to run a West Virginia horse racing concern. But shortly thereafter, he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He died of the disease in his Barrington, Illinois home, attended by his wife, children, other relatives, and family friends, on November 26, 1965. His widow followed him in death in 1977. References[] Rod Hoylman. "The Hard Road Home: William Casey Marland." West Virginia Division of Culture and History. [] Biography of William C. Marland Inaugural Address of William C. Marland
5269	dbpedia	0	44	http://www.wvenc-f5.wvnet.edu/timelines/685/list	en	Key Dates for Tanneries			[ "http://www.wvenc-f5.wvnet.edu/images/west-virginia-encyclopedia-text.png?1551495128" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			/images/favicon.ico		null	Alfred Beckley was appointed a militia general The Buffalo Academy was founded Alexander Campbell elected president of the American Christian Missionary Society Baltimore investors built Mountain House at Capon Springs First national convention of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) denomination General Assembly authorized development of plans for improvements to make Coal River more navigable John Gallaher was named auditor for the U.S. Treasury by President Zachary Taylor Guyandotte was officially incorporated City of New Cumberland received its charter from Virginia Frank Hereford moved to California where he practiced law John Jay Jackson Jr. served as prosecuting attorney of Ritchie County Cummins Jackson died in California John Jacob obtained a B.A. from Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania The first Jewish community established a religious congregation in Wheeling William C. Kelly was born Construction on the B&O line Kingwood Tunnel began George Latham moved to Taylor County The Guyandotte Navigation Company was incorporated by the state of Virginia The National Hotel was built in Martinsburg Randolph McCoy married his cousin Sarah McCoy Alexander Creel bought back land he had previously sold and established the city of St. Marys Samuel Price was reelected to the House of Delegates. William Miller died Lydia Shepherd denied that Betty Zane made the famous gunpowder run to save Fort Henry, claiming it was Molly Scott Patrick Donahue was born Work began on the Weston & Gauley Bridge Turnpike Wheeling had free public schools Winfield was laid out A brick courthouse was completed at Winfield Celebration staged in Parkersburg after ratification of the 15th Amendment Railroad magnate Collis P. Huntington located the western terminus of Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad in present Huntington Cheat River declared a public highway Claymont Court mansion (Jefferson County) was advertised for sale by Bushrod Corbin Washington's grandson Henry Gassaway Davis helped lead the Democrats in for their control over the state Marmaduke Dent received B.A from WVU Joseph Diss Debar produced The West Virginia Hand-Book and Immigrant's Guide Alexander Donaghho came to Parkersburg Fayetteville population jumped to 6,647 Thaddeus Mortimer Fowler began his map-making trips Camp Straton United Confederate Veterans began controlling Logan County polices German immigration increased during the Franco-Prussian War John Hale started the first steam ferry at Charleston John Hale was a leader in having the state capital moved to Charleston Literary Hall was built in Romney The West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind was established in Romney John Henry began working as a steel driver during the construction of the Big Bend (Great Bend) Tunnel The state was reported to have 2,270 schools Investment in manufacturing began increasing Immigrants from Switzerland settled in the area of Holly River George Imboden moved to Fayette County Jacob Jackson became Wood County's prosecuting attorney A proposed waterway between Tidewater Virginia and Rocky Mountains was proposed to Congress by Waitman T. Willey The capital was moved from Wheeling to Charleston Henry Clay Dickinson became president of Kanawha Valley Bank James Kay arrived in Charleston John Kenna was admitted to the bar Crosscut saws replaced the ax as the preferred tool for felling trees Marshall College added a new brick addition at the west end of the existing building John Nuttall bought coal lands on New River The Flick Amendment was introduced Petersburg became the county seat of Grant County Henry Ragland moved to Wayne County. Alexander Reynolds began serving in Egypt Literary Hall was built by the Literary Society in Romney Cecil Clay of Philadelphia began timber purchases in Greenbrier Valley William Stevenson was defeated for second term as governor The Daily Sentinel became the Taylor County newspaper The town of Volcano was founded Wayne County population was at 7,852 WesBanco was founded as German Bank Legislature voted for additional buildings at Weston State Hospital The Potomac River flooded The Shenandoah River flooded Booker T. Washington graduated from Hampton Normal Institute in Virginia and returned to teach Sunday school at the African Zion Baptist Church Edward Willis moved the Broaddus Female College (now part of Alderson Broaddus University) to Clarksburg Cumberland Valley Railroad reached Martinsburg Joseph Beury left Quinnimont Benjamin C. Criswell won the Congressional Medal of Honor at the Battle of Little Big Horn James Putney died Henry Koontz died and Easton Roller Mill was taken over by the Anderson family The Grange had 378 lodges and 10,700 members in West Virginia Jedediah Hotchkiss' Virginia: A Geographical and Political Summary was published for the Virginia legislature The impeachment trial of John Burdett in the Senate removed him from office of Treasurer Maurice Sullivan sold his land atop Irish Mountain to J. J. Kane for a church and cemetery Jackson's Mill was sold outside the Jackson family after the death of Catherin Jackson White Kudzu was first introduced in the U.S. at Philadelphia trade exposition as an ornamental George Wesley Atkinson wrote The History of Kanawha County George Wesley Atkinson wrote The History of Kanawha County The new Berkeley Hotel opened in Martinsburg John McGraw received a law degree at Yale University The New Dominion was established by Julian Fleming and William Jacos The second courthouse in Elizabethtown was built New Cumberland's first newspaper, The Independent began publication Samuel Price unsuccessfully ran for U.S. Senate. Daniel Purinton married Florence A. Lyon. William MacCorkle came to West Virginia to teach in Pocahontas County. Nathan Scott became the president of Central Glass Company Robert Simmons was a delegate to the Republican national convention Alexander Wade held his first exams A cabin built by "Uncle Doc" Smith replaced the original Watters Smith cabin in southern Harrison County Originally called "New Hall," Woodburn Hall was completed at WVU I.C. White began working for the Pennsylvania Geological Survey Robert A. Spencer acquired the paper and renamed in the Raleigh Register. Bluefield had two newspapers, the Bluefield Telegraph and the Daily Journal The Journal ceased daily publication F.R. Swann began published Charleston Evening Mail Clarence Wayland Watson founded the Briar Hill Coal Company Justus Collins opened Collins Colliery and the Greenbrier Coal & Coke William Conley earned a law degree from WVU John Dickinson moved to Charleston from Malden Samuel Dixon and partner organized the MacDonald mine The first Douglass High School graduated its first high school class Legislature provided for two levels of teacher certificates Aretas Fleming returned to practicing law Henry Harrison Hunter won blue ribbon at World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago for quality of sand he mined and processed Graceland was completed The Great Bend Tunnel was lined with brick arching Joseph Harvey Long arrived in Huntington to buy the Herald John Jeremiah Jacob died and was buried in Indian Mound Cemetery Chicago World's Fair has a West Virginia state exhibit John Joseph Kain left the Diocese of Wheeling to become Archbishop of St. Louis John Q. Dickinson moved Kanawha Valley Bank into a substantial new building Virgil Lewis was awarded an M.A. in history from WVU The N&W Railroad built its main line along the Big Sandy River Joseph Long moved to Huntington to buy the Herald Daniel Lucas left the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals Uncle Jack McElwain won a fiddle contest at the Chicago World's Fair Bill McKell built his home at Glen Jean Johnson Camden McKinley moved to Wheeling C. F. Millspaugh left WVU to become curator of botany at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago High-quality semibitumious coal from Davis' Big Vein was displayed at the Chicago World's Fair Sistersville became the nation's premier oil-field boom town Henry Schmulbach opened his Wheeling inclined railway to riders William Edwin Chilton became secretary of sate Telephone switchboards were installed at Bluefield The city of Parsons was incorporated Charles Ward's boilers were showcased at the Chicago World's Fair Ward Engineering Works built the Mascot for the U.S. Engineering Corp Clarence W. Watson joined his father and brothers in the mining enterprises Chitwood Hall was completed at WVU The earliest Whipple Company Store was constructed in Glen Jean for Collins Colliery Company The country began an economic depression The Woodson family moved to Huntington Woodford Sutherland killed after training flight when his parked P-51 was hit by another Akro Agate Company ceased production Clair Bee ended his college coaching career at Long Island University after the point-shaving scandals that devastated college basketball Florence Blanchfield received the International Red Cross's Florence Nightingale Medal Harry Atlee Burdette and Fred Clifford Painter first to be put to death via electric chair in West Virginia Charleston Memorial Hospital dedicated with 129 beds Air Force ROTC program was established at Davis & Elkins College Fiestaware colors forest green, rose, chartreuse, and grey were introduced Floodwall in Point Pleasant was completed Ruel Foster wrote William Faulkner: A Critical Appraisal Tony Brown graduated from Garnet High School Gunner Gatski earned All-Pro honors in football Ella Holroyd retired from Concord College Ray Wetzel died in a car accident Elizabeth Kee took her place in the House of Representatives, replacing her late husband, John Kee Maryat Lee wrote and produced the street play Dope! The federal navigation system on the Little Kanawha River was turned over to the state Kanawha County Democratic boss Homer Hanna Sr. and Governor Patteson picked William Marland as candidate for governor Catherine Marshall wrote A Man Called Peter J. Kemp McLaughlin led the squadron on active duty in the Korean War Okey Mills married Netie Mae Neely Waterford Park (later Mountaineer Race Track) opened Ruth Ann Musick and others founded the West Virginia Folklore Journal Karl Myers compiled a second poetry collection, Cross and Crown College assumed its current name, Potomac State College of West Virginia University Benjamin Rosenbloom retired from practicing law K. Duane Hurley became president of Salem College Sam Shaw became editor of the Moundsville Daily Echo Hulett Smith became chairman of Beckley's Democratic executive committee. The first coaxial cable television system started carrying programming of WSAZ to Welch Bishop Swint asked Maryland Province of the Society of Jesus to help establish a Catholic college of liberal arts in West Virginia (now Wheeling Jesuit University) Hurry-up Yost was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame Robert Graetz Jr. married Jeannie Ellis
5269	dbpedia	2	0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Marland	en	William C. Marland	https://upload.wikimedia…m_C._Marland.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…m_C._Marland.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/William_C._Marland.jpg/220px-William_C._Marland.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/19px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_West_Virginia.svg/75px-Seal_of_West_Virginia.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_West_Virginia.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_West_Virginia.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2005-03-13T23:59:26+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Marland	American politician For the soldier, see William Marland (Medal of Honor). William Casey Marland (March 26, 1918 – November 26, 1965), a Democrat, was the 24th Governor of West Virginia from 1953 to 1957. He is best known for his early attempts to tax companies that depleted the state's natural resources, especially coal, as well as overseeing implementation of school desegregation during the Civil Rights Movement when other Southern governors opposed it. Near the end of his life, he re-entered the public stage when a reporter found him driving a cab in Chicago. He responded to the negative publicity by making a public statement to the media about his recovery from alcoholism and indicated that his new, relatively humble job helped in that recovery. Biography [edit] Son of a mining boss, Joseph Wesley and Maude Casey Marland, he was born in Johnston City, Illinois on March 26, 1918. His family moved to the coal town of Glen Rogers in Wyoming County, West Virginia when he was seven. During World War II, he served as a Navy lieutenant in the Pacific theater, completing four tours. He attended the University of Alabama, where he was a star football player, and received a law degree from West Virginia University in 1947. He married Valerie Allen Marland in 1942, and they had four children: William Allen, Susan Lynn, John Wesley, and Casey Dixon. In West Virginia, Marland was appointed law clerk to Federal Judge Ben Moore, and in August 1948, he was appointed the state's Assistant Attorney General. Upon resignation of former Attorney General Ira J. Partlow December 1, 1949, he was appointed Attorney General. In November 1950, he was elected to the office.[1] He announced his resignation on January 30, 1952 to run for election as governor later that year, his resignation taking effect the next day. He beat former Senator Rush Holt by slightly more than 3% in the 1952 gubernatorial race. As Governor, Marland advocated the desegregation of schools, expansion of the state parks and other recreational facilities, improved unemployment and workers' compensation laws, and an industrial development program.[2] He ran for the 1956 special election for Senator. He lost the election to former Senator William Chapman Revercomb. In 1958 he ran for the Democratic primary to another special Senate election, losing to Representative Jennings Randolph.[3] After his second Senate loss, Marland worked as an attorney, eventually relocating to the Chicago area. Later years [edit] The pressures on Marland may have contributed to the development of alcoholism. Accusations that he drank heavily in office or at inappropriate times during the day have been made by Underwood.[4] In the early 1960s, the ex-governor gave up drinking. But it was not his fate to live out his life as a private individual. A few years after his recovery, he was recognized by a Chicago Daily News reporter, Margery McElheny. Marland confirmed that he had been working as a taxicab driver since August 1962, and the Daily News published the exclusive story on March 12, 1965,[5] with the wire services following up on March 13, 1965. The story received great attention nationally.[6] Knowing that the story was about to break and concerned about damage to his family, he called a press conference and spoke candidly about his alcoholism, how he overcame it, and his reasons for driving a taxi: to hold in check a level of ambition that may have contributed to his drinking. His fortunes dramatically changed for the better. He was soon invited to appear on Jack Paar's television talk show, and was hired to run a West Virginia horse racing concern. But shortly thereafter, he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He died of the disease in his Barrington, Illinois home, attended by his wife, children, other relatives, and family friends, on November 26, 1965. His widow followed him in death in 1977. William Marland is buried at Lacon Cemetery, Lacon, Illinois. References [edit] Rod Hoylman. "The Hard Road Home: William Casey Marland." West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Biography of William C. Marland Inaugural Address of William C. Marland Reconstructing Bill: 2009 documentary by West Virginia Public Broadcasting William C. Marland at Find a Grave
5269	dbpedia	0	64	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Solid_South	en	Solid South	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	[ "https://wikiwandv2-19431.kxcdn.com/_next/image?url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1924_Electoral_Map.png/640px-1924_Electoral_Map.png&w=640&q=50", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1924_Electoral_Map.png/640px-1924_Electoral_Map.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png/320px-DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Solid South was the electoral voting bloc for the Democratic Party in the Southern United States between the end of the Reconstruction era in 1877 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. During this period, the Democratic Party controlled southern state legislatures and most local, state and federal officeholders in the South were Democrats. During the late 19th century and early 20th century, Southern Democrats disenfranchised nearly all blacks in all the former Confederate states. This resulted in a one-party system, in which a candidate's victory in Democratic primary elections was tantamount to election to the office itself. White primaries were another means that the Democrats used to consolidate their political power, excluding blacks from voting.	en	https://wikiwandv2-19431…icon-180x180.png	Wikiwand	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Solid_South	For the play titled Solid South, see Lawton Campbell. The Solid South was the electoral voting bloc for the Democratic Party in the Southern United States between the end of the Reconstruction era in 1877 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[1][2] During this period, the Democratic Party controlled southern state legislatures and most local, state and federal officeholders in the South were Democrats. During the late 19th century and early 20th century, Southern Democrats disenfranchised nearly all blacks in all the former Confederate states. This resulted in a one-party system, in which a candidate's victory in Democratic primary elections was tantamount to election to the office itself. White primaries were another means that the Democrats used to consolidate their political power, excluding blacks from voting.[3] Quick Facts Founded, Dissolved ... Close The "Solid South" included all 11 former Confederate states: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. It also included Oklahoma, which became a state in 1907.[4] States considered part of the South by the Census Bureau but not part of the Solid South were Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia, because these states remained electorally competitive during the Jim Crow era.[5]
5269	dbpedia	3	66	https://thedailyrecord.com/2011/04/18/william-donald-schaefer-former-md-gov-baltimore-mayor-has-died/	en	William Donald Schaefer: 1921-2011	https://thedailyrecord.c…efer-300x204.jpg	https://thedailyrecord.c…efer-300x204.jpg	[ "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/05/Bridge-tower-media.svg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/05/User-icon.svg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/05/header-logo.png", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/05/bell.svg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/05/hamburger.svg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/05/close.svg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/images/twitter.svg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/images/facebook.svg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/images/linkedin.svg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/images/email.svg", "https://assets.sitespeaker.link/embed/skins/default/play-icon.png", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2011/04/schaefer-300x204.jpg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/images/twitter.svg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/images/facebook.svg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/images/linkedin.svg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/images/email.svg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2021/09/IMAB-330.png", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/11/Austan-Goolsbee-Federal-Reserve-304x175.jpg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2024/08/ionq-front-304x175.png", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2024/05/Consumer-sentiment-drops-to-6-month-low-on-inflation-unemployment-fears-304x175.jpg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/04/Federal-Trade-Commission-scaled.jpg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2024/08/Deal-worth-30B-would-put-MMs-and-Snickers-alongside-Cheez-It-and-Pringles-304x175.jpg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2019/03/Painted-Ladies.jpg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2024/08/MACo-web-pic-081524-50x33.jpg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2021/04/Court-of-Appeals-330.jpg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/02/Sanderson-Michael_headshot.jpg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/07/AP23201662486783-50x33.jpg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2022/10/Darci-Smith-column-sigPNG.png", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2024/08/TOVA-WANG-column-304x162.jpg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2024/08/Tirzah-Duren-column-304x162.jpg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2024/08/Elizabeth-Hicks-column-304x162.png", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2024/08/Ciara-Torres-Spelliscy-304x162.png", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2022/11/Craig-Brodsky-column-sig.png", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/01/Editorial-Advisory-Board-column-sig-PNG.png", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/09/Alex-Murdaugh-50x33.jpg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2024/06/Prosecution-rests-its-case-in-Hunter-Bidens-federal-gun-trial-50x33.jpg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/11/Austan-Goolsbee-Federal-Reserve-50x37.jpg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/10/AP23277784747036-50x33.jpg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2024/05/Consumer-sentiment-drops-to-6-month-low-on-inflation-unemployment-fears-50x38.jpg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/07/MDDR-white.svg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/12/x-logo.svg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/05/facebook.svg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/05/linkedin.svg", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/05/instagram.svg", "https://thedailyrecord-md.newsmemory.com/?getprima", "https://thedailyrecord-md.newsmemory.com/?getprima&pSetup=thedailyrecord_ss", "https://thedailyrecord.com/files/2023/05/BTM-Logo.png", "https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-29W-admf9poxY.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "C. Fraser Smith and Melody Simmons", "C. Fraser Smith", "Melody Simmons" ]	2011-04-18T00:00:00	Listen to this article William Donald Schaefer, the mercurial, demanding leader who reshaped Baltimore in four terms as mayor before serving two terms each as governor and comptroller of Maryland, died Monday at the age of 89. Schaefer had been in failing health for the past several years. Last week, he was hospitalized with pneumonia […]	en	https://thedailyrecord.c…014/01/tdr57.jpg	Maryland Daily Record	https://thedailyrecord.com/2011/04/18/william-donald-schaefer-former-md-gov-baltimore-mayor-has-died/	William Donald Schaefer, the mercurial, demanding leader who reshaped Baltimore in four terms as mayor before serving two terms each as governor and comptroller of Maryland, died Monday at the age of 89. Schaefer had been in failing health for the past several years. Last week, he was hospitalized with pneumonia at St. Agnes Hospital, near where he had lived in recent years, the Charlestown retirement community in Catonsville. During his almost 16 years as mayor, Schaefer presided over the remaking of a city consigned to urban decay. He is credited with steering much of the city’s downtown revitalization, including Harborplace, which celebrated its 30th anniversary last year, and, as governor, the sports complex at Camden Yards with stadiums for the Orioles and Ravens. Tributes and sympathy poured in from all quarters for the man who rose from anonymous title lawyer to the highest offices in City Hall and the State House in more than 50 years of public service. “The man was, for the last century, probably the most significant public servant that Maryland has had,” said Donald P. Hutchinson, president and CEO of the Maryland Zoo, who served as Baltimore County Executive while Schaefer was mayor of Baltimore. “He governed in ways that most people haven’t governed. Schaefer governed through the fear of what he might say about you publicly.” Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake said in a statement that Schaefer “set the standard for what it means to be the mayor of an American city.” “Every Baltimore mayor since William Donald Schaefer — and for generations to come,” she said, “walks into office knowing that they have to live up to an impossible standard: do it now!” Said Maryland Senate President Thomas V. Mike Miller: “He lived in a row house in Baltimore with his mom. He never forgot his roots. Never forgot his early friends. And did a magnificent job as mayor. … He thought about Baltimore City 24 hours a day. He was a fine governor, but most importantly his job as mayor should be remembered because he was one of the greatest mayors of all time.” “William Donald Schaefer was very much a guy who believed in loving his city with great exuberance and making sure that everyone understood that there was nothing more important to him than the city that he served,” said Gov. Martin O’Malley. O’Malley, who served as mayor after Schaefer, said his predecessor’s legacy is unconditional love of place — Baltimore — and his genius for finding and using talent — particularly among women. Sandy Hillman, a former member of Schaefer’s staff who helped market city neighborhood revitalization and the rebirth of the Inner Harbor in the 1980s, said Schaefer was a genius in public policy and service. “He was one of the most important people in public life in America in the last five decades,” she said. “I loved every day of the 13 years I worked for him.” As mayor from 1971 through 1986, Schaefer was known for his “do it now” style of management. He was famous for driving through the city’s streets, inspecting public trash cans, streets, sidewalks and curbs, then ordering bureaucrats out of their offices to make repairs and clean up debris. Schaefer’s mark on the profile of Baltimore was recognized with a statue at the Inner Harbor — his signature achievement — unveiled on his 88th birthday, Nov, 2, 2009. A larger-than-life likeness, admirers called a fitting tribute. Critics — he always had them as well as fiercely loyal admirers — called it overdone, a final example of his public relations driven career. A Democrat all of his political life, Schaefer served as the state’s 58th governor for two terms from 1987 until 1995. After that, he served as state comptroller from 1999 until 2007. An unlikely start in politics A lifelong bachelor, Schaefer was an only child, born in Baltimore on Nov. 2, 1921, to Tululu and William Henry Schaefer. He was raised at 620 Edgewood St. and graduated from Baltimore City College in 1939. He received a bachelor of law degree in 1942 and a master of law degree in 1954, both from the University of Baltimore. In 1942, Schaefer enlisted in the U.S. Army, became an officer and worked as a hospital administrator in England and Europe during World War II. He remained in the Army Reserve after the war, retiring in 1979 with the rank of colonel. After the war he returned to work with his father, a title search lawyer, near the courthouse in downtown Baltimore. Schaefer’s political life began in 1950 when he lost the first of two races for the Maryland House of Delegates. After the second defeat in 1955, he ran successfully for the Baltimore City Council, his candidacy backed by a powerful Northwest Baltimore Democratic club. After three terms, he was elected City Council president and in 1971, mayor. Many city leaders wrote him off as untutored and temperamental. But his eccentric leadership style quickly won a legion of followers. With his own surprising flair for public theater and his team of zealous managers, Schaefer became a folk figure. He ruled by tantrum and by offering big responsibility — especially to women who were held out of leadership positions in most areas of American society through the ’60s, ’70s and ’80s. In the last years of his elected public service, Schaefer’s supporters watched in dismay as he became embroiled in antic episodes that made him seem boorish and disparaging of women. They worried that these episodes would undermine his legacy. He was a builder — a bricks and mortar man — who wanted to harness the power of public works to promote the city which, until his election, had been content with a widely perceived inferiority complex. As one Schaefer project followed another, his leadership produced a deeper dimension of commitment to his vision — and to his enduring political rank among political leaders in Maryland. Corporate leaders in Baltimore, eager to help a pro-business mayor, began lining up to serve — some of them accepting roles that converted them to an unofficial mayor’s cabinet. He once berated the telephone company’s chief executive for allowing cigarette butts to accumulate in the tree wells. Taking center stage Remarkably shy off the public stage, Schaefer became the Barrymore of Baltimore, an impresario of city redevelopment. He and his staff brought one dramatic building project after another to fruition. He was always the leading man, demanding as much drama as possible — with equal portions of progress. Posing in a variety of costumes over the years, he began to love his star status. His most famous moment came on Sept. 9, 1981, when the National Aquarium opened, later than was planned. In an orange and yellow striped Victorian swimsuit and straw boater — and cradling a child’s rubber ducky — the mayor of Baltimore created what became known as the splash heard round the world by taking a dip in the aquarium’s seal pool, fulfilling a pledge that he would swim in one of the tanks if the facility failed to open by a promised date. National and local media of every sort showed up for the carefully planned event. Schaefer’s showmanship brought many to the city’s new water-side shopping and eating venues. In a few short years, he converted rotting piers and warehouses into a vibrant new main street called Harborplace that, in its early years, was said to draw as many visitors to Baltimore as Disney World drew to Florida. Schaefer always acknowledged the many leaders, elected officials or their expert advisers, who had worked to revive the city. The urban planning genius, James Rouse, was one of the first to urge a rediscovery of the city’s birthright, a potentially glorious, water-side city center. It could be, he thought, redefined and reborn. ‘People and caring’ He constantly charged his aides to ask themselves what they had done that day for even one person. Not always precise in his language, he said two words should guide everything: People and caring. So what if it was three words. You got the point. “That was the whole thing,” longtime aide Lainy Lebow-Sachs said at Schaefer’s 85th birthday party. “There was the Inner Harbor and all, but the main thing was helping people.” Ever faithful to her boss’s demands for something new and unusual, she had prepared 85 different cakes for a festive affair at the Enoch Pratt Free Library. There was of course, a limit, to his caring. Soon after he was elected, Schaefer told a local television audience that he was determined to be the people’s mayor. Rose Lundsford, the City Hall telephone operator, heard the new mayor’s promise. When an 85-year-old constituent called late one night to speak with Schaefer about garbage collection, Lundsford put her right through to Schaefer. A few minutes later, the phone rang again. “Who’s on down there?” Schaefer asked. “Just me, all by myself,” said Lundsford. “Don’t believe everything I say,” Schaefer said. Then he told her to get someone at the public works yard to take care of the problem. Lundsford stayed in the job for 25 years. True believers He wanted the involvement of people — knew he had to have it to pull Baltimore back from the brink of collapse. A team of true believers gravitated to him. They were young men and women whose energy and creativity he never failed to challenge and use. “He empowered people like me,” said Sally Michel, who moved back to the city after meeting him and concluding that a new era was in prospect. She sponsored a series of 76 working dinners at her house. Other young people showed up to give the new mayor their views. He agreed to sit quietly, take notes and say nothing. “What political figure does that?” she asked years later. “I haven’t seen anyone like him since.” His use of women as top lieutenants was dismissed jokingly by some: He recognized a cheap labor pool, one of them said. Others who lived through an era when talented women had slim prospects never discounted what he did for them. “He was an impassioned advocate,” said State Treasurer Nancy K. Kopp, who met Schaefer when he became governor and when she was a member of the House of Delegates. She recalled Schaefer urging a group of female legislators to “do what you think is right” in a program for children. “We wouldn’t have taken the risk otherwise,” she said. “He was wonderful. We knew we were supported and trusted. We knew he was watching. You knew you were accountable.” She discounted a moment at the end of his career when he appeared to disrespect a young woman aide to the Board of Public Works in Annapolis. After she had delivered a cup of tea, then-Comptroller Schaefer asked her to “walk again” so he could watch her from behind. A new world, unfamiliar with Schaefer’s advocacy for women, was outraged. The episode helped create the opposition that led to his only electoral defeat, save for the two losses at the very beginning. “We all say a lot of things we wish we hadn’t, did things we wish we hadn’t,” Kopp said. Her recollections of more uplifting moments amounted to a distillation of the Schaefer leadership formula: Give people direction, give them authority, urge them to act — let them know you would use their work. When the city held a referendum on whether to build a new waterfront commercial center, he turned the organizing over to Baltimore lawyer Richard L. Berndt. “When he was really happy he would call me the ‘German General’ and when he was upset he would call me ‘Junior,’ so I knew where things were going depending on what nickname he used,” Berndt said, adding that Schaefer was a loyal friend who also demanded loyalty in return. “He used the power of his personality and the waves of emotion that came through it to energize and drive the city,” he added. “He got up every morning and turned the engine of city government on. There are people in neighborhoods all over the city who have senior housing or a recreation area or a parking lot that they wanted and were having difficulty getting, and somehow they got to Mayor Schaefer and it happened.” Schaefer and others worried that the mayor might be seen as being too close to developer James Rouse, so he gave the job to Berndt. But stay in touch, he said to Rouse in terms not to be misunderstood. The referendum passed and Harborplace followed. A helping hand Much of the city’s success depended on financial help from Annapolis, and as mayor, Schaefer’s was fortunate to find a keen ally in the state capitol. He and Marvin Mandel, who became governor in 1968, had come from the same 5th District clubhouse in Baltimore. Schaefer and Mandel, under the close control of the legendary political fundraiser and godfather Irvin Kovens, found ways to send bales of money to Baltimore. “We had a great relationship,” Mandel said. “We never had a problem in all those years. We wanted to see the city prosper. He’d come down with a laundry list of things he wanted. I’d say yes to this and this and this and no to that. He’d accept that.” With others, Schaefer was known for never being satisfied, never accepting limits — and for getting belligerent. Former state Attorney General Stephen H. Sachs, who ran against Schaefer for governor in 1986, called him petulant and parochial. Hardly anyone in the political community disagreed. But Sachs knew long before Election Day that he was running against the approximation of a colossus. And after Schaefer was re-elected in 1990, he made one of his most famous off-the-cuff remarks. He was walking into the House of Delegates chamber on Feb. 1, 1991, for the swearing-in of state Treasurer Lucille Maurer when he spotted his friend, Del. Bennett Bozman of Berlin. “How’s that s— house of an Eastern Shore?” he said. Schaefer thought the Shore should have supported him more during the 1990 election. In the State House, no one thought much of the comment — at the moment. A day or so later, pickups crossed the Bay Bridge with outhouses in the back and signs saying “I’m from the s-house.” Shortly thereafter, an uncharacteristically contrite Schaefer appeared before the House of Delegates to apologize. “I made a terrible mistake. I said something entirely in jest, and it was taken out of context. And I’m sorry…,” he said. “It’s time for the governor to say he made a mistake, and I did.” After his two terms as governor, Schaefer was settled by friends in a Baltimore law office. But he wasn’t comfortable outside the arena. So when longtime state Comptroller Louis L. Goldstein died, Schaefer got back in the game. He knew little about being comptroller. Someone gave him a copy of accounting for dummies. But knew a great deal about the other main function of the comptroller: serving on the Board of Public Works, the three-member body that manages the state’s day-to-day business affairs. In that role, too, though he seemed to feel out of place. He nursed a feud with then-Governor Parris N. Glendening on a range of issues. Glendening, he felt, had criticized him for political advantage when Glendening was Prince George’s County Executive. Glendening also delayed the hanging of Schaefer’s portrait in the governor’s Ceremonial Room on the second floor of the State House. But the unkindest cut came when, after years without a football team, Baltimore became home to the Cleveland Browns. A great welcoming announcement was held — and Schaefer was not invited to sit on the stage — a glaring Glendening snub. Schaefer had done everything to keep the hallowed Colts in town, but the team’s owner then, Robert Irsay, got an offer he couldn’t refuse from Indianapolis and moved the team in the middle of the night on March 28, 1984. As long as the Colts were still in town, Schaefer courted Irsay constantly. Soon enough, he knew it was futile. “If it rained on Tuesday and he didn’t like rain on Tuesday, Irsay was going to leave,” Schaefer said. He worried the departure would be a setback for Baltimore, a big league city. No sports fan himself, Schafer knew the team was important to the city’s own self-image. A Baltimore legacy City Councilwoman Mary Pat Clarke, who served with Schaefer on the council, said his devotion to his hometown and rigid leadership style helped reshape the city following race riots in 1968 after the assassination of Rev. Martin Luther King. “He carried us out of the riots and into a new community of energy and high expectations, an inclusive community,” Clarke said. “He had a vision of what we could be. He spent a lot of time dreaming and thinking about it and listening to a lot of people about it, and once he had it fixed in his eye, that’s all he could see until it happened. “He wanted us to see what he saw and we did and it brought us out of our doldrums and into an era of potential. A lot of that is sustained even today.” Tony Hawkins, a former executive with the Rouse Co. who worked with Schaefer when Harborplace was under construction, said Schaefer moved the entire health department permit office into the empty Pratt Street Pavilion a week before opening to get the necessary permits issued on time. “He had a good vision and he was not afraid of leadership,” Hawkins said, adding of Schaefer’s famous temper: “If you didn’t want to feel it, get the job done.” Hawkins recalled May 14, 1986, when he was riding through the city with Schaefer on a trolley reviewing parking issues when the mayor received news that the city’s clipper ship, the Pride of Baltimore, had sunk on a trip abroad with four of the 12 crew members lost at sea. “He could not be consoled — he cried a lot,” Hawkins said. “He cared that deeply about things.” As governor, Schaefer shepherded the development of Oriole Park at Camden Yards as part of a downtown sports complex that today also holds M&T Bank Stadium. He also was a strong advocate for the Metro rail line and a light rail system in the city and Baltimore County. His frequent companion, Hilda Mae Snoops, served as the state’s official hostess in the governor’s mansion in Annapolis, where a Maryland-themed water fountain in the formal gardens was constructed at her direction. But his public service in Baltimore will be his legacy, many said Wednesday. “His love always seemed to be for the city,” said Attorney General Douglas F. Gansler. “Every time you go to the Inner Harbor you will think of William Donald Schaefer.” The former governor will lie in state in the State House in Annapolis and the Rotunda of Baltimore City Hall, with times and dates to be announced. C. Fraser Smith, who writes a weekly column for The Daily Record, is the author of “William Donald Schaefer: A Political Biography,” published 1999 by The Johns Hopkins University Press.
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Cybersecurity affects everyone, including in the delivery of basic products and services. ... Enroll for free.	en	https://d3njjcbhbojbot.c…con-v2-57x57.png	Coursera	https://www.coursera.org/learn/cybersecurity-for-everyone	Cybersecurity affects everyone, including in the delivery of basic products and services. If you or your organization want to better understand how to address your cybersecurity, this is the course for you and your colleagues to take -- from seasoned professionals to your non-technical colleagues. Your instructor, Dr. Charles Harry, has served on the front lines with the NSA (National Security Agency) and as an expert advising corporate and institutional leaders on managing cybersecurity risk. And he brings a rare and engaging perspective to help you learn cybersecurity from the ground up. Cybersecurity for Everyone lays the groundwork to understand and explore the key issues facing policy makers attempting to manage the problem of cybersecurity, from its technical foundations to the domestic and international policy considerations surrounding governance, privacy, and risk management, to applications for achieving the goals of an enterprise, an institution, or a nation. This course is designed for students with some or no background in information technology, whether a novice or active in the cybersecurity field (engineers and computer scientists will learn the broader context and business aspects of cybersecurity), and will provide the principles to understand the current debates shaping a rapidly evolving security landscape.
5269	dbpedia	1	86	https://pdfcoffee.com/download/final-results-scs-high-school-name-survey-pdf-free.html	en	SCS High School Name Survey	https://pdfcoffee.com/im…vey-pdf-free.jpg	https://pdfcoffee.com/im…vey-pdf-free.jpg	[ "https://pdfcoffee.com/pdfcoffee/assets/img/pdfcoffee_logo.png", "https://pdfcoffee.com/img/200x200/final-results-scs-high-school-name-survey-pdf-free.jpg", "https://pdfcoffee.com/pdfcoffee/assets/img/thumbnail_placeholder.png", "https://pdfcoffee.com/pdfcoffee/assets/img/thumbnail_placeholder.png", "https://pdfcoffee.com/pdfcoffee/assets/img/thumbnail_placeholder.png", "https://pdfcoffee.com/pdfcoffee/assets/img/thumbnail_placeholder.png", "https://pdfcoffee.com/pdfcoffee/assets/img/thumbnail_placeholder.png", "https://pdfcoffee.com/pdfcoffee/assets/img/thumbnail_placeholder.png", "https://pdfcoffee.com/pdfcoffee/assets/img/thumbnail_placeholder.png", "https://pdfcoffee.com/pdfcoffee/assets/img/thumbnail_placeholder.png", "https://pdfcoffee.com/pdfcoffee/assets/img/thumbnail_placeholder.png", "https://pdfcoffee.com/pdfcoffee/assets/img/pdfcoffee_logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Guest" ]	null	In what ZIP code is your home located?What is your first name?What is your last name?0022980 244011 Doug2...	en	https://pdfcoffee.com/pd…e-icon-57x57.png	pdfcoffee.com	https://pdfcoffee.com/final-results-scs-high-school-name-survey-pdf-free.html	Citation preview In what ZIP code is your home located? What is your first name? What is your last name? 0 0 22980 24401 1 Doug 2 ——— 22980 James Brown Choose any of the names you like. Queen City High School Please tell us the reason(s) for Other name suggestion. the name(s) you chose. Shenandoah High School Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Brooke (Hanna) Trzcinski Staunton High School 22311 Theresa (Markley) Brion Staunton High School 23237 Susanah (Traxler) Crowder 24401 Hannah A 55403 donna Juliette Queen City High School A. Aaslestad Names are hurtful Staunton City High School Robert E. Lee High School 24401 24401 Valley High School Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton High School 0 Any name could be hurtful , therefore no name. Maybe a sign or a letter. S High School Makes the most sense The name of the school should remain the same. Paul Hatcher High School I am a ‘94 graduate of Lee. I always wondered why we weren’t Staunton HS like ALL of the other schools around us. No one can argue if you name your high school after your city. What other choice is there? None of the other choices make any sense. I lettered in two sports while at Lee. Both of my letters are ‘S’. I urge the board to make the sensible decision. Staunton High School was the earlier name. It was the name when my grandparents attended. It also is not controversial but while also indicating its location. He was my pe coach and always a wonderful teacher. He was kind and encouraging. He also took our Basketball team to state. I have never heard anyone say a bad thing about him. Woodrow Wilson because I like those names and I am going to the high school next year Courage or Justice High Takes courage and u listened to the people and to teach the kids todday no matter what u do in life have courage everyday to follow your dreams and to let them know that your community is behind u all the way. when u leave that school u will know to treat people with dignity and respect for yourself and others, not by the color of their skin.. no hate .we cannot erase the past but we can change today, we canstart now N/A I think Shenandoah Valley High School or Staunton High School are more encompassing and show the area in which the students live in and come from. They are inclusive and allow for the school's alumni and current population to be proud of the city or area in which they live and that their school is reflective of that. Thank you! 24401 Hannah Abigail 24401 Oliver Abslyn 24401 Renee Adair Queen City High School 24401 Sarah Adair Queen City High School 24401 Deloris Adair 24401 Emma Adams 24401 Gena Adams 24401 Richard Adams 24401 Ellie Adams 24482 Virginia Adams 24401 Andy Adams 24482 24401 Jessica Sydney Adams Adams 24590 Waverly Adcock it’s not discriminatory and it shows the pride of staunton as the Queen City Queen City High School Staunton High School Shenandoah Valley High School The above names will represent our location and diverse student body. I like them because they resemble Staunton and the beautiful valley where we live. Accurate description of the locality of the school and representative of the student body. Valley High School Staunton High School Shenandoah Valley High School Queen City High School SCHOOLEY MCSCHOOLFACE Simple & factual Valley High School Valley High School Staunton High School Alexander Efird High School Francis Collins High School Shenandoah High School Queen City High School There is no other school called "Shenandoah" in the Valley. There used to be one in Page County. It became an elementary school in the 1960's. There was a school in Bath County called "Valley High School" until the merger in the 1970's.. The term "Shenandoah" is or Native American Origins. There are several "versions" of the Word. From a marketing standpoint, Shenandoah would be better than Shenandoah Valley because people would eventually shorten the term anyway and call it Shenandoah. Basically, Shenandoah is a prettier word and is known throughout the world. There is my one and only opinion. Shows the local area the school is located Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton High School Florance Nightingale High School Queen City High School Staunton High School Coach T high school Queen City royals Queen City High School Staunton High School A good role model Dr Collins attended Lee HS, is know all over the world with his work in the Human Genome Project. He inspires and serves as a great example of our community. Should the school board choose to name the high school after a historical figure, Florence Nightingale would be a wonderful choice, as her contributions to modern medicine through sanitation have saved the lives of millions Socially neutral and aligns best with the city in which it is located Coach T was an amazing man! Out of all the teachers I had growing up in Staunton. Coach T is the only one that stands out. He was a great coach!! He is missed dearly!! It is fresh and new Staunton High School was the original name. 24401 Grace Adkins 22980 Lin Adler 544 23220 Uncle Katrina Adolf Aducci 23601 24401 22939 Lawrence Carolyn Kimberly Agee Agnor Aguirre 24401 Sheila Ahmadi 22827 22846 Melissa Megan Aldrich ALEXANDER 22801 Grant Alger 24401 22939 Karen Madeline Allamon Allen 24401 Elma Allen 24401 22980 Kayla Coty Allen Allen 24477 Kati Almarode Queen City High School N/A Shenandoah High School George Lincoln Rockwell High Valley High School Staunton High School Robert E Lee High School Divided City HS Queen City High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton City High School Queen City High School none Staunton High School John Lewis High School (founder of Staunton) N/A Staunton High School Lew DeWitt High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Staunton High School Queen City High School incorporates the history of the town into the new name. It is also a unique name that stands out much more than names such as Staunton High School. Shenandoah was my favorite but Queen City was a close second Historical figure out of the names it sounds the best Why waste the money changing the name when you can keep the name and use on something important like fixing the school That is what has happened The color goes with it It makes sense to use the original name rather than manufacture additional names. It was a previous name of the school To honor the City of Staunton. It is not political and it sounds good. Revolutionary war patriot so you still got the hero/fighty thing, plus founder of Staunton. Popular name among friends The school was originally Staunton High School, so I’m hoping that name will be chosen. However, it would be fine to have the school named after Lew Dewitt, with the mascot being the Rocker. It's stately, references Staunton historical roots, and has a nice "feminine power" ring to it. . There is no reason to change it. It is part of history. When you try to erase history, it does have a way of repeating itself. I grew up in this area and cant believe this is even happening. Furthermore, changing it, you may as well change the city name, and change our capitols name. This is a waste of the city's money. We could use it on so Leave the name alone, don't many other BETTER, Needed, and change it at all productive things! 24477 Kristie Altis 22802 24401 Patricia Chris Alvarez Ammons Snowflake High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Queen City High School 24054 LaTonya Anderson Shenandoah Valley High School 22801 24402 Christian Michaela Anderson Anderson Queen City High School Queen City High School 24401 Kristen Anderson Queen City High School Barack Obama High School None. Francis Collins High School Staunton High School Good names Relevant to the city The school is in the Shenandoah Valley and it is a beautiful placee to live. Also, from the school you can see the beautiful mountains, it was a great place to grow up and attend school. Most Notable Alumni Its the best one Queen City represents Staunton well 24401 Quinn Anderson Queen City High School 24401 24401 Dave Matthew Anderson Anderson Staunton High School 23704 22801 24401 James Emily Grace Anderson Anderson Anderson Staunton High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Francis Collins 22980 24401 Elzena Sarah Anderson Anderson Staunton High School Staunton High School na Queen City High School Queen City High School Queen city is offensive to transvestites, shenandoah hs should be in shenandoah county, Shen. Valley hs would be fine if you were the only school on the shenandoah valley but youre not, lady staunton was as slave owner also so thats no better than Robert E Lee, and valley high sounds like the stupid sweet vally high books so that is stupid too. Just call it was it is. A school run by a board of snowflakes that just want something to complain about. Staunton High School Lee High School Terry Davis Memorial High School R. E. Lee HS formerly known as R E Lee HS It doesn’t resemble a confederate general who was involved in the keeping of slaves, but simply is just “Lee”, which has no relation to him. Additionally, the school can save money on the changing of jersey’s, and other school affiliated items with Lee printed on them. Such a brave and Noble man, who has gotten no recognition. Original name of High School Name would Honor an historically significant member of the community. Most fitting Simple. The names reflect where we are today. Neutral and inoffensive 24401 Jim Anderson 22849 Matthew Anderson 24401 Justin Anderson 24401 Steve Anderson Robert E. Lee Name shud not change Because y’all are a bunch if liberal titty babies that get offended by our nations history! We are citizens of Staunton, makes sense to be Staunton High. Should not be changed. Learn your history & teach it too your children 24401 April Anderson Lee High I’m a graduate 1966 and would like the school still to be referred to as Lee High This is stupid Staunton High School N/A 24401 24401 ELIZABETH Charles Andrews Andrews 24401 24401 Sharon Ur momma Angle Angya daddy Staunton High School 24421 Becky Anhold Staunton High School 94305 anon anon 24401 Anon Anon 24401 Anonymous Anonymous Queen City High School 24401 Anonymous Anonymous Queen City High School Of the 5 names listed, Staunton High School is the only name that is possible. It’s unique and different Don’t care for any of these. Staunton is a City and most of these sound like a County name. There is already a Staunton River High School and Charlotte, NC claims the title of Queen City. Simple an causes no problems Simple, basic, original name...and n/a HOPEFULLY NON OFFENSIVE based on a true american hero that john podesta hs deserves to be remembered Because it should stay the name it already is and quit trying to change ROBERT E. LEE HIGH SCHOOL history STUDENTS WANT IT TO BE QUEEN CITY HIGH SCHOOL PLEASE BE ON BOARD WITH THE STUDENTS!!!! Queen City is way more unique than Staunton High School, so please choose Queen City! Many students want the name to become Queen City High School so please make this the future name!! 24401 Anonymous Anonymous Queen City High School Queen City High School!!!!! 24401 Anonymous Anonymous Queen City High School Staunton is the Queen City so why not name our school Queen City high!!!! Staunton is the Queen City so its a perfect name for the high school and it’s very unique Queen City High School I talked to so many students and a huge majority is in favor of naming the school Queen City high. At the end of the day it will be their school they will be attending so I believe they should get the choice of what they want their school to be named Staunton High School Queen City High School Valley High School 24401 Anonymous Anonymous 24467 24401 Anonymous Anon Anonymous Anonymous Queen City High School 24477 Anonymous Anonymous Queen City High School 24401 Anonymous Anonymous Queen City High School SHS for history and others are stupid. PCSHS because of being honest. Cool Because a mostly full black school hasn't had a problem representing the old name. Tuck tails and sell out yellow bellies. I love my city and Queen City is a huge part of the city of Staunton which is why I believe it should be the name of our town’s school Queen City High School Queen City is a huge representation of Staunton city and it’s more creative than just naming it affer our town so I believe it’s perfect for the name of our city’s high school 24401 Anonymous Anonymous Staunton High School Political Correctness Surrenderers High School Robert E. Lee High School 24401 Teresa Anson 29461 22801 Eric Ava Anson Ansoorian 24401 Suzy Anthony Staunton High School Trent will Anthony anthony Queen City High School 24401 24401 24401 Tristan Brendan Brendan Apgar Apgar Apgar Queen City High School Queen City High School 24401 Gia Aponté Ratner Queen City High School 24401 John 24401 John Mary Staunton High School Robert E Lee high school Staunton High School N/A Queen City High School 27614 24402 23238 What a shame to lose the name of the school written on my diploma. It will always be Lee High to me. Maybe we could just name it Lee High which would associate it to a person’s name. Staunton High School N/A Statler High No one has wanted to change the name of our city so Staunton High School should be a safe name that want cause any hurt. Because you cant change everything just to please certain butthurt people that will never be happy with the world. Sounds güd It is the only choice, Staunton High School I grew up in Staunton and went to RE Lee all four years. It wasn't until I found out the name had been changed from Staunton HS to RE Lee just after integration that I was excited about a name change. The US is not the same country and Staunton is not the same town we were in the 1960s. I think a little hospitality is called for in this season. Also, just for fun, if you named the school Queen City HS, you could call the football team "Parliament," which just sounds baller, as the kids would say. —Trent Anthony, 34, Raleigh, N.C. resident, working in Christian ministry. They put staunton on map It would be cool to have a high school named after myself. everyone calls it that lol every one calls it lee I really like the quote “famLEE” and I think Queen City sounds cool Staunton High School T Apgar High Lee high Lee high school Arbuckle Staunton High School Lee High School Terry Davis Memorial High School Archer Staunton High School Terry Davis fights for god. Simple and eliminates fuel for disagreements. Staunton High School The school is the only public high school in Staunton, so Staunton High is most appropriate. Queen City High gives a nod to the city’s history which could appease those who are indignant over the name change. Archer Queen City High School 24401 Devin Archie Staunton High School 24401 Mandi Arehart Staunton High School 24401 Marsha Arehart 24401 Martha Arehart 24401 Melanie Argenbright 24421 William Argenbright Staunton High School Shenandoah Valley High School Paul Hatcher High School Woodrow Wilson High School Robert E Lee Robert E Lee My niece, a student at the LHS prefers the name and if affects her the most. The name reminds me of a school in Staunton! Lee High Valley Confederate High School Jay Argenbright 1001 24401 Hannah Andrew Argraves Arkwright 24401 Kimberly Armistead Staunton High School 22980 Tonya Arms Staunton High School 24401 24401 Linda Mckinley Armstrong Armstrong 22980 Bruce Armstrong Presidential birth place Staunton is fitting because of the town it's in and dropping the R.E. but keeping Lee would obviously be the most cost effective. Personally I don't want my personal property and real estate taxes that I paid to the city of Staunton to go up because someone else other than me decided that we need this. I'm sure that is of no concern to them, it is quite easy to spend other people's money. Had the taxpayers been allowed a vote on this none of this would even be an issue. It represents the beautiful valley so everyone should be happy -- which will never happen -- there are a lot who will NEVER be happy! Queen City High School 24401 Nobody in staunton has a problem with Coach Hatcher. He was Lee High and his name on the school would be a bridge between those who are for and those who oppose the name change. And I think he really deserves it! His players, assistant coaches and family put a lot of time in putting Lee High on the map. Ricky Bobby High School Queen City High School Staunton High School Queen City High School Alphonso Hamilton High School We live in the beautiful Shenandoah Valley and we are EXTREMELY PROUD of our amazing Southern heritage. Just like Stauntonians, it was a passion of the Confederate to always strive for excellence. He’s a true representation of America’s values. He taught me if you ain’t first, you’re last N/A It should named after the city where it is located. Just keep it basic. Less drama that waym Clarity of where the high school is located I like the name Queen City Everyone loves him, regardless of their race 24502 Deborah Armstrong Staunton High School John Lewis High 24401 Marc Armstrong Staunton High School Frontier High School 24401 24401 Jennifer Jennifer Armstrong Armstrong Staunton High School Staunton High School Valley High School 24401 24482 Oakley Amy Armstrong Armstrong Staunton High School Valley High School 24401 ChEyEnnE Armstrong 24440 Kyle Armstrong 24401 Amy Arnold 24401 24421 Albert Becky Arnold Arnott 24421 Maggie Arnott Queen City High School Queen City High School Shenandoah High School Shenandoah Valley High School Lee High (omit the Robert E part) Staunton High School Staunton High School Queen City High School Lee High Shenandoah High School Staunton High School Queen City High School Shenandoah High School Valley High School Staunton High School 24401 Brad Arrowood Staunton High School 24401 Mary Arrowood Staunton High School 24401 John Arthur Staunton High School 24401 Frances Arthur Staunton High School 24437 Jack Arthur Staunton High School 24401 Danny Arthur Staunton High School The rest just don’t go with it. It is in Staunton, so it should be Staunton high school. Perfect & simple Only one that felt kinda right not a fan of any of them, honestly "Shenandoah High School" or "Shenandoah Valley High School" ties the name to the land and to a place we all share. The name "Shenandoah" is Native American in origin; using this name for our high school also pays homage to the true native population of the land where Staunton now exists. Both of the names "Shenandoah High School" and "Shenandoah Valley High School" rely on timeless meanings, transcending present and future political framings. "Staunton" is clear, accurate, and noncontroversial. appropriate Shenandoah Valley High School Shenandoah Valley High School John Lewis was the Junior High on that site previously. John Lewis was prominent settler in the Staunton area This area was the frontier for a few hundred years. Even if you change the name residents will say “Lee” or “the Old Lee High School”. It will help save the school system money because they won’t have to purchase all new uniforms, etc. for students as most already say Lee on them. They just sound good All sound pretty decent to a Lee alumnus It’s original Staunton Famlee High School Once your famlee your always FamLee Lee high school I like returning to the historic name, the specificity of place it gives, and the potential of the "Staunton Royals" for mascot/theme Best option to represent all of our community. Because I live in Staunton and I graduated from that high school. I don't understand why we have to change the name Cause it’s dumb we changed the name in the first place Grauraded from Robert E Lee High School 24401 Aidan Artley 24401 24401 24401 24401 22939 22802 Stephen Tish David Austin Ryan Daniel Artman Ashby Ashmore Atkinson Aud Austin 24401 Craig Austin Legacy High School Shenandoah High School Staunton High School Queen City High School Bragg High School Shenandoah High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Ryan Aud High School Valley High School Staunton High School I actually like all the suggestions. Adding 'United' to the name drives home the purpose of removing Lee from the building, especially after the year we have been through with folks being divided on the issue. Plus chanting "Staunton United" at sporting Staunton United High School events would sound awesome! R E Lee Best alternative! We live in the city of Staunton; therefore, the name should reflect our city. Regional, appropriate It makes the most sense You should’ve picked a name before voting to change it from RE LEE!!! Bc you all have no brains!!! I like Queen City Nice ring, apolitical It’s unique and sounds very cool Robert E Lee History Save the name Nope It just sounds nice I lik Because that is the only reason the Cry Baby High name was to be changed anyway Beautifully reflects the city Sensible Actual history of the town Because without using a name, it would cause less discord than what has N/A already happened Simple Staunton High School Staunton High School I believe that was the name of the school prior to being changes to RE Lee History 24401 24401 Heidi John Austin-Cook Avoli Staunton High School Staunton High School 24401 24401 24401 Katy Chris Chris Avoli-Miller Aycock Aycock Staunton High School Staunton High School Staunton High School 24421 24401 22980 22812 24401 22815 24401 H Siobhan Angelina Heather Leah Becky E B B B B B B B 24401 24401 24401 24401 Cryer Angela Laura Jillian Baby Back Back Bader 24401 24401 Tazia Karen Bady Baer 24401 24477 Isaac Melanie Bagley Baikey 24401 Jeremy Bailey Staunton High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Shenandoah Valley High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Legacy keeps the main L and can be cost efficent to staunton. Legacy would fit well with otherwise corny / boring names Staunton High School was the original name Disrinctive Prominent Historical Figure because it goes smooth Very true to the spirit of Staunton Nostalgia It’s funny on a number of levels. Ha! See what I did there? Staunton High School Valley High School Robert E Lee They are politically and racially neutral. For example, just a Robert E Lee high school was painful to many, and understandable so, a name like Barack Obama High School would be equally polarizing. Please keep it neutral! Thank you for the opportunity to comment. 24401 23235 Bonita ERIN Bailey BAILEY 22952 22939 24401 24401 22963 24401 Dustin Kent Charyl Donnie Kendall Cam Bailey Baisley Baker Baker Baker Baker 22802 Kay Baker 24401 Mike Baker 24401 Margaret Baker 24401 24401 Samantha Paxton Baker Bakker 24401 Abu Bakr 24401 Mohammed Bakr 24401 Norma Baldwin 22980 Corey Baldwin 24467 Bonnie Ball 24401 Deborah Ballew 24401 24401 Jordan Ryan Ballew Ballew 24083 24401 23980 24401 24401 24401 24402 24401 Michael Phillip Samuel Matt KRissi Petrus ORVILLE ERIC Ballew Ballurio Balsamo Balsley Balsley Balzac BAME Bame Queen City High School Queen City High School Staunton High School Robert E. Lee high school Queen City High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Shenandoah Valley High School Queen City High School Queen City Lee High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Queen City High School Robert E Lee High muammar mohammed abu minyar gaddafi Highschool Valley High School Queen City High School muammar mohammed abu minyar gaddafi High School If we aren't going to be offensive then no political names Robert E Lee High School Statler Patriots. (Colors would be red/White/blue) Staunton High School Queen City High School Statler High School Staunton High School Hunter Talbott High School Blue Ridge High School Shenandoah Valley High School Queen City High School Shenandoah High School Staunton High School Valley High School Valley High School Queen City High School Valley High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Public High School 1 Robert E. Lee High School Candy-ass history changer Na Queen City has historical significance, referred to as the "Queen City of the Valley" y They are not after people Leave the name alone. Lee was a great man and a great virginian Goes with the history of the city It was the best pick That was the original name. It is simple and descriptive Sounds the best Respects those of us who graduated from Lee High but takes away the connection to the confederate general. It’s the original name of the high school in Staunton Gives greater city-school connection and identity. Follows protocol of area city schools. This name captures the heart of the city History he was a cool guy. my cousin father is muammar mohammed abu minyar gaddafi and he shouldn't have been killed Valley high school can't offend. If can’t handle original then Queen City sounds right Statler brothers and the 4th of July That was the name before it was changed to RELee. The Statler Brothers: The Most importante thing to happen to Staunton since it’s conception. It unified the citizens of Staunton Coach T was an inspiration and positive influence to young adults in Staunton. Instead of a generic name, let’s honor a local hero. I may no longer live in the area but I still work in and around Staunton The Blue Ridge is beautiful They just sound right Hate to offend anyone KEEP THE NAME Obvious Na N/a 24401 24401 Laurie Taylor Bame Banbury 24401 Rylee Bandy Queen City High School 24401 Callie Bandy Queen City High School 24401 Gary Bang 24485 Ashley Bankus 24401 Cee Booker T Washington Booker T. Washington Bannon 22939 22401 Staunton High School Staunton City High School Valley High School Staunton High School Lee High School To offer clarity of location and to connect with the city in which the school resides. Please choose Staunton and not another persons name so students can focus on getting an education and not the name on the side of the building. I attended Buffalo Gap High School and received an amazing education. _ It sounds better then any of the other options and it also goes with Queen city Mischief and Magic, They sound nice and they are simple Never has been a legitmate reason to change it The civil war happened, good men fought for what they believed in and NO the civil war was not just about Slavery, stop trying to erase history because some crybabies were offended that HISTORY didn’t go in their favor. Once you erase history, it’s bound to repeat itself. I sure hope my tax money wouldn’t be paying for this, as it shouldn’t since I’m in Augusta County but this whole thing is just childish. Robert E Lee. High School Staunton Lee High School or Lee High or Royal Lee High School Need to keep Lee in there some where Barack Obama Staunton High School Barack Obama Racism Barack Obama Staunton High School Barack Obama Inclusivity 24401 22815 Alan Gregory Baragona Bare 24401 Leo Bares 24401 24401 Sharon Alexis Bares Barkley Staunton High School Queen City High School Staunton High School Queen City High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Lucy Francis Simms High School Snowflake High School Naming it Staunton H.S. would return to its original, neutral name before the Lost Causers named it after Lee. It is politically neutral and can't offend anyone. Alternatively, after 80 years of a name honoring someone who defended slavery, naming the school after Lucy Francis Simms, an elementary school teacher from Harrisonburg who was born a slave, would be a good way to honor a Civil Rights figure who is as local as I could find. http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/trail blazers/2011/simms.htm Lots of snowflakes in Staunton Staunton High School provides focus on locality, the others do not. It identifies exactly where we are located and is the original name. It just fits better 24401 Jordan Barmer 24401 Chessa Barna Queen City High School Barnard Barned Queen City High School 24401 Adria Richard 24401 24401 24401 Catherine Pauletta George Barnes Barnhart Barrett 20814 Maggie Barrett 24401 Taryn Barrett 24401 Valerie Barrett 24401 24402 Tya Bob Barron Barron Shenandoah High School Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton High School Virginia's state high school Staunton High School Valley High School Woodrow Wilson High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Staunton High School is true historic name. Also, much more clear on branding (variations on Shenandoah and Valley misleading). Queen City too twee.... Better than the other options Same name as city Staunton High School Current NIH director Francis Collins is a Stauntonian and an alumnus of Lee High. Seems fitting to name the school in his honor. Bonus: make the curriculum STEAM focused, given his success in the sciences and his interest in and love of the arts. Staunton High School Queen City High School Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton High School Valley High School Francis Collins High School R.E Lee high school (keep it the same) Staunton High School Queen City High School Staunton Staunton High School 24401 24401 Jana Mckenna Barry Barry Queen City High School Queen City High School 24401 24401 Brittany Jason Bartley Bartley Queen City High School Robert E. Lee High 24477 24401 William Amanda Bartley Bartley 22840 Jill Bartoleva 24401 Elisa Barton Staunton High School 24401 Desi Barton Staunton High School 24401 24401 Carl Lou Barton Barton Staunton High School Robert E. Lee High School Queen City High School No reason A name representative of our township is more appropriate. It’s honoring a president and Staunton is his hometown Historically accurate. Can’t change history! We live in Staunton City; in the Midwest our schools were named after the cities they were in. We are raising the future and they are royals It’s all local! my kids graduated from Robert E Lee Mr Lee was a reformist post the war, I do not see a problem with a school named after a reformist if you are teaching all of the history not just what is convenient Sounds better then the rest I think it is a reflection of the city and surrounding area The name should not be changed There is no motive, political, racial, etc., in naming the school after the city. Na Staunton High School Staunton High School Robert E Lee High School Valley High School Valley High School Lee High School NO VOTE HIGH SCHOOL !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Louis T. March Because it's our heritage and history It's neutral, and also was the name prior to being changed to Lee. To keep them the leeman. Less money to spend on change all the school brand name. It will also ease those who are angry about the change. No one calls it R E Lee. Just Lee it does not have to a name associated with Robert E. Lee. WE HAD NO VOICE IN STAUNTON Because I like what he has to say 22980 22801 24401 24401 Ida Sierra Daizhon Javon Basilio Bass Battle Battle Queen City High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Gypsy Hill High School 24401 Nova Baughman Queen City High School 24401 Vanessa Baughman 24401 Willson Baxley Staunton High School 24401 Dorothy Baxley Staunton High School 31410 24401 24401 George Jess Rocky Baylor Bayne Beal Queen City High School 22802 Leslie Beam Queen City High School Staunton High School nothing Queen City Valley High School Staunton High School Staunton High School 24401 Diana Beam Staunton High School 24401 24401 Cindy Lee Beam Beam Queen City High School 24401 24401 24401 Sebastian Jennifer Olivia Beam Beam Bean Queen City High School Queen City High School Queen City High School 24477 Heidi Bean Queen City High School 24401 Kaycee Bean Queen City High School 22802 Barbara Bean Staunton High School 24401 24430 24401 Oscar Jessica Ashton Beasley Beaty Beauchamp Staunton High School Staunton High School 24401 James Beaver Queen City High School Valley High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Robert E. Lee Staunton Augusta high school Valley High School Queen City because it's very unique, it's common to name a school after the city it's in, but using the nickname of the city is a fun idea, and Gypsy Hill because of that park, and that's where the vote happened to change the name Sounds good Idk I really like the name of the school Its part of our history. History is what makes us who we are as a society It not only covers the city but county also Both names fit appropriately to be used over R.E. Lee High School The others don't tell where the school is Valley High School Paul Hatcher High School Lee high Brunswick High School He was the famous basketball coach there for 43 years! He epitomized sportsmanship and winning! Should stay the same Idk Because Staunton is the Queen City, it's only fitting. an American physician-geneticist who discovered the genes associated with a number of diseases and led the Human Genome Project. He is director of the National Institutes of Health and was Francis S. Collins High School born in Staunton. Because the name should have something to do with Staunton City not the Shenandoah valley Original name Because Queen City is a beautiful name and it is not bland just like “Staunton city schools” Staunton City High School Any of these good options. Na It is the most unique name. Unique name for a unique city. It adds personality to the name of Queen City High School Staunton's high school Revert to the previous, and I believe original, name. John Gilbert Lewis High John Gilbert Lewis is father of City of School Staunton. just because Original Because if the Jefferson association won't recognize her then someone Sally Hemings High School should. 24401 Jessica Beaver Queen City High School 24401 Sarah Becker Queen City High School 24401 Natalie Becker Queen City High School 24401 Susan Becker 24401 Barbara Becker 24401 Rachel Becker 24401 22980 Sarah Morgan Becker Beckerdite 24441 Danielle Beckey Mary Elizabeth Bowser High School Staunton High School Robert E Lee High School Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton High School Staunton High School 22939 Andrea Behrer 24401 Kathy Belcher Staunton High School 22980 Sandi Belcher Staunton High School 24401 Janet Belknap Queen City High School 24401 Traeshaun Bell Queen City High School Francis Collins High School Shenandoah Valley High School Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton High School Francis Collins high school Lee high Hope or Courage High School. Alphonso Hamilton High School 24401 Natalie Bell 22980 24401 Dennis Don Bell Bell Staunton High School 22901 william Bell Staunton High School 24401 Don Bell Staunton High School Queen City is a nice way to represent the high school of Staunton, Virginia. Staunton is the city where the school is located. enough of the political division. The existing name was not a problem for all until the media and politics made it an issue Because most other schools are named after their location, so should we. It makes the most sense Staunton High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Mary Bowser was an escaped slave and union spy working in the Confederate White House as Jefferson Davis' slave. She risked her life to pass information North, and eventually burned the place to the ground on her way out. It’s another name for Staunton and it has a nice ring to it It sounds better than Staunton high school and means the same thing Queen City is very unique Most prestigious alumni, brilliant human, family connection to Staunton, MBU and Oak Grove It’s a neutral name. I may be a white female, but a name like Robert e lee is outdated and inappropriate. May even make some students uncomfortable. 2, 3 and 5 are too generic and don't add to an identity. I like Queen City but it doesn't feel right either. It is the high school of Staunton. Since the city of Staunton only has one high school, it seems that the name of the city is appropriate. Francis Collins is a Staunton native who has done wonderful things for the community and science. I like queen city better than the other names I think both of these words are positive, not based off of a person and these are things we want our students to emulate as they go through school and gain their independence and education. !st black asst. principal after intergration Least offensive to those sensitive That is the original name prior to being renamed for R.E. Lee It’s neutral and should not offend any sensitive people on either side of the debate 24401 22903 24401 Nashay Betsy Brendan Bell Bell Bell 22920 Richard Bell 24401 Dale Bell Jr 544 24401 24401 Lauren Courtney Courtney Bellvedeau Bengele Bengele 24401 Christopher Benjamin 24401 22980 Frances Joel Benjamin Benjamin Queen City High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Obama High Staunton High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Queen City High School It's a different name It represents the community it the right thing to do Staunton High Scholl was the name before R.E. Lee High School was built in 1926. Robert E Lee High School Because that is the name it has been the whole time I have been alive and changing it the other name is not rite because of what other people thing Queen City High School Robert E Lee High School I feel like Queen City is appropriate but allows for more life to in the name. GO ROYALS It sounded the coolest I guess Staunton High School Queen City High School Previously named Staunton High School We are all Stauntonians and this name should unite us. And, as our sports teams etc. travel around the state, others in Virginia will learn how to pronounce our city's name! Its unique He is the one man in this community who cares about every single child. He is an amazing role model to all. They are all fitting names Staunton High School 24401 24401 Jenna Louis Bennett Bennett Queen City High School Mike Guertler High School 24401 Kayla Bennett Queen City High School 24401 24401 24477 Lillian Haylee Lori Bennett Bennett Bennett Queen City High School Queen City High School 22939 Amber Benson Staunton High School Valley High School Because it fits and I am a student here. Staunton High School Staunton City High School Staunton High School This is the original name of the school and what it should be reverted to. Staunton High School It's the original name of the school. But no everyone says it's racist. How long has that school been named that? Without anything being said. 24441 Brittany Benting 24401 24401 Sophia Ashley Beratta Berger 24401 Jessica Bergh Staunton High School 24401 David Berman Staunton High School 24401 David Berman 24401 Peter Bernard Queen City High School Robert E. lee. Y'all fucking dumb Nah Staunton High School Shenandoah Valley High School Queen City High School Because this is Staunton, VA. Simple. It's a nice name Queen City is Staunton. N/A Staunton High School . It’s inclusive! And it sounds very regal. After the city Simply because it's the name of our beloved city It honors the town and doesn’t offend anyone. I think names should suggest the geographical location. It is an appropriate name for the “Queen city.” It is inclusive and thought provoking. 24401 24401 Samuel Heather Bernard Bernard Queen City High School Queen City High School 24401 Cece Bernard Queen City High School 24401 24401 Liz Tosha Bernardo Berry Queen City High School 24401 Jerry Berry Shenandoah High School Shenandoah High School Shenandoah High School Staunton High School These names both sound good and are appropriately descriptive of the school. The optiond with the word 'Shenandoah' are not bad choices either but they are not as unique sounding and are a bit vague given that the valley is much bigger than the school district. Staunton High School I will be happy with any name that is inclusive. I prefer Queen City because I think it's more distinctive and we can continue to build on Staunton's nickname in that way - plus the mascot can be The Monarchs! I like Staunton Highschool because it's very neutral and low key. I also like Shenendoah for the same reason. Staunton High School Shenandoah Valley High School Booker T. Washington Staunton High School Staunton High School I feel like changing the name to Booker T. Washington would go a long way in healing the rift in our society by acknowledging that the roots of our school include not only Robert E lee, but also Booker T. Washington as well. Lee has had credit for long enough, it's time to remember other nobler people. They deal with the location, which I feel is much clearer than naming schools after a person (any person, regardless of impact, etc.) Still unique and sounds upstanding quickly points out where, who we are and is all inclusive. 24401 24401 Heather Stephanie Berry Berry Queen City High School 24401 24477 Colby lexi Sarah Berry berry Beth Queen City High School Queen City High School The City of Staunton is something that every student who attends the high school has in common. It is a name that is inclusive of all students. Fits the town They are suitable names for a highschool. it’s not plain Yea Queen City High School I think reverting back to Staunton High School is pointless. But I still think the name should represent the community. And we are the Queen City, so I think that’s a perfect name. 24401 24421 98027 Raven Triska Cody Beverage Beverage Beverly Staunton High School Staunton High School Queen City High School Robert e lee high school Staunton High School Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton is nicknamed “The Queen City”. That name gives a a sense of pride. I believe that the students and community need a name that they can be proud of. Queen City Royals....has a very nice ring to it! It's not robert e lee 22827 Brooke Bevington 22980 Sharon Bibb 24401 24401 Tracy Rose Biel Bigelow 22401 24431 22401 Sam Bill Jean Biggers Bill Billings Robert E. Lee High School Robert E Lee High School Staunton High School Shenandoah High School Staunton High School Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton High School 24401 Constance Birch 24477 Samantha Bird Queen City High School 24401 24401 Samuel Wendy Birdzell Birotte Queen City High School Queen City High School 24401 Shelley Bishop 22980 Stephanie Bishopriggs . Valley High School Dont fucking change it R. E. Lee Im a Robert E LEE High School graduate and the reason for changing the name is ridiculous and a WASTE of money. Changing the name of a building wont change someones heart!!!! It's the city of Staunton. Stay with what is obvious Anything but Staunton High School Historic name of school, simple, to-thepoint, factual. . Because it's a good name Staunton identifies the school with the city which is important not only locally by in media beyond our area, to visitors and new citizens, on college applications and other submissions. The other suggestions: Queen City is not as widely recognized as Staunton; there is already a Valley Vo Tech, and a town and county each named Shenandoah, which may cause unnecessary confusion. There should be no controversy over Staunton as it refers to place or person except the long dead Lady Staunton. Shenandoah has been overused as a way to describe the general area and is already the name of a university in Winchester. To make Staunton stand out as being the progressive City it is, I think Queen City is very fitting. Thank you Staunton High School Staunton High School Ulysses S. Grant High School Both invoke true history of winners. No Its beautiful Staunton High School Queen City High School There will be way too much money spent on this name change when it could be used for way more important things, like children’s lunches or supplies, or god forbid we pay the teachers a little more. None We’re the only HS in Staunton. Don’t even consider other names-this makes sense and cannot misinterpreted. It should be named after Paul Hatcher First i will say that i am upset at the choice to change it in the first place. However since it will happen i dont feel it should be after another well known military leader or political figure. It should honor someone who has been a positive piece to the school itself. And who better than Paul Hatcher 24401 666 None Nunya Bizness Biznus R E Lee High School Schoolie McSchoolface 24401 Susan Black 24435 Meredith Black Queen City High School 24401 Joel Black Queen City High School 24401 24401 Ashley Diana Black Black 24401 Andrew Black you don’t have the money to rebrand everything Because. It is the only high school in Staunton and it lets all Stauntonians show pride for our city. Queen City says where the school is. There are many schools in the Shenandoah Valley. Staunton High School Shenandoah Valley High School Augusta High School County name, unique city nickname, tells about the area we live in Schooly McSchoolface I like the original name, other area schools have their town name as high school name (ex. Waynesboro high school, Harrisonburg high school, etc) Inclusive and descriptive Queen City HS would stand out in the area, and could provide the opportunities for multiple possible mascot changes. Staunton High School Staunton High School Queen City High School 24401 Chris Black 24401 Faye Blacka 24401 Barry Blacka Robert E Lee General Robert E Lee high school 24431 Donna Blackhawk Lee High School Queen city is our namesake. Svhs would be the only name like it for such an area. MLKHS would be a real stick in the craw for anyone who thinks we should name memorials after traitors and slave owners. It shouldn’t be changed. Ask the taxpayers! Honor the man who fought for states rights Lee is a southern thing n still has piece of Heritage n history of 24401 David Blackmon Staunton City It is time for a change in the status quo 22974 Brandon Queen City High School Martin Luther king jr high school Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton High School Queen City High School Blackmoor 24401 Julie Blackwell 24401 22980 24401 Linda anthony Moriah Blackwell blackwell Blackwell Valley High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Shenandoah High School Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Valley High School Lady Rebecca High School Charles E. Ashburner High School NOTE: The form required I click one of the provided options. I selected "Valley High School", but I am NOT suggesting that be used. I only selected it so Historical persons from Staunton with that the form would submit. fun names Robert E. Lee High School City High School - mascot Citizens Obama high school Leave the name alone. Wasting money on a stupid name change that you could be using that money for something else. How about y’all make everyone who voted for the name change to pay for it then? Anything Shenandoah is too close to Shenandoah County Schools Because I'm not racist like you Sounds better . 24401 24441 Don Crystal Blair Blakeney Shenandoah High School Staunton High School 24401 Caitlin Blanchard Staunton High School 22560 Don Blanton Staunton High School 22980 Moyshe "Moe" Blatt Staunton High School 33801 Maggie Blehm Staunton High School 22401 K Blevins 24401 Tyler Blevins 22801 Gretchen Blincoe Queen City High School 24401 24401 Michelle Jacque Block Blundell Queen City High School 24401 Malcolm Blundell 22401 24482 24401 24401 24401 jim Todd Ellen Will Siobhan bob Bobak Boden Bodkin Bodkin 24401 Richard Bolstein 22801 Jennifer Bolt R.E. Lee High School Don't have one It simply states what it is, and is clearer than the ones with Shenandoah in it since that’s another place nearby. A location-based name is both specific and unlikely to be changed again at a later time. Bingham High School Stonewall Jackson Benjamin A. Shapiro Institute for Manlet Education Staunton High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Stonewall Jackson Shenandoah Valley High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Staunton High School this a waste of taxpayer time and money They're unique but succinct Ruth Bader Ginsburg HS George Caleb Bingham's documentation in paint of the US expansion westward is THE historical record of how the wilderness became civilized. Detail see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C aleb_Bingham Before it became Robert E Lee High School, it was Staunton. So if it’s going to be changed, just change it back to the original. An American genearl who served in Mexico and Confederate armies and is associated with the region. Known for his military reocord and illegally teaching slaves to read I have ligma lol I think it will help with local pride, and is a better reflection of the Staunton community Queen City (1st choice) and Staunton (2nd choice) are about the city, not the valley as a whole. Stick with tradition! Tradition! It was the original name of the city high school. The name should have stayed the same Accurately represents our area. They're all Classy It's where we live Staunton is the city we live in. Staunton High School Staunton HS was the original name, identifies with the City and is compatible with neighboring cities and towns. But Queen City HS is original, also identifies with our nickname and most important, it is not the name of any person. So, Queen City HS is my first choice. Thank you to the four board members who gave eloquent and well thought out reasons for changing the name. Staunton High School It’s part of the current seal - that name is part of the school’s earlier history 24486 24401 Ryan Cory Bonos Booker 24401 Cynthia Booth 24401 Seairra Booth 24401 24401 Carol Andra Borrell Borrell 78745 Blair Bosserman 24401 24401 chris Lorraine Staunton High School Queen City High School Donald Trump High School Robert E. Lee High School Better than prior suggestions I am Spartacus! ROBERT E. LEE Because that it the name it should be!! It us rediculous to change the name!! Too much money spent when it could be used for something that would benefit the students!!!! Because this is all bullshit crap and they seemed like the most okay ones It's a neutral name that plainly describes the city it services and would not be confusing to anyone from outside the city. It was that name formerly. As a former R.E Lee graduate, I’ve always treasured our queen city nick name! Staunton High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Queen City High School bosserman Bosserman Staunton High School John Lewis High School 24401 24401 24401 Tina Ryan Ann Bosserman Bosserman Bosserman Staunton High School 24401 Briana Bosserman Staunton High School 24401 Ronnie Bosserman Staunton High School 22554 24401 Rosa Trisa Bosserman Bosserman 24401 Rod Bostic 24401 Kathy Botkin Queen City High School Shenandoah High School Despite the fact I don't feel it needs to be changed and there are way bigger issues in the school to address, focus on and spend money on, Staunton High School is most appropriate. Important in Staunton's history Zero creativity with other names and actually redundant with Shenandoah Valley Gov School and Valley Vo-Tech in Fishersville already. At least Staunton High School is consistent witht other local High Schools (Waynesboro High, Harrisonburg High, Riverheads High) Will be the laughing stock of area even more than we currently are with Queen City Lee High School -I know it High..Every one of my current cohas no chance because "the workers already making fun of this school board said so", but it entire situation and commenting on doesn't have to be reflective what a joke this has been..don't make of Robert E Lee worse for kids, teachers and families. Its different from the regular city Lee High School Reputation, history and tradition It's how it should have remained in the first place It's simple and shouldn't touch Nope anyone's sensitive side I graduated from there-the name was Leave it as it is fine then and it still is ! It represents the Shenandoah He was a dedicated teacher for decades HUNTER TALBOTT H.S. in Staunton Original name of the building as a junior hs and founding father of John Lewis high school Staunton 24437 24401 24401 24477 90210 24401 24401 24401 24477 24477 24401 Suzanne Botkin Crystal Botkin Lee high school Tyler Bouthillier Statler High School Morgan Melissa Kayly Zach Cheryl Emily Danielle Mark Arlynda Boward Bower Bower Bowles Bowling Bowling Bowman Boyer Sarah Boyett 27615 24401 Todd Tanner Boyle Boyle John Staunton High School Robert E. Lee High School Queen City High School Schooly McSchoolFace Paul Hatcher High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Bowman 24401 24401 The school is located in Staunton; therefore, the name should default back to that. Boyles Because you can change the name that it'll always B Robert E Lee High School Named after the Statler Brothers, who brought legacy to Staunton. I chose that name because it should not even be changed. Erasing the past will not help anything, but will allow history to repeat it's self. What name I like It's the most fitting. Because he was great i like it Nice ring to it It is the most logical and not too generic. Many other local high schools would qualify as Shenandoah, Valley etc. Also, using the town's nickname to name the high school is ridiculous. Staunton High School Queen City High School Staunton has a rich history, worth celebrating. So, too, did Robert E Lee and he was celebrated long enough. I'd only wish that there would always be reference to those of us proud Leemen who preceded the change in name. Tradition, Ambition, and Pride are the cornerstone of the high school in Staunton, regardless the name. Queen City High School Staunton and Queen City because they're accurate and local; Booker T. (my suggestion) because it was also the name of a local school named for a historic figure, but one that no local whites were heated up about saving. As one citizen asked at the hearing, "whose history? whose nostalgia?" are we preserving here? Booker T. Washington High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Because its the original name and we should be spending the money on better things such as technology or anything to hepp advamce our education but instead you want to spend thousands of dollars changing a name. Mainly due to Robert E Lee not being an option Makes the most sense Staunton High School Staunton High School is a good name which brings the community together as one. John Lewis High School invokes the historic nature of the area. Queen City High School Robert E Lee High School Valley High School John Lewis High School 24401 Zack Boyles Staunton High School John Lewis High School John Lewis was the founder of Staunton. . Naming the school “Lewis” high school might be a good compromise of keeping some of the heritage some older residents cling to while also promoting a more inclusive school dynamic. If that name isn’t considered, however, I think Staunton High School would be the best choice because it would be restoring the high school to its original name. 24401 Alexa Boyles 24401 24401 Michele jenna Brackman brackman Queen City High School Queen City High School queen city 24401 TONYA Brackman Queen City High School United High School 24401 Angela Brady 24401 Molly Brady 24401 24401 Logan Reba Bragg Branch 22980 Michelle Brandt Staunton High School Francis Collins High School I believe that Staunton High School is a neutral name that represents who our city literally. Many schools are named for the area they are a part of, so I feel like this would be the best option. I also believe that Francis Collins is the most famous person to my knowledge that graduated form Lee. From what I have heard, he is a repectful man who also happened to be very successful and at one time serve under one of our presidents. Staunton High School Queen City High School Valley High School Staunton High School Staunton High School It is the best out of the choices. I would love to keep it Lee High if all possible. i like it We need peace and it has to start with our Youth, a United name to Unite everyone Hometown name and geared toward the United States. Not directly related to any person gender or race but the Staunton Liberty liberty to choose who you want to be. She was an amazing advocate and Sojourner Truth High School defender of African Americans instead of queen high school i want King City High School king high school Staunton city high school Because it needs a new name It the high school in Staunton, so that makes sense. And the others don't specifically reflect Staunton. There are other schools in the Shenandoah Valley, and there are other cities in VA referred to as "Queen City". Staunton High School reflects Staunton itself, not the Valley as a whole. 22939 24401 Chris Gary Branham Brant 24401 Erica Brasuel 24401 Katlyn Bratton Staunton High School Mr. Hamilton shaped thousands of Students at both Lee and Booker T. Washington I have never heard someone speak poorly of Mr. Hamilton, all other schools in Staunton are named for former administrators. I know there is a gym at BTW named after him, but I think this would be more fitting. History Its different and unique and it still incorporates our town Almost every local high school is named for its location. Therefore, it makes the most sense. 25401 Katharine Bratton taylor Staunton High School It is the high school in Staunton Virginia Staunton High School Terry Davis Memorial High School 1488 MLK HIGH He is a visionary, who has inspired many to follow in his foot steps, he has innovated the internet with his OS systems and more people of color like him need to be represented. mlk no The school is in Staunton for Staunton students. Any other name will be confusing as to where it's located. It's not offensive e to anyone and won't hurt anyone feelings. Go back to what it originally was! na 24401 Isabelle Eva Alphonso Hamilton Senior High School Stonewall Jackson Queen City High School Braun Braun 24401 24477 Cyndi Aizha Braxton Breckenridge 24401 22827 22840 Amaru Kelly Mickey Breckenridge Breeden Breeden Queen City High School 24401 Chris Breeden Queen City High School 24401 24401 Madison David Breeden Breighner Queen City High School 24402 Maggie Brenner John Cena High School Refers directly to the town in which the HS is located (unlike the Shenandoah and Valley combinations). Queen City sounds too much like a promotional slogan. its something to be proud of, and Donald J Trump High School everyone enjoys pride They reflect the community. Queen City Royals mascot Unique name 24401 Benjamin Brewer 22402 30132 24401 Jack Gregory Gavin Brickley Brickner Briggs Staunton High School Queen City High School Staunton High School Bekfast High School Valley High School Queen City Royals Queen City Royals Fuller Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton High School Queen City High School Queen City High School N/A Shenandoah High School Shenandoah Valley High School Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Valley High School A simple name, goes with the surrounding areas we are in, I think the mascot should be an eagle of some sort. No clue N/A Because Staunton used to be called Queen City and I know it as that. Queen city used to be what people called staunton. Because he is the best teacher John Cena is my hero, and high schoolers deserve to attend a school named after such a hero. Queen city is a name that sounds very good, and is a name that actually means something to the city. It’s a name that shows who we are, without the classic, not to mention boring, name of “Staunton High School” They sound best to me. 24401 24477 Benjamin Tim Briggs Briggs Queen City High School Queen City High School 24401 Megan Bright Queen City High School Francis Collins High School Leader of the Human Genome Project. Attended Staunton schools. 22812 Silas Bright Queen City High School none It's the most original and best sounding No Staunton High School is the only logical name. No one outside this area knows the name Queen City. Using the name Shenandoah or Valley would imply that the school was something more than it is. Simply put; it is Staunton’s high school. 24459 24401 Stanley Natalie Staunton High School Staunton High School Bright Broadnax Staunton High School Queen City High School We are affectionately known as the Queen City and I think it’s a suitable and proud name for the school It was the original name. “Shenandoah” and “Valley” describe too large an area, “Queen City” is just an invitation to be joked. these reflect an inclusive, welcoming Staunton community 24401 Kathy Brobst Staunton High School 24401 Michelle Brock Queen City High School 24401 Kaila Broderick Queen City High School 24401 Sienna Brodfuehrer Queen City High School Staunton High School Valley pike high school 24401 22482 Kristine Daphne Brodfuehrer Brogan Queen City High School Queen City High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Staunton City High School 24477 Tiff Brooks Staunton High School Nope 24401 Clayton Brooks Queen City High School 24401 24401 Eileen William Brooks Brooks Queen City High School 24401 22980 Linda Josh Brooks Brooks 24440 Tom Brooks Staunton High School 24401 24401 Carlton Kim Brooks Brooks Staunton High School Staunton High School Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Schooly McSchool Face Queen City High School He’s a settler of the area and we once had our middle school named after him Its a good name Because he is making america great Donald J. Trump High School again! Staunton High School is easily recognizable as belonging to this community. No other options John Lewis High School Robert E Lee High School Valley High School So we could keep the same colors and it would be like a name not just a city It celebrates our Native American route in Shenandoah Valley Staunton was the original name of the HS They roll off the tongue better Because there's waynesboro high school...buffalo gap hs....just name it where it's at....Staunton hs I like going with the historical name of staunton high school but think any of these would be fine. Staunton High School is inclusive for all residents. It does not offend any particular group. Its not racist Staunton High School Staunton high school is a name that represents the entire city. Rich and Poor. Black and White. Whether you are new to Staunton or you've lived here your whole life. It represents who we are. The second one fits and doesn’t raise taxes Did not want name change but since it has been voted upon, favor a neutral name. cause Because it is Staunton's high school. There are many high schools in the shenandoah valley Staunton High School Its a high school and it is in Staunton 24401 Thomas Brooks Staunton High School 24401 Dwayne Brooks Staunton High School 24401 24401 Brenda Dathan Brooks Brotherton Queen City High School 24401 kathy Brown Queen City High School 24401 Jack Brown 24401 24401 24401 Michael Jamal Jamal Brown Brown Brown Leaders Excellence Education High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Queen City High School Queen City High School 24401 Evan Brown Queen City High School 24401 24401 24401 24401 24401 Marianne Jamal Jamal Jennifer Aarian Noah Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown Queen City High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Constitution High School Lee High lee high Shenandoah Valley High School Robert E. Lee High School Lee High Lee High Brown high school It was my daughter's idea and I like it. it's brand new sounds better than the others Something neutral in scope and related to the area around us makes more sense than directly relating the name to any one particular person. Because there is nothing wrong with the name it has. We already had staunton high Cool name It sounds nice its cool It’s tuff 24401 Jason Brown 24401 Eliana Brown 24482 Kevin Brown ALL students will be representing and represented by STAUNTON. as UNITY. as a WHOLE. When students travel for out of city activities, when they say they are from STAUNTON, conversations will mention all that STAUNTON has to offer. WIN WIN . ALL STUDENTS AND STAFF AND THE COMMUNITY WILL ALL REPRESENT "STAUNTON" The Consitution is what repersents us as a whole. Freedom is for us being to open our previousely closed wings and fly free like birds. It should be a public decision, not a school board decision. Robert E. Lee High School none There is no reason what so ever to change this high schools name, and if you are going to do so you need to get the residence opinions on it and let them vote. It’s our kids attending the school, and we didn’t even get a say. idk Lee High Because i never should be changed at all 24401 24401 Alyssa Abria Brown Brown 24401 Ciara Brown Staunton High School Shenandoah Valley High School Queen City High School Consitution High School Freedom High School 24401 Sarah Brown 24401 24421 24401 Kyiam Jason Brown Ciara Brown Brown Brown 24401 Mary-Faye Browning Robert E Lee Queen City High School Booker T. Washington Lee High Queen City High School Staunton High School Charles Browning 24401 24401 Richard Chris Brownley Bruce Queen City High School 24486 Janette Brunk Queen City High School 24401 Damoni Brunson Queen City High School 24401 Marquis Brunson 24401 Marquis Brunson 24401 Preston Brust 24460 24401 Dave Shelley Bryant Bryant Staunton High School 24430 24401 marla Ayzia Bryant Bryant Staunton High School Elizabeth Bryant 24401 24401 Nicholas Paige Bryant Bryant Queen City has been promoted by a majority of the kids at R.E. Lee and I’m for any name that’s inclusive. 2.) Booker T. Washington has so much relevance to our city and will make the aura more welcoming than R.E. Lee was. Takes what's offensive out Colors can stay the same. If we have to get rid of the old name, I think we should go with a neutral and historic name. Queen City, Shenandoah, and Valley are not unique to our special town. I chose this name because Robert E. Lee may have been a general for the south but he didn't support slavery also he was a person who supported education so we should think about the ROBERT E. LEE HIGH SCHOOL good things of him not the bad. 24401 22980 Leave well enough alone. Use the money for something that really matters. R. E. Lee Staunton High School Staunton High School Shenandoah High School Shenandoah Valley High School no Valley High School Shenandoah Valley High School N/A N/A Queen City High School Francis Collins High School Hunter Talbott high school Lee high school Sounds super cool You cannot erase history no matter what you do. Most appropriate Man who was a huge inspiration, great teacher and man to all kids that went to Staunton city schools like I did back in my day. The name has memories behind it Staunton high school Cant keep it the way it is so may as well keep the butt hurt generation happy and change it right. Forget about history that irrelevant anymore Past History High School Shenandoah Valley High School Queen City High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Great name. Reflects city image better Keep the name I think the city nickname, Queen's City is nice, and Staunton HS was original. The both work well. I like both of those names because I think they are just simple names and not extra kind of names. We are in the middle of the Shenandoah Valley. We are in the middle of the Shenadoah Valley Geographically accurate, Staunton pride Original name 24401 Irvine Bryant Staunton High School 24401 Isom Bryant 24401 Chris Buchanan 24421 Regan Buchanan 22842 Lynn Buchanan 24401 Kay Buchanan Staunton High School 24401 24401 Leslie Jack Buchanan Buck Staunton High School 24401 27615 Jackie Jessica Buck Buddenbaum 24401 24401 24401 Marsha Katelyn Olivia Buehner Bugden Bullock 24401 24401 24401 24401 Amanda serenity Serenity Tyler Bunch bunch Bunch Burch Makes the most sense. Other high schools bear the name of the city in which they are located, so this should be no different. Keep the Lee mascot and colors and call them the Generals to save money Queen City High School Queen City High Shenandoah Valley High School Queen City High School Staunton High School Lee High school Woodrow Wilson High School The Queen City name is original and different. I believe it represents our town and the history. Also believe it makes the school relative to the city. Plus you cannot say the Queen City Ducks (ducks because of Gypsy Hill and the football stadium.) doesn't sound amazing. Thank you for your time.Sincerely a former student and graduate. Robert E Lee High School is my first choice. Queen City High School Just cause Because we shouldn't change history. It's part of the past. Original name; very clear where it’s located I believe we need to keep the name - it should not be changed unless a vote by all Staunton citizens indicates a majority want it changed. This is too important to let 0a small number decide. More appropriate option I don’t think it should be changed but myself along with many other Lee graduates and future graduates don’t get a say. Obama high It used to be Staunton High School, so at least there is some history involved in that name choice. Because it’s in Staunton It’s the best name ever Queen City High School Queen City High School Paul Hatcher Highschool Staunton High School is about as standard and simple as it gets. It will be an issue no matter what name it happens to be changed to. Good luck! it soudns good Suits staunton Francis Collins High School I think Staunton High School would suit the school well and be uncontroversial. I also think Francis Collins is a Staunton native we can actually be proud of and would be worthy of having a school named after him. Robert E Lee Robert E. Lee High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Paul Hatcher High Staunton High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Staunton High School None!!! 22601 Glenn Burdick 24401 Kelly Burdick 24401 Sally Burger 23451 Maggie Burke 24401 Kitty Burke 24401 Jessica Burke 24401 24401 Judah Samuel Burkholder Burkholder 24401 Addison Mr. Frank, former superintendent, was chiefly responsible for moving Lee High to its current location from its former site near Gypsy Hill Park. It was a difficult political decision as many favored leaving the school at its original site, despite many physical limitations of that site and the cost of renovating the building. Mr. Frank's consolidation of the two junior high schools and converting the Lewis Jr. High into a "new" Lee High proved to be a wise decision. Two other city schools are named for former superintendents: Shelburne Middle and Thomas McSwain Elementary. I can think of no one more deserving. I urge you to name your high school Kenneth B. Kenneth B. Frank High School Frank High School. Burkholder 24401 Travis Burner 24401 24401 James Bree Burnett Burnett Queen City High School Staunton High School Endeavor High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Queen City High School T.J. Collins or Francis Collins Staunton High School Staunton High School Francis Collins Staunton High School no other suggestions I chose Staunton High and Queen City High because they are the accurate, specific, and should stand the test of time. Please do not choose a person to name the school after, they almost never hold up. A descriptive name, like "Endeavor High School" could also work. It is aspirational, both current and forward looking. This name is Staunton-specific & is not controversial. 1. Old name and 2,3. Local History Accurate representation of the community. He graduated from Lee and worked on the Human Genome Project queen city high sounds good and Staunton high I like too. It is a good fit It goes well with Staunton city and is interesting rather than naming it “Staunton city high school” if were the Queen City royals royals it allows us to keep the color blue as well Queen City High School Robert E Lee High School Staunton High School Staunton High School I graduated from this school over 10 years ago as well as many people in my family and I think it is absolutely absurd to change the name of a high school that has been around for over a hundred years. Restore the name to the original! Stay awesome! -Jim Burnett It should return to what it once was 24401 Sara Burnette Queen City High School 24401 Kaila Burns Queen City High School 24401 Jessica Burns Queen City High School 24401 Kristie Burns 22980 24401 Matt Jonathan Burns Burns Queen City High School Cora M. Hudson High Unity High School Shenandoah Valley High School Eileen Burns 24401 24401 Jessica Kieya Burns Burns Queen City High School Queen City High School 24401 Tay Burress Queen City High School George Queen City High School Staunton High School 24401 24401 Queen City and Staunton High are accurate description of the area. Staunton High School Staunton Booker Lee High School It represents our city and the history of our town Kieya Benjamin A. Shapiro Institute for Manlet Education Bush 22408 Virginia Bushman Staunton High School 24401 Daniel Bussiere Staunton High School The other names are either already in use by surrounding counties or have been used before. Staunton is proud to be called Queen City so I think that we should use the name Queen City High School. The name is also unbiased, and pleasant. The name will also age well throughout the years and will likely never be changed again, saving tax payer dollars from having to ever change the name again. To represent our town and the history of staunton Because that was the former name and should have never been changed Strong, female educator born and raised in Staunton To bring everyone together There is a Staunton River High School in Moneta, VA. Staunton Booker Lee High School is a joining of the names of the former black & white high schools. I've lived in Staunton for 25 yrs. I grew up in Waynesboro. My 2 children went to Lee. If we lose the name Lee, all together, we lose our identity. It represents our city and the history of or town I think it fits this area very well. it would fit the school very, and people would take great pride in having such a unique name Good name Could you name it after the first superintendent? That way you honor a person who had a vested interest in the education of the citizens of Staunton. Not majorly in favor of the change due to the expense involved. I also see it as a part of history and I am an educator and advocate Lee was an amazing supporting the education of Staunton’s Virginian. citizens. Keep the colors. Dont change Should have kept the old everything to appease a few. This name. whole thing is a joke. 24401 Lou Ann Bussiere Staunton High School 24401 Tyler Bussiere Staunton High School 24401 Adrienne Butler 24477 24401 24401 24401 Patricia Brian Kara Laura 24401 Sarah Butterfield 24401 Poopy Butthead 24430 Arch Buzzard 24401 Tom Byerly 22939 Mary Byram 24401 Debbie Byrd 24401 24018 Lisa Abby Keep the blue and white colors Queen City High School Butler Butler Butler Butler Let it be Staunton High. Queen City should not be on the survey. Queen City is named after Lady Rebecca Staunton the wife of VA Governor. They too were slave owners so, it would be political incorrect to name the school after a female slave owner. When it comes down to things being named after slave owners this has opened my eyes that the city of Staunton should be renamed bc it offends me & others knowing Rebecca Staunton was a slave owner. LEE HIGH SCHOOL Staunton High School Queen City High School Queen City High School Lee Staunton High School Staunton High School Queen City High School Donald J. Trump Highschool Donald Godking N/A Statler High Staunton High School Staunton High School 24401 Dianne Byrer Queen City High School 24401 John Byrer Queen City High School Doesn’t matter what we say y’all have already decided what it will be. Hope it back fires in all of your faces Staunton is the Queen City Because it represents Staunton!! It is the most fitting. Queen City High School Byrd Byrd I am part of the class of 1979. It's crazy to change a name that has been that since before 1950. The name doesn't change history. Leave it alone. I would like to see the mascot changed to The Patriot N/A Staunton High School Queen city is equally if not more racist I think it uniquely represents the place we live. Blue Ridge high school Because it’s the nickname of Staunton and it’s neutral. The school could go by Queen City Royals for sports teams and what not The school is located in Staunton. It represents the city. Staunton has been nicknamed the Queen City and it would be nice to have that identifier. These men gave so much to our city. Very positive role models Choose the city name to correlate with the rest of the high school named being the location they are in. Blue Ridge gives you the virtual location The school is in Staunton Queen City takes forward from past names. It creates conversation. Queen City in Staunton, why that name. It is the Queen City. Move in a new direction and still maintain identity 24401 24401 24401 Shawn David Crystal C C C 24401 24401 24401 H Rachel Christina C C Cacciapaglia 22980 Erica Cacciapaglia 24401 24401 Anna Conor Cahill Cahill 24401 Steve Cahill 24401 Jacob Call 24401 22801 22321 james Hannah Kelly Call Call Callahan 24401 Danielle Callihan Queen City High School Staunton High School Valley High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Queen City High School Valley High School Staunton High School Barack Obama Memorial High School Robert E Lee Robert E Lee High School Lee high school (none above) History. Can’t change the facts Original name Most descriptive of the area At least keep some form of history in N/a the school’s name Staunton High School makes the most sense because like many other high schools in the area, the name is based directly on the location of the school. Unique It's the name of the town that it is in, not a nick name. Staunton High School Queen City High School Staunton High School Hitlers school for friendship and happiness Queen City High School Shenandoah Valley High School Robert E Lee High School “What a cruel thing war is...to fill our hearts with hatred instead of love for our neighbors” - Robert E. Lee Staunton High School Staunton High School 24401 Eric Camden Robert E. Lee High School 22485 24401 Brian Anthony Cameron Campbell RE Lee High School Robert E. Lee 24401 24401 24421 Kristy James Ellen Campbell Campbell Campbell 24401 William Campbell 24401 24477 David Dylan Campbell Campbell 24401 22980 Jenni Brittany Campbell Campbell 24401 John Campbell 22980 24401 Allison Tammy Campbell Campbell Staunton High School Lee high school Queen City High School Robert E Lee Queen City High School Queen City High School Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton High School Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Staunton High School! Shenandoah Valley High School Valley High School Staunton High School Because liberals are stupid. Rename America next? What about currency? Waste of taxpayers money. If your gonna spend the money to change it then name it after the town so history don’t repeat itself its dope Because the others offended me. Staunton High School was the school’s original name, and is more inclusive of the city’s diverse population than the racist Robert E. Lee High School. Bc it's been in staunton va for a long time They sound the best Lee High School Na Keep part of the name without the hurt. Sounds better Queers play football at Queen City High School. thats why queen city is wrong choice. let's look at the BIG PICTURE for EVERYONE Barack Obama High School Shows forward progression Staunton is my home Staunton High School Queen City High School Because I don’t agree with the name change but that’s the best new option Compromise. If we can find common ground, great things will happen. It sounds nice Cool There was nothing wrong with the name previous. Don’t change it! Lee High Schooi Queen City High School Queen City High School Queen city and Staunton are both great names that don't invoke the memory of the Jim Crow south It really didn’t need to change It’s part of Stauntons history 24477 Teresa Campbell 24401 Otis Campbell 24421 Ashley Campbell 24401 24477 Adam Sarah Campbell Campbell 24401 Karla Campbell Queen City High School 24482 22980 Kevin Amy Campbell Campbell Queen City High School 24401 Amanda Campbell I graduated from Robert E Lee, nothing Robert E Lee (you can’t will change the past...it’s HISTORY change the past by changing spend our money in making the future the name) better and quit worrying about our past Lee is a historical figure, if you don't like the countries history both good and bad, you don't belong in this Gen. Robert E. Lee High country. Queen City and Staunton High are Paul Hatcher High School more unique to Staunton Name should represent the locality (geography based). No They are located in Staunton Because Queen City is another name for Staunton and if we’re the Queen City royals we can keep our royal blue color. Staunton High School Queen City High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Donald J Trump high school Staunton High School Sounded the best, when I think of valley high school I feel like that should be in the county. Staunton tells you where it’s at and hopefully the city name won’t change so this issue won’t cost the tax payers money ever again. If it can't be Lee, Staunton seems the most fit. We are from Staunton and it would match local schools, ie Waynesboro High, etc It Hurts to have it changed They have a good ring to it The other options sounded awkward. The ones I selected seemed better for rolling off the tongue and remembering it. It is simple and true to our location and it restores the original. Memorial names are generally an easy, shortterm "solution" that can lead to problems later on. Because it’s cool 24401 Natalie Campbell Queen City High School 24401 24421 24401 Heather Fay Becca Campbell Campbell Campbell Queen City High School 24440 Alyssa Cannaday Queen City High School 24401 Cass Marc Cannon Cantrell Queen City High School Valley high school 24401 Francesco Canu Queen City High School Abraham Lincoln High School The least worst of all 24401 Peyton Caplette 24401 Margaret Carbajal Staunton High School Current president and maga We are the queen city Staunton High School is simple, noncontroversial, and reflects the city in which we all chose to live. Staunton High School Staunton High School Valley High School Valley High School Staunton High School Valley High School Shenandoah Valley High School Valley High School Queen City High School Robert E Lee High School I picked Valley High School because its a name that will fit everyone. It kinda leaves controversial people out of it (KINDA) and it has a nice ring to it. It sounds like something I'd be proud to be a part of, and the mascot definitely has more potential than a "Leeman." 24401 Karen Card 24401 22801 Thomas Robert Cardarella Carneal Queen City High School Queen City High School 24401 Karen Carpenter Queen City High School 24401 Adam Carpenter Queen City High School 24401 24401 Carolyn Lois Carpenter Carpenter Queen City High School Carper Carr Queen City High School 24401 Shona Carr Queen City High School 24401 Cheryl Carroll Carruth 24401 Virginia Carter 24401 Lorien I choose this name because high school is the frame to our grown up life's Staunton High School Shenandoah High School Staunton High School Valley High School Staunton High School Michael Camon Leighton Frame High school Staunton High School 24401 24401 24401 Lee High School It is the name of the wonderful city of Staunton and is the only high school in Staunton. They represent the city in whihc the school is located. I like it the most #4 choices are stupid! Save money & leave it just Lee High School, let the heritage live on. I will FOREVER be a LEE graduate Staunton High School Staunton High School Shenandoah High School It was the original name of the school That’s what everyone calls the city Paul Hatcher permanently stamped Robert E. Lee High School in the Virginia High School League record books. His legacy on the court and in Paul Hatcher Memorial High the city of Staunton is history you all School will never be able to change. Highlander Hgh School they seem good for the area. Queen! Lady power! Feminine influence! First choice, LEE; second choice, Staunton HS Personal preference Staunton High School Queen City High School Robert E. Lee High School Carter Staunton High is the most identifiable name - all others are confusing and do not hold meaning for the town. Staunton High School 24401 Sarah Carter 24401 Nick Carter 24401 Laura Carter Queen City High School 24401 Tabitha Carter Queen City High School 24401 Jasmynne Carter Queen City High School 24477 Cody Carter Queen City High School My top choice is Staunton HS because it represents our town, a place to be proud of, and everyone who lives here. The only one that can have an acceptable school mascot. Robert E. Lee High School I chose this name because it represents what Staunton is, and it doesn't sound basic. If you think about it, most of the other city's are just named after the place they live in, and not something specific to their town. My reason is that the school name should not change. Lee High School Respectively represents Stanton,Virginia high school for ALL. It would be an easier transition for the name as so many changes would and will have to be made If its drastically changed Queen City High School Staunton High School I think those names sound good and will give a positive start to the school Shenandoah High School Francis Collins High School Went to school there and was Director of the National Institutes of Health 24485 Angus Carter Queen City High School 24401 Mary Carter Queen City High School 23139 Teresa Carver 24401 34285 Emily Jonathan Carwell Case 24486 Jessica Francis Collins High Robert E Lee High School I just think this name sounds better than any of the other names. School resides in Staunton Queen City High School Staunton High School Case Lee high school 24482 24401 Crystal Jeffrey Case Casey 24459 Misty Cash Lee High School 24401 24477 24401 Amy Ray Patrick Cash Cash Cash TJ Collins HS Robert E Lee High School Appalachian High School 24401 Paula Cash 22980 Trevor Cash 24401 Amanda Cashatt Staunton High School Staunton High School Queen City High School Shenandoah High School Blue ridge high school nothing Dr. Francis Collins High School Staunton High School Queen City High School Staunton High School Francis Collins is not only a native Stauntonian but a world renowned scientist. Naming the school after him would not only honor a Staunton resident but help foster a love of science in the students. It's a name we can all be proud of! *this survey keeps giving me a error message when just trying to write in a name, that should be fixed. Queen City High represents the remaining and new students as a whole and just seems like a great move forward. Erasing Confederate names needs to STOP! Staunton High School I went to lee, most athletic items already say "Lee high". Drop the Robert e. The man opposed slavery so your reason for changing the name is invalid. Check your history books Non of the ones listed were that great. But if your going to change the name of my Alma mater, then you should change the name of anything in Staunton that is named after someone historical. Be consistent, not selective. nothing No matter what this will always be FAMLEE! Fellow former Stauntonian who is doing amazing things in science! Because we didn't get to vote on it. Appalachian Mtns. in the area. Dr. Collins has accomplished great things for all people through his work on the Human Genome Project. Many new medical treatments that target specific diseases or risk factors for disease have been developed and discovered to aid the medical community in treating and curing many aliments that were not possible before his work. The school was originally Staunton High School. It’s the name of the city. It’s really an easy concept that many people will get behind. Staunton High School will be the only option to not a giant split They are self explanitory and descriptive. 24401 Steven Cashatt 24401 Alyssa Cason 24477 24401 tucker Serenity cason Cason Queen City High School Sheandoah is a town north of Harrisonburg. That’s just confusing for people. Queen City High School I choose Staunton High School because the high school is in Staunton. My understanding is that Staunton's high school was once called Staunton High School. Many people in the community already call it Staunton. The youth sports are called Staunton. Stanton High school is the only name that makes sense. because people just want a reason to complain tell them to suck it up It sounds the best Staunton High School robert e lee high 24401 Bruce Cason 24401 Abigail Cassell Queen City High School 24401 Jeremiah Castillo Queen City High School Mr. Hatcher,s name is synonymous with the school where he worked for so many years. He is a well know pillar of our community. His dedication should be recognized with a grand gesture. Staunton makes sense because of the city in which Lee is located. Queen City has a nice ring to it. The Shenandoah names could be confused with Shenandoah county. Because it shows that we as a school are more like a monarchy. 24401 Ashleigh Castro Queen City High School Queen City High School embodies the history of Staunton and is unique. 24477 Shelly Catterton Queen City High School Its different and what i was thinking to suggest and you already had Paul Hatcher High School 24477 24401 24401 Caitlin Blea ajablea Catterton Caul caul Queen City High School Queen City High School Queen City High School 24401 emysja caul Queen City High School Staunton High School Staunton High School Blea Caul Staunton high is simple and non-bias in anyway because it’s literally the name of the town, by Queen City is more fun and creative and allows history to show through the name without it being named after a confederate general 🙃 Blea Caul time for change because there ios a lot of places in staunton that has the name queen city’s nit 24401 Suzanne Cecchini Robert E. Lee High School 22903 Erik Chadwell Francis Collins High Stop giving in to everyone offended! The name is history. Teach it! Because you can’t change it! He is the most accomplished person from the school and is known nationally. 24401 Lexie Chadwell Francis Collins High School All of the options are awful!!! Name the school after someone noteworthy. 24401 Bree Chambers 24401 22980 Cheryl Dennis emalee Chambers Chan chandler 94305 24401 Doug Chase Chandler Chandler 24401 Frankie Queen City High School Adam Dont Dawn Chang Change Chaplin Queen City High School 24401 Manny Chapman Queen City High School 24441 Daniel Chapman 24401 24401 24401 24401 Ray Jess robert linda Charles Charnov chastain chastain 24401 Nicole Chelgren Queen City High School 22801 Laura Chew Queen City High School 24401 Bree Childress Childs 24401 Faith Chipps Staunton High School Staunton High School Lee High Scool Staunton High School The expense of changing the name is ridiculous. The school board are idiots. Location based - all inclusive. Staunton High School Staunton High school fits and won’t offend anyone. Ronald Reagan High because he was a great American, he loved the country, and he was great president. Albeit there was nothing wrong with Lee high. Robert E. Lee 24401 24401 24401 Jason Lee High School Queen City High School Chandler 24401 Staunton High School Ronald W. Reagan High School Valley High School Terry Davis Memorial High School Dont do it Staunton High School Valley High School Valley high school has a nice ring to it Francis Collins High School Staunton High School He's a programmer of color who has ended his life early before he could make his dream come true of being a major programmer, I would like this to be the name too inspire all people of color as well as bring awareness to mental health and inspire more people of color to enter STEM. Remember history Nice ring to it I chose this name because I feel it represent the downtown Staunton. There's no sense in spending tax payer money to rename the school! Donald Trump saved me from getting Donald J. Trump High School mugged. That's what it was named before... "no name change" because I pay the taxes here. should remain Robert E Lee It makes the most sense with rebranding and its what the students Lee High School want. I think in these times a message of Unity High School unity would be nice. Staunton High School Queen City High School Calling it just Lee would make the most sense. Everyone knows it by that name. Uniforms would have to be changed and money spent that is unnecessary Keep it Lee but drop the association of Robert E. Simple bc it’s queen city I like Queen City and Staunton High School. I'd prefer the school be named for a local figure who represents academic achievement, advancement of knowledge, and significant contributions to humanity. Queen City High School sounds cool and says something about our history. And Staunton High School is simple and makes sense just because its our city we live in. 24401 Jay Chisley Queen City High School 24401 24401 Daytyia Rick Chisley Chittum Queen City High School 22401 Chris Chris It just sounds good sense we gotta change the name I think this sounds really good as a school and its everyehere around staunton. It’s the best description. General Thomas J Stonewall Only right. Remove one great, replace Jackson HS w another. none Staunton High School 24401 24401 24401 Bill Rachel Mary Christ Christian Church 24401 Lynne Cimino Staunton High School Francis Collins High School Tired Citizen Staunton High School Staunton Sell Outs Celebrated Staunton native and Lee alumnis lauded for his Gnome research. You are only changing the name because you are afraid of political image. This is shameful. John Lewis High School Staunton City high school staunton city high Shenandoah Valley Prepatory Academy John Lewis- to restore that building back to it's original name. Shenandoah Valley High - it is generic enough to hopefully not hurt anyone while at least acknowledging what area of the state it is in. It the best choice cause our city Names that can represent the entire community 24401 24401 24401 Pat Steven brayden Claffey Claiborne clark 24401 Lee Clark 22849 Gabrielle Clark T.J. Collins High School His designs helped to build this city and 100 years later his work is still marveled. Not to mention his firm lasted over a hundred years with his sons and grandsons running it. Because I like the sound of it They represent the area Queen City High School Queen City High School Staunton High School Shenandoah Valley High School Staunton High School Queen City High School Shenandoah High School Robert e Lee . Stop changing our history you dumb fucks! Stop changing our history 24482 Veronica Clark Staunton High School 24401 24401 Gerri Dylan Clark Clark Staunton High School Staunton High School 24401 Amanda Clark Valley High School Staunton High School I don't feel it should be given a new name, but rather given back its original name. And also, it's a neutral name... Hopefully by doing so, it will cause fewer disagreements/less resentment from those who wish to see it remain R.E. Lee. I see no reason for prolonging this issue/disagreement by trying to decide on another person to name it after. Staunton High School...it just seems the "fairest" choice for both sides of the debate. Frances Collins HighSchool ROBERT E LEE The first was the original name Shouldn't be changed none All other City schools in the area go by the locality name might as well do same for Staunton since people are overly sensitive and we can't keep the one it has had for decades. You do realize you can't erase history, right? 22980 Heather Clark 24401 Anne Clarke Statler High School 24401 Mark Clarke Statler High School 24401 Jerry Clarke 24401 Shawn Clatterbaugh 24401 Samantha Clatterbaugh 24401 Kyle Clayville 24401 Andrew Clem 24401 Catharine Clem 24441 Shannon Clem 24401 Dottie Clem Staunton High School Staunton High School Francis Collins High School N/A Who doesn’t love our Statler Brothers? Honored native Representatives of Staunton. Best name from limited selection offered. Staunton High School Because changing the name was the most ignorant idea that the school board could’ve possibly voted to pass. It’s wasting resources and cash flow that could be spent actually providing education for students. And myself and 75% of the biting citizens will remember this when elections for school board officials come around. Cause y’all stupid for changing it. nobody cares It sounds like a good name instead of the other. It's the historic name of the school, something everyone can agree on. Staunton High School Queen City HS draws on Staunton's past as the Queen City and is more interesting than Staunton HS. It also gives more character to the school. I suggest not naming the school for an individual at this time due to the contentious times the community has just been through. Thanks for you
5269	dbpedia	3	70	https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/community-solar-pilot-program/	en	Community Solar Pilot Program	https://www.psc.state.md…avicon-32x32.png	https://www.psc.state.md…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://www.maryland.gov/branding/translate_button.png", "https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/wp-content/themes/psc/images/dot.gif", "https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/wp-content/themes/psc/images/mdpsc-portal.png", "https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/wp-content/themes/psc/images/email-updates.jpg", "https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/wp-content/themes/psc/images/watch-psc-proceedings.jpg", "https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/wp-content/themes/psc/images/current-outage-information.jpg", "https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/wp-content/themes/psc/images/shop-for-electricity-gas-shadow.png", "https://doit.maryland.gov/PublishingImages/phone.png", "https://doit.maryland.gov/PublishingImages/text.png", "https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/wp-content/themes/psc/images/facebook.png", "https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/wp-content/themes/psc/images/twitter.png", "https://www.maryland.gov/branding/close-icon.png", "https://www.maryland.gov/branding/close-icon.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2017-04-11T19:00:27+00:00	The Maryland Public Service Commission has adopted regulations for a community solar pilot program in Maryland, with an emphasis on providing renewable energy benefits for low and moderate income customers. Community solar customers are expected to see some savings on their electric bills and all Marylanders will benefit from more clean energy options. How community solar...	en	https://www.psc.state.md…e-touch-icon.png	Electricity	https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/community-solar-pilot-program/	The Maryland Public Service Commission has adopted regulations for a community solar pilot program in Maryland, with an emphasis on providing renewable energy benefits for low and moderate income customers. Community solar customers are expected to see some savings on their electric bills and all Marylanders will benefit from more clean energy options. How community solar works. In addition, the program will encourage private investment in Maryland’s solar industry and diversify the state’s energy resource mix to meet Renewable Portfolio Standard and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Act goals. Links to utility community solar programs and interconnection applications: BGE Community Solar Pilot Program Delmarva Power & Light Green Power Connection Potomac Edison Company (MD) Community Solar Potomac Electric Power Company (Pepco) Green Power Connection The seven-year community solar pilot program will: Provide access to solar-generated electricity – in a manner similar to rooftop solar and net metering – for all Maryland customers without requiring property ownership; Incentivize solar companies to provide service to low- and moderate-income customers; Set aside program capacity for each area of the state with a statewide cap at about 418 MW. About 125 MW is set aside for projects focused on low and moderate income customers; Attract new investment in Maryland’s renewable infrastructure and green economy; Allow renters to contract for solar energy with the same benefits as rooftop owners; Create separate program capacity for small systems and systems built on brownfields, parking lots, or industrial areas; Allow smaller and rural service territories to make use of existing solar facilities while encouraging construction of new systems in the urban and suburban areas of Maryland; Include significant consumer protections, including prohibition against unreasonable fees and clear contract disclosure requirements; and Allow the Commission Staff to collect necessary data to study the impact on Maryland’s electricity grid over the seven-year pilot program. Individual community solar projects will be operated by subscriber organizations (which can include utilities, retail electricity suppliers, solar developers, etc.) that are approved by the Public Service Commission (application form here) and the electric company serving the location of each project. Please note: in order to e-file the subscriber organization application, it must be converted to a PDF. The template for the community solar contract disclosure form (along with instructions), can be found here. The Maryland Energy Administration offers grants for residential and commercial community solar subscriptions. More information can be found on MEA’s web site. For more information, please see Frequently Asked Questions. Google Translate Disclaimer The Maryland Department of Information Technology (“DoIT”) offers translations of the content through Google Translate. 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5269	dbpedia	1	69	https://archive.org/stream/westvirginiawesl19671968west/westvirginiawesl19671968west_djvu.txt	en	Full text of "West Virginia Wesleyan College Catalog: 1967			[ "https://archive.org/services/img/etree", "https://archive.org/services/img/librivoxaudio", "https://archive.org/services/img/metropolitanmuseumofart-gallery", "https://archive.org/services/img/clevelandart", "https://archive.org/services/img/internetarcade", "https://archive.org/services/img/consolelivingroom", "https://archive.org/images/book-lend.png", "https://archive.org/images/widgetOL.png", "https://archive.org/services/img/tv", "https://archive.org/services/img/911", "https://athena.archive.org/0.gif?kind=track_js&track_js_case=control&cache_bust=1604048056", "https://athena.archive.org/0.gif?kind=track_js&track_js_case=disabled&cache_bust=1809666795" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://archive.org/images/glogo.jpg		https://archive.org/details/westvirginiawesl19671968west	Full text of "West Virginia Wesleyan College Catalog: 1967-1968" See other formats WEST VIRGINIA WESLEY AN COLLEGE BULLETIN 1 9 6 7 1 9 6 8 A CHRISTIAN COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES BUCKHANNON, WEST VIRGINIA Objectives of the College It is the purpose of West Virginia Wesleyan College to be a Christian college of liberal arts in the sense that its total program is motivated by Christian ideals and principles, and is directed toward the development of competent, cultured, Christian persons. The College seeks to help each student, in the light of his individual abilities, interests, and needs, to become such a person by attaining the following specific objectives: 1. Ability and disposition to read the English language with understanding, and to speak and write it correctly and effectively. (Stressed in total program, and particulary in composition and speech.) 2. Ability and disposition to think clearly, objectively, independently, and con- structively. (Stressed in total program, and particularly in mathematics, natural and social sciences, and philosophy.) 3. Ability and disposition to order one's own life in such fashion as to realize the highest possible degree of health and efficiency of both body and mind. (Stressed in total program, and particularly in physical education and psychology.) 4. A broad orientation in the liberal arts — some understanding and appreciation of the content and value of the main fields of learning and of the major problems of human life. (Stressed particularly, but not exclusively, in required courses in general education. See General Education.) 5. Sufficient concentration in some fields, or fields, to constitute adequate preparation for graduate study or immediate entrance into some well considered vocation. Through its program of testing and guidance the College undertakes to help the student to choose wisely his vocation or profession. Through its instructional program it undertakes to help him acquire the knowledge and develop the skills essential to success in his chosen field. (Stressed particularly in courses constituting the student's major and minor, and in the guidance program.) 6. Understanding, appreciation, and experience of the Christian religion — de- velopment and practice of a Christian philosophy of life. (Stressed in total program, and particularly in courses in Bible, philosophy, and religion, in college chapel, in student organizations of a religious character, and in participation in life of local churches.) 7. Ability and disposition to be a good citizen — to participate in, and assume leadership in, socially constructive organizations and activities; and to foster exten- sion of democracy and development of a worthy cosmopolitanism. (Stressed in total program, and particularly in student participation in government, student organiza- tions, and extracurricular activities.) The West Virginia Wesleyan College Bulletin, published monthly during the college year, except December, by West Virginia Wesleyan College, Buckhannon, \Vest Virginia. Entered as second-class matter at Buckhannon. ^\'est Virginia. West Virginia Weshyan College Bulletin Digitized by the Internet Archive W 7T^ 0^^° with^unQHi\|g^m^^ j^ ^j a \\/ ^5HM\|mbers an\^l(irl1fcLt^ l/\ http://www.archive.org/details/westvirginiawesl19671968west ^sss FEBRUARY, 1967 VOL 60, NO. 2 SERIAL NO. 390 WESLEYAN ! S I College ^^ Bulletin CATALOGUE NUMBER 1967-68 BUCKHANNON, WEST VIRGINIA ] People often ask, "What's in a name?" and in the same manner we might well ask, "What's in a college?" The content of a name depends on how much one gives to life. Similarly, the value of college is measured by the degree to which one gives himself to the total educational experi- ence. When college is approached seriously and with full commitment only good results and the stature of the individual is enhanced. A sense of clear purpose is then essential to a profitable college experience. As the individual must have a clear purpose to achieve success in life, so also an institution such as a college must have a purpose if it is to achieve its largest dimensions. The purposes and objectives of West Virginia Wesleyan College reflect the institution's desire to help the in- dividual achieve maturity. College, then, is a joint experience in which both the individual and institution join hands in the all important search for meaning. As one applies himself in a conscientious search for information and follows the inspiration and direction of dedicated teachers he \\-ill be- come increasingly aware of the possibilities of chosen fields, and will develop a competence and maturity that always characterize the good student. As one participates in the total cultural life of the institution, horizons are broadened and the richness of our civilization and culture becomes apparent. As one performs the role of a good citizen in the campus community, shares in the ser\ices of worship, studies the religious heritage of our people, and explores religious values, the Christian life becomes commanding and its radiance is reflected in all that one does. "What's in a college," then, depends in large measure on how faith- fully each student takes advantage of his college opportunities and how faithfully he strives to reflect the highest ideals and objectives of the in- stitution. West Virginia Wesleyan College is dedicated to the best in life and it invites you to find the best, to master it and to live it. mz '^:^^^^Wi^sMS ■- - f. TABLE OF CONTENTS OBJECTIVES OF THE COLLEGE Inside Front Cover IS THE CHRISTIAN COLLEGE FOR YOU? 7 CAMPUS LIFE AND ACTIVITY 15 ADMISSION AND EXPENSES 25 SCHOLARSHIPS AND STUDENT AID 37 RULES AND REGULATIONS 53 CURRICULA AND DEGREES 63 DIVISION OFFERINGS 95 APPENDIX 157 DEGREES CONFERRED IN 1965 177 INDEX 189 ;^ / nv^ Vv'* > '-1 <(^ rry-y- Is the Christian College for You? The Christian college is a community of teachers and students seeking to know the nature of the universe created by God and the kind of society in which man can live according to God's will. If this definition appeals to you, you will find West Virginia Wesleyan to your liking — for it seeks to be a Christian College of Liberal Arts and Sciences in the sense that its total program is motivated by Christian ideals and principles, and is directed toward the development of competent, cul- tured, Christian persons. The College seeks to help you to become a competent, cultured, Chris- tian person by providing you with a faculty of capable teachers of sub- stantial Christian influence; by furnishing you with a program of indivi- dual guidance designed to help you make the best possible use of your talents, time, opportunities; and by constantly restudying the College's objectives and procedures in order to improve them. An integral part of this general Christian emphasis is the College's high academic standards. West Virginia Wesleyan College is a member of the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools; is accredited by the University Senate of The Methodist Church, and by the University of the State of New York. The College holds membership in the National Association of Schools of Music, and is approved by the West Virginia Department of Education. Wesleyan is also a member of the National Commission on Accredit- ing, the American Council on Education, the Association of American 8 West Virginia Wesleyan College Colleges, and the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Educa- tion; is approved for membership purposes by the American Association of University Women, is a member of the Regional Council for Inter- national Education, and is an Educational Associate of the Institute of International Education. Because the Christian college is seeking to understand all of God's world, it is naturally interested in bringing to the campus the finest in lectures and cultural events. For example, the 1966-67 Concert Series included performances by The First Chamber Dance Quartet, Edith Peinemann, Violinist; and Revel- ers Male Quartet. Last year Wesleyan participated in the Regional Council for Inter- national Education's Scholar in Residence Program and played host to Dr. Tetsuro Sasaki, eminent Japanese scholar. Each year special prominent guest lecturers are secured for the Divisional Lectures Series, the Schoolcraft Lecture, and many other special lectureships and seminars. The cultural enrichment program is further implemented by the students of Wesleyan as they plan, direct, and produce other cultural pro- grams. A weekly assembly, held on Thursdays at 11:00 a.m., presents a variety of programs which include lectures, concerts by individuals and groups, college organizations, and Community Council activities. Integrating these many cultural activities is an extensive religious program, including a campus-wide chapel service conducted every Tues- day morning at 10:00 and 11:00 o'clock. The religious life program of the campus is coordinated by a Re- ligious Life Council composed of faculty and students who represent the religious interests of the College community and the major denomina- tions represented in the student body. The work of the Council is carried on by committees which present religious programs on Sunday mornings, Sunday evenings, Thursday evenings, and the annual Christian Emphasis Week, as well as other special occasions. The central religious concern of the campus is further illustrated by the presence of a large number of preministerial students serving approxi- mately one hundred rural churches in the vicinity of the College. Of the 1,598 full-time students, enrolled during the first semester of 1966-67, ninety-seven were preparing for the work of the Christian ministry, and sixty-five others were preparing for careers in Christian Education and related vocations. Implicit in the mature religious outlook is always the concern for the whole person. It is in view of this outlook that West Virginia Wesleyan College provides you with a wide range of co-curricular activities. You will find quality programs in athletic and intermural sports, indicating the College's serious concern for your physical well-being. An unusually fine choir, band, and other musical organizations permit you to express your musical talents in creative ways. Social fraternities and sororities, considered an integral part of the College community, allow you to participate in a specialized fellowship, if you so desire. If you have inclinations toward acting or speaking, you will find drama, speech, and debate groups looking for your enthusiasm. Individual sports such as hiking, spelunking, and skiing give ample opportunity for leisure time activities. These many co-curricular programs are maintained in the belief that the Christian college of liberal arts should provide for self-realization in all realms, spiritual, intellectual, and physical. 10 West Virginia Wesleyan College WHERE AND WHAT IS WESLEYAN? Over seventy-five years ago a small group of dedicated West Virginia Methodists, bold enough to "see visions and dream dreams" of a great college at the foothills of the Allegheny Mountains, founded what was then known as the West Virginia Conference Seminary. From the very beginning the salient task of the College's administrators, faculty members, students, and friends has been to turn this pioneer vision into reality. Now WVWC stands erect in the world of higher education and in- vites you, the incoming student, to join this growing Wesleyan tradition. Though the general aims and commitments of the present College are essentially the same as they were at its founding in 1890, the campus has been greatly extended and the physical facilities have multiplied at an almost phenomenal rate. Located in Buckhannon, a city of more than 8,000 inhabitants near the geographical center of West Virginia, the 75-acre campus of native oaks and other beautiful trees and shrubs con- tains over a dozen buildings of modified Georgian design. The Lynch-Raine Administration Building houses the administra- tive offices, certain academic departments, and Atkinson Chapel. The Raymond Science Hall contains the Departments of Biology; Chemistry; Astronomy, Geography, and Geolog)'; Mathematics; Physics, and houses also the Museum of Natural Science. The L. L. Loar and Family Memorial Building provides studios, classrooms, and practice rooms for the Departments of Music and Fine and Applied Arts. The Annie Merner Pfeiffer Library houses a collection of more than 70,000 volumes. The Administration Annex contains faculty offices, the Center for the Study of Latin America, and other facilities. The Gymnasium houses the De- partment of Physical Education, and Ross Field, adjacent to it, provides football and track facilities. The Benedum Campus Community Center has new facilities for swimming, bowling and other activities, as well as a coffee shop, post office and bookstore. The chapel and religious center contains a sanctuary which can seat the entire college community, provides offices and classrooms for the De- partment of Bible and Religion and the Department of Philosophy, and contains various physical facilities for appropriate activities. Fleming Hall provides room for 150 men, McCuskey Hall houses 160 men and Doney Hall provides room for 150 men. Agnes Howard Hall provides room for 130 women, its basement area serving as the Student Personnel Center. Jenkins Hall provides room for 150 women, and Holloway Hall houses 200 women. Besides these on-campus facilities, WVWC provides three large houses for women students, a laboratory kindergarten, a computing center, the Edna Jenkins Home Economics Cottage, the Alumni House, and the Appalachian Art Center. These physical facilities, homogenized with the friendly spirit of Wes- leyan and a wide curriculum of offerings in the liberal arts and sciences, make the College an ideal place for study and for living the life good to live. Campus a Q L i. e G e. A V e. M <-* €. LEGEND 1. McCuskey Hall (Men's Residence 2. Dcney Hall (Men's Residence 3. Fleming Hall (Men's Residence 4. Raymond Science Hall 5. Annie Merner Pfeiffer Library 6. Administration Annex 7. Lynch-Raine Administration Building 8. Agnes Howard Hall (Women's Residen( 9. Jenkins Hall (Women's Residence) 10. L. L. Loar and Family Memorial Bull 11. Holloway Hall (Women's Residence) 12. Benedum Campus Community Center J w est Virginia Wesleyan College Jkhannon, West Virginia 2 15. :i 19 23. 1 Wesley Chapel — Religious Center Faculty-Staff Parking Area Gymnasium Ross Field Tennis Courts .New Residence Hall for Women WVWC Kindergarten Benson Hall .Mumni House .\ppalachian Art Center Language House ] ^Ai-TA I 1/ ^. • \ % Campus Life and Activity STUDENT WELFARE PERSONNEL SERVICES The Student Personnel Center is dedicated to serving all students of West Virginia Wesleyan College. The center co-ordinates and is concerned with various services, primarily related to the students and their activity out- side the classroom. The services included are: the cultural and religious development of students; housing of students; counseling and testing; the health, physical fitness, and medical program; campus government; campus organizations, their program and activities; student aid and placement. The personnel staff recommends that all students become familiar with The Orange N' Black Student Handbook, the guide to campus life, and the College Bulletin which is the student's official source of information about West Virginia Wesleyan College. ORIENTATION An orientation course designed to supplement the Orientation Program in helping freshmen to make successful adjustments to college life is re- quired of all students. Topics considered include the objectives of college, the purpose of a liberal arts education, use of library, healthful living, cam- pus activities, social usage, effective study techniques, and educational and vocational planning. 16 West Virginia Wesleyan College HEALTH SERVICE The College maintains a health ser\'ice for its students, as outlined be- low. ( 1 ) As one of the requirements for admission to the College each ap- plicant must present, prior to registration, a health certificate executed by a practicing physician. Forms provided by the College must be used for this purpose. (2) An annual physical examination, performed by a practicing physician and reported on the official college health form pro\'ided with the regular fall registration materials, must be in the Health Center Office prior to fall registration. A student will not be permitted to complete registration if this requirement is omitted. (3) The College Health Center, located at 68 College Avenue, is staffed 24 hours daily with a Head Nurse on duty 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m., a part-time nurse on duty afternoons and early evenings, and a resident night nurse. Two local physicians have daily office hours at the Health Center and are available as needed. The College provides the doctors' services for minor and occasional illnesses and emergencies. The Health Center has limited infirmar)- facilities for students needing isolation but not hospital- ization. Hospitalization is available at the Leonard Memorial and St. Joseph's Hospitals located in Buckhannon, which afford good facilities and services. (4) Chest x-rays are provided annually for all students, all staff mem- bers, and all employees, through the cooperation of the West Virginia De- partment of Health, and are required of all pei-sons listed. (5) All students receiving medical care must assume the responsibility of rrieeting the financial pa\Tnent directly to the physician or hospital from personal funds or through their hospitalization program. The College does not assume responsibility for prolonged or specialized medical care or for hospitalization. (See Medical Reimbursement Insurance.) MEDICAL REIMBURSEMENT INSURANCE SERVICE Medical Reimbursement Insurance, covering accidents and illness, is available as provided by Continental Casuality. The insurance covers medi- cal expenses to $1,000.00 for each accident or $1,000.00 for each illness, plus a death benefit of $1,000.00. Insurance is available for either nine months or twelve months. The cost of the insurance is appro.ximately $16.00 for nine months and $25.00 for twelve months. Participation in the insur- ance program is optional. Campus Life and Activity 17 HOUSING AND FOOD SERVICE All college men and women not living at home are required to live in college operated residence halls. All housing accommodations must be cleared through the Student Personnel Center. In order to obtain a room reservation it is necessary for a student in residence, a former student approved for readmission, and all new students admitted to Wesleyan to file an application for housing and pay the required deposit. Applications are available by writing to the Student Personnel Center. All students living in College residence halls are required to make a security deposit of $50.00 for a semester or $25.00 for a summer term. This deposit will be held as a security deposit until the temiination of residence, when it \vill be refunded upon request before June 1 of each year, less deductions for any damages, beyond normal wear, incurred against College property. This deposit may serve as the required deposit for renewal of room reservations from year to year, but cannot be credited toward room or board charges. A charge will be made to cover any damage done to College property beyond the wear incident to normal and proper use. Security Deposit Refund — see Expenses. Rooms in residence halls are furnished except for linens, blankets, rugs, curtains, and study lamps. Contracts with room assignments will be mailed to all applicants who pay the security deposit. All housing contracts are binding for the aca- demic year issued. Under very extraordinary circumstances, the Housing Committee may authorize an exception to this rule. All changes in residence must be reported to and approved by the Housing Committee through the Dean of Students Office. Rooms and apartments are available in approved homes off campus for married students. Approved listing of such facilities are available in the Student Personnel Center. Coeducational dining is provided in McCuskey Hall and Jenkins Hall. All students residing in College residence halls must board on campus and will be assigned to an appropriate dining room. Boarding on campus is optional to those few students approved for off-campus housing. Room and Board charges — see Expense. 18 West Virginia Wesleyan College To insure the best welfare and cooperation of all members of the College community, students are requested to know and are responsible for abiding by the general policies and regulations governing residence halls, fraternity and other off-campus houses for students. COUNSELING SERVICE West Virginia Wesleyan College attempts to provide students counsel- ing services commensurate with their needs — whether educational, voca- tional, social, moral or religious. All members of the faculty assist with guidance services, under the leadership and direction of a Counseling Committee, constituted of persons with extensive backgrounds of, preparation for, and experience in, counseling. Faculty advisors and professional counselors seek to understand the individual student — and to help him to understand himself — with respect to academic aptitudes, educational achievement, personal and social adjust- ment, vocational aptitudes and interests, and moral and religious standards and concern. Such information is then utilized by counselors in advising the student, in assisting him with his various problems, and in helping him to grow toward well integrated adulthood — characterized by competent self-direc- tion, constant self-discipline, and complete self-dedication to some worthy enterprise, some noble cause, some high ideal. When specialized professional services — sometimes unobtainable at the college — become necessary for an individual student, the counseling staff will make an appropriate recommendation to the parent or guardian. The student's family must assume complete responsibility for securing the needed professional treatment. Normally, such referrals are conducted through the family physician. TESTING SERVICE The College maintains a well-planned testing program in order to provide counselors, instructors, and the student with reliable information about his individual ability, aptitudes, achievement, progress, vocational interests and significant personality traits. Entering freshmen and transfer students are required to take the American College Test (ACT) and the Opinion, Attitude and Interest Campus Life and Activity 19 SuA-ey (OAIS) . The College expects all new students to submit scores from the ACT and OAIS prior to registration for classes. The College provides to seniors approaching graduation the Graduate Record Examination (ORE), consisting of (a) The Area Tests, designed to assess the broad outcomes of education in the liberal arts, (b) Advanced Tests taken by each student in his major field only. The Aptitude Test, which measures verbal and quantitative abilities may also be taken if the student desires. The Graduate Record Examination is required of appli- cants for admission to a large number of graduate schools and is used to evaluate both the student and the college. Near the end of the senior year each student must, as a requirement for graduation, pass a comprehensive examination and submit GRE Area and Advanced Test scores to the College. National Teacher Examination (NTE) scores must be submitted by senior students in the teacher educa- tion program. This testing program supplements the tests given by instructors in specific courses. It also provides factual data which the College uses for continuous evaluation and improvement of its curriculum. West Virginia Wesleyan College is an approved testing center for the administration of the Amtrican College Test (ACT) , Graduate Record Examinations (GRE), National Teacher Examinations (NTE), Miller Analogies Test, Law School Admission Test, Admission Test for Graduate Study in Business, General Education Development (GED) Test. The Director of Evaluation Services should be contacted for information about these tests. PL. \ CEMENT SERVICE The College Placement Service is maintained to provide seniors and graduates with vocational information and emplo)Tnent opportunities. Dur- ing the year conferences with representatives from business, industry, and education are arranged for seniors who are registered with the Placement Service. CAMPUS ORGANIZATIONS THE COMMUNITY COUNCIL Campus organizations and their activities are coordinated by the Com- munity Council of West Virginia Wesleyan College. The structure and functions of the Community Council are set forth in its constitution. 20 West Virginia Wesleyan College men's house board; interfraternity council; panhellenig coun- cil; women's house council: associated women students; and cam- pus center program board. ROSTER OF ORGANIZATIONS Among the organizations which contribute to the Hfe of the college communityj the following are representative : departmental: Kappa Pi (Art) ; Beta Beta Beta (Biology) ; Benzene Ring (Chemistry)'; Alpha Psi Omega (Dramatic Arts); Future Teachers of America (Education) ; S.N.E.A. (Education) ; Betty Lamp Club (Home Economics) ; Music Educators National Conference; Pi Epsilon Theta (Philosophy) ; Delta Psi Kappa and Women's Athletic Association (Physi- cal Education) ; Psychology Club; Sociology Club; Debate (Speech) ; Col- legiate Council for United Nations; Blackstone Law Club. honorary: Haught Literary Society (Senior Women) scholastic and activities; Omicron Delta Kappa scholastic and activities; Psi Chi (Psychol- ogy Honorary) . journalistic: The Murmurmontis (College yearbook) and The Wes- leyan Pharos (campus newspaper) . musical: American Guild of Organists; A Cappella Choir; Hyma Glee Club; Orchestra; Women's Glee Club; Men's Glee Club. religious: Religious Life Council; Canterbury Club (Episcopalian students) ; Kappa Phi Club (Methodist Women) ; Methodist Student Move- ment; Newman Club (Catholic students) ; Sigma Theta Epsilon Club (Methodist Men). social: Fraternities: Chi Phi; Kappa Alpha; Phi Sigma Epsilon; Theta Chi; Theta Xi. Sororities: Alpha Delta Pi; Alpha Gamma Delta; Alpha Xi Delta; Zeta Tau Alpha. (For further information regarding organizations, see The West Virginia Wesleyan Orange N' Black Student Handbook.) STUDY ABROAD The College encourages students to seek educational experiences in foreign universities through its relationship with two agencies furnishing such opportunities: The Institute of European Studies and the Regional Coun- cil for International Education. The first of these agencies offers opportu- 'Members are student affiliates of the American Chemical Society. Campus Life and Activity 21 nities for study in the following colleges and universities: University of Vienna; Uni\ersity of Paris; and the Uni\ersity of Freiburg. The second at the University of Basel, Switzerland. Wesleyan also makes available to its students a summer of study at the University of the .Americas in Mexico City. Students interested in these various programs should request the brochure, International Studies at Wesleyan. PUBLICATIONS The College publishes Wesleyan Studies in Religion, an annual scholar- ly journal written by faculty members and guest contributors; The Sundial, the official alumni magazine; and The Laurel Review, an annual literary magazine which publishes stories, articles, and poetry \\ritten by Wesleyan students and other authors from across the nation. ATHLETICS Athletics, both intercollegiate and intramural, constitute a part of the total educational program at West Virginia Wesleyan College — providing healthful exercise and recreation, and developing knowledge, interests, and skills that may have lasting value. As a part of the educational program, athletics at West Virginia Wes- leyan College, both intercollegiate and intramural, are controlled and su- per\ised by the President and the faculty, and are operated in the interest of the students who participate. As a member of the North Central Association of Colleges and Second- ar\- Schools. West Virginia Wesleyan College observes the 1952 Revised Athletic Policy of the Commission on Colleges and Universities. (Copies available upon request.) Likewise, as a member of the West Virginia Inter- collegiate Athletic Conference, West Virginia Wesleyan College observes the constitution, by-laws and eligibility rules thereof. In order to be eligible for participation in intercollegiate athletics, students at West Virginia \Ves- leyan College must meet the eligibility requirements of the West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, must not appear on the Warned List, and must not be on probation. (See Warned List, Academic Probation, Disciplinan' Probation.) 22 West Virginia Wesleyan College Within the framework of the policy outlined above, West Virginia Wesleyan College participates in intercollegiate basketball, baseball, foot- ball, golf, tennis, track, cross country, soccer and swimming. A varied intramural program of athletics, sponsored by the Community Council, and organized and supervised by the members of the faculty of the Department of Physical Education, is available to all students who will participate. (See Community Council.) esv f w t^ tt Admission and Expenses ADMISSION AND CREDITS ADMISSION BY HIGH SCHOOL TRANSCRIPT Applications for admission to West Virginia Wesleyan College should be accompanied by scores from the American College Test (ACT). Scores from the College Entrance Examination Board Scholastic Aptitude Test may be submitted for admission consideration. New students who do not take the ACT prior to registration at Wesleyan will be required to do so during Orientation Week. It must be stressed that either the ACT or CEEB may be submitted with an application to Wesleyan. We require scores from the ACT, so it is to the student's advantage to submit ACT scores as soon as possible. 1. A satisfactory application for admission on form furnished by the College. 2. A satisfactory transcript of high school record showing courses pur- sued, grades earned, credits amounting to at least 16 units (earned in grades 9 to 12), and a clear statement of applicant's standing in his graduating class (e.g., Third, in order of highest to lowest, in a graduating class of 141). 3. A satisfactory health history and health certificate, on forms fur- nished by the College. 4. Two satisfactory personal recommendations, on forms furnished by the College, preferably by applicant's pastor and his principal or one of his teachers. Recommendations by other responsible persons may be accepted. 5. A non-refundable application fee of $15, to be accompanied with the completed application form. 26 IVest Virginia Wesleyan College Graduates of accredited high schools who do not stand in the upper half of their graduating classes, and graduates of non-accredited high schools, may apply for admission, as above, and may be admitted if they demonstrate on such tests as the College may prescribe satisfactory ability and achievement. In such cases, the applicant, if approved, is admitted ten- tatively. If he maintains a satisfactory record for the period for which he is tentatively admitted, he is then granted regular standing; otherwise, his enrollment is terminated. The College, open without discrimination to all qualified students, reserves the right to refuse to admit any applicant, who because of low scholarship, or for any other reason, is in the judgment of the Committee on Admission deemed unlikely to conform to the standards and ideals the College seeks to maintain. Applicants for admission to West Virginia Wesleyan College are re- quired to take either the College Entrance Examination Board Scholastic Aptitude Test (CEEB) or the American College Test (ACT). Freshmen who do not take the ACT prior to entrance will be required to do so during Orientation Week at a cost of $5. Students who have taken the OAIS test prior to registration may submit this test score report, thus eliminating the necessity for taking this particular test during Orientation Week. If the OAIS is taken during Orientation Week the student will be charged $2. Forms for use by applicants for admission may be obtained by addressing the Director of Admissions. ADMISSION TO ADVANCED STANDING BY TRANSFER Persons transferring from other accredited institutions of collegiate rank may be admitted to advanced standing in West Virginia Wesleyan College upon presentation of the following items to the Committee on Admission : 1. A satisfactory application for admission, on form furnished by the College. 2. A certificate of good standing in, and honorable dismissal from, the institution (s) previously attended. 3. An official transcript of credits earned at the institution previously attended, showing entrance credits accepted and results of standard tests administered. 4. A satisfactory health history and health certificate, on forms fur- nished by the College. 5. Two satisfactory personal recommendations, on forms furnished Admission and Expenses 27 by the College, preferably by applicant's pastor and his dean or one of his teachers. Recommendations by other responsible persons may be accepted. 6. A non-refundable application fee of $15.00. Credit for courses taken in non-accredited institutions will be deter- mined by the Committee on Admission and Academic Standing. This Committee may require the person desiring credit for such courses to take a series of examinations to demonstrate satisfactory mastery of courses for which credit is sought. West Virginia Wesleyan College will not accept more than sixty-four semester hours of credit from a junior college. West Virginia Wesleyan College will not accept by transfer credits earned per semester in excess of the number of credits students in residence are permitted to earn. (See Student Load.) ADVANCED PLACEMENT BY TESTING .A.11 transfer students are required to submit scores on the ACT and OAIS. If these scores are not submitted with the application for admission, the student is required to take the tests during the September Orientation Week wth the new freshmen and pay the usual fees himself. The College participates in the Advanced Placement Program of the College Entrance Examination Board. Students who have taken and satis- factorily passed college level courses in high school and who have passed the Advanced Placement Examination of the Educational Testing Service at the level of "3" may apply to the College for credit or advanced place- ment in these subjects. These examinations are administered in the Spring. Applicants will need to have results sent to the Dean of the College before the Fall semester. PROVISIONAL ADMISSION Applicants for admission who for sufficient reason cannot submit prior to date of registration one or more of the required documents may be ac- corded the courtesy of provisional admission — provided, that each stu- dent accorded this courtesy shall submit in satisfactory form all documents required, as above, within the first three weeks follo%ving said date of regis- tration, or be suspended, except when an extension of time is granted by the Committee on Admission. ADMISSION ON ACADEMIC PROBATION At the discretion of the Committee on Admission, students may be admitted on academic probation for two semesters. Those who main- 28 West Virginia Wesleyan College tain a satisfacton' record — a C-average or better, and good conduct — will be accorded good standing; and those who fail to maintain a satisfac- tor)' record \\ill be discontinued. This Committee, at its discretion, may require a student to maintain for each semester a grade average of C, or better, in order to be eligible to enroll for the next semester. R E .\ D M I S S I O N West Virginia Wesleyan College will readmit former students who were in good standing at the time of withdrawal; who submit applications for readmission on form furnished by the Admissions Office; and who file complete official transcripts of records established at other institutions of higher learning, if any were attended, showing that they were in good standing at, and entitled to honorable dismissal from, said institutions. CREDIT FOR EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN ARMED SERVICES West \'irginia \Vesleyan College may ?rant appropriate credit, as rec- ommended in A Guide to the Evaluation of Educational Experiences in the Armed Scriiccs, 1954, and as modified or superseded by later recommenda- tions of the Commission on Accreditation of Ser\ice Experiences of the American Council on Education, to students who either submit satisfactory documentary e\idence, or demonstrate on such tests as the College may prescribe, that they have achieved, through educational experience in the amied services, a satisfacton,- degree of mastery of any subject for which the College regularly gives credit. In granting credit under these regulations, no duplication of credit will be allowed, and no fractional credits will be allowed. Credit in physical education may be allowed for educational experience in the armed services only when the applicant has completed more than one year of active military service. Credit for educational experience gained in the armed services will be recorded by West Virginia Wesleyan College only for persons who have been, or are, regularly enrolled as students in the College. Interested persons should consult the Registrar. CREDIT BY EXAMINATION West Virginia Wesleyan College will grant appropriate credit to per- sons who are, or have been, regularly enrolled students, and who demon- strate by their performance on such tests as the College may prescribe that Admission and Expenses 29 they have acquired a satisfactory degree of mastery of any subject for which the College regularly grants credit, subject to the following regulations: Only students who have been in residence for at least one semester may apply for an examination to establish credit. Only examinees who merit a grade of "C," or above, by their per- formance on such tests as the College may prescribe, may establish credit by examination. The faculty of the department concerned will determine the grade merited. No more than nine semester hours of credit may be established by ex- amination. No credit may be established by examination in upper level (300 and 400 series) courses. No credit established by examination may apply toward the last thirty- two semester hours of degree requirements. No credit may be established by examination in any course audited by the examinee. No credit may be established by examination in any course in which the examinee has previously earned an unsatisfactory grade ("D," or be- low). No credit may be established by examination which duplicates credit already earned by the e.xaminee. No credit earned by examination in another institution of higher learn- ing after the student concerned has enrolled in West Virginia Wesleyan College will be accepted by transfer. A charge of $15.00 per semester hour is made for testing in each course in which an examinee undertakes to establish credit. Examinations to establish credit are conducted on the first Saturday in April, July, and December. Interested persons should consult the Dean of the College. CREDIT FOR PROFESSION. \L EDUCATION A student who has completed at West Virginia Wesleyan College three years of a "three-two" curriculum in engineering or forestry, as outlined in this bulletin, may substitute successful completion of the fourth year of such a program for the additional number of credits required for a degree. A student who has completed a minimum of 96 semester hours may, with the prior permission of the Committee on Academic Standing, enter an accredited professional school, and transfer back to West Virginia Wes- leyan College enough credits in subjects approved by the Committee to 30 West Virginia Wesleyan College complete the total number of credits required for a degree — provided he has met fully all other degree requirements. A student who has completed a minimum of 96 semester hours may, with the prior permission of the Committee on Academic Standing, sub- stitute successful completion of two and one-half years of training in an approved school of nursing for the additional number of credits required for a degree — provided, she has met fully all other degree requirements. A student who has completed a minimum of 96 semester hours may, with the prior permission of the Committee on Academic Standing, sub- stitute successful completion of not less than one year of training in an ap- proved school for medical technologists for the additional number of credits required for a degree — provided, he has met fully all other degree require- ments. SPECIALIZED EDUCATION In order to provide all students an opportunity to acquire some degree of specialized education, as vocational or preprofessional preparation, West Virginia Wesleyan College requires each candidate for a degree to select at, or before, the beginning of his junior year a (departmental or interdepart- mental) major and a minor. In his major area of specialization the student must earn a minimum of twenty-four semester hours credit and twice as many quality points as semester hours. At least twelve of the semester hours and twice as many quality points as semester hours must be earned in upper level courses. In his minor area of specialization the student must earn a minimum of fifteen semester hours of credit and twice as many quality points as se- mester hours. No more than forty-five semester hours of credit in any one depart- ment may be counted toward the one hundred and twenty-eight hours re- quired for graduation — with the exception that candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Music Education may count toward degree requirements a maximum of sixty-eight semester hours in Music, and candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Arts with a major in Music may count toward degree requirements a maximum of fifty semester hours of Music. Admission and Expenses 31 EXPENSES ESTIMATE OF EXPENSES FOR ONE SEMESTER Instruction $ 550.00 Room 175.00 Board 275.00 General Fee 100.00 Ccntrex 15.00 Total $1,115.00 Sales Ta.\ on Room and Board 13.50 $1,128.50 This estimate does not include books, travel, clothing, medical reim- bursement insurance, amusements, and other personal expenses. For the autumn semester all new students pay an additional charge of $16.00 plus .48 sales tax to cover cost of room and board during Orientation Week. General Fee. There will be a general fee charge of $12.50 per part-time student for each of two regular semesters; and $12.50 per student for each of two summer terms. GENERAL fee. The general fee is $100.00 per semester. This fee covers such services and activities as the following: Library, health, athletics, school publications, Wesleyan Handbook and Directory and activity card, and campus center privileges. The fees charged represent an amount considerably less than the actual annual cost to WVWC of the education of a student, and were it not for the gifts and bequests made to the College and the generous support cur- rently being received from the Church, alumni and other friends, it would be impossible to maintain the present level of charges. INSTRUCTION PER SEMESTER. The instructional charge is $550.00 per semester for all students carrying from ten to sixteen semester hours of work. There are no additional charges for courses in Applied Music. For students carrying less than ten semester hours of work the charge is $30.00 per semester hour. For each semester hour carried in excess of sixteen the charge is $30.00. FOR EVENING COURSES. The instructional charge for evening courses is $30.00 per semester hour. FOR SUMMER COURSES. The instructional charge for courses taken dur- ing the summer session is $30.00 per semester hour. 32 West Virginia Wesleyan College FOR EXTENSION COURSES. The instructional charge for extension courses is $30.00 per semester hour. FOR COURSES NOT SCHEDULED. The instructional charge for any course not regularly scheduled is $50.00 per semester hour. Registration for such a course is permitted only in the most extraordinary cases, and must be ap- proved in advance by both the Dean of the College and the instructor in- volved. HOUSING The charges for rooms in college residence halls are as follows: PER semester: Fleming Hall, $175.00; McCuskey Hall, $175.00; Agnes Howard Hall, $175.00; Jenkins Hall, $175.00; 49 Florida Street, $115.00; Doney Hall, $175.00; Hollovvay Hall, $175.00; New Dormitory for Women, $175.00; College Avenue Residence Halls, $115.00. PER SUMMER TERM OF 5 WEEKS: Fleming Hall, $55.00; Agnes Howard Hall, $55.00; McCuskey Hall, $55.00; Jenkins Hall, $55.00; Doney Hall, $55.00; Holloway Hall, $55.00. The West Virginia Consumers" Sales Tax is collected on charges for housing. The college reserves the right to change the charge for housing if costs of operation require such action. In the autumn semester housing service for freshmen begins on Friday, September 1, 1967, the first day of Orientation Week; and for all others, on Monday, September 4, 1967. A complete housing service schedule is available to all students. In order to obtain a reservation for any semester or summer session it is necessary for a student in residence, or a fonner student approved for .readmission, to file an application for a reservation and make a deposit of $50.00 for a semester, or $25.00 for a summer term. An applicant for ad- mission must submit with his recjuest for a reservation and his deposit a complete application for admission. This deposit will be held as a security deposit until termination of reservation, may be used as required deposit for renewal of reservation from year to year, and will be refunded at termina- tion of residence, upon written request therefor, less deductions for any dam- age done college property. In case of cancellation of a reservation — whether by a student in residence, a former student seeking readmission, or an ap- plicant for admission — the deposit will be refunded only on condition that the student gives Treasurer's Office written notification of surrender of res- ervation by June 1 for the ensuing autumn semester, by December 1 for the ensuing spring semester, or by April 1 for the ensuing summer session. Admission and Expenses 33 BOARD The charge for board in dining rooms is $275.00 per semester, $86.00 per summer term of five weeks, plus West Virginia Consumers' Sales Tax of three per cent. For the autumn semester all new students pay an addi- tional charge of $16.00 plus .48 tax to cover cost of room and board during Orientation Week. The College reserves the right to change at any time the charge for board if costs operation of dining rooms require such action. .\ U D I T O R S Auditors pay $7.80 per hour for any course audited. (See section on Auditors.) MAKE UP EXAMINATION A service charge of $1.00 is made for the privilege of making up any examination missed in any course, except final examination. A service charge of $5.00 is made for the privilege of making up a final examination. (See Attendance Regulations.) A service charge of $10.00 is made for the privilege of making up a comprehensive examination. MEDICAL REIMBURSEMENT INSURANCE SERVICE Medical Reimbursement Insurance, covering accidents and illness, is available as pro\ided by Continental Casuality. The insurance covers medi- cal expenses to $1,000.00 for each accident or $1,000.00 for each illness, plus a death benefit of $1,000.00. Insurance is available for either nine months or twelve months. The cost of the insurance is $18.50 for nine months and $28.50 for twelve months. Participation in the insurance pro- gram is optional. BREAKAGE A charge will be made to cover cost of equipment broken in labora- tories. DAMAGE TO PROPERTY A charge will be made to cover any damage done to College property beyond the wear incident to normal and proper use thereof. LATE APPLICATION FOR DEGREE A charge of $5.00 is made for any application for a degree filed less than twelve months prior to anticipated completion of degree requirements. (See Application for a Degree.) 34 West Virginia Wesleyan College GRADUATION AND DIPLOMA During the semester or summer term in which a student completes re- quirements for a degree he will pay a graduation and diploma charge of $15.00. TRANSCRIPTS One transcript of a student's record is furnished free. A charge of $1.00, payable in advance, is made for each additional transcript. An application for a teacher's certificate completed by the College constitutes a transcript. This charge is doubled for transcripts that must be prepared on short notice thus requiring typing or an unscheduled photostatic operation. TERMS OF PAYMENT As a means of providing education in punctuality and responsibility in business matters, the College prefers to deal directly with students rather than with their parents. All charges are due and payable at registration, and students should come prepared to meet them at that time. Persons who prefer a monthly payment plan will avail themselves of the service afforded by The Tuition Plan, Inc., One Park Avenue, New York, 16, N. Y. or The Insured Tuition Plan, 38 Newbury Street, Boston 16, Massachusetts, or Education Funds, Inc., 10 Dorrance Street, Provi- dence 3, Rhode Island. These organizations, which serve the clientele of many institutions of higher learning, enable the parent, or guardian to fi- nance the amount remaining unpaid at the time of registration, at a 4% service charge. Two, three, and four year contracts, which include the bene- fit of parent life insurance, are also available. Persons interested in this serv- ice should inform the Treasurer of the College prior to the time of registra- tion by making arrangements with one of the financing organizations in order to meet the college expenses at the time of registration. Fuller informa- tion is available from the Treasurer of the College or the Director of Ad- missions or by corresponding with the financing organizations. Students are not eligible to take final examinations, to receive any tran- scripts of credits, or to be graduated until all charges are paid in full. Admission and Expenses 35 REFUNDS In view of the fact that charges paid by students cover much less than the total operating cost of the College, the remainder being derived from endowment, from contributions by churches, and from individual benefac- tions, refunds are subject to the following regulations: 1. A student will receive no refund on account of course changes made after the first five days of a semester, or the first two days of a summer term. 2. A student withdrawing from the College before the middle of a semester, or summer term, because of illness, or for other honorable reasons considered adequate by the College, will receive a refund of one-half the instructional charge for the semester, or summer term. A student withdraw- ing for above reasons after the middle of the semester, or summer term, will receive no refund of instructional charges. 3. A student withdrawing from the College during a semester, or summer term, for any reason other than those stated in 2 above will receive no refund of instructional charges. 4. A student withdrawing from the College during a semester, or summer term, will receive no refund of charges for room. 5. A student withdrawing from the College during a semester, or summer term, for any reason will be refunded a part of his charges for board proportionate to the number of whole weeks of the semester, or sum- mer term, remaining after his withdrawal — provided, he withdraws reg- ularly at the Office of the Dean of the College. 6. A student discontinued for disciplinary reasons will receive no re- fund of any charges, except for board, as provided under 5 above. Scholarships and Student Aid STUDENT AID The Wesleyan philosophy governing the student aid program places great emphasis on scholastic achievement, demonstration of ability, and recog- nition of accomplishment. Need for aid is also of major importance and will be given appropriate consideration. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS All financial aid awarded by West Virginia Wesleyan College will be governed by the following general requirements: All requests for financial aid should be postmarked not later than June 1st of each year. All financial aid will be awarded for a period of one full academic year. To maintain financial aid, student awardees must demonstrate scho- lastic efficiency, personal behavior becoming a Wesleyan student, and in the case of workships perform satisfactorily the assigned duties. Normally, only one form of financial aid will be awarded each appli- cant for an academic year. This does not include loans. Faculty assistant- ships, because of the instructional involvement, need not fall under this regulation. Students receiving tuition waiver resulting from family employment at West Virginia Wesleyan College will be ineligible for any other form of financial aid. 38 West Virginia Wesleyan College An individual voluntarily withdrawing or being removed from an accepted student workship becomes ineligible for any future financial aid. Only limited awards for summer sessions will be considered. Final selection or withdrawal of awards to be the prerogative of the Committee on Student Aid. An attempt to announce all financial aid awards will be made ap- proximately on or before July 1st of each year. Normally, no student is eligible for more than one scholarship, work- ship, merit award or grant in aid, \\ith the exception that a student receiv- ing any of these forms of aid may also apply for a Methodist student loan, National Defense Loan, Hartly-Perine Loan, Benedum Loan, Methodist Loan, or a loan from either the Francis Asbur)- Educational Fund or the Pickett and Hatcher Educational Fund. APPLICATIONS FOR AID Applications for workships, scholarships, merit awards, and loans must be made on forms provided by the College. Only students in residence, former students, and persons submitting applications for admission may file applications for aid. All new students, freshmen and transfer, should address requests for aid to the Director of Admissions. Upperclassmen should address inquiries to the Committee on Student Aid, Student Personnel Center, West Virginia Wesleyan College, Buckhan- non, West Virginia. FRESHMAN HONOR SCHOLARSHIPS West Virginia Wesleyan College awards annually a number of fresh- man honor scholarships, not to exceed twenty, amounting to $4800.00 each. In order to qualify for a Freshman Honor Scholarship, a student must meet the general requirements for admission to the College, must rank in the top five per cent of his graduating class and have high scores on the SAT of the CEEB or the ACT. Yearly stipends of $1,200 are con- tinued for four years providing the student maintains a 3.0 accumulative academic average. CONFERENCE HONOR SCHOLARSHIPS West Virginia Wesleyan College a%vards annually honor scholarships to one outstanding student in each of the districts of the West Virginia and Western Pennsylvania Conferences, amounting to $4800.00 each. Scholarships and Student Aid 39 Applicants must graduate in the upper five per cent of their gradu- ating class, and must have satisfactory test scores and references and have high scores on the SAT of the CCEB or the ACT. Yearly stipends of $1,200 are continued for four years providing the student maintains a 3.0 accumulative academic average. These scholarships are as follows: WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA CONFERENCE West Virginia Wesleyan College Allegheny District Scholarship West Virginia Wesleyan College Blairsville District Scholarship West Virginia Wesleyan College Clarion District Scholarship West Virginia Wesleyan College Connellsville District Scholarship West Virginia Wesleyan College Erie District Scholarship West Virginia Wesleyan College Grove City District Scholarship West Virginia Wesleyan College Kane District Scholarship West Virginia Wesleyan College Pittsburgh District Scholarship West Virginia Wesleyan College Pittsburgh East District Scholarship West Virginia Wesleyan College Washington District Scholarship WEST VIRGINIA CONFERENCE West Virgin: West Virgin West Virgin West Virgin West Virgin West Virgin: West Virgin: West Virgin West Virgin West Virgin West Virgin a Wesleyan College Beckley District Scholarship a Wesleyan College Bluefield District Scholarship a Wesleyan College Buckhannon District Scholarship a Wesleyan College Central District Scholarship a Wesleyan College Charleston District Scholarship a Wesleyan College Fainnont District Scholarship Wesleyan College Huntington District Scholarship Wesleyan College Lewisburg District Scholarship Wesleyan College Moorefield District Scholarship Wesleyan College Parkersburg District Scholarship Wesleyan College Wheeling District Scholarship WEST VIRGINIA METHODIST SCHOLARSHIPS West Virginia Wesleyan College awards annually 25 West Virginia Methodist Scholarships amounting to $4,000 each. A student must graduate in the upper twenty per cent of his gradu- ating class and have^ satisfactory test scores and references, must show need as a factor, and must be a member of The Methodist Church within the state of West Virginia. 40 West Virginia Wesleyan College The yearly stipend of $1,000 will be continued if a student maintains a 2.75 accumulative academic average. NATIONAL METHODIST SCHOLARSHIPS The Board of Education of The Methodist Church will award an- nually to students in West Virginia Wesleyan College a limited number of National Methodist Scholarships, probably not to exceed five, amounting to $500.00 each. In order to qualify for a National Methodist Scholarship, a student must meet the general requirements for admission to the College, must have been a member of The Methodist Church for at least one year prior to date of application, must be definitely outstanding in Christian motive and purpose, and must rank high in scholarship — not below a "B" average, not below the upper 15 per cent of his class (senior in high school, or fresh- man, sophomore, or junior in college) , and not below other qualified stu- dents. Results of standard tests will be utilized in establishing scholarship rank. The National Methodist Scholarship will be applied as credit against instructional charges only, and will be distributed as follows : First semester $250.00 Second semester $250.00 National Methodist Scholarships may be renewed once, subject to the same conditions as govern original awards. Funds for National Methodist Scholarships are obtained from the annual Methodist Student Day ofTering for the Student Loan and Scho- larship Fund. (See Doctrines and Discipline of The Methodist Church, 1956, paragraph 250, 4.) SCHOLASTIC ACHIEVEMENT AWARDS West Virginia Wesleyan College gives annually achievement awards to an outstanding student in each of the three upper classes and in each of the six divisions of the curriculum. These awards are in the amount of $600 each. RESTRICTED SCHOLARSHIP AWARDS Dr. & Mrs. Sheridan W. Bell Fund — A gift of $400 was presented to West Virginia Wesleyan College by the children of Dr. S. W. Bell, Sr. for an endowment with the income from that endowment to go each year to a member of the graduating class who provided the most outstanding exam- Scholarships and Student Aid 41 pie of religious leadership in the College during the preceding year. The gift was received in November 1953. The amount of the award is to be $10. Benedum Foundation Scholarship — The Claude VVorthington Benedum Foundation was established by Dr. Michael Late Benedum in honor of his son. The Benedum Fund pro\ides a number of scholarships to be awarded to freshmen primarily for a period of one year. Awardees must be native West Virginians, demonstrate above average scholastic ability and show evidence of financial need. The maximum stipend is $300 per academic year. Bennett Scholarship Fund — The J. L. Bennett Scholarship Fund was es- tablished in 1952 by J. L. Bennett, of Ireland, West Virginia. Income from this Fund is available to students preparing for the Christian ministry. Kathryn Bodie Scholarship Fund — The Kathryn Bodie Scholarship Fund was established in 1958 by the will of Kathnn Bodie, of Parkersburg, West Virginia. Income from this fund is available to students preparing for the Christian ministry. Burgess Property Scholarship — West Virginia Wesleyan College and the Southern Baptist Seminar)- in Louisville, Kentucky had a joint ownership in a parcel of land in Huntington which was deeded December 17, 1942. The net income from the property deeded to West Virginia Wesleyan Col- lege was to be used to aid in the education of worthy men and women studying for the ministr)- or other religious work. Consumer Finance Scholarship — A scholarship amounting to $300 is awarded annually to an outstanding student interested in Consumer Finance. This scholarship, established in 1955, is provided by the West Vir- ginia Consumer Finance Association. Culpepper Scholarship — Given by Ross Culpepper. The income is to be used only for Culpepper relatives after the interest totals $100 per year. Dr. M. Homer Cummings Scholarship — On October 31, 1959, Dr. H. Homer Cummings gave $500 for a scholarship fund in honor of his father, Dr. M. Homer Cummings, Sr., and the Reverend Arthur Beckett. On Xovember 20, 1959, Dr. Cummings gave $250 for the scholarship fund in honor of his father. The recipient is to be selected by Chaplain Sidney Davis and Dr. Cummings. 42 West Virginia IVesleyan College Donella John Scholarship Fund — The Donella John Scholarship Fund, established and maintained by the Woman's Society of Christian Service of the West Virginia .\nnual Conference of The Methodist Church, pro- \ides scholarships for a number of \vomen, usually about six, preparing for Christian \ocations. Dorothy Lee Fund — The Dorothy Lee Fund for Overseas Students, es- tablished in 1946, named for Dorothy Lee Cheng, who was graduated from \\'est \'irginia Wesleyan College in 1927, and constituted of contri- butions by persons and organizations interested in this unique and strategic form of missionars- education, provided financial assistance for carefully selected students from other lands. The Woman's Societ\- of Christian Serv- ice of the West \'irginia Annual Conference of The Methodist Church and Dr. Edna Jenkins, alumna and trustee emeritus, ha\e been notably generous in their support of this fund. Pearl Dorsey Scholarship — This scholarship was established in 1948 as an unrestricted scholarship, but preferably that it be used for students from the Mounds\ille area or the \Vheeling District. The principal was received during the period of September 1948 through September 1957. The prin- cipal was deposited in the Unrestricted Scholarship Account and is to be awarded to needy and worthy students by the Student Aid Committee. The Lionel & Margaret Driscoll Scholarship — In October of 1965 Rev- erend Dr. Lionel R. Driscoll of Peekskill, New York, established the Lionel & Margaret Driscoll Scholarship for a worthy student of good character and habits in need of financial assistance. Selection of the recipient is the prerogative of the Committee on Student .\id with special consideration given to ministerial students. The Ellis Fund — The Ellis Fund was established in 1952 by the leader- ship of Franklin C. Ellis and the Ph)^ical Education Department. Its pur- pose is to assist outstanding athletes and to gi\e Alumni an opportunitv- to give directly to the athletic program of West ^'u■ginia Wesleyan College. Recipients, usually totaling six in number, may be a student of any academic department. The award is made from a recommendation by the members of the Physical Education Department to the Student Aid Com- mittee. Scholarships and Student Aid 43 G. E. Gaston Scholarship — The income from the G. E. Gaston Scholar- ship Fund is to be used annually to aid and assist deserving ministerial students or students that may be recommended to the College for such help and assistance by the District Superintendent of the Buckhannon District of the Methodist Conference. Golden Rule Sunday School Class Scholarship — The Golden Rule Sun- day School Class of VVeirton, West Virginia, established a scholarship in 1966 to assist students in financial need at West Virginia Wesleyan College. Hannah Bible Class — This fund was established by the Trinity Methodist Church of Bluefield, West Virginia and is a restricted gift to a ministerial student. W. IV. Harper Scholarship Fund — The W. W. Harper Scholarship Fund is to be used by West Virginia Wesleyan College in support of worthy min- isterial students of said College as the President may direct. Andreiv Hearn Memorial Scholarship Fund — Established in 1959 by mem- bers of the Trinity Methodist Church, Bluefield, West Virginia and pro- vided by the Stella Armbrister Guild, Louise Bruce Wesleyan Service Guild) and the Hannah Bible Class. Ellen B. Hojl Fund — Quote from copy of the Agreement between the College and the Executor of her Will — "Miss Ellen B. Hoff, a resident of Harrison County, West Virginia, died December 12, 1956 and by her will gave and bequeathed to West Virginia Wesleyan College at Buckhannon, West Virginia 30 shares of the common stock of the Great Western Sugar Company, the dividends or annual income from said stock shall be annually credited or applied upon the account of such ministerial students in said College as the President, Dean and Treasurer may annually determine to be the most needy and deserving. Hynia Scholarship Fund — The Hyma Scholarship Fund was established by family, students and friends of the late Nicholas Hyma, beloved teacher of chemistry' at West Virginia Wesleyan College from 1919 to 1956. Income from the fund is a\ailable to a student displaying unusual promise and scholarship in the field of chemistry. Edna Jenkins Scholarship — Scholarships, varying in number from year to year, and in amount from awardee to awardee, are made available to highly deserving students by the generosity of Dr. Edna Jenkins, alumna and trustee, emeritus. 44 West Virginia Wesleyan College Alice A. Kellcy Memorial Scholarship — This fund was established by the Future Teachers of America Club at the Buckhannon-Upshur High School. The income is restricted to an Upshur County student preparing to teach. Lcroy M. Lawson Loan Fund — The Leroy M. Lawson Loan Fund is to be used as a perpetual loan fund to help students of either sex preparing for the ministry and missionary work. G. W. Loar Scholarship Fund — The G. W. Loar Scholarship Fund was established in 1951 by G. W. Loar of Oakland, Maryland. Income from this fund is available to students preparing for the Christian ministry. Judson H. Loar Scholarship Fund — The Judson H. Loar Scholarship Fund was established in August 1954 by Judson H. Loar. The income is to be used for a scholarship or scholarships for students in West Virginia Wes- leyan College who are preparing to become minister of the Methodist Church. Mary Grace Loar Scholarship Fund — The Mary Grace Loar Scholarship Fund was established in 1954 by Mary Grace Loar of Oakland Maryland. Income from this fund is available to students preparing for the Christian ministry. PEG Sisterhood Scholarship — The PEO Sisterhood Scholarship, estab- lished and maintained by Chapter A., PEO Sisterhood of Buckhannon, West Virginia provides limited scholarship aid for highly deser\ing women students who display above average scholastic ability and promise of future usefulness. Presser Foundation Scholarship — A Presser Foundation Scholarship in Music, amounting to $400 per year is available to an outstanding student in the Department of Music. This scholarship is provided by the Presser Foundation of Philadelphia. Walter C. Price Scholarship — Established by Mrs. Walter C. Price as a memorial to her husband. Our first reported gift for this fund was in May of 1957 in the amount of $250. The income only is to be used to assist ministerial students. Stanley and Eva Rexrode Scholarship Fund — The Stanley and Eva Rex- rode Scholarship Fund was established in 1949 by Stanley and Eva Rex- rode. Income from this fund is available to students studying for the min- istry or missionary work. Scholarships and Student Aid 45 William B. Robinson Scholarship Fund — On April 12, 1966, Mr. Bernard E. Robinson, Adrian, West Virginia, nephew of Mr. William B. Robinson, presented the College with $5,000 to establish the William B. Robinson Scholarship Fund. This fund is to be administered by the Committee on Student Aid beginning in September, 1967. Ross Scholarship — The Ross Scholarship was established in September, 1963 by the Ross family which has long been associated with West Vir- ginia Wesleyan College. This scholarship is provided for by the Ross family and its purpose is to identify character, scholarship, and leadership in the field of Athletics. The recipient is to be recommended by the Physical Edu- cation Department to the Student Aid Committee. The John C. Shaw Scholarship Fund — To provide scholarships in the amount of $150 per year for worthy West Virginia students in need of financial assistance whose health, intelligence, character and habits promise commendable careers. This trust fund established by the late John C. Shaw w ill produce approximately $3,500 per year. Reverend Samuel Sink Scholarship — Established by the Woman's Society of Christian Service of Wode Chapel Church, Buffalo, West Virginia for a student obtaining a missionary education. Dr. Charles A. Snider Scholarship Fund — Dr. Charles A. Snider Scholar- ship Fund was established by Dr. Charles A. Snider, D.D., in honor of "my parents, Joseph and Elizabeth Snider who made it possible for me to obtain an education." This fund is to be administered by the Student Aid Committee at the rate of $100 annually for four years only, to any one worthy student to help pay tuition and other necessar)' expenses. Rela- tives and preministerial students to receive first consideration. Okey J. Stout Scholarship — The will of Okey J. Stout provides for pay- ment of $700 annually to the Trustees of West Virginia Wesleyan College. This sum is to be paid to some worthy student to be selected by the Trustees of West Virginia Wesleyan College as a tuition payment or grant to aid him or her in defraying the costs of a college education. The selection of the student by the Trustees will be final. Sutherland Scholarship Foundation — The Glen and Mar)- Sutherland Scholarship Foundation was established at West Virginia Wesleyan College in 1954 by Glen and Mary Sutherland. The income from this Foundation is available to students preparing for fulltime Christian service. 46 West Virginia Wesleyan College SPECIAL SCHOLARSHIP FUNDS Throughout the years several interested individual and organizations have contributed special scholarship funds to West Virginia Wesleyan College. This list, to be published in subsequent issues of the catalogue, is now in preparation and will be available upon request. MERIT AWARDS West Virginia Wesleyan College awards annually a number of merit awards to outstanding students who manifest special talents and contri- butions to the college. These merit awards, in the amount of $600 each, are given to students participating in the areas of athletics, arts, band and orchestra, choir, drama and speech, religious life, radio and television, study abroad and other college community activities. Merit Awards are primarily reserved for upper class students. A freshman in order to qualify for a merit award in art or music must excel in ability, and demonstrate unusual talent and promises in examina- tions conducted by the Faculty of Art and Music respectively. WORKSHI PS West Virginia Wesleyan College awards on an annual basis a limited number of workships to students well qualified to serve as assistants in laboratories, library and offices; as counselors and assistants in residence halls for men; as assistant hostesses in residence halls for women; as tele- phone operators; as waiters in dining halls; etc. Workships vary in amount with the character of the work assigned, and with the amount of time required. Students awarded workships are required to carry a study load of at least twelve credit hours each semester, to maintain an overall scholastic average of C or above, and to perform satisfactorily (promptly, efficiently, and courteously) tasks assigned. Workships are administered by the Committee on Student Aid. COLLEGE WORK STUDY Students, particularly those from low income families and who need a job to help pay for college expenses, are potentially eligible for employ- ment by their colleges under federally supported Work-Study Programs. Students may work up to 15 hours weekly while attending classes full time. During the summer or other vacation periods when they do not have Scholarships and Student Aid 47 classes, students may work full time (40 hours per week) under this pro- gram. In general the basic pay rate is $1.25 an hour. In three months of summer einplopiient under the Work-Study Program, an eligible student could earn approximately $600, if needed. This amount, supplemented by his weekly earnings during the school year, could help provide total edu- cational costs including necessary clothes, transportation, and personal ex- penses. To work under this program, a student must be enrolled and be in good standing, or be accepted for enrollment as a full time student. The student's eligibility depends upon his need for employment to defray col- lege expenses, with preference given to applicants from low income families. COUNSELORSHIPS A number of mature, well qualified students may be awarded residence hall counselorships each year. These counselorships, in the amount of $400 each, are awarded on the basis of maturity, character, scholarship, and general commitment. Counselorships are reser\ed primarily for students with Junior or Senior standing. FIELD WORK IN CHURCHES A few well qualified students may earn credit toward their instruc- tional charges by performing satisfactorily during the summer vacation such field work in the churches of the West Virginia Annual Conference as may be approved by the Religious Education faculty and the Executive Secretary of the Conference Board of Education. Remuneration for such work is $40.00 per week, for a period not to exceed twelve weeks in any one year. The amount earned is divided equally between the first and sec- ond semesters. GRANTS EMERGENCY GRANTS IN AID West Virginia Wesleyan College awards annually a limited number of grants in aid, ranging from $50.00 to $300.00 each. These awards are made on the basis of character, scholarship, and need, and are applicable against College charge only, one half each semester. Students awarded grants in aid are required to carry a study load of 48 West Virginia Wesleyan College at least twehe credit hours each semester, and to maintain an overall scholastic average of C or above. Grants in aid are administered by the Committee on Student Aid. EDUCATION. \L OPPORTUNITY GRANTS Educational Opportunity Grants are available to a limited number of undergraduate students with exceptional financial need who require these grants to attend college. To be eligible, the student must also show aca- demic or creative promise. Eligible students who are accepted for enrollment on a full time basis or who are currently enrolled in good standing, may receive Educational Opportunity Grants for each year of their higher education, although the maximum duration of a grant is four years. Grants will range from $200 to $800 a year, and can be no more than one-half of the total assistance given the student. The amount of financial assistance a student may receive depends upon his need-taking into account his financial resources, those of his parents and the cost of attending college. LOANS A number of loan funds, including the Methodist Student Loan Fund, are available to students in West Virginia Wesleyan College. Loans are made to students of good character who maintain satisfactor)' scholarship, provide required recommendations, establish financial responsibility, and sign promissory notes obligating themselves to repa)'ment of principal with interest within a specified time. Methodist Student Loan Fund The Board of Education of The Meth- odist Church makes loans to Methodist students. Freshmen who ranked in the highest quaner of their high school graduating classes may borrow as much as $125.00 per semester. Other freshmen who maintain a grade average of at least "C" during the first semester may borrow as much as $250.00 during their second semester. Qualified sophomores may borrow as much as $300.00 per year; juniors, $400.00 per year; and seniors, $450.00 per year. Ho\\ever, no student may borrow a total of more than $2000.00. Scholarships and Student Aid 49 The Francis Asbury Educational Fund The Board of Trustees of the Fran- cis Asbury Educational Fund of the West Virginia Annual Conference of The Methodist Church makes loans to Methodist students, in amounts not to exceed $300.00 per school year, with priority given applicants pre- paring for the ministry or some other form of full-time Christian service. The Claude Worthington Benedum Loan Fund This Fund, created by a grant from The Claude Worthington Benedum Foundation, is available to students who are bona fide residents of West Virginia, and who meet the conditions stated above. Iva Cooper Gould Educational Loan Fund — From the estate of Iva Cooper Gould limited loan funds are available to women students who need financial assistance in securing their education. Pickett and Hatcher Educational Fund The Board of Trustees of the Pick- ett and Hatcher Educational Fund, created by Claud A. Hatcher, of Co- lumbus, Georgia, makes loans to deserving and responsible students. The Hartley-Perine Student Loan Fund This fund was established in 1960 by William H. Hartley, Derry P. Hartley, and Glenna P. Crowther. The interest from the principal is available for loan purposes and is to be loaned to worthy students from West Virginia selected by West Vir- ginia Wesleyan College. The student shall be eligible to borrow from this fund as long as he or she is a regularly enrolled student at West Virginia Wesleyan College. The principal of this fund now amounts to $34,000, and is being supplemented annually. Tetrick Student Loan Fund — In 1965 Mrs. W. Guy Tetrick of Clarks- burg, West Virginia, established the Tetrick Student Loan Fund. This loan fund was established to assist West Virginia students who are in good standing and have demonstrated good character and citizenship. The max- imum loan shall be $400 with an interest rate of one per cent while the student is in school and three per cent thereafter until the loan is repaid. Maximum repayment period shall be six years. National Defense Student Loans — High school graduates who have been accepted for enrollment by the college or college students enrolled full time and who need financial help for educational expenses, are eligible for National Defense Student Loans. 50 West Virginia Wesleyan College An undergraduate student may borrow up to $1,000 each academic year to a total of $5,000. The repa%Tnent period and the interest do not begin until nine months after the student ends his studies. The loans bear interest at the rate of three per cent per year and repajTnent of principal may be extended over a ten-year period. If a borrower becomes a full-time teacher in an elementan' or sec- ondary school or in an institution of higher education, as much as half of the loan may be for^ven at the rate of ten per cent for each year of teaching ser\ice. Repa\-ment may be deferred up to a total of three years while a borrower is serving in the Armed Forces, with the Peace Corps, or as a Volunteer in Service to .America (VIST.A. Repa\-ment is deferred for as long as a borrower is enrolled at an institution of higher education and is carrying at least a half-time academic work load. Guaranteed Loaru — The major objective of this program is to make loan insurance available to any college student who wants to borrow. .\ student from a family \sith an adjusted income of less than $15,000 a year pa\-s no interest while he is in college. Repa\Tnent of principal and interest begins when the student has ceased his course of study. At that time the Federal Government paj-s approximately one-half the interest and the student the remainder. .\ student from a family with an adjusted income higher than $15,000 a year pa\-s the entire interest on the loan, but he may borrow under the Guaranteed Loan Program at sLx per cent simple interest. Under this program a student may borrow from a bank or other financial institution. An undergraduate may borrow as much as $1,000 per year. EMPLOYMENT The cit\- of Buckhannon affords students a limited number of oppor- tunities for part-time emplo\Tnent. r«r--. .:•- w r^^: /r- >■ r^4:^: %. ^ 'ft i .■^01^' r^^rp< Rules and Regulations REGISTRATION AND CLASSIFICATION TIME OF REGISTRATION Freshmen entering in September are required to register during Ori- entation Week, September 1-5, 1967. All other students will register on Monday and Tuesday, September 4-5. All students entering at the begin- ning of the second semester, or at the opening of any summer term, will register on the day designated in the college calendar. LATE REGISTRATION Except in cases of unavoidable delay, late registration is strongly dis- couraged. Students who enroll late will be required to reduce the number of hours for which they register, unless excused by the Committee on Ad- mission and Academic Standing. A charge of $5.00 is made for late reg- istration. CHANGES IN REGISTRATION Changes in registration can be made only with the approval of the Dean of the College, who in problematical cases will require the written consent of the student's advisor, and favorable action by the Committee on Academic Standing. In order to minimize charges, the student should consult his advisor, and, if necessary, the Dean of the College, before reg- istering. No changes in registration, involving addition of new courses, may be made after the fifth day of classes in any semester, or after the first 54 West Virginia Wesleyan College two days of classes in any summer term (of five weeks). (See Withdrawal from Courses.) A charge of $5.00 is made for each change in registration, except when required by the College. PREREGISTRATION Students in residence during any semester or summer term preregister for the ensuing semester and/or summer term on dates designated in Col- lege calendar. Since it is highly important that preregistration be complete, in order that provision may be made for enough textbooks, laboratory materials, and sections of classes, students are required, in their own in- terest, to preregister. A charge of $5.00 is made for failure to preregister on dates designated. STUDENT LOAD The normal student load is sixteen credit hours per semester, or six hours per summer term (of five weeks). Students who are working part time, or who are failing to maintain a satisfactory scholastic record, are advised to carry loads lighter than the average. The Committee on Aca- demic Standing may require the poor student to lighten his load. No stu- dent may register for more than sixteen credit hours in any one semester, or more than six in any one summer term (of five weeks), without the con- sent of this Committee. WITHDRAWAL FROM COURSES A student will be pemiitted to withdraw from a course only during the period specified in the College calendar, and only when the circum- stances fully justify this procedure. In order to withdraw from a course, a student must obtain the written permission of the Instructor involved, the Chairman of the Department, the student's faculty advisor, and the Dean of the College. If the student is doing passing work when he is granted permission to withdraw, WP (withdrew passing) is entered on his record. Otherwise, WF (withdrew failing) is entered. If a student discontinues a course without permission of the Dean of the College, F (failure) is entered on his record. COURSES REPEATED A course in which the final grade is either a D or an F may be re- peated with the permission of the Committee on Academic Standing. When- Rules and Regulations 55 ever a course is repeated, both the first grade received and the grade in the repeated course, with their related hours and quality points, shall remain a part of the permanent record. The total number of hours and points required for graduation will be increased accordingly. CL.\SSIFICATION \Vhen a student has met all entrance requirements, and has completed his registration, he becomes a freshman; when he has earned 32 semester hours of credit and 64 quality points, he becomes a sophomore; when he has earned 64 semester hours of credit and 128 quality points, he becomes a junior; and when he has earned 96 semester hours of credit and 192 quality points, he becomes a senior. GRADES AND QUALITY POINTS Grades Explanation Quality Points A Excellent 4 B Good 3 C Average 2 D Poor 1 F Failure 0 I Incomplete 0 WP Withdrew Passing 0 WF Withdrew Failing 0 FIW Irregular Withdrawal 0 Further explanation of I: if a student who has been making a passing grade cannot complete his work in a course on account of illness or other sufficient reason, an I (incomplete) is entered temporarily on his record. A course recorded as incomplete must be completed within the first six weeks of the next semester, except when an extension of time is granted by the Committee on Academic Standing. Otherwise, the I automatically becomes F. For purposes of this section, a summer session (of ten weeks) will be treated as a semester. SCHOL.ARSHIP QUOTIENT The term "scholarship quotient" is used to indicate the ratio of the total of quality points earned by a student to the total of semester hours for which he has registered, excepting ( 1 ) courses from which he has with- drawn passing, and (2) courses in process. 56 West Virginia Wesleyan College AUDITORS A person desiring to audit a course must obtain permission from the Dean of the College, register as an auditor, and pay the auditor's instruc- tional charge for the course. (See Expenses.) Auditors take no examinations, submit no written work, do no labora- tory work, and receive no credit for courses audited. (See Credit by Ex- amination. ) THE DEAN'S LIST Superior scholarship is encouraged and recognized by the publication at the end of each semester of the Dean's List, which is constituted of stu- dents who have achieved a scholarship quotient of 3.35 or above, for the semester, while carrying a load of at least 12 semester hours. For purposes of qualifying for the Dean's List, a summer session (of ten weeks) will be treated as a semester. Students appearing on the Dean's List at least five times during their college work will be awarded the Wesleyan Key for Scholarship. (See Honors Banquet.) THE ACADEMIC WARNED LIST A student who fails during any semester to maintain on total record a scholarship quotient of 2.00 or above, or fails to make passing grades (A, B, C, or D) in at least three-fourths of the hours for which he was registered, will be placed on the Warned List for the next semester in which he is in attendance, and notice thereof will be given to the student, his parents and all members of the faculty and administration of the College. While a student is on the Warned List, he is ineligible for any office in any campus organization; for membership on any Community Council committee; for participation in any time-consuming extracurricular ac- tivity; for earning points toward a Wesleyan Key; or for receiving any grant in aid, workship, or scholarship. For purposes of this section, a summer session (of ten weeks) will be treated as a semester. ACADEMIC PROBATION A freshman who fails during any semester to maintain on total record a scholarship quotient of 1.70, or above, will be placed on academic pro- bation. A sophomore who fails during any semester to maintain on total record a scholarship quotient of 1.80, or above, will be placed on academic Rules and Regulations 57 probation. A junior who fails during any semester to maintain on total record a scholarship quotient of 1 .90, or above, will be placed on academic probation. A senior who fails during any semester to maintain on total record a scholarship quotient of 2.00, or above, will be placed on academic probation. A student on academic probation who fails during one semester of probation to attain the scholarship quotient indicated above may be dis- continued because of poor scholarship. When a student is placed on academic probation, the following type of entr)' will be made on his permanent record: Placed on academic probation. 1/23/60 When a student on academic pro- bation has attained a 2.00 scholarship quotient, the following type of en- try will be made on his permanent record : Removed from academic probation. 5/24/60 All students on academic probation are also on the Warned List, and are subject to all the ineligibilities listed thereunder. (See Warned List.) For purposes of this section, a summer session (of ten weeks) will be treated as a semester. DISCIPLINARY PROBATION A student who fails in any matter of conduct to conform to the ideals and standards the College seeks to maintain may be placed on disciplinary probation for a stated period; or, if his failure is judged to be sufficiently serious, may be required to withdraw. As a church college with close Methodist ties. West Virginia Wesleyan College requires its students to practice complete abstinence from the use of alcoholic beverages, beer included, while enrolled at \Vest Virginia Wes- leyan College. A student who fails during, or after, a period of disciplinary proba- tion to conform to the ideals and standards the College seeks to maintain will be required to withdraw. When a student is placed on disciplinary probation, the following type of entry will be made on his permanent record: Placed on disciplinary probation. 11/7/59 When the conduct of a student on disciplinary probation has been satisfactory throughout the period of probation, the following type of entry will be made on his permanent record : Removed from disciplinary probation. 5/24/60 A student on disciplinary 58 West Virginia Wesleyan College probation is subject for the period of probation to all the ineligibilities listed under the Warned List. (See Warned List.) REPORTS TO PARENTS At the middle and end of each semester, and at the end of each summer term (of five weeks), the College sends a report of each student's grades and attendance record to his parents. These reports are made in the interest of thorough understanding and unity of effort on the part of all persons interested in the education of each individual student. ATTEND. A NCE REGULATIONS 1. Each student is responsible for attending classes, chapel, and cer- tain assembly periods under these regulations. 2. Missing any class or laboratory session, or substantial portion there- of, constitutes an absence. Missing sessions because of late registration constitute absences. 3. Each instructor shall, within the framework of these regulations, be responsible for handling problems of attendance. A student who, in the judgment of the Committee on Academic Stand- ing, has been grossly negligent of Chapel and Assembly attendance shall be subject to suspension therefor. (See Suspension for Negligence) . The Committee on Attendance may, upon written request, excuse students in the following categories — and no others — from attending Chapel services and assemblies: Students enrolled for less than ten semester hours. Students enrolled for Directed Teaching, and assigned to teach public school classes that overlap chapel and assembly periods. Commuting students who live more than two miles from the campus, and who have only a three-day (Monday, Wednesday, Friday) schedule. Students who are regularly employed full time on Tuesday and Thurs- day mornings, and whose employers provide, on forms furnished by the College, duly notarized certification of such employment. Either husband or wife, when both are enrolled as full-time students, (carrying study loads of ten or more semester hours), and when one of them must be at home at all times to care for (a) child(ren) . 4. If a student is absent from any examination, except a final exam- ination, said student must obtain from the Dean of the College permission to make up the examination, pay a service charge of $1.00 at the Dean's Office, and then make up the examination as the instructor may direct. Rules and Regulations 59 In the case of such absence from a final examination, the student must obtain permission, pay a service charge of $5.00, and make up the exam- ination as above. A service charge of $10.00 is made for the privilege of making up a comprehensive examination. SUSPENSION AND WITHDRAWAL Students who incur an excessively large number of absences from any course(s), or who are otherwise grossly negligent of their studies, may be suspended therefor from the course (s) involved, or from all courses, by the Committee on Academic Standing; or may be permanently dis- continued by said Committee. Students so suspended, or discontinued, shall have F entered on their permanent records for the courses involved. West Virginia Weslcyan College reserves the right to require any student to withdraw, if his scholarship proves unsatisfactory, or if his pres- ence jeopardizes in any way the ideals and standards the College seeks to maintain. REGULATIONS REGARDING USE OF CARS No student may drive a car at West Virginia Wesleyan College until he has attained sophomore classification, (See Classification), or age 21, except that, under ver)' extraordinary' circumstances, or in the case of com- muters, the Administration Committee may authorize exceptions to this rule. Every student driving a car at West Virginia Wesleyan College is required to register it on form provided by the College. Every student driver under twenty-one years of age must file a statement of authoriza- tion by parent or guardian on form provided by the College. Every motor vehicle driven by a student at West Virginia Wesleyan College must have in force on it bodily injury and property damage liability insurance. Any student who makes reckless or improper use of a car, or fails to provide the College correct information regarding the car he drives, will lose the privilege of driving at West Virginia Wesleyan College. COURSE NUMBERS Courses for freshmen (the 100 series) and sophomores (the 200 series) constitute the lower level of the curriculum. Almost all general education requirements consist of lower level courses, which should be completed, as far as possible, by the end of the sophomore year. (See General Edu- cation.) 60 West Virginia Wesleyan College Courses for juniors (the 300 series) and seniors (the 400 series) con- stitute the upper level of the curriculum. In order to qualify for a degree, a student must earn at least forty-fi\e semester hours of credit and at least twice as many quality points as semester hours in upper level courses. In his major field the student must earn at least twelve semester hours of credit and at least twice as many quality points as semester hours in upper level courses. Courses bearing odd numbers are usually given during the first semes- ter, and those bearing even numbers during the second semester. When- ever a course bearing an odd number is given in the second semester, or a course bearing an even number in the first semester, an "r" is added to the number of the course on class schedules. In general, freshmen should enroll for courses in the 100 series, soph- omores for courses in the 200 series, etc. Freshmen are ineligible for all courses in the 300 and 400 series, and for most courses in the 200 series. Sophomores are ineligible for all courses in the 400 series. \ 3 . »- i- , -f V * ^^' . -vV' ^ 4U4^; -'S*:^ V ' •Ar^ Curricula and Degrees GENERAL EDUCATION General education, as distinguished from specialized education, deals with the common knowledge, attitudes, skills, and habits essential for effective living as an individual, as a member of one's family, as a worker, and as a citizen. The general education program of West Virginia Wesleyan Col- lege is designed to help the student to understand the world in which he lives, to share our cultural heritage, to become acquainted with, and con- cerned about, the major problems of mankind, to develop and practice a Christian philosophy of life — in brief, to become a well developed person, and an efficient and constructive member of society. Stated otherwise, the purpose of general education in West Virginia Wesleyan College is to develop competent, cultured. Christian persons, who will, in turn, and with adequate specialized education, become good business men, good engineers, good lawyers, good ministers, good parents, good physicians, good public officials, good scientists, good teachers — the parts, of which, and by which, a good society must be constituted. In order to provide all students an opportunity to acquire some sub- stantial measure of general education, West Virginia Wesleyan College 64 West J'irginia Wesleyan College requires all candidates for decrees to earn the following credits: Art Appreciation (2); Art in America (2): Modem European Art (2)* v (.^ytwo) 4 Sem. Hrs. Introduction to Dramatic ' Arts (2) Introduction to Music (2) Written and Spoken English 6 Sem. Hrs. Fundamentals of Speech 3 Sem. Hrs. Biological Science (6) General Biolog>- (8) Ph>'sical Science (6) Geolog>- 101 and Astronomy 101 (6) > (.Anyone) 6-12 Sem. Hrs. (a) Chemistry 101-102 or Mathematics! 201-202, or Physics 151-152 and ' (b) one semester of (another) natural science (10-12) Health Education 2 Sem. Hrs. Phvsical Education*** 4 Sem. Hrs. Bible 101-102 or Religion 103-104 6 Sem. Hrs. Philosophy 3 Sem. Hrs. Psycholog>- 201 3 Sem. Hrs. Economics 101-102 (6) Histor>- 101-102 (6) History- 103-104 (6) \ i i. , \ n <:„„ vi^ „,..',£,• ini im /c\ ) (-^ny two) li bem. Hrs. PoUucal Science 101-102 (6) ' ^ ' ' Social Sciences 103-104 (6) Sociology 201-202 (6) Open only to freshmen and sophomores Open only to juniors and seniors **No more than 4 hours of general ph\-sical education may be counted toward the 128 hours required for graduation. As a rule, these courses in general education should be completed during the freshman and sophomore years. It is important to note that opportunities for acquiring general educa- tion at \Vest Mrginia Wesleyan College are by no means restricted to the courses listed above. Many additional courses afford the interested student such opportunities. P R E P R O F E S S I O X A L AND \' O C A T I O N A L COURSES To provide students a plan of studies in preparation for \arious pro- fessions and \ocations, a number of outlines follow. Curricula and Degrees 65 These outlines are NOT to be regarded as rigid prescriptions, admit- ting no exceptions or modifications. With faculty counsel, some departures, or rearrangements, will occasionally be wise. In the case of outlines that do not provide fully for majo
5269	dbpedia	2	10	http://archive.wvculture.org/hiStory/collections/specialcollections/sc2007-076.html	en	Rosalind Funk Collection			[ "http://archive.wvculture.org/images/Gif/pixel.gif", "http://archive.wvculture.org/hiStory/archives/test57.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "West Virginia", "archives", "history", "research", "genealogy" ]	null	[]	null	The West Virginia Archives and History web site offers detailed information on the state's history, outlines the documents available in the State Archives, and provides assistance in conducting genealogical research.				null	Sc2007-076 Scrapbook 1 Clippings Photograph, Governor and Mrs. William Marland with unidentified, Governor's Day, Wheeling Races, 1953 Photograph, Annual Banquet, National Council of State Boards, of Engineering Examiners, Boston, October 23, 1951 Bookmark, "Mrs. Funk" Official Program, Inaugural Ceremonies, Homer Holt, January 18, 1937 Program, Democratic Victory Dinner, West Virginia State Capitol, December 15, 1948 West Virginia Inaugural Program, Clarence Meadows, January 15, 1945 Letterhead Paper, Governor Okey Patteson Scrapbook 2 Clippings Certificate, Okey Patteson, American Cancer Society, 1968 Handmade Card, "OP" from Abe, Harry and Nick Card, Announcing Okey Patteson elected President of Raleigh County Bank Invitation, Private Showing of the Fayetteville Federal Savings and Loan Association, New Office Building, July 6, 1959 Photograph, Okey Patteson with R. C. Simpkins and Wood Poling, Mount Hope Lion's Club, August 1959 Photograph, Okey Patteson with Governor J. Caleb Boggs, Major General Ralph J. Olson, President of National Association; United States Adjutant General; Governor Leo A. Hoegh, National Association of State and Territorial Civil Defense Directors, May 1959 Name Tag, Gov. Okey L. Patteson, Civil Defense Advisory Council Program, Spring Conference, The National Association of State and Territorial Civil Defense Directors, Washington, May 11-13, 1959 Photograph, Okey Patteson with unidentified group at formal dinner Program, Sixty-Sixth Annual Convention, West Virginia Bankers Association, The Greenbrier, July 23-25, 1959 Brochure, The West Virginia Bankers Association Offers Another Service, 1959 Photograph, Okey Patteson with Rosalind Funk, M. L. Angel, Mary Frances Amick, E. C. and Nina Amick, J. A. and Marjorie Blackburn, West Virginia State Realtors Meeting, The Greenbrier, August 28, 1959 Sundial, West Virginia Wesleyan College Bulletin, November 1959 Founders Day Convocation, "Civilian Defense in a Free Society," West Virginia Wesleyan College, Buckhannon, October 16, 1959 Christmas Card, Okey Patteson, 1959 Sticker, Know Your Banker, Raleigh County Bank The Reflector, Mount Hope High School Paper, February 1, 1960 State of Condition, Raleigh County Bank, October 6, 1959 Photograph, Okey Patteson with Mayor of Oakland and Mrs. Hoegh, Washington, January 25, 1960 Card, Okey Patteson, WVU Athletic Courtesy Award, March 15, 1960 Invitation, Okey Patteson Advertisement card, Raleigh County Bank State of Condition, Raleigh County Bank, March 15, 1960 Brochure, Civilian Defense in a Free Society, West Virginia Wesleyan College, Buckhannon, October 16, 1959 Programme, Mount Hope Lions Club Thirtieth Anniversary, September 29, 1960 Certificate, Okey Patteson, Thirty Year Charter Monarch, Mount Hope Lions Club Invitation, Morgantown Chamber of Commerce, October 8, 1960 Newsletter, West Virginia University Alumni Association, October 1960 Program, Dedication of West Virginia University Hospital, The Medical Center, October 8, 1960 The Medical Center, West Virginia University Bulletin, October 1960 Correspondence, Elmer W. Prince to Okey Patteson, October 7, 1960 Action of Council on Resolution, Naming of Access Road, Patteson Drive, Morgantown, September 27, 1960 Resolution, Naming of Access Road, Patteson Drive, Morgantown, September 27, 1960 Program, Dedication of the Carillon Bells by The Raleigh County Bank, November 11, 1960 Invitation, Raleigh County Bank Open House, November 12, 1960 Note, October 14-15, 1961, "Out of town; Hunting Season opens Oct. 14." A note with the memo reads: "Nancy Summers, the Governor's Secretary at The Raleigh County Bank, sent this sheet from his memo pad to be placed in the scrapbook, as she thought it was "so typical of him" to write such a notation on his calendar so no one would know that October 14, 1961 was the day he and Bebe would be married!" Brochure, Summit of New York Napkins, Shupa Lodge, Green Bank Christmas Card, Okey and Bebe Patteson, 1961 Christmas Card, Raleigh County Bank, 1961 Invitation, Inauguration, Paul Ausborn Miller, President of WVU, April 11, 1962 Reception Card, Inauguration, Paul Ausborn Miller, President of WVU, April 11, 1962 Annual Report, Raleigh County Bank, 1961 Radio Announcement, Okey Patteson to undergo surgery, WCLG Radio News, April 18, 1962 Invitation, Governor's Dinner and Ball, Wheeling Committee of the West Virginia Centennial, Wilson Lodge, Oglebay Park, Wheeling, April 20, 1963 Cartoon by Vintroux, "All For West Virginia," Governors Barron, Patteson, Holt, Underwood, Harry S. Truman, Charleston Gazette, June 21, 1964 Photograph, Okey Patteson with Harry S. Truman, unidentified, Governor's Mansion, July 1962 Photograph, Okey Patteson with J. A. Blackburn, James E. Songer, H. Wayne Mason, Blackburn-Patteson Realty Company, November 7, 1962 Christmas Card, Bebe and Okey Patteson, 1962 Membership Card, Okey Patteson, Beni Kedem Minstrel Club, March 19, 1963 Program, Loyal Order of Moose, Beckley Lodge, In Honor of Okey Patteson, May 24, 1963 Photograph, Okey Patteson with Leslie Gates, receiving donation to United Fund from Raleigh County Bank Christmas Card, Bebe and Okey Patteson, 1963 West Virginia Medical Journal, September 1964 Correspondence, Jerry Gould, West Virginia State Medical Association to Okey Patteson, July 21, 1964 Christmas Card, Bebe and Okey Patteson, 1964 Photograph, Okey Patteson with Robert C. Byrd, Erma Byrd, unidentified, October 1965 Card, Announcing Relocation of Kanawha Valley Realty Company, Charleston, April 1965 Christmas Card, Bebe and Okey Patteson, 1965 Annual Report, Raleigh County Bank, 1965 Christmas Card, Bebe and Okey Patteson, 1966 Certificate of Appointment, Okey Patteson, West Virginia University, Visiting Committee, Center for Appalachian Studies and Development Photograph, Okey Patteson with W. W. Barron, Cecil Underwood Condensed Statement, Raleigh County Bank, June 30, 1967 Christmas Card, Bebe and Okey Patteson, 1967 Photograph, Okey Patteson on horseback, with J. A. Blackburn, 1968 Christmas Card, Bebe and Okey Patteson, 1968 Invitation, Inauguration of Arch Moore, January 13, 1969 Invitation, Inaugural Ball, Arch Moore, January 13, 1969 Photograph, Okey Patteson with Arch Moore, inaugural luncheon, January 14, 1969 Photograph, Okey Patteson with Arch Moore, Cecil Underwood, W. W. Barron, inaugural luncheon, January 14, 1969 Photograph, Okey Patteson with Arch Moore, Cecil Underwood, W. W. Barron, Hulett Smith, inaugural luncheon, January 14, 1969 Photograph, Okey Patteson with Arch Moore, Cecil Underwood, W. W. Barron, inaugural luncheon, January 14, 1969 Photograph, Raleigh County Bank employees, 1969 Photograph, Okey Patteson with unidentified Photograph, Okey Patteson unidentified (Appalachian Power Company?), March 18, 1966 Photograph, Okey Patteson with unidentified, Grand Opening of Charleston National Bank Plaza, July 18, 1969 Reservation, Charleston Daily Mail, 1969 Showplane, Mr. and Mrs. Okey L. Patteson Christmas Card, Bebe and Okey Patteson, 1969 Invitation, World Premiere Performance of Hatfields and McCoys Drama, West Virginia Historical Drama Association, June 20, 1970 Photograph, Okey Patteson with unidentified, West Virginia Wesleyan College Reunion, June 1970 Photograph, Okey Patteson with unidentified, West Virginia Wesleyan College Reunion, June 1970 Extracts from Program, 29th Annual Strawberry Festival, Buckhannon, June 4-7, 1970 Photograph, Okey Patteson with Jennings Randolph, O. J. Walker, Norvelle, W. D. Lawton, Dudley Simms, Wood Poling, 40th Anniversary of Mount Hope Lions Club Scrapbook 3 Clippings Program, Inaugural Ceremonies, Homer A. Holt, January 18, 1937 Correspondence, Louise Stevenson to Rosalind Carroll, May 28, 1929 Program, Farewell Banquet given by First Baptist Church Choir to Reverend W. B. Harvey and Family, January 26, 1931 Campaign card, Judge Clarence W. Meadows, Democratic Candidate for Governor Roosevelt button Brochure, West Virginia Democratic Platform for Clarence W. Meadows, 1944 Postcard photograph, Clarence W. Meadows Letterhead paper, Democratic State Headquarters, 1944 Election; For President, Franklin D. Roosevelt; For Governor, Clarence W. Meadows Campaign card, Clarence W. Meadows Brochure, Facts You'll Want to Know About Judge Clarence W. Meadows Campaign card with written message, Clarence W. Meadows for Governor Postcard, unidentified Invitation, reception, Governor and Mrs. Meadows, February 16, 1945 West Virginia Inaugural Program, January 15, 1945 Letterhead paper, Governor Clarence W. Meadows Newspaper headline, "Truman Announces Japanese Surrender," Charleston Gazette, August 14, 1945 Invitation, buffet dinner, President and Mrs. Truman, October 1 Christmas card, Governor and Mrs. Clarence W. Meadows Invitation, Annual Boss Night Dinner, National Secretaries Association, Charleston Chapter, September 23 Program, Annual Boss Night Dinner, National Secretaries Association, Charleston Chapter, September 23 Certificate, Rosalind Carroll Funk, Notary Public, March 1, 1947 Invitation, Mrs. Clarence W. Meadows, January 28, 1947 Card, Wheeling Downs Guest Season Pass Invitation, reception, Governor and Mrs. Clarence W. Meadows, February 16, 1945 Invitation, Mrs. Clarence W. Meadows, February 14, 1945 Cover, Rosalind Funk, 1946 Invitation, Judicial Dinner, Governor and Mrs. Clarence Watson Meadow, November 16 Signed portrait, Okey Patteson, September 7, 1945 Campaign card, "Stand Pat With Patteson!" Okey L. Patteson Campaign card with handwritten message, Okey L. Patteson Campaign card, Okey L. Patteson Campaign card, Okey L. Patteson Campaign badge, Patteson For Governor Campaign card, Okey L. Patteson Campaign card, Record of Rush D. Holt as U. S. Senator from W. Va., 1935-1941 No Pride of Ancestry, No Hope for Posterity Campaign card, "Once I was a Republican, As happy as could be; Now I wish I were a dog, And "Ikie" were a tree!, Don't Forget - Election Day Nov. 4th" Campaign brochure, Meet Your Next Governor! Okey L. Patteson Matchbooks, Okey L. Patteson Campaign brochure, Facts You Want to Know about Okey L. Patteson Letterhead paper, Campaign Headquarters of Okey L. Patteson, Democrat Candidate for Governor Program, Democratic Victory Dinner, Women's Democratic Club, West Virginia State Capitol, December 15, 1948 Correspondence, Dell White to Rosalind Funk, Decmeber 30, 1948 Correspondence, Arnold M. Vickers, Inaugural Committee to Rosalind Funk, January 4, 1949 Matchbook, Gov. Patteson West Virginia Inaugural Program, January 17, 1949 Ticket, Inaugural Ceremonies, January 17, 1949 Correspondence, Okey L. Patteson to D. Pitt O'Brien, January 17, 1949 Membership card, Rosalind Funk, West Virginia Racing Commission and the Racing Associations, 1949 Invitation, Inaugural Luncheon, Governor and Mrs. Okey L. Patteson, January 17, 1949 Telegram, Lum Edwards to Rosalind Funk, November 3 Invitation, Governor and Mrs. Okey L. Patteson Legislative Reception, February 24, 1949 Photograph, Rosalind Funk with unidentified Signed portrait, Okey L. Patteson, February 18, 1949 Correspondence, Clarence W. Meadows to Rosalind and Rex Funk, February 17, 1949 Invitation, Opening of Law Offices, Clarence W. Meadows, February 1, 1949 Photograph, Okey L. Patteson holding neckties with unidentified, Moose Name card, Mrs. Okey Leonidas Patteson Correspondence, The Gang (J. A. B., Blackburn-Patteson Realty Company) to Rosalind Funk, April 6, 1949 Correspondence, Eugene M. Austin to Mr. and Mrs. Rexford Funk, May 2, 1949 Correspondence, Herbert Landon to Rosalind Funk, July 19, 1949 Transcript of article on Rosalind Funk, "Bug Dust," by Thomas F. Stafford, Raleigh Register, August 2, 1949 Letterhead paper, Okey L. Patteson, Governor Invitation, dinner in honor of the County Chairmen of West Virginia, Executive Mansion, May 2 Invitation, dinner in honor of the Mount Hope Lions Club, Executive Mansion, June 2 Book cover, State Papers of Clarence W. Meadows Invitation, marriage of Ruby Patteson Warden (sister of Patteson) to John Duval Shultz, September 28, 1949 Invitation, reception in honour of Mr. and Mrs. John Duval Schultz, Executive Mansion, October 8 Photograph, Okey Patteson eating chicken with unidentified women, Canifex Ferry Postcard, Governor's Reception Room, Utah State Capitol, Salt Lake City Photograph, unidentified Telegram, Okey Patteson to Rosaland Funk, August 17, 1949 Program, Jefferson Jackson Victory Dinners, Daniel Boone Hotel, Kanawha Hotel, Charleston, March 11, 1949 Correspondence, to Rosalind Funk, Shangri-La Motel, Miami English-Spanish Dictionary Captain's In Flight Report, Charlotte to Charleston, December 9, 1949 Pan American Airways, Clipper Portfolio Postcard, Chateau Madrid Card, The French Doll, Habana Postcard, restaurant Card, Torreon Club Postcard, Miami Beach Card, King Salomon's Store, Havana, Cuba Postcard, beachfront hotel Receipt, Columbus Store, Alligator Goods Factory, Havana, December 5, 1949 Brochure, Sanchez Mola, ladies wear Card, Herman's Store, Habana Brochure, Herman's Store, Havana Card, Pan American Alligator Goods Factory Postcard, beachfront hotel Card, Dan Carter, World's Foremost Handicapper Postcard, Cypress Gardens and Singing and Tower Hotel Coupon, Royal Tours Card, Hotel Sahara Correspondence, Rosalind Funk to Don Freeman, December 17, 1949 Correspondence, Don Freeman to Rosalind Funk Christmas card, Governor and Mrs. Okey L. Patteson Christmas card, West Virginia Executive Mansion Invitation, luncheon, Mr. and Mrs. Irvin Stewart, WVU, May 30 Christmas card, Governor and Mrs. Okey L. Patteson Photograph, unidentified Thank you card, Lee to Rosalind Funk Thank you note, Rudy to Rosalind Funk Thank you card, Anna Hughes, Pat and Fanny Lee Patteson to Rosalind Funk Telegram, Mother Angel and Family to Rosalind Funk Invitation, Fanny Lee Patteson and Anna Hughes Patteson, Exectuve Mansion, December 23 Invitation, Legislative Reception, Governor and Mrs. Okey L. Patteson, February 24, 1949 Invitation, dinner, County Chairmen of West Virginia, Governor and Mrs. Okey L. Patteson, May 2 Invitation, dinner, Mount Hope Lions Club, Governor and Mrs. Okey Patteson, June 2 Invitation, inaugural luncheon, Governor and Mrs. Clarence W. Meadows, January 17, 1949 Year Book, Mount Hope Junior Woman's Club, 1950-1951 Ticket, Golden Award Ceremony honoring Dr. Ralph J. Bunche and Madam Vijmaya Lakshmi Pandit, Charleston Woman's Improvement League, May 28, 1950 Ticket, Eighty-Second Annual Graduation Exercises, West Virginia University Field House Invitation, First Governor's Banquet, Benefit, Fayette County March of Dimes, Masonic Temple, Mount Hope, March 11, 1950 Invitation, Meeting of the Governor's Conference on Industrial Safety, House of Delegates Chambers, November 13-15, 1950 Program, First Governor's Banquet Benefit, Fayette County March of Dimes, Masonic Temple, Mount Hope, March 11, 1950 Program, Jefferson Jackson Dinner, Daniel Boone Hotel, March 30, 1951 Program, Jefferson Jackson Dinner, Daniel Boone Hotel, March 21, 1952 Program, West Virginia State Office Building, 1952 Ticket, West Virginia Agricultural and Industrial Fair, August 21, 1950 Ticket, Kanawha 4-H Pool, 1950 Card, Erma Dixon to Rosalind Funk, November 3, 1950 Program, Second Governor's Polio Banquet Benefit, Fayette County March of Dimes, West Virginia Tech Cafeteria, Montgomery, February 24, 1951 Program, Third Annual Governor's Banquet Benefit, Fayette County March of Dimes, Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Building Fayetteville, February 23, 1952 Notecard, "Any Demeocrat that can get this kind of a write up in our Republican paper "I SAY" they are batting 1000% I am now satisfied, that Mr Marland will keep you in the Same position. after reading the paper this A.M. More than glad he was elected. Devaney Invitation, opening of 115-mile section of the New York State Thruway, June 24, 1954 Ribbon, opening of 115-mile section of the New York State Thruway, June 24, 1954 Invitation, reception, International Union of Operating Engineers and Associated General Contractors of America, New York, June 24 Program, Official Opening of the New York State Thruway, Weedsport, Interchange No. 40, June 24, 1954 Program, luncheon commemorating the New York State Thruway Opening, Automobile Club of Syracuse, June 24, 1954 Invitation, dinner following the dedication ceremonies of the New Jersey Turnpike, November 30 Program, Annual Banquet, National Association of Travel Organizations, The Greenbrier, November 17, 1953 Invitation, cocktails, Holiday Magazine and the Saturday Evening Post, Hotel Sherman, Chicago, November 1, 1955 Folders: Argosy: The Complete Man's Magazine, Extracts, 1950-1951 Okey Patteson, Certificate, Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization, January 10, 1961 Invitations: William Wallace Barron Inaugural Ceremonies, January 16, 1961 State Dinner of the Southern Governors Conference, Arlington Hotel, November 12, 1951 Wedding, Anna Hughes Patteson and Patrick Carone, Mount Hope, March 30, 1961 John F. Kennedy Inauguration, January 20, 1961 Christmas Cards from Okey Patteson Program, Pre-Commencement Exercises, WVU School of Medicine, August 1962 Program, Pen Revue of 1949, "Round-Up Time," Haberstick Auditorium, West Virginia Penitentiary, April 20-23, 1949 Dedication Program, West Virginia Turnpike, November 8, 1954 West Virginia State Magazine, January 1953 Booklet, Heaven Here: Starr Valley by James W. Weir, Elkins Booklet, West Virginia: The Mountain State Raleigh County Bank, Annual Report, 1960 Raleigh County Bank, Brochure, 1961 Program, Regional Industrial Development Conference, Beckley Hotel, April 9, 1964 Correspondence, Rosalind Funk Program, Woodrow Wilson High School, Senior Class Night, May 27, 1930 Ticket, Football Game, Washington and Lee vs. WVU, Charleston, October 12, 1946 Ticket, Football Game, Washington and Lee vs. WVU, Laidley Field, Charleston, October 23, 1948 Ticket, Football Game, Washington and Lee vs. WVU, Laidley Field, Charleston, October 1, 1949 West Virginia Inaugural Program, William Marland, January 19, 1953 Photographs: Okey Patteson with Mrs. Patteson, Rosalind Funk, unidentified, Christmas Dinner at Governor's Mansion (4) Okey Patteson with Mrs. Patteson, Rosalind Funk, unidentified, Christmas Dinner at Governor's Mansion (6) Okey Patteson with Mrs. Patteson, Rosalind Funk, unidentified, Christmas Dinner at Governor's Mansion (12) Okey Patteson with Rosalind Fund, W. Grundy Cooper, meeting regarding Turnpike Dedication Okey Patteson with Mrs. Patteson, unidentified, crowd in stadium (2) Okey Patteson with Mrs. Patteson, unidentified (4) Okey Patteson with Governor and Mrs. William Marland, Rosalind Funk, unidentified, West Virginia Turnpike Dedication (5) West Virginia Governor's Mansion (3) West Virginia State Capitol, Governor's Office (3) West Virginia State Capitol, Exterior (8) West Virginia State Capitol, Interior (2) West Virginia Turnpike Commission Administration Building (2) Rosalind Funk, Christmas tree, Governor's Reception Room Rosalind Funk with unidentified Okey Patteson with Rosalind Funk, unidentified Kitchen staff, Governor's Mansion (2) Rosalind Funk with unidentified women wearing message hats William Marland with Mrs. Marland, Rosalind Funk, unidentified, Marland birthday cake, March 26, 1953 Rosalind Funk wearing model of West Virginia Turnpike on head, "Turnpike Hat" (3) Okey Patteson with Mrs. Patteson, daughter, Rosalind Funk, Clarence Meadows, unidentified Okey Patteson with unidentified, Texas meeting Okey Patteson with Rosalind Funk, unidentified Okey Patteson with Jennings Randolph, unidentified Unidentified band, outline of states (3) Scenic view Rosalind Funk with unidentified women along banister adorned with Christmas decorations, 1950 (2) Okey Patteson speaking to legislature (3) Okey Patteson portraits (2) Okey Patteson painting Okey Patteson at desk (7) Okey Patteson outdoors William Marland, signed portrait Clarence Meadows, portrait Okey Patteson with William Marland, Rosalind Funk (4) Okey Patteson with Rosalind Funk (4) Okey Patteson at Turnpike office, August 1954 Okey Patteson on telephone (3) William Marland on telephone Rosalind Funk with Okey Patteson, operating equipment, West Virginia Turnpke (4) Rosalind Funk (5) Rosalind Funk, others, Jack Dempsey's Restaurant, 1944-1945 Criminal Identification Bureau photographs, Charleston (8) Okey Patteson with Rosalind Funk, State Policeman, unidentified Clarence Meadows with Mrs. Meadows, Okey Patteson, Rosalind Funk, unidentified (2) Okey Patteson with Rosalind Funk, January 1945 Okey Patteson with Mrs. Patteson, Clarence Meadows, Rosalind Funk, unidentified, 1949 inauguration (?) Rosalind Funk with unidentified Okey Patteson with Mrs. Patteson, Rosalind Funk, daughter (?) Wedding of Patteson daughter (2) Okey Patteson with Bob Hope, unidentified Okey Patteson with Rosalind Funk, Governor's Mansion Oversized Photographs OP with Rosalind Funk, unidentified Unidentified portrait, with inscription from John Clarence Meadows Democratic National Convention, Chicago, July 21, 1952 Special Collections
5269	dbpedia	1	12	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/William_C._Marland	en	William C. Marland	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	https://wikiwandv2-19431…s/icon-32x32.png	[ "https://wikiwandv2-19431.kxcdn.com/_next/image?url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/William_C._Marland.jpg/640px-William_C._Marland.jpg&w=640&q=50", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/William_C._Marland.jpg/220px-William_C._Marland.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/19px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	William Casey Marland, a Democrat, was the 24th Governor of West Virginia from 1953 to 1957. He is best known for his early attempts to tax companies that depleted the state's natural resources, especially coal, as well as overseeing implementation of school desegregation during the Civil Rights Movement when other Southern governors opposed it. Near the end of his life, he re-entered the public stage when a reporter found him driving a cab in Chicago. He responded to the negative publicity by making a public statement to the media about his recovery from alcoholism and indicated that his new, relatively humble job helped in that recovery.	en	https://wikiwandv2-19431…icon-180x180.png	Wikiwand	https://www.wikiwand.com/en/William_C._Marland	For the soldier, see William Marland (Medal of Honor). William Casey Marland (March 26, 1918 – November 26, 1965), a Democrat, was the 24th Governor of West Virginia from 1953 to 1957. He is best known for his early attempts to tax companies that depleted the state's natural resources, especially coal, as well as overseeing implementation of school desegregation during the Civil Rights Movement when other Southern governors opposed it. Near the end of his life, he re-entered the public stage when a reporter found him driving a cab in Chicago. He responded to the negative publicity by making a public statement to the media about his recovery from alcoholism and indicated that his new, relatively humble job helped in that recovery.
5269	dbpedia	0	30	https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Patteson-21	en	Okey Leonidas Patteson (1898-1989)			[ "https://www.wikitree.com/images/wikitree-small.png.pagespeed.ce.5G9g5z_Ayb.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/thumb/b/b0/Patteson-21.gif/75px-Patteson-21.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/privacy60.png.pagespeed.ce.40ChhYgHYM.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qcAFb.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/pedigree.gif.pagespeed.ce.4kSwuvQoBH.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qcAFb.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qcAFb.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/thumb/f/fb/State_Seals-46.png/75px-State_Seals-46.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/a/a2/WikiTree_Image_Library-37.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/star.gif.pagespeed.ce.PFsRnIv2dh.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/star.gif.pagespeed.ce.PFsRnIv2dh.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/b/b0/Patteson-21.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "Okey Patteson genealogy" ]	null	[]	1898-09-14T00:00:00	Is this your ancestor? Explore genealogy for Okey Patteson born 1898 Dingess, Mingo, West Virginia, United States died 1989 Beckley, Raleigh, West Virginia, United States including ancestors + children + 1 photos + more in the free family tree community.	en	/favicon.ico		https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Patteson-21	WIKITREE HOME \| ABOUT \| G2G FORUM \| HELP \| SEARCH IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE TERMS OF SERVICE AND PRIVACY POLICY. © 2008 - 2023 INTERESTING.COM, INC. CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS.
5269	dbpedia	1	46	https://dokumen.pub/the-deans-bible-five-purdue-women-and-their-quest-for-equality-9781612493251-9781557536761.html	en	The Deans' Bible : Five Purdue Women and Their Quest for Equality 9781612493251, 9781557536761	https://dokumen.pub/img/…781557536761.jpg	https://dokumen.pub/img/…781557536761.jpg	[ "https://dokumen.pub/dokumenpub/assets/img/dokumenpub_logo.png", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/women-development-and-the-un-a-sixty-year-quest-for-equality-and-justice-0253346975-9780253346971-9780253111845.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/women-and-politics-in-america-the-quest-for-equality-2017021114-9781138856547-9781138856554-9781315719535.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/the-women-of-the-bible-speak-the-wisdom-of-16-women-and-their-lessons-for-today-9780063046610-9780063046597-006304661x.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/king-and-the-other-america-the-poor-peoples-campaign-and-the-quest-for-economic-equality-9780520963436.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/women-of-faith-and-the-quest-for-spiritual-authenticity-9781000361162.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/abraham-clark-and-the-quest-for-equality-in-the-revolutionary-era-1774-1794-0838631002-9780838631003.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/the-kurds-the-history-of-the-middle-eastern-ethnic-group-and-their-quest-for-kurdistan.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/post-grad-five-women-and-their-first-year-out-of-college-first-edition-9780062429490-9780062429537-0062429493.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/communists-and-their-victims-the-quest-for-justice-in-the-czech-republic-9780812294989.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/communists-and-their-victims-the-quest-for-justice-in-the-czech-republic-0812250141-9780812250145.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/the-deans-bible-five-purdue-women-and-their-quest-for-equality-9781612493251-9781557536761.jpg", "https://dokumen.pub/dokumenpub/assets/img/dokumenpub_logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Five women successively nurtured students on the Purdue University campus in America's heartland during the 1930s t...	en	https://dokumen.pub/doku…e-icon-57x57.png	dokumen.pub	https://dokumen.pub/the-deans-bible-five-purdue-women-and-their-quest-for-equality-9781612493251-9781557536761.html	Citation preview The Deans’ Bible The Founders Series Also by Angie Klink Kirby’s Way: How Kirby and Caroline Risk Built their Company on Kitchen-Table Values Divided Paths, Common Ground: The Story of Mary Matthews and Lella Gaddis, Pioneering Purdue Women Who Introduced Science into the Home The Deans’ Bible Five Purdue Women and Their Quest for Equality By Angie Klink Purdue University Press West Lafayette, Indiana The author and publisher gratefully acknowledge the support of friends and admirers of the deans depicted in this book. Without their generosity, the writing and production of this book would not have been possible. Copyright 2014 by Purdue University. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Cataloging-in-Publication data on file at the Library of Congress. Cover design by Natalie Powell. In memory of my mother, Rosemary Lawhead Rhodes Lipp, because no one told her she could. Contents Foreword ix Preface xi Author’s Note xvii The Deans’ List xix 1 Celestial Chicken Salad 1 2 Carolyn Shoemaker, a Faraway Look 3 3 Artists of Life 13 4 Far Horizons 23 5 Dorothy Stratton Finds a Bible 31 6 Helen Schleman, Born in the Right Moment 39 7 If Walls Could Talk 47 8 Amelia Earhart, Cabbages and Kings 55 9 Lillian Gilbreth, the One Best Way 69 10 Ladies’ Agreement 79 11 Beverley Stone, a Lovely Light 93 12 Your Best Foot Forward 101 13 Be Interesting 111 14 Don’t Be a Spare . . . Be a SPAR! 121 15 Meanwhile, Back at the Ranch 135 16 In Sheep’s Clothing 145 17 Barbara Ivy Wood Cook, ’Tis a Gift to Be Free 157 18 Bible Bequeathed 167 19 Gospel of the Go-to-Hell Fund 179 20 B-Squared 187 21 Dean of Women Punch 195 22 At the Service of the President 205 23 Mixed Messages 217 24 Winter’s Death Rattle 233 25 Betty Mitchell Nelson, Message in the Hollow Oak 243 26 ’Twas Ever Thus 253 27 The Quiet Crisis 261 28 Uncharted Waters 267 29 Peace, Love, and a Bible Passage 279 30 Off Guard 285 31 Sit In, Stand Out 293 32 In Walks the Pantsuit 303 33 Hip Women 313 34 Entitled to Title IX 323 35 The Hand That Rocks the Cradle Can Rock the Boat 333 36 Easier to Move a Cemetery 339 37 And She Did It! 349 38 Deanie Weenies 357 39 Bible Holding Pattern 365 40 Chicken Salad Reprise 379 41 The Main Thing 383 42 To Understand More Than One Knows 393 43 Hearing What Is Not Said 403 44 Helen’s Hankie Club 415 45 Betty’s Blast Off and Bible Hand Off 421 46 Hugging the Purdue Campus 427 47 By Your Leave, Sirs 435 48 The Place Just Right 441 49 Epilogue 445 Index 447 Foreword We must always take sides. Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim. Silence encourages the tormentor, never the tormented. —Elie Wiesel, Holocaust survivor, author of Night Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, 1986 F ive remarkable women enlivened and enhanced Purdue University from 1933 to 1995. They shared profound concern for students and the educations they were receiving. In addition, they also were united by their efforts to expand opportunities for women, both at Purdue and nationally. Purdue itself benefited immensely from their service, including their forceful and direct efforts to convince their boss, typically the university president, to modify policies that would make Purdue a stronger university. Often, though not always, they were successful. Who was this quintet? They were the deans of women and then deans of students from 1933 to 1995: Dorothy C. Stratton, Helen B. Schleman, M. Beverley Stone, Barbara I. Cook, and Betty M. Nelson. In their early years they were part of a mere handful of adult women in positions of responsibility at Purdue. Thus, their concerns for women transcended student life to include opportunities for women as professors and senior ix x Foreword administrators. Not surprisingly, many of their male colleagues did not share their enthusiasm. Angie Klink has recorded their experiences in this lively volume, The Deans’ Bible: Five Purdue Women and Their Quest for Equality. This is not simply a tale of five beloved servants of Purdue. Rather, Klink has embedded their efforts in the larger tale of women’s changing role in American society in the twentieth century. She places these women—from Missouri, Indiana, Virginia, Tennessee, and West Virginia—in the national events influencing women’s experience as well as the service of three of them in the military during World War II. This is a book for Boilermakers to remember some of our most impressive leaders. I am fortunate to have known and admired all of the deans as a child in West Lafayette and as a Purdue student (BS, 1955; MS, 1958; Litt.D., 1980). Additionally, it is a book for those who have not had the privilege of a Purdue education to learn about this dedicated group who sought and achieved improvements, both in women’s opportunities and in university education. —Patricia Albjerg Graham Charles Warren Professor of the History of Education Emerita Harvard University Preface F or nearly a century, six Purdue women deans passed down a secret Bible. The Bible was the clandestine emblem of their shared profession and a symbol of their sisterhood. The many-layered story of their interwoven lives and their pursuit of equity for all people rings of fiction, but because it is true, the tale is relevant and inspiring today. We hunger to learn from women like Dorothy Stratton, Helen Schleman, Beverley Stone, Barbara Cook, and Betty Nelson. I was privileged to channel these women’s astonishing lives into this book. Over the course of several years when I attended a University “women’s event” in the Purdue Libraries Archives and Special Collections, I saw the same photo of five women striding shoulder to shoulder in a grassy meadow. Repeatedly, the photo was printed on programs or posters to signify “women of Purdue.” It was as if this image was the representation of powerful women in Purdue’s history. The photo became iconic. I didn’t xi xii Preface know much about the five, but every time I saw the picture, the women walked toward me, and I thought, “There’s a story.” Then I was told of the secret Bible, originally held by Carolyn Shoemaker who became Purdue’s first part-time dean of women in 1913. When I heard of the hand-me-down Testament, I knew—there is a story, and I would love to write it. While not all of the women were devoted churchgoers, each dean passed the Bible to her successor. The book remained tucked in the acting dean’s desk drawer where it emitted a quiet, formidable reminder that when the dean on duty met with obstacles, injustice, or good fortune, the deans were always there for one another in presence and in spirit, shoulder to shoulder in forward momentum. The story of the five deans is a tale of women helping other women. The deans abetted each other, female students, faculty, and administrators. These women of great substance aided minorities, people with disabilities, and any student—male or female—who needed a good listener and a word of hope. The Deans’ Bible spans one hundred years of women’s rights, women at Purdue University, and women in America. The book is about equality for all people. Dorothy, Helen, Bev, Barb, and Betty were cut from the same progressive, broad-minded cloth and wore the same mantel of parity and integrity throughout their lives. Dorothy and Helen were friends with Amelia Earhart and Lillian Gilbreth. The aviatrix and engineer were profound influences on Dorothy and Helen who, into the twentieth century, carried forth the famous women’s philosophies that females can accomplish great feats. Dorothy, Helen, and Bev enlisted to serve during World War II. Captain Dorothy Stratton was the founder and director of the women’s reserve of the United States Coast Guard, which she named the SPARs. Captain Helen Schleman was Dorothy’s “right-hand woman.” Many who knew Beverley Stone may not have realized that this ultrafeminine woman who wore pearls and fur coats had been a WAVE, a member of the women’s reserve of the United States Navy. Time spent in the SPARs and the WAVES proved to these three that females could accomplish anything; however, when the war ended, women were told to go back Preface xiii home, take care of their men, have children, and forget thoughts of careers. This cultural pressure for women to marry, stay home, and not pursue their dreams was something that the deans challenged on Purdue’s campus for decades. Throughout her lifetime, Dorothy Stratton was honored as the director of the SPARs. Her contribution to America’s women and minorities spanned from her association with Eleanor Roosevelt, beginning in the 1940s, to her posthumous association with Michelle Obama in the 2000s, when the first lady christened and commissioned a United States Coast Guard cutter in Dorothy’s name. The USCGC Stratton protects America’s shoreline today. I thank the staff of the Purdue University Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections for their steadfast assistance during my research for The Deans’ Bible. University Archivist and Head of Archives and Special Collections Sammie L. Morris was most helpful in opening the “vaults” for me to peer inside. A special thank-you goes to Stephanie Schmitz, the France A. Córdova Women’s Archivist, and Jonathan K. McConnell, graduate assistant, for their prompt attention to my many queries to find a particular letter or newspaper clipping. Each dean has her share of papers and ephemera housed in the Purdue Libraries Archives and Special Collections, but Helen was the queen saver of them all. I read through thirteen archival boxes filled with Helen’s papers. She saved every letter she received and carbon copies (written back in the days of carbon paper) of the correspondence she sent. It was as if Helen knew that she must document the continual battles to bring women equal opportunities at Purdue and in the country, and that I would come along sixty years later to write down her trials for the world to see and learn from her efforts and fortitude. Often, when I left the beautiful research area of the Purdue Libraries Archives and Special Collections, where I had been cloistered for an afternoon surrounded by the rich wooden cabinets housing every Debris yearbook since the 1800s, I would feel the weight of Helen’s struggles. The continual oppression that she and the female students endured weighed heavily upon my shoulders; however, I also went away with such awe for her persistence and that of her sister deans. They never gave up. Even in . xiv Preface retirement during the early 1990s, Helen, in her eighties, handwrote a four-page letter to the president of Purdue expressing her concern that there were not enough women in administration at the University. She then listed potential candidates and their qualifications. I thank two very special women for their immeasurable help in writing The Deans’ Bible. Dean of Students Emerita Betty M. Nelson is the dean “holding down the spiritual fort” here on earth for her predecessors. The deans considered themselves a “chosen family,” and Betty’s stories of her lineage of deans gave much insight to the tapestry of their connections, the challenges they faced individually and collectively, and the fun they had in the journey. To know Betty is to know a woman of class, depth, and energy. She’s funny, intuitive, and brilliant. I thank another member of the “chosen family,” Captain Sally Watlington. Sally was the daughter Helen Schleman never had. Sally was equally close to Dorothy Stratton. Dorothy, Helen, and Bev influenced Sally in her decision to join the navy. Sally and Betty cared for the deans as they aged. (Sally affectionately called them “the Deanie Weenies” and “the Girls.”) In the spirit of the Bible’s symbolic undertone of women advocating for one another, Betty and Sally were there for the deans, to the end. Most recently, the two cared for Barbara Cook until her passing in April 2013. The day after Barb passed away, I was at Betty’s house to interview Purdue alumna Teresa Roche, who knew all of the deans and is especially close to Betty. As Teresa and I sat at the kitchen table, Betty headed for the front door to leave for an errand. As if something came to her suddenly, she stopped, turned her head to the side, and said rather cryptically, “Be prepared for your life to change.” Then she opened the door and scurried off. Her words wafted prophetically in her wake. People have asked me if my books change me during the process of writing. They all have left their marks, even the children’s books with their sparse number of words. But The Deans’ Bible has transformed me the most, for these distinguished women have “removed the scales from my eyes.” Each dean chose a favorite passage to write down in the front matter of Carolyn Shoemaker’s Bible. Similarly, I am selecting a verse for this book—Acts 9:15–18, referred to as the “Conversion of Saul.” It reads: Preface xv But the Lord said, “Go and do what I say. For Saul is my chosen instrument to take my message to the Gentiles and to kings, as well as to the people of Israel. And I will show him how much he must suffer for me.” So Ananias went and found Saul. He laid his hands on him and said, “Brother Saul, the Lord Jesus, who appeared to you on the road, has sent me so that you may get your sight back and be filled with the Holy Spirit.” Instantly something like scales fell from Saul’s eyes, and he regained his sight. After receiving his sight, Saul spent time with other believers to learn of the teachings of Jesus, and then he embarked on a ministry to preach the truth to others. When Saul spoke to others, his words were powerful because he was a brilliant scholar, yet most convincing was the evidence of the way he lived. It’s important to know the Good Book and how to defend one’s faith, but words need to be backed up with a changed life. For nearly two years I conducted research and wrote The Deans’ Bible. I have spent much time with the believers. It’s important that the efforts of the deans are written down to proclaim their faith in the potential of all people and their gospel of women helping other women. Scales must fall from more eyes. I hope my words can be backed up with a changed life—yours and mine. —Angie Klink Publisher’s Note: In addition to the photographs in the center of this book, further images can be found on a connected website hosted by the Purdue University Archives and Special Collections at http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315231. Author’s Note D eans of women at universities and colleges across the United States were once connected as a nurturing network of mentors by their own professional organization, founded in 1916 as the National Association of Deans of Women (NADW). The early founders worked diligently to professionalize the position of dean and to legitimize their roles on predominantly male college campuses. The organization metamorphosed through the twentieth century, changing its name three times before shuttering in 2000. Deans of women opened doors and opportunities for female students, faculty, and administrators throughout American campuses. Their scholarly journal, research monographs, symposia, and conferences provided evidence of the immeasurable contributions that the association and its members made to higher education and women’s voices in that education. At the 1956 NADW annual conference in Cincinnati, Ohio, President Eunice Hilton declared a new name for the forty-year-old association. xvii xviii Author’s Note It became the National Association of Women Deans and Counselors (NAWDC). In 1973, the name changed again as the word “administrators” was added. The organization became the National Association for Women Deans, Administrators, and Counselors (NAWDAC), a name it would hold until 1991, when the group moved into a new identity. In 1990, a fundraising consultant hired by NAWDAC recommended a name change using the ideas of “women in education” and “women’s leadership” as a guide. The membership of NAWDAC voted to change the association’s name to the National Association for Women in Education (NAWE). The word “dean” was no longer part of the seventy-five-year-old organization’s distinctiveness. By the turn of the twenty-first century, NAWE experienced increased competition for membership from other professional organizations. Society had also shifted away from supporting single-sex groups; NAWE came to an end in 2000. The association’s legacy and immense contributions to the advancement of female students, faculty, and administrators in higher education live on through its historical contributions—contributions that are of the utmost importance still today. In 2012, the American Council on Education’s (ACE) survey of college presidents found a profession dominated by white men—a portrait that has hardly changed since the NADW was founded in 1916. Today, 26 percent of institutional leaders are female. No doubt, the deans of women would encourage females to persevere, for there is still work to be done for the issue of women’s educational equity and advancement—still a goal to be attained in the twenty-first century. Today, the National Student Affairs Archives (NSAA) at the Center for Archival Collections at Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, comprises the institutional papers of numerous national, regional, and state professional student affairs associations. The NSAA also is home to “The Student Affairs History Project,” a website devoted to the history of the student affairs profession. The NSAA was a helpful resource in the writing of The Deans’ Bible. The Deans’ List Carolyn E. Shoemaker Born: 1865 Died: March 2, 1933 Dean of Women: 1913–1933 Dorothy C. Stratton Born: March 24, 1899 Died: September 17, 2006 Dean of Women: 1933–1942 WWII leave of absence: 1942–1947 Helen B. Schleman Born: June 21, 1902 Died: February 5, 1992 Dean of Women: 1947–1968 M. Beverley Stone Born: June 10, 1916 Died: April 16, 2003 Dean of Women: 1968–1974 Dean of Students: 1974–1980 xix xx The Deans’ List Barbara I. Cook Born: December 8, 1929 Died: April 10, 2013 Dean of Students: 1980–1987 Betty M. Nelson Born: March 17, 1935 Dean of Students: 1987–1995 Deans Helen B. Schleman, M. Beverley Stone, Barbara I. Cook, Betty M. Nelson, and Dorothy C. Stratton at Purdue’s North Golf Course (today named Kampen Course) in July 1987. Betty had been Purdue’s dean of students for two weeks when she was invited to lunch at the Cook-Stone home flanking the golf course. Much to her surprise, Betty was presented with Carolyn Shoemaker’s Bible, a symbol of the women’s shared profession. Photo by Dave Umberger. 1 Celestial Chicken Salad O n a verdant July day in 1987, a camera clicked and a roll of 35-millimeter film advanced to record a moment in Purdue University history. Five women were captured in a photograph that represented six decades of striving for the advancement of women, a quest for equality for all beings, and an interweaving of lives that formed a chosen family. The photograph became known as “Five Deans Walking.” Betty Nelson, age fifty-two, had just completed her first two weeks as Purdue’s dean of students when her predecessors, Beverley Stone, age seventyone, and Barbara Cook, age fifty-eight, invited her to lunch at the white twostory colonial they shared on Western Drive in West Lafayette, Indiana. Betty thought she merely was invited to a nice lunch with the women who had become like family since she first worked in the Office of the Dean of Women twenty years before. Bev and Barb said the meal would be “something small, just a little salad.” And, as an afterthought, “Oh, Helen and Dorothy might be there, too.” 1 2 The Deans’ Bible Neighbors and friends had nicknamed Western Drive “Deans’ Row.” Down the block from the “Cook-Stone” home, Dorothy Stratton, age eighty-eight, Purdue’s first full-time dean of women, shared a contemporary house with her successor, Helen Schleman, age eighty-five. The four former Purdue deans lived their retirement years, houses apart, along the edge of the emerald bunkers and bays of Purdue’s North Golf Course (today named Kampen Course). Betty arrived and noticed that the deans were dressed in summer suits, pastel skirts, and crisp blouses. Helen wore her gold Purdue pendant watch around her neck. Dangling from Bev’s ears were her signature faux pearl earrings. The table in the breakfast nook with a panoramic view of the golf course was set in style, and the women were in high spirits. Celestial Chicken Salad was served nestled in crisp lettuce cups. Celestial Chicken Salad was a recipe handed down to Barb Celestial Chicken Salad from her mother, Thelma Wood. Dice cooked chicken (always white Thelma told her daughter it was meat, of course). Toss lightly with a dish to be served when one celery, whole mushrooms (whole, not sliced), toasted pecans, fried wanted to impress. The chicken bacon, mayonnaise (must be Hellsalad was aptly named, for it was man’s—this is important), sour heavenly, indeed. The five deans cream (not low fat), and lemon sat at the kitchen table feasting juice. Garnish the luncheon plate and chatting. The lineage of with halved cherry tomatoes. their common chosen professions was nearly palpable. Dessert was served, and at the invitation of Barb and Bev, Dave Umberger, Purdue’s senior photographer, arrived. The women knew Dave loved Key lime pie, and Bev’s southern recipe was a refreshing favorite. It was then that the reason for the gathering was revealed. Barb pulled out a tattered brown leather Bible. Betty watched, hands folded and resting on her poplin skirt, still thinking she was simply there for a pleasant noontime meal. She loved to hear these women’s stories, some captivating and new, others familiar and deeprooted like family fables. Betty sat waiting, glancing at the old book in Barb’s hand. It was then that the four past women deans shared with the new woman dean their long-standing secret—the tale of the deans’ Bible. 2 Carolyn Shoemaker, a Faraway Look C arolyn Ernestine Shoemaker possessed a Bible, an American Standard. The cover was supple, cocoa-hued leather. The end of the word “HOLY,” embossed with gold lettering on the spine, curled cheerily upward. The spine read: HOLY BIBLE REFERENCES SELF-PRONOUNCING NELSON The term “References” indicated that throughout the text, the Bible contained mentions of other passages of Scripture on the same subject. A “Self-Pronouncing Bible” is one where difficult names are broken into syllables and accented by diacritical marks to help the reader pronounce them correctly. “Nelson” referred to Thomas Nelson Bibles, one of the oldest Bible publishers in the world. 3 4 The Deans’ Bible Perhaps the Bible was given to Carolyn as a gift when she was baptized or when she graduated from high school and entered Purdue University. Carolyn graduated with a bachelor of science degree in 1888, less than twenty years after the University opened. Two of her classmates were George Ade, an author and humorist, and John T. McCutcheon, the “Dean of American Cartoonists” and Pulitzer Prize winner. Carolyn was quiet, composed, and cheerful. People said she had perfect poise. Mrs. Mindwell Crampton Wilson, in “A Tribute to Dean Shoemaker” during Carolyn’s memorial service, said that she “loved truth, seeking it above material things.” She had an open mind; she valued friends, loved her two brothers, Jesse and Charles, lived simply, and found joy in work. One of the few photos of Carolyn shows her looking wistfully through her wire glasses, her dark hair in a finger wave, a popular style of the time, with a long strand of pearls accenting her dark, scooped-neck dress with lace sleeves. Carolyn was a student in the first class Stanley Coulter taught after he arrived at Purdue to teach zoology. Later, he would become Purdue’s first dean of men. Coulter spoke fondly of Carolyn, the student he would grow to know more deeply as a colleague in the following decades. During Carolyn’s memorial service, in a speech titled “Dean Shoemaker, The Woman,” Coulter said: “I recognized in her case I was to deal with an exceptional personality. She had at all times a faraway look in her eyes, which only the years interpreted to me.” Emma Montgomery McRae was a professor of English literature at Purdue who nurtured Carolyn’s love of language. The two women had studied together and shared a trip to Europe. Carolyn said that Emma was the greatest influence of her adult life. Emma was a solid, broad-faced woman with hair loosely piled atop her head. She had been a high school teacher and principal in Muncie, Indiana, and she was the first woman in the state to be chosen as president of the State Teachers Association. A group of women created the Muncie McRae Club in Emma’s honor in 1894 for “intellectual and cultural pursuit” of “education in art, science, literature, and music.” This was during a time when many women did not have the opportunity for education, and the club was an answer to that Carolyn Shoemaker, a Faraway Look 5 academic void. The club also discussed social concerns such as suffrage, child labor, and race relations. A program booklet contained the motto, “Study to be what you wish to seem” with a tribute to Emma, “our honorary member—eminent as teacher and lecturer, a woman of rare character and great influence.” The McRae Club history goes on to describe Emma as a woman who “. . . filled her niche in life to the fullest, and with it all, remained so gentle, so plain, so unassuming and yet so dignified. Wherever she walked, people were wont to say, ‘A queen has passed this way.’ [Her] lectures were always masterpieces, her travelogues were unsurpassed [and] couched in the King’s best English.” When Purdue President James H. Smart hired her in 1887, Emma became the “unofficial” dean of women. She was known as “Mother McRae,” and because there were few female faculty members and a small number of female students, she served as a counselor on every academic and personal problem these students experienced. Emma epitomized high character, delivered masterful speeches, and garnered immense respect. With Emma, the die was cast. Ladies Hall was the epicenter of every academic and social activity for Purdue’s female students and where all of the home economics classes were held. In the early years, home economics was the “foot in the door” to higher education for women. Often, females were “not allowed” to take other courses seen as “unwomanly.” It was the rare woman who bucked the stereotypes and took engineering or agriculture. The building also was a residence hall where the women and Emma lived. Ladies Hall was a striking redbrick building with imposing twin towers. An iron fire escape wove a path from a third-floor arched window onto a veranda rooftop, then down a ladder that scaled the side of the building to the lawn. The fire escape was a popular place for photographs, with women students posing in a line on each stair step or clinging to the ladder, smiling, in their hats, gloves, black fur-collared coats, and highbutton shoes. Each window bore a roller shade with a dangling string to pull for privacy. When it was constructed in 1872, Ladies Hall was the first permanent building north of State Street, the dirt thoroughfare that divided the Purdue campus. 6 The Deans’ Bible Put in context, it is remarkable that any woman obtained a college degree during the late 1800s, for society severely challenged women’s efforts for an education. When Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the first Women’s Rights Convention in 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York, grievances were documented in the “Declaration of Sentiments” and set the agenda for the women’s rights movement. One of the sentiments stated, “The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward women. . . . He had denied her the facilities of a thorough education, all colleges being closed against her.” An outcome of the convention was a demand for higher education for women. Through the 1890s, “scientific” reports were released that showed that too much education could seriously hurt the female reproductive system. Commonly known as the Progressive Era, 1890 to 1917 was a watershed in women’s intellectual history. There was a genuine fear that a good education would make a woman unfit for marriage and motherhood. In fact, nearly half of the first generation of college women did not marry or delayed marriage. They turned their energies to social reform and careers. Society offered educated women two choices—marriage or work, and many chose work. Remarkably, this cultural commandment to choose between career and marriage persisted well into the first half of the twentieth century. When Carolyn Shoemaker was twenty-one, she obtained her master’s degree from Purdue with plans to embark on a teaching career; however, as happens to many women, she put her personal goals on hold to care for someone she loved. Carolyn tended to her invalid mother for eleven years. Emma McRae hired Carolyn, age thirty-five, as an English literature instructor in 1900, the same year Carolyn’s mother passed away. Carolyn was an inspiring professor who infused a love of literature and drama into her teaching. She was a dynamic orator, on and off campus, and gave book reviews and speeches to clubs and organizations throughout Indiana. Carolyn’s office was in University Hall, today the oldest building on Purdue’s campus. In his speech during Carolyn’s memorial service, titled “Miss Shoemaker, The Teacher,” Professor H. L. Creek, head of the Department of English, described Carolyn in this manner: Carolyn Shoemaker, a Faraway Look 7 She would enter the English Department office to get her mail, smile a greeting to anyone who might be present, and go back to her own office, perhaps without speaking. Ordinarily she seemed quite composed, with something of philosophic calm in her face and manner. Then sometimes there would come a sudden revelation of emotion—deep determination to accomplish something she thought important, a touch of indignation at some wrong, a bit of sorrow at the failure of others to reach her ideals, a flash of sympathy for someone who did not seem to be having a fair chance in life. At such moments we felt that Miss Shoemaker, calm as she might seem, had a deeply emotional life, and that her power as a teacher and as a woman lay in the warmth of her feelings. Carolyn enjoyed studying human character. The teaching of drama appealed to her the most because she was interested in the interplay of purpose and personality. She relished mortal complexities found in fiction, biography, and autobiography. As a member of Central Presbyterian Church, Carolyn taught “Bible Class in the Sabbath School” to a large group of Purdue coeds. The Bible was filled with the literary concepts Carolyn loved—drama, mortal complexities, purpose, and personality. T he “unofficial” dean of women Emma McRae retired from Purdue in 1912. She was the first female faculty member to receive a Carnegie Foundation retirement grant. Andrew Carnegie had just established the Carnegie Corporation of New York in 1911 “to promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding” among the people of the United States. While Carnegie is best known for his establishment of free public libraries throughout America, he also supported education and teachers. He was shocked to discover that teachers, “one of the highest professions,” had less financial security than his former office clerks. His teacher retirement accounts are now called TIAA-CREF. The year after Emma retired, Purdue President Winthrop Stone called Carolyn, age forty-eight, into his office and offered her the newly created appointment of part-time dean of women. Many universities were establishing similar positions, and as Stone said, almost begrudgingly, he guessed 8 The Deans’ Bible Purdue should, too. Female students had lost their confidante and counselor when Emma retired. Shoemaker was surprised and in awe of the responsibility; she said she was not sure she could handle such a job. The story repeated in countless chronicles of Purdue history for the last century is that Stone bellowed, “Be a man, Miss Shoemaker! Be a man! Do not let this or any other task worry you.” Carolyn accepted the position of part-time dean of women in 1913, but she served Purdue very much like a woman. Student Marion L. Smith (in her memorial speech for Carolyn, titled “The Dean of Women”) described her: High aims and high ideals alone were not enough for Miss Shoemaker. One of the significant characteristics to which practically every coed made reference was her willingness to help—no problem brought to her by a coed was too small for her to consider; another characteristic was her desire to be reached easily by the coeds—she tried to be in her office whenever possible, and she was never too busy to see one; another trait was her sympathetic and understanding nature. She realized how important those problems were and what they meant to the girls who brought them, and she sincerely tried to solve those problems. Girls have actually gone into her office weeping and come out smiling. Female faculty members in colleges across the United States were asked to serve a dual role as deans of women from the 1890s to the 1930s. The deans were to oversee the women who were the minority population on campus. They would insulate the women from the “maleness” of the campuses and, in turn, protect and guide the women. The deans were scholars who were concerned about the intellectual development of women, especially in competition with men. The presence of women on campuses made university presidents and male faculty members uneasy. Women in colleges raised concerns about propriety, delicate matters of health, and female “problems,” as well as the institutional responsibility to families to protect the safety, sexual virtue, and reputations of daughters far from home. For the uncomfortable males, appointing a dean of women to handle all those “unpleasant” female needs was the perfect solution. Yet Carolyn helped the less than one hundred females on Purdue’s campus with much more than matters of propriety. When women did Carolyn Shoemaker, a Faraway Look 9 not have enough money to finish their degrees, Carolyn gave them financial assistance from her own pocketbook. She also abetted social troubles, “scholastic adjustments,” rooming house supervision, and general overseeing of all coed organizations and activities. The Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) was one of the oldest campus institutions. The YWCA sponsored the Big Sister Movement, by which the women in the upper classes familiarized the freshmen females with activities and customs. In later years, this program at Purdue would be named the “Green Guard.” Carolyn became Purdue’s first part-time dean of women the same year Alice Paul and Lucy Burns formed the Congressional Union (later named the National Woman’s Party) to work toward the passage of a federal amendment to give women the right to vote. Paul, age twenty-eight, “cut her teeth” as a suffragist in England. While there, she met Burns in London. On March 3, 1913, one day before President-elect Woodrow Wilson’s inauguration, Paul and Burns organized a strategically timed, majestically staged women’s suffrage parade with more than 5,000 marchers striding down Pennsylvania Avenue. Stunning and confident, Inez Milholland, a lawyer, led the parade. Draped in a cream cape that billowed in the breeze, she rode astride a snow-white horse. Holding a place of honor, immediately following, were women from seventeen countries that had already enfranchised women. Then came the “Pioneers,” women who had been struggling in the American suffrage movement for sixty-five years to secure the right to vote. The next section of the parade celebrated workingwomen, grouped by occupation and wearing the appropriate garb. There were nine bands, twenty-four floats, and a section for male supporters. The marchers waved American flags and bore signs and sashes in suffrage colors of purple, white, and gold that bore the words “Votes for Women.” About 500,000 spectators gathered along the route. Everyone was welcome to participate, with one exception. In a city that was southern in both location and attitude, where the Christmas Eve rape of a government clerk by a black man had percolated racist sentiments, Paul was convinced that some white women would not march with black women. In response to several inquiries, she had quietly discouraged blacks from participating. 10 The Deans’ Bible Aware they were not wanted and in spite of fear that they may be attacked, a new Howard University African American sorority, Delta Sigma Theta, joined the procession. African American activists believed that if white women needed the vote to secure their rights, black women needed it even more. They faced discrimination on two levels—sex and race. The parade was the group’s first public act. Today, Delta Sigma Theta is one of the largest African American women’s organizations in the country, with an estimated 300,000 members around the world and a chapter at Purdue University. Meanwhile, panicky reports came from white suffragists in Chicago that Ida B. Wells-Barnett, an African American journalist and suffragist who led an antilynching campaign, planned to join the procession. When the Illinois unit assembled in the parade line, leaders of the group instructed Wells-Barnett to walk with an all-black group rather than under the flag of her home state. With tears in her eyes, Wells-Barnett refused to participate in the procession unless “I can march under the Illinois banner.” Wells-Barnett stood from the sidelines watching the cavalcade until she decided to solve the issue herself by defiantly walking, mid-parade, from the sidelines into the Illinois group, matching their stride and ignoring their stares. Wells-Barnett once said, “I felt that one had better die fighting against injustice than to die like a dog or a rat in a trap.” Few would notice Wells-Barnett’s bold move for the parade was about to turn to mayhem. Some of the onlookers, mostly men in town for the presidential inauguration, jeered, “Go back home where you belong.” Men surged into the street, making it difficult for the parade to pass. They snatched banners, grabbed at clothing, and tried to climb onto floats. Women were tripped, grabbed, shoved, spat upon, and many heard “indecent epithets” and “barnyard conversation.” The men marching in the parade were met with degrading remarks, such as, “Where are your skirts?” Rather than protecting the marchers, some of the police were amused by the sneers and laughter and joined in. A mass of humanity filled the streets, wearing bowlers and wide-brimmed hats, bundled in coats and gloves. While many policemen turned a blind eye to the marchers’ degrading and frightening circumstances, the unexpected heroes of the march were 1,500 Boy Scouts of America. Carolyn Shoemaker, a Faraway Look 11 The Boy Scouts had been invited to the parade in full uniform—knickers, boots, hats, and staves—as volunteers to help with law enforcement. Their organization had been founded just three years earlier. Little did the Boy Scouts know when they agreed to assist the police, they would have to actually defend marchers from police inaction. The boys attempted to hold back the crowds and assisted the two ambulances that traveled to and from the hospital for six hours shuttling the one hundred injured. Eventually, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson authorized the use of a troop of cavalry from nearby Fort Myer to help control the crowd. Boys’ Life magazine featured a four-page article about the Scouts’ deeds in its April 1913 issue. The magazine reported that while the police initially told the Boy Scouts to stay behind their lines, the crowd soon overwhelmed law enforcement. Police were begging scouts for help and borrowing their staves. As a young organization, the Boy Scouts of America relished the good press. The Boys’ Life article concluded, “Washington and its respectable visitors will not soon forget the spectacle of boys in the uniform that stands for learning the principles of good citizenship actually restraining grown men from acting the part of brutes.” Even with the numerous difficulties, many marchers completed the parade route, which ended at the Treasury Building. The mistreatment of the marchers by both the crowd and the police led to Senate subcommittee hearings with more than 150 witnesses recounting their experiences. The superintendent of police for the District of Columbia lost his job. The committee heard multiple mentions of the heroic Boy Scouts. Despite the anger and violence, the suffragists considered the march a success, for it was the first national expression of demand for an amendment to the United States Constitution enfranchising women. The public outcry and press coverage after the event helped the suffragists’ cause. The parade reinvigorated the suffrage movement and aided in propelling the country toward the Nineteenth Amendment’s ratification on August 18, 1920. With a parade, a vision, and courage, Alice Paul and Lucy Burns reignited a national ardor for the women’s vote. This was America for women when Carolyn Shoemaker became the first dean of women at Purdue University. 3 Artists of Life S ix years after Carolyn Shoemaker was appointed Purdue’s first dean of women, Stanley Coulter, Carolyn’s former instructor, was named Purdue’s first dean of men. Slowly, universities in the United States added the Office of the Dean of Men during the 1910s and 1920s. Administrators were jittery about women on campus, so they made rules and regulations for them and thought a dean of women was needed to guide the girls. The male students were left to their own devices with few rules, so at the outset, administrators didn’t think they needed a dean of men. In 1916, the deans of women united officially and founded the National Association of Deans of Women (NADW), a branch of the National Education Association (NEA). The first annual meeting, organized by Kathryn Sisson Phillips, dean of women at Ohio Wesleyan University, was entitled “What a Dean of Women Is—What Her Duties Are.” Gertrude S. Martin gave the key address at the first program and pinpointed poetically what a dean does: 13 14 The Deans’ Bible We are trying to define the dean. Some say the dean is just a chaperone— a nice, ladylike person. Others say the dean is a necessary evil, a concession. . . . Others say the dean is a sort of adjunct to the President, because the President usually lacks at least one of the qualifications for the dean. The fact is the dean of women is unique! She is expected to teach and do a great many other things. She is preeminently a teacher of the art of living. She asks: How many of us are artists of life ourselves? Often when a group of women come together, there is a sisterhood formed that can facilitate change. The collecting of deans of women was no different. In the decades to follow, the NADW would prove to be a lobbying powerhouse and a force of nature as it connected deans of women throughout the country in common goals for females everywhere. Their discussions and resolutions were on cutting-edge topics. They came to define themselves as humanists. Future Purdue deans of women would make their marks and become known throughout the United States through the NADW, later named the National Association of Women Deans and Counselors (NAWDC). The early deans of women established the foundations of professional practice for student affairs and higher education administration. They developed a body of professional literature, which included journals, research reports, and books. The deans of women at Purdue would write many papers for such periodicals. The pioneering women of NADW worked hard to “professionalize” the position of dean and to legitimize her role. The deans of women were early champions of the scientific methods of guidance for students. After World War I, their vocation would be termed “student personnel work.” They often challenged each other and their campuses to “do the right thing” by women. During their first informal meeting in Chicago in 1903, the country’s collective deans of women passed a resolution condemning “gender segregation” in higher education. This cause to condemn gender segregation in universities perpetuates still today. In “How the Deans of Women Became Men,” printed in The Review of Higher Education, Robert A. Schwartz wrote candidly of the unfair, demeaning, and stereotypical views of deans of women: “Many of their Artists of Life 15 significant accomplishments have been lost or ignored in compilations of the modern history of higher education. What remains is an unfortunate caricature of deans of women as ‘snooping battle axes’—prudish spinsters who bedeviled the harmless fun seeking of their students.” Schwartz also gave his opinion as to why the achievements of deans of women have been disregarded: “This inaccurate view results from the male voice’s domination of written and oral histories of American colleges and universities . . . the accomplishments of deans of women have rarely received honest evaluation, validation, or appreciation. Rather, they have been discounted, discredited, or ignored.” Schwartz then imparted women deans their due: “In reality, the deans of women were consummate professionals who anchored much of their work to the academic principles of rigorous research and scholarly dissemination of their findings. Many of the significant and well-established practices of student affairs work and higher education administrations that exist today were first put in place through the work of the deans of women.” Additionally, the deans of men gathered as a group but with a very different mind-set and direction. The first recorded meeting of deans of men took place casually in 1919 “for a discussion of our problems.” The men came together because of a concern about student discipline. (Since the male students had few rules, unlike the females who had many, it is understandable that discipline would be a concern.) Two years later, the gathering formerly organized under the name of the National Association of Deans of Men (NADM). The meetings were social and club-like, sounding almost like a men’s society where they could imbibe and smoke cigars, in contrast to the professionalism of the national conferences of the deans of women. According to Schwartz: “The deans of men enjoyed the opportunity to converse, to enjoy local hospitalities and activities, and to regale each other with tales from their campuses. Over time, issues of professionalism, graduate study, and the role of the dean of men were topics of discussion, but they were addressed in a more affable, informal manner with less emphasis on scholarship and research than the deans of women demonstrated in their sessions.” Purdue’s own Dean of Men Stanley Coulter revealed his sense of humor when he described his position. Coulter said: The Deans’ Bible 16 What is Dean of Men? I have tried to define him. When the Board of Trustees elected me Dean of Men, I wrote to them very respectfully and asked them to give me the duties of the Dean of Men. They wrote back that they did not know what they were but when I found out to let them know. I worked all the rest of the year trying to find out. I discovered that every unpleasant task that the president or the faculty did not want to do was my task. I was convinced that the Dean of Men’s office was intended as the dumping ground of all unpleasant things. C arolyn’s love of language and literature blossomed in her speeches. The creation of a Community Center for Women began through her articulated words. During World War I, when women sewed bandages and knitted socks, gloves, and hats to be sent overseas to the men in battle, fifteen sewing machines belonging to war relief organizations were hauled around the city of Lafayette because they had no permanent resting spot where women could congregate and work for civic causes. Carolyn not only thought of the welfare and needs of her Purdue women, but she wanted to help women of her community. Lucy Eunice Coulter (wife of Purdue’s Stanley Coulter) was superintendent of the Industrial School and Free Kindergarten in Lafayette. Members of the Purdue faculty volunteered their services there. On Valentine’s Day that year, Carolyn was asked to speak to the women on the board of this organization. The title of her speech was “Civic Needs.” She talked about the necessity of a central meeting place and shelter for girls and women. Carolyn was concerned about women who visited the city from rural farms who spent time on the streets or in a lonely boarding house. There was no common meeting place open to them. Her speech was inspiring and roused the board to purchase a building to serve the community. The group found a home to purchase at 617 Ferry Street. Carolyn paid $800 into a fund to create the Community House. The Community House Association was formed, and with her large donation, Carolyn was made a life member of its board of directors. Artists of Life 17 Eventually, the Industrial School and Free Kindergarten became a part of the public school system, and the Community House was used solely for women’s society meetings and rented sleeping rooms for women. The YWCA held its first meetings there. In subsequent years, Carolyn’s dean of women successors would also heed the call to help women and families of the Lafayette community and foster strong connections to the YWCA. A s early as 1913, Purdue’s female students were longing for a new residence hall and classroom building to replace the decaying Ladies Hall. Yet it would be years before they would see a new women’s residence hall built on Purdue’s campus. In the 1919 Debris yearbook, a poem called “The Coed’s Plea” was printed. In lighthearted rhyme, the women students lamented their need for a new building and how other new structures on campus, such as a new horse barn, received precedence over providing an adequate facility for women. Inside Ladies Hall, the walls were cracking and chunks of plaster fell into the bread dough the women mixed; the coeds were forced to work in dim light because many of the gaslights were inoperable; and dishpans were scattered around the building to catch leaks from the water pipes. The poem ended with these lines: “And now, Purdue, you wonder why / We’re sour and cross today. / It’s all because we coeds few / Are treated in this way.” Accompanying the poem printed in the 1919 Debris, Carolyn wrote an essay titled “Woman’s Building.” She said, “The number of girls enrolled in the University has been more than doubled in the past few years.” There were 247 women registered, and she attributed the increase to the fact that the women were offered courses that appealed to them, and “we have taken care of our girls.” Carolyn continued, “This, in fine, is the Purdue spirit. Progressive? Yes. And we have accomplished it all with no place that is peculiarly our own. But with a Woman’s Building with headquarters for our various activities,—well, just watch us and see!” In 1920, the women were still waiting for their new building, so Carolyn wrote another essay in the Debris, ending with words of empowerment: “With the advent of a Woman’s Building there will be a new order of things. And with a Dormitory we could beat the world.” 18 The Deans’ Bible Carolyn had established a rapport with the women students she affectionately called “my girls,” as is evident in a tribute they wrote to her: “She is sympathetic to the popular activities of the University and is ready to march across the levee at the head of the coeds whenever a college demonstration is to be made—and never is too weary to chaperone a campus dance, even into the ‘wee sma’ hours.’ ” In 1920, women gained the right to vote and Prohibition was instituted. The next year, the Indiana General Assembly passed a bill requiring the governor to select at least one woman among the six appointments to the Purdue University Board of Trustees. The women’s suffrage movement had put pressure on all public institutions to appoint qualified women when board positions became available. Indiana Governor Warren T. McCray selected Virginia Claypool Meredith, age seventy-two, as the first female member of the Purdue University Board of Trustees. Virginia had been a “lady farmer,” managing a 115-acre farm in Cambridge City, Indiana, after her husband passed away. She was a nationally known agricultural writer and speaker. At the age of forty, Virginia became a single mother when she adopted the children of her late best friend. Her adopted daughter was Mary L. Matthews, who would become Purdue’s first dean of home economics. Mary and her graduate students taught at the Industrial School and Free Kindergarten where Carolyn was a lifetime board member. During the Roaring Twenties, Virginia was the grand dame of Purdue. With so few women on campus and a rather small University population of approximately 3,200 students, her presence was noticeable at meetings and functions; photos show her with an understated regal air. Nearly always depicted as the only female standing with the other male trustees, she dressed in an ankle-length black dress, a cape, and a matching hat with plumes softly cascading over the brim. She wore black gloves and a scarf with a hefty tassel. Her layers of clothing seemed to weigh her down, for she stooped slightly with her head bowed; however, perhaps, rather than her strata of clothing, it was the enormity of being the first woman on the Purdue University Board of Trustees that pressed upon her. The first woman of any endeavor must set the pace and the example for those who follow in her stead. Artists of Life 19 At her initial meeting as Purdue’s first female trustee, Virginia voted with the board to authorize the construction of the Home Economics Building, a structure that five decades later would be named after her adopted daughter. Once the Home Economics Building was completed, Virginia turned her attention to creating a much-needed women’s residence hall. Carolyn’s annual reports during the 1920s referred repeatedly to the need for scholarships, dormitory accommodations, and a women’s gymnasium. She continually expressed concern for the number of female students living in town for whom the University made no provision. In 1925, she urged the establishment of housing that would accommodate all freshmen women and thus do away with sorority rush, which she considered one of the worst aspects of college life. Often, women who were not selected for sorority membership withdrew from the University and returned home in humiliation and despair. Later, her successor, Dorothy Stratton, would share Carolyn’s aversion of rush and make a change in its structure. Because women students could not find housing close to campus, they often walked great distances, and in the winter, they walked in the dark in their high-top, heeled shoes. The women often were physically uncomfortable and vulnerable to exhaustion, especially in hot weather. The average outfit a woman wore back then, with its layers of garments, took nineteen yards of material and weighed almost twenty-five pounds. Virginia and a committee she established to study women’s housing recommended to the Purdue University Board of Trustees that Ladies Hall be renovated and used as a temporary dormitory until an adequate women’s hall could be erected. The board consented but put just enough money into the project to keep the building serviceable, and Ladies Hall housed fewer than fifty women. Five years later, the cost for more repairs exceeded what the board was willing to spend, and Ladies Hall was demolished. One of the last of Purdue’s five original buildings disappeared. Virginia thought that the demise of Ladies Hall would speed up the construction of a women’s dormitory. After all, fifty women had been displaced. She pointed out that most land-grant colleges in the Midwest already offered modern residence halls for women; however, Purdue administrators again leased rooms for female students in local homes, and even Dean of Women Carolyn Shoemaker had to follow suit. 20 The Deans’ Bible One of the homes was the George Dexter house on Marsteller Street where today’s Marsteller Parking Garage is located. This was where Carolyn made her office and home with some of her students. In 1928, Frank Cary offered $60,000 to build a residence hall for women, which was to be named in memory of his wife who had passed away. The Carys previously had given money for the building of a men’s dormitory in memory of their late son. Today, that building is named Cary East, part of Cary Quadrangle. Virginia was appreciative and thanked Frank Cary for his gift in a heartfelt resolution read to the board. The group assured Frank that they would borrow sufficient additional funds necessary to complete the construction of the women’s residence hall. With the go-ahead for the project, Virginia and the other trustees decided they would no longer lease the home for women students on Marsteller Street. As a result, Carolyn lost her office and was given a temporary space in the Engineering Administration Building. It would turn out to be not so “temporary.” The plan was that the women’s dormitory would be built on property on what is today called Russell Street. Purdue expected to acquire this land from owner Phillip Russell. Years before, Phillip’s parents had donated land to John Purdue for the construction of the University; however, Phillip was not as generous as his parents and did not want to donate the land. The Women’s Residence Hall project faced suits and countersuits as Purdue tried to gain control of the Russell property. Frank Cary grew tired of waiting and eventually found another project in which he memorialized his late wife. He built the Jessie Levering Cary Home for Children in Lafayette. Though Frank would not donate funds to build a women’s dormitory, he agreed to give money to build another men’s dormitory near Cary Hall. Not wanting to lose a chance at a donation, the Purdue board, including Virginia, agreed that the money would be accepted for the construction of another men’s dorm. The male administration did not place a high priority on bringing female students to Purdue. Virginia had spent nine years working for better housing for women with nothing to show for her efforts, and Purdue’s enrollment of women was in jeopardy. Why would women choose to attend Purdue if adequate and safe housing was unavailable? It appears excuses Artists of Life 21 were made. Bids came in “too high,” the designated land was caught in a legal battle, and the men in administration wondered how many women would actually be able to afford and want to stay in the new dormitory. Virginia, Carolyn, and the female students they fostered were left in limbo. While Virginia spent much of her energy on women’s residential concerns, she also headed the effort to build Purdue’s Memorial Union. Just two months after she was appointed to the board, Virginia was named president of the Purdue Memorial Union Association Board of Governors. She was the principal figure in the design, construction, financing, and management of the building dedicated to the more than four thousand alumni who had served in the Civil War and World War I. Raising money to build the Memorial Union was an ongoing, agonizing process. She led the groundbreaking for the building in 1922, but it was not completed until 1930 when Virginia was eighty years old. This long gap was due to donors who were not honoring their commitments to pay their pledges to finance the construction; however, Carolyn made a handsome donation of $5,000 (the equivalent of $65,000 today), the largest contribution made by a woman. 4 Far Horizons A fter the Nineteenth Amendment was passed and women received the right to vote, many suffragists “retired” from activism, but Alice Paul, the famed suffragist who organized the march on Washington in 1913, continued to toil for women’s equality. In 1923, Alice announced a new constitutional amendment she authored and named the Lucretia Mott Amendment. It stated. “Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction.” Like Alice, Lucretia Mott was a Quaker. She and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention in New York “to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women.” Lucretia was a fluent, moving speaker for human rights who remained composed even before hostile audiences. She was the consummate role model for Alice, and it was fitting that Alice named the amendment after her. In the decades to follow, Alice would work assiduously for the passage of the Lucretia Mott Amendment, which would be reworded and named 23 24 The Deans’ Bible the Alice Paul Amendment, before it would be termed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). The ERA was introduced in every session of Congress from 1923 until 1972. After Congress passed the amendment nearly fifty years after Alice first introduced it, the ERA ultimately was not endorsed by enough states to be ratified. Every step of the way, each year the ERA was presented and debated in Congress and at statehouses, the National Association of Deans of Women steadfastly supported its ratification. During this time, female students in higher education sought equality with regard to honor societies. Since women were not considered for membership in most of the men’s honor societies, women began forming their own local groups. At Purdue, the Home Economics Society was renamed the Virginia C. Meredith Club in the spring of 1925 to esteem the revered first and only female trustee. Honor societies and other forms of recognition are vital for a woman’s development of ambition. In Necessary Dreams: Ambition in Women’s Changing Lives, psychiatrist Anna Fels wrote of the two emotional engines of ambition: the mastery of chosen skills and the essential recognition of that mastery by others. In The Good Girls Revolt by Lynn Povich, Fels is quoted as saying that women are “subtly discouraged from pursing their goals by a pervasive lack of recognition for their accomplishments.” For centuries, women have feared that seeking recognition will open them up for ridicule about how they live their lives, with attacks on most anything, including their popularity, femininity, and motherhood. Povich states in her book, “But recognition in all its forms—admiration from peers, mentoring, institutional rewards, and societal approval—is something that makes us better at what we do.” Fels explained that without it, “people get demoralized and ambitions erode.” Thus, on college campuses, women’s honor societies were and are crucial to foster female ambition and success. Mortar Board was the first national organization honoring senior college women. It began with a chance meeting of two women from separate societies wearing identical pins. In the fall of 1915 on the campus of the University of Chicago, a member of the Ohio State University honor society, called Mortar Board, met a member of the Pi Sigma Chi honor society from Swarthmore College. Both women wore lapel pins in the Far Horizons 25 shape of a mortarboard, the tasseled academic cap with a square, flat top worn at graduation ceremonies. The women remarked of their identical pins and realized each represented a different honor society for women with similar ideals and traditions. The main difference between the two honor societies was the name. Three years later, a founding meeting for the Mortar Board National College Senior Honor Society took place at Syracuse University. Female representatives at the meeting were from Cornell University, the University of Michigan, the Ohio State University, and Swarthmore College. Representatives from Syracuse University also were in attendance, but this university did not choose to join the national organization when it later became Mortar Board. Years later, Barbara Cook, who would become a Purdue University dean of students, gave her theory on why Mortar Board came to be: “My guess is that women in the early twentieth century were not taken very seriously as scholars or as leaders. In 1916, women were not yet allowed to vote. So perhaps Mortar Board originated from a feeling of being excluded and isolated as women in higher education.” Many of the traditions established for Mortar Board were taken from the original Ohio State Chapter, including the name, their initiation rituals, and the pin in the shape of a mortarboard with the insignia of three Greek letters—ΠΣΑ (Pi Sigma Alpha)—meaning service, scholarship, and leadership. Barbara Cook said: Service as a concept has always been familiar and appropriate to the feminine domain, but surely there was something adventuresome about suggesting to college women in 1916 that scholarship and leadership were achievable qualities for women. Although the collegiate fashion of the day was that of secret societies bathed in mysticism and meeting by the hoot of an owl at midnight, there is no evidence that Mortar Board was ever intended to be anything but open and available to both public and academic scrutiny. With Carolyn Shoemaker’s impetus, the thirty-sixth chapter of Mortar Board was chartered at Purdue University in November 1926. Carolyn became an honorary member. That year 631 women were enrolled out of the 26 The Deans’ Bible approximately 3,500 students. A russet suede commemorative scrapbook with leather ties at the binding and a metal Purdue medallion affixed to the center of its cover contains the original handwritten petition for a charter. The mellow gold pages are filled with particulars and photographs about the University. Under the lovely handwritten words “Purdue Facts,” the text eloquently states the mantra of the land-grand institution: “Purdue’s sole cause for existence is service to the people of the state, not only in the training of young people here on the campus, but in the carrying of information out to residents of the state unable to come to the institution for its advantages.” The scrapbook contains black and white photographs of each “active” and a listing of her activities. Each woman smiles from under her Roaring Twenties hat and drop-waist dress. The group would provide scholarships to many women who would otherwise be unable to obtain a college education. The money for the scholarships was raised through Mortar Board-sponsored events, such as the “coed bid dance” and the Gingham Gallop held each spring. In subsequent years, each succeeding Purdue dean of women and dean of students would be a member and advisor to Mortar Board. Today, the national headquarters for Mortar Board is located in Columbus, Ohio, as an affiliate of Ohio State University. In 2014, Mortar Board’s third executive director is Jane Hamblin, a Purdue University graduate who formerly worked in Purdue’s Office of the Dean of Students. At the encouragement of the men’s athletic booster group, the Gimlet Club, the Purdue Mortar Board organized a junior and senior women’s athletic booster club called the Gold Peppers. Adorning their heads, the Gold Pepper women wore gold felt beanies called “pots.” The Gold Peppers served as Purdue’s pep club.They attended football and basketball games where they sold candy and led the crowds in cheers In the early years, a newly elected pledge wore a black pot, one gold and one black bobby sock, and a black and gold armband. She carried a cigar box filled with candy and, dangling from a ribbon, a real green pepper gilded in gold leaf. The pledge carried the pepper for days, and often it would rot. After the pledge became a full-fledged active member of the Far Horizons 27 group, she turned her beanie inside out and displayed the celebrated gold side that was decorated with an image of a pepper. In the stands and on the bleachers the audience was “peppered” with gold pots. After World War II, the women organized veterans’ dances known as “Pepper Shakers.” In the 1960s, the Gold Peppers celebrated the end of their yearly activities with a “Smarty Party” to honor high-achieving sophomore women and award an annual scholarship to one of those entering graduate school. The Gold Peppers disbanded in the 1970s. Women and society had changed. Wearing a gold pot was outmoded, and by then, the term had taken on a new meaning in the slang prevalent on college campuses. S arah Ely was a member of the Community House Association in Lafayette, where Carolyn was active. Sarah married her boss, Thomas Duncan, who founded the Duncan Electrical Manufacturing Company in 1901 in Lafayette. Duncan Electric produced electrical meters that were used in homes and businesses around the world. Thomas Duncan was an inventor and industrialist who held 150 patents. He traveled to Europe and took a safari tour of Africa in 1922. Upon his return, he wanted to entertain his wide circle of friends with his movies and a lecture about his adventures. He engaged the entire first floor of the Community House for his travelogue, but he found it too small. It was then that he decided to make provisions in his will for the creation of “an adequate hall” for the people of Lafayette. When he died in1929, Duncan left money to the Community House Association to construct a new building where the Victorian house once stood. A new two-story, redbrick Georgian colonial with stone trim and a slate roof was constructed in 1931. The structure boasted walnut panel walls, marble floors, a balcony overlooking a ballroom, richly decorated meeting rooms, a tearoom, and live-in hostess quarters. As stipulated in Duncan’s will, a board of thirty women was to be elected to manage the facility. The regal building still graces Ferry Street, where citizens hold wedding receptions, piano recitals, quilt shows, concerts, art shows, club meetings, and teas. Duncan provided the money for the hall, but it had 28 The Deans’ Bible been Carolyn who originally energized the idea of a community hall back in 1914 through her speech, “Civic Needs.” On March 1, 1933, Carolyn was scheduled to speak at Duncan Hall to the educational and social group called the Twentieth Century Club, but she failed to show. Members of the club attempted to locate her, calling her office and her home in Varsity Apartments, located a block from the Purdue Memorial Union. Unable to contact Carolyn, club members became alarmed, for she seldom missed a meeting in which she provided the program reviewing the latest current literature. The club contacted the office of Purdue’s President Edward C. Elliott and spoke with Helen Hand, Elliott’s secretary. Helen checked the University calendar and determined there was no record of any engagement to account for the dean’s absence. Helen then contacted a janitor at the Varsity Apartments to check Carolyn’s home. The janitor unlocked Carolyn’s door that afternoon and found the dean lying on her bed, unconscious. It appeared that she had been stricken while she prepared to retire the prior evening. The newspaper account read: “The lights were burning. The morning milk bottles had not been taken in, and papers at her office, placed under the door, had not been disturbed. Nor her mail touched. She had only one class in English scheduled for 11 a.m. Thursday, and her absence from it had not been reported.” Physicians were summoned, and Carolyn was rushed by ambulance to St. Elizabeth Hospital in Lafayette. The newspaper stated that after her arrival at the hospital, Carolyn uttered a few words to one of the Catholic sisters on staff, which indicated she was partly conscious for a time, but she never spoke again. Carolyn died of apoplexy and acute uremia that night. Today, apoplexy is referred to as a stroke. Uremia is a condition that results from kidney failure. Some accounts say that Carolyn passed away from nephritis, which is inflammation of the nephrons in the kidneys caused by infections, toxins, or autoimmune diseases. Carolyn had not complained of feeling ill and had gone about her numerous duties as usual, so her sudden passing stunned all who knew her. The newspaper headline the day after Carolyn’s death stated, “Community Shocked by Death of Dean Carolyn Shoemaker.” Carolyn’s funeral was at Central Presbyterian Church, where she had taught Sunday Far Horizons 29 school. Pastor W. R. Graham said, “The key to the amazing life of service of Dean Shoemaker was selflessness.” She was referred to as “a student, teacher, executive, club woman, alert citizen, and ‘foster mother’ to an ever changing and ever increasing host of young people.” The newspaper said of Carolyn: “She was a deep student of human nature, sympathetic and helpful to all. Her philanthropies were so numerous and extensive that she seemed to overlook completely her own comforts and convenience. From her vast store of literary information and understanding, was able to act as guide and interpreter of books and writers. At the same time her own personality served to awaken new interest in the subjects she discussed.” Carolyn’s casket was covered with a blanket of red roses, a tribute from the University she loved. All of the student organizations of Purdue honored their cherished dean with a huge spray of calla lilies and roses. Relatives and University officials asked that all others omit flowers and instead give to the newly established Carolyn E. Shoemaker Scholarship fund. Carolyn was buried in Springvale Cemetery in Lafayette. Purdue held a memorial service in Eliza Fowler Hall on April 19, 1933. President Elliott presided. He and Harry G. Leslie, the governor of Indiana who was born in West Lafayette, spoke to the crowd of their personal loss. Marion L. Smith, a student, recounted a story that Carolyn had told during a speech to a group of coeds the previous October. Paraphrased, the story describes a morning when Carolyn was walking down State Street, the main avenue through Purdue’s campus, when a child and her mother approached. As they were about to pass, the child recognized Carolyn and spoke to her. The mother did not know the dean. Perhaps the child knew Carolyn from time spent at the New Community House and Industrial School and Free Kindergarten. The mother asked the child who the passing woman was, and the youngster looked up in surprise and said very emphatically: “Why, Mama, she is the mother of all the Purdue girls!” Dean Emeritus Stanley Coulter spoke of Carolyn, whom he had known since she was a student nearly forty-five years before. He had watched Carolyn metamorphose from student to professor to dean of women. He said: 30 The Deans’ Bible During all of those years that “faraway’ look in her eyes deepened, and those same years brought its interpretation to me. You may have visited Atlantic City. . . . You may have wearied of its meaningless monotony and turned your eyes seaward following the long line of a great pier. There, at its uttermost limit, you may have seen a few, perhaps only one or two, who, utterly unmindful of the gay throngs, gazed steadfastly seaward, seemingly striving to penetrate far, far horizons. What lay beyond those horizons of opportunity for growth and service? Dean Shoemaker was one of those who constantly gazed upon far horizons. Apparently removed from the bustle and confusion round her, she gazed steadfastly into the future. What did it have for her of opportunity and service and growth? But it loomed larger and larger before her, and she grew into and became a part of those far horizons. 5 Dorothy Stratton Finds a Bible I t was during the Great Depression, as thousands of Americans were unemployed and a decade-long drought helped to create the Dust Bowl, when Dorothy Stratton, age thirty-four, received a phone call. She had just finished her PhD at Teachers College of Columbia University in New York City and was happily employed as dean and vice principal of girls at Sturges Senior High School in San Bernardino, California. The president of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, was on the line. Edward C. Elliott invited Dorothy to interview for the position of Purdue’s first full-time dean of women. Soon after that fateful call, Dorothy journeyed by train across the parched countryside to Purdue where she was introduced to, as she said, “everybody from the president to the janitors.” It is not clear how Elliott knew of Dorothy. One speculation is that Elliott obtained Dorothy’s name through mutual Columbia University connections. Elliott had received an honorary degree from Columbia in 1929. Dorothy received her PhD from that institution in 1932. Perhaps 31 32 The Deans’ Bible President Elliott asked his friends at Columbia to recommend someone for the position of dean of women to replace Carolyn Shoemaker. Decades later, Dorothy said good-naturedly, “I came from California to be looked over.” She met with R. B. Stewart, vice president for finance, and Mary L. Matthews, the dean of home economics and the only female dean at Purdue. Dorothy accepted the offered position and became Purdue’s first full-time dean of women. Dorothy was outdoorsy, easygoing, and attractive, with short, dark, wavy hair, thin lips that smiled pleasantly, and confident almond-shaped blue eyes. She wore the latest dresses or two-piece, knit business frocks with cowl necks and shin-length skirts or a herringbone wool blazer over a white blouse. To look at Dorothy was to see a woman comfortable in her own skin. After Dorothy was offered the dean of women position, she purchased her first car, a $200 secondhand Dodge. Her parents, Reverend Richard Lee and Anna Troxler Stratton, lived with her. The three drove from California to Indiana in the used car, which sporadically lost its brakes during the cross-country trek. The trio discovered late in the trip that “a suction cup had been put in the wrong way.” Dorothy was born on March 24, 1899, in Brookfield, Missouri. Her broad-minded father was a Baptist minister who had been born in Rothville, where Dorothy’s grandfather had a large plantation during the Civil War. Her mother was a homemaker from Louisville, Kentucky, who met her husband when he was attending a Baptist seminary there. When Dorothy was growing up with her brother, Richard, the family moved every three or four years to small communities throughout Missouri and Kansas as her father ministered from church to church. Dorothy entered grade school a year earlier than the average child back then. She said, “I was always very fond of school. In fact, my father took me to visit when I was only five, and I was so crazy about it, they never could get me away. So the teacher finally gave up and let me enroll.” Dorothy was a bookworm, spending time in the library rather than with groups of friends who may have seen her as the minister’s daughter who would put a damper on their social lives. Dorothy was a lifelong learner, and her love of reading and knowledge would continue as she lived into the twenty-first century. Her academic Dorothy Stratton Finds a Bible 33 prowess was combined with a fervent independence likely fostered as she moved from town to town, school to school, always the new girl in the classroom. Dorothy had a strong devotion to her parents. She said, “From my father I learned to have an abiding interest in people and to want to be of service to my fellow man. He taught me the importance of intangibles. From my mother I learned to make the most of simple things. She was able to create a happy home atmosphere and to make you physically comfortable on very little. Ours was a typical minister’s family. We actually received ‘missionary barrels’ in Kansas, although none of my friends will believe it. They were good barrels, too.” The term “missionary barrel” is synonymous with used clothing and hand-me-downs. The contents were cast-offs from donors or even foodstuffs. The filled barrels or packages were gifts to help missionaries survive in their work that afforded them little money. Dorothy was five years older than her brother. She said, “I had to look after him, iron his blouses, take care of him during church services, and final humiliation, occasionally take him out with me on dates!” As an undergraduate, Dorothy had attended Ottawa University, a Baptist college in Ottawa, Kansas. Dorothy said, “Of course, nobody in (other parts) of the country ever heard of Ottawa University. They think it’s in Canada. I’ve just given up on trying to correct that impression.” Dorothy wanted to learn to dance, but dancing was not something that the daughter of a Baptist minister was allowed to do. She managed to pick up a few dance steps where she wasn’t supposed to—at her Baptist college. She would go on to chaperone so many dances during her career that she claimed dancing “lost its glamour.” Known in her neighborhood as a tomboy, Dorothy loved to play ball and tennis, with no interest in cooking or sewing. At Ottawa, she played on the school basketball team and won the women’s tennis championship in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference. She served on the staff of the school newspaper, the yearbook, and as a member of the student council. Though most of her friends did not go to college, Dorothy always knew she would pursue higher education. “It was never a question,” she said. “I was very academically oriented.” After she graduated in 1920, Dorothy 34 The Deans’ Bible was offered a position on the Ottawa newspaper. As a young avid reader, she had dreamed of writing the proverbial great American novel. She said, “I don’t know what gave me the idea, but it was there. I don’t recall that I expected to go through any apprentice period. I just expected that said masterpiece would spring full-blown from the head of Zeus.” Dorothy turned down the newspaper job in favor of the field of education and moved to Renton, Washington, to teach physical education. She said, “My reception there was a trifle sour. When I arrived, the principal took one look and told the superintendent, ‘We surely have picked a lemon this time.’” During the Great Depression, Dorothy worked to pay off her parents’ debts and to put her brother through medical school. “Baptists ministers didn’t make much in those days,” she explained. With her zest for learning and her abiding interest in others, Dorothy wanted to discover why people behaved the way they did. In 1923, she enrolled at the University of Chicago for a year of graduate study in psychology. She left with her master’s degree and the realization that not even psychology can explain all the “whys” of the human race. She recalled, “I found that employers wanted firstly, a man with a PhD degree; secondly, a man with a master’s degree; thirdly, a woman with a doctoral degree, and very fourthly, a woman with a master’s degree. Having no money to continue my studies, I went to San Bernardino, California, as dean of girls and vice principal of the high school. I was working under my former principal of the ‘lemon’ quotation.” In California, Dorothy learned to love the outdoor life in a way that had never been possible before. She soaked in the desert, mountains, and seashore. She loved to look from her office window at Mount San Bernardino, gaining strength and serenity from the peaceful view. After several years at San Bernardino, Dorothy traveled to Teachers College of Columbia University to study student personnel administration. During her year at the university, she stayed in the International House with students from fifty-seven countries. Early in 1933, she received her PhD and returned to San Bernardino. That’s when President Elliott called. She came to Purdue not only as dean of women, but also as an associate professor of psychology. Her salary was $3,300 a year, about $100 more than she was paid in California. Dorothy Stratton Finds a Bible 35 Even before Dorothy became dean of women, she had accomplished much in a time when few females attended college, worked outside the home, or made a respectable living. Yet for Dorothy, still in her mid-thirties, the best was yet to come. Her life would be filled with accomplishments that inspired other women. When Dorothy and her parents arrived at Purdue, they were lodged at the Fowler Hotel across the Wabash River in Lafayette. She said, “After having lived in beautiful California, I moved to a seared state [referring to drought-devastated Indiana]. I thought to myself, ‘I can’t stand it.’ The minute I got across to West Lafayette, the people were so nice—so really nice—I changed my mind.” Dorothy was appointed dean in August 1933, and she was given what had been the office of the part-time dean of women located on the top floor of Fowler Hall. Dorothy said, “The dean preceding me was Carolyn Shoemaker, who must have been a very fine person. I never met her. She had great respect from people on campus.” Dorothy climbed to the top of Fowler Hall carrying a box of her workplace goods and discovered that the Office of the Dean of Women was more like the Closet of the Dean of Women. The room was about six-byeight feet. Tucked away from the accesses of student life, it was a tiny room about to be inhabited by a world of a woman. Dorothy set about moving her files and papers into her new desk. Someone had been given the task of emptying the desk after Carolyn’s sudden death. As Dorothy began to arrange pens and paperclips, she opened a drawer and found in its shadowy recesses a book. Dorothy pulled the book from the drawer, feeling the nubby texture of the cover; the scent of leather preceded the exhumation. It was a Bible. She thumbed through the soft, India paper. The title page indicated that the Bible was a 1901 standard edition, “Translated out of the original tongues.” Dorothy thought of her predecessor, whom she had never met but had heard mentioned with great reverence. Was the Bible inadvertently left inside of Carolyn’s desk? Or did the person with the unpleasant task of clearing elect to leave the testaments for the next dean of women? 36 The Deans’ Bible As the daughter of a Baptist minister, Dorothy was no stranger to the Holy Bible. An analytical thinker, she had her questions regarding its stance on such topics as women and their place. She wrote in 1971 letter, “Aside from the Adam and Eve story, Paul has done more to set back the progress of women than almost any other person. Many people are greatly influenced by Bible references. Probably, we all are, even though unconsciously.” Dorothy placed the Bible back into the drawer and continued her task of cultivating the Office of the Dean of Women. D orothy and her parents obtained a house at 825 Salisbury in West Lafayette. Her father worked as a representative for the Equitable Life Assurance Society in the Lafayette Life Building on the courthouse square in Lafayette. Dorothy’s first goal as dean of women was to campaign for a more accessible office. She said of her out-of-sight, out-of-mind alcove, “Students would really have to want to see me to find me.” She accomplished the relocation of her office by the “Elliott method,” which President Elliott himself described: “First, you ask the president for something, and he says, ‘no.’ Then you come back and ask again—and he says ‘no’ again. The third time you come back to ask, you pound on his desk, and he says, ‘Oh, go ahead and do it!’” Dorothy explained that her experience was a bit different than Elliott’s take: “Well, it turned out just the other way; it was the president who yelled, and I was the one who went and did it. I was never much of a pounder, but I learned how to operate with Elliott.” Apparently, Dorothy was, indeed, a quick study of the Elliott method, for her office was moved to the ground floor of the Engineering Administration Building, next to the office of the much-revered Dean of the Schools of Engineering Andrey A. Potter and across the hall from Dean of Men Martin L. Fisher, who had succeeded Stanley Coulter. Dorothy said she made every effort to furnish the Office of the Dean of Women to create a friendly, informal, and cheerful atmosphere. At a 1988 Mortar Board Leadership Conference, recorded on a videotape now stored in the Purdue Archives, Dorothy, then age eightynine, spoke to a group of students about her first days as dean of women: Dorothy Stratton Finds a Bible 37 When I came to Purdue in 1933, of course we didn’t have all the things that you have now. We were very simple, and we didn’t have very much of anything for women. No university housing, no placement service for women, no bachelor of arts degree in the University. So it was a lot of fun to start from scratch and see what could be done. The Dean of Women’s Office consisted of me, period. No secretary, no staff, just me. I wanted to have the image of the dean of women not to be one of discipline. I thought no intelligent person would spend her life in a job that had discipline at its core, and I didn’t want students to say when they left, “I was never called into the dean’s office once while I was in the University” and be proud of that. There were 500 female students at Purdue when Dorothy assumed her deanship. That was about one woman to seven men. She said of the campus, “It was like the old definition of an island—a small body of women completely surrounded by men.” Years later, Dorothy reminisced about what she and her women students lacked, yet also what they possessed in abundance: “We didn’t have anything fancy like career counseling. We didn’t know what it meant. We didn’t have television, drip-dries, or power steering. What we did have was trust in each other, and that was very important.” In Dorothy’s 1933 annual report, she shared her most frequently asked question, “Just what does the dean of women do?” Dorothy said her office had two main functions: the first was to ensure that the environment in which female students lived, worked, and played was conducive to development and growth. The second was to be of assistance to the individual student. In short, her office was a clearinghouse for matters pertaining to the welfare of female students. Her annual dean of women report was the first to refer to female students as “women” rather than “girls.” In her leisure time, Dorothy enjoyed shooting baskets in the women’s gym. It was there that she befriended a newly arrived graduate student named Helen Blanche Schleman. Helen worked part-time in the Department of Physical Education, refereeing women’s basketball games at twenty-five cents an hour while she earned her master’s degree in psychology and education. The two women had a lot in common. They had 38 The Deans’ Bible both arrived at Purdue the same year and were well educated, brilliant, athletic—both golfers—and forethinkers. Maybe that’s why some people often mistook one for the other. Helen said, “I appeared on campus and everybody sort of bowed and scraped. They were nice and friendly to me. I soon found out that they were confusing me with Dorothy Stratton!” The National Youth Administration (NYA) had just been established on Purdue’s campus. During the Great Depression, many young people could not afford the cost of even a high school education. Taking stock of these grim statistics, Eleanor Roosevelt remarked that she often had “moments of real terror when I think we might be losing this generation.” She persuaded President Franklin D. Roosevelt to create the NYA, a New Deal program established by an executive order in June 1935. The NYA created part-time jobs for high school and college students, and it provided relief and job training to unemployed young people. The goal was to prevent students from dropping out of high school and college due to financial hardship by providing grants in return for part-time work in such places as libraries and cafeterias. For the female students at Purdue, the NYA initiative was assigned to the Office of the Dean of Women. Dorothy needed a part-time staff member to organize and administer the program. She hired her new acquaintance, Helen Schleman, for the position that paid seventy-five cents an hour. At the time, Dorothy had no idea she was mentoring the next dean of women and fashioning a friendship that would span six decades. 6 Helen Schleman, Born in the Right Moment H elen B. Schleman said she was born fifty years before her time. What she meant was that she lived during an era when women were not given the same opportunities afforded to men. Yet Helen seemingly grabbed with gusto every life prospect that appeared before her, and her “progressive” thinking about what women could do arrived at the perfect time—when women needed her convictions most. Helen was born in Francesville, Indiana, on June 21, 1902, to William and Blanche Hollett Schleman. In the summer of 1912 when she was ten, Helen moved with her parents and two brothers, Herbert and Delos, to Valparaiso, Indiana. Her father had been in the harness, buggy, and farm implement business and owned Gas-well Farm. He sold the business and purchased an eight-hundred-acre farm called Breyfogle Ranch. The Schlemans were active in the Methodist Church. Every Sunday morning from spring through fall, Helen’s mother brought one or two bouquets of flowers from her garden to adorn the church altar. 39 40 The Deans’ Bible Helen’s father also owned a real estate and insurance business, the Schleman-Morton Company, and the Valparaiso Home Ice Company, but his real interest was in land development. In the 1920s, he opened several housing developments including, with great pride, Forest Park, a subdivision with several wooded homesites surrounded by a seven-hole golf course. Helen was essentially weaned on golf, and she would live near a golf course for most of her life. She was athletic, as was her younger brother, Delos, who died of a heart problem at age eighteen. Delos was described as a “tall, lanky boy, a good student, but a better golfer.” The Schlemans donated Forest Park Golf Course to the city of Valparaiso in 1947, with the stipulation that it be restored and operated as a municipal facility. Two years later, the course was expanded from seven to nine holes with a clubhouse, and a dedication ceremony was held. William was asked to tee up the first ball. Thirty years later, land was purchased to create an additional nine holes. Another dedication ceremony was held, and among those teeing off that day in 1973 was Helen Schleman. Helen had a broad, open face with blue eyes. She swept her brown hair away from her high forehead, and when she smiled broadly, her inner zest was unmistakable. To look at Helen was to see woman standing on solid ground. In 1920, the year women won the right to vote, Helen entered Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, because it was relatively close to home and was easy to reach. She claimed that young people didn’t receive much guidance as to college selection back then. Helen said, “I had a marvelous four years—garnered two majors, one in English literature and one in philosophy—had a terrible time with organic chemistry—had plenty of time to play tennis, field hockey, baseball, basketball, and golf.” Helen was president of the Women’s Athletic Association, and she worked with the YWCA, student government, and Mortar Board. The organizations she enjoyed and believed in early on would continue to remain close to her heart throughout her life. As student president of Northwestern’s Women’s Athletic Association in 1922, Helen, age twenty, attended the national Athletic Conference of American College Women, held at the University of California over Easter weekend, where she gave a “splendid report.” Her talk was on the successful Helen Schleman, Born in the Right Moment 41 launching of the official national publication of the Newsletter of the Athletic Conference of American College Women. Helen was an assistant editor of the student publication and would become the editor the following year. A newspaper account of the convention tells of Helen’s future goals for the Women’s Athletic Association and foreshadows what would become her career philosophy for decades to come: “One of the highlights toward local progress, which Miss Schleman advocated for the association, was the taking of a bigger place in shaping campus ideals. ‘The WAA has a definite place in campus activities,’ she advised. ‘We must not only maintain our present standing, but show a marked development at the next national conference in 1927 at Cornell University.’” Helen’s youthful vocal stance on increasing the visibility and power of the Women’s Athletic Association for every American college and “shaping campus ideals” occurred at the same synergistic moment when Virginia Meredith and Carolyn Shoemaker were speaking out in the struggle for a women’s residence hall to be built at Purdue. Across America, women were plodding along and joining forces to bring females’ collective needs to the forefront of higher education. Helen graduated in 1924 with, as she said, an “AB degree.” AB is an abbreviation of the Latin name (artium baccalaureus) for the bachelor of arts (BA) degree. Yet Helen was not actually expected to do something with her degree. Years later, she said in a speech: Nobody—not the dean of women, not any of my professors, not anyone in my residence hall—no one, and least of all, I, myself, expected me to do anything with my college education. Exposure to higher education was just supposed to make you a better person for your traditional role as wife and mother. No one asked me what I was going to do when I graduated. As far as I know, no one expected me to do anything except to get married, raise a family, be an upright citizen, volunteer my services wherever needed, and live happily ever after. With these expectations, or lack of expectations, Helen graduated from Northwestern with her future in question. Helen recounted, “I had no plans to marry. I had no plans to work. I had no plans—period. What was more, I didn’t have a marketable skill in the world. One of my favorite gym teachers suggested that since I liked sports so well, I might go to 42 The Deans’ Bible Wellesley and do two years of satisfactory graduate work in hygiene and physical education for which I would get a certificate. With that in hand, I might get a teaching job in physical education. So, that’s what I did!” Helen claimed that she had no “marketable skills,” but in her position as president of Northwestern’s Women’s Athletic Association and the speech she gave at their 1922 convention, the seed of her talents was sown. She just did not yet see her own burgeoning abilities. It would take another person to help Helen recognize her potential: Dorothy Stratton. Helen’s two-year graduate course in hygiene and physical education at Wellesley College also had a marked influence on her future career and principles. Wellesley is a highly selective private women’s liberal arts college founded in 1870 by Henry and Pauline Durant, who were passionate about the higher education of women. Located in Wellesley, Massachusetts, west of Boston, the organization is a member of the original Seven Sisters, a loose association of seven liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern
5269	dbpedia	2	44	https://lookingforwhitman.org/kevinv/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Virginia.html	en	List of people from West Virginia	https://upload.wikimedia…Virginia.svg.png	https://upload.wikimedia…Virginia.svg.png	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/250px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/West_Virginia_in_United_States.svg/250px-West_Virginia_in_United_States.svg.png", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jesse_Burkett_Baseball.jpg/110px-Jesse_Burkett_Baseball.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mike_D%27Antoni_2010.jpg/110px-Mike_D%27Antoni_2010.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Randy-Moss_8-28-09_Patriots-vs-Redskins.jpg/110px-Randy-Moss_8-28-09_Patriots-vs-Redskins.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Retton-m.jpg/110px-Retton-m.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jerry_West_Lakers_1972_champions.jpg/110px-Jerry_West_Lakers_1972_champions.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/J-Will.jpg/110px-J-Will.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/John_T._Chambers_World_Economic_Forum_2013.jpg/110px-John_T._Chambers_World_Economic_Forum_2013.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hasil_adkins.jpg/110px-Hasil_adkins.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Brad_Dourif.jpg/110px-Brad_Dourif.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Virginia_Fox_1922.jpg/110px-Virginia_Fox_1922.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/SteveHarveyHWOFMay2013_(cropped).jpg/110px-SteveHarveyHWOFMay2013_(cropped).jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/DonKnotts1961.jpg/110px-DonKnotts1961.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Brad_Paisley_at_the_White_House.jpg/110px-Brad_Paisley_at_the_White_House.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Connie_Smith_Opry_2.jpg/110px-Connie_Smith_Opry_2.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bill_Withers_1976.JPG/110px-Bill_Withers_1976.JPG", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pearl_Buck.jpg/110px-Pearl_Buck.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BookerTWashington-Cheynes.LOC.jpg/110px-BookerTWashington-Cheynes.LOC.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Williams_HW.jpg/110px-Williams_HW.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Charles_Yeager_photo_portrait_head_on_shoulders_left_side.jpg/110px-Charles_Yeager_photo_portrait_head_on_shoulders_left_side.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Robert_Byrd_official_portrait.jpg/110px-Robert_Byrd_official_portrait.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MTA_Announces_8_Winners_of_MTA_Genius_Transit_Challenge_(38901460530).jpg/110px-MTA_Announces_8_Winners_of_MTA_Genius_Transit_Challenge_(38901460530).jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Jay_Rockefeller_official_photo.jpg/110px-Jay_Rockefeller_official_photo.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/CyrusVanceSoS.jpg/110px-CyrusVanceSoS.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Homer_H._Hickam_Jr.jpg/110px-Homer_H._Hickam_Jr.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Katherine_Johnson_in_2008.jpg/110px-Katherine_Johnson_in_2008.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Julia_Bonds%2C_2003_(cropped).jpg/110px-Julia_Bonds%2C_2003_(cropped).jpg", "https://lookingforwhitman.org/kevinv/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Text-x-generic.svg/28px-Text-x-generic.svg.png", "https://lookingforwhitman.org/kevinv/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/32px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png", "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2006-01-17T18:20:30+00:00		en	https://en.wikipedia.org…ch/wikipedia.png		https://lookingforwhitman.org/List_of_people_from_West_Virginia.html	This is a list of prominent people from the territory that now makes up the U.S. state of West Virginia. Athletes[edit] A–G H–M N–Z Business[edit] Entertainment[edit] A–G H–M N–Z Frontiersmen[edit] Journalism[edit] Literature and art[edit] Military[edit] Politics and government[edit] Religion[edit] Science[edit] Other[edit] See also[edit] Biography portal Lists portal List of Marshall University people List of West Virginia University alumni
5269	dbpedia	1	4	https://case-law.vlex.com/vid/state-ex-rel-patteson-886998120	en	State ex rel. Patteson v. Sims	http://case-law.vlex.com/facade-img/logo-vlex-big.png	http://case-law.vlex.com/facade-img/logo-vlex-big.png	[ "https://1601957106.rsc.cdn77.org/facade-img/logo.png?t=113293523193", "https://case-law.vlex.com/facade-img/precedent_map.png", "https://1601957106.rsc.cdn77.org/facade-img/logofooter.png?t=113293523193" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	0: [object Object]. 1: [object Object]. 2: [object Object]. 3: [object Object]. 4: [object Object]	en	https://1601957106.rsc.cdn77.org/facade-img/favicon.ico?t=113293523193	vLex	https://case-law.vlex.com/vid/state-ex-rel-patteson-886998120	HAYMOND, Judge. In this original proceeding in this Court the petitioners, the Honorables Okey L. Patteson, Governor, D. Pitt O'Brien, Secretary of State, William H. Ansel, Jr., Treasurer, William C. Marland, Attorney General, James B. McLaughlin, Commissioner of Agriculture, as members of the Board of Public Works and individually in their own right, seek a writ of mandamus to require the Honorable Edgar B. Sims, Auditor of West Virginia, to make certain deductions from their salaries for the month of April, 1951, and to issue proper warrants on the State Treasurer in additional amounts equal to each of such deductions, for the purpose of paying such deductions and such additional equal amounts, as contributions to the federal social security fund, to enable the petitioners to obtain old age and survivors insurance coverage provided by the Social Security Act of Congress, as amended, pursuant to an agreement entered into between the State of West Virginia and the Federal Security Administrator effective April 1, 1951, as to employees of the State. Upon the petition, filed May 1, 1951, this Court issued a rule returnable May 29, 1951. On the return day of the rule the defendant filed his written demurrer to the petition, and this proceeding was submitted for decision upon the petition, the demurrer, and the briefs in behalf of the respective parties. The petitioners are elective public officers of this State whose offices are created by Article VII, Section 1, of the Constitution of West Virginia. Their present terms of office expire in January, 1953; and their annual salaries are fixed by statute. Section 2, Article 7, Chapter 99, Acts of the Legislature, 1947, Regular Session. They are also members of the Board of Public Works which is composed of the petitioners and the Treasurer and the Auditor of this State. Section 1, Article 4, Chapter 5, Code, 1931. In connection with their salaries for the month of April, 1951, the petitioners submitted to the defendant, as Auditor, requisitions for the issuance by him of warrants on the State Treasurer for the payment of their salaries, with the request that there be deducted from the salary of each of them the amount required as his contribution to the federal social security fund. The defendant refused the request of the petitioners to deduct the proper amounts from their salaries for the month of April, 1951, and informed them of his refusal by letter dated April 19, 1951, which contained these statements: 'This is to advise you that on the transmittals submitted to this office to draw a state warrant for your salary for the month of April, 1951, I have deleted the deduction requested for your social security contribution for the reason that the constitutionality of the participation of Members of the Board of Public Works in this program, as elected officers of the State is questionable. The requirements of this new program, begun April 1, 1951, for employees of the State of West Virginia, would necessitate the State of West Virginia to provide matching funds equivalent to the social security deduction made from your salaries. 'Article VI, Section 38, of the West Virginia Constitution provides that the salary of any public officer shall not be increased during his term of office. Your participation in the social security program during your current term of office would result in the State providing an amount to match your social security deduction. This matching amount above and beyond your salaries may run counter to the provisions of our state constitution above quoted as an unauthorized increase in salary to help provide for your retirement. 'I regret very much to do this, but it will probably be best, in the beginning of this program, to determine the legality of the participation of Members of the Board of Public Works in the social security program, by taking this matter to the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals * * * to test the constitutionality of the State's matching contribution for all constitutionally-elected officers, including myself. In signing the Social Security Agreement with the Federal Government, I signed insofar as I had authority to bind the State of West Virginia by virtue of the authority conferred on me by the State constitution and the various statutes. 'I am taking this same position in regard to the salaries of all Members of the Board of Public Works (except the Superintendent of Schools who is ineligible for social security coverage being covered by the State Teachers' Retirement System). * * *.' After the receipt of the foregoing letter from the defendant the petitioners instituted this original proceeding in this Court. In substance the questions raised by the demurrer and presented for decision are: (1) Whether payments from a special legislative appropriation of state funds, as contributions to the federal social security fund, for the benefit of the petitioners who are elective state officers, increase their salaries during their current terms of public office, contrary to Article VI, Section 38, of the Constitution of this State, which in part provides: 'Nor shall the salary of any public officer be increased or diminished during his term of office'; and (2) whether deductions from their salaries during their current terms of office, for the same purpose, diminish such salaries in violation of the same constitutional provision. For the purpose of extending to employees of the State and its political subdivisions and the instrumentalities of either, and to their dependents and survivors, the basic protection accorded to other persons by the old age and survivors insurance system embodied in the Federal Social Security Act, as amended from time to time, the Legislature at its regular session in 1949, enacted Chapter 123 of the Acts of that session. In Section 2, Article 7 of that statute, certain terms were used and defined. By that section the term 'wages' means 'all remuneration for employment as defined herein, including the cash value of all remuneration paid in any medium other than cash, except that such term shall not include that part of such remuneration which, even if it were paid for 'employment' within the meaning of the federal insurance contributions act, would not constitute 'wages' within the meaning of that act'; the term 'employment' means 'any service performed by an employee in the employ of the state, or any political subdivision thereof, or any instrumentality of either, for such employer, except service which in the absence of an agreement entered into under this act would constitute 'employment' as defined in section two hundred nine of the social security act'; the term 'employee' includes an officer of the State, or one of its political subdivisions or instrumentalities; the term 'state agency' means the State Auditor; and the term 'federal agency' means such federal officer, department, or agency as is charged in behalf of the federal government, by federal law, with the particular federal functions referred to in the act in connection with that term.
5269	dbpedia	3	86	https://www.instagram.com/g.e_fitness/reel/C-VAuIoAWZ4/	en	Instagram	https://static.cdninstag…/VsNE-OHk_8a.png	https://static.cdninstag…/VsNE-OHk_8a.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://static.cdninstag…/VsNE-OHk_8a.png		null
5269	dbpedia	1	66	https://community.chocolatey.org/packages/dbatools/0.9.730	en	dbatools (PowerShell Module) 0.9.730	https://community.chocol…cebook-share.png	https://community.chocol…cebook-share.png	[ "https://img.chocolatey.org/events/01-25.jpg", "https://img.chocolatey.org/events/01-23.jpg", "https://img.chocolatey.org/events/01-21-2.jpg", "https://img.chocolatey.org/events/01-24.png", "https://img.chocolatey.org/events/01-15-2.jpg", "https://img.chocolatey.org/events/01-11.jpg", "https://img.chocolatey.org/events/01-14.jpg", "https://img.chocolatey.org/events/01-17.jpg", "https://img.chocolatey.org/events/01-19.jpg", "https://community.chocolatey.org/content/images/global-shared/logo.svg", "https://community.chocolatey.org/content/images/global-shared/logo-square.svg", "https://community.chocolatey.org/content/images/global-shared/logo.svg", "https://img.chocolatey.org/businesses/Ansible-red-sm.png", "https://img.chocolatey.org/businesses/Chef-Dark.png", "https://img.chocolatey.org/businesses/Powershell-sm.png", "https://img.chocolatey.org/businesses/Puppet-Dark.png", "https://community.chocolatey.org/content/packageimages/dbatools.0.9.730.png", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/55bff791a6485ea251cf5c38021c07d7?s=32&r=g&d=retro", "https://community.chocolatey.org/content/packageimages/dbatools.0.9.730.png", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/55bff791a6485ea251cf5c38021c07d7?s=32&r=g&d=retro", "https://img.chocolatey.org/businesses/Ansible-red-sm.png", "https://img.chocolatey.org/businesses/Chef-Dark.png", "https://img.chocolatey.org/businesses/Powershell-sm.png", "https://img.chocolatey.org/businesses/Puppet-Dark.png", "https://ws.zoominfo.com/pixel/KPKpTJOFOv5SuV7X3eGx" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	dbatools is sort of like a command-line SQL Server Management Studio.	en	/favicon.ico	Chocolatey Software	https://community.chocolatey.org/packages/dbatools/0.9.730
5269	dbpedia	0	1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okey_Patteson	en	Okey Patteson	https://upload.wikimedia…key_Patteson.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…key_Patteson.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Okey_Patteson.jpg/220px-Okey_Patteson.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_West_Virginia.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_West_Virginia.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2005-08-21T02:47:06+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okey_Patteson	American politician (1898–1989) Okey Leonidas Patteson (September 14, 1898 – July 3, 1989) was the 23rd Governor of West Virginia from 1949 to 1953. He was a member of the United States Democratic Party and of the "machine" that totally controlled politics in that era in the state. Biography [edit] Okey Patteson was son of L.C. and Lola (Groves) Patteson. He was born at Dingess, West Virginia and raised at Mount Hope, Fayette County. He married Lee Hawse in 1923 and they had two daughters, Fanny Lee and Anna Hughes. His religious affiliation was Methodist. In 1932, a hunting accident left him disabled, as both of his legs had to be amputated below the knees.[1] Patteson graduated with a bachelor's degree from West Virginia Wesleyan College and did post-graduate work at Carnegie Institute of Technology. He was awarded honorary degrees of L.L.D. from West Virginia University in 1949 and from West Virginia Wesleyan College. Patteson worked as an automobile dealer and with real estate in Mount Hope. He served as President of Fayette County Court 1935–41 and as sheriff of Fayette County 1941–44. In the 1944 elections, he was Campaign manager for the Democratic Party and became a Presidential elector. The new governor, Clarence W. Meadows, appointed him his personal assistant, a position he held for three years, until he resigned to run for governor, January 1, 1948. He won the nomination with a margin of 62 000 over the nearest opponent and was elected by majority of 110 000 in the general election. He served as governor for one term.[2] Patteson was a member of the Board of Trustees of West Virginia Wesleyan, and of a number of societies: Free masons, Knights Templar, Moose International, Lions, Chamber of Commerce, American Legion, Sons of the American Revolution and Elks. He was a member of the National Guard for three years.[2] After his term Patteson served as general manager of the Turnpike, returned to real estate business, and became president of the Raleigh County Bank. In 1969, Governor Arch A. Moore, Jr. named Patteson to the newly created Board of Regents.[1] Governorship [edit] He is best known for his decision to place the state's first medical school at West Virginia University in Morgantown, in the northern part of the state, rather than in the more centrally located Charleston.[1] A section of West Virginia Route 705 leading to West Virginia University Hospitals is named Patteson Drive in his honor. He also is known for the initial construction of the West Virginia Turnpike, which was to be a 4-lane road system throughout the state, although, after his term, it was superseded by the interstate highway system, with only a 2-lane section between Charleston and Princeton ever completed. During his governorship, Patteson, in a now-infamous decision, closed the state investigation into the disappearance of the Sodder children, calling the children's parents' pursuit of the case "hopeless".[3] During his term, the legislature created the position of state Tax Commissioner and authorized cities to levy sales taxes.[1] He was praised by crime writer Erle Stanley Gardner for his careful re-investigation of the case of convicted murderer Robert Ballard Bailey when doubts were raised about the validity of the conviction.[4][5] Gardner dedicated his detective novel Top of the Heap to Patteson. References [edit] patteson.html Biography of Okey L. Patteson Inaugural Address of Okey L. Patteson
5269	dbpedia	3	28	https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/national-cancer-institute-nci	en	National Cancer Institute (NCI)	https://www.nih.gov/site…stamp=1702843624		[ "https://www.nih.gov/sites/all/themes/nih/images/nih-logo-color.png", "https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/styles/floated_media_breakpoint-medium/public/news-events/news-releases/2023/20231217-rathmell.jpg?itok=AqbqHE6-&timestamp=1702843624" ]	[]	[]	[ "National Cancer Institute (NCI)" ]	null	[]	2015-07-07T15:49:20-04:00	NCI’s mission is to lead, conduct, and support cancer research across the nation to advance scientific knowledge and help all people live longer, healthier lives.	en	https://www.nih.gov/favicon.ico	National Institutes of Health (NIH)	https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/national-cancer-institute-nci	Mission Important Events Legislative Chronology Director Programs Mission The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research and training. Established under the National Cancer Institute Act of 1937, NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), one of 11 agencies that make up the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). NCI’s mission is to lead, conduct, and support cancer research across the nation to advance scientific knowledge and help all people live longer, healthier lives. As the leader of the cancer research enterprise, collectively known as the National Cancer Program, and the largest funder of cancer research in the world, NCI manages a broad range of research, training, and information dissemination activities that reach across the entire country, meeting the needs of all demographics—rich and poor, urban and rural, and all racial/ethnic populations. Specifically, NCI focuses on two broad roles: Cancer Research Leads the nation’s research efforts to improve cancer prevention, detection, diagnosis, and survivorship Supports 72 NCI-Designated Cancer Centers and more than 5,000 grantees Coordinates and supports all phases of clinical trials across 2,500 clinical trial sites nationwide, seeking the development of new and improved cancer treatments Supports intramural research scientists in our own laboratories and clinics Partners with industry, private philanthropic organizations, other federal agencies, and other national and foreign institutions to engage in cancer research and training opportunities that otherwise might not be possible because of their complexity and cost Collaborates with private-sector life sciences companies to advance promising innovative technologies that fuel improvements in detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer Supports the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, the only federally funded research and development center dedicated exclusively to biomedical research Maintains long-term storage of publicly available cancer genomic and clinical data Supports construction of laboratories, clinics, and related facilities for cancer research Training and Support for Cancer Researchers Strives to attract, train, and retain the best minds to become the next generation of cancer researchers Provides support to scientists and their institutions to create outstanding environments for researchers to train, conduct basic and clinical research, and care for cancer patients Funds training and career development opportunities across a broad spectrum of cancer research disciplines through training grants, fellowships, research career development awards, and research education grants Supports targeted cancer research training for individuals from backgrounds underrepresented in the biomedical and behavioral sciences to achieve and sustain a diverse workforce Provides comprehensive training programs that support the needs of qualified individuals at all stages of their career development, ranging from middle-school students to independent researchers Offers training opportunities centered in hospitals and research institutions across the nation, in addition to intramural training programs offered at NCI laboratories and offices in Maryland As a federal agency, NCI receives its funds from Congress. The bulk of our budget supports extramural grants and cooperative agreements to facilitate research conducted at universities, medical schools, hospitals, cancer centers, research laboratories, and private firms in the United States and abroad. These funds also support intramural research at NCI’s laboratories and offices in Bethesda, Rockville, and Frederick, MD. Our investments have led to declines in the rates of new cancer cases and cancer deaths overall in the last few decades in the United States. In line with this improvement, the number of cancer survivors in the United States has more than doubled from 7 million in 1992 to more than 15 million in 2016—and is expected to rise to more than 26 million by 2040. These trends reflect advances in cancer detection, diagnosis, and patient care that have resulted in people living longer, healthier lives than ever before. For additional information about NCI and recent cancer research findings, visit the NCI web site. Important Events in NCI History August 5, 1937—The National Cancer Institute (NCI) was established through the National Cancer Act of 1937, signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its passage represented the culmination of nearly three decades of efforts to formalize the U.S. government’s place in cancer research. The act represents the first time that Congress provided funding to address a non-communicable disease. The act created NCI as an independent research institute within the Public Health Service. NCI became the federal government’s principal agency for conducting research and training on the cause, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. NCI was tasked with assisting and promoting cancer research at other public and private institutions, particularly by providing funding opportunities to support promising cancer research. The act established the National Advisory Cancer Council, now known as the National Cancer Advisory Board, which recommended approval of first award for fellowships in cancer research shortly thereafter. August 1940—The first issue of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute was published. July 1, 1946—The cancer control program was established, providing grants to the states for support of cancer control activities. July 2, 1953—NCI inaugurated a full-scale clinical research program in the new Clinical Center. 1955—NCI established the Clinical Trials Cooperative Group Program which included several research networks, called cooperative groups, that conduct cancer clinical research primarily under the sponsorship of NCI. 1957—The first malignancy (choriocarcinoma) was cured with chemotherapy at NCI. January 12, 1961—The Laboratory of Viral Oncology was established to investigate the relationship of viruses to human cancer. April 2, 1962—An exhibit, "Man Against Cancer," opened in Washington, D.C., to commemorate the Institute's 25th anniversary and inaugurate Cancer Progress Year. October 25, 1962—The Human Cancer Virus Task Force held its first meeting. The task force, comprised of scientists from NCI and other institutions, stimulated the development of special programs in viral oncology. February 13, 1967—NCI, in collaboration with the U.S. Public Health Service Hospital, established the Baltimore Cancer Research Center to conduct basic and clinical research for cancer treatment and offer training to medical students and scientists. October 18, 1971—President Nixon converted the Army's former biological warfare facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland, to house research activities on the causes, treatment, and prevention of cancer. December 23, 1971—President Nixon signed the National Cancer Act of 1971. The act represented the U.S. commitment to what President Nixon described as the “war on cancer,” which, by 1970, had become the nation’s second leading cause of death. The act granted authority to the Director of NCI to plan and develop a National Cancer Program that included NCI, other research institutes, and other federal and non-federal programs. It established the procedure for submitting NCI’s annual budget, called the “bypass budget,” which is transmitted directly from the NCI director to the President and Congress. The act also required the creation of a new National Cancer Advisory Board, a presidentially appointed committee of 18 members, to assist NCI in developing its programs. It also established the President’s Cancer Panel, a three-member panel that submits an annual report to the President and holds periodic public hearings. Finally, the act provided additional funding for NCI to establish 15 new cancer research centers, local cancer control programs, and an international cancer research data bank. July 27, 1972—A Bureau-level organization was established for NCI, giving the Institute and its components organizational status commensurate with the responsibilities bestowed on it by the National Cancer Act of 1971. June 20, 1973—NCI director Dr. Frank J. Rauscher, Jr., announced that eight institutions were recognized as Comprehensive Cancer Centers to bring results of research as rapidly as possible to a maximum number of people. (In 2017, there are 69 NCI designated cancer centers.) September 12, 1974—NCI made its first cancer control awards to state health departments for a three-year program to screen low-income women for cancer of the uterine cervix. At its peak in 1978, the program had grown to a total of 32 states and territories. December 17, 1974—NCI and the National Library of Medicine established CANCERLINE, a jointly developed computerized service to provide scientists across the country with information on cancer research projects and published findings. December 19, 1974—The Clinical Cancer Education Program was announced to develop more innovative teaching methods in cancer prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation in schools of medicine, dentistry, osteopathy, and public health; affiliated teaching hospitals; and specialized cancer institutions. 1975—The Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research was established as the Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center in 1972 when about 70 acres and 67 buildings of the U.S. Army were transferred to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), which includes the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Since then, Frederick National Lab has become an internationally recognized center of scientific excellence in cancer and AIDS research and development. Shortly thereafter, The National Science Foundation notified HHS that NCI-Frederick met the criteria for and was designated as a Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC), a government-owned, contractor-operated facility designed to achieve long-term research and development needs that could not be met as effectively by existing in-house or contractor resources. 1975—The Cooperative Minority Biomedical Program, as approved by the National Cancer Advisory Board, represented a co-funding effort by NCI to implement and foster cancer research through NIH's Division of Research Resources' Minority Biomedical Research Support Program and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences Minority Access to Research Careers Program. July 1, 1975—The Cancer Information Service was established following a mandate of the National Cancer Act of 1971, which gave NCI new responsibilities for educating the public, patients, and health professionals. August 5, 1977—NCI celebrated its 40th anniversary with a ceremony on the NIH campus. Senator Warren G. Magnuson of Washington who, as a member of the House of Representatives, introduced a bill to establish NCI in 1937, sent a message stating: "Those one and a half million Americans who are alive today—cured of cancer—are ample justification for all that we've appropriated over the last 40 years." 1979—The first human RNA virus (HTLV-I) was discovered by NCI's Dr. Robert C. Gallo, leading to his role in the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the infectious agent responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and in the development of the HIV blood test. He has been a major contributor to subsequent HIV research. July 18, 1979—NCI and the National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Md., signed an agreement to cooperate in a cancer treatment research program. April 27, 1981—A new Biological Response Modifiers Program was established in the Division of Cancer Treatment to investigate, develop and bring to clinical trial potential therapeutic agents that may alter biological responses that are important in cancer growth and metastasis. September 1982—PDQ (or Physician Data Query), a computerized database on cancer treatment information, became available nationwide through the National Library of Medicine's MEDLARS system. December 16, 1982—NCI purchased a building adjacent to the NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland, through generous donations to the NCI Gift Fund. This building housed the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, the Scientific Information Branch (which publishes Cancer Treatment Reports and Cancer Treatment Symposia), the International Cancer Research Data Bank, and PDQ (Physician Data Query, NCI's comprehensive source of cancer information). July 16, 1983—NCI launched the Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) to establish a cancer control effort that combines the expertise of community oncologists with NCI clinical research programs. The CCOP initiative is designed to bring the advantages of clinical research to cancer patients in their own communities. 1984—A policy statement regarding the relationship of NCI, the pharmaceutical industry, and NCI-supported cooperative groups was developed. The statement conveys the need for collaboration between NCI and the pharmaceutical industry in pursuing the joint development of anticancer drugs of mutual interest. March 6, 1984—HHS Secretary Margaret M. Heckler launched a new Cancer Prevention Awareness Program aimed at saving 95,000 lives per year by the year 2000. The program, guided by NCI, will inform the public about cancer risks and steps individuals can take to reduce risk. April 1984—NCI scientist Dr. Robert C. Gallo reported the isolation of a new group of viruses found in the helper T-cells of patients with AIDS or pre-AIDS symptoms, as well as from healthy individuals at high risk for developing AIDS. These viruses were ultimately named human immunodeficiency virus or HIV. This discovery made the control of blood-product-transmitted AIDS feasible by enabling the development of a simple test for the detection of AIDS-infected blood by blood banks and diagnostic laboratories. August 1985— The Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program (CPFP), one of the first formal postdoctoral research training programs in cancer prevention, began. CPFP provides state-of-the-art training in cancer prevention and control through mentored research at NCI, guiding each fellow to develop an independent research program in cancer prevention. October 24, 1987—The Office of Technology Development was established in the Office of the Director to guide implementation of legislation, rules and regulations, and activities relating to collaborative agreements, inventions, patents, royalties, and associated matters. September 30, 1988—The first Consortium Cancer Center was established, comprised of three historically black medical schools. Component universities supported by this core grant—Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science in Los Angeles, Meharry Medical College in Nashville, and Morehouse School of Medicine in Atlanta—focused their efforts on cancer prevention, control, epidemiology, and clinical trials. April 1989—NCI increased efforts to supplement research grants to encourage recruitment of minority scientists and science students into extramural research laboratories. This initiative is expanded to include scientists and science students who are women or individuals with disabilities. May 22, 1989—NCI scientist Dr. Steven A. Rosenberg conducted the first human gene transfer trial using human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to which a foreign gene had been added. December 20, 1989—NCI researchers published the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Model, a tool to estimate a woman's risk of developing invasive breast cancer, based on data from case-control studies and breast cancer incidence rates in the US. Over the years, the tool has been updated and expanded to cover African Americans and other groups; it is widely used by clinicians and researchers. Originally available on a floppy disk, the tool was later renamed and made available online as the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool. The US Food and Drug Administration guidelines for use of tamoxifen and raloxifene for breast cancer risk reduction rely on estimates generated by the tool. It is also used for patient counseling and for assessing possible public health prevention strategies. September 14, 1990—Scientists from NCI and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute announced the first trial in which a copy of a faulty gene was inserted into white blood cells to reverse the immune deficiency it caused. The trial was initiated to treat adenosine deaminase deficiency. This was the first human gene therapy trial used to treat immunodeficiency. January 29, 1991—Patients with melanoma were treated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to which a gene for tumor necrosis factor had been added. This was the first human gene therapy trial used to treat cancer. October 1991—NCI began the 5 A Day program, in partnership with the nonprofit group Produce for Better Health, to encourage Americans to eat at least five fruits and vegetables a day. 1992—NCI established the Specialized Programs of Research Excellence (SPORE). The NCI Translational Research Program (TRP) is the home of SPORE and a cornerstone of NCI’s efforts to promote collaborative, interdisciplinary translational cancer research. SPORE grants involve both basic and clinical/applied science, and support projects that will result in new and diverse approaches to the prevention, early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of human cancers. December 18, 1992—Taxol (paclitaxel), an anticancer drug extracted from the bark of the Pacific yew, received approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of ovarian cancer that was not responsive to other therapy. NCI spearheaded the development of the drug through collaboration with the USDA's Forest Service, the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Land Management, and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. This collaboration was made possible by the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986. November 1993—The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian trial, designed to determine whether certain screening tests will reduce the number of deaths from these cancers, began recruiting 148,000 men and women, ages 55–74. November 1996—Cancer mortality rates declined nearly 3% between 1991 and 1995. This was the first sustained decline since national recordkeeping was instituted in the 1930s. 1996—The NCI Office of Liaison Activities was established to ensure that cancer research advocates have input concerning NCI research and related activities. The office, now called the Office of Advocacy Relations, supports NCI's research and programs by fostering strong communications and partnerships with the cancer advocacy community and professional societies. August 1, 1997—NCI, in partnership with government, academic, and industrial laboratories, launched the Cancer Genome Anatomy Project to enhance discovery of the acquired and inherited molecular changes in cancer and to evaluate the clinical potential of these discoveries. The project included a website allowing scientists to rapidly access data generated through the project and apply it to their studies. April 6, 1998—Results of the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial, testing the effectiveness of tamoxifen to prevent the disease, were announced 14 months earlier than expected. Women taking tamoxifen had 45% fewer breast cancer diagnoses than women on the placebo, proving that breast cancer can potentially be prevented. September 25, 1998—The FDA approved the monoclonal antibody Herceptin (Trastuzumab) for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer in patients with tumors that produce excess amounts of a protein called HER-2. Approximately 30% of breast cancer tumors produce excess amounts of HER-2. May 25, 1999—The Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) one of the largest breast cancer prevention studies ever, began recruiting volunteers at more than 400 centers across the United States, Puerto Rico, and Canada. The trial will include 22,000 postmenopausal women at increased risk of breast cancer to determine whether the osteoporosis prevention drug raloxifene (Evista) is as effective in reducing the chance of developing breast cancer as tamoxifen (Nolvadex) has proven to be. October 6, 1999—NCI awarded nearly $8 million in grants toward the creation of the Early Detection Research Network, a network to discover and develop new biological tests for the early detection of cancer and of biomarkers for increased cancer risk. December 8, 1999—NCI published the Atlas of Cancer Mortality, 1950–94, showing the geographic patterns of cancer death rates in over 3,000 counties across the country over more than 4 decades. April 6, 2000—A $60 million program was announced to address the unequal burden of cancer within certain populations in the United States over the next 5 years. The Special Populations Networks for Cancer Awareness Research and Training is intended to build relationships between large research institutions and community-based programs. Eighteen grants at 17 institutions are expected to create or implement cancer control, prevention, research, and training programs in minority and underserved populations. June 7, 2000—President Clinton issued an executive memorandum directing the Medicare program to reimburse providers for the cost of routine patient care in clinical trials. The memorandum also provides for additional actions to promote the participation of Medicare beneficiaries in clinical studies. December 3, 2000—As part of a national commitment to identify and address the underlying causes of disease and disability in racial and ethnic communities, NCI established the Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities. Because these communities carry an unequal burden of cancer-related health disparities, NCI is working to enhance its research, education, and training programs that focus on populations in need. May 10, 2001—FDA approval of the drug Gleevec, also known as STI571, is announced as an oral treatment for chronic myelogenous leukemia. This marked the approval of the first molecularly targeted drug that directly turns off the signal of a protein known to cause a cancer. Clinical trials expanded as investigators tested Gleevec in a variety of cancers that share common molecular abnormalities. July 24, 2001—The largest-ever prostate cancer prevention study was launched by NCI and a network of researchers known as the Southwest Oncology Group. The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial is designed to determine if these two dietary supplements can protect against prostate cancer which is the most common form of non-skin cancer in men. The study is expected to include a total of 32,400 men. September 4, 2001—NCI and the American College of Radiology Imaging Network launched 3-year multicenter study of digital mammography, called the Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial, the first large, multicenter study to compare digital mammography to standard mammography for the detection of breast cancer. September 10, 2001—NCI launched the Consumer Advocates in Research and Related Activities program—a landmark initiative convening a network of 200 dedicated advocates who bring the viewpoint of those affected by cancer to NCI. February 7, 2002—Scientists from NCI and FDA reported that patterns of proteins found in patients' blood may reflect the presence of ovarian cancer, even at early stages. Currently, more than 80% of ovarian cancer patients are diagnosed at a late clinical stage and have a 20% or less chance of survival at five years. This new diagnostic concept is potentially applicable to the diagnosis of other diseases. May 19, 2002—Researchers from NCI reported that the molecularly targeted drug bevacizumab slowed tumor growth in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, the most common form of kidney cancer in adults. June 19, 2002—NCI scientists used microarray technology to determine the patterns of genes that are active in tumor cells from which they could predict whether patients with the most common form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults are likely to be cured by chemotherapy. July 16, 2002—The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of NIH stopped a major clinical trial early of the risks and benefits of combined estrogen and progestin in healthy menopausal women due to an increased risk of invasive breast cancer. The large multi-center trial, a component of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), also found increases in coronary heart disease, stroke, and pulmonary embolism in study participants on estrogen plus progestin compared to women taking placebo pills. The trial showed that postmenopausal women who used estrogen replacement therapy for 10 or more years were at significantly higher risk of developing ovarian cancer than women who never used hormone replacement therapy. September 18, 2002—NCI launched the National Lung Screening Trial to compare spiral computed tomography and single-view chest x-ray for early lung cancer in 50,000 current and former heavy smokers. The trial will examine the relative risks and benefits of both tests at 30 study sites throughout the United States. September 19, 2002—NCI researchers demonstrated that a new approach to cancer treatment, that replaces a patient's immune system with cancer-fighting cells produced in the laboratory specifically to destroy their tumors, can lead to tumor shrinkage. The experimental technique, known as adoptive transfer, has shown promising results in patients with metastatic melanoma who have not responded to standard treatment. October 16, 2002—NCI and FDA scientists found that patterns of proteins in patients' blood, called prostate-specific antigen (PSA), may help distinguish between prostate cancer and benign prostate conditions. PSA is a protein produced by cells of the prostate gland. The blood level of PSA is often elevated in men with prostate cancer. The technique may be useful in deciding whether to perform a biopsy in men with elevated levels of PSA. October 31, 2002—NCI researchers have discovered that a molecule best known for its antimicrobial properties also can activate key cells in the immune response. This newly discovered function suggests the molecule, a peptide called Beta-defensin 2, may be useful in the development of more effective cancer vaccines. 2003—A novel approach to treatment of solid cancers involves therapeutic agents that inhibit the generation of new blood vessels in growing tumors (angiogenesis). March 5, 2003—Taking daily aspirin for as little as three years was shown to reduce the development of colorectal polyps by 19% to 35% in people at high risk for colorectal cancer in two randomized, controlled NCI clinical trials published in the New England Journal of Medicine. May 30, 2003—Overseen by an Interagency Oncology Task Force (IOTF), FDA and NCI entered into an agreement to share knowledge and resources to facilitate the development of new cancer drugs and speed their delivery to patients. The goal of the IOTF is to leverage the expertise and capabilities of both agencies to streamline and accelerate the overall development of diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic interventions for cancer. June 24, 2003—Results of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, testing the effectiveness of finasteride to prevent the disease, were announced about a year earlier than expected. Men taking finasteride had 25% fewer prostate cancer diagnoses than men on the placebo. There was a note of caution, however; the men who did develop prostate cancer while taking finasteride were more likely to have high-grade tumors. September 2, 2003—Death rates from the four most common cancers—lung, breast, prostate, and colorectal—continued to decline in the late 1990s according to data from the Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2000. This report provides an annual update of cancer incidence, mortality, and trends in the United States. NCI has partnered with The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Cancer Society, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries on the report since 1998. November 6, 2003—NCI scientists demonstrated that the growth factors interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-15 have contrasting roles in the life and death of lymphocytes, an observation that has implications for the immunotherapy of cancer and autoimmune diseases. September 13, 2004—NCI announced the Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer, a five-year initiative to integrate nanotechnology development into basic and applied cancer research to facilitate the rapid application of this science to the clinic. Nanotechnology is a field of research that deals with the engineering and creation of things from materials that are less than 100 nanometers (one-billionth of a meter) in size, especially single atoms or molecules. Nanotechnology offers the means to target treatments directly and selectively to cancerous cells and neoplasms. December 10, 2004—According to research supported by NCI, and performed in collaboration with the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project and Genomic Health Inc., a new molecular test can predict the risk of breast cancer recurrence and may identify women who will benefit most from chemotherapy. February 16, 2005—In preparation for the new generation of molecular-based oncology medical products and as an initiative of NCI’s and FDA's Interagency Oncology Task Force, the agencies jointly established an NCI-FDA Research and Regulatory Review Fellowship program, designed to train researchers to bridge the processes from scientific discovery through clinical development and regulatory review of new oncology products. April 25, 2005—The Herceptin Adjuvant (HERA) (Breast International Group [BIG] 01-01) Trial showed the combination of the targeted agent trastuzumab (Herceptin) and standard chemotherapy cuts the risk of HER-2-positive breast cancer recurrence by more than half compared with chemotherapy alone. For women with this type of aggressive breast cancer, the addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy appears to virtually reverse prognosis from unfavorable to good. May 6, 2005—NCI announced the Community Networks Program, a five-year initiative to reduce cancer disparities in minority and underserved populations through community participation in education, research, and training. September 16, 2005—Preliminary results from a large clinical trial of digital versus film mammography showed no difference in detecting breast cancer for the general population of women in the trial. However, those women with dense breasts, who are pre- or perimenopausal or who are younger than age 50, may benefit from having a digital rather than a film mammogram. September 28, 2005—NCI and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) created Rembrandt (Repository for Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data), a joint informatics initiative to molecularly characterize a large number of primary brain tumors and to correlate those data with extensive retrospective and prospective clinical data. October 2005—NCI initiated the Patient Navigator Research Program (PNRP) to assess the impact of patient navigators on providing timely and quality standard cancer care to patients following an abnormal cancer finding. The PNRP was designed to encourage research collaborations and partnerships with organizations serving diverse underserved communities within cancer care delivery systems. October 5, 2005—The Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2002, showed observed cancer death rates from all cancers combined dropped 1.1% per year from 1993 to 2002. The report's authors attribute the declines in death rates to progress in prevention, early detection, and treatment. October 11, 2005—NCI announced the Transdisciplinary Research on Energetics and Cancer initiative to study the effects of diet, weight, and physical activity on cancer and to answer critical questions to help guide our nation's public health efforts. November 7, 2005—NCI launched a cancer biorepository pilot project designed to standardize biospecimen collection and management among investigators of Specialized Programs of Research Excellence for prostate cancer to enhance the quality and availability of various biospecimens and associated data for the broader scientific community. December 7, 2005—Results from several studies presented at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium validated that a test called Oncotype DX can predict the risk of breast cancer recurrence in a sizable group of patients. The studies also appeared to identify which of those patients might benefit most from chemotherapy. The studies were heralded by researchers as an important moment in the move toward individualized cancer care. December 13, 2005—NCI and the National Human Genome Research Institute launched a comprehensive effort to accelerate an understanding of the molecular basis of cancer through the application of genome analysis technologies, especially large-scale genome sequencing. The overall effort, called The Cancer Genome Atlas, began with a pilot project to determine the feasibility of a full-scale effort to systematically explore the universe of genomic changes involved in all types of human cancer. April 17, 2006—Initial results of the Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene showed that the drug raloxifene, used to prevent and treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, works as well as tamoxifen in reducing breast cancer risk for postmenopausal women at increased risk of the disease. May 23, 2006—The Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment (Rx) or TAILORx was launched to examine whether genes that are frequently associated with risk of recurrence for women with early-stage breast cancer can be used to assign patients to the most appropriate and effective treatment. June 7, 2006—Gene profiling, a molecular technique that examines many genes simultaneously, was shown to accurately distinguish between two types of immune cell tumors, Burkitt's lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Burkitt's lymphoma and DLBCL appear similar when viewed under a microscope but correct diagnosis is critical because each requires very different treatments. June 8, 2006—NCI announced FDA approval of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, based on the research of NCI scientists Douglas Lowy, M.D., and John Schiller, Ph.D. Nearly two decades before, researchers at NCI and other institutions began searching for the underlying causes of cervical cancer. That scientific quest led to the vaccine Gardasil (human papillomavirus [HPV] vaccine, quadrivalent), which protects against infection from the two types of human papillomavirus that cause the majority of cervical cancers worldwide. June 29, 2006—Researchers at NCI identified a link between inherited and acquired genetic factors that dramatically increase the chance of developing a very common type of melanoma. August 1, 2006—NCI researchers published a model for estimating an individual’s 5-year risk of melanoma, based on visual inspection of the patient’s back as well as risk factors identified in a large U.S. case-control study, and incidence rates for melanoma in the U.S. population. The Melanoma Risk Assessment Tool can be used by health professionals to identify individuals at increased risk of melanoma, help them plan for regular screening, and potential October 5, 2006—The Biomarkers Consortium, a public-private biomedical research partnership composed of The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, NIH, FDA, and the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, formed to search for and validate new biomarkers to accelerate the delivery of new technologies, medicines, and therapies for prevention, early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. October 18, 2006—NCI released new data from the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility (CGEMS) study on prostate cancer intended to help identify genetic factors that influence the disease and could be integral to the discovery and development of new, targeted therapies. This was the first public release of a whole-genome association study of cancer—such studies examine the entire genome, with no assumptions about which genetic alterations cause cancer. March 28, 2007—Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans of women who were diagnosed with cancer in one breast detected over 90% of cancers in the other breast that were missed by mammography and clinical breast exam at initial diagnosis, according to an American College of Radiology Imaging Network study supported by NCI. Adding an MRI scan to the diagnostic evaluation effectively doubled the number of cancers immediately found in these women. April 1, 2007—NCI and Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility researchers reported that a variation in a portion of DNA strongly predicts prostate cancer risk and that this common variation may be responsible for up to 20% of prostate cancer cases in white men in the United States. April 18, 2007—A report using data from NCI’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program showed that a sharp decline in the rate of new breast cancer cases in 2003 may be related to a national decline in the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Age-adjusted breast cancer incidence rates in women in the United States fell 6.7% from 2002 to 2003. Prescriptions for HRT also declined rapidly in 2002 and 2003. May 8, 2007—Researchers from NCI and Baylor College of Medicine found that people infected with the hepatitis C virus are at an increased risk of developing certain lymphomas (cancers of the lymphatic system). June 14, 2007—NCI launched the three-year pilot phase of a new program that will help bring state-of-the-art cancer care to patients in community hospitals across the United States. The NCI Community Cancer Centers Program was designed to encourage collaboration between private-practice medical, surgical and radiation oncologists and NCI’s network of 63 NCI-designated Cancer Centers principally based at large research universities. October 15, 2007—The Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2004, showed cancer death rates decreased on average 2.1% per year from 2002 through 2004, nearly twice the annual decrease of 1.1% per year from 1993 through 2002. November 1, 2007—NCI sponsored a symposium, HIV/AIDS Research at the National Cancer Institute: A Record of Sustained Excellence, to celebrate the achievements in HIV/AIDS research by former and current NCI scientists, and announce future plans for continuing efforts to combat HIV infection, the devastating consequences of AIDS, and AIDS-related cancers. November 27, 2007—A new model for calculating invasive breast cancer risk (the CARE model) was found to give better estimates of the number of breast cancers that would develop in African American women 50 to 79 years of age than an earlier model which was based primarily on data from white women. January 2008—Scientists reported that results of a randomized phase III clinical trial show that a combination of low oral doses of difluoromethylornithine and sulindac greatly reduces the recurrence of colon polyps and is safe and well tolerated. March 6, 2008—DNA mutations found in a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that has a poor prognosis led researchers to a better understanding of how the cancer develops and how it might be treated. April 21, 2008—Researchers identified a pattern of gene activity in mice that may help to predict individual risk for breast cancer metastasis and survival in humans. A single gene called bromodomain 4 (Brd4) regulates the expression of this pattern, also called a signature. Researchers found that one result of this Brd4 regulation is the suppression of tumor growth and metastasis in a mouse model of cancer. June 23, 2008—NCI researchers found that cells from a blood-borne cancer called multiple myeloma rely on the activity of a single protein, IRF4, for the activation of a wide range of genes responsible for cell survival and spread. Blocking the production of this protein can be strikingly effective in eliminating cancer cells in laboratory models of multiple myeloma. January 1, 2009—Scientists identified mutations in a gene that predict a high likelihood of relapse in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Although further research is needed, the findings are likely to provide the basis for future diagnostic tests to assess the risk of treatment failure. By using a molecular test to identify this genetic marker in ALL patients, physicians should be better able to determine appropriate therapies. February 11, 2009—Researchers established that abnormal white blood cells can be present in patients' blood more than six years prior to the diagnosis of a chronic form of lymphocytic leukemia. This finding may lead to a better understanding of the cellular changes that characterize the earliest stages of the disease and how it progresses. March 18, 2009—A new report from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, designed to provide answers about the effectiveness of prostate cancer screening, showed that six annual screenings for prostate cancer led to more diagnoses of the disease, but no fewer prostate cancer deaths. August 14, 2009—Results of a randomized phase III clinical trial show that targeted therapy with the drug imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) reduces disease recurrence following surgery to remove a localized gastrointestinal stromal tumor. October 5, 2009—Researchers identified a gene that may play a role in the growth and spread of a childhood cancer called rhabdomyosarcoma, which develops in the body's soft tissues. The finding revealed a potential new target for the treatment of this disease. October 7, 2009—Researchers found that a small RNA molecule, known as a microRNA, may help physicians identify liver cancer patients who, in spite of their poor prognosis, could respond well to treatment with a biological agent called interferon. December 18, 2009—Initial results from a large, randomized clinical trial for patients with multiple myeloma, a cancer of the blood and bone marrow, showed that patients who received the oral drug lenalidomide (Revlimid, also known as CC-5013) following a blood stem cell transplant avoided recurrences longer than patients who received a placebo. January 6, 2010—Researchers with a study conducted at NCI, the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the National Human Genome Research Institute, discovered genetic mutations that may contribute to the development of an aggressive form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. These findings provided insight into a mechanism that cancer cells may use to survive, thus identifying potential new targets for treatment of the disease. January 19, 2010—Researchers found that the most common form of malignant brain cancer in adults, glioblastoma multiforme, is not a single disease but appears to be four distinct molecular subtypes that respond to aggressive chemotherapy and radiation differently, according to a study by The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. April 19, 2010—Long-term results show that Raloxifene, a common osteoporosis drug, prevented breast cancer to the same degree, but with fewer serious side-effects than the drug Tamoxifen that had been in use many years for breast cancer prevention as well as treatment. Raloxifene retained 76% of the effectiveness of Tamoxifen in preventing invasive disease and grew closer to Tamoxifen in preventing noninvasive disease. In particular, there was significantly less endometrial cancer with raloxifene use. November 4, 2010—The National Lung Screening Trial, a randomized national trial involving more than 53,000 current and former heavy smokers ages 55 to 74, compared the effects of two screening procedures for lung cancer—low-dose helical computed tomography (CT) and standard chest X-ray—on lung cancer mortality and found 20% fewer lung cancer deaths among trial participants screened with low-dose helical CT. November 10, 2010—Researchers discovered mutations in a particular gene that affects the treatment prognosis for some patients with acute myeloid leukemia, an aggressive blood cancer that kills 9,000 Americans annually. December 23, 2010—NCI announced major changes to the long-established Clinical Trials Cooperative Group Program that conducts many of the nationwide trials of new cancer therapies. In a major transformation, NCI intends to consolidate the nine groups that currently conduct trials in adult cancer patients into four state-of-the-art entities that will design and perform improved trials of cancer therapies. The changes are designed to provide greater benefits for cancer patients and more information for researchers. These moves come in response to an NCI-requested April 2010 report from the Institute of Medicine, which called for a series of changes to the cooperative groups program, including restructuring. The NCI Cooperative Group program, founded over 50 years ago, involves more than 3,100 institutions and 14,000 investigators, and the program enrolls over 25,000 patients in clinical trials each year. March 10, 2011—The number of cancer survivors in the United States increased to 11.7 million in 2007, according to a report released by NCI and CDC. There were 3 million cancer survivors in 1971 and 9.8 million in 2001. March 31, 2011—Rates of death in the United States from all cancers for men and women continued to decline between 2003 and 2007, the most recent reporting period available, according to the latest Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer. The report also finds that the overall rate of new cancer diagnoses for men and women combined decreased an average of slightly less than 1% per year for the same period. June 5, 2011—NCI announced clinical trial results showing that in a high-risk form of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a high-dose schedule of a drug raises already high cure rates even higher. June 29, 2011—An analysis of genomic changes in ovarian cancer has provided the most comprehensive and integrated view of cancer genes for any cancer type to date. Ovarian serous adenocarcinoma tumors from 500 patients were examined by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network. TCGA researchers completed whole-exome sequencing, which examines the protein-coding regions of the genome, on an unprecedented 316 tumors. September, 8, 2011—The NCI-sponsored Costa Rica Vaccine Trial was designed to assess the efficacy of Cervarix in a community-based setting. Two doses of the human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV) Cervarix were as effective as the current standard three-dose regimen after four years of follow-up. January 19, 2012—A clinical trial has shown that addition of chemotherapy to radiation therapy leads to a near doubling of median survival time in patients with a form of brain tumor (oligodendroglioma) that carries a chromosomal abnormality called the 1p19q co-deletion. March 2, 2012—The Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study looked at 12,315 workers at 8 non-metal mining facilities in the United States. Federal government scientists reported that heavy exposure to diesel exhaust increased risk of death from lung cancer. March 8, 2012—In a new examination of United States cancer incidence data, investigators reported that incidence trends have remained roughly constant for glioma, the main type of brain cancer hypothesized to be related to cell phone use. May 21, 2012—In a study that spanned 20 years, the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, sponsored by NCI, found that sigmoidoscopy is effective in reducing the rates of new cases and deaths due to colorectal cancer. Researchers found that overall colorectal cancer mortality (deaths) was reduced by 26% and incidence (new cases) was reduced by 21% as a result of screening with sigmoidoscopy. September 24, 2012—A study from The Cancer Genome Atlas captured a complete view of genomic alterations in breast cancer and classified them into four intrinsic subtypes, one of which shares many genetic features with high-grade serous ovarian cancer, the most malignant form of ovarian cancer which accounts for up to 70% of all ovarian cancer cases. September 27, 2012—Scientists may have discovered why a protein called MYC can provoke a variety of cancers. Like many proteins associated with cancer, MYC helps regulate cell growth. A study carried out by researchers at NIH and colleagues found that, unlike many other cell growth regulators, MYC does not turn genes on or off, but instead boosts the expression of genes that are already turned on. 2013—NCI established the RAS Initiative to mobilize the cancer research community to develop ways to understand and target cancers driven by mutant RAS genes in an open model of collaboration among government, academic, and industry researchers. More than 30 percent of all human cancers are driven by mutations of the RAS family of genes. This approach is called a "hub and spoke" model. The Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR) acts as the hub that connects to the larger community of RAS researchers around the world combining efforts and creating new ways to approach the complex issue of RAS. September 19, 2013—A world-wide competition to bring emerging breast cancer technologies to market was launched by the Avon Foundation for Women, in partnership with NCI and the Center for Advancing Innovation. The Avon Foundation funded $250,000 in grants to launch the Breast Cancer Start-up Challenge aimed at teams of business, legal, medical/scientific, engineering, and computer science students, as well as seasoned entrepreneurs. Teams were offered the opportunity to create strategic business plans and the potential to start new companies based on the development of 10 unlicensed breast cancer inventions by turning them into commercially marketed products. Breast cancer inventions include therapeutics, diagnostics, prognostics, one device, one vaccine, and a health IT invention, all from the NCI intramural Center for Cancer Research and Avon Foundation-funded university labs. October 10, 2013—Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) was the first cancer type to be systematically studied by The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (TCGA) in 2008. In a new, complementary report, TCGA experts examined more than 590 GBM samples—the largest to date utilizing genomic characterization techniques and nearly 400 more than were examined in 2008—to identify several additional significantly mutated genes in GBM. November 13, 2013—A trial conducted by researchers at NCI showed adult patients with a type of cancer known as Burkitt lymphoma had excellent long-term survival rates—upwards of 90 percent—following treatment with low-intensity chemotherapy regimens. Standard treatment for Burkitt lymphoma involves high-dose chemotherapy, which has a high rate of toxicity, including death, and cures only 60 percent of adult patients. November 20, 2013—NCI scientists report that the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer significantly increased during the period 1983-2002 among people in countries that are economically developed. Recent studies from several countries have reported rising incidence of oropharyngeal cancers and subsequent studies have shown the human papilloma virus (HPV) as the potential cause. Researchers note that prophylactic HPV vaccine has been shown to protect against oral HPV infection, suggesting an additional benefit of vaccination programs for both women and men. March 1, 2014—NCI transformed its longstanding Cooperative Group program into the new National Clinical Trials Network (NCTN). Recent advances in deciphering the cancer genome have enabled the development of targeted therapies. To explore targeted therapies, cancer clinical trials need to screen large numbers of patients with the same or different histologic tumor types to identify those patients whose tumors contain the distinct molecular targets of the therapies being tested. NCI’s NCTN was developed to meet these new scientific challenges and is organized to take maximal advantage of the opportunities afforded by the improved understanding of tumor biology as well as the improved efficiencies created by the centralization and streamlining of many critical functions, such as tissue banks, ethics approvals, and imaging support. March 5, 2014—Ten winners of a world-wide competition to bring emerging breast cancer research technologies to market faster were announced today by the Avon Foundation for Women, in partnership with the NCI, and the Center for Advancing Innovation (CAI). Avon is providing $250,000 in funding for this challenge. August 18, 2014—In NCI’s 5 to 6-year ALCHEMIST Trial (Adjuvant Lung Cancer Enrichment Marker Identification and Sequencing Trials), 6,000-8,000 participant’s surgically removed tumors will be tested in a central laboratory for genetic changes in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene. ALCHEMIST represents three integrated, precision medicine trials that are designed to identify people with early-stage lung cancer who have tumors that harbor EGFR and ALK gene alterations and evaluate whether drug treatments targeted against those molecular changes can lead to improved survival compared to current standard of care therapy alone (e.g., chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy after complete surgical resection as prescribed by a participant’s treating physician). August 30, 2014—In a large international collaborative analysis of risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), NCI scientists were able to quantify risk associated with medical history, lifestyle factors, family history of blood or lymph-borne cancers, and occupation for 11 different NHL subtypes, including less common subtypes. These findings provide crucial insight into the diverse factors that drive different NHL subtypes and correspond with their biological and clinical characteristics. October 7, 2014—President Obama announced that John Schiller, Ph.D., Laboratory of Cellular Oncology (LCO), Center for Cancer Research, NCI; and Douglas Lowy, M.D., also from LCO and NCI (then) deputy director, would be recipients of the National Medal of Technology and Innovation—the nation's highest honor for technological achievement. The honorees received their medals at a White House ceremony later in 2014 as recognition for their outstanding contributions to discoveries that enabled the development of HPV vaccines. 2014—The NCI Community Oncology Research Program (NCORP) is launched. NCORP is a national network of investigators, cancer care providers, academic institutions, and other organizations. NCORP replaced NCI's previously supported community networks: Community Clinical Oncology Program and the NCI Community Cancer Centers Program. NCORP conducts multi-site cancer clinical trials and studies in diverse populations in community-based healthcare systems across the United States and Puerto Rico with a goal of NCORP bringing cancer clinical trials and cancer care delivery research to individuals in their own communities. 2015—President Obama announced a research effort focusing on bringing precision medicine to many aspects of healthcare. $216 million in funding was allocated to NCI and FDA for the initiative. Researchers at NCI intend to use this approach to find new, more effective treatments for various kinds of cancer based on increased knowledge of the genetics and biology of the disease and scientists hope to apply precision medicine to all areas of health and healthcare. January 27, 2015—In the largest prospective study to date of image-guided technology for identifying suspicious regions of the prostate to biopsy, NCI researchers compared the ability of this technology to detect high-risk prostate cancer with that of the current standard of unguided prostate biopsy. The image-guided approach, called MR/US fusion biopsy, combines targeted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with transrectal ultrasound (US) to identify regions of suspected cancer to biopsy, whereas the current standard of detection, performed with ultrasound alone, involves biopsy of the entire prostate with twelve needles to remove core samples from separate areas of the organ. April 20, 2015—A new NCI study shows that inherited variations in a known tumor suppressor gene among children and adolescents with osteosarcoma, a cancer of the bone, are more common than previously thought. Older patients who are also susceptible to this malignancy were not found to carry mutations in the gene, known as TP53. June 1, 2015—Investigators for the nationwide trial, NCI-MATCH (Molecular Analysis for Therapy Choice), announced that the precision medicine trial will open to patient enrollment. NCI-MATCH analyzes patients’ tumors to determine whether they contain gene abnormalities for which a targeted drug exists and assigns treatment based on the abnormality. The study was co-developed by NCI and the ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group, a cooperative group that was formed by the merger of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) and the American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN). August 13, 2015—Using novel large-scale imaging technology, NCI intramural researchers announced they have mapped the spatial location of individual genes in the nucleus of human cells and identified 50 cellular factors required for the proper three-dimensional (3D) positioning of genes. These spatial locations play important roles in gene expression, DNA repair, genome stability, and other cellular activities. January 12, 2016—During his 2016 State of the Union Address, President Obama called on Vice President Biden to lead a new, national “Moonshot” initiative to eliminate cancer as we know it. The goal is to double the rate of progress against cancer, achieving in five years what otherwise would have taken ten. The White House announced a $1 billion initiative to jumpstart this work. May 16, 2016—NCI scientists found that leisure-time physical activity was associated with lower risks of 13 cancer types (esophageal adenocarcinoma, liver, lung, kidney, gastric cardia, endometrial, myeloid leukemia, myeloma, colon, head and neck, rectal, bladder, and breast). Most of these associations were evident regardless of body mass index or smoking history. These findings confirm and extend the evidence for a benefit of physical activity on cancer risk and support its role as a key component of population-wide cancer prevention. June 29, 2016—NCI’s Genomic Data Commons (GDC) is announced. This data sharing platform promotes precision medicine in oncology. It is an expandable knowledge network supporting the import and standardization of genomic and clinical data from cancer research programs. The GDC contains NCI-generated data from some of the largest and most comprehensive cancer genomic datasets, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Therapies (TARGET). As more researchers add clinical and genomic data to the GDC, it will become an even more powerful tool for making discoveries about the molecular basis of cancer that may lead to better care for patients. July 11, 2016—In the spirit of collaboration inspired by the Cancer Moonshot, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the Department of Defense (DoD), and NCI announced a new tri-agency coalition to help cancer patients by enabling their oncologists to more rapidly and accurately identify effective drugs to treat cancer based on a patient’s unique proteogenomic profile. The APOLLO Network (Applied Proteogenomics OrganizationaL Learning and Outcomes) will look at both a patient’s genes (genomic analysis) and the expression of these genes in the form of proteins (proteomic analysis) to create the nation’s first system in which cancer patients are routinely screened for genomic abnormalities and proteomic information to match their tumor types to targeted therapies. Initially, APOLLO is focusing on a combined cohort of 8,000 cancer patients within the nation’s two largest healthcare systems — the VA and DoD — with the aim of expanding the program to additional cancer types and making findings available to physicians across the country. September 7, 2016—NCI Acting Director Douglas Lowy, M.D., accepted the recommendations of a Blue Ribbon Panel (BRP) on 10 scientific approaches most likely to make a decade’s worth of progress against cancer in five years under the Cancer Moonshot. The report was presented by the BRP to the National Cancer Advisory Board (NCAB), and it was subsequently considered and accepted by the NCAB with revisions that reflect NCAB’s discussion. December 7, 2016—In a study of an immune therapy for colorectal cancer that involved a single patient, researchers identified a method for targeting the cancer-causing protein produced by a mutant form of the KRAS gene. December 28, 2016—In an early-phase intramural clinical trial of a new oral drug, selumetinib, children with the common genetic disorder neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and plexiform neurofibromas, tumors of the peripheral nerves, tolerated selumetinib and, in most cases, responded to it with tumor shrinkage. At present, no therapies are considered effective for NF1-related large plexiform neurofibromas, but, in this trial, partial responses, meaning 20 percent or more reduction in tumor volume, were observed in over 70 percent of the patients. NF1 affects 1 in 3,000 people. NCI Legislative Chronology February 4, 1927—Senator M. M. Neely, West Virginia, introduced Senate Bill 5589 to authorize a reward for the discovery of a successful cure for cancer. The reward was to be $5 million. March 7, 1928—Senator M. M. Neely introduced Senate Bill 3554 to authorize the National Academy of Sciences to investigate the means and methods for affording Federal aid in discovering a cure for cancer and for other purposes. April 23, 1929—Senator W. J. Harris, Georgia, introduced Senate Bill 466 to authorize the Public Health Service and the National Academy of Sciences jointly to investigate the means and methods for affording Federal aid in discovering a cure for cancer and for other purposes. April 2, 1937—Senator Homer T. Bone, Washington, introduced Senate Bill 2067 authorizing the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service to control and prevent the spread of the disease of cancer, authorizing an annual appropriation of $1 million. April 29, 1937—Congressman Maury Maverick, Texas, introduced House Resolution 6767 to promote research in the cause, prevention, and methods of diagnosis and treatment of cancer, to provide better facilities for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, to establish a National Cancer Center in the Public Health Service, and for other purposes. It authorizes an appropriation of $2,400,000 for the first year and $1 million annually thereafter. August 5, 1937—The National Cancer Institute Act establishes the National Cancer Institute as the federal government’s principal agency for conducting research and training on the cause, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. The bill also calls upon NCI to assist and promote similar research at other public and private institutions. An appropriation of $700,000 for each fiscal year is authorized. (P.L. 75-244) March 28, 1938—House Joint Resolution 468, 75th Congress, was passed, "To dedicate the month of April in each year to a voluntary national program for the control of cancer." July 1, 1944—The Public Health Service Act, P.L. 410, 78th Congress, provided that "The National Cancer Institute shall be a division in the National Institute of Health." The act also revised and consolidated many revisions into a single law. The limit of $700,000 annual appropriation was removed. December 23, 1971—The National Cancer Act of 1971 provides increased authorities and responsibilities for the NCI Director; initiating a National Cancer Program; establishing a 3-member President's Cancer Panel and a 23-member National Cancer Advisory Board, the latter replacing the National Advisory Cancer Council; authorizing the establishment of 15 new research, training, and demonstration cancer centers; establishing cancer control programs as necessary for cooperation with state and other health agencies in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer; and providing for the collection, analysis, and dissemination of all data useful in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer, including the establishment of an international cancer data research bank. (P.L. 92-218) November 9, 1978—The Community Mental Health Centers Act amends the National Cancer Act to emphasize education and demonstration programs in cancer treatment and prevention, and stipulates that NCI devote more resources to prevention, focusing particularly on environmental, dietary and occupational cancer causes. (P.L. 95-622) November 4, 1988—The Health Research Extension Act of 1988 provides a two-year extension, which reaffirms the special authorities of NCI and added information dissemination mandates. A representative from the Department of Energy was added to the National Cancer Advisory Board as an ex officio member. (P.L. 100-607) June 10, 1993—The NIH Revitalization Act of 1993 encourages NCI to expand and intensify its efforts in breast cancer and other women's cancers and authorized increased appropriations. Similar language is included for prostate cancer. (P.L. 103-43) August 13, 1998—The Stamp Out Breast Cancer Act establishes a special alternative rate of postage up to 25% higher than a regular first-class stamp. 70% of the profits from the sale of the stamp, also referred to as a semipostal, would go to the NIH to fund breast cancer research; the remaining 30% would go to the U.S. Department of Defense breast cancer research. (PL 105-41) July 10, 2000—The Radiation Exposure Compensation Amendments of 1999 allow more workers who handled radioactive material for weapons programs to be eligible to receive federal compensation for radiation-induced illness. (P.L. 106-245) July 28, 2000—The Semipostal Authorization Act gives the U.S. Postal Service the authority to issue semipostal stamps, which are sold at a premium in order to help provide funding for a particular area of research. The law also extends the Breast Cancer Stamp Act until July 29, 2002. (P.L. 106-253) January 4, 2002—The Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act is designed to improve the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals for children, by reauthorizing legislation that encourages pediatric drug research by giving drug companies an incentive of six months of additional market exclusivity to test their products for use in children. (P.L. 107-109) May 14, 2002—The Hematologic Cancer Research Investment and Education Act of 2002 directs the NIH Director, through the NCI Director, to conduct and support research on blood cancers. In addition, the CDC is directed to establish and carry out an information and education program. (P.L. 107-172) September 10, 2002—The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act contains a provision instructing Federal agencies to stockpile and distribute potassium iodide (KI) to protect the public from thyroid cancer in the event of a radiation emergency. (P.L. 107-188) June 30, 2005—The Patient Navigator Outreach and Chronic Disease Prevention Act of 2005 amends the Public Health Service Act to authorize a demonstration grant program to provide patient navigator services to reduce barriers and improve health care outcomes. The bill directs the HHS Secretary to require each recipient of a grant under this section to use the grant to recruit, assign, train, and employ patient navigators who have direct knowledge of the communities they serve to facilitate the care of individuals who have cancer or other chronic diseases. The bill also directs the HHS Secretary to coordinate with, and ensure the participation of, the Indian Health Service, NCI, the Office of Rural Health Policy, and such other offices and agencies as deemed appropriate by the Secretary, regarding the design and evaluation of the demonstration programs. (P.L. 109-18) November 11, 2005—The 2-Year Extension of Postage Stamp for Breast Cancer Research extends the U.S. Postal Service's authority to issue special postage stamps to help provide funding for breast cancer research through December 31, 2007. (P.L. 109-100) January 12, 2007—The Gynecologic Cancer Education and Awareness Act of 2005, or "Johanna's Law" directs the HHS Secretary to carry out a national campaign to increase the awareness and knowledge of health care providers and women with respect to gynecologic cancers. (P.L. 109-475) April 20, 2007—The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program Reauthorization Act of 2007 allows states to apply for federal waivers to spend a greater share of funds on hard-to-reach underserved women. This bill authorizes funding up to $275 million by 2012; $201 million is authorized for 2007. (P.L. 110-18) September 27, 2007—The FDA Amendments Act of 2007 amends the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to reauthorize the collection of prescription drug user fees for FY2008–FY2012. Requires NIH to expand the clinical trial registry (clinicaltrials.gov) and creates a clinical trial results database. (P.L. 110-85) December 12, 2007—The Breast Cancer Research Stamp Reauthorization Act extends through December 31, 2011, provisions requiring the U.S. Postal Service to issue a special postage stamp which contributes to funding breast cancer research. (P.L. 110-150) July 29, 2008—The Caroline Pryce Walker Childhood Cancer Act of 2007 amends the Public Health Service Act to advance medical research and treatments into pediatric cancers, ensure patients and families have access to the current treatments and information regarding pediatric cancers, establish a population-based national childhood cancer database, and promote public awareness of pediatric cancers. (P.L. 110-287) October 8, 2008—The Breast Cancer and Environmental Research Act of 2007 amends the Public Health Service Act to authorize the Director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences to make grants for the development and operation of research centers regarding environmental factors that may be related to the etiology of breast cancer. The bill establishes an Interagency Breast Cancer and Environmental Research Coordinating Committee within HHS. (P.L. 110-354) February 4, 2009—The Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009 increases the tax on cigarettes by 62 cents to $1.01 per pack and raises taxes on other tobacco products, in order to offset the cost of the program expansion. (P.L. 113-3) February 17, 2009—The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provides $10 billion in additional funding for the NIH; of which NCI received $1.3 billion in Recovery Act funds to be distributed during the two-year span of 2009 and 2010. (P.L. 111-5) June 21, 2009—The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act provides the FDA with the authority to regulate tobacco products and establishes within the FDA, the Center for Tobacco Products to implement this act. The Act allows the Secretary of HHS to restrict the sale or distribution and the advertising or promotion of tobacco products, if appropriate for the protection of the public health, and to the full extent permitted by the First Amendment. (P.L. 111-31) March 23, 2010—The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (HR 3590), the health care reform bill, establishes a private non-profit institute called the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, obtain and use data from the Federal government, and establish advisory panels to advise on research priorities, among other provisions. The bill requires NIH to conduct research to develop and validate new screening tests for breast cancer. The bill also requires the NIH Director to establish a Cures Acceleration Network (CAN) program, which shall award grants and contracts to eligible entities to accelerate the development of high need cures and therapies, including the development of medical products, drugs or devices, or biological products. (P.L. 111-148) March 31, 2010—The Prevent All Cigarette Trafficking Act of 2009 prevents tobacco smuggling, ensures the collection of all tobacco taxes, and includes smokeless tobacco as a regulated substance. The bill amends the federal criminal code to treat cigarettes and smokeless tobacco as non-mailable and prohibit such items from being deposited in or carried through the U.S. mail. (P.L.111-154) December 23, 2011—The Breast Cancer Research Stamp Reauthorization Act reauthorized provisions requiring the U.S. Postal Service to issue a special postage stamp which contributes to funding breast cancer research, extending them through 2015. (P.L. 112-80) January 2, 2013—The Recalcitrant Cancer Research Act of 2012 passed as an amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013. The legislation calls for NCI to develop a scientific framework for research on two cancers that have a five-year relative survival rate of less than 20 percent, and are estimated to cause the death of at least 30,000 individuals in the United States per year. Pancreatic cancer and lung cancer meet these criteria. (P.L. 112-239) December 11, 2015—The Breast Cancer Stamp Reauthorization Act reauthorized the issuance of semipostal stamps for breast cancer research, through 2019. (P.L. 114-19) December 13, 2016—The 21st Century Cures Act increases funding for biomedical research, and aims to enhance the speed at which drugs are developed and approved. Key NIH provisions aim to coordinate policies relating to early career investigators, improve loan repayment programs, and streamline procedural requirements for attendance at scientific meetings. The bill reauthorizes the NIH for FY2018-FY2020 and creates a $4.8 billion NIH Innovation Account. This account supports the work of the Beau Biden Cancer Moonshot at a level of $1.8 billion over seven years, as well as the Precision Medicine Initiative, the BRAIN Initiative, and specific regenerative medicine research. The funds in the Account must be appropriated annually. Biographical Sketch of NCI Director Dr. W. Kimryn Rathmell W. Kimryn Rathmell, M.D., Ph.D., M.M.H.C., was sworn in as the 17th NCI director on December 18, 2023. She previously led the Vanderbilt University Medical Center as physician-in-chief and chair of the Department of Medicine. Dr. Rathmell is a recipient of the 2019 Louisa Nelson Award for Women of Achievement, Vision, and Inspiration, the 2019 Eugene P. Schonfeld Award from the Kidney Cancer Association, and the Paragon Award for Research Excellence from the Doris Duke Foundation. She was a leader of The Cancer Genome Atlas’s (TCGA) kidney cancer projects and served as a TCGA analysis working group member across the spectrum of cancers, winning the 2020 American Association for Cancer Research Team Science Award. She has served on the NCI Board of Scientific Advisors, and the Forbeck Foundation Scientific Advisory Board. Dr. Rathmell has held leadership positions with the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the American Society for Clinical Investigation, serving as secretary–treasurer and president. As a result of her efforts, Dr. Rathmell has been elected to the Association of American Physicians, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. Dr. Rathmell’s specialty is the research and treatment of complex and hereditary kidney cancers. She also focuses on underlying drivers of kidney cancers using genetic, molecular, and cell biology to develop interventions to improve patients’ lives. Dr. Rathmell’s research has resulted in more than 250 articles in leading peer-reviewed journals, including The New England Journal of Medicine, Nature, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, and the Journal of Clinical Investigation. Dr. Rathmell earned undergraduate degrees in biology and chemistry from the University of Northern Iowa and her Ph.D. in biophysics and M.D. from Stanford University. She completed an internal medicine internship at the University of Chicago and an internal medicine residency, medical oncology fellowship, and postdoctoral studies at the University of Pennsylvania. In 2022, she completed her Master of Management in Health Care from the Vanderbilt University Owen Graduate School of Management. NCI Directors Name In Office from To Carl Voegtlin January 13, 1938 July 31, 1943 Roscoe Roy Spencer August 1, 1943 July 1, 1947 Leonard Andrew Scheele July 1, 1947 April 6, 1948 John Roderick Heller May 15, 1948 July 1, 1960 Kenneth Millo Endicott July 1, 1960 November 10, 1969 Carl Gwin Baker July 13, 1970 May 5, 1972 Frank Joesph Rauscher, Jr. May 5, 1972 November 1, 1976 Arthur Canfield Upton July 29, 1977 December 31, 1980 Vincent T. DeVita, Jr. July 9, 1980 September 1, 1988 Samuel Broder December 22, 1988 April 1, 1995 Richard D. Klausner August 1, 1995 September 30, 2001 Andrew C. von Eschenbach January 22, 2002 June 10, 2006 John E. Niederhuber September 15, 2006 July 12, 2010 Harold Varmus July 12, 2010 March 31, 2015 Norman E. Sharpless October 17, 2017 September, 2022 Monica Bertagnolli October 3, 2022 November 8, 2023 Douglas R. Lowy November 9, 2023 December 17, 2023 W. Kimryn Rathmell December 18, 2023 present National Cancer Institute Research Programs The National Cancer Institute leads the National Cancer Program through its operation of research components that provide support for extramural and intramural cancer-related research and through its outreach and collaborations within the cancer community worldwide. Cancer research is conducted with NCI funding in nearly every state in the United States and more than 20 foreign countries, in addition to research conducted at its own facilities. NCI supports cancer research training, education, and career development, and provides leadership for setting national priorities in cancer research. NCI Research Components Center for Cancer Research Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics Division of Cancer Biology Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences Division of Cancer Prevention Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis Division of Extramural Activities Center for Cancer Genomics Center for Cancer Training Center for Global Health Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities Office of HIV and AIDS Malignancy Small Business Innovation Research Development Center Office of Cancer Centers Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Center for Cancer Research The CCR is the largest division of the NCI intramural research program and comprises over 230 basic and clinical research groups located on two campuses outside of Washington, D.C. The CCR is home to an extraordinary group of scientists and clinicians exploring the cutting-edge of cancer and HIV/AIDS research. Our scientists work on a wide spectrum of biological and biomedical problems ranging from visualizing and understanding the structure of individual genes and proteins, developing novel methods for drug discovery, to inventing biomedical devices and technology and creating innovative ways to treat patients in the NIH Clinical Center. Our scientists enjoy complete intellectual freedom and are expected to creatively and innovatively explore the most important questions in the field of cancer research and treatment. We support projects over a long time horizon allowing our investigators to pursue some of the most difficult, high-risk problems in the field and we are always on the lookout for new challenges and the most pressing problems in modern cancer research. The success of the CCR is grounded in an exceptionally strong discovery research program which provides the foundation for the seamless translation of insights into basic cellular and molecular processes to clinical applications and patient care. Examples of our success are the development of ground-breaking immunotherapy approaches, HIV/AIDS test and the creation of human papilloma virus vaccine. The CCR is a unique place of science where we combine diverse expertise with the freedom to thoroughly pursue the most pressing questions in cancer biology and treatment. Additional information is available at https://ccr.cancer.gov Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics Through its broad programs in epidemiology, genetics, statistics, and related areas, the intramural Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG) carries out population-based and interdisciplinary research both nationally and internationally to discover the genetic and environmental determinants of cancer. DCEG is uniquely positioned to conduct value-added epidemiologic research projects that are high-risk in nature and require (a) long-term commitments of scientific staff and funding support through contracts, (b) a coordinated national programmatic approach, or (c) a rapid response to emerging public health or scientific issues. The Division develops multi-disciplinary infrastructures and resources for use throughout the scientific community, including database management software for genome-wide association studies, biospecimen inventories, family-based studies, a variety of software packages for exposure assessment, and interactive cancer mortality atlases to generate leads into the environmental determinants of cancer. DCEG also has a firm commitment to training the next generation of scientists, and has trainees from the predoctoral to postdoctoral stage. The research conducted by the Division often provides a scientific basis for public health recommendations and policies. The Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program consists of five branches that conduct independent and collaborative epidemiologic and biostatistical investigations to identify the distribution, characteristics, and causes of cancer in human populations. The Program investigates demographic variation in the occurrence of cancer by age, race, gender, geography, and over time. Special emphasis is placed on the carcinogenic effects of occupational and environmental exposures, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, dietary and metabolic factors, medicinal agents such as hormones, infectious agents, and host factors including genetic susceptibility to cancer-causing exposures. The Program also develops biostatistical methods for family-based and population-based studies on cancer etiology and prevention. The Human Genetics Program provides an expanded focus for interdisciplinary research into the genetic determinants of human cancer. Its branches and laboratory explore and identify heritable factors that predispose to cancer, including studies of gene-environment interactions. Program investigators study cancer-prone families to identify and clone predisposing genes; investigate the prevalence of identified genes in the general population; conduct pharmacogenetic studies to evaluate genetic polymorphisms as determinants of cancer risk and treatment outcomes; conduct integrative analyses of environmental and germline risk factors with comprehensive data on histological and molecular profiling of tumors and their precursors, including somatic genomic analyses; and translate advances in molecular genetics into evidence-based management strategies. The Laboratory of Translational Genomics examines validated regions of the genome associated with cancer risk, laying the groundwork for functional studies to determine the causal variants and biological mechanisms involved. These activities are complemented by the NCI Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, where genome-wide association studies and next generation sequencing are carried out to uncover the heritable components to cancer. Fellows in the DCEG Fellowship Program work with world class scientists to explore the causes of cancer and new approaches to its prevention. Predoctoral and postdoctoral fellows carry out, analyze, and publish population, family, and laboratory-based studies. They gain experience in diverse study designs, novel analytic techniques, and genomics and informatics. Professional skills development and preparation for future careers in epidemiology and related areas are an integral part of the program. For more information and to apply, visit our Web site at: http://dceg.cancer.gov/fellowship-training. Additional information is available at http://dceg.cancer.gov. Division of Cancer Biology The Division of Cancer Biology (DCB) supports basic research in all areas of cancer biology and provides the research foundation that improves understanding of the disease. This basic research may lead to new approaches for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Research on basic cancer biology provides the building blocks to new treatments and clinical trials. DCB provides scientific management for approximately 2,000 grants each year. DCB facilitates investigator-initiated research by working with individual investigators, professional societies, and research institutions to provide information, advice, and guidance on opportunities for research support. At the forefront of cancer research, DCB establishes program priorities by identifying and addressing emerging scientific areas or gaps in the scientific research portfolio and reports on scientific progress and program accomplishments to the scientific community, NCI, Congress, and the public. Basic research is supported by the Division in the following major research areas: cancer cell biology; cancer immunology, hematology, and etiology; DNA and chromosome aberrations; structural biology and molecular applications; tumor biology and microenvironment; and tumor metastasis. Special research programs within DCB include: Physical Sciences-Oncology Network, Cancer Systems Biology Consortium, Oncology Models Forum, Barrett's Esophagus Translational Research Network, New Approaches to Synthetic Lethality for Mutant KRAS-Dependent Cancers, Molecular and Cellular Characterization of Screen-Detected Lesions, Fusion Oncoproteins in Childhood Cancers, and Cancer Tissue Engineering Collaborative. In addition, the Division sponsors several resources for cancer researchers including bioinformatics tools for analyzing data, such as a state-of-the-art X-ray crystallography experimental facility funded through the GM/CA CAT Project, and data and specimen repositories such as The Chernobyl Tissue bank and The International Registry of Werner Syndrome. Additional information is available at https://cancer.gov/dcb. Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences The Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences (DCCPS), NCI’s bridge to public health research, practice, and policy, plays a unique role in reducing the burden of cancer in America. DCCPS, an extramural division, supports research in surveillance, epidemiology, health services, behavioral science, and cancer survivorship. The division also plays a central role within the federal government as a source of expertise and evidence on issues such as the quality of cancer care, the economic burden of cancer, geographic information systems, statistical methods, communication science, comparative effectiveness research, obesity and tobacco control, and the translation of research into practice. The DCCPS philosophy that scientific progress in the 21st century will depend on the transdisciplinary integration of research methods, models, and levels of analysis drives the focus on varied and complex expertise and backgrounds of the division’s scientific staff. In addition to an emphasis on epidemiology and biostatistics, DCCPS has made a special effort to recruit experts in disciplines such as communication, anthropology, outcomes research, psychometrics, medical genetics, health psychology, economics, social work, policy analysis, geography, and family medicine. DCCPS programs include: Behavioral Research Program, Epidemiology & Genomics Research Program, Healthcare Delivery Research Program, and Surveillance Research Program. The Office of Cancer Survivorship is housed within DCCPS and promotes a better understanding of the unique needs of cancer survivors and how to address those needs. Additional information is available at http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov. Division of Cancer Prevention The Division of Cancer Prevention (DCP) conducts and supports research to determine a person's risk of developing cancer and to find ways to reduce that risk. Through laboratory, clinical, and epidemiologic research, scientists have shown that the diseases of cancer occur not as single, catastrophic events, but rather as the result of a complex and long-evolving molecular process. The intervals between initiation of the cancer process and occurrence of the invasive disease vary by organ and tissue sites, and some may take decades. DCP research portfolio focuses across this span, with a goal to detect changes and intervene early in the cancer process to prevent disease and death. Research groups include: Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Community Oncology and Prevention Trials Research Group, Nutritional Science Research Group, Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, Early Detection Research Group, Biometry Research Group, and four organ system research groups. Additional information is available at http://prevention.cancer.gov. Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis The Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (DCTD) takes prospective detection and treatment leads, facilitates their paths to clinical application, and expedites the initial and subsequent large-scale testing of new agents, biomarkers, imaging tests, and other therapeutic interventions (radiation, surgery, immunotherapy) in patients. Investigators supported by the division engage in scientifically sound, high-risk research that may yield great benefits for patients with cancer, but are too difficult or risky for industry or academia to pursue. This includes a particular emphasis on the development of distinct molecular signatures for cancer, refined molecular assays, and state-of-the-art imaging techniques that will guide oncologic therapy in the future as well as a commitment to precision medicine initiatives. The division has eight major programs that work together to bring unique molecules, diagnostic tests, and therapeutic interventions from the laboratory bench to the patient bedside: The Biometric Research Program, The Cancer Diagnosis Program, The Cancer Imaging Program, The Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, The Developmental Therapeutics Program, The Radiation Research Program, The Translational Research Program, and The Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Additional information is available at http://dctd.cancer.gov Division of Extramural Activities The Division of Extramural Activities (DEA) was established to provide NCI and the scientific community with expert scientific review of the merits of extramural research, procedures, and policies to help the Institute achieve its goal. DEA coordinates NCI's extramural initiatives by guiding funding, providing scientific peer review and oversight, coordinating advisory committees, establishing policies and procedures, managing extramural staff training and career development, and coding and tracking NCI's research portfolio. DEA staff members serve as chief NCI liaisons to the extramural cancer research community, processing approximately 12,000 grant applications for referral and recruiting thousands of scientific experts to review approximately 3,000 grants per year. The DEA's Committee Management Office handles the complex preparation and logistics required for NCI's advisory groups to function productively and for the HHS Secretary's Advisory Committee on Genetics, Health, and Society to act in its prescribed role. Additional information is available at http://deainfo.nci.nih.gov. Center for Cancer Genomics NCI established the Center for Cancer Genomics (CCG) in 2011 to develop and apply genome science to improve the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients. CCG promotes collaborations of national and international agencies, academic researchers, and community physicians to foster research based on genomes, gene expression, proteomics, and other technologies to usher in a modern era of integrated and individualized prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer, while ensuring responsible use of genetic information. Through research on the structure and function of the molecular make-up of human tumor cells and the human genome, researchers funded by CCG have identified many genes involved in cancer that are informing knowledge of biologic function, drug development, and DNA-based diagnostics. CCG and the offices it oversees—The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Office of Cancer Genomics (OCG)—manage multiple programs. These offices serve to advance CCG's goal of ushering in a modern era of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention based on the study of genomes. Programs include: Genomic Data Commons, Cancer Driver Discovery Program, Cancer Genome Characterization Initiative, Cancer Target Discovery and Development Network, Human Cancer Models Initiative, and Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments. Additional information is available at https://www.cancer.gov/ccg. Center for Cancer Training The Center for Cancer Training (CCT) is committed to catalyzing the development of a 21st century workforce capable of advancing cancer research through a scientifically integrated approach. CCT coordinates and provides research training and career development activities for NCI's laboratories, clinics, and other research groups. These cancer training and career development opportunities cover a broad spectrum of disciplines for individuals at career stages ranging from high school and graduate students to scientists, clinicians, and health care professionals. CCT is responsible for developing, coordinating, and implementing opportunities for support of cancer research training, career development, and education at institutions nationwide. CCT identifies workforce needs in cancer research and adapts NCI's training and career development programs and funding opportunities to address these needs. CCT creates new opportunities that enhance recruiting and retention, increase partnerships, and generate diversity awareness. Additional information is available at http://www.cancer.gov/cct. Center for Global Health The Center for Global Health (CGH) was established in 2011 to help reduce the global burden of cancer. CGH develops initiatives and collaborates with other NCI divisions, NCI-designated cancer centers, and countries to support cancer control planning build capacity, and support cancer research and cancer research networks in low- and middle-income countries. CGH serves as the focal point for all global health activities within NCI by leading the development of global cancer research priorities, providing strategic vision to the global cancer community, and pursuing strategies directed towards control of cancer on a global scale. CGH conducts and supports international cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other relevant biomedical research programs. It coordinates collaborations and partnerships with other agencies and organizations engaged in efforts to improve global health. Research programs and initiatives include: Cancer Control Planning, Capacity Building, and Cancer Research and Research Networks. Additional information is available at https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/organization/cgh. Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives The Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives (CSSI) focuses on creating and uniquely implementing exploratory programs focused on the development and integration of advanced technologies, trans-disciplinary approaches, infrastructures, and standards to accelerate the creation of publicly available, broadly accessible, multi-dimensional data, knowledge, and tools to empower the entire cancer research continuum for patient benefits. Since its inception, CSSI has undertaken a number of programs and initiatives that have contributed significantly to addressing major barriers and opportunities in cancer research. These initiatives are also designed to enable advances that can be translated to the clinic and substantially impact patient care. CSSI programs build databases, knowledge, tools and extramural trans-disciplinary scientific teams to promote the themes of the center. Offices include: CSSI Office of the Director, Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, and Office of Cancer Nanotechnology Research. Additional information can be found at http://cssi.cancer.gov/. Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities NCI established the Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities (CRCHD) in 2001 to help reduce the unequal burden of cancer in our society by leading NCI’s efforts in workforce diversity by training students and investigators from diverse backgrounds. CRCHD strengthens NCI’s cancer research portfolio to address cancer health disparities throughout NCI, builds regional networks to foster collaboration, enhances capacity in disparities research and career development, and disseminates culturally appropriate, evidence-based cancer information to underserved communities. The National Outreach Network (NON) seeks to strengthen NCI's ability to develop and disseminate culturally appropriate, evidence-based cancer information that is tailored to the specific needs and expectations of underserved communities, working through NON community health educators located at NCI-designated Cancer Centers. CRCHD supports the following research programs: Community Networks Program Centers, Partnerships to Advance Cancer Health Equity, Basic Cancer Research Program, Continuing Umbrella of Research Experiences, and Geographical Management of Cancer Health Disparities Program. More information is available at http://crchd.cancer.gov. Office of HIV and AIDS Malignancy The Office of HIV and AIDS Malignancy (OHAM) is responsible for broad oversight of HIV/AIDS and HIV malignancy research throughout NCI. OHAM coordinates and prioritizes NCI research in HIV/AIDS and HIV malignancy and also directly initiates and manages certain research programs. NCI has been at the forefront of HIV/AIDS research since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic and NCI scientists have made a number of critical research contributions. NCI currently supports robust and varied research through OHAM’s two main programs. The AIDS Malignancy Program identifies new initiatives for international activities, such as the initiative to Strengthen Capacity for HIV-Associated Malignancy Research in Africa, and oversees programs that NCI co-manages with other Institutes. The AIDS Cancer Clinical Program oversees clinical programs in OHAM, including the AIDS Malignancy Consortium and the AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource. More information is available at https://oham.cancer.gov. Small Busines
5269	dbpedia	3	53	https://community.snowflake.com/s/	en	Snowflake Community	https://www.snowflake.co…social-share.jpg	https://www.snowflake.co…social-share.jpg	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Join our community of data professionals to learn, connect, share and innovate together	en	/resource/SnowflakeFavicon		https://community.snowflake.com
5269	dbpedia	0	10	https://case-law.vlex.com/vid/state-ex-rel-patteson-886998120	en	State ex rel. Patteson v. Sims	http://case-law.vlex.com/facade-img/logo-vlex-big.png	http://case-law.vlex.com/facade-img/logo-vlex-big.png	[ "https://1601957106.rsc.cdn77.org/facade-img/logo.png?t=113293523193", "https://case-law.vlex.com/facade-img/precedent_map.png", "https://1601957106.rsc.cdn77.org/facade-img/logofooter.png?t=113293523193" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	0: [object Object]. 1: [object Object]. 2: [object Object]. 3: [object Object]. 4: [object Object]	en	https://1601957106.rsc.cdn77.org/facade-img/favicon.ico?t=113293523193	vLex	https://case-law.vlex.com/vid/state-ex-rel-patteson-886998120	HAYMOND, Judge. In this original proceeding in this Court the petitioners, the Honorables Okey L. Patteson, Governor, D. Pitt O'Brien, Secretary of State, William H. Ansel, Jr., Treasurer, William C. Marland, Attorney General, James B. McLaughlin, Commissioner of Agriculture, as members of the Board of Public Works and individually in their own right, seek a writ of mandamus to require the Honorable Edgar B. Sims, Auditor of West Virginia, to make certain deductions from their salaries for the month of April, 1951, and to issue proper warrants on the State Treasurer in additional amounts equal to each of such deductions, for the purpose of paying such deductions and such additional equal amounts, as contributions to the federal social security fund, to enable the petitioners to obtain old age and survivors insurance coverage provided by the Social Security Act of Congress, as amended, pursuant to an agreement entered into between the State of West Virginia and the Federal Security Administrator effective April 1, 1951, as to employees of the State. Upon the petition, filed May 1, 1951, this Court issued a rule returnable May 29, 1951. On the return day of the rule the defendant filed his written demurrer to the petition, and this proceeding was submitted for decision upon the petition, the demurrer, and the briefs in behalf of the respective parties. The petitioners are elective public officers of this State whose offices are created by Article VII, Section 1, of the Constitution of West Virginia. Their present terms of office expire in January, 1953; and their annual salaries are fixed by statute. Section 2, Article 7, Chapter 99, Acts of the Legislature, 1947, Regular Session. They are also members of the Board of Public Works which is composed of the petitioners and the Treasurer and the Auditor of this State. Section 1, Article 4, Chapter 5, Code, 1931. In connection with their salaries for the month of April, 1951, the petitioners submitted to the defendant, as Auditor, requisitions for the issuance by him of warrants on the State Treasurer for the payment of their salaries, with the request that there be deducted from the salary of each of them the amount required as his contribution to the federal social security fund. The defendant refused the request of the petitioners to deduct the proper amounts from their salaries for the month of April, 1951, and informed them of his refusal by letter dated April 19, 1951, which contained these statements: 'This is to advise you that on the transmittals submitted to this office to draw a state warrant for your salary for the month of April, 1951, I have deleted the deduction requested for your social security contribution for the reason that the constitutionality of the participation of Members of the Board of Public Works in this program, as elected officers of the State is questionable. The requirements of this new program, begun April 1, 1951, for employees of the State of West Virginia, would necessitate the State of West Virginia to provide matching funds equivalent to the social security deduction made from your salaries. 'Article VI, Section 38, of the West Virginia Constitution provides that the salary of any public officer shall not be increased during his term of office. Your participation in the social security program during your current term of office would result in the State providing an amount to match your social security deduction. This matching amount above and beyond your salaries may run counter to the provisions of our state constitution above quoted as an unauthorized increase in salary to help provide for your retirement. 'I regret very much to do this, but it will probably be best, in the beginning of this program, to determine the legality of the participation of Members of the Board of Public Works in the social security program, by taking this matter to the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals * * * to test the constitutionality of the State's matching contribution for all constitutionally-elected officers, including myself. In signing the Social Security Agreement with the Federal Government, I signed insofar as I had authority to bind the State of West Virginia by virtue of the authority conferred on me by the State constitution and the various statutes. 'I am taking this same position in regard to the salaries of all Members of the Board of Public Works (except the Superintendent of Schools who is ineligible for social security coverage being covered by the State Teachers' Retirement System). * * *.' After the receipt of the foregoing letter from the defendant the petitioners instituted this original proceeding in this Court. In substance the questions raised by the demurrer and presented for decision are: (1) Whether payments from a special legislative appropriation of state funds, as contributions to the federal social security fund, for the benefit of the petitioners who are elective state officers, increase their salaries during their current terms of public office, contrary to Article VI, Section 38, of the Constitution of this State, which in part provides: 'Nor shall the salary of any public officer be increased or diminished during his term of office'; and (2) whether deductions from their salaries during their current terms of office, for the same purpose, diminish such salaries in violation of the same constitutional provision. For the purpose of extending to employees of the State and its political subdivisions and the instrumentalities of either, and to their dependents and survivors, the basic protection accorded to other persons by the old age and survivors insurance system embodied in the Federal Social Security Act, as amended from time to time, the Legislature at its regular session in 1949, enacted Chapter 123 of the Acts of that session. In Section 2, Article 7 of that statute, certain terms were used and defined. By that section the term 'wages' means 'all remuneration for employment as defined herein, including the cash value of all remuneration paid in any medium other than cash, except that such term shall not include that part of such remuneration which, even if it were paid for 'employment' within the meaning of the federal insurance contributions act, would not constitute 'wages' within the meaning of that act'; the term 'employment' means 'any service performed by an employee in the employ of the state, or any political subdivision thereof, or any instrumentality of either, for such employer, except service which in the absence of an agreement entered into under this act would constitute 'employment' as defined in section two hundred nine of the social security act'; the term 'employee' includes an officer of the State, or one of its political subdivisions or instrumentalities; the term 'state agency' means the State Auditor; and the term 'federal agency' means such federal officer, department, or agency as is charged in behalf of the federal government, by federal law, with the particular federal functions referred to in the act in connection with that term.
5269	dbpedia	2	3	http://129.71.204.160/history/collections/manuscripts/Ms2024-013.html	en	William Casey and Valerie Allen Marland Papers			[ "http://129.71.204.160/images/Gif/pixel.gif", "http://129.71.204.160/history/archives/test57.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "West Virginia", "archives", "history", "research", "genealogy" ]	null	[]	null	The West Virginia Archives and History web site offers detailed information on the state's history, outlines the documents available in the State Archives, and provides assistance in conducting genealogical research.				null	Ms2024-013 Descriptive Summary Title: William Casey and Valerie Allen Marland Papers Span Dates: 1935-1965 Bulk Dates: ID No: Ms2024-013 Creator: Marland, William C.; Marland, Valerie Allen; Marland, Casey Dixon Extent: 2.43 linear feet, 1 document container, 1 oversize flat box, 3 scrapbooks, 2 prints. Language: English Repository: West Virginia State Archives, Charleston, WV Conditions on Use and Access: N/A Copyright: Copyright restrictions may apply. Administrative Information Donor: This collection was donated to West Virginia Archives and History at The Cultural Center by Casey Marland in February 2024 Transfers: Preferred Citation: [item, collection number], William Casey and Valerie Allen Marland Papers, West Virginia State Archives, Charleston, WV. Processor: Processed by Bethany Arbaugh, March 2024. Processing Notes: The records are arranged chronologically and by type. Historical Note: William Casey Marland was born in Illinois in 1918 and later moved to Glen Rogers, Wyoming County, at the age of seven. He attended the University of Alabama and West Virginia University Law School, and served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. In 1942, William married Valerie Allen. He was appointed Attorney General in 1949 by Governor Patteson, and was elected to the same position in 1950. Marland, a Democrat, won the 1952 gubernatorial election. He was defeated when he ran for the U.S. Senate in 1956. Marland passed away from cancer in 1965 at the age of 47. Valerie Hildred Allen Marland was born in Lacon, Illinois, in 1917. She attended the University of Illinois. From 1953 to 1957, Valerie served as the First Lady and had four children with her husband William Marland: William Allen, Susan Lynn, John Wesley, and Casey Dixon. Valerie began her teaching career at Charleston High School and later continued at Barrington High School until her death in 1977. Sources of Information: Ancestry.com. U.S., School Yearbooks, 1900-2016 [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. "Ex-Governor's Wife among New Teachers." Charleston Gazette, 6 June 1958. "Fire Kills Widow of Ex-Gov. Marland." Charleston Gazette Mail, 17 Oct. 1977, p. 57. Lutz, Paul F. "William Casey Marland." e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. 09 June 2022. Web. 05 March 2024. Scope and Content: This collection includes personal letters from William and Valerie Marland, as well as cards, notes, financial records, and scrapbooks that document their time at the Governor's Mansion and afterwards. Contents List: Box 1 1:1 Valerie Marland's high school scrapbook, 1935 1:2 Letters to William C. Marland, personal telephone directory, 1951-1965 1:3 Letters from William C. Marland, 1952-1965 1:4 Letters from Valerie Marland, 1950-1956 1:5 Letters to Valerie Marland, day book, 1956-1966 1:6 Alice Rowan Waugh to John and Susan, 1953 1:7 Letters of sympathy on Governor Marland's passing to Valerie Marland, 1965-1966 1:8 William and Valerie Marland organization cards, circa 1940s-1950s 1:9 West Virginia restaurant menus, circa 1940s-1950s 1:10 Political handouts, West Virginia State Parks brochures and maps, circa 1940s-1950s 1:11 Invitations from William and Valerie Marland, 1949-1956 1:12 Allen Marland materials, circa 1950s 1:13 West Virginia Governor's Mansion materials, circa 1950s 1:14 Governor Okey L. Patteson Legislative Reception invitation, 1951 1:15 Organizations pamphlets and booklets, 1951-1958 1:16 William C. Marland Democratic nominee for West Virginia Governor pamphlets, 1952 1:17 Chicago convention materials, 1952 1:18 William C. Marland convention pins, 1952 1:19 Governor Okey L. Patteson honoring Governor William C. Marland guest book, 1953 1:20 Legislative Reception and Tea guest lists and notes, 1953-1956 1:21 Christmas cards, 1956 1:22 Financial records, 1941-1956 1:23 Dutch Ridge Orchard Records of Expenses and Income, 1949 1:24 Newspaper clippings of Governor William C. Marland and Valerie Marland, 1951-1965 1:25 Financial records, 1957 1:26 Checker Taxi Company receipts and other financial records, 1958, 1961-1963 1:27 Photo of Governor Marland, circa 1950s; Photo of Louis Miller, n.d. (2 prints) 2:1 Valerie Marland's scrapbook, circa 1920s-1940s 2:2 Scrapbook on Governor William C. Marland, circa 1940s-1960s 2:3 Scrapbook on Governor William C. Marland, circa 1940s-1960s
5269	dbpedia	3	44	https://transportation.wv.gov/highways/Pages/UpcomingContracts.aspx	en	Upcoming Highways Consultant Contracts	https://transportation.w…ngImages/dot.jpg	https://transportation.w…ngImages/dot.jpg	[ "https://transportation.wv.gov/images2020/wv.gov.png", "https://transportation.wv.gov/PublishingImages/subbkgbridge.jpg", "https://transportation.wv.gov/PublishingImages/subbkg2bridge.jpg", "https://transportation.wv.gov/PublishingImages/subbkgmobilebridge.jpg", "https://transportation.wv.gov/images2020/wv.gov.png", "https://transportation.wv.gov/images2020/about.png", "https://transportation.wv.gov/images2020/agencies.png", "https://transportation.wv.gov/images2020/business.png", "https://transportation.wv.gov/images2020/DOTlogo.png", "https://transportation.wv.gov/images2020/citizens.png", "https://transportation.wv.gov/images2020/government.png", "https://transportation.wv.gov/images2020/projects.png", "https://transportation.wv.gov/images2020/DOTlogo.png", "https://transportation.wv.gov/WebResource.axd?d=9UhYH06wtm0UhRybYAPRdb-Fv0GUn94L4LgVAvo0NFgtNUDGmo7EQfs_0yQyixm4K_dFPE19tBvGUkQQ61fR_BbU6zgqHslLGIUObbw84ME1&t=638459680569584809" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Transportation.wv.gov is the official Web site for the State of West Virginia and is the result of an innovative public-private partnership between the state and West Virginia Interactive.	en	https://cdn.wvegov.com/images/icon.ico		https://transportation.wv.gov:443/highways/Pages/UpcomingContracts.aspx	Due DateStatusSummary Closed: Short-Listed Short-Listed Firms American Bridge Flatiron Walsh The West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways (DOH) seeks to design and construct a bridge across the Ohio River from near Wellsburg in Brooke County, West Virginia to Brilliant in Jefferson County, Ohio on new location using a Public-Private Partnership method. The purpose of the Request For Qualifications (RFQ) was to solicit letters of interest and qualifications from firms interested in providing the services described in the RFQ. It is scheduled for letting in July 2016. Further project details are located at http://WWW.BIDX.COM. Any questions concerning this notification should be submitted via BIDX. Closed: Short-Listed Short-Listed Consultants Trumbull Corporation and Kokosing Construction Company, Inc. with TRC Engineers, Inc. Flatiron Constructors, Inc. and Beaver Excavating Company, with Michael Baker International, Inc. Joseph B. Fay Company and Orders Construction Company, with GAI Consultants Inc. The West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways (DOH) seeks to design and construct the renovation (preservation, rehabilitation, or replacement) of roadway and bridge facilities along the I-70 Corridor in Ohio County, West Virginia from the Ohio State Line to mile marker 12.5, near the Stulphire Bridges using a Design Build method. An additional adjoining bridge structure in Ohio (Ohio Back Channel Bridge) is also included. The purpose of the Request for Qualifications (RFQ) was to solicit letters of interest and qualifications from firms interested in providing the services described in the RFQ. It is scheduled for letting in June 2018. Further project details are located at http://WWW.BIDX.COM. Any questions concerning this notification should be submitted via BIDX Appraiser 6/10/2021Closed: Selected CALL 21-003 Selected CALL 21-004 Selected Sealed proposals will be received by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways at its central Right of Way office in Building Five, Room A-618, 1900 Kanawha Boulevard, East, Charleston, West Virginia 25305-0430 until 4:00 p.m. June 10th, 2021. Due to COVID-19 restrictions to Capitol building access, a virtual opening of bids will be conducted on the next business day, June 11th, 2021, at 11:00 a.m. where said proposals will be opened and read immediately thereafter for the appraisal or appraisal review services for the following project: CALL 21-003 – Appraisal Services – State Project: U331-59-0.00 00; Federal Project: STP-0059(007)D; Van Voorhis Road, Monongalia County, West Virginia; Appraisal approx. 23 Parcels. See proposal for more detailed information. CALL 21-004 – Appraisal Review Services – State Project: U331-59-0.00 00; Federal Project: STP-0059(007)D; Van Voorhis Road, Monongalia County, West Virginia; Appraisal approx. 23 Parcels. See proposal for more detailed information. 2/11/2021Open Sealed proposals will be received by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways at its central Right of Way office in Building Five, Room 820, 1900 Kanawha Boulevard, East, Charleston, West Virginia 25305-0430 until 4:00 p.m. February 11th, 2021. Due to COVID-19 restrictions to Capitol building access, a virtual opening of bids will be conducted on the next business day, February 12, 2021, at 11:00 a.m. where said proposals will be opened and read immediately thereafter for the appraisal or appraisal review services for the following project: CALL 21-001 – Appraisal Services – State Project: U320-622-1.96 00; Federal Project: STGB-0622(029)D; WV 622 – Cross Lanes, Kanawha County, West Virginia; Appraisal approx. 45 Parcels. See proposal for more detailed information. CALL 21-002 – Appraisal Review Services – State Project: U320-622-1.96 00; Federal Project: STGB-0622(029)D; WV 622 – Cross Lanes, Kanawha County, West Virginia; Appraisal Review approx. 45 Parcels. See proposal for more detailed information. 10/3/2019Closed: Selected CALL 19-007 Selected Kent Kesecker CALL 19-008 Selected Jennings R. Bradford Sealed proposals will be received by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways at its central Right of Way office in Building Five, Room 820, 1900 Kanawha Boulevard, East, Charleston, West Virginia 25305-0430 until 4:00 p.m. October 3rd, 2019. The next business day at 11:00 a.m. the said proposals will be publicly opened and read immediately thereafter for the appraisal or appraisal review services for the following project: CALL 19-007 State Project: X341-ZWA/Y-1.00 02; Federal Project: STP-0019(428)D; Shady Springs to Beaver, Raleigh County, West Virginia; Appraisal approx. 87 Parcels. See proposal for more detailed information. CALL 19-008 State Project: X341-ZWA/Y-1.00 02; Federal Project: STP-0019(428)D; Shady Springs to Beaver, Raleigh County, West Virginia; Appraisal Review approx. 87 Parcels. See proposal for more detailed information. 8/22/2019Closed: Withdrawn CLOSED: WITHDRAWN - CALL 19-005 CLOSED: WITHDRAWN - CALL 19-006 Sealed proposals will be received by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways at its central Right of Way office in Building Five, Room 820, 1900 Kanawha Boulevard, East, Charleston, West Virginia 25305-0430 until 4:00 p.m. August 22, 2019. The next business day at 11:00 a.m. the said proposals will be publicly opened and read immediately thereafter for the appraisal or appraisal review services for the following project: CALL 19-005 State Project: X341-ZWA/Y-1.00 02; Federal Project: STP-0019(428)D; Shady Springs to Beaver, Raleigh County, West Virginia; Appraisal approx. 158 Parcels. See proposal for more detailed information. CALL 19-006 State Project: X341-ZWA/Y-1.00 02; Federal Project: STP-0019(428)D; Shady Springs to Beaver, Raleigh County, West Virginia; Appraisal Review approx. 158 Parcels. See proposal for more detailed information. 7/25/2019Closed: Selected CALL 19-003 Selected Joseph A. Chico CALL 19-004 Selected Robert M. PrattSealed proposals will be received by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways at its central Right of Way office in Building Five, Room 820, 1900 Kanawha Boulevard, East, Charleston, West Virginia 25305-0430 until 4:00 p.m. July 25, 2019. The next business day at 11:00 a.m. the said proposals will be publicly opened and read immediately thereafter for the appraisal or appraisal review services for the following project: CALL 19-003 State Project: U354-2-23.11 07; Federal Project: NHPP-0002(595)D; Parkersburg – St. Marys Road, Wood County, West Virginia; Appraisal approx. 89 Parcels. See proposal for more detailed information. CALL 19-004 State Project: U354-2-23.11 07; Federal Project: NHPP-0002(595)D; Parkersburg – St. Marys Road, Wood County, West Virginia; Appraisal Review approx. 89 Parcels. See proposal for more detailed information. 6/21/2019Closed: Selected CALL 19-001 Selected Kent Kesecker CALL 19-002 Selected Randy Bradford Sealed proposals will be received by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways at its central Right of Way office in Building Five, Room 820, 1900 Kanawha Boulevard, East, Charleston, West Virginia 25305-0430 until 4:00 p.m. June 21st, 2019. The next business day at 11:00 a.m. the said proposals will be publicly opened and read immediately thereafter for the appraisal or appraisal review services for the following project: CALL 19-001 State Project: U333-522-11.92 00; Federal Project: NH-0522(018)C; Winchester Grade Road, Morgan County, West Virginia; Appraisal approx. 78 Parcels. See proposal for more detailed information. CALL 19-002 State Project: U333-522-11.92 00; Federal Project: NH-0522(018)C; Winchester Grade Road, Morgan County, West Virginia; Appraisal Review approx. 78 Parcels. See proposal for more detailed information. 3/30/2018Closed: Selected Call 18-005 Selected Joe Chico Call 18-006 Selected Philip W. Swartz Sealed proposals will be received by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways at its central Right of Way office in Building Five, Room 820, 1900 Kanawha Boulevard, East, Charleston, West Virginia 25305-0430 until 4:00 p.m. March 30, 2018. The next business day at 11:00 a.m. the said proposals will be publicly opened and read immediately thereafter for the appraisal or appraisal review services for the following project: CALL 18-005 – Appraisal Services - State Project: X342-H-40.21 05; Federal Project: NHPP-0484(322) Corridor H – WV 72 Interchange to Parsons, Randolph and Tucker Counties, West Virginia; Appraisal approx. 29 Parcels. See proposal for more detailed information. CALL 18-006 – Appraisal Review Services - State Project: X342-H-40.21 05; Federal Project: NHPP-0484(322) Corridor H – WV 72 Interchange to Parsons, Randolph and Tucker Counties, West Virginia; Appraisal approx. 29 Parcels. See proposal for more detailed information. 3/23/2018Closed: Withdrawn Sealed proposals will be received by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways at its central Right of Way office in Building Five, Room 820, 1900 Kanawha Boulevard, East, Charleston, West Virginia 25305-0430 until 4:00 p.m., March 23, 2018. The next business day at 11:00 a.m. the said proposals will be publicly opened and read immediately thereafter for the following projects: 2/26/2018Closed: Selected CALL 18-003 Selected Kent Kesecker CALL 18-004 Selected Robert M. Pratt Sealed proposals will be received by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways at its central Right of Way office in Building Five, Room 820, 1900 Kanawha Boulevard, East, Charleston, West Virginia 25305-0430 until 4:00 p.m. February 26, 2018. The next business day at 11:00 a.m. the said proposals will be publicly opened and read immediately thereafter for the appraisal or appraisal review services for the following project: CALL 18-003 State Project: X342-H-40.21 04; Federal Project: NHPP-0484(320); Corridor H – US 219 Connector to WV 72 Interchange, Randolph and Tucker Counties, West Virginia; Appraisal approx. 35 Parcels. See proposal for more detailed information. CALL 18-004 State Project: X342-H-40.21 04; Federal Project: NHPP-0484(320); Corridor H – US 219 Connector to WV 72 Interchange, Randolph and Tucker Counties, West Virginia; Appraisal approx. 35 Parcels. See proposal for more detailed information. 8/11/2017Closed: Selected Call 18-001 Kent Kesecker Call 18-002 R. Scott BarberBids for Appraisers and Review Appraisers for State Project : U320-601-0.00 00 Federal Project: STP-0601(002)D Jefferson Road Improvement, Kanawha County, West Virginia.2/17/2017Closed: Selected Call 17-001 Robert Elliot, Jr. Call 17-002 B. Scott WareBids for Appraisers and Appraiser Review Services for State Project U331-119-16.00 03 Federal Project STP-0119(384)D Monongalia County.12/31/2016Closed: Short-Listed Notice is hereby given by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways, that Right of Way Appraisal and Appraisal Review services related to transportation projects will be used for statewide projects. Future projects will be advertised and awarded on a low-bid basis. 12/31/2015Closed: Short-Listed Notice is hereby given by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways, that Right of Way Appraisal and Appraisal Review services related to transportation projects will be used for statewide projects. Future projects will be advertised and awarded on a low-bid basis. 11/20/2015Closed: Short-Listed Appraisal Reviewer Short-Listed Scott Barber Scott Ware David Casto Appraisal Reviewer Selected Scott Barber Appraisal reviews on Project S341-B-2.80, East Beckley By-Pass Slide Repair, Raleigh County, WV.8/14/2015Closed: Selected Call 15-009 Kent Kesecker Call 15-010 R. Scott BarberBids for Appraisers and Appraisers Review Services for State Project X342-H-40.21 00 Federal Project NHPP-0484(317) Randolph & Tucker Counties.5/8/2015Closed: Selected Call 15-007 Kent Kesecker Call 15-008 R. Scott Barber Bids for Appraisers and Appraisers Review Services for State Project U354-14-8.69 00 Federal Project STP-0014(112)D Wood County. 4/10/2015Closed: Selected 15-005 Robert R Elliott, Jr 15-006 David C. CastoBids for Appraisers and Appraisers Review Services for State Project X302-51-5.18 00 Berkeley County2/27/2015Closed: Selected Call 15-003 B. Scott Ware Call 15-004 Jennings R. Bradford Bids for Appraisers and Appraisers Review Services for State Project U306-10-13.36 00 Cabell County. 1/23/2015Closed: Selected Call 15-001 no bids, requested use of alternate procedure Call 15-002 J.R. Bradford Bids for Appraisers and Appraisers Review Services for State Project U331-119-16.00 04 Federal Project STP-0119(372)D Monongalia County. 12/31/2014Closed: Short-Listed Notice is hereby given by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways, that Right of Way Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services related to Transportation projects will be used for statewide projects. Future projects will be advertised and awarded on a low-bid basis 12/18/2014Closed: Selected Call 14-002 Roscoe Shiplett Call 14-003 R. Scott Barber Bids for Appraisers and Appraisers Review Services for State Project X341-125-0.02 00Federal Project DE-0062(824)T Raleigh and Summers Counties. 9/3/2014Closed: Selected Call 14-001 - Joseph A Chico III Bids for Appraisers and Appraisers Review Services for State Project N081-BLD/GR-0.00, Randolph County Maintenance Headquarters, Randolph County. 12/31/2013Closed: Selected Notice is hereby given by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways, that Right of Way Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services related to Transportation projects will be used for statewide projects. Future projects will be advertised and awarded on a low-bid basis10/17/2013Closed: Selected Call 026 - Mark Pilcher Call 028 - Mark Pilcher Call 029 - Alternate Procedure Call 030 - Alternate ProcedureBids for Appraisers for State Project S342-219-19.12, Federal Project BR-0219(148)D, Randolph County, Project N081-BLD/GR-0.00, WAYN0001 Wayne County, Lease No. 54-0354 Wood County, and Lease Number 08-0344 Roane County.8/23/2013Closed: Selected Call 024 Kent Kesecker Call 025 R. Scott BarberBids for Appraisers and Appraisers Review Services for State Project S325-FAI/RM-1 00 Federal Project BR-2000(026)D Marion County.7/8/2013Closed: Short-Listed Call 023 no bids received Bids for Appraisers for State Project S331-7-26.01, Federal Project BR-0007(195)D, Monongalia County. 6/24/2013Closed: Withdrawn Call 022 withdrawn Bids for Appraisers for State Project S346-9-0.03 00, Federal Project BR-0009(142)D/STP-0009(142)D, Taylor County. 4/25/2013Closed: Selected Call 019 Kent Kesecker Call 020 Roscoe Shiplett Call 021 R. Scott Baber Bids for Appraisers for State Project U341-19-14.47 05 Raleigh County, and for Appraisers and Appraisers Review Services for State Project S323-12/4-0.05, Federal Project BR-0124(003)D, Logan County. 3/5/2013Closed: Selected Call 017 Mark A. Pilcher Call 018 Mark A. Pilcher Bids for Appraisers for State Project S342-219-25.40, Federal Project NH-0219(322)D, Randolph County and for State project S342-22-14.01 00, Randolph County. 12/31/2012Closed: Selected Notice is hereby given by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways, that Right of Way Appraisal and Appraisal Review services related to transportation projects will be used for statewide projects. Future projects will be advertised and awarded on a low-bid basis. 12/5/2012Closed: Selected Call 16 - Roscoe Shiplett Bids for Appraisers for State Project S322-5/9-7.47, Lincoln County. 9/19/2012Closed: Selected Call 012 Mark A. Pilcher Call 013 Jeff Parsons Call 014 Philip LucasBids for Appraisers and Review Appraisers, Bids for Specialty Merchantable Timber Valuation and Bids for Specialty Gas Well Valuation for State Project S323-10-16.20 00, Federal Project EOAP-0010(213)D, Loagn County.9/19/2012Closed: Selected Call 015 Dana BurnsBids for Specialty Mineral Valuation (Coal) for State Project S323-10-16.20 00, Federal Project EOAP-0010(213)D, Logan County9/7/2012Closed: Selected Bids for Appraisal State Projects Lease No. 251-0635 Ohio County, Lease No. 174-0635 Ohio County, Property Management No.PM11-4-MARI-1, and Property Management No. PM10-4-MONO-1. 7/30/2012Closed: Selected Call 007 Mark A. Pilcher Bids for Appraisal Services for State Project N081-BLD/GR-0.00, Pocahontas Co Headquarters 7/11/2012Closed: Selected Call 006 Kent Kesecker Bids for Appraisal Services for State Project U341-19-14.474/19/2012Closed: Selected Call 001, Alternate Procedures Call 002, B. Scott Ware Call 003, B. Scott Ware Call 004, B. Scott Ware Call 005, B. Scott Ware Bids for Appraisal Services for State Project U315-105-0.00 05, Federal Project STP-0105(085)D and State Projects Lease No. 274-0635, Lease No. 175-0635, Lease No.27-0615, and Lease No. 56-0626. 12/31/2011Closed: Selected Notice is hereby given by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways, that Right of Way Appraisal and Appraisal Review services related to transportation projects will be used for statewide projects. Future projects will be advertised and awarded on a low-bid basis.11/3/2011Closed: Selected Call 54, Philip LucasBids for Specialty Mineral Valuation (Coal) for State Project U326-2-6.46.10/19/2011Closed: Selected Call 052 Gerald Terry Call 053 J. R. Bradford Bids for Appraisal Services and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S343-50/34-0.11 00, Federal Project BR-5034(002)D. 9/26/2011Closed: Selected Call 050 Joseph A. Chico, III Call 051 B. Scott WareBids for Appraisal Services and Appraisal Review Services for State Project PM10-4-MONO-28/25/2011Closed: Selected Call 043 Mark A. PilcherReBids for Second Appraisals for State Project S323-10-16.20 00, Federal Project EOAP-0010(213)D8/4/2011Closed: Selected Call 033 Eugene Zdrojewski, Jr. Call 034 R. Scott Barber Call 039 Rob Johnston Call 040 R. Scott Barber Call 041 Jeff Parsons Call 042 Phillip Lucas Call 043 To Be Rebid Call 044 R. Scott Barber Call 045 Withdrawn Call 046 Withdrawn Bids for Appraisal Services and Appraisal Review Services for State Project U306-10-1.46, Federal Project STP-0010(199)D, and Second Appraisals and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S323-10-16.20 00, Federal Project EOAP-0010(213)D and State Project S323-10-12.56 00, Federal Project TCSP-0010(202)D. Bids for Appraisal Services and Appraisal Review Services, Specialty Timber and Coal Valuation for State Project S323-10-12.56 00, Federal Project TCSP-0010(202)D. 6/30/2011Closed: Selected Call 032 In-House Bids for Appraisal Review Services for State Project N081-BLD/GR-0.00, PM# GRAN0009.6/21/2011Closed: Selected Call 030 Phillip Lucas Call 031 Kent Kesecker Bids for Specialty Mineral Valuation (Coal) for State Project X47-H-66.85, Federal Project APD-0484(184)C, and Bids for Appraisal Services for State Project X47-H-66.85, Federal Project APD-0484(184)C. 6/6/2011Closed: Selected Call 028 Mark Sturgill Call 029 Phillip Lucas Bids for Specialty Merchantable Timber Valuation and Specialty Mineral Valuation (Coal) for State Project X355-121-16.65, Federal Project HPP-0121(013) 5/18/2011Closed: Selected Call 019 Alternate Procedure Call 020 R. Scott Barber Call 027 Rob JohnstonBids for Appraisal Services and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S342-219-28.84, Federal Project BR-0219(309)D, and Bids for Appraisal Services for State Project S348-18/7-3.86, Federal Project BR-0187(032)D.5/9/2011Closed: Short-Listed Alternate Procedure Bids for Appraisal Services for State Project PM02-6-OHIO-1, Lease No. 254-0635. 4/26/2011Closed: Withdrawn Call 025 In-House Bids for Appraisal Services for State Project PM90-8-RAND-6, Lease No. 59-0842. 4/21/2011Closed: Selected Call 019 To be Rebid Call 020 To be Rebid Call 021 Joseph A. Chico III Call 022 David C. Casto Call 023 Joseph A. Chico III Call 024 In-House Bids for Appraisal Services and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S342-219-28.84, Federal Project BR-0219(309)D, Bids for Appraisal Services and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S331-MOR/GA-8.00, Federal Project BR-2000(023)D, and Bids for Appraisal Services and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S331-7-20.44 00, Federal Project BR-0007(176)D. 4/13/2011Closed: Selected Call 015 Phillip Lucas Call 016 In-HouseBids for Specialty Mineral Valuation (Coal) and Specialty Mineral Valuation Review (Coal) for State Project U350-52-10.85, Federal Project DPS-0011(056).4/13/2011Closed: Selected Call 011 Alternate Procedure Call 017 In-House Call 018 R. Scott Barber Bids for Appraisal Services and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S322-10-0.40, Federal Project STP-0010(185)D. Rebids for Appraisal Services for State Project U330-6-0.52, Federal Project BR-0006(026)D. 3/17/2011Closed: Selected Call 013 In-House Call 014 In-House Bids for Appraisal Services and Appraisal Review Services for State Project PM84-6-HANC-3, Lease No. 27-0615. 3/10/2011Closed: Selected Call 011 to be rebid Call 012 David C. Casto Call 003 Rebid awaiting technical review Bids for Appraisal Services and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S330-6-0.52, Federal Project BR-0006(026)D. Rebids for Appraisal Services for State Project U331-705-0.68 00, Federal Project STP-0705(007)D. 2/8/2011Closed: Selected Call 050 Rebid Roscoe Shiplett Call 001 Rob Johnston Call 002 In-House Call 003 To be Rebid Call 004 Phillip Swartz Call 005 Eugene Zdrojewski, Jr. Call 006 R. Scott Barber Call 007 Thomas Gray Call 008 In-House Call 009 Thomas Gray Call 010 In-House ReBid for Appraisal Services for State Project U354-14-11.08, Federal Project CMAQ-0014(109)D. Bids for Appraisal Services & Appraisal Review Services for State Project S317-9-5.09, Federal Project BR-0009(154)D, State Project U331-705-0.68 00, Federal Project STP-0705(007)D, & State Project N081-BLD/GR-0.00/G020-HDQ-6 00. Bids for Coal Valuation Report & Coal Valuation Review for State Project S323-10-12.56 00, Federal Project TCSP-0010(202)D and Bids for Mineral Valuation & Mineral Valuation Review (Gas Wells) for State Project X312-H-79.05, Federal Project APD-0484(196). 1/3/2011Closed: Selected Call 044Rebid Phillip Lucas Call 045Rebid R. Scott Barber Call 048 Linda York Call 049 Gerald Terry Call 050 To be Rebid Call 051 R. Scott Barber Call 052 Roscoe Shiplett ReBid for Coal Valuation Report for State Project S323-10-16.20 02, Federal Project EQAP-0010(213)D, and Appraisal Services for State Project U306-10-17.90, Federal Project NH-0010(144)D. Bids for Appraisal Services and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S323-10-12.56 00, Federal Project TCSP-0010(202)D and State Project U354-14-11.08, Federal Project CMAQ-0014(109)D. Bids for Appraisal Services for State Project S323-10-8.61, Federal Project HP-1159(012)C. 1/3/2011Closed: Selected Call 053 Alternate Procedure Call 054 R. Scott BarberBids for Appraisal Services and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S324-83/14-0.03, Federal Project BR-8314(002)D.12/31/2010Closed: To Be Rebid See new Bid Close Date 12/31/11Notice is hereby given by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways, that Right of Way Appraisal and Appraisal Review services related to transportation projects will be used for statewide projects. Future projects will be advertised and awarded on a low-bid basis.11/30/2010Closed: Selected Call 39 Kent Kesecker Call 40 Gerry Terry Call 41 Mark A. Pilcher Call 42 Gerry Terry Call 43 Jeff Parsons Call 44 To be Rebid Call 45 To be Rebid Bids for Appraisal Services and Appraisal Review Services for State Project X347-H-68.86, Federal Project APD-0484(186)C, and Appraisal Services for State Project U306-10-17.90, Federal Project NH-0010(144)D. Bids for Appraisal Services and Appraisal Review Services, Timber and Coal Valuation for State Project S323-10-16.20 02, Federal Project EOAP-0010(213)D. 11/30/2010Closed: Selected Call 46 Roscoe Shiplett Call 47 Gerald TerryBids for Appraisal Services and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S302-1-1.57, Federal Project BR-0001(224)D.11/16/2010Closed: Selected Call 36 Inhouse Call 37 Mark A. Pilcher Call 38 Gerald Terry Bids for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Project U318-21-16.70, Fed. No. STPG-0021(048)D and State Project U347-219-7.45, Fed. No. TCSP-06WV(001)E. 10/27/2010Closed: Withdrawn Call 35 Inhouse Bids for Appraisal Services for State Project S309-23-7.90, Federal Project BR-0023(023)D. 10/20/2010Closed: Selected Call 030 REBID to be performed in House Call 032 REBID to be performed in House Call 034 Mark A. Pilcher ReBids for Appraisal Services for State Project PM08-4-MONO-1, Federal Project APD-483(25), State Project PM87-6-MARS-1, Lease No. 54-0626, and Bid for Appraisal Services for Project F-157(9), Lease No. 41-0842. 10/13/2010Closed: Selected Call 029 Roscoe Shiplett ReBid for Appraisal Services for State Project S341-3-23.60, Federal Project BR-0003(109)D. 9/28/2010Closed: Selected Call 030 To be Rebid Call 031 Gerald Terry Call 032 To be Rebid Call 033 Gerald Terry Bids for Appraisal Services and Appraisal Review Services for State Project PM08-4-MONO-1, Federal Project APD-483(25), and State Project PM87-6-MARS-1, Lease No. 54-0626.9/21/2010Closed: Selected Call 027Phillip Lucas Bid for Appraisal Services for State Project X347-H-64.85, Fed. No. APD-0484(182)C. 9/21/2010Closed: Selected Call 028 Eugene Zdrojewski, Jr. Call 029 to be rebid Bids for Appraisal Services for State Project S340-35-1.06, Fed. No. BR-0035(117)D and State Project S341-3-23.60, Fed. No. BR-0003(109)D. 9/13/2010Closed: Selected Call 020 REBID Eugene Zdrojewski, Jr. Call 022 REBID Eugene Zdrojewski, Jr. Call 023 REBID Eugene Zdrojewski, Jr. ReBid for Appraisal Services for Project PM10-7-BRAX-1, Project PM09-4-MARI-1and Project PM09-4-MARI-5. 8/24/2010Closed: Selected Call 025 Rob Johnston Call 026 Gerald Terry Bid for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S317-19-26.19, Fed. No. BR-0019(196)D. 8/16/2010Closed: Selected Call 020 To be Rebid Call 021 Gerald Terry Call 022 To be Rebid Call 023 To be Rebid Call 024 Gerald Terry Bids for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for Project PM10-7-BRAX-1 and Project PM09-4-MARI-5, and Bids for Appraisal for Project PM09-4-MARI-1. 8/11/2010Closed: Selected Alt. A Selected Call 001 Kent Kesecker Call 002 R Scott Barber Alt. B withdrawnCall 019 Jeff ParsonsBid for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Project U340-35-19.00, Fed. No. HPP-0035(173), a MANDATORY PRE-BID MEETING will be held on: Thursday, August 5, 2010 at 1:00 p. m. All prospective bidders from the agency’s approved appraiser/review list MUST attend this Pre-Bid Meeting in order to bid on this Project. Bidders not attending the pre-Bid meeting will be disqualified.8/4/2010Closed: Selected Call 015 Eugene Zdrojewski, Jr Call 016 Gerald Terry Bid for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Project X347-H-64.85, Fed. No. APD-0484(182)C. 7/13/2010Closed: Selected Call 011 Mark A. Pilcher Call 012 Gerald Terry Call 013 Eugene Zdrojewski, Jr. Call 014 Gerald TerryBid for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S342-33-18.68 00, Fed. No. NFA-0033(226), and Project PM Lease #27-0721.6/28/2010Closed: Selected Call 009 Roscoe Shiplett Call 010 Roscoe ShiplettBid for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S323-73-2.31 00.6/16/2010Closed: Selected Call 003 Mark A. Pilcher Rebid for Appraisal Services for State Project U330-65/5-0.25 00, Fed Project BR-0655(012)D. 6/8/2010Closed: Selected Call 006 Gerald Terry Call 007 Kent Kesecker Bid for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Project X347-H-74.85 00, Fed. No. APD-0484(192). 5/19/2010Closed: Selected Call 036 Rebid hold for review Call 037 Rebid Eugene Zdrojewski Call 002 Robert Pratt Call 003 to be rebid Call 004 R. Scott Barber Call 005 Dean E. Dawson Bids for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Project U330-65/5-0.25 00, Fed Project BR-0655(012)D and State Project U341-19-14.47, Rebid for Appraisal Services for Project S339-7-2.32 00 00 and Rebid for Appraisal for State Projects S309-18-15.92 00, Fed Project NFA-0018(126) 4/28/2010Closed: Selected Call 001 Joseph A. Chico, IIIBid for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S342-219-12.59 00, Fed. No. BR-0219(264)D.4/13/2010Closed: Selected Call 031 Dean E. Dawson Call 032 R. Scott Barber Call 033 Dean E. Dawson Call 034 R. Scott Barber Call 035 Phillip Lucas Call 036 to be rebid Call 037 to be rebid Call 038 Gerald Terry Bid for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S323-73-2.31 00, State Project S323-10-12.56 00, State Project S339-7-2.32 00 and State Project S309-18-15.92 00, Fed. No. NFA-0018(126). 3/31/2010Closed: Selected Call 027 Linda York Call 028 David C. Casto Call 029 Phillip Lucas Call 030 Mark A. Pilcher Bid for Appraisal, Appraisal Review Services and Minerals/Quarry Valuation for State Projects U320-214/13-0.00 00 and Bid for Appraisal Services for Project S327-62-20.53, Fed Project BR-0062(807)D 3/17/2010Closed: Selected Call 025 and 026 Closed Withdrawn Call 001 rebid Joseph A. Chico, III Call 012 rebid Rob Johnson Bid for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Projects U341-19-14.47 and Rebid for Appraisal Services for Project S304-1-4.02 00 and Project N081-BLD/GR-0.00 3/17/2010Closed: Selected Call 019 Rob Johnston Call 020 Gerald Terry Call 021 R Scott Barber Call 022 Gerald Terry Call 023 Rob Johnston Call 024 Gerald Terry Bid for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S352-9-4.54, Fed. No. BR-0009(146)E, Project PM Lease #12-0704 and State Project X341-125-0.02, Fed. No. DE-0062(824)T2/24/2010Closed: Selected Call 014 Roscoe Shiplett Call 015 Joseph A. Chico, III Call 016 Robert Pratt Call 017 Joseph A. Chico, III Call 018 Robert Pratt Bid for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Projects U319-17-0.43, Fed. No. NFA-0017(085), Project PM09-4-MONO-1 and Project PM08-4-MONO-52/16/2010Closed: Selected Call 010 Joseph A. Chico, III Call 011 Gerald Terry Call 012 will be rebid Call 013 Gerald Terry Bid for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Projects S331-857-10.20, Fed. No. BR-0857(007)D and State Project N081-BLD/GR-0.002/10/2010Closed: Selected Call 006 Roscoe Shiplett Call 007 Gerald Terry Call 008 Mark A. Pilcher Call 009 Robert Pratt Bid for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Projects S302-9/56-0.00, Fed. No. TIP-0956(004)D and State Project S330-65/75-0.01 002/9/2010Closed: Selected Call 004 Mark Sturgill Call 005 Gerald Terry Bid for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Projects N081-BLD/GR-0.00 00 Lewis County2/9/2010Closed: Selected Call 001 to be Rebid Call 002 Gerald TerryBid for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Projects S304-1-4.02 00 and State Project S304-40-0.80 00,Fed.No. BR-0040(045)D1/26/2010Closed: Selected Call 007 R. Scott Barber Call 008 R. Scott BarberAppraisal and Appraisal Review Services for Lease No. 32-0104, Federal Project I-79-2(18)79 Braxton County and PM06-7-BRAX-7, Braxton County1/12/2010Closed: Selected Call 006 Rob JohnstonAppraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Projects S323-10-12.56 00, STP-0010(202) Logan County. 12/31/2009Closed: To Be Rebid Notice is hereby given by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways, that Right of Way Appraisal and Appraisal Review services related to transportation projects will be used for statewide projects. Future projects will be advertised and awarded on a low-bid basis. 12/22/2009Closed: Selected Call 001 No Bids Call 002 Mark Pilcher Call 003 Gerald Terry Call 004 Joe Chico Call 005 Gerald Terry Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Projects S326-21/3-3.36 00, S347-219-8.84 00 BR-0219(098)E, and State Project U354-68-1.66 00 CMAQ-0068(141)D. 11/24/2009Closed: Selected Call 001 Joseph A. Chico, III Call 002 Robert Pratt Bids for Appraisal And Appraisal Review Services, Project PM08-4-MONO-2. 11/3/2009Closed: Selected Call 004 Rebid Rob Johnston Call 005 Rebid R. Scott Barber Rebid for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S324-80-0.02 00 11/3/2009Closed: Selected Project S323-10-16.20 Call 001 Rebid Rob Johnston Call 002 Rebid R. Scott Barber Project S306-160/4-0.01 Call 003 Rebid Mark A. Pilcher Rebid for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Projects S323-10-16.20 00 and State Project S306-160/4-0.01 00 10/20/2009Closed: Selected Call 001 Joseph A. Chico, III Appraisal Services for State Project U331-67-6.99. Monongalia County 10/14/2009Open ReBid for Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S315-2/8-0.20 10/6/2009Closed: To Be Rebid Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S323-10-16.20 00 and State Project S306-160/4-0.01 00 10/6/2009Closed: To Be Rebid Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Project S324-80-0.02 00 9/15/2009Closed: Selected Call 008 Phillip Lucas Call 009 Jeff Parsons Appraisal Services for State Project X341-121-0.78 / Federal Project HPP-0052(256)D 9/15/2009Closed: Selected Call 003 Ken Kesecker Call 004 Robert Pratt Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Project X312-H-76.85 / Federal Project APD-0484(194) 9/4/2009Closed: Selected Call 002 Philip Jackson Call 003 J. R. Bradford Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Project U315-105-0.00 04 / Federal Project STP-0105(084)D 9/4/2009Closed: Selected Call 001 Linda York Call 002 R. Scott Barber Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for Charles Town Race Track Park Access Road - Jefferson County 8/12/2009Closed: To Be Rebid Appraisal and Appraisal Review Services for State Project U315-2/8-0.20 8/4/2009Closed: Selected Call No. 1: R. Scott Barber Appraisal Services for State Police Concrete Beam Bridge, Wayne County 8/4/2009Closed: Selected Call 001: John D. D'Angelo Call 002: To Be Rebid Call 003: To Be Rebid Residential and Commercial Appraisal and Appraisal Review for State Project U315-105-0.00 04 / Federal Project STP-0105(084)D Open Sealed proposals will be received by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways at its central Right of Way office in Building Five, Room 820, 1900 Kanawha Boulevard, East, Charleston, West Virginia 25305-0430 until 4:00 p.m. February 26, 2018. The next business day at 11:00 a.m. the said proposals will be publicly opened and read immediately thereafter for the appraisal or appraisal review services for the following project: CALL 18-003 State Project: X342-H-40.21 04; Federal Project: NHPP-0484(320); Corridor H – US 219 Connector to WV 72 Interchange, Randolph and Tucker Counties, West Virginia; Appraisal approx. 35 Parcels. See proposal for more detailed information. CALL 18-004 State Project: X342-H-40.21 04; Federal Project: NHPP-0484(320); Corridor H – US 219 Connector to WV 72 Interchange, Randolph and Tucker Counties, West Virginia; Appraisal approx. 35 Parcels. See proposal for more detailed information. Cemetery 4/17/2015Open Bids for the disinterment and reinterment of the remains of approximately (11) ELEVEN decedents from the Waugh - Adams Cemetery, Mason County8/14/2013Closed: Selected Chafin Funeral HomeBids covering the disinterment and reinterment of the remains of approximately (50) Fifty decedents from the Robinette Cemetery, Logan County9/12/2012Closed: Selected O. C. ServiceBids covering the disinterment and reinterment of the remains of approximately (21) TWENTY-ONE decedents from the Grimmett Cemetery, Logan County11/24/2009Closed: Selected Chafin Funeral HomeCovering the disinterment and reinterment of the remains of approximately (36) THIRTY-SIX decedents from the Milam\Gross and Cook Cemeteries, situate within the right of way limits of the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways' Project X341-121-0.78 00, HHP-0052(256)D, Slab Fork District, Raleigh County, West Virginia, to other locations as set forth in the contract proposal Consultant 8/26/2024Open EVEREST DRIVE BRIDGE, located in Marion County, West Virginia. The structure carries Everest Drive over Coal Run and an access road and is located approximately 0.23 mile north of West Virginia Route (WV) 310 in Marion County. This project shall consist of the preparation of contract plans and related documents for the construction of a new bridge at the current location, while maintaining traffic on existing routes during construction. The professional services include related documents, surveying, geotechnical services, and traffic engineering services. NEPA documentation will be handled by the Technical Support Division. A Design Study will not be a part of these services. The Consultant shall reference DD-681 and develop the appropriate Traffic Management Plan, which will also be required. The Consultant shall reference DD-506 and use pollution prevention and discharge reduction methods in the design. Post Design Services will be by separate Agreement.8/26/2024Open TYLER CREEK SLAB, located in Kanawha County, West Virginia. The structure carries West Virginia Route (WV) 62 over Tyler Creek and is located approximately 0.32 mile north of County Route (CR) 25/25. The existing structure consists of a simple concrete slab span, supported by full height reinforced concrete abutments. The overall length of the structure, from out to out of backwalls, is 24 feet – 7 inches. The BARS Number is 20A374 and the Bridge Number is 20-62-0.63. This project shall consist of the preparation of contract plans and related documents for the construction of a new bridge on the existing alignment with traffic being maintained on a temporary detour upstream. The professional services include related documents, surveying, and traffic engineering services. A Design Study will not be a part of these services. The Consultant shall reference DD-681 and develop the appropriate Traffic Management Plan, which will also be required. The Consultant shall reference DD 506 and use pollution prevention and discharge reduction methods in the design. As part of the WVDOH’s desire to facilitate safety discussions for transportation projects, the Consultant shall complete and submit to the Traffic Engineering Division, the Safety Assessment for Every Roadway (SAFER) Form for the project as part of the Preliminary Field Review and Final Office Review. NEPA Documentation will be handled in-house by the Technical Support Division. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by a separate Agreement.8/12/2024Open RECONNECTING BLUEFIELD PLANNING STUDY, located in Mercer County, West Virginia. This project is in Downtown Bluefield and will be for the future development of a “T” shaped corridor that would expand and enhance access and transit between the East End, downtown Bluefield, and local amenities. This project shall be performed in two phases. Phase I shall consist of various studies to document the existing conditions on Bluefield’s East End, study alternative corridor segments and alignments of the proposed East End connections and examine traffic operations of the roadway network after the reconnection will be performed to initiate the project. The result of the studies will be identified in a Design Study Report which includes current traffic patterns on the facility and surrounding street network, capacity of existing transportation networks to maintain mobility needs, alternative roadway and tunnel structure designs, project impact on mobility of freight and people, impacts on safety, estimate cost to restore community connectivity, environmental information, public health and community impacts. As part of the WVDOH’s desire to facilitate safety discussions for transportation projects, the Consultant shall complete and submit to the Traffic Engineering Division, the Safety Assessment for Every Roadway (SAFER) Form for the project as part of the Office Review. Phase II of the project will include design of construction and right-of-way plans, with geotechnical investigation and environmental documentation and will be done under a separate project number and a separate agreement. Post Design Services, if required, will be by separate Agreement.8/12/2024Open WALKERSVILLE TRUSS, located in Lewis County, West Virginia. The structure (BARS 20A053) carries United States Route (US) 19 over West Fork River and is located 0.07 mile south of County Route (CR) 44/7. The existing structure is a three-span steel through truss. The existing bridge roadway width is 20 feet-4 inches, curb to curb, and the bridge’s overall length is 136 feet-8 inches. This project shall consist of the preparation of contract plans and related documents for the construction of a new bridge on the existing alignment while using an upstream temporary bridge to maintain traffic during construction, as per the recommended Alternative No. 1 listed in the Bridge Replacement Study dated January 2024. The professional services include related documents, surveying, and traffic engineering services. A Design Study will not be a part of these services. The Consultant shall reference DD-681 and develop the appropriate Traffic Management Plan, which will also be required. The Consultant shall reference DD-506 and use pollution prevention and discharge reduction methods in the design. As part of the WVDOH’s desire to facilitate safety discussions for transportation projects, the Consultant shall complete and submit to the Traffic Engineering Division, the Safety Assessment for Every Roadway (SAFER) Form for the project as part of the Preliminary Field Review and Final Office Review. NEPA Documentation will be handled in-house by the Technical Support Division. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by separate Agreement. 8/12/2024Open WV 9 RIDGE RD ROUNDABOUT, located in Berkeley County, West Virginia. This project begins on West Virginia Route (WV) 9 at milepost 7.88 and is approximately 0.04 mile long. The termini include the intersections of County Route (CR) 4 (Ridge Road) and CR 1/6 (Cumbo Road). This project shall consist of the preparation of contract plans for the construction of a roundabout and related intersection improvements. The professional services include related documents, environmental services, geotechnical services, and traffic engineering services. The Consultant shall perform all related environmental surveys and documentation required to complete the NEPA and obtain environmental clearance. The Consultant shall reference DD-681 and develop a Level 2 or 3 Traffic Management Plan. The Consultant shall reference DD-506 and use appropriate pollution prevention and discharge reduction methods in the design. As part of the WVDOH’s desire to facilitate safety discussions for transportation projects, the Consultant shall complete and submit to the Traffic Engineering Division, the Safety Assessment for Every Roadway (SAFER) Form for the project as part of the Preliminary Field Review and Final Office Review. Post Design Services, if required, will be by separate Agreement.8/5/2024Open EB AIRPORT BRIDGE+1, located in Raleigh County, West Virginia. This project includes EB Airport Bridge (41A173), which carries Interstate 64 (I-64) EB and the EB Exit Ramp over County Route (CR) 9/9, Exit 125B, and is located approximately 1.26 miles east of United States Route (US) 19 in Raleigh County and is 312.5 feet in length and 81.4 feet in width. Also included is the WB Airport Bridge (41A174), which carries I-64 WB and the WB Entrance Ramp over CR 9/9, Exit 125 and is 321.3 feet in length and 48.9 feet in width. The project shall consist of preparation of contract plans and related documents for the rehabilitation of the bridges while maintaining traffic during construction. The rehabilitation project shall consist of reviewing current Inspection Reports and performing adequate fieldwork to permit all recommended and approved repair items to be quantified and addressed in the contract plans and related documents. The professional services include surveying and traffic engineering services. The Consultant shall reference DD-681 and develop the appropriate Traffic Management Plan, which will also be required. As part of the WVDOH’s desire to facilitate safety discussions for transportation projects, the Consultant shall complete and submit to the Traffic Engineering Division, the Safety Assessment for Every Roadway (SAFER) Form for the project as part of the Rehabilitation Report and Final Detail Bridge Plans. Post Design Services will be by separate Agreement.8/5/2024Open INSTITUTE RAMP B, located in Kanawha County, West Virginia. The structure (BARS 20A069) carries Interstate 64 (I-64) WB/EB Entrance Ramp traffic over West Virginia Route (WV) 25 and is located approximately 0.17 mile east of County Route (CR) 25/10 in Kanawha County. The four span structure is 149.3 feet in length and 25 feet in width. This project shall consist of preparation of contract plans and related documents for the construction of a new bridge at the current location, while maintaining traffic during construction. The professional services include related documents, geotechnical services, surveying, and traffic engineering services. A Design Study will not be a part of these services. The Consultant shall reference DD 681 and develop the appropriate Traffic Management Plan, which will also be required. The Consultant shall reference DD-506 and use pollution prevention and discharge reduction methods in the design. As part of the WVDOH’s desire to facilitate safety discussions for transportation projects, the Consultant shall complete and submit to the Traffic Engineering Division, the Safety Assessment for Every Roadway (SAFER) Form for the project as part of the Preliminary Field Review and Final Office Review. Post Design Services will be by separate Agreement.7/29/2024Open SOUTH IDAMAY ARCH +1, located in Marion County, West Virginia. This project includes South Idamay Arch (25A169), which carries West Virginia Route (WV) 218 over Helens Run and is located approximately 0.34 mile south of County Route (CR) 15/5 in Marion County and is 28 feet in length and 22.5 feet in width. This structure shall be replaced with a new bridge upstream while using the existing structure as a detour during construction. Also included is Church of God Bridge (25A167), which carries WV 218 over Helens Run and is located approximately 0.15 mile north of CR 52 in Marion County and is 24 feet in length and 22.6 feet in width. This structure shall be replaced with a new bridge at the existing location while using a temporary bridge downstream as a detour during construction. This project shall consist of the preparation of contract plans and related documents for the construction of the two new bridges. The professional services include related documents, geotechnical services, and traffic engineering services. A Design Study will not be a part of these services. The Consultant shall reference DD-681 and develop the appropriate Traffic Management Plan, which will also be required. The Consultant shall reference DD-506 and use pollution prevention and discharge reduction methods in the design. As part of the WVDOH’s desire to facilitate safety discussions for transportation projects, the Consultant shall complete and submit to the Traffic Engineering Division, the Safety Assessment for Every Roadway (SAFER) Form for the project as part of the Preliminary Field Review and Final Office Review. Post Design Services will be by separate Agreement.7/12/2024Closed: Short-Listed Shortlisted Consultants Bridge of Honor 1. HDR 2. HNTB 3. Michael Baker Dunbar Toll Bridge 1. Larson Design Group 2. Terradon 3. Volkert Dunbar-South Charleston 1. Consor 2. Terradon 3. TRC Nick Joe Rahall 1. AMT 2. Larson Design Group 3. Transystems Robert C. Byrd 1. Burgess & Niple 2. GAI 3. WRA Wellsburg Bridge 1. HNTB 2. Modjeski & Masters 3. Stantec William S. Ritchie 1. AI Engineers 2. Carpenter Marty 3. Modjeski & Masters NOTICE FOR CONSULTING SERVICES *WHEELING TUNNEL AND GUYANDOTTE RIVER BRIDGE HAVE BEEN REMOVED FROM THE INITIAL ADVERTISEMENT Notice is hereby given by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways, that consulting services will be utilized for six-year inspection projects, per the current National Bridge Inspection Standards and may include design plans for repairs and a load rating analysis, for the following projects: 1) CANCELLED, WILL BE INSPECTED BY DOH**Six-year inspection project for Admiral T. J. Lopez Bridge, over the Kanawha River. The bridge consists of eight continuous plate girder spans, a simple plate girder span, three continuous thru truss spans, and two continuous plate girder spans respectively. The roadway width is 56 feet. 2) Six-year inspection project for Bridge of Honor Bridge, over the Ohio River. The bridge consists of ten spans, three continuous cable stayed suspension spans and seven prestressed concrete spread box beam spans with an overall length of 1,852 feet. The roadway width is 56 feet with a six-foot sidewalk. 3) Six-year inspection project for Dunbar-South Charleston EB Bridge, over the Kanawha River. The bridge consists of eight continuous concrete box girder spans with an overall length of 2,795 feet. The roadway width is 64 feet. 4) Six-year inspection project for Dunbar Toll Bridge, over the Kanawha River. The bridge consists of three continuous wide flange beam spans, three cantilevered through truss spans, and three simple deck girder spans with an overall length of 1,385 feet. The roadway is 28 feet with a 4’-8” sidewalk. 5) Six-year inspection project for Nick Joe Rahall II Bridge, over the Ohio River. The bridge consists of four steel beam spans, three steel through truss spans, and four steel deck girder spans with an overall length of 2,249 feet. The roadway is 28 feet. 6) Six-year inspection project for Robert C. Byrd Bridge, over the Ohio River. The bridge consists of two continuous steel beam spans, a three span Warren thru truss, and a simple steel beam span respectively. The roadway width is 32 feet. 7) Six-year inspection project for William S. Ritchie Bridge, over the Ohio River. The bridge consists of ten spans, a three-span steel through truss and seven steel beam spans with an overall length of 2,716 feet. The roadway width is 31 feet. 8) Six-year biennial inspection project for Wellsburg Bridge, over the Ohio River. The bridge consists of five simple steel girder spans, and a tied arch main span with an overall length of 1,854 feet. The roadway width is 48 feet with an 8’ shared use path. Additional information may be obtained on each bridge by contacting Kimberly Hoover Trent, Operations Division, via e mail at Kimberly.D.Hoover@wv.gov. The above projects are currently scheduled for work to begin in 2025. Single or multiple assignments may be made for this work. Several of these structures are located on routes in urban and extremely high ADTT areas that will mandate traffic disruption. Progressive and innovative methods of inspection access will be considered in the selection process. Firms interested in being considered for this project must submit a letter of interest and unpriced prospectus to Mr. William R. Murray, Assistant Director, Operations Division, West Virginia Division of Highways, Building Five, Room A-350, 1900 Kanawha Boulevard, East, Charleston, West Virginia 25305-0430 AND via e-mail to DOHMaintenanceLOQ@wv.gov prior to 4:00 p.m., July 12, 2024. As a minimum, the prospectus will include the following items for evaluation: 1) A completed copy of the Division’s Consultant Confidential Qualification Questionnaire, if not already on file, dated January 1, 2024 or later. 2) Overall capabilities to perform the work, including workforce available to assign to the project, personnel qualifications, and present workload. 3) Location of office in which the work will be performed. 4) Type of work anticipated to be sub-contracted or performed by a sub-consultant. 5) Indication of whether a cost accounting system has been maintained and is in effect such that it is capable of segregating and identifying accumulating costs for each job that is performed under cost type projects. 6) A completed copy of the Division’s Short List Selection Criteria Technical Evaluation form limited to a single page of data. Cross-referencing on this form to other parts of the prospectus is not acceptable. 7) Indication of the project(s) for which the firm is submitting information for consideration. If the submission is for all projects, a statement to that effect shall be made and a detailed listing shall not be required. Prior to entering into contract negotiations, the selected firm and any sub-consultants shall submit a current audited overhead rate computation performed by a state or federal government agency or independent CPA firm. The submitted overhead audit shall contain a detailed exhibit of the computations with all applicable eliminations and references. The audit shall be done in accordance with Government Auditing Standards issued by the Comptroller General of the United States and all eliminations required by the Federal Acquisitions Regulations will be made. This requirement will be waived for the selected firm or any sub-consultant when its portion of the fee for the project is less than One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00). In such instances, a company computed overhead rate may be utilized. A single letter of interest and unpriced prospectus is required regardless of the number of projects requested by the firm for consideration. It is the policy of the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways that disadvantaged and women-owned business enterprises shall have the maximum opportunity to participate in the performance of contracts financed in whole or in part with federal funds. 7/8/2024Closed: Short-Listed Short-Listed Consultants Michael Baker International, Inc. Mott MacDonald, LLC Stantec Consulting Services Inc.ARMOUR CREEK BRIDGE, located in Putnam County, West Virginia. The structure carries West Virginia Route (WV) 25 over Armour Creek and is located approximately 0.05 mile east of County Route (CR) 25/4 in Putnam County. This project shall consist of the preparation of contract plans and related documents for the construction of a new bridge at the current location, while maintaining traffic on a detour during construction. The professional services include related documents, geotechnical services, and traffic engineering services. A Design Study will not be a part of these services. The Consultant shall reference DD-681 and develop the appropriate Traffic Management Plan, which will also be required. The Consultant shall reference DD-506 and use pollution prevention and discharge reduction methods in the design. Post Design Services will be by separate Agreement.7/8/2024Closed: Short-Listed Short-Listed Consultants 2LMN, Inc. Herbert, Rowland & Grubic, Inc. Sucevic, Piccolomini & Kuchar Engineering, Inc.WALNUT STREET BRIDGE, located in the City of Morgantown in Monongalia County, West Virginia. The structure carries Walnut Street over Deckers Creek and the Deckers Creek Trail. The BARS# is 31A016. The existing structure is approximately 499.7 feet long with a clear width of approximately 28.5 feet. This rehabilitation project shall consist of replacing the deck and making repairs to the superstructure and substructure as necessary. The Consultant shall review current Inspection Reports and perform adequate fieldwork to permit all recommended and approved repair items to be quantified and addressed in the contract plans and related documents. All fieldwork shall be coordinated with regularly scheduled Bridge Inspection Services. The professional services for the bridge rehabilitation shall include preparing construction plans, surveying, and traffic engineering services with special consideration given to Design Directive 681 – Work Zone Safety and Mobility. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by a separate Agreement.6/24/2024Closed: Short-Listed Short-Listed Consultants Macking Engineering Company The Thrasher Group, Inc. Whitman, Requardt and Associates, LLPBAKER STREET BRIDGE, located in Ohio County, West Virginia. The structure carries a city street over Big Wheeling Creek and is located approximately 0.10 mile north of Unted States Route (US) 250. The bridge is owned and maintained by the City of Wheeling. This project shall consist of the preparation of contract plans and related documents for the construction of a new bridge at the current location, while maintaining traffic on existing routes during construction. The professional services include preparing construction contract plans, geotechnical services, and traffic engineering services with special consideration given to Design Directive 681 – Work Zone Safety and Mobility. The Consultant shall reference DD-506 and use pollution prevention and discharge reduction methods in the design. NEPA documentation will be handled by the Technical Support Division. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by a separate Agreement.6/24/2024Closed: Short-Listed Short-Listed Consultants GAI Consultants Inc. Michael Baker International, Inc. The Markosky Engineering Group, Inc.BROWNS CREEK BRIDGE NB & SB, located in Harrison County, West Virginia. The structures carry Interstate 79 (I-79) over Browns Creek, County Route (CR) 25, and a rail trail. The BARS Numbers are 17A246 (NB) and 17A247 (SB). This rehabilitation project shall consist of reviewing current Inspection Reports and performing adequate fieldwork to permit all recommended and approved repair items to be quantified and addressed in the contract plans and related documents. The existing bridge roadway width is 33 feet-1 inch, and the bridge overall length is 262 feet-3 inches and is located 2.17 miles north of West Virginia Route (WV) 270. The professional services for the bridge rehabilitation shall include the preparation of construction plans, surveying, and traffic engineering services with special consideration given to Design Directive 681 – Work Zone Safety and Mobility. NEPA Documentation will be handled in-house by the Technical Support Division. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by separate Agreement. PLEASE BE ADVISED THAT THIS PROJECT IS ON AN ACCELERATED SCHEDULE.6/14/2024Closed: Selected Selected Consultant HNTB NOTICE FOR CONSULTING SERVICES Notice is hereby given by the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways, that consulting services will be utilized for the research and development of a Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system. The West Virginia Structural Health Monitoring System (SHM Project) will conduct planning and initial installation efforts for the implementation of a structural health monitoring (SHM) system at the East Huntington cable-stay structure on the Ohio River along the Ohio-West Virginia state line in Cabell County, WV. Consultant will identify critical features of the monitoring system during SHM Project planning as well as determine improvements to asset management strategy utilizing the system’s data and repeatability and use on all types of bridge structures. The consultant will propose utilizing structural health monitoring equipment to provide real-time data. The specific technology to be used will be decided during the planning phase of the Stage 1 effort and will be selected based on current and anticipated future capabilities of the equipment, flexibility for use in varied structural settings, installation opportunities and challenges, and available monitoring data and its ability to assist WVDOH decision-making for possible incident response and long-term asset management. Through the planning process and determination of the structural health monitoring equipment, the consultant, with direct oversight from the WVDOH, will address any and all challenges through collection of real-time information on at-risk and priority structures to confirm critical structural members, reduction in lane and structure closures to minimize impact to commuters and freight, and prioritization of needs for asset management within the WVDOH overall transportation system. Consultant will also show through the SHM Project, ways to increase safety of the structure utilizing SHM equipment through identification of areas of structural concern within minutes as opposed to waiting for an incident or annual/special inspections. The SHM Project is to also show reliability of vehicular traffic and commerce on national highway assets by using monitoring data to assist with maintaining these assets strategically and reopening bridges to continued highway operations more quickly after an incident, which decreases the possibility of a major roadway detour due to a bridge closure and, in turn, provides travel time, safety, and emissions benefits. Additional information may be obtained by contacting Edward Armbruster, Operations Division, at Edward.F.Armbruster@wv.gov or William Murray, Operations Division, at Bill.R.Murray@wv.gov. The above project is currently scheduled for work to begin immediately upon award in 2024. Single or multiple assignments may be made for this work. Firms interested in being considered for this project must submit a letter of interest and unpriced prospectus to Mr. Stephen Johnson, Director, Operations Division, West Virginia Division of Highways, via e-mail to DOHMaintenanceLOQ@wv.gov prior to 4:00 p.m., June 14, 2024. As a minimum, the prospectus will include the following items for evaluation: a) A completed copy of the Division’s Consultant Confidential Qualification Questionnaire, if not already on file, dated January 1, 2024, or later. b) Overall capabilities to perform the work, including workforce available to assign to the project, personnel qualifications, and present workload. c) Location of office in which the work will be performed. d) Type of work anticipated to be sub-contracted or performed by a sub-consultant. e) Indication of whether a cost accounting system has been maintained and is in effect such that it is capable of segregating and identifying accumulating costs for each job that is performed under cost type projects. f) A completed copy of the Division’s Short List Selection Criteria Technical Evaluation form limited to a single page of data. Cross-referencing on this form to other parts of the prospectus is not acceptable. g) Indication of the project(s) for which the firm is submitting information for consideration. If the submission is for all projects, a statement to that effect shall be made and a detailed listing shall not be required. Prior to entering into contract negotiations, the selected firm and any sub-consultants shall submit a current audited overhead rate computation performed by a state or federal government agency or independent CPA firm. The submitted overhead audit shall contain a detailed exhibit of the computations with all applicable eliminations and references. The audit shall be done in accordance with Government Auditing Standards issued by the Comptroller General of the United States and all eliminations required by the Federal Acquisitions Regulations will be made. This requirement will be waived for the selected firm or any sub-consultant when its portion of the fee for the project is less than One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00). In such instances, a company computed overhead rate may be utilized. A single letter of interest and unpriced prospectus is required regardless of the number of projects requested by the firm for consideration. It is the policy of the West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways that disadvantaged and women-owned business enterprises shall have the maximum opportunity to participate in the performance of contracts financed in whole or in part with federal funds. 5/31/2024Open Notice is hereby given by the West Virginia Department of Transportation (WVDOT), Division of Highways (DOH), that planning consulting services will be utilized for the following project: Federal Grant Opportunities, West Virginia. This work shall consist of supporting State Agencies expressing interest in federal grant opportunities, on an as-needed (on-call) basis related to the Infrastructure Investment and Job Acts (IIJA). Method of payment will be lump sum per assignment or cost-plus fixed fee. Multiple firms will be selected for this work. 4/29/2024Closed: Selected SELECTED CONSULTANT Burgess & Niple, Inc.SGT SCOTT ANGEL MEMORIAL BRIDGE, located in the Town of Gauley Bridge in Fayette County, West Virginia. The structure crosses the Gauley River just upstream of the confluence with the Kanawha River. This rehabilitation project shall consist of converting the abutments to semi-integral, superstructure replacement, and reviewing current Inspection Reports and performing adequate field work to permit all recommended and approved repairs to the piers and portions of the abutments below the semi-integral conversion. All fieldwork shall be coordinated with regularly scheduled Bridge Inspection services. The existing overall bridge width is 36.4 feet with a curb-to-curb width of 28.0 feet, and the bridge length is 705.5 feet. The professional services for the rehabilitation shall include the preparation of construction plans, surveying, and traffic engineering services with special consideration to Design Directive 681 – Work Zone Safety and Mobility. Environmental documents necessary for submission to obtain NEPA clearance shall be included in the engineering services. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by a separate Agreement.4/15/2024Closed: Selected SELECTED CONSULTANT Herbert, Rowland & Grubic, Inc. PRICKETT CREEK W-BEAM BRIDGE, located in Marion County, West Virginia. This structure carries County Route (CR) 73 over Prickett Creek and is located 0.12 mile south of CR 72. The bridge is a three-span, multi-girder bridge with an overall length of approximately 116 feet-10 inches and a roadway width of 26 feet with a 3-foot-wide cantilever sidewalk. The professional services for the bridge replacement shall include the design of construction plans and right-of-way plans, surveying, geotechnical services, and traffic engineering services with special consideration to Design Directive 681 – Work Zone Safety and Mobility. Assume that NEPA clearance will be handled in-house by the Technical Support Division. Post Design Services, if required, will be by a separate Agreement.4/8/2024Closed: Selected SELECTED CONSULTANT L. A. Gates CompanyPVT LAWRENCE OOTEN MEM BR, located in Mingo County, West Virginia. The structure carries United States Route (US) 119 over CSX Railroad and is located approximately 0.12 mile south of County Route (CR) 65/30. The existing structure consists of five steel girder spans (SSBM) supported by concrete stub abutment ends which are founded on spread footings and by eight cantilever piers (four per direction) constructed of reinforced concrete which are founded on piling and spread footings. The overall length of the structure, from paving notch to paving notch, is 552 feet. The BARS Number is 30A134 and the Bridge Number is 30-119-20.67. This project shall consist of the preparation of contract plans and related documents for the replacement of the existing bridge. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by a separate Agreement.4/8/2024Closed: Selected SELECTED CONSULTANT The Markosky Engineering Group, Inc.SO SIDE CSX RAMP, located in Kanawha County, West Virginia. The structure carries two lanes of divided traffic over the Amtrak Station Platform in Charleston, WV. This rehabilitation project shall consist of reviewing current Inspection Reports and performing adequate fieldwork to permit all recommended and approved repair items to be quantified and addressed in the contract plans and related documents. All fieldwork shall be coordinated with regularly scheduled Bridge Inspection services. The existing bridge width is 20.0 feet, and the bridge length is 358.0 feet and is located 0.40 mile south of West Virginia Route (WV) 61. The professional services for the bridge rehabilitation shall include the preparation of construction plans, surveying, and traffic engineering services with special consideration to Design Directive 681 – Work Zone Safety and Mobility. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by separate Agreement.3/18/2024Closed: Selected Selected Consultant HDR Engineering, Inc. BRIDGEPORT HILL OVERPASS, located in Harrison County, West Virginia. The structure carries United States Route (US) 50 over Interstate 79 (I-79) and is located approximately 0.43 mile west of County Route (CR) 50/16. The existing structure consists of a four span, combined simple and continuous steel W-beam bridge supported by two reinforced concrete stub abutments and three reinforced concrete column piers. Built in 1974, the overall length of the structure is approximately 387.9 feet and the BARS Number is 17A208. This project shall consist of the preparation of contract plans and related documents for the rehabilitation of the existing bridge. NEPA documentation will be performed by the WVDOH. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by a separate Agreement.3/18/2024Closed: Selected Selected Consultant Michael Baker International, Inc. FARNSWORTH DRIVE BRIDGE, located in Kanawha County, West Virginia. The structure is situated over I-77, Piedmont Road, and Richards Street. This rehabilitation project shall consist of reviewing current Inspection Reports and performing adequate field work to permit all recommended and approved repair items to be quantified and addressed in the contract plans and related documents. All fieldwork shall be coordinated with regularly scheduled Bridge Inspection services. The existing bridge width is 25.9 feet, and the bridge length is 456.4 feet. The professional services for the rehabilitation shall include the preparation of construction plans, surveying, and traffic engineering services with special consideration to Design Directive 681 – Work Zone Safety and Mobility. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by a separate Agreement.3/4/2024Closed: Selected Short-Listed Consultant Herbert, Rowland & Grubic, Inc. NEW CREEK BRIDGE, located in Mineral County, West Virginia. The structure carries United States Route (US) 50 over New Creek and is located approximately 0.01 mile east of West Virginia Route (WV) 972. The existing structure consists of three simple reinforced concrete T-beam spans (SCTB) supported by full-height reinforced concrete abutments and solid reinforced concrete piers. The overall length of the structure, from out to out of backwalls, is 133 feet. The BARS Number is 29A047 and the Bridge Number is 29-50-10.65. This project shall consist of the preparation of contract plans and related documents for the construction of a new bridge in accordance with Location and Design Approval dated May 8, 2023. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by a separate Agreement.3/4/2024Closed: Selected Selected Consultant HNTB CorporationI-81 WELCOME CENTERS & OVERNIGHT TRUCK PARKING, located in Berkeley County, West Virginia on I-81. The project shall consist of preparing construction contract plans for the site development and building plans for the replacement with two new-style Welcome Centers on the same location and an upgrade to one existing overnight truck parking facility. Building plans will include architectural, structural, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing design services. The project will be developed in one phase. The consultant will be responsible for survey and geotechnical services. NEPA will be performed by WVDOH. Post Design Services, if required, may be by separate Agreement. PLEASE BE ADVISED THAT THIS PROJECT IS ON AN ACCELERATED SCHEDULE AND PLANS WILL BE DUE BY NOVEMBER 24, 2024.2/26/2024Closed: Selected Selected Consultant Burgess & Niple, Inc. I-77 CHARLESTON BRIDGE BUNDLE, located in Kanawha County, West Virginia. The project includes Stadium Place OP over Stadium Place (BARS 20A416) and the Boyhood Home of Booker T. Washington Bridge over US Route 60 W, Norfolk & Southern Railroad, and Campbells Creek (BARS 20A643). The existing structures are 108.1 feet by 123.7 feet and 84.1 feet by 655.7 feet, respectively. These rehabilitation projects shall consist of reviewing current Inspection Reports and performing adequate fieldwork to permit all recommended and approved repair items to be quantified and addressed in the contract plans and related documents. All fieldwork shall be coordinated with regularly scheduled Bridge Inspection Services. The professional services for the bridge rehabilitations shall include preparing construction plans, surveying, and traffic engineering services with special consideration to Design Directive 681 – Work Zone Safety and Mobility. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by separate Agreement. 2/26/2024Closed: Selected Selected Consultants GAI Consultants Inc. NORTH 77 & 79 BRIDGE BUNDLE, located in Kanawha County, West Virginia. The project includes the thirteen structures shown below. These rehabilitation projects shall consist of reviewing current Inspection Reports and performing adequate fieldwork to permit all recommended and approved repair items to be quantified and addressed in the contract plans and related documents. All fieldwork shall be coordinated with regularly scheduled Bridge Inspection Services. The professional services for the bridge rehabilitations shall include preparing construction plans, surveying, and traffic engineering services with special consideration to Design Directive 681 – Work Zone Safety and Mobility. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by separate Agreement. 2/20/2024Closed: Selected Selected Consultant Whitman, Requardt and Associates, LLPHURRICANE CITY BRIDGE BUNDLE, located in Putnam County, West Virginia. The project includes Hurricane City Park Bridge over Mill Creek (BARS 40A904) and the Conner Street Bridge over CSX Railroad (BARS 40A903). The existing structures are 26.7 feet wide by 55.5 feet long and 20.0 feet wide by 50.1 feet long, respectively. These rehabilitation projects shall consist of reviewing current Inspection Reports and performing adequate fieldwork to permit all recommended and approved repair items to be quantified and addressed in the contract plans and related documents. All fieldwork shall be coordinated with regularly scheduled Bridge Inspection Services. The professional services for the bridge rehabilitations shall include preparing construction plans, surveying, and traffic engineering services with special consideration to Design Directive 681 – Work Zone Safety and Mobility. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by separate Agreement. 2/20/2024Closed: Selected Selected Consultant Greenman-Pedersen, Inc.UPPER KANAWHA VALLEY BRIDGE BUNDLE, located in Kanawha County, West Virginia. The project includes the six structures shown below. These rehabilitation projects shall consist of reviewing current Inspection Reports and performing adequate fieldwork to permit all recommended and approved repair items to be quantified and addressed in the contract plans and related documents. All fieldwork shall be coordinated with regularly scheduled Bridge Inspection Services. The professional services for the bridge rehabilitations shall include preparing construction plans, surveying, and traffic engineering services with special consideration to Design Directive 681 – Work Zone Safety and Mobility. Post Design Services, if required, may be by separate Agreement. 2/12/2024Closed: Selected Selected Consultant MODJESKI AND MASTERS, INC.CHARLESTON CITY BRIDGE BUNDLE, located in Kanawha County, West Virginia. The project includes the five structures shown below. These rehabilitation projects shall consist of reviewing current Inspection Reports and performing adequate fieldwork to permit all recommended and approved repair items to be quantified and addressed in the contract plans and related documents. All fieldwork shall be coordinated with regularly scheduled Bridge Inspection Services. The professional services for the bridge rehabilitations shall include preparing construction plans, surveying, and traffic engineering services with special consideration to Design Directive 681 – Work Zone Safety and Mobility. Post Design Services, if required, may be by separate Agreement. 2/12/2024Closed: Selected Selected Consultant HDR Engineering, Inc. SOUTH CHARLESTON BRIDGE BUNDLE, located in Kanawha County, West Virginia. The project includes the six structures shown below. These rehabilitation projects shall consist of reviewing current Inspection Reports and performing adequate fieldwork to permit all recommended and approved repair items to be quantified and addressed in the contract plans and related documents. All fieldwork shall be coordinated with regularly scheduled Bridge Inspection Services. The professional services for the bridge rehabilitations shall include preparing construction plans, surveying, and traffic engineering services with special consideration to Design Directive 681 – Work Zone Safety and Mobility. Post Design Services, if required, may be by separate Agreement. 2/5/2024Closed: Withdrawn I-81 WELCOME CENTERS & OVERNIGHT TRUCK PARKING, located in Berkeley County, West Virginia on I-81. The project shall consist of preparing construction contract plans for the site development and building plans for the replacement with two new-style Welcome Centers on the same location and an upgrade to one existing overnight truck parking facility. Building plans will include architectural, structural, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing design services. The project will be developed in one phase. The consultant will be responsible for survey and geotechnical services. NEPA will be performed by WVDOH. Post Design Services, if required, may be by separate Agreement. 12/18/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultant AI Engineers, Inc.HUGHES BRIDGE SB, located in Nicholas County, West Virginia. The structure carries US 19 southbound over Summersville Lake and is located approximately 0.22 mile north of CR 19/66. The bridge is a seven-span structure with two-span continuous beam approaches at either end, and a three-span deck truss for the main spans. The project shall consist of the design and preparation of contract plans and related documents for the rehabilitation of the existing structure. Rehabilitation shall include addressing the elevation differential in the bridge deck at the finger joints of the bridge, specifically the joint between Span Two and Span Three at Pier Two and the joint between Span Five and Span Six at Pier Five, in addition to replacing the existing bridge deck and rehabilitating the substructure units. The project shall consist of two phases. Phase I shall begin with an inspection of the bridge to become familiar with the finger joint problem, focusing on the finger joints at Pier Two and Pier Five, the overall deck, and the bearings of the truss and approach spans. The Consultant shall also investigate the cause of the misalignment as well as possible corrective actions. In addition, the Consultant shall perform any additional inspection efforts required to quantify deficiencies that need addressed in a substructure renovation. The Consultant is tasked with determining or proposing an explanation to the cause of the elevation difference between the approach spans and the truss spans. Multiple solutions to the problem shall be proposed with a general work plan and cost estimate for each option. After presentation of the solutions and discussion, the WVDOH shall select an option to address the finger joint problem as well as the basic approach for the deck replacement and the substructure rehabilitation. Phase II shall be the preparation of detailed construction contract plans for the rehabilitation of the bridge and shall be done as a planned supplemental agreement. If required, environmental services necessary for submission to obtain NEPA clearance shall be done under a separate Agreement. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by a separate Agreement. 10/23/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultant Stantec Consulting Services Inc.KANAWHA CITY BRIDGE BUNDLE, includes Kaufmann Memorial 35th Street Bridge over the Kanawha River, Ramp A Bridge over CR 60/76, Ramp B Bridge over NSRR, CR64/4, and CR60/76, Ramp C Bridge over CR 60/76, Ramp D Bridge over I-77 S, NSRR, CR64/4, and CR60/76, and Bob Basil Memorial 36th Street Bridge over the Kanawha River located in Kanawha County, West Virginia. These rehabilitation projects shall consist of reviewing current Inspection Reports and performing adequate field work to permit all recommended and approved repair items to be quantified and addressed in the contract plans and related documents. All fieldwork shall be coordinated with regularly scheduled Bridge Inspection services. The various structures carry one and two lanes of one-way traffic on ramp bridges and mainline bridges over the Kanawha River. The existing structures over the Kanawha River are 1383.8 feet and 1326.5 feet in length, respectively. The Ramp structures are 328.2 feet, 477.3 feet, 112.2 feet and 394.1 feet in length, respectively. The professional services for these bridge rehabilitations shall include the preparation of construction plans, surveying, and traffic engineering services with special consideration to Design Directive 681 – Work Zone Safety and Mobility. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by a separate Agreement. 10/16/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultant Neff, Longest & Beam and Associates, LLCCAMP CREEK OVERPASS NO. 2 +1, located in Mercer County, West Virginia. The structure carries County Route (CR) 3 over Interstate 77 (I-77) and is located approximately 0.02 mile west of the intersection of CR 3 and CR 3/1 in Mercer County. This project shall consist of the preparation of contract plans and related documents for the replacement of structure 28A006 along the existing alignment and the rehabilitation of structure 28A153. The rehabilitation of structure 28A153 shall include deck replacement, and superstructure and substructure rehabilitation. Staged construction will be required to maintain the flow of traffic during construction. NEPA services will be handled in-house by the Technical Support Division. Post Design Services, if required, shall be done by a separate Agreement.10/16/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultant Herbert, Rowland, & Grubic, Inc. DEEP VALLEY BR, located in Tyler County, West Virginia. The structure carries County Route (CR) 56 over Middle Island Creek and is located approximately 0.20 mile west of the junction of West Virginia Route (WV) 18. The existing bridge is a pin connected simple span steel pony truss (Acrow Bridge) with an overall span length of 161 feet – 1 inch. The BARS Number is 48A096 and the Bridge Number is 48-56-0.20. This project shall consist of the preparation of contract plans and related documents for the construction of a new bridge on the downstream side of the existing bridge while maintaining traffic on the existing bridge during construction. NEPA Clearance will be handled in-house by the Technical Support Division. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by a separate Agreement. 10/10/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consulant HDR Engineering, Inc. CRADDOCK BROTHERS VETERANS BRIDGE, located in Calhoun County, West Virginia. The structure carries United States Route (US) 33 over the West Fork of Little Kanawha River and is located approximately 0.07 mile west of County Route (CR) 18. The existing structure is a three-span continuous steel beam bridge with a span length of 172 feet – 6 inches. The BARS Number is 07A057 and the Bridge Number is 07-33-5.34. This project shall consist of the preparation of contract plans and related documents for the construction of a new bridge using innovative ideas for maintaining traffic during construction. Environmental documents necessary for submission to obtain NEPA clearance shall be included in the engineering services. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by a separate Agreement. 10/10/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultant Mead and Hunt, Inc. KAUSOOTH BRIDGE, located in Marshall County, West Virginia. The structure carries County Route (CR) 74/2 over Fish Creek and is located approximately 0.10 mile south of the junction of CR 74. The existing bridge consists of two simple steel through girder spans and one pin connected Pratt Through Truss with an overall span length of 195 feet – 9 inches. The BARS Number is 26A058 and the Bridge Number is 26-74/2-2.61. This project shall consist of the preparation of contract plans and related documents for the construction of a new bridge in the vicinity of the existing bridge while maintaining traffic on the existing bridge during construction. NEPA clearance will be handled in-house by the Technical Support Division. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by a separate Agreement. 10/2/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultant Mead and Hunt, Inc.GREENBAG RD, located in Monongalia County, West Virginia. This project shall consist of the development of Construction and Right-of-Way plans for a roadway widening and intersection improvement project. The project is approximately 3.0 miles in length and is located along Monongalia County Route (CR) 857 between its junction with United States Route (US) 119 to W I/S 857/1 (Miss. St.) and a segment from I/S 857/6 (Luckey Lane) to WV 7. Also included, will be an Engineering Design Study and complete NEPA documentation to obtain environmental clearance for the roadway widening and intersection improvements and any other related work as may be required. Other improvements include bicycling and pedestrian safety, drainage improvements, lighting, roadway deficiencies, signing, transit travel, and green infrastructure improvements. The Consultant will be responsible for survey, traffic engineering services and geotechnical services. Post Design Services, if required, will be by separate Agreement.10/2/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultant A. Morton Thomas and Associates, Inc. W WASHINGTON STREET, located in Jefferson County, West Virginia. This project shall consist of a Design Study to update and enhance the report “WV-51 Feasibility Study.” The Design Study will address the traffic safety and pedestrian mobility improvements throughout the WV 51 corridor study area also known as MLK Jr. Blvd. and W. Washington Street in Charles Town, WV. The study scope shall address the alternatives identified as 1, 2, and 3 of the Feasibility Study, and a no build. A new alternative will be added to modify Alternative 3 to show the one-way conversion flow in the opposite direction. In addition, a second new alternative will be added with a connector road from WV 51 to CR 13 to the west of the railroad tracks and a roundabout with CR 13, thus eliminating a railroad crossing. Also, an additional highway specific alternative, based on field reviews, will be added to the tasks if the firm identifies an efficient, economical solution during preliminary evaluation of the existing report. Due to the large area of impacts, NEPA activities will be limited to an overview only. During the evaluation process, the firm should eliminate any alternative that cannot be advanced to final report due to any NEPA issues. Final NEPA activities will occur by a planned supplement, a separate Consultant, or in parallel with preliminary engineering during the 300 series activities associated with this portion of the project. The Consultant will also prepare mapping and survey for the project. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by a separate Agreement.9/18/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultant L. A. Gates Company JARRELLS BOTTOM BRIDGE, located in Raleigh County, West Virginia. The structure carries HARP (HA) 902/33 over Marsh Fork and is located approximately 0.1 mile west of the intersection of West Virginia Route (WV) 3 and HA 902/33. This project shall consist of the preparation of contract plans and related documents for the replacement of the bridge along the existing alignment, while maintaining traffic on a temporary bridge just downstream during construction. Environmental documents necessary for submission to obtain NEPA clearance shall be included in the engineering services. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by a separate Agreement.9/18/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultant Greenman-Pedersen, Inc. WILLIAM C BROWN BRIDGE, located in Raleigh County, West Virginia. The structure carries United States (US) 19 connector over Piney Creek and is located approximately 0.30 mile northeast of the intersection of United States Rout (US) 19 connector and US Interstate 64 (I-64) in Raleigh County. This project shall consist of the preparation of contract plans and related documents for the rehabilitation of the substructure, joint replacement, paint replacement, and deck overlay, while maintaining traffic on the existing bridge during construction. Post Design Services, if required, shall be done by a separate Agreement.8/28/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultant HNTB CorporationMORGANTOWN INDUSTRIAL PARK ACCESS, located in Monongalia County, West Virginia. This project consists of the development of right of way, construction contract plans and related documents for the Morgantown Industrial Park Access Road. The project consists of designing a road and bridge identified as the recommended alignment from the Design Study. All alignments begin at the Harmony Grove Bridge and terminate at US 119, Don Knotts Boulevard. A proposed bridge over the Monongahela River, with Coast Guard permitting and clearance requirements is required. Geotechnical services and traffic management plan will be required. Post Design Services will be by a separate Agreement. ACCELERATED CONSULTANT PROCUREMENT AND DESIGN IS REQUIRED.8/14/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultant MODJESKI AND MASTERS, INC.WILLIAM S RITCHIE JR, located in Jackson County, West Virginia. The structure carries United States Route (US) 33 over West Virginia Route (WV) 68, CSX Railroad, and Ohio River and is located approximately 0.30 mile west of WV 68. The bridge consists of a three (3) span continuous steel thru truss main structure in addition to seven (7) steel plate girder approach spans. Each span includes a reinforced concrete bridge deck with the exception of the main river span of the truss, where the deck consists of a concrete half-filled steel grid decking system. Professional engineering services are sought for the preparation of contract plans and related documents for a bridge rehabilitation project. The project will be developed in two phases. Phase I will consist of analyzing the existing truss structure and developing suitable replacement decking options available that will not exceed the capacity of the existing bridge. Phase II will include the design of construction plans, surveying, and traffic engineering plans to replace all expansion joints, replace the half-filled steel grid decking system with the chosen option from Phase I, and to install a concrete deck overlay in the remaining spans. One lane of traffic shall be maintained across the bridge at all times during construction. Post Design Services, if required, shall be done by a separate Agreement.8/14/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultant Palmer Engineering Company 12th STREET BRIDGE, located in Cabell County, West Virginia. The structure carries 12th Street over Fourpole Creek in the City of Huntington and is located approximately 0.34 mile west of WV 10. The existing structure is a single span spandrel filled reinforced concrete arch with a span length of 44 feet – 4 inches, spring line to spring line. The BARS Number is 06A902 and the Bridge Number is 06 N0760-0.03. This project shall consist of the preparation of contract plans and related documents for the construction of a new bridge at its current location, while maintaining traffic on city streets owned by the City of Huntington. Environmental documents necessary for submission to obtain NEPA clearance shall be included in the engineering services. Post Design Services, if required, shall be by a separate Agreement.7/31/2023Closed: Withdrawn PLEASE NOTE THAT THE DEADLINE OF JULY 24, 2023 REFERENCED IN THE BODY OF THE RFQ IS EXTENDED BY ONE WEEK AND WILL BE DUE ON JULY 31, 2023. ALSO PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS IS AN ACCELERATED PROJECT WITH HIGH PRIORTY AND PLANS WILL BE BASED ON ALTERNATE 3 OF THE PHASE I DESIGN STUDY, NOT ALTERNATE 1 AS ORIGINALLY DESCRIBED, AND SHALL REQUIRE A SEVEN-SPAN, 1,324 -FOOT-LONG BRIDGE AND SHALL INCLUDE AN AT GRADE INTERSECTION MORGANTOWN INDUSTRIAL PARK ACCESS PHASE II, located in Monongalia County, West Virginia. This project consists of the development of right of way plans, construction contract plans and related documents for Phase 2 (road extension and new bridge). The project consists of the extension of the Morgantown Industrial Park Access Phase 1 road across the Monongahela River and to tie to US 119. A proposed three-span, 810-foot-long bridge, with Coast Guard permitting and clearance requirements is required. It is anticipated that a grade separated intersection will be designed at the US 119 – Don Knotts Boulevard connection. Geotechnical services and a traffic management plan will be required. Post Design Services, if required, shall be done by a separate Agreement.7/17/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultant A. Morton Thomas & Associates, Inc. ALLEN JUNCTION ARCH BR, located in Wyoming County, West Virginia. The structure carries West Virginia Route (WV) 16 over the Guyandotte River and is located approximately 0.13 mile south of County Route (CR) 12/1 in Wyoming County. This project shall consist of preparation of contract plans and related documents for the construction of a new bridge upstream of the existing bridge, while maintaining traffic on the existing bridge during construction. Environmental documents necessary for submission to obtain NEPA clearance shall be included in the engineering services. Post Design Services, if required, shall be done by a separate Agreement.7/17/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultant Michael Baker International, Inc. I-79 CO 14/1 O/P MULTI-PLATE ARCH REPLACEMENT +1, located in Lewis County on I-79. This project consists of the development of contract plans and related documents and geotechnical services for the replacement of two multiplate arches. These culverts are located under I-79. A Design Study has not been completed and will not be a part of these services. Based on the information collected, it is recommended that the arches be replaced by twin bridges with special attention to removal of the culverts while maintaining local traffic and utilizing crossovers on the interstate. The firm will be responsible for surveys, core borings and preparing a traffic management plan. Post Design Services will be by a separate Agreement.7/10/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultant Michael Baker International, Inc. BRIDGE STREET BRIDGE, located in Pleasants County, West Virginia. The structure carries Bridge Street over CSX Railroad and is located approximately 0.07 mile west of WV 2. This project shall consist of the preparation of contract plans and related documents for the construction of a new bridge near its current location, while maintaining traffic on a detour thru property owned by the City of St Mary’s. The project shall be developed in two phases. Phase I of the project shall be to determine an alignment that minimizes impacts to the community. Innovation is crucial in this Phase of the project to keep right of way takes at a minimum. Phase II (by supplement) shall be the contract plan development. Environmental documents necessary for submission to obtain NEPA clearance shall be included in the engineering services. Post Design Services, if required, may be by separate Agreement. 7/10/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultant: MODJESKI AND MASTERS, INC.BUFFALO CREEK BRIDGE, located in Preston County, West Virginia. The structure carries United States Route (US) 50 over Buffalo Creek and is located approximately 0.03 mile east of State Route (SR) 72 in Preston County. This project shall consist of preparation of contract plans and related documents for the construction of a new bridge at the current location, while maintaining traffic on a downstream detour during construction. Environmental documents necessary for submission to obtain NEPA clearance, as well as Army Corp of Engineers permits shall be included in the engineering services. Post Design Services, if required, shall be done by a separate Agreement.6/12/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultant The Mannik & Smith Group, Inc.PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS RFQ DEADLINE WILL BE EXTENDED ONE WEEK AND WILL BE DUE ON JUNE 12, 2023. RICHARD SNYDER MEM BR, located in Wetzel County. This project consists of the development of contract plans and related documents and geotechnical services for the replacement of the Richard Snyder Memorial Bridge. This structure is located on WV 7 over WV 2 in New Martinsville. A Design Study has been completed and will not be a part of these services. Based on the information collected, it is recommended that staged construction will be used to maintain traffic during construction. The firm will be required to rate the bridge for the staged condition. Post Design Services will be by a separate Agreement. 6/12/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultant Herbert, Rowland & Grubic, Inc.PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS RFQ DEADLINE WILL BE EXTENDED ONE WEEK AND WILL BE DUE ON JUNE 12, 2023.** HACKERS CREEK BRIDGE, located in Harrison County, West Virginia. The structure carries United States Route (US) 19 over Hackers Creek and is located approximately 0.01 mile north of County Route (CR) 19/22 in Harrison County. This project shall consist of preparation of contract plans and related documents for the construction of a new bridge at the current location, while maintaining traffic on a downstream detour during construction. Environmental documents necessary for submission to obtain NEPA clearance, as well as Army Corp of Engineers permits shall be included in the engineering services. Post Design Services, if required, shall be done by a separate Agreement.5/22/2023Closed: Selected Selected Consultants L. A. Gates Company BIRCH RIVER BR, located in Nicholas County, West Virginia. Bridge number34-1-4.48, Bars number 34A001. This structure carries County Route (CR) 1 over the Birch River and is located 2.24 miles west of US 19 at the Birch River exit. The bridge is a one span pony truss on concrete crib abutments. The structure length is 76.8’ and the roadway width is 19.0’ curb
5269	dbpedia	2	2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okey_Patteson	en	Okey Patteson	https://upload.wikimedia…key_Patteson.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…key_Patteson.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Okey_Patteson.jpg/220px-Okey_Patteson.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_West_Virginia.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_West_Virginia.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2005-08-21T02:47:06+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okey_Patteson	American politician (1898–1989) Okey Leonidas Patteson (September 14, 1898 – July 3, 1989) was the 23rd Governor of West Virginia from 1949 to 1953. He was a member of the United States Democratic Party and of the "machine" that totally controlled politics in that era in the state. Biography [edit] Okey Patteson was son of L.C. and Lola (Groves) Patteson. He was born at Dingess, West Virginia and raised at Mount Hope, Fayette County. He married Lee Hawse in 1923 and they had two daughters, Fanny Lee and Anna Hughes. His religious affiliation was Methodist. In 1932, a hunting accident left him disabled, as both of his legs had to be amputated below the knees.[1] Patteson graduated with a bachelor's degree from West Virginia Wesleyan College and did post-graduate work at Carnegie Institute of Technology. He was awarded honorary degrees of L.L.D. from West Virginia University in 1949 and from West Virginia Wesleyan College. Patteson worked as an automobile dealer and with real estate in Mount Hope. He served as President of Fayette County Court 1935–41 and as sheriff of Fayette County 1941–44. In the 1944 elections, he was Campaign manager for the Democratic Party and became a Presidential elector. The new governor, Clarence W. Meadows, appointed him his personal assistant, a position he held for three years, until he resigned to run for governor, January 1, 1948. He won the nomination with a margin of 62 000 over the nearest opponent and was elected by majority of 110 000 in the general election. He served as governor for one term.[2] Patteson was a member of the Board of Trustees of West Virginia Wesleyan, and of a number of societies: Free masons, Knights Templar, Moose International, Lions, Chamber of Commerce, American Legion, Sons of the American Revolution and Elks. He was a member of the National Guard for three years.[2] After his term Patteson served as general manager of the Turnpike, returned to real estate business, and became president of the Raleigh County Bank. In 1969, Governor Arch A. Moore, Jr. named Patteson to the newly created Board of Regents.[1] Governorship [edit] He is best known for his decision to place the state's first medical school at West Virginia University in Morgantown, in the northern part of the state, rather than in the more centrally located Charleston.[1] A section of West Virginia Route 705 leading to West Virginia University Hospitals is named Patteson Drive in his honor. He also is known for the initial construction of the West Virginia Turnpike, which was to be a 4-lane road system throughout the state, although, after his term, it was superseded by the interstate highway system, with only a 2-lane section between Charleston and Princeton ever completed. During his governorship, Patteson, in a now-infamous decision, closed the state investigation into the disappearance of the Sodder children, calling the children's parents' pursuit of the case "hopeless".[3] During his term, the legislature created the position of state Tax Commissioner and authorized cities to levy sales taxes.[1] He was praised by crime writer Erle Stanley Gardner for his careful re-investigation of the case of convicted murderer Robert Ballard Bailey when doubts were raised about the validity of the conviction.[4][5] Gardner dedicated his detective novel Top of the Heap to Patteson. References [edit] patteson.html Biography of Okey L. Patteson Inaugural Address of Okey L. Patteson
5269	dbpedia	0	11	https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/inaugural6.html	en	Gubernatoral Inaugurations			[ "https://archive.wvculture.org/images/Gif/pixel.gif", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/archives/test3.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/inauguraltitle.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/marland06t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/marland01t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/marland02t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/marland05t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/marlandinauguralfootage.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/chasmap4t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/1957underwood01t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/1957underwood02t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/1957underwood10t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/1957underwood09t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/1957underwood06t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/1957underwood07t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/1957underwood08t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/1957underwood11t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/1957underwoodinauguralfootage.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/barron01t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/barron02t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/barron05t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/barroninauguralspeechfootage.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/barron06t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/barroninauguralfootage.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/barron10t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/barron07t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/barron08t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/barron11t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/barron09t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/smith01t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/smith02t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/smith04t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/smith05t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/smith06t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/smith07t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/smith08t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/smith09t.jpg", "https://archive.wvculture.org/history/exhibitsonline/inaugural/inauguraltitlesmall.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Although weather conditions would have permitted the inauguration to be held outdoors, the ceremony was planned as an indoor event. Marland was not inaugurated in the Senate chamber, however. Instead, the event took place in the capitol rotunda, with Marland and other dignitaries seated on a two-story platform under the dome and more than two thousand seats filling the legislative corridors. Among those seated on the platform were former Governor Henry D. Hatfield, United Mine Workers President John L. Lewis, and UMWA District 17 President William Blizzard. Ceremonies began at noon with the playing of the national anthem, the invocation, and the singing of "The Lord's Prayer" by young Julliard-trained tenor James L. Bailey of Charleston. After taking the oath of office, Governor Marland, who, in a departure from the formal morning attire of his predecessors, wore a dark blue suit, delivered his inaugural address. The inauguration was filmed, and, according to the Raleigh Register, film was to be flown to Huntington for airing on WSAZ-TV. A public reception was held in the governor's reception room in the evening. In a move similar to that of Matthew Neely in 1941, Cecil Harland Underwood was administered the oath of office at 12:06 a.m. on Monday, January 14, 1957, in the Hotel Kanawha by Wayman R. Brown, a notary public and agent for Columbian Fuel Corporation. In order to have the oath officially filed, Brown and others then visited Secretary of State D. Pitt O'Brien, administered the oath to him, and had him sign Underwood's oath. Shortly after 10:00 a.m., the inaugural parade began, traveling east on Kanawha Boulevard from Summers Street to the capitol. Although 23 bands had been planned, weather made several late and kept some from arriving at all. Temperatures were below freezing, and several inches of snow had fallen overnight. A few participants slipped and fell on the icy ground during the parade. A reviewing stand had been erected across the boulevard from the capitol for Underwood and other dignitaries. WCHS-TV and WSAZ-TV covered the parade, and WSAZ-TV provided the first live television coverage of the inauguration of a West Virginia governor. At the end of the parade, Underwood entered the capitol only to exit on the other side of the building, where a platform had been constructed over the fountain. After the new governor took the oath of office for the second time, the West Virginia National Guard gave a 19-gun salute before Underwood gave his inaugural address. Before the benediction, Prince A. Williams, a music professor at West Virginia State College, sang "Onward Christian Soldiers." The formal ceremonies ended and the governor held a reception for the high school musicians who had participated in the parade, the first and only time that such an event was held as part of a gubernatorial inauguration. The students also were provided a box lunch. Starting at 8:00 p.m. that evening, a public reception was held in the governor's reception room; the Underwood's three-year-old daughter Cecelia had her own receiving line for several very young attendees. Afterwards, a semi-formal dance, sponsored by the Young Republicans, was held at the Daniel Boone Hotel.
5269	dbpedia	0	50	https://kids.kiddle.co/Solid_South	en	Solid South facts for kids	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…th_1876-1964.png	https://kids.kiddle.co/i…th_1876-1964.png	[ "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-robot.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/a/a1/DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png/300px-DemocraticSolidSouth_1876-1964.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/1/10/USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png/300px-USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/9/95/Solid_South_1880_to_1912.jpg/300px-Solid_South_1880_to_1912.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/thumb/5/5d/McCutcheonMysteriousStrange.jpg/200px-McCutcheonMysteriousStrange.jpg", "https://kids.kiddle.co/images/wk/kids-search-engine.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Learn Solid South facts for kids	en	/images/wk/favicon-16x16.png		https://kids.kiddle.co/Solid_South	For the play titled Solid South, see Lawton Campbell. The Solid South or Southern bloc was the electoral voting bloc of the states of the Southern United States for issues that were regarded as particularly important to the interests of Democrats in those states. The Southern bloc existed especially between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964. During this period, the Democratic Party controlled state legislatures; most local and state officeholders in the South were Democrats, as were federal politicians elected from these states. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, Southern Democrats disenfranchised blacks in all Southern states, along with a few non-Southern states doing the same as well. This resulted essentially in a one-party system, in which a candidate's victory in Democratic primary elections was tantamount to election to the office itself. White primaries were another means that the Democrats used to consolidate their political power, excluding blacks from voting in primaries. The "Solid South" is a loose term referring to the states that made up the voting bloc at any point in time. The Southern region as defined by U.S. Census comprises sixteen states plus Washington, D.C.—Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Washington, D.C., West Virginia, Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas. The idea of the Solid South shifted over time and did not always necessarily correspond to the census definition. After Reconstruction, all the former slave states were dominated by the Democratic Party for at least two decades. Delaware, the least secessionist slave state, was considered a reliable state for the Democratic Party, as was Missouri, classified as a Midwestern state by the U.S. Census. From the early part of the 20th century on, Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and West Virginia ceased to be reliably Democratic (although West Virginia once again became a reliably Democratic state with the New Deal era). History At the start of the American Civil War, there were 34 states in the United States, 15 of which were slave states. Slavery was also legal in the District of Columbia. Eleven of these slave states seceded from the United States to form the Confederacy: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. The slave states that stayed in the Union were Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, and Kentucky, and they were referred to as the border states. In 1861, West Virginia was created out of Virginia, and admitted in 1863 and considered a border state. By the time the Emancipation Proclamation was made in 1863 Tennessee was already under Union control. Accordingly the Proclamation applied only to the 10 remaining Confederate states. Several of the border states abolished slavery before the end of the Civil War—Maryland in 1864, Missouri in 1865, one of the Confederate states, Tennessee in 1865, West Virginia in 1865, and the District of Columbia in 1862. However, slavery persisted in Delaware, Kentucky, and 10 of the 11 former Confederate states, until the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery throughout the United States on December 18, 1865. Democratic dominance of the South originated in the struggle of white Southerners during and after Reconstruction (1865–1877) to reestablish white supremacy and disenfranchise black people. The U.S. government under the Republican Party had defeated the Confederacy, abolished slavery, and enfranchised black people. In several states, black voters were a majority or close to it. Republicans supported by black people controlled state governments in these states. Thus the Democratic Party became the vehicle for the white supremacist "Redeemers". The Ku Klux Klan, as well as other insurgent paramilitary groups such as the White League and Red Shirts from 1874, acted as "the military arm of the Democratic party" to disrupt Republican organizing, and intimidate and suppress black voters. By 1876, "Redeemer" Democrats had taken control of all state governments in the South. From then until the 1960s, state and local government in the South was almost entirely monopolized by Democrats. The Democrats elected all but a handful of U.S. Representatives and Senators, and Democratic presidential candidates regularly swept the region – from 1880 through 1944, winning a cumulative total of 182 of 187 states. The Democrats reinforced the loyalty of white voters by emphasizing the suffering of the South during the war at the hands of "Yankee invaders" under Republican leadership, and the noble service of their white forefathers in "the Lost Cause". This rhetoric was effective with many Southerners. However, this propaganda was totally ineffective in areas that had been loyal to the Union during the war, such as eastern Tennessee. Most of East Tennessee welcomed U.S. troops as liberators, and voted Republican even in the Solid South period. Even after white Democrats regained control of state legislatures, some black candidates were elected to local offices and state legislatures in the South. Black U.S. Representatives were elected from the South as late as the 1890s, usually from overwhelmingly black areas. Also in the 1890s, the Populists developed a following in the South, among poor white people who resented Democratic party establishment. Populists formed alliances with Republicans (including black Republicans) and challenged the Democratic bosses, even defeating them in some cases. To prevent such coalitions in the future and to end the violence associated with suppressing the black vote during elections, Southern Democrats acted to disfranchise both black people and poor white people. From 1890 to 1910, beginning with Mississippi, Southern states adopted new constitutions and other laws including various devices to restrict voter registration, disfranchising virtually all black and many poor white residents. These devices applied to all citizens; in practice they disfranchised most black citizens and also "would remove [from voter registration rolls] the less educated, less organized, more impoverished whites as well – and that would ensure one-party Democratic rules through most of the 20th century in the South". All the Southern states adopted provisions that restricted voter registration and suffrage, including new requirements for poll taxes, longer residency, and subjective literacy tests. Some also used the device of grandfather clauses, exempting voters who had a grandfather voting by a particular year (usually before the Civil War, when black people could not vote.) White Democrats also opposed Republican economic policies such as the high tariff and the gold standard, both of which were seen as benefiting Northern industrial interests at the expense of the agrarian South in the 19th century. Nevertheless, holding all political power was at the heart of their resistance. From 1876 through 1944, the national Democratic party opposed any calls for civil rights for black people. In Congress Southern Democrats blocked such efforts whenever Republicans targeted the issue. White Democrats passed "Jim Crow" laws which reinforced white supremacy through racial segregation. The Fourteenth Amendment provided for apportionment of representation in Congress to be reduced if a state disenfranchised part of its population. However, this clause was never applied to Southern states that disenfranchised black residents. No black candidate was elected to any office in the South for decades after the turn of the century; and they were also excluded from juries and other participation in civil life. Democratic candidates won by large margins in the Southern states in every presidential election from the 1876 to 1948 except for 1928, when the Democratic candidate was Al Smith, a Catholic New Yorker; and even in that election, the divided South provided Smith with nearly three-fourths of his electoral votes. Scholar Richard Valelly credited Woodrow Wilson's 1912 election to the disfranchisement of black people in the South, and also noted far-reaching effects in Congress, where the Democratic South gained "about 25 extra seats in Congress for each decade between 1903 and 1953". In the Deep South (South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas), Democratic dominance was overwhelming, with 80%–90% of the vote, and only a tiny number of Republican state legislators or local officials. Mississippi and South Carolina were the most extreme cases – between 1900 and 1944, only in 1928 when the three subcoastal Mississippi counties of Pearl River, Stone and George went for Hoover did the Democrats lose even one of these two states' counties in any presidential election. In the remaining states, the German-American Texas counties of Gillespie and Kendall, and a number of counties in Appalachian parts of Alabama and Georgia, would vote Republican in presidential elections through this period. In the Upper South (Tennessee, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Virginia), Republicans retained a significant presence mainly in these remote Appalachian and Ozark regions which supported the Union during the Civil War, even winning occasional governorships and often drawing over 40% in presidential votes. By the 1920s, as memories of the Civil War faded, the Solid South cracked slightly. For instance, a Republican was elected U.S. Representative from Texas in 1920, serving until 1932. The Republican national landslides in 1920 and 1928 had some effects. In the 1920 elections, Tennessee elected a Republican governor, elected Republicans to five of the state's ten U.S. House seats and became the first former Confederate state to vote for the Republican candidate for U.S. President since Reconstruction. However, with the Democratic national landslide of 1932, the South again became solidly Democratic. In the 1930s, black voters outside the South largely switched to the Democrats, and other groups with an interest in civil rights (notably Jews, Catholics, and academic intellectuals) became more powerful in the party. This led to the national Democrats adopting a civil rights plank in 1948. A faction of Deep South Democrats bolted the party, and ran their own "Dixiecrat" presidential ticket, which carried four states: South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Even before then, a number of conservative Southern Democrats felt chagrin at the national party's growing friendliness to organized labor during the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, and began splitting their tickets as early as the 1930s. Southern demography also began to change. From 1910 through 1970, about 6.5 million black Southerners moved to urban areas in other parts of the country in the Great Migration, and demographics began to change Southern states in other ways. Florida began to expand rapidly, with retirees and other migrants from other regions becoming a majority of the population. Many of these new residents brought their Republican voting habits with them, diluting traditional Southern hostility to the Republicans. The Republican Party began to make gains in the South, building on other cultural conflicts as well. By the mid-1960s, changes had come in many of the southern states. Former Dixiecrat Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina changed parties in 1964; Texas elected a Republican Senator in 1961; Florida and Arkansas elected Republican governors in 1966. In the Upper South, where Republicans had always been a small presence, Republicans gained a few seats in the House and Senate. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the South was still overwhelmingly Democratic at the state level, with majorities in all state legislatures and most U.S. House delegations. Over the next thirty years, this gradually changed. Veteran Democratic officeholders retired or died, and older voters who were still rigidly Democratic also died off. There were also increasing numbers of migrants from other areas, especially in Florida, Texas, Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina. As part of the "Republican Revolution" in the 1994 elections, Republicans captured a majority of House's southern seats for the first time. As of 2021, they account for a majority of each Southern state's House delegation apart from Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. Following the 2016 elections, when Republicans won the Kentucky House of Representatives, every state legislative chamber in the South had a Republican majority for the first time ever. This would remain the case until Democrats regained both Houses of the Virginia Legislature in 2019. Today, the South is considered a Republican stronghold at the state and federal levels. Some political experts identify a re-Southernization of politics and culture in the Clinton presidency coinciding with House and Senate leading positions held by southerners. West Virginia For West Virginia "reconstruction, in a sense, began in 1861". Unlike the other border states West Virginia did not send the majority of its soldiers to the Union. The prospect of those returning ex-Confederates prompted the Wheeling state government to implement laws that restricted their right of suffrage, practicing law and teaching, access to the legal system, and subjected them to "war trespass" lawsuits. The lifting of these restrictions in 1871 resulted in the election of John J. Jacob, a Democrat, to the governorship. It also led to the rejection of the war-time constitution by public vote and a new constitution written under the leadership of ex-Confederates such as Samuel Price, Allen T. Caperton and Charles James Faulkner. In 1876 the state Democratic ticket of eight candidates were all elected, seven of whom were Confederate veterans. For nearly a generation West Virginia was part of the Solid South. However, Republicans returned to power in 1896, controlling the governorship for eight of the next nine terms, and electing 82 of 106 U.S. Representatives. In 1932, as the nation swung to the Democrats, West Virginia became solidly Democratic. It was perhaps the most reliably Democratic state in the nation between 1932 and 1996, being one of just two states (along with Minnesota) to vote for a Republican president as few as three times in that interval. Moreover, unlike Minnesota (or other nearly as reliably Democratic states like Massachusetts and Rhode Island), it usually had a unanimous (or nearly unanimous) congressional delegation and only elected two Republicans as Governor (albeit for a combined 20 years between them). West Virginian voters shifted toward the Republican Party from 2000 onward, as the Democratic Party became more strongly identified with environmental policies anathema to the state's coal industry and with socially liberal policies, and it can now be called a solidly red state. Presidential voting The 1896 election resulted in the first break in the Solid South. Florida politician Marion L. Dawson, writing in the North American Review, observed: "The victorious party not only held in line those States which are usually relied upon to give Republican majorities ... More significant still, it invaded the Solid South, and bore off West Virginia, Maryland, and Kentucky; caused North Carolina to tremble in the balance and reduced Democratic majorities in the following States: Alabama, 39,000; Arkansas, 29,000; Florida, 6,000; Georgia, 49,000; Louisiana, 33,000; South Carolina, 6,000; and Texas, 29,000. These facts, taken together with the great landslide of 1894 and 1895, which swept Missouri and Tennessee, Maryland and Kentucky over into the country of the enemy, have caused Southern statesmen to seriously consider whether the so-called Solid South is not now a thing of past history". In the 1904 election, Missouri supported Republican Theodore Roosevelt, while Maryland awarded its electors to Democrat Alton Parker, despite Roosevelt's winning by 51 votes. By the 1916 election, disfranchisement of blacks and many poor whites was complete, and voter rolls had dropped dramatically in the South. Closing out Republican supporters gave a bump to Woodrow Wilson, who took all the electors across the South (apart from Delaware and West Virginia), as the Republican Party was stifled without support by African Americans. The 1920 election was a referendum on President Wilson's League of Nations. Pro-isolation sentiment in the South benefited Republican Warren G. Harding, who won Tennessee, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Maryland. In 1924, Republican Calvin Coolidge won Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland; and in 1928, Herbert Hoover, perhaps benefiting from bias against his Democratic opponent Al Smith (who was a Roman Catholic and opposed Prohibition), won not only those Southern states that had been carried by either Harding or Coolidge (Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Maryland), but also won Florida, North Carolina, Texas, and Virginia, none of which had voted Republican since Reconstruction. He furthermore came within 2.5% of carrying the Deep South state of Alabama. (All of Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover carried the two Southern states that had supported Hughes in 1916, West Virginia and Delaware.) Al Smith had received serious backlash as a Catholic in the largely Protestant South in 1928, losing several states in the Outer South, only managing to hold Arkansas outside the Deep South. Smith had also nearly lost Alabama, which he held by 3%, which had Hoover won, would have physically split the Solid South. The South appeared "solid" again during the period of Roosevelt's political dominance, as his welfare programs and military buildup invested considerable money in the South, benefiting many of its citizens, including during the Dust Bowl. Democratic President Harry S. Truman's support of the civil rights movement, combined with the adoption of a civil rights plank in the 1948 Democratic platform, prompted many Southerners to walk out of the Democratic National Convention and form the Dixiecrat Party. This splinter party played a significant role in the 1948 election; the Dixiecrat candidate, Strom Thurmond, carried Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and his native South Carolina. In the elections of 1952 and 1956, the popular Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower, commander of the Allied armed forces during World War II, carried several Southern states, with especially strong showings in the new suburbs. Most of the Southern states he carried had voted for at least one of the Republican winners in the 1920s, but in 1956, Eisenhower carried Louisiana, becoming the first Republican to win the state since Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876. The rest of the Deep South voted for his Democratic opponent, Adlai Stevenson. In the 1960 election, the Democratic nominee, John F. Kennedy, continued his party's tradition of selecting a Southerner as the vice presidential candidate (in this case, Senator Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas). Kennedy and Johnson, however, both supported civil rights. In October 1960, when Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested at a peaceful sit-in in Atlanta, Georgia, Kennedy placed a sympathetic phone call to King's wife, Coretta Scott King, and Kennedy's brother Robert F. Kennedy helped secure King's release. King expressed his appreciation for these calls. Although King made no endorsement, his father, who had previously endorsed Republican Richard Nixon, switched his support to Kennedy. Because of these and other events, the Democrats lost ground with white voters in the South, as those same voters increasingly lost control over what was once a whites-only Democratic Party in much of the South. The 1960 election was the first in which a Republican presidential candidate received electoral votes from the former Confederacy while losing nationally. Nixon carried Virginia, Tennessee, and Florida. Though the Democrats also won Alabama and Mississippi, slates of unpledged electors, representing Democratic segregationists, awarded those states' electoral votes to Harry Byrd, rather than Kennedy. The parties' positions on civil rights continued to evolve in the run up to the 1964 election. The Democratic candidate, Johnson, who had become president after Kennedy's assassination, spared no effort to win passage of a strong Civil Rights Act of 1964. After signing the landmark legislation, Johnson said to his aide, Bill Moyers: "I think we just delivered the South to the Republican Party for a long time to come." In contrast, Johnson's Republican opponent, Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona, voted against the Civil Rights Act, believing it enhanced the federal government and infringed on the private property rights of businessmen. Goldwater did support civil rights in general and universal suffrage, and voted for the 1957 Civil Rights Act (though casting no vote on the 1960 Civil Rights Act), as well as voting for the 24th Amendment, which banned poll taxes as a requirement for voting. This was one of the devices that states used to disfranchise African Americans and the poor. That November, Johnson won a landslide electoral victory, and the Republicans suffered significant losses in Congress. Goldwater, however, besides carrying his home state of Arizona, carried the Deep South: voters in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina had switched parties for the first time since Reconstruction. Goldwater notably won only in Southern states that had voted against Republican Richard Nixon in 1960, while not winning a single Southern state which Nixon had carried. Previous Republican inroads in the South had been concentrated on high-growth suburban areas, often with many transplants, as well as on the periphery of the South. According to a quantitative analysis for the National Bureau of Economic Research, racism played a central role in the decline in relative white Southern Democratic identification. "Southern strategy": end of Solid South Main article: Southern strategy In the 1968 election, Richard Nixon saw the cracks in the Solid South as an opportunity to tap into a group of voters who had historically been beyond the reach of the Republican Party. With the aid of Harry Dent and South Carolina Senator Strom Thurmond, who had switched to the Republican Party in 1964, Nixon ran his 1968 campaign on states' rights and "law and order". As a key component of this strategy, he selected as his running mate Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew. Liberal Northern Democrats accused Nixon of pandering to Southern whites, especially with regard to his "states' rights" and "law and order" positions, which were widely understood by black leaders to legitimize the status quo of Southern states' discrimination. This tactic was described in 2007 by David Greenberg in Slate as "dog-whistle politics". According to an article in The American Conservative, Nixon adviser and speechwriter Pat Buchanan disputed this characterization. The independent candidacy of George Wallace, former Democratic governor of Alabama, partially negated Nixon's Southern Strategy. With a much more explicit attack on integration and black civil rights, Wallace won all but two of Goldwater's states (the exceptions being South Carolina and Arizona) as well as Arkansas and one of North Carolina's electoral votes. Nixon picked up Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Missouri, and Delaware. The Democrat, Hubert Humphrey, won Texas, heavily unionized West Virginia, and heavily urbanized Maryland. Writer Jeffrey Hart, who worked on the Nixon campaign as a speechwriter, said in 2006 that Nixon did not have a "Southern Strategy", but "Border State Strategy" as he said that the 1968 campaign ceded the Deep South to George Wallace. Hart suggested that the press called it a "Southern Strategy" as they are "very lazy". The 1968 election had been the first election in which both the Upper South and Deep South bolted from the Democratic party simultaneously. The Upper South had backed Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956, as well as Nixon in 1960. The Deep South had backed Goldwater just four years prior. Despite the two regions of the South still backing different candidates, Wallace in the Deep South and Nixon in the Upper South, only Texas and West Virginia had held up against the majority Nixon-Wallace vote for Humphrey. By 1972, Nixon had swept the South altogether, Outer and Deep South alike, marking the first time in American history a Republican won every Southern state. At the 1976 election, Jimmy Carter, a Southern governor, gave Democrats a short-lived comeback in the South, winning every state in the old Confederacy except for Virginia, which was narrowly lost. However, in his unsuccessful 1980 re-election bid, the only Southern states he won were his native state of Georgia, West Virginia, and Maryland. The year 1976 was the last year a Democratic presidential candidate won a majority of Southern electoral votes. The Republicans took all the region's electoral votes in the 1984 election and every state except West Virginia in 1988. In the 1992 election and 1996, when the Democratic ticket consisted of two Southerners, (Bill Clinton and Al Gore), the Democrats and Republicans split the region. In both elections, Clinton won Arkansas, Louisiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware, while the Republican won Texas, Mississippi, Alabama, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and Oklahoma. Bill Clinton won Georgia in 1992, but lost it in 1996 to Bob Dole. Conversely, Clinton lost Florida in 1992 to George Bush, but won it in 1996. In 2000, however, Gore received no electoral votes from the South, even from his home state of Tennessee, apart from heavily urbanized and uncontested Maryland and Delaware. The popular vote in Florida was extraordinarily close in awarding the state's electoral votes to George W. Bush. This pattern continued in the 2004 election; the Democratic ticket of John Kerry and John Edwards received no electoral votes from the South apart from Maryland and Delaware, even though Edwards was from North Carolina, and was born in South Carolina. However, in the 2008 election, Barack Obama won the former Republican strongholds of Virginia and North Carolina as well as Florida; Obama won Virginia and Florida again in 2012 and lost North Carolina by only 2.04 percent. In 2016, Hillary Clinton won only Virginia while narrowly losing Florida and North Carolina. And in 2020, Joe Biden won Virginia, a growing stronghold for Democrats, and narrowly won Georgia, while narrowly losing Florida and North Carolina. While the South was shifting from the Democrats to the Republicans, the Northeastern United States went the other way. The Northeastern United States is defined by the US Census Bureau as Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and the New England States. Well into the 1980s, much of the Northeast--in particular the heavily suburbanized states of New Jersey and Connecticut, and the rural states of northern New England--were strongholds of the Republican Party. The Democratic Party made steady gains there, however, and from 1992 through 2012, all nine Northeastern states, from New Jersey to Maine, voted Democratic, with the exception of New Hampshire's plurality for George W. Bush in 2000. "Southern strategy" today Although Republicans gradually began doing better in presidential elections in the South starting in 1952, Republicans did not finish taking over Southern politics at the nonpresidential level until the elections of November 2010. Today, the South is dominated by Republicans at both the state and presidential level. Republicans now control 21 of the 22 legislative bodies in the former Confederacy, the sole exceptions being the Virginia Senate. Between the defeats of Georgia Representative John Barrow, Arkansas Senator Mark Pryor and Louisiana Senator Mary Landrieu in 2014 and the election of Alabama Senator Doug Jones in 2017, there were no white Democratic members of Congress from the states that voted for George Wallace in 1968. Until November 2010, Democrats had a majority in the Alabama, North Carolina, Mississippi, Arkansas and Louisiana Legislatures, a majority in the Kentucky House of Representatives and Virginia Senate, a near majority of the Tennessee House of Representatives, and a majority of the U.S. House delegations from Arkansas, North Carolina, Mississippi, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, as well as near-even splits of the Georgia and Alabama U.S. House delegations. However, during the 2010 midterm elections, Republicans swept the South, successfully reelecting every Senate incumbent, electing freshmen Marco Rubio in Florida and Rand Paul in Kentucky, and defeating Democratic incumbent Blanche Lincoln in Arkansas for a seat now held by John Boozman. In the House, Republicans reelected every incumbent except for Joseph Cao of New Orleans, defeated several Democratic incumbents, and gained a number of Democratic-held open seats. They won the majority in the congressional delegations of every Southern state. Every Solid South state, with the exceptions of Arkansas, Kentucky, North Carolina, and West Virginia, also elected or reelected Republicans governors. Most significantly, Republicans took control of both houses of the Alabama and North Carolina State Legislatures for the first time since Reconstruction, with Mississippi and Louisiana flipping a year later during their off-year elections. Even in Arkansas, the GOP won three of six statewide down-ballot positions for which they had often not fielded candidates until recently; they also went from eight to 15 out of 35 seats in the State Senate and from 28 to 45 out of 100 in the State House of Representatives. In 2012, the Republicans finally took control of the Arkansas State Legislature and the North Carolina Governorship, leaving West Virginia as the last Solid South state with the Democrats still in control of the state legislature, as well as the governorship. In 2014, though, both houses of the West Virginia legislature were finally taken by the GOP, and most other legislative chambers in the South up for election that year saw increased GOP gains. Arkansas' governorship finally flipped GOP in 2014 when incumbent Mike Beebe was term-limited, as did every other statewide office not previously held by the Republicans. Many analysts believe the so-called "Southern Strategy" that has been employed by Republicans since the 1960s is now virtually complete, with Republicans in firm, almost total, control of political offices in the South. However, the Louisiana governorship was won by John Bel Edwards in 2015, and Jim Hood won a fourth term as Mississippi Attorney General the same year, making them the only Southern Democratic statewide executive officials. Hood retired in 2019 to mount an unsuccessful run for Governor of Mississippi, and was succeeded by Republican Lynn Fitch, while Edwards was reelected as Governor of Louisiana. The biggest exception to this trend has been the state of Virginia. It got an earlier start in the trend towards the Republican Party than the rest of the region. It voted Republican for president in eleven of the twelve elections between 1952 and 1996, while no other Southern state did so more than nine times (that state, Florida, is the other potential exception to the trend, but to a significantly lesser extent). Moreover, it had a Republican Governor more often than not between 1970 and 2002, and Republicans held at least half the seats in the Virginia congressional delegation from 1968 to 1990 (although the Democrats had a narrow minority throughout the 1990s), while with single-term exceptions (Alabama from 1965–1967, Tennessee from 1973–1975, and South Carolina from 1981–1983) and the exception of Florida (which had its delegation turn majority-Republican in 1989) Democrats held at least half the seats in the delegations of the rest of the Southern states until the Republican Revolution of 1994. However, thanks in large part to massive population growth in Northern Virginia and the orientation of that population with the political ideologies of the solidly Democratic Northeast, the Democratic party has won nearly every major statewide race since 2005, with the exceptions being the gubernatorial races in 2009 and 2021. Solid South in presidential elections While Republicans occasionally won southern states in elections in which they won the presidency in the Solid South, it was not until 1960 that a Republican carried one of these states while losing the national election. Presidential votes in southern states since 1876 Year Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia 1876 Tilden Tilden Hayes Tilden Tilden Hayes Tilden Tilden No election Hayes Tilden Tilden Tilden Tilden 1880 Hancock Hancock Hancock Hancock Hancock Hancock Hancock Hancock No election Hancock Hancock Hancock Hancock Hancock 1884 Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland No election Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland 1888 Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland No election Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland 1892 Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland No election Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland 1896 Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan McKinley Bryan Bryan Bryan No election Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan McKinley 1900 Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan No election Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan McKinley 1904 Parker Parker Parker Parker Parker Parker Parker Parker No election Parker Parker Parker Parker Roosevelt 1908 Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan Taft 1912 Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson 1916 Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Hughes 1920 Cox Cox Cox Cox Cox Cox Cox Cox Harding Cox Harding Cox Cox Harding 1924 Davis Davis Davis Davis Coolidge Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Davis Coolidge 1928 Smith Smith Hoover Smith Hoover Smith Smith Hoover Hoover Smith Hoover Hoover Hoover Hoover 1932 Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt 1936 Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt 1940 Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt 1944 Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt 1948 Thurmond Truman Truman Truman Truman Thurmond Thurmond Truman Truman Thurmond Truman Truman Truman Truman 1952 Stevenson Stevenson Eisenhower Stevenson Stevenson Stevenson Stevenson Stevenson Eisenhower Stevenson Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Stevenson 1956 Stevenson Stevenson Eisenhower Stevenson Eisenhower Eisenhower Stevenson Stevenson Eisenhower Stevenson Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower 1960 Byrd Kennedy Nixon Kennedy Nixon Kennedy Byrd Kennedy Nixon Kennedy Nixon Kennedy Nixon Kennedy 1964 Goldwater Johnson Johnson Goldwater Johnson Goldwater Goldwater Johnson Johnson Goldwater Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson 1968 Wallace Wallace Nixon Wallace Nixon Wallace Wallace Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Humphrey Nixon Humphrey 1972 Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon 1976 Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Carter Ford Carter Carter Carter Ford Carter 1980 Reagan Reagan Reagan Carter Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Carter 1984 Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan 1988 Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Dukakis 1992 Bush Clinton Bush Clinton Clinton Clinton Bush Bush Bush Bush Clinton Bush Bush Clinton 1996 Dole Clinton Clinton Dole Clinton Clinton Dole Dole Dole Dole Clinton Dole Dole Clinton 2000 Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush 2004 Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush Bush 2008 McCain McCain Obama McCain McCain McCain McCain Obama McCain McCain McCain McCain Obama McCain 2012 Romney Romney Obama Romney Romney Romney Romney Romney Romney Romney Romney Romney Obama Romney 2016 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Clinton Trump 2020 Trump Trump Trump Biden Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Biden Trump Year Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Democratic Party nominee Republican Party nominee Third-party nominee or write-in candidate Bold denotes candidates elected as president South in gubernatorial elections Officials who acted as governor for less than ninety days are excluded from this chart. This chart is intended to be a visual exposition of party strength in the solid south and the dates listed are not exactly precise. Governors not elected in their own right are listed in italics.
5269	dbpedia	1	30	http://129.71.204.160/history//collections/photographaccessions.html	en	Photograph Collections			[ "http://129.71.204.160/images/Gif/pixel.gif", "http://129.71.204.160/history/archives/test57.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null	Location: Ph2024-016 Collection: Kanawha Manufacturing Company Collection Negatives of promotional photographs of the company during the 1950's and 1970's. Donor: William B. Davis Location: Ph2023-035 Collection: Lewis Family Collection. Photographs of the Lewis family of Mason County and associated buildings and activities. Donor: John Seidel and family Location: Ph2023-028 Collection: Godfrey Lowell and Doris Ella Smith Collection. Photographs of Cabot and Smith families, overhead shots of Carbon Black Factory and Godfrey L. Cabot Incorporated, and landscape photographs of both Spencer and Grantsville, West Virginia, 1880s-1960s. 1 flip top letter size document container Donor: William Dew Location: Ph2023-021 Collection: Stan Cohen Collection. Includes various photos relating to Charleston High School, 1870-1957. 1 flip top letter size document container Donor: Stan Cohen Location: Ph2023-017 Collection: Adrian S. Gwin Collection. Photograph collection of journalist and writer Adrian S. Gwin, 1949-1979. 1 flip-top letter size document box Donor: John M. Gwin Location: Ph2023-015 Collection: Howard Earl Seufer Collection. Includes slides, prints, transparencies, and negatives, 1970-2016. They feature workers, factory production, and events that occurred at Fenton Art Glass. 5 boxes Donor: Marty Seufer Location: Ph2023-003 Collection: Rodney Norbert Kiehm Collection. Various photographic slides documenting Kiehm's service in the Vietnam War, family gathering and holiday events, 1967-1980s. 1 flip top letter size document container Donor: Corina Whittington Location: Ph2023-002 Collection: The Estate of Clint Bryan, AIA Collection. Includes memos, letters, prints, negatives, cards, and drawings accumulated during Clint Bryan's lifetime, 1967-2003. 1 cubic box, 1 oversized box Donor: The Lively Gallery Foundation Location: Ph2021-367 Collection: Doc and Chickie Williams Collection. 17 boxes, panoramic, and postcards. Donor: Barbara Smik (Peeper), Madeline Johnson (Pooch), and Karen McKenzie (Punkin), daughters of Doc and Chickie Williams Location: Ph2021-291 Collection: Wallace-Mathews Collection. Photos, carte de visites, tintypes of various groups, individuals, and locations, 1860s-2001. 840 photographs, 67 postcards, 10 tintypes, 39 carte de visites, approximately 17 negatives. Donor: Family of Harry A. Wallace III, Mary Merrill Wallace, Charleston Location: Ph2021-290 Collection: Henderson/Thornburg Collection. Photographs and documents from members of the Henderson, Thornburg and related families, 1870s-1985. 4 boxes: 280 prints, 19 tintypes, 1 daguerreotype, 19 postcards. 1 oversized folder: 4 oversized prints. Donor: Stuart Walker, Jamacia Plains, MA Location: Ph2021-289 Collection: Manchin, Governor Joe Collection. Donor: Governor Joe Manchin's Office Location: Ph2021-288 Collection: Bird, Bob Collection. Negatives, prints, color transparencies and slides made by Associated Press photographer Bob Bird, 1980-2000. 8 boxes: 21,104 negatives, 3,014 prints, 361 transparencies, 974 slides, 16 contact sheets, 1 panoramic. Donor: Daniel Shreve, Charleston Location: Ph2021-287 Collection: WPBY Collection. Prints, negatives, slides, transparencies, and contact sheets relating to people, projects, shows, events, from WPBY studios, 1969-1998. 26 boxes: 6,431 prints, 22,177 negatives, 6,662 slides, 525 transparencies, and 3,013 contact sheets. Donor: West Virginia Public Broadcasting Location: Ph2021-286 Collection: Starcher, Ann Collection. Daguerreotypes and tintypes of Starcher and allied family members in Marshall and Jackson Counties, 1850s-1880s. 10 daguerreotypes, 5 tintypes. Donor: Ann Starcher, Charleston Location: Ph2021-285 Collection: Thomas, A. Brast Collection. Printed photographs, negatives, and slides related to Thomas and Thomas Engineering Company, 1930s-2000s. 2 boxes, 694 prints, 558 negatives, 78 slides. Donor: Ted Taylor, Huntington Location: Ph2021-233 Collection: Eugene Hezekiah Washington Collection. Photographs of students at Carter G. Woodson Junior High School in St. Albans, Logan Junior High School, and Garnet High School reunions. 4 boxes (1,154 prints, 408 negatives, 1 postcard, miscellaneous xerox copies/yearbook pages). Donor: Willa Anderson Location: Ph2021-232 Collection: West Virginia State Penitentiary Collection. Various negatives and prints relating to the State Penitentiary in Moundsville, ca. 1950s. 153 negatives, 1 glass plate negative, 33 prints, 14 contact sheets. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-231 Collection: "The West Virginian" panel discussion. Print with D. Michael Perry, James E. Casto, Rita Ray, Mary Ann Henry, John Hall, and Governor Gaston Caperton, 1996. 1 print. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-230 Collection: Slyke, Gerald Van Collection. Photos of individuals at the Colonel Morgan Morgan Monument, 1958. 2 prints. Donor: Gerald Van Slyke, Lakispell, MT Location: Ph2021-229 Collection: W. R. Johnson Coal Company Collection. B&W prints of the W. R. Johnson Coal Company, Smithers, WV, ca. 1950s. 4 prints. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-228 Collection: Clark, David Collection. B&W image of West Virginia Capitol Building, 1940s. 1 print. Donor: David Clark, Syracuse, NY Location: Ph2021-227 Collection: Gates, Michael Collection. World War II era photographs of soldiers, citizens, sporting events, and street scenes of Germany, 1933-1946. 178 B&W prints, 5 color postcards. Donor: Michael Gates, Charleston Location: Ph2021-226 Collection: Barnes, Graham and Jayne Collection. Photo of interior of White Oak School with teacher O. D. Cavendish, Nicholas County, 1916. 1 images. Donor: Graham and Jayne Barnes, Bailey NC Location: Ph2021-225 Collection: Fields, Kelly Collection. Photos of Naval Reserve Center, Huntington, with Robert C. Byrd, Bob Wise, and others, ca. 1985. 12 color prints. Donor: Kelly Fields Location: Ph2021-224 Collection: Benton, Astra Collection. Photo album of South Hills High School, Pittsburgh, PA. and West Virginia Collegiate Institute, 1924-1928. 161 B&W prints, 1 negative. Donor: Astra Benton, Orange, CA Location: Ph2021-223 Collection: Allen, Pamela Collection. Funeral of Mrs. Pushka, Logan County, 1908. 1 B&W print. Donor: Pamela Allen, Lewis Center, OH Location: Ph2021-222 Collection: Cress Studios Collection. 2 prints 1 negative of 1400 block of Market St, Wheeling, 1927. 2 B&W prints, 1 B&W negative. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-221 Collection: Council Bluffs Public Library Collection. Print of Governor William A. MacCorkle, Joseph Ruffner, Sr. and others at Camp Chelyan, 1914. Donor: Mary Carpenter, Council Bluffs Public Library, Council Bluffs, Iowa Location: Ph2021-220 Collection: Portrait of Eggbert the Clown, undated. 1 print. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-219 Collection: Arizona Historical Society Collection. Photos of roadside and building advertising in Wheeling area, 1900-1940s. Donor: Arizona Historical Society, Tuscon AZ Location: Ph2021-218 Collection: Mason, William David Collection. Prints amd negatives of Kanawha River, unidentified groups of people, and homes, 1940-1942. 19 B&W prints, 5 B&W negatives. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-217 Collection: Mathis, Helen Collection. Unidentified photo of child and woman, undated. 2 B&W prints. Donor: Helen Mathis, Thonotosassa, FL Location: Ph2021-216 Collection: Rhyne, James Allen Collection. Princess Season Coal Company, 1992. 3 color prints, 4 color negatives. Donor: James Allen Rhyne, South Charleston Location: Ph2021-215 Collection: Photograph of Senator Robert C. Byrd and General Omar Bradley, 1953. 1 B&W photograph. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-214 Collection: Photographs of Weberwood School, South Charleston, undated. 7 B&W prints. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-213 Collection: Photographs (signed) of Governor Earl Ray Tomblin and others commemorating the West Virginia Colored Childrens Home in Huntington, West Virginia, 2011. 2 photographs. Donor: Steve Roach Location: Ph2021-212 Collection: Griffith, Alice M. Collection. Photos and postcards of trains, railroads, and depots mostly alone the Coal River, 1900-1910. 14 items. Donor: Alice M. Griffith, St. Albans Location: Ph2021-211 Collection: Blue Book Collection. Slides, B&W Negatives and color transparencies, 1989-1997. 7 slides, 8 B&W negatives, 4 color transparencies, and 1 color print. Donor: Transfer from Senate Clerk's Office Location: Ph2021-210 Collection: Jackson County World War I Soldiers Collection. Photos from the Jackson Herald of Soldiers from various districts of Jackson County, 1918. 22 prints. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-207 Collection: William Harry Clarke Jr. Collection. Photos relating to service as a chaplain in the United States Army during World War II, including immediate post-war images of several German cities, 1945-1946. 100 prints and 12 negatives. Donor: William Harry Clarke III Location: Ph2021-203 Collection: Lawerence, Ronald and Sybil Ryan Collection. World War II photos and negatives, military photos, 1940s-1960s. 184 negatives, 33 prints, 12 photographic stamps, 30 postcards. Donor: Stephanie Rutherford, South Charleston Location: Ph2021-202 Collection: Williamson, George F. Family Collection. Photos relating to the development the town of Williamson and the Williamson family, ca. 1850-1990. 238 photographs, 21 tintypes, 1 ambrotype. Donor: R. Doyle and Linda Van Meter, Williamson Location: Ph2021-201 Collection: Caperton, Gaston Collection. Phtographs, negatives, slides, and contact prints from Capertons two terms as governor, 1987-1997. 11 boxes, 7,339 prints, 57,543 negatives, 4,125 slides, 1 sketch, 2,216 contacts. Donor: Transfer from Governor's Office. Location: Ph2021-200 Collection: Baker-Ford, Cecilia Collection. Photographs from Governor Cecil Underwood's gubernatorial terms, 1956-2000. 21 Items. Donor: Cecilia Baker-Ford, South Charleston Location: Ph2021-186 Collection: Underwood, Governor Cecil. Photographs and negatives from Governor Underwoods second administration, 1998-2000. 1 box: 1,495 color prints and 2,054 color negatives. Donor: Transfer from Underwood's photographer, Steve Brightwell. Location: Ph2021-185 Collection: Photograph. USS West Virginia (SSBN-736), ca. 1989. 1 photograph. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-184 Collection: Portrait. Captain Shriver Moore, 14th WV Infantry, ca. 1860s. 1 photograph (copy). Donor: James H. Moore, Clarksburg Location: Ph2021-183 Collection: Portrait of General John McCausland, ca. 1880s-1900s. 1 photograph. Donor: John McCausland, Pliny Location: Ph2021-163 Collection: Doss, Paula Collection. Photographs, and photo album of J. C. "Red" Hunter and Powellton Coal Company operations, 1910-1944. 11 folders-62 photographs, 1 postcard. Donor: Paula Doss, Accoville Location: Ph2021-162 Collection: Brayshaw, Reverend William Collection. Photo album containing images of West Virginia scenes, undated. 1 album, 201 photographs. Donor: Professor David L. Holmes, Williamsburg, VA Location: Ph2021-161 Collection: Ellis Jr., Robert O. Collection. Portrait, undated. 1 photograph. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-160 Collection: Bailey, Brenda Collection. Lewis, Hubbard, and Company, ca. 1930s. 2 photographs. Donor: Brenda Bailey, Charleston Location: Ph2021-159 Collection: Meeks, Freda Collection. African American church at Ethel, ca. 1970s-1980s. 1 photograph. Donor: Freda Meeks, Ethel Location: Ph2021-158 Collection: Pope, Wilson Collection. Photos of Wickline-Pope House, Renick, ca. 1900-1920s. 3 photographs. Donor: Wilson Pope, Lewisburg Location: Ph2021-157 Collection: Frisk, Fred M. Collection. Photographs and negatives of New River Company Colored Camp, Clifftop, 1947-1948. 90 negatives w/contact sheets, 8 prints. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-156 Collection: Migas, Lisa Collection. Senator J. W. Santee, Wetzel County, standing in front of log home, 1908. 1 photograph. Donor: Lisa Migas, Port Clinton, OH Location: Ph2021-155 Collection: Clark, David Collection. Black and white photograph of State Capitol Steps, ca. 1940s. 1 photograph. Donor: David Clark, Syracuse, NY Location: Ph2021-154 Collection: Parsons, Aaron Collection. Stereo Card of State Capitol; Harvey Chapel, Fayetteville, 1939; mining town (possibly Bear Hollow); Rock Lake Pool, South Charleston, 1957; Jennings Randolph and others with airplane; 2 color postcards of Hawks Nest; 1 color postcard of Storer College; 1 color postcard of Pinnacle Rock, 1939-1957. 1 stereo card, 4 photographs, 4 post cards. Donor: Aaron Parsons, South Charleston Location: Ph2021-153 Collection: Williams County Public Library Collection. 1 Black and White print and 1 color postcard of the Tug Valley Chamber of Commerce (Coal House), ca. 1940s-1950s. 2 items. Donor: Denver Henderson III, Bryan, OH Location: Ph2021-152 Collection: Rhodes, Daniel Collection. Evans Elementary School, Jackson County, 1954. 1 composite photograph. Donor: Mike McGrew, Ripley Location: Ph2021-151 Collection: Golden Horseshoe Cermeonial Day, 1994. 1 color photograph. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-150 Collection: Ransom, Harley R. Collection. Black and White print of Harley R. Ransom World War I uniform, 1917-1918. 1 photograph. Donor: James M. Mesnar, Pittsburgh, PA Location: Ph2021-149 Collection: New River Gorge Bridge and Lookout; German Valley area; three James Swan sketches of (1) Old Main at West Virginia Institute of Technology, Montgomery; (2) West Virginia State College, Institute; (3) Lock and Dam, Marmet; miscellanious postcards, ca. 1970s. 32 color photographs, 16 color negatives, 3 drawings, 16 postcards. Donor: Transfer from Historic Preservation Location: Ph2021-148 Collection: Members of West Virginia House of Delegates and Senate, 1917. 35 photographs. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-147 Collection: Hutton, Carroll Estate Collections. 1 White Eagle Keynoil and gas statioin, 2 oversized prints of Charleston, 4 oversized prints of trains and mining scenes (dry mounted on foam board), ca. 1920s-1960s.7 photographs. Donor: Kennith D. Crook, Cedar Grove Location: Ph2021-146 Collection: Hill, Martha Collection. Huntington CSX Train Station, ca. 1970s. 1 photograph. Donor: Martha Hill via Richard Andre, Seth, WV Location: Ph2021-145 Collection: Panoramic photograph. Standard Fire Creek Coal Company at Beelick Knob by R. E. Ribble, ca. 1940s. 1 photograph (Copy). Donor: Steve Fitzwater, Beckley Location: Ph2021-050 Collection: Composite of West Virginia House of Delegates, 67th Legislature, 1985-1986. 1 item. Donor: Major General James Hoyer Location: Ph2021-049 Collection: Cook, Betty Collection. Photo Album containing photos of Cook and Camden families, 1910s-1940s. 1 album, 62 B&W photographs. Donor: Ray Lewis, Charleston Location: Ph2021-048 Collection: Portrait. Oversized Russel Fluharty and Jerry Taylor, Gerald Ratliff photographer, late 1960s. 1 oversized B&W print. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-047 Collection: Diamond Ice and Coal Company/John Gallion Collection. Oversized drawing of man carrying block of ice to Diamond Ice and Coal Carriage, undated. 1 oversized folder. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-046 Collection: Lewis, H. C. Collection. Charleston High School football team, 1919. 1 oversized B&W print. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-045 Collection: Paxton, Richard Collection. Panorama of Charleston Gun club and collage of 1941 State Shoot, 1927-1941. 1 panoramic, 9 B&W prints. Donor: Family of Richard Paxton Location: Ph2021-044 Collection: Powell, Drema Collection. Photos of Powell and related families and military career of Kennth Powell, late 1800s to 1980s. 2 boxes, 377 B&W, 14 colorized prints, 32 color prints, 10 tintypes, 5 negatives, 4 oversized prints. Donor: Estate of Dreama Powell, Charleston Location: Ph2021-043 Collection: Samples, Master Sergeant W. J. Collection. Panoramic of 49th Signal Cors, 4th Armored Division, Pine Camp, NY, July 21, 1941. 1 panoramic. Donor: Rodney and Sherry Hanes, Clendenin. Location: Ph2021-042 Collection: State Sunday School. Panoramic of 32nd State Sunday School Convention, Huntington, April 8-12, 1914. 1 panoramic. Donor: Blennerhassett Museum, Parkersburg Location: Ph2021-041 Collection: Canfield, Joseph Collection. Panoramic of 150th Infantry, Company C, West Virginia National Guard, Camp Point Pleasant, August 7-21, 1927. 1 panoramic. Donor: Joseph Canfield, Henderson, NC Location: Ph2021-040 Collection: Reliance Manufacturing Company Collection. Panoramic of group at Reliance Manufacturing Co., Blue Ridge, Huntington, WV, May 9, 1951. 1 panoramic. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-039 Collection:Shivertaker, Lawrence W. Collection. Panoramic of 150th Infantry, West Virginia National Guard, Camp Conley, July 16, 1939. 1 panoramic. Donor: Lawrence W. Shivertaker, Orange Park, FL Location: Ph2021-038 Collection: Butcher, Ruth and Dorthy Smith Collection. Panoramics of unidentified towns, Haines Photo Company, ca. 1910s. 2 Panoramics. Donor: Ruthe and Dorthy Smith, Logan Location: Ph2021-037acc Collection: Panoramic photograph. The Koppers Creek Company Inter-Plant First Aid Contest, Montgomery, 1930. 1 photograph. Donor: Anne Repaire, Oak Hill Location: Ph2021-037 Collection: Lindley, Edna J. and Richard Gerald Repaire Collection. Panoramics, unidentified group of men and boys, Island Creek Coal Company, Monaville, ca. 1920s. 2 Panoramics. Donor: Anne Repaire, Oak Hill. Location: Ph2021-036 Collection: Johnson, Michael F. Collection. Panoramic of 201st Infantry, Company A, West Virginia National Guard, Camp Dawson, 1938. 1 B&W Panoramic. Donor: Dr. Michael F. Johnson, Arlington, VA Location: Ph2021-035 Collection: Van Tatenhove, Jim Collection. Color slides of Belle, Blenko Glass, and Charleston, 1989. 1 folder, 63 color slides. Donor: Jim Van Tatenhove, Sheridan, MI Location: Ph2021-034 Collection: Holstein, Charlie Collection. Photos of Charlie Holstein and Coalburgh, ca. 1920s. 1 folder, 5 B&W photographs, 1 Photo Postcard. Donor: Fred and Sandra Barkey Location: Ph2021-033 Collection: Photograph of unidentified group of men in and around Essex automobile, ca. 1910-1920s. 1 folder, 1 B&W photograph. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-032 Collection: Portraits, unidentified man and woman, ca. late 1800s-1900s. 1 folder, 2 B&W. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2021-031 Collection: Wood, William L. Collection. Negatives of inauguration of Governor Bob Wise, William L. Wood photographer, 2001. 1 folder, 1,439 negatives. Donor: Dianna Wood, Charleston Location: Ph2021-030 Collection: Woodrum, Nancy Kay Collection. Photographs of Stonewall Jackson HS cheerleaders, Woodrow Wilson Jr. HS, J.E. Robbins Elementary, and Humphrey's Memorial Methodist youth groups, 1950s. 1 folder, 8 B&W photographs. Donor: Nancy Kay Woodrum, Williamstown Location: Ph2021-029 Collection: Caldwell Family Collection. Photographs of Caldwell and related families, late 1800s-1980s. 1 box, 20 B&W, 6 color. Donor: Victoria Caldwell, Oak Hill Location: Ph2021-028 Collection: Werner, Ira Collection. Photographs and documents relating to Ira Werner's life and military service during Spanish-American War, 1890s-1980s. 1 box 53 B&W, 1 Color, 1 Tintype. Donor: Tampa Bay History Center, Tampa, FL Location: Ph2021-001 Collection: Nyden, Paul Collection. Photographs related to Paul Nyden and family, mining, mining disasters, and UMWA, 1960s-1990s. 1 box 304 prints, 545 negatives, 5 slides, 6 postcards. Donor: Michael Carbone, Charleston Location: Ph2020-191 Collection: Britton, J. Rector Collection. Photographs and negatives related to Britton family, DAP, and Ritchie County Historical Society, 1980s. 3 boxes, 2,406 color prints, 9 B&W prints, 1,813 negatives. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2020-190 Collection: West Virginia Governor's Office on Economic and Community Development Collection. Slides, negatives, and photographs related to business and industry in West Virginia, 1980s. 2 boxes, 1,251 slides, 26 mounted photos, 2, negatives. Donor: West Virginia Governor's Office on Economic and Community Development Location: Ph2020-189 Collection: Rollyson, Eileen Collection. Carts-de-visite, cabinet cards, and tintypes, late 1800s. 1 box, 39 prints. Donor: Eileen Rollyson, Falls Church, VA Location: Ph2020-188 Collection: Juillerat, Mary and Ernest Collection. Photographs, postcards, and documents of Widen and Bower and relating to Juillerat family, 1926-2006. 1 box, 22 prints, 2 postcards, 3 documents. Donor: Woman's Board of the Presbyterian Home, Evanston, IL Location: Ph2020-187 Collection: Smith, Otis Collection. Photographs taken in China during and after the Boxer Wars, ca. 1899-1908. 1 box 240 prints, 21 postcards. Donor: Paul and Sue Elder, Mount Vernon, OH Location: Ph2020-186 Collection: McKight, Sally Collection. Photographs of Weston State Hospital, Wesleyan College, students and unidentified people, ca. 1920s. 1 box 44 B&W, 2 panoramic prints. Donor: Sally McKnight, Waterford, NY Location: Ph2020-185 Collection: Evans, Mary A. May Collection. Photographs of Barboursville, Allegheny Lodge, Marlinton, Cabell, and Pocahontas counties, 1920s-1980s. 1 box 126 prints, 18 postcards, 1 oversized. Donor: Mary A. May Evans, Hurley, NY Location: Ph2020-184 Collection: Flesher, Don Collection. Photos of 1963 Centennial celebration and 1964 World's Fair in New York, 1 box, 65 prints. Donor: Don Flesher, Ripley Location: Ph2020-183 Collection: Morrison, Clyde W. Collection. Documents, photographs, postcards, and negatives relating to Clyde W. Morrison and 201st Infantry World War II, ca. 1940s. 1 box, 334 images. Donor: Sherry Ward Location: Ph2020-182 Collection: Moore, Arch A. Jr. Collection. Photos of Arch and Shelley at various events, and famous people, 1911-1980s. Donor: Senator Shelley Moore Capito Location: Ph2020-181 Collection: Grabow, James D. Collection. Photographs of various West Virginia locations, 1980s-1990s. 160 color photographs, 30 B&W photographs. Donor: James D. Grabow, Sr., Morristown, NJ Location: Ph2020-180 Collection: Miscellaneous glass plate collection. Unidentified family photos with contact sheets, ca. late 1800s-early 1900s. 2 boxes, 38 glass plate negatives. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2020-179 Collection: Klass, Julia Collection. Photos of flood at Powellton and Columbia, WV, 1932. 5 B&W photographs. Donor: Julia Klass, Buford, GA Location: Ph2020-178 Collection: Shaver, Jerry Collection. Photos of Eileen Mae Shamblin Shaver and family in West Virginia Museum, 2020. 4 color photographs. Donor: Jerry Shaver, Palm Harbor, FL Location: Ph2020-177 Collection: Fitzhugh, Norman Collection. Carte de viste of Harry and John Cotton, WV View Master disks, unidentified inaugural ceremony in Washington, DC, 1870s-1950s. 1 B&W photograph, 1 cart-de-viste, 6 view master disks. Donor: Mrs. Norman Fitzhugh, Charleston Location: Ph2020-176 Collection: Williams, Craig Collection. Photo of unidentified Coal Company, undated. 1 B&W photograph. Donor: Craig Wilson via DeWitt Historical Society of Tompkins County, NY Location: Ph2020-175 Collection: Unidentified soldier in uniform, 1918. 1 B&W photograph. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2020-174 Collection: Wriston, Emory Collection. Photos of large white oak in Fayette County being felled, 1952. 2 B&W photographs. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2020-173 Collection: Unidentified football team, undated. 1 B&W photograph. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2020-172 Collection: Smith, Barbara Collection. Slides of Bluestone State Park, 1966. 15 color slides. Donor: Barbara Smith, Charleston Location: Ph2020-171 Collection: McDougle, Lillian Garret Collection. Photo album of Lillian Garnet McDougle, ca. 1907. 1 photo album, 95 B&W photographs. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2020-170 Collection: Warner, Esther Collection. Signed photo of Russ McCubbin with the cast of Dukes of Hazard, undated. 1 B&W photograph. Donor: Esther Warner Location: Ph2020-169 Collection: Johnson, Kim Collection. Photo of Cabin Creek flood at Miami, WV, 1916. 1 B&W photograph. Donor: Kim Johnson Location: Ph2020-168 Collection: Cooper, Robert Collection. Portrait of unidentified soldier, undated. 1 B&W photograph. Donor: Robert Cooper, Rochester, NY Location: Ph2020-167 Collection: Brown, Lynne Collection. Photos of the Charleston area, ca. 1919. 16 B&W photographs. Donor: Lynne Brown, Alvaton, KY Location: Ph2020-166 Collection: Brookfield Family Collection. Photo album containing photos of the Brookfield family and Smithfield, WV, ca. 1880s-1910s. 36 B&W photographs. Donor: William H. Jones, Winchester, VA Location: Ph2020-165 Collection: Leiser, Gary Collection. Photograph of the USS West Virginia, ca. 1940s. 1 B&W photograph. Donor: Gary Leiser Location: Ph2020-164 Collection: Mackey, Robert Collection. Photographs of the Tygart Valley Dam construction in Grafton, ca. 1934-1938. 5 B&W photographs. Donor: Marilyn McCord, Wellsburg Location: Ph2020-163 Collection: Young, Joseph B. Collection. Photograph of Parkersburg Streetcar Workers, ca. 1920-1930s. 1 B&W photo. Donor: Joseph B. Young, Alameda, CA Location: Ph2020-162 Collection: Shisler, George Collection. Postcards of Sistersville area and Sistersville High School sports teams, ca. 1910s. 13 photo postcards. Donor: Virginia Keagle, Atlanta, GA Location: Ph2020-161 Collection: Clendenin Junior High School cheerleaders and band, 1990-1992. 4 color photos. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2020-160 Collection: Legge, Larry Collection, B&W photo postcards of telephone construction in Boone, Cabell, and Wayne Counties, ca. 1920s. 1 folder, 9 photo postcards. Donor: Larry Legge, Barboursville Location: Ph2020-159 Collection: Yetter, Beverly and Ellen Gagliardi Collection. Panoramic photograph of Naval Operating Base Regimental Band, Hampton Roads, VA., August 30, 1918. 1 photograph (extremely damaged) 5 folders. Donor: Beverly Yetter and Ellen Gagliardi, Mainville, OH Location: Ph2020-158 Collection: Fluharty, Linda Collection. Photograph of John M. Phelps, first president of WV Senate, with documentation and biographical information, ca. 1860s-1870s. 1 folder, 1 photograph. Donor: Linda Fluharty, Baton Rouge, LA Location: Ph2020-157 Collection: Wiggins, Brenda Collection. Four photographs of unidentified women and two groups of children, 1900s-1920s. 1 folder, 6 photographs. Donor: Brenda Wiggins, Snellville, GA Location: Ph2020-156 Collection: Panoramic Negative of Carbon Fuel Company, by R. E. Ribble, undated. 1 item. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2020-155 Collection: Slides, "Election Day Dawn to Dusk" and "Making Votes Count Punch Card Version," training presentations by Robert F. Gates, 1986 and undated. 259 slides and 2 audiotapes. Donor: Estate of Robert F. Gates, Charleston Location: Ph2020-154 Collection: Slides and script. "It's West Virginia," developed by Dr. and Mrs. Arthur C. Prichard of Mannington, ca. 1968. 112 color slides 1 script. Donor: Susan C Viewig, Charleston Location: Ph2020-153 Collection: Slides. New River Gorge Bridge, 1977. 66 color slides. Donor: Division of Highways Location: Ph2020-152 Collection: Color slide of the Culture Center, 1977. 1 slide. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2020-151 Collection: Monroe County Artificial Collection. Photographs from various Monroe County families, ca. 1900-1920s. 21 B&W photographs, 1 tintype. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2020-150 Collection: Warner Lewis Collection. Photo album and various photos related to the Givins, Brown, Laidley and Snyder families of Charleston, ca. 1870-940. 1 album containing approx. 579 photos, loose pages containing approx. 142 photos, 22 photos, 5 tintypes. Donor: Warner Lewis, Lawrence, KS Location: Ph2020-149 Collection: Composite photographs of Wheeling High School Classes, 1952 and 1953. 2 photographs. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2020-148 Collection: Photograph of Chester-East Liverpool Bridge, Chester, undated. 1 B&W photograph. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2020-147 Collection: Army Corps of Engineers Collection. Loose scrapbook pages of Hawks Nest-Gauley Bridge hydropower dam construction, 1930s. 33 B&W photographs 3 newspaper clippings). Donor: Army Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh, PA Location: Ph2020-146 Collection: Composite B&W photograph of West Virginia State Senate, 1889-1890. 1 photograph. Donor: David W. Kehoe, Salem, VA Location: Ph2020-145 Collection: Photo Album. Construction of Center Avenue Bridge and Court Avenue Bridge, Weston, 1977-1978. 26 photographs, 1 album. Donor: Not listed Location: Ph2020-144 Collection: Westfall Family Collection. Photos of John H. and Barbara E. Westfall and their sons, ca. 1880s-1920s. 8 photographs. Donor: Gary L. Westfall, Curtice, OH Location: Ph2020-081 Collection: Leslie "Les" Carpenter Collection. Photos of various families and locations related to Clarksburg area. 45 photographs, 3 postcards, 2 picture postcards. Donor: Betty Carpenter, Clarksburg Location: Ph2020-081acc Collection: Leslie "Les" Carpenter Collection. Photos relating to Harrison County, ca. 1850s-2013. 6 boxes, 578 prints, 29 tintypes, 2 glass negatives, 1 ambrotype, 1 negative, 2 drawings, 154 postcards, 2 panos. Donor: Betty Carpenter, Clarksburg Location: Ph2020-072 Collection: Slate Collection. Panoramic, Company L, 168th Infantry. Donor: Judy and Verina Slate, Pinch Location: Ph2020-055 Collection: Garcelon Family Collection. Photographs of Garcelon and related families, ca. 1920-1950. 3 boxed, 111 prints, 3 tintypes, 1 pano, 2 glass plate negatives. Donor: Carolyn J. Halstead, Charleston Location: Ph2020-049 Collection: Hatfield, C. Donald Collection. Personal photographs relating to Donald Hatfield and family, Vinson High, Huntington Newspapers, 3 boxes. 1920s-1960s. Donor: Donald Hatfield, Huntington Location: Ph2020-043 Collection: Smith, Hulett Carlson. Negatives and some prints taken during his administration, 1965-1969. 3 boxes (appoximately 5086 negatives and 226 prints). Donor: Transfer from Department of Commerce Location: Ph2020-042 Collection: Barron, Governor William Wallace. Negatives taken during his administration, 1961-1965. 2 boxes (approximately 387 negatives). Donor: Transfer from Department of Commerce Location: Ph2020-041 Collection: Underwood, Governor Cecil H. Negatives taken during his administration, also some miscellaneous governor negatives, 1957-1961. 3 boxes (approximately 717 negatives). Donor: Transfer from Department of Commerce Location: Ph2020-040 Collection: Governors, Miscellaneous. Prints of Governors Marland, Underwood, Barron, Smith, Moore and Rockefeller and other government workers, ca. 1953-1979. 2 boxes (approximately 777 prints, 136 negatives. Donor: Transfer from Department of Commerce Location: Ph2020-039 Collection: Wintz, William Collection. Negatives of Nitro area, American Viscose, many unidentified, 1950s. 3 boxes (1279 negatives). Donor: William Wintz, St. Albans Location: Ph2020-038 Collection: Department of Natural Resources. Negatives of state parks, wildlife, camps, trees and plants and other subjects, 1955-1957, 1960-1967. 13 boxes (approx. 13,385 negatives and 9 prints). Donor: Department of Natural Resources Location: Ph2020-035 Collection: Postcards. West Virginia scenes, n.d. 2393 items. Donor: Michael Ehrmann, Jersey City, NJ Location: Ph2020-034 Collection: Postcards. Various cards sent/received by Lewis Wilson and Gaye Upton, 1906-1928. 52 items. Donor: Mary L. Brown, Byron, GA Location: Ph2020-033 Collection: Capitol Complex. B&W prints of maintenance of various buildings, n.d. 81 items. Donor: General Services Location: Ph2020-032 Collection: Heal, James Collection. B&W of Nicholas County High School football team, 1942; WV Tech football team, 1945; construction crew, n.d. 3 items. Donor: Ruth K. Heal Location: Ph2020-031 Collection: Randall, James Collection. Color snapshots of Consol mine at Shinnston, deer grazing at Stonewall Jackson marina, 1st Habitat home, stream runoff, 1989-2004. 18 items. Donor: Barbara Randall Location: Ph2020-030 Collection: Holly Grove. Color snapshots of restoration, 1979 May. 10 items. Donor: Transfer from museum Location: Ph2020-029 Collection: Dixon, Dr. J. W. Collection. B&W of WWI soldier and dentist, ca. 1950s. 4 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2020-028 Collection: Kanawha Manufacturing Company, Charleston. B&W of company, houses in East End, 1920s-1930s. 9 items. Donor: Daniel L. Scott Location: Ph2020-027 Collection: Pugh and Carnes family, Clay County. Copy prints of Clay County schools, members of Pugh and Carnes families, 1890-1936. 13 items. Donor: Gary L. Westfall Location: Ph2020-026 Collection: Albaugh, Carolyn Collection. Prints of Falls of Little Kanawha at Duffy, n.d. 2 items. Donor: Carolyn Albaugh via Goldenseal Location: Ph2020-025 Collection: Rice, Robert Collection. Photos of school at Spencer, 1908. 1 print and 1 postcard. Donor: Robert Rice Location: Ph2020-024 Collection: Mullins, Steve Collection. Prints of plane crash, air show, 1940s. 7 prints. Donor: Steve Mullins Location: Ph2020-023 Collection: Byrd, Robert C. B&W of Byrd playing fiddle taken from his office, 1952-1979. 12 prints and 1 negative. Donor: Bobby Taylor Location: Ph2020-022 Collection: Summers, Lorraine Collection. Prints and postcards of West Virginia scenes, n.d. 19 postcards and 10 prints. Donor: Lorraince Summers Location: Ph2020-021 Collection: Cardiel Family Collection. Sepia prints of family, early 1900s. 5 items. Donor: Cardiel Family Location: Ph2020-020 Collection: Fauber, Jim Collection. Photos of Capitol Airlines crash, 1959 May 12. 14 prints and 1 CD. Donor: Jim Fauber Location: Ph2020-019 Collection: Schram, Norbert Collection. Print taken by Mac Avoy, Buckhannon, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Max Schmitz Location: Ph2020-018 Collection: Philippi Covered Bridge, ca. 1930s. 1 item. Donor: Vermont Historical Society Location: Ph2020-017 Collection: Bush, Marvin B. Collection. B&W prints of West Virginia picnics in Hawaii April and October 1944; West Virginia Wesleyan Nucleus Club, 1939. 51 prints. Donor: Marvin B. Bush Location: Ph2020-016 Collection: Hardman, Gertrude Collection. Photos of Hardman family and cross-country trip with friends, 1930s-1940s. 55 prints. Donor: Nancy Swing Location: Ph2020-015 Collection: Elden, Theodore Collection. Slides of Cultural Center, 1976. 24 slides. Donor: Theodore Elden Location: Ph2019-090 Collection: Skaggs Family. B&W of Dr. Henry C. Skaggs, Montgomery, Kanawha River Flood, 1930s-1940s. 20 prints (housed in Ms2019-090) Donor: Mary Sue Skaggs Rose, Austin, TX and Jeanne Yvonne Skaggs. Location: Ph2019-087 Collection: WV Agriculture and Forestry Hall of Fame. B&W prints and negatives of members, groups, 1975-1993. 72 prints and 8 negs. (Shelved in box 2 of Ms2019-087). Donor: Chad Proudfoot, WVU Extension. Location: Ph2019-086 Collection: Winkler, George L. and Mary Boster Beard. B&W of Winkler and family, military service, Huntington, postcards of Huntington, 1930s-2011. 1 box (148 prints, 15 postcards) Donor: Mary Boster Beard. Location: Ph2019-080 Collection: Miller Family Collection. Albums of prints of Miller family in Charleston and Huntington, 1929-1948. 2 volumes (estimated 989 prints). Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2019-079 Collection: Allen, Albert R. Jr. Collection. Photos and scrapbooks of Boy Scouts, Order of the Arrow, 1949-1979. 3 scrapbooks and 3 folders (estimated 689 prints). Donor: Barbara Ratliff Location: Ph2019-078 Collection: Estep Collection. Photographic Prints and Negatives from Estep Studios in Greenbrier County. Contains school photos, wedding photos, family photos, Photos from State Fairs, Oversized Materials, etc., 1947-1980s. 40 Boxes Donor: Estep Studios Location: Ph2019-077 Collection: Kelley, Gidley, Blair, Wolfe Collection. Prints and slides of various constructions projects (mostly aerials). 14 boxes. Donor: Thomas Blair Location: Ph2019-076 Collection: Six, Dean Collection. Negatives of Blenko Glass, 1952-1954. 1 box (38 negs). Donor: Dean Six Location: Ph2019-075 Collection: Allen, Basil E. Sr. Collection. Photos from Fort Chaffee, Arkansas and Korea, 1950s. 1 box (133 prints). Donor: Basil E. Allen, Jr. Location: Ph2019-074 Collection: Haught, Colonel Frank W. Collection. B&W prints of military career, Camp Dawson, Point Pleasant, 1880s-1975. 1 box (166 prints). Donor: Gary Haught Location: Ph2019-073 Collection: Andre, Richard Collection. Prints and negatives regarding Charleston High School, 1904-1988. 2 boxes and 1 oversized folder (30 prints, 6 negs). Donor: Richard Andre Location: Ph2019-072 Collection: Postcard. Charleston and Kanawha River, ca. 1940. 1 item. Donor: Charlotte Mecklenburg Library, Charlotte, NC Location: Ph2019-071 Collection: Ruddle, John Collection. B&W prints of Union Carbide, unidentified, many appear to be construction in South Charleston, ca. 1940s-1950s. 85 prints. Donor: John Ruddle Location: Ph2019-070 Collection: Buffalo Creek. B&W and color prints and color negatives after flood taken by James Jones of DNR's Land and Streams Section, 1972. 44 color prints, 7 B&W prints and 45 color negatives. Donor: Brad Leslie, DNR Location: Ph2019-069 Collection: Old Stone Church, Lewisburg. B&W of exterior and interior taken by Charles C. Johnson of New York for Greenbrier Military School, 1946. 10 items. Donor: Dr. Christian J. Streck Location: Ph2019-068 Collection: Youell, Mary Catherine Filbin Collection. B&W and panoramics of Beard's Fork coal mine and community, late 1890s-early 1900s. 3 items. Donor: Robert L. Lookabill Location: Ph2019-067 Collection: Hotel. B&W of sketch of old hotel at Howard's Lick, ca. 1852. 1 item. Donor: Dorothy Childers Location: Ph2019-066 Collection: Jenningston School. B&W of primary class of Tucker County school, 1915 October 21. 1 item. Donor: Rachel Cormier Location: Ph2019-065 Collection: Railroads. Slides of Virginian Railway, Buffalo Creek and Gauley, and Elk River Railroad by I. W. King, Winchester and Western by Joel King, 1950s, 1992. 44 items. Donor: Cynthia King Location: Ph2019-064 Collection: Silver Bridge ruins. B&W of piers, some pieces of bridge, 1968. 11 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2019-063 Collection: West Virginia University. B&W of buildings on campus, 1943 April. 31 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2019-062 Collection: Slides. Summers County, New River and construction of New River Gorge Bridge and other scenic views taken by Fred Dobbins, 1966-1982. 412 items. Donor: Jenny Ellison Location: Ph2019-061 Collection: Postcards. Various scenes, 1906-1913. 22 items. Donor: Upshur County Historical Society Location: Ph2019-060 Collection: Postcard. Brownfront Hotel at Smithfield, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Sharon and Don Eames Location: Ph2019-059 Collection: Postcard. Harpers Ferry, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Alvin Schaut Location: Ph2019-058 Collection: Loeb photo album. Prints of various scenes including tour of Europe, Arkansas, Mississippi, Mexico, artwork, most taken by Mr. Loeb of Charleston, ca. 1890s. 1 volume (164 prints). Donor: Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, MN Location: Ph2019-057 Collection: Airplane. B&W of experimental plane Lone Eagle at Glen Dale, ca 1929. 1 item. Donor: James H. Lackey Location: Ph2019-056 Collection: Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corporation. B&W of gate and plant, South Charleston, n.d. 1 item. Donor: South Charleston Museum? Location: Ph2019-055 Collection: Garrison, Memphis Tennessee Collection. Photo album of teacher and civil rights activist, ca. 1930s-1960s. 1 volume (138 prints, 2 negatives). Donor: National Park Service, Harpers Ferry Location: Ph2019-051 Collection: Paw Taw Square Dance Club, Huntington. Prints and negatives of club members and events, 1969-2011. 112 prints and 3 negatives. Donor: Transfer from museum Location: Ph2019-016 Collection: Stevens, Virginia Collection. B&W of Republican party member including Underwood family, ca. 1930s-1960s. 20 items. Donor: Loretta Sites Location: Ph2019-015 Collection: Belcher, Charles Collection. B&W prints of Belcher Family, 1880s-1940s. 1 box (175 prints). Donor: Charles Belcher Location: Ph2019-014 Collection: Steber, Eleanor Collection. B&W and color prints of Steber family, publicity photos, photos in various roles, ca. 1910-1990. 1 box (59 prints). Donor: Transfer from Museum Location: Ph2019-011 Collection: Postcard. Scene on Glady Fork, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Kanabec History Center, Mora, MN Location: Ph2019-010 Collection: Postcards. Various West Virginia scenes, ca. 1936-1942. 6 items. Donor: Dorothy O'Connor Location: Ph2019-009 Collection: Steinzor, Nadia Collection. Various West Virginia postcards, n.d. 21 items. Donor: Nadia Steinzor Location: Ph2019-008 Collection: Postcard. Harpers Ferry, 1948. 1 item. Donor: Alvin Schaut Location: Ph2019-007 Collection: Postcards. West Virginia scenes, ca. early 1900s. 4 items. Donor: Virginia Lambert Location: Ph2019-006 Collection: Postcards. West Virginia scenes, 1947-1986. 5 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2019-003acc Collection: Ray Lewis - Division of Highways Collection. Slides of Weston intersections, color prints of railroad crossings, truck escape ramps and accident scene, 1980, 1989. 112 slides, 105 prints. Donor: Ray Lewis Location: Ph2019-003 Collection: Ray Lewis - Division of Highways Collection. Highway projects and railroad crossings, intersections, 1970-2010. 5794 prints, 4904 negatives, 5930 slides, 4 maps, 2 disks. Donor: Ray Lewis Location: Ph2019-001 Collection: Douglas and Rena Bumgardner Collection. Donor: Stan Bumgardner, Location: Ph2018-089 Collection: Slides, postcards. Color slides of WV Pentientiary entrance, Grave Creek Mound; postcards of General Lewis Motor Inn, Old White Motel, 1950s, 1980s. 3 slides and 2 postcards. Donor: Estate of Patrick Butler III Location: Ph2018-088 Collection: Glenhuddy. Color print of town on Paint Creek, ca. 1920-1925. 1 item. Donor: John L. Stanley Location: Ph2018-087 Collection: Turkut Family, Welch. B&W of Aleksandru and Anna Turkut with children, ca. 1920s. 1 item. Donor: Thomas and Barbara Turkus Reedy Location: Ph2018-086 Collection: Valley Bell. Copy print of Julia Hickman Pauley on milkwagon, 1942. 1 item. Donor: Toby J. Fulks Location: Ph2018-085 Collection: Charleston. B&W of capitol ruins, annex, Nitro surplus yard, Luna Park, Glenwood School, 1957 flood, 1978 big snow; 1920s, 1957, 1978. 7 items. Donor: Betsy Hall Location: Ph2018-084 Collection: Swann etchings. Sketches by James Swann sent to Frankenberger's customers, 1953-1962. 10 items. Donor: Lorrie Preston Location: Ph2018-083 Collection: Buchanan family. Hand colored tintypes of Thomas Buchanan and Mary Ellis Buchanan, ca. 1860s. 2 items. Donor:Larry K. Gibson Location: Ph2018-082 Collection: Heart and Hand Vintage Memories Collection. Album of carte de visites and tintypes from George W. Morris of Roane Co; Civil War photo of George W. Morris; unknown man on cannon; 1860s-1920s. 75 items. Donor: Heart & Hand Vintage Memories Location: Ph2018-081 Collection: Shannondale and Beyond Collection. Photo albums and prints, Shannondale Woman's Club and Shannondale activities, 1965-2007. 5 boxes. Donor: Shannondale and Beyond Location: Ph2018-080 Collection: Eugene White Collection. B&W prints of coal mining, mine safety, mine refuse ponds, 1948-1984. 2 boxes (464 prints). Donor: Eugene White, Miners' Health Safety and Training Location: Ph2018-079 Collection: Mohler Family Collection. Mohler family in St. Albans and Boone County taken by Daniel Mohler, ca. 1905. 1 volume (105 prints). Donor: Dina and Bill Mohler Location: Ph2018-070 Collection: Postcard. Glass House snack bar at Bluestone on the WV Turnpike, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Alvin Schaut Location: Ph2018-069 Collection: Postcard. West Virginia State Building at Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco, 1915. 1 item. Donor: Katy M. Tahja Location: Ph2018-068 Collection: Postcard. Midland Trail postcard booklet, 1936. 1 item. Donor: Analee Wulfkuhle Location: Ph2018-067 Collection: Swann etching. Independence Hall in 1775 Philadelphia, commissioned by Frankenbergers, 1975. 1 item. Donor: Francis G. Puhala Location: Ph2018-066 Collection: Cabell-Putnam Record Collection. Prints of Cabell and Putnam County activities, 1963-1996. 56 items Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2018-065 Collection: Jeffreys, Charles Collection. B&W of West Virginia State College, 1948. 147 items. Donor: Charles Jeffreys Location: Ph2018-064 Collection: Diamantes, Joellyn Collection. B&W of school groups, church members, from Kingwood/Reedsville areas, ca. 1920s-1930s. 4 items. Donor: Joellyn Diamantes Location: Ph2018-063 Collection: WV State Police. B&W of pistol team, 1932. 1 item. Donor: Beverly Underwood Location: Ph2018-062 Collection: Sterling, Joe Collection. B&W prints from Weirton set of The Deer Hunter and other local activities, 1976-1977. 22 prints and 2 clippings. Donor: Joe Sterling Location: Ph2018-061 Collection: Hall, Granville Davisson. B&W portrait, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Richard Ressegger Location: Ph2018-060 Collection: State Journal Collection. B&W and color, mostly portraits including Governors Underwood and Wise, First Lady Hovah Underwood, Senator Robert C. Byrd, the Greenbrier and its bunker, 1990s-early 2000s. 17 Items. Donor: The State Journal, Charleston Location: Ph2018-059 Collection: Legislature. B&W of 13 members of 1893 Senate, 1 additional identified and 3 unidentified portraits, 1893. 17 items. Donor: Cecelia Mahood Riggins Location: Ph2018-058 Collection: Kanawha River Lock and Dam #9 construction, 1896 October 21. 1 item. Donor: Minnie Harris Location: Ph2018-057 Collection: 4-H, Farm Women, hot lunch program, misc. B&W negatives, ca. 1930s. 23 items. Donor: Betty Eckhardt Location: Ph2018-056 Collection: Annabelle Elemetary School, Four States Company Store, Marion County, 1930s, 1946-1949. 8 items. Donor: Terry Richardson Location: Ph2018-055 Collection: Montgomery School, Shinnston Memorial Day. B&W of Montgomery School, 1912-13; negs of Shinnston Memorial Day Honor Roll Celebration 1943; postcards of Greenbrier, Marshall, Rock Lake, New River Canyon, Webster Springs; 1912-1950. 6 negs, 1 print, 5 postcards. Donor: Morrie O'Dell Location: Ph2018-054 Collection: WV Surveyors Historical Society Collection. B&W prints of WV-MD boundary survey from Julius K. Monroe family, 1911. 56 items. Donor: John L. Green Location: Ph2018-053 Collection: King, Joel Collection. Slide of Virginian Railway 802 and 803 with B&O 667 taken at Grafton, mid 1950s. 1 item. Donor: Cynthia King Location: Ph2018-052 Collection: Portrait. Cabinet photos of Stanhope Henry taken by A. P. Gates of Charleston, ca. 1900. 2 items. Donor: C. Kidwell Location: Ph2018-051 Collection: Clendenin bridge. Negatives of metal bridge, n.d. 2 items. Donor: Cathy Miller Location: Ph2018-050 Collection: Sternwheel packet ship Telephone. Tintype, ca. 1878-1885. 1 item. Donor: Geoff Bourne Location: Ph2018-049 Collection: Brenneman, Richard Collection. Carte de visite of Isaac A. Wade in Civil War uniform, tintype of Ann Amanda Wade Carr Blake Kidd Cain Bogart, ca. 1860s. 2 items. Donor: Richard Brenneman Location: Ph2018-048 Collection: Thornquest, Donald Lee Collection. Electronic images of Korean War soldier, 1944-1954. 20 items. (Digital Format Only) Donor: Sara Dyer Location: Ph2018-047 Collection: Audella Grub Evans and Loretta Workman Francis Collection. Prints of Glen Rogers High, Glen Fork Elementary and Sabine Elementary, mid 1940s-late 1950s. 26 items. Donor: Crystal Evans Watson on behalf of Chester G. Evans Sr. and Douglas C. Evans, Jr Location: Ph2018-046 Collection: Ross Family Collection. Photos and negatives of the Ross family and friends taken by Huntington photograph Charles Chuck Ross, 1939-1971. 2 boxes (2858 negs, 286 prints, 7 slides, 2 thank-you notes) Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2018-033 Collection: Jenkinjones. Photos about T. H. Holbrook, killed in accident December 2, 1918. 2 items. Donor: Barbara Gaston, Prattaugon Museum, Prattville, AL Location: Ph2018-031 Collection: Rogers Family. Copy prints of Nancy and James Rogers family, Mikel Rogers, Frannie Rogers, unid. woman, ca. 1870s-1880s. 4 items. Donor: Denver Public Library, Denver, CO Location: Ph2018-028 Collection: DeRaimo, Okey Collection. Negatives of coal mining operations, 1948-1956. 6 boxes (1908 negs). Donor: Okey DeRaimo Location: Ph2018-027 Collection: Putnam County Convention and Visitors Bureau Collection. Prints, negatives and slides of Putnam County scenes and events, ca. 1980-2001. 1 box (149 negs, 5 postcards, 3 slides, 582 prints). Donor: Putnam County Convention and Visitors Bureau Location: Ph2018-026 Collection: Charleston. Negatives of Charleston area scenes, 1920s-1968. 1 box (275 negs, 7 prints). Donor: Mark Romano Location: Ph2018-025 Collection: Giltinan, David M. Jr. Collection. Photo albums of Giltinan family, many taken by David M. Giltinan, Jr., 1920s-2000s. 5 boxes (12,702 prints). Donor: Lynn S. Payne Location: Ph2018-024 Collection: Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corporation Collection. Prints and negatives of steel company plants, 1926-1999. 1 box and 2 scrapbooks. Donor: Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corportation Location: Ph2018-017 Collection: Photo album. Charles Robert Flip Crouch Collection, USS Idaho BB-42, 1943-1945. 1 volume (83 items). Donor: Yvonne Pearson via Kelly Fields, US Navy Poster Museum of Point Pleasant, WV Location: Ph2018-012 Collection: Winfield Dam #1 construction. B&W taken by engineer F. J. Spike Lloyd, Jr., 1935-1937. 198 items. Donor: Mrs. A. A. Lloyd Location: Ph2018-011 Collection: Reader, Peyton and Eight Mile Schools. B&W of students, staff at schools where Ruby Charlene Morgan Smith taught, 1920s-1930s. 15 items. Donor: Pat Griffin Location: Ph2018-010 Collection: World War I. B&W of train carrying men off to training with banner Wheeling to Berlin, 1917-1918. 1 item. Donor: Rhea Mihalisin Location: Ph2018-009 Collection: Scenic views. B&W prints of views along Rt. 50, Rt. 52, coal mine and other views, 1932 June. 15 items. Donor: Michaele Haynes Location: Ph2018-008 Collection: Buffalo Creek. Slides taken during inspection trip as member of National Academy of Engineering inspection team, 1972-1973. 70 items. Donor: Roger K. Seals Location: Ph2018-007 Collection: Barton Family Collection. B&W and slides of family including Robert Jameson Barton who was killed in Vietnam, ca. 1925-1988. 1 box (58 p rints, 713 slides). Donor: Halcyon Moses Location: Ph2018-005 Collection: Taylor, J. Alfred Collection. B&W of Fayette County politician, publisher, member of Moose and family and friends, ca. 1900-1954. 83 items. Donor: Linda Myers Location: Ph2018-001 Collection: Livisay, Tanner J. Photographs from Tanner J. Livisay's work as an extension agent throughout the southern counties of the state. ca. 1927-1991. 1 box (41 folders) Donor: Family of Tanner J. Livisay (Marilyn Livisay Stewart, Carolyn Livisay McGhee, W. Osborne Livisay, Jackson P. Livisay, Jr.) Location: Ph2017-039 Collection: Naylor Family Collection. Prints and negatives removed from various correspondence, 1920s-1950s. 108 prints and 11 negatives. Donor: Phyllis Reynolds Naylor Location: Ph2017-037 Collection: Postcards. Various West Virginia scenes, 1910s-1990s. 107 items. Donor: Mrs. R. McCann Location: Ph2017-036 Collection: Postcards. Various West Virginia scenes, 1910s-1920s. 9 items. Donor: Greenfield Historical Society, Greenfield, OH Location: Ph2017-035 Collection: Postcards. Various West Virginia scenes, 1910s-1960s. 18 items. Donor: Florida Memory Project, State Archives of Florida, Tallahassee, FL Location: Ph2017-034 Collection: Postcards. Science and Culture Center exterior, Great Hall, theater, ca. 1976. 3 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2017-032 Collection: Weirton-Steubenville Bridge. B&W of construction, 1983 December 12 - 1989 July 18. 141 prints. Donor: Transfer from Ar1895 bridge files Location: Ph2017-031 Collection: Edgar and Perry families, Marietta, OH. B&W and postcards, 1861-1963. 116 prints and 33 negatives. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2017-028 Collection: Widen. B&W prints of town, Buffalo Creek and Gauley Railroad, ca. 1960s. 59 prints. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2017-027 Collection: Prichard, Karl C. Collection. B&W prints of WWI collected by Huntington resident, ca. 1917-1919. 29 prints. Donor: Bill Wintz Location: Ph2017-026 Collection: Myers, Sylvia Collection. B&W prints of Lambert, Calhoun, Nelson families and Pendleton County, ca. 1909-1940s. 1 box (48 prints, 2 postcards). Donor: Sylvia Myers Location: Ph2017-018 Collection: Heflin, Harry B. and Dora Morgan Collection. Prints, negatives, postcards and slides of Glenville State and West Virginia University president and first lady, ca. 1860s-1990s. 3 boxes and 1 album (5 postcards, 875 prints, 221 negatives, 161 slides). Donor: Sharon Palmatory Location: Ph2017-016 Collection: Randolph, Jennings Collection. B&W prints and negatives of congressman and U. S. Senator, 1913-1987. (72 boxes, est. 5000 items). Donor: Salem International University, Salem and Senate Historical Office, Washington, DC. Location: Ph2017-015 Collection: Beanblossom, Robert Lee Collection. B&W and color prints and negatives of Natural Resources, Forestry and Parks employee, family conferences and related subjects, ca. 1900-2011. 1 box (84 prints, 3 postcards, 26 negs). Donor: Robert Lee Beanblossom Location: Ph2017-002 Collection: Photo album. B&W prints taken or acquired by sailor Denzil Whited, many European scenes during WWII, 1940s. 1 volume (150 prints). Donor: Madeline Hill Location: Ph2017-001 Collection: Postcards. Assorted views around state, ca. 1930s-1940s. 14 items. Donor: Margaret Brennan Location: Ph2016-081 Collection: Trigaux, George Collection. B&W of school athletics, military service, possibly Stonewall Jackson High, 1940s. 14 items (housed with Ms2016-081). Donor: Second Chance Humane Society, Ridgway, CO Location: Ph2016-080 Collection: WV Geological and Economic Survey. Glass plate negatives, n.d. 4 boxes (115 negs). Donor: WV Geological and Economic Survey, Morgantown Location: Ph2016-079 Collection: Topographical photos. B&W 1:20,000 scale photos of Lincoln, Mason and Wayne counties, 1950s. 3 boxes (est. 1000 prints). Donor: Rob Pate Location: Ph2016-078 Collection: Commissioning West Virginia. Slides of artwork removed from Ar2070 Arts and Humanities Commission, 1971-1972. 1 box (404 slides). Donor: Arts and Humanities Location: Ph2016-077 Collection: Grove, George W. S. Jr. Collection. B&W and negatives of Romney native, WWII soldier and Charleston attorney, 1920s-1960s. 1 box (449 prints, 30 negs) Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2016-076 Collection: Casdorph, Paul Collection. B&W copy prints of Civil War era figures, n.d. 23 items (housed with Ms2016-076). Donor: Mrs. Paul Casdorph Location: Ph2016-075 Collection: Smusz, Stanley Collection. Album and B&W of WWII sailor, ca. 1940s. 179 prints (housed with Ms2016-075) Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2016-070 Collection: Postcards. Color postcards of capitol, Hawks Nest, Beckley, Laurel Mountain and other scenes, ca. 1960s. 8 items. Donor: Sharon A. Allen Location: Ph2016-069 Collection: Postcards. Elkins, ca. 1910-1920s. 3 items. Donor: Shirley Lang Location: Ph2016-068 Collection: Postcards. Various West Virginia scenes, 1944-1980s. 12 items. Donor: Bonnie Reno for Frank and Kathleen Griffin Location: Ph2016-067 Collection: Postcard. Highland Cottage, Terra Alta, 1902. 1 item. Donor: Barbara Cox Location: Ph2016-066 Collection: Postcard. Silver Bridge, Point Pleasant, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Carl G. Wolfe Location: Ph2016-065 Collection: Calvary Baptist Church, Charleston. B&W of Baraca Sunday School class, 1940. 1 item. Donor: Clara M. Hill Location: Ph2016-064 Collection: Wilcoxen, Joseph Charles. B&W of St. Marys man in Navy uniform, 1942. 1 item. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2016-063 Collection: Ballard, Lewis and Malinda Jane Spangler. B&W print, ca. 1880s. 2 items. Donor: Pete Ballard Location: Ph2016-062 Collection: Beta Psi reunion. B&W of Beta Psi alumni gathered on steps of Governor's Mansion with Governor Arch Moore and letter sending print to Roy S. Samms, Jr., 1974 August. 2 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2016-061 Collection: Hatfield, Patterson. Copy print of Patterson Hatfield and family, ca. 1900. 1 item. Donor: Steve and Donna Hensley Location: Ph2016-060 Collection: Norman, Hensley and related families. B&W prints, ca. 1900-1920. 10 items. Donor: Linda A. Edsall Location: Ph2016-057 Collection: Sweeney, Major James W. Copy print of Confederate cavalry officer, ca. 1861-1865. 1 item. Donor: Transfer from library Location: Ph2016-052 Collection: Bryan, George Collection. B&W prints of mine inspectors, ca. 1940s-1950s. 2 items. Donor: Rowena Farrar Location: Ph2016-047 Collection: Bollinger, W. E. and Sons Collection. B&W negatives of commercial Charleston photographers, 1929-1965. (6214 negatives) Donor: Purchase from George Bragg Location: Ph2016-046 Collection: Kanawha Textbook Controvesy. B&W prints including Ku Klux Klan protest, 1975 September 6. 17 items. Donor: Mike Bell Location: Ph2016-045 Collection: Kanawha City. B&W of construction of drainage system near Owens-Illinois plant, ca. 1955-1960. 3 items. Donor: Bob Kohlbecker Location: Ph2016-044 Collection: Quality Glass. Color snapshot of remains of Morgantown factory, ca. 2006. 1 item. Donor: Robert McCormick Location: Ph2016-043 Collection: Moore-Capito wedding. Color prints of reception at Cultural Center of Charles Capito and Shelley Moore, 1976. 6 prints. Donor: Charles Capito Location: Ph2016-042 Collection: Cunningham, Dan. B&W of US Deputy Marshall, n.d. 2 items. Donor: Beulah E. Cantley Location: Ph2016-041 Collection: Petroglyphs, archaeological finds. B&W of sites at Salt Rock, artifacts possibly from Buffalo, n.d. 5 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2016-040 Collection: Senate. Composite of members (mislabelled as first Senate), 1866-1867. 1 item. Donor: David Burley Location: Ph2016-039 Collection: Civilian Conservation Corps. Camp Randolph album, late 1930s. 103 items. Donor: Gary Blackshire Location: Ph2016-038 Collection: Panoramic negative. Superior Coal?, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Bill Epperson Location: Ph2016-037 Collection: Peterstown area. B&W of area families including Ballard, Campbell and Taylor, n.d. 12 items. Donor: Todd Simmons Location: Ph2016-033 Collection: Prince family. B&W of Frank A. Prince, James A. Prince and town of Prince, ca. 1920s. 5 items. Donor: Ann Prince Engel Location: Ph2016-030acc Collection: Vil(l)ain, Folio and related families. B&W prints in album, n.d. 1 volume (76 prints). Donor: Linda Osborne Location: Ph2016-030 Collection: Vil(l)ain, Folio and related families. B&W and postcards of Belgian immigrants, most unidentified, ca. 1900-1950. 1 box (442 items). Donor: Linda Osborne Location: Ph2016-025 Collection: Poffenbarger, Livia Simpson Collection. B&W of Poffenbarger and related families, nd. 12 items. Donor: S. C. Poffenbarger Location: Ph2016-016 Collection: Meeks Collection. Sports photos including autographed Willie Mays, J. R. House, 1935 Sherman football, 1919 Charleston High football, ca. 1919-1990s. 24 items. Donor: Guy Meeks Location: Ph2016-015 Collection: Shanholzer Collection. Postcards, photos and sketches including Capitol fire, Chessie cats, 1921-1960s. 11 postcards, 6 B&W prints, 2 color sketches, 7 oversized sketches. (Housed with Ms2016-015). Donor: Karl Shanholzer Location: Ph2016-014 Collection: Waugh, Lee Edward and Nancy Collection. B&W prints and negatives of WV Institute of Technology student and army officer who was killed in WWII, 1930s-1944. 25 prints and 87 negatives. (Housed with Ms2016-014). Donor: Charlotte Spangler Chessman Location: Ph2016-012 Collection: Parks, Charles Collection. B&W and color prints of state park employee including North Bend, Audra and Hawks Nest, late 1960s-1980s. 1 box (102 B&W, 166 color). Donor: Shiela Martin Location: Ph2016-011 Collection: Smith, Toni Y. Collection. B&W and color prints of Cabin Creek area families, most unidentified, 1910-1990s. 1 box (406 color, 97 B&W, 3 B&W negs, 2 postcards). Donor: Toni Y. Smith Location: Ph2016-009 Collection: Love/Gocke families. B&W and color of Mary Frances Elizabeth Love Gocke and siblings, Joseph Bernard Gocke, Pat Gocke White, 1904-1980s. 5 items. Donor: Mark Newpher Location: Ph2016-007 Collection: National Lead Company Collection. B&W prints of South Charleston plant, ca. 1950s. 4 items. Donor: Susan Kimble Location: Ph2016-002 Collection: Scott Depot Home Demonstration Club Collection. Color prints and negatives of club members and activities, 1970s-1980s. 1 box (299 prints, 24 negs). Donor: Brenda West Location: Ph2016-001 Collection: Departments of Commerce and Natural Resources. Prints, negatives, slides, transparencies and digital files of scenic, tourism and commerce scenes and events, 1980s-2002. 20 boxes (66,589 items and 598 CDs). Donor: Ron Snow, Deparment of Commerce Location: Ph2015-065 Collection: Pierpoint/Pierpont Family. B&W and color prints, negatives and slides of family members, reunions, ca. 1963-1986. 229 prints, 88 negs, 21 slides. Donor: Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Pierpoint Location: Ph2015-060 Collection: Charleston Community Music Association Collection. Mostly publicity photos as well as group meetings, 1970s-2015 Contains prints, slides, and photo albums (2 boxes) Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2015-059 Collection: Smith-Giltinan Collection. Prints and negatives of Smith and Giltinan families, Eskew Smith & Cannon Company, Charleston and related images, 1860s-1998. 6 boxes (2374 prints, 2556 negatives). Donor: Katherine Brooks Giltinan Location: Ph2015-058 Collection: Parmer, David Collection. Burnsville and Burnsville High School prints, 1918-1962. 51 prints and 3 oversized articles. Donor: David Parmer Location: Ph2015-057 Collection: Bureau of Employment Programs/WorkForce West Virginia. B&W and color prints, negatives and scans of staff, officials, and events, ca. 1970s-2005. 4 boxes (1792 prints, 1103 negatives and 41 scans on 2 CDs). Donor: WorkForce West Virginia, Charleston Location: Ph2015-056acc Collection: Elden, Henry Family Collection. Slides of projects designed by Elden such as Top O'Rock; other structures around West Virginia and neighboring states, ca. 1954-1983. 1 box (568 slides and 228 stereo slides. Donor: Henry Elden estate c/o executor Barbara Elden Scavullo Location: Ph2015-056 Collection: Elden, Henry Family Collection. Prints of projects of Charleston architect, family photos, and Top O Rock, 1970s-2000s. 2 boxes and 1 oversized (380 prints, 11 negatives). Donor: Henry Elden estate c/o executor Barbara Elden Scavullo Location: Ph2015-054 Collection: Loudon Heights Garden Club Collection. Slides, prints and panoramic of Charleston group, 1919, 1946-2004. 70 slides, 1 panoramic and 172 prints. Donor: Loudon Heights Garden Club, Charleston. Location: Ph2015-053 Collection: Postcards. Riviera Motel, Charleston, Capitol building, 1930s, 1970s. 2 items. Donor: Howard County Historical Society, Ellicott City, MD Location: Ph2015-052 Collection: Postcard. First Presbyterian Church, Charleston, 1906. 1 item. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2015-051 Collection: Postcards. West Virginia Turnpike, 1950s. 3 items. Donor: Ann Boehr Location: Ph2015-050 Collection: Postcard. Blackwater Canyon, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Alvin Schaut Location: Ph2015-049 Collection: Postcards. Color of St. Joseph's Cathedral and Chapline Street extension, Wheeling; Devil's Saddle on US Route 50; West Liberty State Teachers College; 1940s. 4 items. Donor: Steve Paoletti Location: Ph2015-048 Collection: Postcards. View of Gauley Bridge, Souvenir Folder of the Happy South, n.d. 2 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2015-047 Collection: Postcard. Seneca Rocks, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Ed Hicks Location: Ph2015-046 Collection: Postcards. B&W of Pence Springs, n.d. 6 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2015-038 Collection: Railroad, Arnold family. B&W of engine crossing trestle with L. McWain as engineer; senior photo of Patrick Wayne Arnold, class of 1968 at George Washington High School; n.d., 1968. 2 items. Donor: Pat Arnold Location: Ph2015-017 Collection: Wheeling. B&W of drafting room, U. S. Engineer's Office, 1912. March 15. 1 item. Donor: Alan R. Rowe Location: Ph2015-016 Collection: Ku Klux Klan, Harding burial site. B&W of Klan rally, Warren Harding burial site at Marion, OH, photos by Jo Browning, Logan Herald editor, n.d. 3 items. Donor: Richard Meckstreth Location: Ph2015-013 Collection: Greenbrier High School Collection. B&W of school, 1953 senior Emma Jean Dowdy (Cantrell), band; color of class reunion; CDs of 40th, 50th and 60th reunions for class of 1953; 1951-2013. 7 items. Donor: Harvey R. Cantrell Location: Ph2015-003 Collection: WVU football, Governor Smith. Color of 1975 WVU football Peach Bowl champs; B&W of Harley Staggers, Ken Hechler, Jennings Randolph, President Johnson, Governor and Mrs. Smith, 1967, 1975. 2 items. Donor: Cheryl Nail Location: Ph2015-001 Collection: Smith, Mark Collection. Sketch by Jeff Prechtel of Frederick Sheetz, gunsmith, n.d. (oversized shelved in ArProc046). 1 item. Donor: Mark Smith Location: Ph2014-074 Collection: Norman, Dr. John C. Collection. Contains various photographs of Dr. Norman with friends, family, and of his medical practice. 1 box. Donor: Family of Dr. John C. Norman Location: Ph2014-073 Collection: Norman Family Collection. Prints and slides of architect John C. Norman, Ruth S. Norman, and Dr. John C. Norman, Jr., 1915-1983. 190 slides, 786 prints, 20 negatives, and oversized. Donor: Jill Norman Fouad Location: Ph2014-041 Collection: Conley High School. Copy negatives of basketball team and Coach Leonard Valentine 1963 Class A champs; 1950 runner up basketball team; 1951 football championship team; 1950-51, 1963. 17 items. Donor: Mitchell Valentine Location: Ph2014-030 Collection: Portrait, Byrd, Robert C. B&W print autographed to Freddie Lane, 1965. 1 item. Donor: Henry Lane Location: Ph2014-029 Collection: Hope Natural Gas. Album with B&W photos of employees, ca. 1942-1944. 1 volume (10 prints). Donor: Nancy M. Nicklas Location: Ph2014-028 Collection: Dinger family. B&W photo postcard of children taken at Clendenin, 1915 July. 1 item. Donor: Weymouth Preservation Society, Medina, OH Location: Ph2014-027acc Collection: Greenbank, parks. B&W of telescope at Greenbank, view from Hawks Nest overlook and tram, 1952-1967. 3 items. Donor: Bev Fulmer Location: Ph2014-027 Collection: Pisegna Collection. B&W and color including Pisegna family members, political figures, LCpl. Frank W. Pisegna II, Buffalo Creek Flood, 1940s-1990s. 49 prints and 16 negatives. Donor: Bev Fulmer Location: Ph2014-026 Collection: Pilgrim Glass. Color prints of artist Kelsey Murphy including with President and First Lady Bill and Hillary Clinton, 1990s. 11 items. Donor: Joseph B. Touma Location: Ph2014-024 Collection: Postcards. B&W and color including Huntington, Wheeling, Charleston, Fairmont, Parkersburg, Grafton, and the Ohio River, ca. 1908-1916. 12 items. Donor: Ohio History Connection, Columbus, OH Location: Ph2014-023 Collection: Hall Family. B&W of unidentified family members by photographers in Morgantown, Mannington and Farmington, ca. 1890-1910. 8 items. Donor: George R. Hall Location: Ph2014-021 Collection: Southern Coal Producers Association Collection. B&W prints of meetings, coal operators, 1945-1975. 26 items. Donor: Southern Coal Producers Association via Kanawha Industrial Relations Association, Charleston Location: Ph2014-020 Collection: Mountain State Forest Festival Collection. B&W and color prints and B&W negatives of activities, 1938-1976. 1 box (353 prints, 284 negatives). Donor: Richard A. Evans Location: Ph2014-018 Collection: Davies, William E. Collection. B&W prints, negatives, and B&W and color slides related to caves, Buffalo Creek Disaster, 1940s-1970s. 2 boxes (approx. 704 slides, 543 prints, 466 negs). Donor: William H. Davies Location: Ph2014-017 Collection: Clarksburg Exponent-Telegram Collection. B&W negatives of events in Harrison and nearby counties, 1931-1989. 64 boxes (est. 96,102 negs). Donor: Clarksburg-Harrison Public Library, Clarksburg Location: Ph2014-009 Collection: Morgan, John G. Collection. B&W prints of various West Virginia topics and some from his India/Pakistan travels, 1940s-1980s. 1 box (approximately 400 prints). Donor: Sarah Morgan Location: Ph2014-008 Collection: Hose, Dan Collection. B&W prints of various political and sports figures, ca. 1968-1990. 98 items. Donor: Patsy Hose Location: Ph2013-172 Collection: Civil Rights. Copy prints of AP photos of bombing of Osage Junior High, Huntington protests, 1970 October. 4 items. Donor: Purchase Location: Ph2013-171 Collection: Slides. Color of WV artists and works selected for National Museum of Women in the Arts exhibit, 1996. 4 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2013-170 Collection: Daugherty, Mary Lee Collection. Slides, color of snake handling, ca. 1969-1974. 25 items. Donor: Sonia Chambers Location: Ph2013-169 Collection: Slides. View of Charleston including Libbey Owens Ford, airport, Kanawha River and boulevard, fire at warehouse on Stockton Street, fire trucks, 1960s. 45 items. Donor: Robert Kohlbecker Location: Ph2013-168 Collection: Manchin, Joe. Color prints of various events, late 1990s, 2005-2010. 5 items. Donor: Transfer from Museum Location: Ph2013-167 Collection: Templeton family. B&W of Lincoln County family, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Clara Hill Location: Ph2013-166 Collection: Arthurdale. B&W of workers in plant assembling motors for electric sweepers, 1937 June 11. 1 item. Donor: Purchase Location: Ph2013-165 Collection: Politics. Senate Rules Committee broadcast, program with attorney Stanley Preiser and Pat Casey, n.d. 3 items. Donor: Bill Kelley Location: Ph2013-164 Collection: Boat. B&W of oil and gas industry boat, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2013-163 Collection: Du Berry family. B&W of family and home near Bruceton Mills, ca. 1890s. 6 items. Donor: Margaret Brennan Location: Ph2013-162 Collection: Music. B&W of Woody Simmons, William Simmons, Rusty Helmick, and Arnold Selman performing on WDNE Radio, 1949. 1 item. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2013-161 Collection: Beech Bottom Grade School. B&W of students outside building, 1940s. 1 item. Donor: Margaret Brennan Location: Ph2013-160 Collection: Tiernan house. B&W of house and owners Mr. and Mrs. William Miles Tiernan, Wheeling, some by Kossuth, ca. 1930s. 8 items. Donor: Lisa Ann Culin Location: Ph2013-159 Collection: Road construction. B&W of James River and Kanawha Turnpike in Greenbrier County, Wetzel County project #47, 1919-1922. 4 items. Donor: Transfer from Division of Highways Location: Ph2013-158 Collection: Thomas, Clint. B&W of Negro League player, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Transfer from WV Senate Location: Ph2013-157 Collection: Estep family. B&W of Shadrack and Hannah Estep family, ca. 1910. 1 item. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2013-156 Collection: Logan, Jackson counties. B&W of Lorado by Burel Studio, Logan, ca. 1933; Holden, 1904; group of people at Sandyville below G. H. Hawes Drug Store, 1894. 3 items. Donor: Habitat for Humanity, Atlanta, GA Location: Ph2013-155 Collection: Bunch, Paul Newman Collection. Tintype of Mrs. Haney Smith Napier, Wayne County, ca. 1950-1870. 1 item. Donor: Pamela Schenck Location: Ph2013-154 Collection: Engine, streetcars. B&W of Vulcan 2-6-2T #5 used by Lost River Lumber Company in Hardy County for fighting fires, 1926; Fairmont-Clarksburg Traction Company 2 car train, n.d. 2 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2013-153 Collection: Cemetery. B&W of Wimer family tombstones at Straight Fork Cemetery, Lewis County, 1970. 37 items. Donor: Ellen Weimer Location: Ph2013-152 Collection: Yeager, Charles. Color of paintings by Hal Bergdahl showing Yeager flying under Southside Bridge, 2002. 3 items. Donor: Hal Bergdahl Location: Ph2013-151 Collection: Portrait, Randolph, Jennings. B&W, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Transfer from Museum Location: Ph2013-150 Collection: Postcards. Color of Pipestem Resort, New River Gorge Bridge, Cockayne House, ca. 1980s-2000. 3 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2013-149 Collection: Postcards. Color of Harpers Ferry, Huntington Post Office, B&W of unidentified man by Gravely & Moore, 1930s-1960s. 3 items. Donor: Beverly Underwood Location: Ph2013-148 Collection: Postcards. Color of Capitol, aerial of Charleston, 1930s. 2 items. Donor: Eleanor Byrnes Location: Ph2013-147 Collection: Postcard. Color folder of Charleston scenes, ca. 1923. 1 item. Donor: Loraine Keffer Location: Ph2013-146 Collection: Postcard. Pickens and Addison #2 engine, Shay 658-01, 1913 June. 1 item. Donor: Tom Lawson Location: Ph2013-145 Collection: Largent, H. William and Ruth H. Collection. Panoramics, Morgantown by A. A. Rogers, 1903, group in Fairmont by Wagner, Marietta, OH, n.d. 2 items. Donor: Taina Lee-DeSimone Location: Ph2013-144 Collection: Postcard. B&W of Tiskewah School nearly completed, 1916. 1 item. Donor: Mrs. Gay Barbara Williams Location: Ph2013-143 Collection: Postcards. Color of post offices around state, ca. 1910-1950. 16 items. Donor: Michigan Historical Center, Lansing, MI Location: Ph2013-142 Collection: Postcard. B&W of The Jug on Middle Island Creek, Tyler County, n.d. 1 item. Donor: State Historical Society of North Dakota, Bismarck, ND Location: Ph2013-141 Collection: Postcards. WV Veterans Memorial, Grave Creek Mound, 1960 Presidential Primary symposium, ca. 1990s. 14 items. Donor: Culture and History Location: Ph2013-140 Collection: Postcard. Color of University of Charleston Clay Tower building, ca. 2000-2010. 1 item. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2013-139 Collection: Postcards. B&W and color of 1885 capitol and fire, souvenir folder of Charleston, ca. 1915-1921. 5 items. Donor: Jane E. Yeager Location: Ph2013-138 Collection: Postcards. Color of National Highway east of Wheeling, folder WV The State Beautiful, ca. 1925, 1936. 2 items. Donor: Mrs. Margaret Shaver c/o Caryn Gresham Location: Ph2013-137 Collection: Postcards. Color of The Greenbrier, ca. 1990s-2000s. 8 items. Donor: Martha McKee, Education and the Arts Location: Ph2013-136 Collection: West Virginia Capitol. Color of building with facts on back, compliments of WV Department of Archives and History, ca. 1941-1946. 1 item. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2013-135 Collection: GAR National Encampment. B&W of meeting in Minneapolis, attended by James S. Watson, 1906. 1 item. Donor: Shirley J. Lang Location: Ph2013-134 Collection: Magistrates' Conference, Golden Horseshoe. B&W of 1976 WV Magistrates Conference attendees outside St. Mark's Methodist, color of 1988 Golden Horseshoe winners, both with Darrell McGraw, 1976, 1988. 4 items. Donor: Attorney General's Office, Charleston Location: Ph2013-133 Collection: West Virginia State Sunday School Convention. B&W of Charleston meeting, standing at front entrance of 1885 capitol, 1910. 1 item. Donor: Dr. Ray Swick Location: Ph2013-132 Collection: Elk Hotel. B&W of building, New Martinsville, ca. 1899. 1 item. Donor: Mr. or Mrs. (?) Nelson Location: Ph2013-131 Collection: Panoramics. Copley, Lewis Co. oil boom, Burnsville, taken by H. P. Bankhead, copies, ca. 1910-1926. 2 items. Donor: David Parmer Location: Ph2013-130 Collection: Panoramic. MacBeth Coal tipple, by Haines Photo Company, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2013-129 Collection: Panoramics. Coal tipples, cars, one by S. R. McCoy, Wheeling, n.d. 2 items. Donor: University of Toledo, Toledo, OH Location: Ph2013-128 Collection: Panoramics. B&W of Camp Anthony, CCC camp 2590, Neola, showing camp, men, by Cahill Studio, Bluefield, 1938 August. 2 items. Donor: W. D. Capehart Location: Ph2013-127 Collection: Kanawha County Circuit Clerk's office. B&W prints, 1920s. 3 items. Donor: Brenda Tate Location: Ph2013-126 Collection: Randolph, Mary Sturm and O. Carl Collection. B&W albums of Sturm, Randolph families, Army bank. Elk Horn Coal, ca. 1900-1945. 517 items. Donor: Diane Slaughter Location: Ph2013-125 Collection: West Virginia Turnpike. B&W prints of construction, 1953 July 2 - 1954 September 16. 74 items. Donor: Carl McLaughlin Location: Ph2013-124 Collection: Grimes, Richard Collection. Prints and a few negatives of political figures and news stories, ca. 1970s. 190 prints, 6 negatives. Donor: Kathryn Grimes Location: Ph2013-105 Collection: Schutte Family Collection. B&W of family members. Harrison County, undated.. 16 items. Donor: Lynette Feeney-Burns Location: Ph2013-098 Collection: Mullins, Glenna Collection. Prints, negatives, and postcards of Charleston resident who served in Women's Army Auxiliary Corps in WWII, 1943-1945. 1 box (105 prints/postcards, 25 negatives). Donor: Steve Mullins Location: Ph2013-097 Collection: Frank Hammond Collection (Taken from Ms2013-097, The Loar Family Collection). Negatives of Wayne County family, n.d. 1 box. Donor: Margaret and Jerry Clark Location: Ph2013-083 Collection: Stafford, Patricia Lynne Collection. Tintypes, prints and school class photos for Charmco Elementary and Barboursville Elementary, ca. 1860s-1964. 1 box (28 items). Donor: Estate of Patricia Lynne Stafford, Judith McJunkin Administratrix Location: Ph2013-082 Collection: Guthrie, James H. Copy negatives of WV Air National Guard member and units, 1944-1986. 36 items. Donor: James H. Guthrie Location: Ph2013-070 Collection: Nichols/Nuckols families. B&W prints of family members, many unidentified, 1887-1950. 2 boxes (approx. 586 images). Donor: Delores French Blackwell Location: Ph2013-069 Collection: Department of Natural Resources Collection. Slides of various scenes, 26,131 slides and 2040 prints and negatives. 8 boxes. Donor: Department Natural Resources Location: Ph2013-068 Collection: Wetzel, Lewis. B&W postcard of Wetzel's name carved in rock on King's Creek near Weirton, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Transfer from clippings Location: Ph2013-067 Collection: USS West Virginia. B&W prints of repairs at Puget Sound Navy Yard from National Archives, 1944 June 28. 10 items. Donor: Thomas C. Hone Location: Ph2013-066 Collection: Album. B&W prints and negatives, unidentified but include coal towns, out of state travel, ca. 1920s-1930s. 96 prints and 173 negatives. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2013-065 Collection: McBride, Jon. B&W of McBride Station for 20th anniversary moon landing stamp, 1989 July 21. 2 items. Donor: Jon McBride Location: Ph2013-064 Collection: House. B&W of house and family by Siburt Studio of Moundsville, ca. 1900-1920. 1 item. Donor: City of Norfolk Public Library, Norfolk, VA Location: Ph2013-063 Collection: Workers. B&W of men and boys seated by stone wall, possibly construction workers, stonecutters or miners, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2013-062 Collection: Pierpoint, Francis Marion. Carte de visite of first adjutant general of West Virginia, 1863. 1 item. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2013-061 Collection: West Virginia National Guard. B&W of Co. E, 1st WV mess near Mount Gretna, PA, 1912. 1 item. Donor: Sharon M. Ogan Location: Ph2013-060 Collection: Caperton, Gaston. Color of unveiling of portrait, 1997. 5 items. Donor: Transfer from Culture and History Location: Ph2013-059 Collection: Parkersburg. B&W of boarding house where Presbyterian church later stood, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Karl Hannan Location: Ph2013-058 Collection: Wheeling Park. Panoramic postcard folder published by Otto Schenk, ca. 1923. 8 items. Donor: Transfer from library Location: Ph2013-057 Collection: Foulke family. B&W of George R. Foulke, ca 1881. 6 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2013-056 Collection: Turnpike construction. B&W snapshots taken by B. D. Johnson, 1950s. 34 items. Donor: B. David Johnson Location: Ph2013-055 Collection: Pony. B&W of Jackie Lee on Dolly, 1930s. 1 item. Donor: Jerry Grady Location: Ph2013-054 Collection: Radio performers. B&W of Franklin Brothers, Andy, Cap and Milt, and Earthborn, 1940s-1950s. 4 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2013-053 Collection: Postcards, Coleman family. Postcards of various scenes including several state parks, southern West Virginia; photo postcards of Coleman family members, most unidentified, ca. 1900-1980s. 92 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2013-052 Collection: Postcards. Color of assorted sites including Guyandotte, Pennsboro, Grafton, Romney, Jacksons Mill, Arthurdale and St. Albans, ca. 2000-2013. 10 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2013-051 Collection: Postcards. B&W and color of scenic views, roads, 1920s-1930s. 6 items. Donor: Belinda Baker Location: Ph2013-050 Collection: Postcards, Gilbert family. Postcards of various West Virginia scenes collected by Irene Marie Andris Finlayson, B&W prints of Gilbert family, ca. 1900-1950s. 164 items. Donor: Diane Salman Location: Ph2013-036 Collection: Postcard. Marshall University, Old Main, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Cathy Miller Location: Ph2013-029 Collection: Leonard, Louise Collection. B&W of Republican state senator who ran for US Senate, ca. 1971-1974. 60 items. Donor: Bill McVey Location: Ph2013-028 Collection: Wintz, William Collection. B&W, color, and copy prints of Civil War, Nitro and Putnam County, ca. 1861-2004. 93 items. Donor: Wintz family Location: Ph2013-012 Collection: Statue. B&W of Lincoln Walks at Midnight, 1970s. 2 items. Donor: Transfer from clippings Location: Ph2012-042 Collection: Drawing. Sketch and information on Norman S. Fitzhugh, Charleston native, business owner and accountant, drawn by Jack Moran, n.d. 1 item (oversized shelved as ArProc046) Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2012-040 Collection: DeBlois, Georgia Collection. B&W and color of Dunbar, Dunbar High and musical festivals, ca. 1900-2010. 106 item. Donor: Georgia DeBlois Location: Ph2012-030 Collection: Construction, family. B&W of steam shovel, Masontown, 1907 Aug 30; miners with buckets and family on porch, Fairmont, n.d. 2 items. Donor: Margaret Brennan Location: Ph2012-024 Collection: Burdette, Nancy Boone. Tintype of Roane Co. resident, ca 1881. 1 item. Donor: Dr. Barbara Snyder Location: Ph2012-019 Collection: WV Square and Round Dance Federation. Color prints of emblem, members and patterns removed from literary mss, ca. 1987. 3 items. Donor: Transfer from library Location: Ph2012-017 Collection: Wheeling Bicentennial. Digital scans of slides taken by Leonard Rowley, 1969 July. 1 disk. Donor: Margaret Brennan Location: Ph2012-016 Collection: Capitol Complex. Color print of proposed master plan, ca. 1990s. 1 item. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2012-015 Collection: Gill, Benjamin. Copy negative of Civil War veteran, 1908. 1 item. Donor: Charles F. Taylor Location: Ph2012-014 Collection: Etchings. James Swann views of Cass Scenic Railroad, Kanawha Public Library, Charleston Art Gallery of Sunrise, 1965-1970. 3 items. Donor: Glenn Carte Location: Ph2012-013acc Collection: Postcards. Greenbrier Resort, ca. 2010s. 35 items. Donor: Martha McKee Location: Ph2012-013acc Collection: Postcards. Greenbrier Resort, 2000-2014. 9 items. Donor: Martha McKee Location: Ph2012-013acc Collection: Postcard. The Greenbrier springhouse, ca. 2012. 1 item. Donor: Martha McKee Location: Ph2012-013 Collection: Postcards. The Greenbrier, ca. 2012. 9 items. Donor: Martha McKee, Education and the Arts Location: Ph2012-012 Collection: Beef O'Brady Bowl. Color prints of Marshall University vs. Florida International, 2011 Dec. 20. 6 items. Donor: Matthew Turner, Office of the President, Marshall University, Huntington Location: Ph2012-010 Collection: Holt Family collection. Copy negatives of Holt and Dew families, Lewis County scenes, ca. 1870s-1952. 78 items. Donor: John M. Holt and Helen Early Jones Location: Ph2012-009 Collection: Briquet plant. B&W of Davy or Berwind plant, n.d. 3 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2012-008 Collection: Smith, Opie Drexel Collection. B&W of Bigley and Oakland schools, Gen. Thomas of Kentucky division; WWI soldiers, some identified; unidentified WWII or Korea soldier, 1861-1950s. 13 items. Donor: Carolyn Snodgrass Location: Ph2012-007 Collection: Floods. B&W of Wheeling floods, 1910 March (4) and 1936 (32). 36 items. Donor: Robbie Shinn Location: Ph2012-006 Collection: Kyle, WV. Copy print of Lynchburg Coal and Coke store with Eckman Cornet Bank, ca. 1900-20. 1 item. Donor: Donna McClelland Location: Ph2012-005 Collection: Postcards. Capitol, John Henry statue, Old Stone House Ritchie Co, WVU, ca. 1960s-2010. 9 items. Donor: Transfer from clippings Location: Ph2012-003 Collection: Tabor, Brewster families. B&W of Greenbrier County families, panoramic of Concord College class ca. 1925-26 moved to panoramics), 1920s-1980s. 1 box (113 items). Donor: Jo Alice Heck Location: Ph2012-002 Collection: Slides. Views mostly of Wood County, some Charleston, Pence Springs, Wheeling, 1989-1990. 1 box (296 items). Donor: Laura Sparks VandenBosch Location: Ph2012-001 Collection: Slides. Views of state parks and forests, wildlife, flora, miscellaneous scenes, 1960s-1980s. 2 boxes (1196 items). Donor: Division of Natural Resources Location: Ph2011-125 Collection: Armor Plate Plant. Copy prints of aerials from NARA, 1941 Sept. 22. 3 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2011-124 Collection: Carbide. B&W, mostly employees, ca. 1930s. 8 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2011-123 Collection: Natural Resources. Artwork and negatives for various parks, ca. 1960s. 158 items. Donor: Department of Natural Resources Location: Ph2011-122 Collection: Postcards. WV House of Delegates chamber, ca. 2000. 4 items. Donor: Culture and History Location: Ph2011-121 Collection: Postcard. Philippi Covered Bridge, ca. 1930s. 1 item. Donor: Sapulpa Historical Society, Sapulpa, OK Location: Ph2011-120 Collection: Wheeling. B&W of policemen, tour group at U. S. Capitol, n.d. 2 items. Donor: Paul Eddy Location: Ph2011-119 Collection: Wheeling Symphony. B&W of performers, logo, 1950s-2003. 4 items. Donor: Margaret Brennan Location: Ph2011-118 Collection: Chief Logan State Park. Booklet of plans and photos of activities building, late 1980s. 1 item. Donor: Bob Beanblossom, Department of Natural Resources Park Location: Ph2011-117 Collection: Kimball. Color photos of flooding and aftermath, 2002 May 2-3. 38 items. Donor: Sharon and Jonathan Bennett Location: Ph2011-116 Collection: Summers County. Aerial views, 2002 March 30. 14 items. Donor: Ed Robinson Location: Ph2011-115 Collection: Politics, murder case. B&W wire photos including Congressman Carl Bachman, ca. 1930s. 12 items. Donor: Minneapolis Public Library Special Collections, Minneapolis, MN Location: Ph2011-114 Collection: Riverboats. B&W of boats, including Capt. A. D. Butler and pilot David Corben, ca. 1880s-1910. 6 items. Donor: Lucy Butler Location: Ph2011-113 Collection: Wheeling. B&W of parade scene, 1968 Nov. 1 item. Donor: Transfer from Historic Preservation Location: Ph2011-112 Collection: Civil War. Copy prints of Pleasant J. Miller, Co. B, 17th WV Infantry and Richard M. J. Miller, Co. B, 3rd Cavalry, ca. 1865. 2 items. Donor: Delores M. Young Location: Ph2011-111 Collection: Fork Spring School. Construction of Greenbrier County school, late 1920s. 1 item. Donor: Shirley Bland Location: Ph2011-109 Collection: Kanawha County schools. B&W copy prints of schools in eastern end of county, ca. 1900-1923. 8 items. Donor: William R. Hudnall Location: Ph2011-108 Collection: Baseball. Team photo (color) of West Virginia Power, 2007. 3 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2011-107 Collection: Golden Horseshoe. Winners on capitol steps, group includes Henry Louis Gates, Jr., 1964. 1 item. Donor: Jerry Grady Location: Ph2011-106 Collection: Odd Fellows Home, Elkins. Color view from air, n.d. 1 item. Donor: John Bennett Location: Ph2011-105 Collection: Fire fighting. B&W of forest fire fighting, ca. 1960s. 41 items. Donor: Bookworm and Silverfish, Wytheville, VA Location: Ph2011-104 Collection: Portrait. Unknown man by Partridge's Gallery, Wheeling, VA, ca. 1860. 1 item. Donor: Mrs. Harry Fredericks Location: Ph2011-103 Collection: Portraits, Jackson, Governor Jacob and First Lady Maria Williard Jackson. Copy prints of paintings, ca. 1880s. 2 items. Donor: James H. Dingess Location: Ph2011-102 Collection: Wheeling. B&W of skyline from across river, Windsor Hotel construction and interior, ca. 1913. 3 items. Donor: Harry W. Gee, Jr. Location: Ph2011-101 Collection: Ferry. B&W of ferry across Little Kanawha River at Elizabeth, ca. 1940s. 1 item. Donor: Dick Dorer Location: Ph2011-100 Collection: Silver Bridge, Governor Marland, John F. Kennedy. B&W prints from television newsfilm, ca. 1953-1967. 4 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2011-099 Collection: Blennerhassett Island. B&W aerial showing confluence of Little Kanawha and Ohio rivers with island in distance, 1970 Dec. 2. 1 item. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2011-098 Collection: McQuade, Marion Collection. B&W and color concerning founder of National Grandparents Day, n.d. 1 folder (30 items). Donor: D. J. McQuade-Lancaster Location: Ph2011-097 Collection: Mutual Improvement Club of Ronceverte. Photos, n.d.. 1 box. Donor: Carol McClung, Mutual Improvement Club of Ronceverte, Lewisburg Location: Ph2011-096 Collection: Smoot Summer School. Copy print of students at Greenbrier County school, 1904. 1 item. Donor: Teri Estes Location: Ph2011-095 Collection: McDowell County Coal Miners Memorial. Color photos of Bradshaw memorial, ca. 2008. 8 items. Donor: Geneva Steele Location: Ph2011-094 Collection: Mines. B&W photos from fatal accident report for Ronald Kager, Pocahontas Fuel Company Maitland Mine, McDowell County, 1996 January 8. 4 items. Donor: Transfer from Ar1884 Location: Ph2011-093 Collection: Staggers, Harley. B&W campaign postcard of congressman and family, 1960. 1 item. Donor: Joe Geiger Location: Ph2011-092 Collection: Coonskin Park. Copy print of musicians Sherm Martin, Delbert Wilson, Bill Roberts and George Phillips performing at park opening, 1950 June 29. 1 item. Donor: Georgia DeBlois Location: Ph2011-091 Collection: Owens-Illinois Bottle Plant. Copy print of workers at Charleston plant, ca. 1925. 1 item. Donor: Pat Caldwell Location: Ph2011-090 Collection: Barrett Family. B&W and copy prints removed from History of the Barrett and Related Families of Wood County, WV Vol. 4 by Michael Wayne Barrett, n.d. 27 items. Donor: Transfer from Library Location: Ph2011-089 Collection: Sprouse, James. Slides and contact prints (no negatives) of gubernatorial candidate and family, 1968. 26 items. Donor: Bill Kelley Location: Ph2011-088 Collection: Iraq War. Color photos and CD of photos of Gunnery Sgt. Christopher L. Saunders USMC reservist from Camp Ramadi, Iraq, 2005. 3 items. Donor: Transfer from Governor's Office Location: Ph2011-087 Collection: Wheeling. B&W of various scenes, 1919 July 13. 6 items. Donor: David D. Lewis Location: Ph2011-086 Collection: Civil War. Copy negatives and prints of Civil War officers 13th WV Infantry from album owned by Mary Ann Lewis of St. Albans, ca. 1863-1865. 71 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2011-085 Collection: Battle of Barboursville. Color prints of reenactment taken by Frank Jordan, 2010 July. 18 items. Donor: Frank Jordan Location: Ph2011-084 Collection: State Police. B&W of training classes, officers, most unidentified, 1951-1959. 37 items. Donor: Becky Reger Location: Ph2011-083 Collection: Legislative pages. B&W of Randy Kinder, Senator Keith Wagner, Jason Villiers, Timothy Miller and Senator Charlotte Pritt, 1992. 1 item. Donor: Cathy Miller Location: Ph2011-082 Collection: Post Offices. B&W negatives and copy prints of rural post offices, some identified, and horseback carrier, 1950s. 13 items. Donor: Nancy Boon Location: Ph2011-081 Collection: Underwood portrait unveiling. B&W negatives of Governor Cecil H. Underwood portrait unveiled at capitol, 2001 August 31. 96 frames. Donor: Legislative Services Location: Ph2011-080 Collection: Robinett Family. Color copy prints of various family members, 1898-1959. 10 items. Donor: Robinett-Jones Family Location: Ph2011-076 Collection: WWII album. B&W of European scenes, soldiers, damage, 1945. 1 volume (341 items). Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2011-075 Collection: Artwork of Wood County. Unbound set of prints, 1897. 48 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2011-074 Collection: Panoramic. Color of West Virginia Labor Solidarity Rally, 1989 June 11. 1 item. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2011-073 Collection: Panoramic. Paragon Colliery Company, Yolyn, Logan County by Ribble; B&W of passenger train in Yolyn; n.d. 2 items. Donor: Anna Lusher Bailey Location: Ph2011-058 Collection: Kaufman Memorial Bridge. Color print of dedication ceremony, 2011 June 20. 1 item. Donor: Tod Kaufman Location: Ph2011-035 Collection: Culture and History. B&W and slides of events, exhibits, crafts, some Goldenseal, 1976-1997. 14 boxes (est. 20,000 items). Donor: Culture and History Photo Lab Location: Ph2011-034 Collection: Hatfield and related families. B&W, postcards and panoramic of Hatfields, Brownings, Howes and related families, ca. 1880-1980. 122 items. Donor: Cindy Parker Location: Ph2011-020 Collection: Huntington YWCA Collection. B&W and color of activities, members, 1922-1998. 1 box. Donor: John Witek Location: Ph2011-004 Collection: Cline, Pearl Collection. Postcards of courthouses (all but Wetzel), Capitol, portrait of Beatrice Pearl Cline (copy print), ca. 1900-1925. 57 items. Donor: Mary Kay Connell Location: Ph2011-003 Collection: Panoramics. Photos of various communities and businesses by Haines Photo Company, ca. 1914-1921. 74 items. Donor: Myron Shoaf Location: Ph2010-155 Collection: Manchin, First Lady Gayle. Photos and CDs of digital images, 2004-2009. 115 folders and CDs. Donor: Office of the First Lady Location: Ph2010-154 Collection: Thomas, Jean Collection. B&W and color, including Blizzard family, 1920s-1970s. 1 box (88 items). Donor: Jean Thomas Location: Ph2010-153 Collection: Caldwell, Victoria Collection. B&W prints of Caldwell and related families, n.d. 2 boxes (119 items). Donor: Victoria Caldwell Location: Ph2010-151 Collection: Cooper, Bob Collection. Slides of historic West Virginia prints, n.d. 34 items. Donor: Bob Cooper Location: Ph2010-150 Collection: Pezzoni, Don Collection. B&W negatives of Sweet Springs resort, industrial buildings, machinery and houses at Cass, Green Bank National Radio Observatory taken by Pezzoni, ca. 1981. 26 items. Donor: Don Pezzoni Location: Ph2010-149 Collection: Winding Gulf Coal Inc. B&W, color prints, negatives and slides of Winding Gulf operations, Hampton, Westmoreland, Boone County, ca. 1953-1978. 1 box (54 negs, 521 slides, 94 prints). Donor: Martha Quigley, Bobby Davis Museum and Park, Hazard, KY Location: Ph2010-116 Collection: Third House. Copy negatives of annual show of Capitol press corps, ca. 1980s-1996. 12 items. Donor: Bob Brunner Location: Ph2010-114 Collection: Panoramic. Wheeling delegation to Y.P.C.U. conference, Kansas City, MO, 1927 July 22. 1 item. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2010-113 Collection: Postcards. Anna Jarvis birthplace, smallest church and smallest post office at Silver Lake, ca. 2010. 7 items. Donor: Joe Geiger Location: Ph2010-104 Collection: World War II. US Navy War photographs, ca. 1946. 1 volume. Donor: Transfer from Library Location: Ph2010-103 Collection: Worthington Defense Area. B&W of honor roll board dedication, 1943 September 19. 21 items. Donor: Joe Geiger Location: Ph2010-102 Collection: DuPont High. B&W of band with director Howard Carson, ca. early 1950s. 1 item. Donor: Tom Stamper via Gerald Ratliff Location: Ph2010-101 Collection: B&O freight depot, Wheeling. B&W and negatives, 1974. 23 items. Donor: Transfer from Historic Preservation Location: Ph2010-094 Collection: Spanish-American War. Color scan of Cecil C. Monroe, 1898. 1 item. Donor: Tom Rung Location: Ph2010-093 Collection: Boy Scouts. B&W of Troop 4, Charleston, outside Calvary Baptist Church by Bollinger, ca. 1925. 1 item. Donor: Nancy Warner Austin Location: Ph2010-092 Collection: Flood, group. Aerials of 1937 flood in Huntington; Friends of Walter Holder group at Ward; 1937, n.d. 3 items. Donor: Nancy V. Waggoner Location: Ph2010-091 Collection: Slides. It's West Virginia by Dr. and Mrs. Arthur C. Pritchard, 1963. 75 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2010-090 Collection: Legislative reception. Color negatives, ca. 1969-1973. 136 items. Donor: Not Listed Location: Ph2010-089 Collection: Harpers Ferry. B&W prints and 4x5 copy negatives, 1860s-1880s. 12 items. Donor: Delaware Public Archives, Dover, DE Location: Ph2010-088 Collection: Yeager, Charles. B&W prints autographed to West Virginia State Archives, ca. 2009. 2 items. Donor: Culture and History Location: Ph2010-087 Collection: Stone House Inn. B&W of inn near Romney, n.d. 1 item. Donor: Transfer from clippings Location: Ph2010-086 Collection: Holmes, Gladys and Henry Collection. B&W and carte de visites, most by Wheeling photographers including LaBelle workers, members of Glass and Woodward families, 1860s-1900. 33 items. Donor: Boca Raton Historical Society, Boca Raton, FL Location: Ph2010-085 Collection: Maybach, Rupert George Collection. B&W prints and negatives, most Oak Hill, Minden tipple, strike against local Kroger, 1937-1938. 36 items. Donor: Jennie Sievers Weckelman Location: Ph2010-084 Collection: Phillips, George Collection. Color prints of fiddler and other musicians, 1960s-1990s. 33 items. Donor: Georgia DeBlois Location: Ph2010-083 Collection: Cabin Creek flood, Dawes. Copy prints, 1916. 15 items. Donor: James R. Troy via George Arthur Location: Ph2010-082acc Collection: Weston State Hospital. B&W of staff and patients insides, 1900. 1 item. Donor: Richard Bowyer Location: Ph2010-082acc Collection: Marion County. Copy negatives, 1894-1916. 6 items. Donor: Edith Shaver Location: Ph2010-082acc Collection: Marion County. Copy negatives, 1870-1986. 146 items. Donor: Marion County Historical Society, Fairmont Location: Ph2010-082acc Collection: Marion County. Copy negatives of telephone system, ca. 1950s-1961. 2 items. Donor: Martha Cox, Fairmont Telephone Museum, Fairmont Location: Ph2010-082acc
5269	dbpedia	3	48	https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonard-Calvert	en	Leonard Calvert \| Leonard Calvert \| British Colonial Governor of Maryland	https://cdn.britannica.c…e.jpg?v=3.124.35	https://cdn.britannica.c…e.jpg?v=3.124.35	[ "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png", "https://cdn.britannica.com/43/193443-131-17ABE1C9/Union-Jack-flag-Great-Britain-united-kingdom.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/86/241086-131-6D0AE2E6/Elizabeth-II-Coronation-1953.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/24/243624-131-B9802941/King-Charles-III-Queen-Camilla-wave-balcony-Buckingham-Palace-Coronation-May-6-2023.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/24/199024-131-FFEE0BC4/Map-view-globe-Europe.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/04/79904-131-6DCAD337/Elizabeth-II-speech-throne-Parliament-state-opening-1958.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/10/153510-131-EFC73A4D/Sisimiut-Greenland-Davis-Strait.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/31/190731-131-C89CEF04/Saltwater-crocodile.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/68/220368-131-C835E48E/United-States-electoral-college-votes-by-state.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/30/172930-131-2E39C6FB/surgeon-incisin-forearm-patient-abscess-trocar-knife.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop", "https://cdn.britannica.com/45/190645-131-6408BC80/Lake-Ysyk-body-water-Kyrgyzstan.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop" ]	[]	[]	[ "Leonard Calvert", "encyclopedia", "encyclopeadia", "britannica", "article" ]	null	[ "The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica" ]	1998-07-20T00:00:00+00:00	Leonard Calvert was the first governor of Maryland colony. Leonard Calvert was the younger brother of Cecilius Calvert and the son of George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore. Upon George Calvert’s death in 1632, Cecilius inherited the family title and also became proprietor of the newly chartered Roman	en	/favicon.png	Encyclopedia Britannica	https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonard-Calvert	Leonard Calvert (born c. 1606, England—died June 9, 1647, St. Mary’s, Md. [U.S.]) was the first governor of Maryland colony. Leonard Calvert was the younger brother of Cecilius Calvert and the son of George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore. Upon George Calvert’s death in 1632, Cecilius inherited the family title and also became proprietor of the newly chartered Roman Catholic colony of Maryland. Leonard Calvert was thereupon deputized as governor of the colony, and in November 1633 he sailed from England in the ships Ark and Dove with 17 gentlemen and their wives and about 200 others. The emigrants landed in Maryland the following spring and established a settlement at St. Mary’s on Chesapeake Bay. In accordance with his brother’s instructions, Governor Calvert initially attempted to administer the new colony under feudalistic precepts with the assistance of only two commissioners. In February 1635, however, he summoned the first assembly to meet, and in the following years the proprietor in England, acting through Governor Calvert, and the colonial assembly struggled for the power to initiate legislation. Although the aristocratic governor initially tried to restrict the legislative powers of subsequent assemblies, he did submit in 1638 to the legislature’s proposals that he govern according to the laws of England, and the right of initiative in legislation soon afterward passed to the assembly.
5269	dbpedia	1	5	https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Marland-137	en	William Casey Marland (1918-1965)			[ "https://www.wikitree.com/images/wikitree-small.png.pagespeed.ce.5G9g5z_Ayb.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/thumb/d/d8/Marland-137.jpg/75px-Marland-137.jpg", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/privacy60.png.pagespeed.ce.40ChhYgHYM.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qcAFb.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/pedigree.gif.pagespeed.ce.4kSwuvQoBH.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qcAFb.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/thumb/f/fb/State_Seals-46.png/85px-State_Seals-46.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/a/a2/WikiTree_Image_Library-37.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/star.gif.pagespeed.ce.PFsRnIv2dh.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/star.gif.pagespeed.ce.PFsRnIv2dh.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/thumb/d/d8/Marland-137.jpg/300px-Marland-137.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "William Marland genealogy" ]	null	[]	1918-03-26T00:00:00	Is this your ancestor? Explore genealogy for William Marland born 1918 Johnston City, Illinois died 1965 Barrington, Illinois including ancestors + children + 1 photos + more in the free family tree community.	en	/favicon.ico		https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Marland-137	Ancestors Problems/Questions Profile last modified 14 Jan 2024 \| Created 17 Dec 2014 This page has been accessed 880 times. Preceded by 23rd Governor Okey L. Patteson William C. Marland 24th Governor of West Virginia 1953—1957 Succeeded by 25th Governor Cecil H. Underwood Biography William Marland is Notable. William Casey Marland was born in Johnson City, Illinois, and moved with his parents to Glen Rogers, Wyoming County, at age seven. After working in the coal mines, he attended the University of Alabama and received his law degree from West Virginia University. During World War II, Marland saw combat duty as a Navy gunnery officer in the South Pacific and attained the rank of lieutenant. He served briefly as a law clerk for the United States District Court for Southern West Virginia before being named the state Assistant Attorney General by Governor Clarence Watson Meadows in 1948. The following year, Marland was appointed Attorney General and was elected to that position the following year. Three days after becoming governor, Marland proposed a severance tax on extractive industries, most notably coal. The legislature, heavily backed by the coal industry, blocked this tax and others which would have benefitted schools and roads. Marland advocated the desegregation of schools, expansion of the state parks and other recreational facilities, improved unemployment and workers' compensation laws, and an industrial development program. After an unsuccessful bid for the United States Senate in 1956, Marland established a law practice in Charleston. In 1958, he again was defeated for the Democratic Senate nomination and moved to Chicago to work for a coal company. In 1965, Marland returned to West Virginia as associate director of a horse racing enterprise. Soon thereafter, he was stricken with cancer. Marland died in Barrington, Illinois, later that year. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Marland William Casey Marland (March 26, 1918 – November 26, 1965), a Democrat, was the 24th Governor of West Virginia from 1953 to 1957. He is best known for his early attempts to tax companies that depleted the state's natural resources, especially coal, as well as overseeing the generally non-violent implementation of school desegregation, during an era when other Southern governors opposed it. Biography Son of a mining boss, Joseph Wesley and Maude Casey Marland, he was born in Johnston City, Illinois on March 26, 1918. His family moved to the coal town of Glen Rogers in Wyoming County, West Virginia when he was seven. During World War II, he served as a Navy lieutenant in the Pacific theater, completing four tours. He attended the University of Alabama, where he was a star football player, and received a law degree from West Virginia University in 1947. He married Valerie Allen Marland in 1942, and they had three children: William Allen, Susan Lynn, and John Wesley. Allen was appointed law clerk to Federal Judge Ben Moore, and in August 1948, he was appointed Assistant Attorney General. Upon resignation of former Attorney General Ira J. Partlow December 1, 1949, he was appointed Attorney General. In November 1950, he was elected to the office. Later years The pressures on Marland may have contributed to the development of alcoholism. Accusations that he drank heavily in office or at inappropriate times during the day have been made by Underwood. After his second Senate loss, Marland worked as an attorney, eventually relocating to the Chicago area. In the early 1960s, the ex-governor gave up drinking. But it was not his fate to live out his life as a private individual. A few years after his recovery, he was recognized by a Chicago Sun-Times reporter. Marland indicated that he was working as a taxi driver, and a subsequent article was released to wire services on April 13, 1965. The story received great attention in West Virginia and nationally. Knowing that the story was about to break and concerned about damage to his family, he called a press conference and spoke candidly about his alcoholism, how he overcame it, and his reasons for driving a taxi: to hold in check a level of ambition that may have contributed to his drinking. His fortunes dramatically changed for the better. He was soon invited to appear on Jack Paar's television talk show, and was hired to run a West Virginia horse racing concern. But shortly thereafter, he was struck down by pancreatic cancer. He died of the disease in his Barrington, Illinois home, attended by his wife, children, other relatives, and family friends, on November 26, 1965. His widow followed him in death in 1977. Sources West Virginia Archives and History; Compiled by the West Virginia State Archives William C. Marland on Wikipedia WikiTree Governors of West Virginia Page
5269	dbpedia	2	69	https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/4212787/winter-2010-2011-kappa-sigma-fraternity	en	Winter 2010-2011 - Kappa Sigma Fraternity	https://www.yumpu.com/en…book/4212787.jpg	https://www.yumpu.com/en…book/4212787.jpg	[ "https://assets.yumpu.com/release/ou6ZPgO72P294QN/v5/img/logo/Yumpu_Logo_RGB.png", "https://assets.yumpu.com/release/ou6ZPgO72P294QN/v5/img/account/document_privacy_modal/step1.png", "https://assets.yumpu.com/release/ou6ZPgO72P294QN/v5/img/account/document_privacy_modal/step2.png", "https://img.yumpu.com/4212787/1/500x640/winter-2010-2011-kappa-sigma-fraternity.jpg", "https://assets.yumpu.com/v4/img/avatar/female-200x200.jpg", "https://img.yumpu.com/8138983/1/190x255/like-son-kappa-sigma-fraternity.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/6967645/1/190x255/aekdb-record-breaking-results-kappa-sigma-fraternity.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/5516618/1/190x255/view-pdf-version-13-mb-kappa-sigma-fraternity.jpg?quality=85", "https://img.yumpu.com/4187649/1/190x260/2007-man-of-the-year-brother-alan-mulally-kappa-sigma-fraternity.jpg?quality=85", "https://assets.yumpu.com/release/ou6ZPgO72P294QN/v5/img/logo/yumpu-footer2x.png", "https://assets.yumpu.com/v5/img/footer/worldmap-retina.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "kappasigma.org", "john", "robert", "william", "kappa", "james", "chapter", "brothers", "sigma", "university", "with", "winter", "fraternity", "www.kappasigma.org" ]	null	[ "Yumpu.com" ]	null	Winter 2010-2011 - Kappa Sigma Fraternity	en	https://assets.yumpu.com…icon-favicon.png	yumpu.com	https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/4212787/winter-2010-2011-kappa-sigma-fraternity	Attention! Your ePaper is waiting for publication! By publishing your document, the content will be optimally indexed by Google via AI and sorted into the right category for over 500 million ePaper readers on YUMPU. This will ensure high visibility and many readers! Inappropriate You have already flagged this document. Thank you, for helping us keep this platform clean. The editors will have a look at it as soon as possible.
5269	dbpedia	3	25	https://www.jhuapl.edu/	en	Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory	https://www.jhuapl.edu/s…s_0-1250x995.jpg	https://www.jhuapl.edu/s…s_0-1250x995.jpg	[ "https://www.jhuapl.edu/sites/default/files/2024-01/Dragonfly-Dec2023-1250x995.jpg", "https://www.jhuapl.edu/sites/default/files/2024-05/IMG-Arctic-Ice-HP-Feature-740x515.jpg", "https://www.jhuapl.edu/sites/default/files/2024-05/IMG-Arctic-Ice-HP-Feature-740x515.jpg", "https://www.jhuapl.edu/sites/default/files/2024-04/Erika-Rashka-700x700.jpg", "https://www.jhuapl.edu/sites/default/files/2024-04/Erika-Rashka-700x700.jpg", "https://www.jhuapl.edu/sites/default/files/2024-08/202408-Europa-Clipper-Solar-Array1.jpg", "https://www.jhuapl.edu/sites/default/files/2024-08/202408-Europa-Clipper-Solar-Array1.jpg", "https://www.jhuapl.edu/sites/default/files/2024-08/20240826-DART-AIAA-Award-Ottman-Congdon.jpg", "https://www.jhuapl.edu/sites/default/files/2024-08/20240826-DART-AIAA-Award-Ottman-Congdon.jpg", "https://www.jhuapl.edu/sites/default/files/2024-08/20240820-Human-Robot-Teaming.jpg", "https://www.jhuapl.edu/sites/default/files/2024-08/20240820-Human-Robot-Teaming.jpg", "https://www.jhuapl.edu/sites/default/files/2022-10/IMG_HP_People-Culture_FPO.png", "https://www.jhuapl.edu/sites/default/files/2022-10/IMG_HP_People-Culture_FPO.png", "https://www.jhuapl.edu/sites/default/files/2022-12/careers_work_19-02369-5D1_7516_small.jpg", "https://www.jhuapl.edu/sites/default/files/2022-12/careers_work_19-02369-5D1_7516_small.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "johns hopkins university applied physics laboratory", "johns hopkins apl", "jhu apl", "university affiliated research center", "uarc", "national security", "space exploration", "systems engineering" ]	null	[]	null	Johns Hopkins APL, the nation’s largest university affiliated research center, delivers critical contributions to address critical challenges to our nation.	en	/themes/custom/jhu_apl/favicon.png	Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory	https://www.jhuapl.edu/	We are dedicated to solving complex challenges and pioneering new technologies, but what makes APL truly unique is the culture surrounding the work we do. We offer a vibrant, welcoming atmosphere where you can bring your whole self to work, continue to grow, and build lifelong bonds with inspiring teammates.
5269	dbpedia	3	72	https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/map_directory/maryland/	en	Maryland Severe Mental Illness Resources & Helpful Info	https://www.treatmentadv…avicon-32x32.png	https://www.treatmentadv…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/tm-1.svg", "https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/tm-2.svg", "https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/tm-3.svg", "https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/tm-4.svg", "https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/tm-5.svg", "https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/logo.svg", "https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/logo-mobile.svg", "https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/tm-1.svg", "https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/tm-2.svg", "https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/tm-3.svg", "https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/tm-4.svg", "https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/tm-5.svg", "https://150275622.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/mm-1.jpg", "https://150275622.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Shutterstock_2030810639-1.jpg", "https://150275622.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Shutterstock_1379587040-1.jpg", "https://150275622.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Sabah-banner-resized-1.jpg", "https://150275622.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Family-with-Gavel-1620x1080.png", "https://150275622.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Maryland_TAC.png", "https://150275622.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Marylandbedschart-1597x1080.jpg", "https://150275622.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/MD-Inpatient-checklist-1.png", "https://150275622.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/MD-Outpatient-checklist.png", "https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/footer-logo.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Treatment Advocacy Center" ]	2024-06-06T17:14:26+00:00	State-specific resources for severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Local SMI treatment laws, policy recommendations, and research.	en	/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/apple-touch-icon.png	Treatment Advocacy Center -	https://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/map_directory/maryland/	Article – Health – General. Section 10–6A–01 through 10–6A–11 10–6A–12 “Subtitle 6A. Assisted Outpatient Treatment Programs” Goes into effect July 1, 2024 with launch of AOT programs July 1, 2025. MD. CODE ANN., HEALTH-GEN. § 10-6A-01 (A) In this subtitle the following words have the meanings indicated. (B) “Assisted Outpatient Treatment” means a specific regimen of outpatient treatment for a serious and persistent mental illness to which an individual is ordered by the court to adhere. (C) “Care Coordination Team” means a multidisciplinary team under the oversight of a local behavioral health authority or, core service agency, or the department. (D) “Harm to Others” means an act or attempt at or credible threat of serious violent behavior toward others. (E) “Harm to the Individual” means self–harming behavior or an attempt at suicide. (…) (H) “Serious and Persistent Mental Illness” means a mental illness that is severe in degree and persistent in duration, that causes a substantially diminished level of functioning in the primary aspects of daily living and an inability to meet the ordinary demands of life, and that may lead to an inability to maintain independent functioning in the community without intensive treatment and support. MD. CODE ANN., HEALTH-GEN. § 10-6A-03 (A) (1) On or before July 1, 2026, a county may establish an assisted outpatient treatment program in accordance with this subtitle. (2) A county may partner with another county to establish an assisted outpatient treatment program. (b) An assisted outpatient treatment program established under subsection (a) of this section shall be approved and overseen by the county’s local behavioral health authority or core service agency. (c) On or before July 1, 2026, the department shall establish an assisted outpatient treatment program in any county that does not opt to establish an assisted outpatient treatment program. MD. CODE ANN., HEALTH-GEN. § 10-6A-04 (A) A petition for assisted outpatient treatment may be made under this subtitle by the director of a mental health program receiving state funding under subtitle 9, part I of this Title, or by any individual at least 18 years old who has a legitimate interest in the welfare of the respondent. (b) The petition for assisted outpatient treatment shall be in writing, signed by the petitioner, and state: (1) The petitioner’s name, address, and relationship, if any, to the respondent; (2) The name and any known address of the respondent; (3) That the petitioner has reason to believe the respondent meets the criteria for assisted outpatient treatment in § 10–6A–05 of this subtitle; and (4) For each criterion for assisted outpatient treatment in § 10–6A–05 of this subtitle, the specific allegations of fact that support the petitioner’s belief that the respondent meets the criterion. (C) The petition for assisted outpatient treatment shall be accompanied by an affidavit or affirmation of a psychiatrist, stating that the psychiatrist is willing and able to testify at the hearing on the petition and has: (1) Examined the respondent within 30 days before the date of the petition; and (2) Concluded that the respondent meets the criteria for assisted outpatient treatment in § 10–6A–05 of this subtitle. (D) (1) A petition for assisted outpatient treatment shall be filed in the circuit court for the county in which the respondent resides or in the county of the last known residence of the respondent. (2) On the filing of a petition under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the circuit court shall notify the following of the filing of the petition: (I) The respondent; (II) The mental health division in the office of the public defender; (III) As applicable, the local behavioral health authority or, the county’s core service agency, or the department; (IV) the county attorney; and (V) if applicable and known, the respondent’s guardian and health care agent. (E) a petition filed under this subtitle shall be held under seal and may not be published on Maryland judiciary case search. MD. CODE ANN., HEALTH-GEN. § 10-6A-05 (A) The court may order the respondent to receive assisted outpatient treatment on a finding by clear and convincing evidence that: (1) The respondent is at least 18 years old; (2) The respondent has a serious and persistent mental illness; (3) The respondent has demonstrated a lack of adherence with treatment for the serious and persistent mental illness that has: (I) At least twice within the 36–month period immediately preceding the filing of the petition, been a significant factor in necessitating inpatient admission to a psychiatric hospital for at least 48 hours or receipt of psychiatric services in a correctional facility; or (II) At least once within the 36–month period immediately preceding the filing of the petition, resulted in an act of serious violent behavior toward self or others, or patterns or threats of, or attempts at, serious physical harm to self or others; (4) In view of the respondent’s treatment history and behavior at the time the petition is filed, the respondent is in need of assisted outpatient treatment in order to prevent a relapse or deterioration that would create a substantial risk of serious harm to the individual or harm to others; (5) The respondent is unlikely to adequately adhere to outpatient treatment on a voluntary basis, as demonstrated by the respondent’s history of treatment nonadherence in the 36–month period immediately preceding the filing of the petition that is not due to financial, transportation, or language issues in the immediately preceding 36–month period; (6) In consideration of items (1) through (5) of this subsection, assisted outpatient treatment is the least restrictive alternative appropriate to maintain the health and safety of the respondent. (B) time that the respondent spent hospitalized or incarcerated may not be included when calculating the time period under subsection (A)(3)(I) or (II) of this section. MD. CODE ANN., HEALTH-GEN. § 10-6A-06 (A) (1) After the filing of the petition with the court under § 10–6A–04 of this subtitle, but not later than the date of the psychiatrist’s testimony required under § 10–6A–07 of this subtitle, the care coordination team shall develop a treatment plan and provide a copy in writing to: (I) The respondent; (II) The respondent’s attorney; and (III) If applicable and known, the respondent’s guardian and health care agent. (…) (B) (1) The care coordination team shall give the respondent, the respondent’s guardian, the respondent’s health care agent, and any individual designated by the respondent a reasonable opportunity to participate in the development of the treatment plan. (2) If the respondent has executed a mental health advance directive, the care coordination team shall honor any directions included in the advance directive in the development of the Treatment plan in accordance with §§ 5–602(A)(2) and 5–611(A) and (B) of this article. (3) (I) The respondent shall have an opportunity to voluntarily agree to the treatment plan. (II) if the respondent voluntarily agrees to the treatment plan, the care coordination team shall: 1. Notify the court that the parties are dismissing the case in accordance with Maryland rule 2–506; and 2. File a stipulated agreement that includes the treatment plan. (4) the care coordination team shall provide to the respondent, the county attorney, and the office of the public defender the treatment plan and the providers that are included in the treatment plan. (…) MD. CODE ANN., HEALTH-GEN. § 10-6A-07 (…) (E) (1) The petitioner’s presentation of evidence shall include the testimony of a psychiatrist to explain the treatment plan, … MD. CODE ANN., HEALTH-GEN. § 10-6A-08 (A) If, after hearing all relevant evidence, the court does not find by clear and convincing evidence that the respondent meets the criteria for assisted outpatient treatment, the court shall deny the petition. (B) (1) If, after hearing all relevant evidence, the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the respondent meets the criteria for assisted outpatient treatment, the court shall order the respondent to comply with assisted outpatient treatment for a period not to exceed 1 year. (2) The order of the court shall incorporate a treatment plan that: (I) Is limited in scope to the elements included in the treatment plan presented to the court under § 10–6A–06 of this subtitle; and (II) Includes only those elements that the court finds by clear and convincing evidence to be essential to the maintenance of the respondent’s health or safety.
5269	dbpedia	3	7	https://law.justia.com/cases/west-virginia/supreme-court/1950/10225-2.html	en	State v. Sims	https://justatic.com/v/2…al-media/law.jpg	https://justatic.com/v/2…al-media/law.jpg	[ "https://justatic.com/v/20240807144720/branding/logos/sites/justia.svg", "https://justatic.com/v/20240807144720/branding/logos/sites/law.svg", "https://justatic.com/v/20240807144720/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/white/search.svg", "https://justatic.com/v/20240807144720/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/white/profile.svg", "https://justatic.com/v/20240807144720/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/search.svg", "https://justatic.com/v/20240807144720/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg", "https://justatic.com/v/20240807144720/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg", "https://justatic.com/v/20240807144720/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg", "https://justatic.com/v/20240807144720/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg", "https://justatic.com/v/20240807144720/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg", "https://justatic.com/v/20240807144720/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg", "https://justatic.com/v/20240807144720/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg", "https://justatic.com/v/20240807144720/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg", "https://lawyers.justia.com/s/facebook.svg", "https://lawyers.justia.com/s/twitter.svg", "https://lawyers.justia.com/s/linkedin.svg", "https://lawyers.justia.com/s/youtube.svg", "https://lawyers.justia.com/s/justia.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia Cases", "Opinions", "Decisions" ]	null	[]	null	State v. Sims - 58 S.E.2d 650	en	//justatic.com/v/20240807144720/branding/favicon.ico	Justia Law	https://law.justia.com/cases/west-virginia/supreme-court/1950/10225-2.html	58 S.E.2d 650 (1950) STATE ex rel. JORDAN et al. v. SIMS, Auditor. No. 10225. Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia. Submitted January 11, 1950. Decided March 28, 1950. 651 D. Grove Moler, Mullens, for petitioners. William C. Marland, Atty. General, W. Bryan Spillers, Asst. Atty. General, for defendant. RILEY, Judge. W. B. Jordan, Lena Jordan, Betty Lou Jordan, and W. B. Jordan, Jr., brought this original proceeding in mandamus to compel Edgar B. Sims, Auditor of the State of West Virginia, to issue a warrant upon the state treasurer for the payment to the relator, W. B. Jordan, of one thousand dollars, and to each of the other relators two hundred fifty dollars, for which the Legislature, at its Regular Session in 1949, had appropriated in its budget bill, contained in Chapter 9, Acts of the Legislature, 1949, enacted into law on March 12, 1949, and effective from its passage. This appropriation was included in the budget bill to satisfy relators' claims for damages for the alleged wrongful and negligent failure of the State Road Commission of West Virginia to guard by proper barricades, signs and flares against the hazard created by the commission, through its employees, in the removal of the floor of a bridge for the purpose of reconstruction on what is commonly known as Bolt-Glen Daniel highway, a heavily used public highway leading from Glen Rogers, in Wyoming County, to Glen Daniel, in Raleigh County. The relators asserted their claims against the State Road Commission of West Virginia before the state court of claims which relators contend were due to them by way of compensation for personal injuries resulting from their automobile having been driven over a public road and into the been of a stream at the place where the bridge 652 floor had been removed. The court of claims, by a divided vote of two to one, held that the state road commission was not guilty of negligence in the premises, the Honorable Charles J. Schuck, a member of the court, filing a dissenting opinion to the effect that the testimony before the court of claims predominated in favor of the relators' position that proper precautions had not been taken by the commission to warn and protect the travelling public as to the condition that existed at the place where relators were injured. The Legislature in Chapter 14, Acts of the Legislature, 1949, directed the auditor to pay out of the funds appropriated and available for the purpose to relator, W. B. Jordan, one thousand dollars, and to each of the other relators two hundred fifty dollars; and by said Act the Legislature found and declared that it was the moral obligation of the State to pay to each of the relators said respective sums of money and "that said injuries were approximately caused by failure of state employees to adopt and enforce proper precaution signs to warn the traveling public upon said highway of the approaching of a road bridge which had been completely removed by a maintenance crew for the purpose of reconstruction thereof." The State Road Commission of West Virginia, acting upon such legislative fiat, delivered to the respondent, Edgar B. Sims, State Auditor, a requisition for the payment of relators' claims; but the auditor refused to issue his warrant therefor. The record before the court of claims discloses that about three o'clock on the morning of September 2, 1945, claimants left their home in Kopperston, Wyoming County, in an automobile, owned and driven by claimant, W. B. Jordan, to visit relatives in the City of Pittsburgh, and proceeded over the Bolt-Glen Daniel highway from Glen Rogers, in Wyoming County, to Glen Daniel, in Raleigh County; that about four-fifteen o'clock, while it was still dark, the automobile plunged into the bed of a stream at the place where the state road commission had removed the floor of a bridge. Relators asserted before the court of claims that there were no barricades, flares or warning signs of any kind to warn the public generally of their hazard; that the Jordan automobile plunged from the highway through the opening created by the removal of the floor of the bridge into the stream of water below. The record discloses that each of the claimants was seriously injured, required hospitalization, and medical treatment; and that relator, W. B. Jordan, as a result of his injuries is suffering from traumatic arthritis of the spine. It also appears that the automobile owned and operated by him was completely demolished and became a total loss. The record before the court of claims fully establishes that the construction crew working upon the reconstruction of the bridge, under the supervision of one M. M. Eller, bridge foreman, in charge of the construction, maintenance and reconstruction of bridges in Raleigh County, where the bridge was located, left work at six-thirty on the Friday evening preceding the Sunday morning on which relators were injured. Eller was the last man to leave work. So far as the record discloses, no member of the crew, including Eller, visited the scene of the work at any time on Saturday, and it appears that Eller's first appearance was about nine o'clock on Sunday morning after claimants were injured. Several witnesses testified that, at the point where relators were injured, as late as nine o'clock on Saturday night, they were so disconcerted by the lack of warning precautions, that they stopped their cars and left them to make an examination of the road before proceeding and that they found no warning lights burning at that time. There is uncontradicted evidence in this record to the effect that flares located on the road on each side of the stream were not burning and that they contained no fluid. In fact, an effort was made to relight one of the flares without success. Eller testified for the state road commission that at the time he left work on Friday evening, there were substantial barricades at the ends of the road created by the removal of the floor of the bridge, upon each of which there was a reflector light, which would respond to the headlights of approaching cars, indicating a detour. One witness, travelling the road in the direction 653 that the Jordans were going some time before the Jordans were injured, testified that the reflector was placed so high that it did not respond to the headlights of his car. Eller further testified that it was his duty simply to place the flares and barricades on Friday evening when he and his crew left work; that he was not required to pay any further attention to them; and that after he and his crew left work on Friday evening, any duty as to the maintenance of the flares and barricades fell upon Jess Blake, a newly appointed road supervisor of Raleigh County, who was Eller's immediate superior. According to this witness on that Friday morning, Blake relieved him of this responsibility, saying that "He would have someone else down in the lower end of the county attend to that, I needn't bother with it." Eller did not return to the bridge until the following Sunday morning, and, so far as this record shows, neither the new supervisor nor any one for him gave any attention to the flares from six-thirty on Friday evening until after the relators were injured early the following Sunday morning. Blake was not called as a witness either to deny Eller's testimony in this regard, or to state what supervision, if any, was made of the flares and barricades from the time the Eller crew quit work on Friday until after the relators' accident. In our opinion, there is ample evidence in this record to sustain the Legislature's finding of fact contained in Chapter 14 of the Acts of the Legislature, 1949, that relators' injuries and the damage to the Jordan car were caused by the failure of the State employees to adopt and enforce proper signals to warn members of the travelling public on the highway that they were approaching a road bridge which had been completely removed. While the decision of the court of claims that the state road commission was not guilty of any negligence may, in the first instance, be persuasive with the Legislature, such decision cannot and does not override a legislative fiat, and a finding that a moral obligation of the State, in fact, exists. As the Court held in State ex rel. Cashman v. Sims, 130 W.Va. 430, 436, 43 S.E.2d 805, 811: "The State Court of Claims is the creature of the Legislature of this State. It is not a judicial body. It is a special instrumentality of the Legislature. Its powers and its functions are not judicial but legislative in character. Section 4, Chapter 20, Acts of the Legislature, 1941, Regular Session. The Legislature may accept or reject its findings or approve or disapprove its recommendations." To like effect see State ex rel. Adkins v. Sims, 127 W.Va. 786, 790, 34 S.E.2d 585. So we have a legislative finding that the State is under the moral obligation to pay the instant claims, and a further finding based upon substantial evidence, as disclosed by the instant record, that the State road commission employees were guilty of negligence, which would be actionable as against the State or the State Road Commission of West Virginia if this case had been between private persons. This case comes fully within the holding of this Court in the Cashman case to the effect that a moral obligation of the State in favor of a private person as would ground a valid appropriation of public funds exists where there is "an obligation or a duty, legal or equitable, not imposed by statute but created by contract or resulting from wrongful conduct, which would be judicially recognized as legal or equitable in cases between private persons." In our opinion, this case is fully governed by the recent case of State ex rel. Catron v. Sims, W.Va., 57 S.E.2d 465, 468, wherein it is stated: "Were it not for the constitutional immunity which the State has against suit or action under Article VI, Section 35, of the Constitution, and the rule of positive law that the State is not liable for the negligence of its officers and agents when engaged in the performance of a governmental function, State ex rel. Davis Trust Co. v. Sims, Auditor, supra [130 W.Va. 623, 46 S.E.2d 90], the State would be liable in an action for damages * ." In the Catron case, as here, the employees of the state road commission were engaged in a governmental function. In that case the relator sustained damages by the negligent failure of the road commission's employees to control a hostile fire started on the right of way of West VirginiaUnited 654 States Route No. 60, which destroyed relator's evergreen trees. In the instant case the State was engaged in a governmental function in repairing a bridge on a public road, and for the reason that this Court sustained the legislative finding that a moral obligation existed in the Catron case, we sustain the legislative finding to that effect in the instant case, contained in Chapter 14, Acts of the Legislature, 1949. For a more detailed exposition of the principles upon which this decision is based, see the opinion of this Court in Price v. Sims, Auditor, W.Va., 58 S.E. 657, decided contemporaneously with the decision in this case. It follows that the writ of mandamus prayed for should be awarded. Writ awarded. FOX, Judge (dissenting). For reasons stated at length in my dissent in the case of Price v. Edgar B. Sims, Auditor, W.Va., 58 S.E.2d 657. I dissent from the decision of the majority in this case. I am authorized to state that Judge LOVINS, for the same reasons, joins in this dissent.
5269	dbpedia	1	92	https://fasrci725.weebly.com/burtefly-lien-quan-hentai.html	en	Burtefly Lien Quan Hentai	https://cdn2.editmysite.…holder-blank.png	https://cdn2.editmysite.…holder-blank.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	fasrci	en		fasrci	https://fasrci725.weebly.com/burtefly-lien-quan-hentai.html
5269	dbpedia	0	66	https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/states-and-territories-of-the-united-states-west-virginia/	en	STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES (WEST VIRGINIA)	https://www.aziza.com.ng…0/10/icone-1.jpg	https://www.aziza.com.ng…0/10/icone-1.jpg	[ "https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/aziza-logo-60.png", "https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/aziza-logo-60.png", "https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/NCEC-Registration.jpg", "https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/NCEC-Registration.jpg", "https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Cultural-Heritage-of-Seychelles-150x150.jpg", "https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/logo_v2.png", "https://foxiz.themeruby.com/default/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/09/newsletter.jpg", "https://foxiz.themeruby.com/default/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/09/login.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Gift Samuel" ]	2022-09-05T10:41:40+00:00	In this post we will looking at West Virginia and its territories, Its past and present governors and current House of representative’s members.	en	https://www.aziza.com.ng…0/10/icone-1.jpg	Aziza Goodnews	https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/states-and-territories-of-the-united-states-west-virginia/	In this post we will looking at West Virginia and its territories, Its past and present governors and current House of representative’s members. INTRODUCTION. West Virginia is a state in the Appalachian, Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered by Pennsylvania to the north and east, Maryland to the east and northeast, Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, and Ohio to the northwest. West Virginia is the 10th-smallest state by area and ranks as the 12th-least populous state, with a population of 1,793,716 residents. The capital and largest city is Charleston. West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, and was a key border state during the war. It was the only state to form by separating from a Confederate state, the second to separate from a state after Maine separated from Massachusetts, and one of two states (along with Nevada) admitted to the Union during the Civil War. Some of its residents held slaves, but most were yeoman farmers, and the delegates provided for the gradual abolition of slavery in the new state constitution. The state legislature abolished slavery in the state, and at the same time ratified the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery nationally on February 3, 1865. West Virginia’s Northern Panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio to form a tristate area, with Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. Huntington in the southwest is close to Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, between Maryland and Virginia. West Virginia is often included in several U.S. geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the only state entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission; the area is commonly defined as “Appalachia”. The state is noted for its mountains and rolling hills, its historically significant coal mining and logging industries, and its political and labor history. It is also known for a wide range of outdoor recreational opportunities, including skiing, whitewater rafting, fishing, hiking, backpacking, mountain biking, rock climbing, and hunting. From the Great Depression to the 1990s, the state voted heavily for the Democratic Party due to its tradition of union-based politics. Since then, the state has become heavily Republican, and is considered a “deep red” state at the federal level. Other nominated names for the state included Vandalia, Kanawha, Appalachia, and Western Virginia. The capital was originally Wheeling, before switching to Charleston, moving back to Wheeling, and finally back to Charleston. The first governor was Arthur Boreman. WEST VIRGINIA TERRITORIES. West Virginia covers an area of 24,229.76 square miles (62,754.8 km2), with 24,077.73 square miles (62,361.0 km2) of land and 152.03 square miles (393.8 km2) of water, making it the 41st-largest state in the United States. West Virginia borders Pennsylvania and Maryland in the northeast, Virginia in the southeast, Ohio in the northwest, and Kentucky in the southwest. Its longest border is with Virginia at 381 miles (613 km), followed by Ohio at 243 miles (391 km), Maryland at 174 miles (280 km), Pennsylvania at 118 miles (190 km), and Kentucky at 79 miles (127 km). West Virginia is located entirely within the Appalachian Region, and the state is almost entirely mountainous, giving the reason for the nickname The Mountain State and the motto Montani Semper Liberi (“Mountaineers are always free”). The elevations and ruggedness drop near large rivers like the Ohio River or Shenandoah River. About 75% of the state is within the Cumberland Plateau and Allegheny Plateau regions. Though the relief is not high, the plateau region is extremely rugged in most areas. The average elevation of West Virginia is approximately 1,500 feet (460 m) above sea level, which is the highest of any U.S. state east of the Mississippi River. On the eastern state line with Virginia, high peaks in the Monongahela National Forest region give rise to an island of colder climate and ecosystems similar to those of northern New England and eastern Canada. The highest point in the state is atop Spruce Knob, at 4,863 feet (1,482 m) and is covered in a boreal forest of dense spruce trees at altitudes above 4,000 feet (1,200 m). Spruce Knob lies within the Monongahela National Forest and is a part of the Spruce Knob-Seneca Rocks National Recreation Area. A total of six wilderness areas can also be found within the forest. Outside the forest to the south, the New River Gorge is a canyon 1,000 feet (300 m) deep, carved by the New River. The National Park Service manages a portion of the gorge and river that has been designated as the New River Gorge National Park and Preserve. LIST OF GOVERNORS OF WEST VIRGINIA. Since West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, during the American Civil War, 34 men have served as governor. Two, Arch A. Moore Jr. (West Virginia’s 28th and 30th governors) and Cecil H. Underwood (West Virginia’s 25th and 32nd governors), served two nonconsecutive terms in office. The longest-serving governor was Moore, who served for three terms over twelve years. The state’s first governor after admission into the Union, Arthur I. Boreman, served the most consecutive terms, resigning a week before the end of his third term. Before the state’s admission, Francis H. Pierpont, the, “Father of West Virginia,” was elected governor during the Wheeling Convention of 1861. Daniel D.T. Farnsworth was senate president at the time; he filled the last seven days of Boreman’s term and remains the shortest-serving governor. Underwood has the unusual distinction of being both the youngest person to be elected as governor (age 34 upon his first term in 1957) and the oldest to both be elected and serve (age 74 upon his second term in 1997; age 78 at the end of his second term in 2001). The current governor is Republican Jim Justice, who assumed office on January 16, 2017. West Virginia’s 36th governor, Justice was elected as a Democrat, but switched to the Republican Party on August 4 of that year. List of governors MEMBERS OF REPRESENTATIVES TO THE U.S. HOUSE FROM WEST VIRGINIA. The following is an alphabetical list of members of the United States House of Representatives from the state of West Virginia. For chronological tables of members of both houses of the United States Congress from the state (through the present day), see United States congressional delegations from West Virginia.