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correct_death_00070	FactBench	3	34	https://www.monroetwpohio.com/	en				[ "https://www.monroetwpohio.com/images/banner.gif", "https://www.monroetwpohio.com/images/Header/Bicentennial logoB_sm.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Monroe township", "monroe", "township", "Tipp City", "government", "miami county", "township building", "township government", "township trustees", "miami county ohio", "monroe township building", "" ]	null	[]	null	Welcome to Monroe Township, which is located at the crossroads of Interstate 75 and State Route #571 in south-central Miami County, Ohio.				null	4 E. Main Street Tipp City, OH 45371 Phone: 937-667-3136 info@monroetwpohio.com
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	97	https://www.ushistory.org/us/23a.asp	en	The Era of Good Feelings and the Two	https://www.ushistory.or…es/instagram.png		[ "https://www.ushistory.org/us/nav/ushistory.jpg", "https://www.ushistory.org/gifs/home.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/bbx/images/back.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/bbx/images/home.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/bbx/images/next.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/us/nav/head_23.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/us/images/00007856.jpg", "https://www.ushistory.org/images/housead.png", "https://www.ushistory.org/us/images/00007841.jpg", "https://www.ushistory.org/us/images/00007858.jpg", "https://www.ushistory.org/us/images/00007814.jpg", "https://www.ushistory.org/bbx/images/ontheweb.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/images/fb.png", "http://www.ushistory.org/images/social/reddit.png", "https://www.ushistory.org/bbx/images/back.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/bbx/images/home.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/bbx/images/next.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/bbx/images/store.jpg", "https://www.ushistory.org/images/housead.png", "https://www.ushistory.org/images/ushlogo.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/images/fb.png", "https://www.ushistory.org/images/instagram.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "ushistory.org" ]	null					null	23a. The Era of Good Feelings and the Two-Party System The War of 1812 closed with the Federalist Party all but destroyed. The 1816 presidential election was the last one when the Federalists' ran a candidate. He lost resoundingly. The 1818 Congressional election brought another landslide victory for Democratic-Republicans who controlled 85 percent of the seats in the U.S. Congress. James Monroe, yet another Virginian, followed Madison in the Presidency for two terms from 1817 to 1825. Although this period has often been called the Era of Good Feelings due to its one-party dominance, in fact, Democratic-Republicans were deeply divided internally and a new political system was about to be created from the old Republican-Federalist competition that had been known as the First Party System. Although Democratic-Republicans were now the only active national party, its leaders incorporated major economic policies that had been favored by Federalists since the time of Alexander Hamilton. President Monroe continued the policies begun by Madison at the end of his presidency to build an American System of national economic development. These policies had three basic aspects: a national bank, protective tariffs to support American manufactures, and federally-funded internal improvements. The first two elements received strong support after the War of 1812. The chartering of the Second Bank of the United States in 1816, once again headquartered in Philadelphia, indicates how much of the old Federalist economic agenda the Democratic-Republicans now supported. Whereas Jefferson had seen a national bank as a threat to ordinary farmers, the leaders of his party in 1816 had come to a new understanding of the need for a strong federal role in creating the basic infrastructure of the nation. The cooperation among national politicians that marked the one-party Era of Good Feelings lasted less than a decade. A new style of American politics took shape in the 1820s and 1830s whose key qualities have remained central to American politics up to the present. In this more modern system, political parties played the crucial role building broad and lasting coalitions among diverse groups in the American public. Furthermore, these parties represented more than the distinct interests of a single region or economic class. Most importantly, modern parties broke decisively from a political tradition favoring personal loyalty and patronage. Although long-lasting parties were totally unpredicted in the 1780s, by the 1830s they had become central to American politics. The New York politician Martin Van Buren played a key role in the development of the Second Party System. He rose to lead the new Democratic party by breaking from the more traditional leadership of his own Democratic-Republican party. He achieved this in New York by 1821 and helped create the system on a national scale while serving in Washington D.C. as a senator and later as president. Van Buren perceptively responded to the growing democratization of American life in the first decades of the 19th century by embracing mass public opinion. As he explained, "Those who have wrought great changes in the world never succeeded by gaining over chiefs; but always by exciting the multitude. The first is the resource of intrigue and produces only secondary results, the second is the resort of genius and transforms the face of the universe." Rather than follow a model of elite political leadership like that of the Founding Fathers, Van Buren saw "genius" in reaching out to the "multitude" of the general public. Like other new party leaders of the period, Van Buren made careful use of newspapers to spread the word about party positions and to ensure close discipline among party members. In fact, the growth of newspapers in the new nation was closely linked to the rise of a competitive party system. In 1775 there had been just 31 newspapers in the colonies, but by 1835 the number of papers in the nation had soared to 1200. Rather than make any claim to objective reporting, newspapers existed as propaganda vehicles for the political parties that they supported. Newspapers were especially important to the new party system because they spread information about the party platform, a carefully crafted list of policy commitments that aimed to appeal to a broad public.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	0	61	https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/12668	en	The Metropolitan Museum of Art	https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12668/34236/main-image	https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12668/34236/main-image	[ "https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12668/34236/main-image", "https://www.metmuseum.org/Rodan/dist/svg/rolling-0.9s-30px.svg", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cctd4ker/production/f34562cd2cb90b41c387d48763be4bd5ecebc140-250x305.jpg?w=250&fit=crop", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cctd4ker/production/4d6ab187e34104a0182d18508dbfe73e1676f539-250x323.jpg?w=250&fit=crop", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cctd4ker/production/403bde63c3db12ba8f59e410f8653a0379eefa98-250x335.jpg?w=250&fit=crop", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cctd4ker/production/d558b42a926a96ac373b15af48dd894728744683-250x365.jpg?w=250&fit=crop", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cctd4ker/production/5891b663963787501fe8b2b4af4b633c974dd49e-250x340.jpg?w=250&fit=crop", "https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/3970/preview", "https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12664/preview", "https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12669/preview", "https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12661/preview", "https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12662/preview", "https://www.metmuseum.org/-/media/images/about-the-met/collection-areas/american-wing/the-american-wing-court_teaser.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Stuart", "Gilbert", "Oil", "Canvas", "Paintings", "North and Central America", "United States", "New York", "New York City" ]	null	[]	null	John Doggett, Boston, 1820–1839; Abel Phillips, Boston, by 1839; Honorable Peter A. Porter, Niagara Falls, New York, 1851–1856; A. B. Douglas, Brooklyn, until 1857; Abiel Abbot Low, Brooklyn, 1857–died 1893; his son, Abiel Augustus Low, Brooklyn; his wife, Mrs	en	https://www.metmuseum.org/content/img/presentation/icons/favicons/favicon.ico?v=3	The Metropolitan Museum of Art	https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/12668	The fifth president of the United States, James Monroe, was a Virginian who enjoyed the advantages of being the disciple and political protégé of Thomas Jefferson. Before becoming president, he had held many diplomatic posts, including service as ambassador to France and to England. The year after this picture was completed, he issued the famous Monroe Doctrine, a statement against any intervention from foreign governments in the affairs of the hemisphere. The three-quarter pose at a desk with books and papers, the billowing drapery, and the liberal use of strong, pure red are all elements of a formula that Stuart, like the Spanish Goya, frequently employed in portraits of statesman.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	3	63	https://www.texascitytx.gov/372/Lafitte-Campbell-Pirates	en	Lafitte, Campbell & Pirates	https://www.texascitytx.gov/images/favicon.ico	https://www.texascitytx.gov/images/favicon.ico	[ "https://www.texascitytx.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=2546", "https://www.texascitytx.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=71", "https://www.texascitytx.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=265", "https://www.texascitytx.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=77", "https://www.texascitytx.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=48", "https://www.texascitytx.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=50", "https://www.texascitytx.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=49", "https://www.texascitytx.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=5348" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	For a time in the early 1800s, the coastal areas in and around Galveston Island were home to the legendary pirate and privateer Jean Lafitte.	en	/images/favicon.ico		null	Privateer Jean Lafitte For a time in the early 1800s, the coastal areas in and around Galveston Island were home to the legendary pirate and privateer Jean Lafitte. He profited greatly from the region's natural harbor, relative obscurity and easy access to highly trafficked waters of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Sources contradict each other regarding both Lafitte's origins and his death; some state that he was born in France, others in a French colony. He was probably born some time around 1776. The circumstances of his death are equally unclear. Sources variously place his death in the southern United States, the Yucatán, and Central America in or around 1823. Jean and his brother Pierre were crafty businessmen in addition to being experienced seamen, a profitable combination at a time when European colonial powers were themselves occupied by the Napoleonic Wars and piracy at the fringes of the American frontier wasn't well policed (Block, 1991). The Lafitte brothers' prowess at plundering ships and their subsequent profiteering was aided by their ships' "letter of marque" status, or license allowing the Lafitte gunships to freely attack and "privateer" designated foreign or enemy trading vessels (Gayarre, 1965). Move to Galveston The Lafittes moved their base of operations to Galveston after the War of 1812, when the brothers agreed to become spies for the government of Spain. At the time, Spain was attempting to suppress revolution in Mexico and intended to use the Lafitte brothers to gather inside information about the revolt from the front lines (Gayarre, 1965). Despite their business arrangement with Spain, the Lafittes continued to busy themselves privateering Spanish galleons on behalf of various Spanish colonies like Mexico and Colombia, which opposed Spanish rule (Block, 1991). Lafitte erected accommodations for his men on the bay side of Galveston Island, creating a temporary shanty town and calling it Campeche or Campeachy. By 1818, the population had grown to around 800 people, including Lafitte, his men, their families, and a number of African slaves from captured Spanish ships. Remnants of Lafitte's own personal quarters on the Island, the "Maison Rouge," still exist today (Gayarre, 1965). James Campbell James Jim Campbell originally came into contact with the Lafitte brothers in New Orleans in 1815 (Block, 1991). Born in Ireland in the late 18th century (sources do not agree on the exact year), Campbell immigrated to Maryland with his family at a young age. Campbell was an apprentice ship builder in Baltimore in his youth and enlisted in the U.S. Navy just prior to the War of 1812 (Articles, 1998 and Block, 1991). During wartime, Campbell played an active role as a naval midshipmen and dockyard ship builder, and served under Commodore Perry at the Battle of Lake Erie. Arrival in Galveston In 1817, James Campbell moved to Galveston Island and Campeachy with his wife Mary Sabinal, a ferryman's daughter from Crow's Ferry, located in present-day Sabinetown, Texas. After serving Lafitte in mostly administrative capacities throughout 1817, Campbell was appointed the captain of the schooner Concordin in early 1818. The Concord was a privateer ship fitted with five large guns and a crew of 75 men (Articles, 1998). From his first cruise under Lafitte until his last in 1820, Campbell's ships led all other Lafitte ships in the quantity of booty and commandeered cargo. Lafitte would regard Campbell as one of his best secret officers and he liked and trusted him very much (Block, 1991). Despite the authority granted by the letters of marque for Campbell's ships to liberally attack and commandeer enemy ships, the captain usually released the crews of captured vessels after arriving on land. A cabin boy named Charles Cronea serving under Campbell aboard the Hotspur remarked that he'd "never seen a single man murdered" during his time spent with the captain. Lafitte also employed Campbell on various clandestine missions to New Orleans and even entrusted him with the task of acquiring a new gunship from Baltimore, Maryland (Block, 1998). Legal Fine Line The line between legal privateering and illegal piracy was a fine one. And while Campbell and several other privateers under Lafitte always maintained that their operation was legal and within the bounds of the maritime regulations, incidents of piracy among Lafitte's men were well-known. Lafitte established a judicial system at Campeachy to deal with renegades who deviated from attacking only designated Spanish cargo ships (Block, 1991). Captain Campbell was one of the five presiding judges on this court. Those found guilty by Lafitte's court were sometimes hanged. Nevertheless, President James Monroe received complaints from the Spanish ambassador concerning legitimate Spanish vessels being pirated by Lafitte's ships, prompting Monroe to send an emissary to investigate the situation. This chain of events ultimately put an end to Lafitte's Galveston operation (Block, 1965). Campbell's Legacy Following Lafitte's departure from the Texas coast in 1821, James and Mary Campbell remained in the region, ultimately settling on a plot of about 1500 acres at Campbell's Bayou (Articles, 1998). Captain Campbell became a farmer and remained so until his death in 1856. He was a reserved man and remained largely uncommunicative about his days serving under Jean Lafitte (Block, 1991). The Campbells' daughter Diana grew up to marry Solomon Parr, another local farmer, and their children and descendants comprised some of the region's first official residents (Services, 1930). A nautical telescope that once belonged to James Campbell is presently on display in the Texas Room of the Texas City-Moore Memorial Public Library. References View the Reference Sources page.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	0	36	https://millercenter.org/president/monroe/life-in-brief	en	James Monroe: Life in Brief	https://millercenter.org/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico	https://millercenter.org/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico	[ "https://millercenter.org/sites/default/files/styles/square_thumb_2x_360x360/public/auth-Preston_Daniel-116x116.jpg?itok=hNy5Ftl3" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Daniel Preston" ]	2016-10-04T16:15:18-04:00		en	/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico	Miller Center	https://millercenter.org/president/monroe/life-in-brief	James Monroe was the last American President of the “Virginia Dynasty”—of the first five men who held that position, four hailed from Virginia. Monroe also had a long and distinguished public career as a soldier, diplomat, governor, senator, and cabinet official. His presidency, which began in 1817 and lasted until 1825, encompassed what came to be called the "Era of Good Feelings." One of his lasting achievements was the Monroe Doctrine, which became a major tenet of U.S. foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere. Early Revolutionary James Monroe was born in 1758 to prosperous Virginia planters. His parents died when he was a teenager, leaving him part of the family farm. He enrolled at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg in 1774, and almost immediately began participating in revolutionary activities. With a group of classmates, he raided the arsenal at the British Governor's Palace, escaping with 200 muskets and 300 swords, which the students presented to the Virginia militia. He became an officer in the Continental Army in early 1776 and, shortly thereafter, joined General George Washington's army at New York. He was severely wounded at the Battle of Trenton. Monroe was promoted to captain and then major, and was assigned to the staff of General William Alexander, where he served for more than a year. After resigning his commission in the Continental Army in 1779, he was appointed colonel in the Virginia service. In 1780, Governor Thomas Jefferson sent Monroe to North Carolina to report on the advance of the British. After the war, Monroe studied law with Jefferson and was elected to the Continental Congress in 1783. While a delegate to the Congress, then meeting in New York, he met Elizabeth Kortright, the daughter of a New York City merchant. A year later they were married; he was twenty-seven and she was seventeen. The newlyweds moved to Fredericksburg, Virginia, where Monroe practiced law. High Political Office In 1787, Monroe began serving in the Virginia assembly and was chosen the following year as a delegate to the Virginia convention considering ratification of the new U.S. Constitution. He voted against ratification, holding out for the direct election of presidents and senators, and for the inclusion of a bill of rights. Partly due to politicians, such as Monroe, who brought attention to the omission of such constitutional guarantees, the Bill of Rights became the first ten amendments of the Constitution upon ratification in 1791. Although Monroe narrowly lost a congressional election to James Madison in 1790, the Virginia state legislature appointed him to the U.S. Senate. As a member of that body, he allied himself with Madison and Thomas Jefferson, his close personal friends, against the Federalist faction led by Vice President John Adams and Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. In 1794, President Washington sent Monroe to Paris as U.S. minister to France. Monroe's actions as minister angered the Federalists, however, and Washington recalled him in 1797. In 1799, he was elected governor of Virginia, where he served three one-year terms. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson sent him back to France to help negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. Monroe continued to serve his government in Europe, representing the United States as U.S. minister to Britain from 1803 to 1807, with a brief stint as special envoy to Spain in 1805. After he returned home, dissident Republicans nominated him to oppose James Madison for the Democratic-Republican presidential nomination in 1808. Monroe, however, never considered the challenge serious, and Madison won the election easily. Monroe was once again elected governor of Virginia in January 1811, but headed back to Washington, D.C., that April, when President Madison named him secretary of state. Monroe served in that capacity, and also for a time as secretary of war, until 1817. Easy Race to the White House When President Madison announced his decision to continue the custom of serving only two terms, Monroe became the logical candidate for the Democratic-Republicans. After some maneuvering within the party, Monroe prevailed to win the nomination. He had little opposition during the general election campaign. The Federalists were so out of favor with the public that a majority had abandoned the party name altogether. They ultimately nominated New York's Rufus King, but the result was a foregone conclusion. In the Electoral College, Monroe carried sixteen states to King's three. Monroe began his presidency by embarking on a presidential tour, a practice initiated by George Washington. His trip through the northern states took fifteen weeks, by which time more Americans had seen him than they had any other sitting President. A newspaper in Boston described Monroe's reception there as the beginning of a new "Era of Good Feelings" for the nation. The President later made two similar tours, one of the Chesapeake Bay area in 1818 and one of the South and West in 1819. Era of Good Feelings At the beginning of Monroe's presidency, the nation had much to feel good about. It had declared victory in the War of 1812 and its economy was booming, allowing the administration to turn its attention toward domestic issues. The economy was booming. The organized opposition, in the form of the Federalists, had faded largely from sight, although the government had adopted many Federalist programs, including protective tariffs and a national bank. The President, moreover, was personable, extremely popular, and interested in reaching out to all the regions of the country. Monroe faced his first crisis as President with the Panic of 1819, which resulted in high unemployment as well as increased foreclosures and bankruptcies. Some critics derided Monroe for not responding more forcefully to the depression. Although he believed that such troubles were natural for a maturing economy and that the situation would soon turn around, he could do little to alleviate their short-term effects. Monroe's second crisis came the same year, when the entrance of Missouri to the Union as a slave state threatened to disrupt the legislative balance between North and South. Congress preserved that equilibrium, negotiating a compromise in which Massachusetts allowed its northernmost counties to apply for admission to the Union as the new free state of Maine. The Missouri Compromise also called for the prohibition of slavery in the western territories of the Louisiana Purchase above the 36/30' north latitude line. Monroe worked in support of the compromise and, after ascertaining that the provisions were constitutional, signed the bill. In trying to sustain the "Era of Good Feelings," Monroe had hoped to preside over the decline of political parties. However, his administration offered only a brief respite from divisive partisan politics. The rancor surrounding the 1824 presidential election was a reminder that strong feelings still animated American political life even without the existence of two distinct parties. In fact, the Monroe presidency stood at the forefront of a transition from the first party system of the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists to the second party system of the Democrats and the Whigs. Spanish Florida and the Monroe Doctrine In 1818, President Monroe sent General Andrew Jackson to Spanish Florida to subdue the Seminole Indians, who were raiding American settlements. Liberally interpreting his vague instructions, Jackson led his troops deep into areas of Florida under the control of Spain and captured two Spanish forts. In addition to securing greater protection for American settlements, the mission pointed out the vulnerability of Spanish rule in Florida. Monroe and his secretary of state, John Quincy Adams, used that vulnerability to pressure Spain into selling Florida to the United States. As Spain's dominion in the America's continued to disintegrate, revolutions throughout its colonies brought independence to Argentina, Peru, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. When European powers threatened to form an alliance to help Spain regain its lost domains, Monroe, with the prodding of Secretary of State Adams, declared that America would resist European intervention in the Western Hemisphere. Announced in the President's message to Congress on December 2, 1823, the Monroe Doctrine thus became a cornerstone of American foreign policy. Leaving Washington after a lifetime of public service, Monroe and his wife retired to their estate in Loudoun County, Virginia. Monroe returned to private life deeply in debt and spent many of his later years trying to resolve his financial problems. He petitioned the government to repay him for past services, with the government eventually providing a portion of the amount he sought. After his wife died in 1830, Monroe moved to New York City to live with his daughter. He died there on July 4, 1831.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	3	0	https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-monroe/	en	The White House	https://www.whitehouse.g…james_monroe.jpg	https://www.whitehouse.g…james_monroe.jpg	[ "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/themes/whitehouse/assets/img/wh-outline.svg", "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/05_james_monroe.jpg?w=1250", "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/themes/whitehouse/assets/img/bottomcta-logo.svg", "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/themes/whitehouse/assets/img/footer-seal.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2021-01-11T01:47:41+00:00	James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825) and the last President from the Founding Fathers.	en	/favicon.ico	The White House	https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-monroe/	The biography for President Monroe and past presidents is courtesy of the White House Historical Association. James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825) and the last President from the Founding Fathers. On New Year’s Day, 1825, at the last of his annual White House receptions, President James Monroe made a pleasing impression upon a Virginia lady who shook his hand: “He is tall and well formed. His dress plain and in the old style…. His manner was quiet and dignified. From the frank, honest expression of his eye … I think he well deserves the encomium passed upon him by the great Jefferson, who said, ‘Monroe was so honest that if you turned his soul inside out there would not be a spot on it.’ ” Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, in 1758, Monroe attended the College of William and Mary, fought with distinction in the Continental Army, and practiced law in Fredericksburg, Virginia. As a youthful politician, he joined the anti-Federalists in the Virginia Convention which ratified the Constitution, and in 1790, an advocate of Jeffersonian policies, was elected United States Senator. As Minister to France in 1794-1796, he displayed strong sympathies for the French cause; later, with Robert R. Livingston, he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. His ambition and energy, together with the backing of President Madison, made him the Republican choice for the Presidency in 1816. With little Federalist opposition, he easily won re-election in 1820. Monroe made unusually strong Cabinet choices, naming a Southerner, John C. Calhoun, as Secretary of War, and a northerner, John Quincy Adams, as Secretary of State. Only Henry Clay’s refusal kept Monroe from adding an outstanding Westerner. Early in his administration, Monroe undertook a goodwill tour. At Boston, his visit was hailed as the beginning of an “Era of Good Feelings.” Unfortunately these “good feelings” did not endure, although Monroe, his popularity undiminished, followed nationalist policies. Across the facade of nationalism, ugly sectional cracks appeared. A painful economic depression undoubtedly increased the dismay of the people of the Missouri Territory in 1819 when their application for admission to the Union as a slave state failed. An amended bill for gradually eliminating slavery in Missouri precipitated two years of bitter debate in Congress. The Missouri Compromise bill resolved the struggle, pairing Missouri as a slave state with Maine, a free state, and barring slavery north and west of Missouri forever. In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name, responding to the threat that the more conservative governments in Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her former Latin American colonies. Monroe did not begin formally to recognize the young sister republics until 1822, after ascertaining that Congress would vote appropriations for diplomatic missions. He and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wished to avoid trouble with Spain until it had ceded the Floridas, as was done in 1821. Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed reconquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming “hands off.” Ex-Presidents Jefferson and Madison counseled Monroe to accept the offer, but Secretary Adams advised, “It would be more candid … to avow our principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of the British man-of-war.” Monroe accepted Adams’s advice. Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific coast. “. . . the American continents,” he stated, “by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power.” Some 20 years after Monroe died in 1831, this became known as the Monroe Doctrine.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	3	75	https://www.charlestonmercury.com/single-post/2020/09/02/president-james-monroe-visits-charleston	en	President James Monroe visits Charleston	https://static.wixstatic…5777e2%7Emv2.png	https://static.wixstatic…5777e2%7Emv2.png	[ "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/35e8c7_dba0a2bc437f481daa741f44669f24c8.png/v1/fill/w_920,h_200,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/35e8c7_dba0a2bc437f481daa741f44669f24c8.png", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/35e8c7_1b349e916e08437fbca1d48c8930fc14~mv2.png/v1/fill/w_600,h_109,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/WebAd.png", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/35e8c7_4f96740edef747258f217f27e7f69b50~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_250,h_250,fp_0.50_0.50,q_30,blur_30,enc_auto/35e8c7_4f96740edef747258f217f27e7f69b50~mv2.webp", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/35e8c7_4f96740edef747258f217f27e7f69b50~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_286,h_381,fp_0.50_0.50,q_90,enc_auto/35e8c7_4f96740edef747258f217f27e7f69b50~mv2.webp", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/35e8c7_23986bce25694f93b255e19c15fb9e78~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_250,h_250,fp_0.50_0.50,q_30,blur_30,enc_auto/35e8c7_23986bce25694f93b255e19c15fb9e78~mv2.webp", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/35e8c7_23986bce25694f93b255e19c15fb9e78~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_286,h_381,fp_0.50_0.50,q_90,enc_auto/35e8c7_23986bce25694f93b255e19c15fb9e78~mv2.webp", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/35e8c7_a8bb7b46026b4bd89a2d5aaa1c6bbe52~mv2.jpeg/v1/fill/w_250,h_250,fp_0.50_0.50,q_30,blur_30,enc_auto/35e8c7_a8bb7b46026b4bd89a2d5aaa1c6bbe52~mv2.webp", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/35e8c7_a8bb7b46026b4bd89a2d5aaa1c6bbe52~mv2.jpeg/v1/fill/w_54,h_54,fp_0.50_0.50,q_90,enc_auto/35e8c7_a8bb7b46026b4bd89a2d5aaa1c6bbe52~mv2.webp", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/35e8c7_1d84d77da70d451b9c704878a0159f42~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_250,h_250,fp_0.50_0.50,q_30,blur_30,enc_auto/35e8c7_1d84d77da70d451b9c704878a0159f42~mv2.webp", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/35e8c7_1d84d77da70d451b9c704878a0159f42~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_54,h_54,fp_0.50_0.50,q_90,enc_auto/35e8c7_1d84d77da70d451b9c704878a0159f42~mv2.webp", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/35e8c7_dd4b8525f0a24e7bbf4bf3d3f5453194~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_250,h_250,fp_0.50_0.50,q_30,blur_30,enc_auto/35e8c7_dd4b8525f0a24e7bbf4bf3d3f5453194~mv2.webp", "https://static.wixstatic.com/media/35e8c7_dd4b8525f0a24e7bbf4bf3d3f5453194~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_54,h_54,fp_0.50_0.50,q_90,enc_auto/35e8c7_dd4b8525f0a24e7bbf4bf3d3f5453194~mv2.webp" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Peg Eastman" ]	2020-09-02T00:00:00	President James Monroe enjoyed a popularity second only to that of George Washington. His 1819 Southern tour was to inspect coastal defenses and to enable him to become acquainted with the people of the region. He came to Charleston during “the era of good feelings” and the city rolled out the red carpet for its celebrated guest. En route to Charleston, the president spent the night at the mansion of Jacob Bond I’On in Christ Church Parish in company of Secretary of War Calhoun, his lady and fam	en	https://static.wixstatic…5777e2%7Emv2.png	Charleston Mercury	https://www.charlestonmercury.com/single-post/2020/09/02/president-james-monroe-visits-charleston	President James Monroe enjoyed a popularity second only to that of George Washington. His 1819 Southern tour was to inspect coastal defenses and to enable him to become acquainted with the people of the region. He came to Charleston during “the era of good feelings” and the city rolled out the red carpet for its celebrated guest. En route to Charleston, the president spent the night at the mansion of Jacob Bond I’On in Christ Church Parish in company of Secretary of War Calhoun, his lady and family, Maj. Gen. Thomas Pinckney, Mr. Groveneur, his private secretary and Lt. Monroe, his nephew. On April 26, the distinguished company was escorted to Gordon and Springs (now Clement’s) Ferry and embarked on a barge prepared by the City Corporation and manned by a symbolic 21 members of the Marine Society, with their president steering. The transportation was described as “much to the gratification of the President, who was pleased to pass a very handsome compliment upon the barge and her patriotic crew.” Upon landing, they were received by a military escort which was soon joined by Gov. John Geddes and his entire suite. At the city lines, the president reviewed troops and received a military salute by the artillery. The distinguished party was then greeted by Intendent (mayor) Daniel Stevens and the city wardens at Meeting St., which was lined with officers of the Society of the Cincinnati, other national societies and throngs of admiring citizens who cheered him all the way to Broad. They proceeded to St. Andrew’s Hall, where “the best taste of the city had arranged things for the distinguished guests.” That night the president dined with Gov. Geddes. Tuesday morning was devoted to greetings from the mayor and important personages, while in the afternoon city authorities and prominent citizens assembled at the South Carolina Society Hall on Meeting Street then proceeded to City Hall to dine with the president in “becoming style.” On Wednesday, after visiting the library and places of public interest in the morning and attending the theatre in the evening, the president dined with members of the Society of the Cincinnati. On Thursday, April 29, Fred Schwach advertised that the entire state would be fed roasted ox; local newspapers published the festivities. Among them was a visit to the Custom House. From there, accompanied by band music, the president, the governor and prominent military and city officials descended the Exchange’s elegant staircase to board the steamship Charleston for a tour of harbor fortifications. It was a momentous occasion. The president received a 21-gun salute from a cutter in the harbor with more salutes at Castle Pinckney, Fort Johnson and Fort Moultrie. After enjoying “a spread” at Fort Johnson, the entourage returned, anticipating the ascent of a balloon from the city square, but a high wind caused the event to be cancelled, much to the disappointment of thousands of spectators who had come to witness the event. All was not lost, however. In the evening, there was “a brilliant display” of fireworks at the Orphan House enclosure. The following day, Monroe went on to tour the city’s defense lines and enjoy an invitation-only breakfast at diplomat Joel Poinsett’s home in Cannonborough. Saturday was spent receiving the different societies and attending a “splendid concert and ball” given by the St. Cecilia Society, “which was attended by a very large assemblage of Ladies, to whom the President had the pleasure of paying his respects.” Sunday, the Monroe attended services at both St. Philip’s and the First Presbyterian Churches. The following morning, Monroe left town and headed for Middleton Place to be entertained by Henry Middleton. To commemorate the president’s visit, Charleston City Council requested a portrait of Monroe be painted by Samuel F. B. Morse, the inventor of the telegraph. The painting hangs in the city council chambers; a replica hangs in the Blue Room of the White House. Gov. Geddes is an interesting case study. He was a Democratic-Republican (Jefferson’s Party) who gained a following among the city’s merchants and mechanics. Perhaps this was because he was the son of Scots-Irish merchant Henry Geddes. Born on Christmas Day in 1777, young Geddes was educated in Charleston and admitted to the local bar in 1797. He was only 20 when he won office as a city warden. He was elected to the S. C. House of Representatives in 1808 and was chosen speaker of the House for consecutive terms from 1810 until he was elected to the state senate in 1816. He served as Charleston’s intendant in 1817-1818 and was elected governor of the state in 1818. By the time Monroe came to Charleston, Geddes had accumulated considerable wealth. In May 1798, he married Harriet Chalmers, a daughter of Charleston artisan Gilbert Chalmers. When she died in 1803, Geddes married her sister Ann. Chalmers deeded the property, now known as the Confederate Home, to Ann in 1805 and when she died the following year, the property passed to Geddes. In addition to properties in town, he owned plantations in St. Andrew’s Parish. The governor is still remembered for his affaires d’honneur with two (one-m) Simons brothers. Both duels are thought to have been because of political differences. Geddes was a Democratic-Republican. Keating Lewis Simons (1788-1834) on the other hand was a Federalist. In 1823, Keating Lewis Simons and Governor Geddes met on Sullivan’s Island. Simons was wounded and limped the rest of his life. Geddes also fought Edward Simons (1778-1843). This time Geddes was shot in the knee while Edward Simons was unhurt. That same year Gilbert C. Geddes, John Geddes’ 17-year-old son followed in his father’s footsteps and killed Edward Peter Simons (1794-1823). Young Geddes felt that Simons had made remarks reflecting on his father and demanded a retraction. Simons protested that the father should demand satisfaction, not his son. After failing to get a reconciliation, the antagonists met at high noon at Fort Johnson. Each fired four times without wounding his opponent, but on the fifth round, Geddes was shot through both thighs and Simons was shot in the belly. Young Geddes recovered. Simons died the following day at the age of 29. A popular myth is that Governor Geddes sold the Confederate Home because of the expenses incurred when he entertained Monroe. Real estate transactions refute this. Geddes actually sold his Broad Street properties in 1825, long after the president’s visit in 1819. He was not bankrupt at the time. In 1823 and 1824, Geddes had gone on a buying spree and purchased several plantations from his mother-in-law’s estate as well as several plantations from sheriff’s sales. Governor Geddes died in 1828 and was buried at the First Scots Presbyterian churchyard. Today, if he is remembered at all, it is in the popular myth that he sold the Confederate Home building to cover the debts he incurred entertaining President Monroe. Some historians do mention the Simons duels.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	0	20	https://unclesamsnewyork.wordpress.com/2010/02/08/exhuming-president-james-monroe-1758-1831-5th-president-of-the-united-states-removed-from-nycs-marble-cemetery-in-1858/	en	The other President that was buried in NYC. James Monroe (1758-1831) 5th President of the United States. Removed from NYC’s Marble Cemetery in 1858	http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OQAiMcEXtec/Sm6Px2m8FZI/AAAAAAAABzc/9bBsceGPLf4/s400/image_resize.php.jpg	http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OQAiMcEXtec/Sm6Px2m8FZI/AAAAAAAABzc/9bBsceGPLf4/s400/image_resize.php.jpg	[ "https://unclesamsnewyork.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/cropped-unclesamsnewyorkheader02blogger1.jpg", "https://i0.wp.com/4.bp.blogspot.com/_OQAiMcEXtec/Sm6Px2m8FZI/AAAAAAAABzc/9bBsceGPLf4/s400/image_resize.php.jpg", "https://i0.wp.com/photos1.blogger.com/blogger/8143/2394/400/site62b.jpg", "https://i0.wp.com/photos1.blogger.com/blogger/8143/2394/400/MonroeT.jpg", "https://i0.wp.com/photos1.blogger.com/blogger/8143/2394/400/CEM46628705_109379338328.1.jpg", "https://i0.wp.com/photos1.blogger.com/blogger/8143/2394/400/monroejames.jpg", "https://i0.wp.com/photos1.blogger.com/blogger/8143/2394/400/monroej.0.jpg", "https://live.staticflickr.com/5049/5367315321_0618d71d30_s.jpg", "https://live.staticflickr.com/5122/5331224942_caf2f2099e_s.jpg", "https://live.staticflickr.com/5166/5330613563_cd2baacbce_s.jpg", "https://live.staticflickr.com/5123/5331224008_b09899425c_s.jpg", "https://live.staticflickr.com/5087/5330593791_463cf6677a_s.jpg", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2010-02-08T00:00:00	By Jack Stanley Removing the coffin from the vault Monroe's coffin on display at New York's City hall on July 3, 1858. Before the body was taken to Virginia for burial...It must of had a rather musty smell after being in a vault for 27 years...But there seems to be no mention of it. The…	en	https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico	Uncle Sam's New York Tours	https://unclesamsnewyork.wordpress.com/2010/02/08/exhuming-president-james-monroe-1758-1831-5th-president-of-the-united-states-removed-from-nycs-marble-cemetery-in-1858/	James Monroe, our fifth President died basically a pauper. He was living with is daughter in New York as his money situation was in terrible shape. He finally died of heart failure on July 4th 1831. 55 years after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence and five years after Jefferson and Adams. His Presidency was known as the “Era of good feeling”.In his Presidency was perhaps the greatest Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams who wrote the Monroe Doctrine. Sadly after his Presidency his money situation grew awful. He sold his home in which his wife was buried and moved to New York with his daughter. His funeral was of great pomp and he was laid to rest in Marble Cemetery in New York City in the Gouverneur family Vault. There he rested till 1858. When a petition from Virginia was settled and his remains were to be brought to state of his birth and most of his life. His coffin was exhumed and brought to New York’s City hall where it was on display for the public to see once again the coffin, not the President. He was then put on to a barge a taken to Virginia. There were a number of storms and it looked like what was left of Monroe was to be lost…But they made it. It is an odd thing that one of Alexander Hamilton’s grand sons was part of the honor guard and was sadly washed over board during one of these storms. Then in July of 1858 he was interred in a rather bizarre Cast Iron tomb. His wife and family were buried near to him. But his tomb was made for only one. There he rests to this day…Now in company with John Tyler, who would be buried there at Hollywood, but not honored till many years later with a marker for his tomb
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	39	https://guides.loc.gov/james-monroe/digital-collections	en	James Monroe: A Resource Guide	https://guides.loc.gov/ld.php?screenshot=bahdaha.png&size=facebook&cb=1721479459	https://guides.loc.gov/ld.php?screenshot=bahdaha.png&size=facebook&cb=1721479459	[ "https://cdn.loc.gov/libguide/images/logo-loc-padded.svg", "https://cdn.loc.gov/libguide/images/logo-research-guides.svg", "https://cdn.loc.gov/libguide/images/ask-a-librarian-logo.svg", "https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/james-monroe-papers/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155", "https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/continental-congress-and-constitutional-convention-from-1774-to-1789/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155", "https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/george-washington-papers/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155", "https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/chronicling-america/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155", "https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/james-madison-papers/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155", "https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/broadsides-and-other-printed-ephemera/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155", "https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/thomas-jefferson-papers/155_155.jpg#h=155&w=155" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Ken Drexler" ]	null	Serving as the fifth U.S. president from 1817-1825, James Monroe spent his career in public service, both domestically and overseas. This guide provides access to primary source digital materials, external websites, and a selected print bibliography.	en	https://www.loc.gov/favicon.ico		https://guides.loc.gov/james-monroe/digital-collections	History, Humanities & Social Sciences: Ask a Librarian Have a question? Need assistance? Use our online form to ask a librarian for help.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	3	22	https://monroenh.org/	en	Town of Monroe	https://monroenh.org/wp-…l-for-slider.jpg		[ "https://monroenh.org/wp-content/uploads/Monroe-Town-Seal-230-2.png", "https://monroenh.org/wp-content/uploads/Monroe-Town-Seal-230-2.png", "https://monroenh.org/wp-content/uploads/townhall-for-slider.jpg", "https://monroenh.org/wp-content/uploads/pillar-icon-white.png", "https://monroenh.org/wp-content/uploads/people-group-icon-white.png", "https://monroenh.org/wp-content/uploads/drop-icon-white.png", "https://monroenh.org/wp-content/uploads/report-icon-white.png", "https://monroenh.org/wp-content/uploads/EReg-GREEN.png", "https://monroenh.org/wp-content/uploads/Dog_Licensing-yellow.png", "https://monroenh.org/wp-content/uploads/Vitals-blue.png", "https://monroenh.org/wp-content/uploads/EReg_Estimates-salmon.png", "https://monroenh.org/wp-content/uploads/Property_Tax-yellow.png", "https://monroenh.org/wp-content/uploads/Water.png", "https://monroenh.org/wp-content/uploads/townhall.png", "https://monroenh.org/wp-content/uploads/podium.png", "https://monroenh.org/wp-content/uploads/library-icon.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2023-10-25T19:02:48+00:00	Discover Monroe's charm and community events at MonroeNH.org. Stay connected with local news, activities, and resources for residents.	en		Town of Monroe	https://monroenh.org/	NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING Town of Monroe, New Hampshire In accordance with RSA 676:4, The Monroe Planning Board will meet at the Monroe Town Office on July 02, 2024 at 7:00 p.m. for a Hearing on the following application: Farm to Fire #2023-U3-L14 Located at Map U3 – Lot 14 Farm to Fire, Main Street This application will be reviewed and may be brought forward for final approval at this or future Planning Board meetings. Regular Planning Board meetings are held at 7:00p.m. on the first Tuesday of the month. Due to continued increases in costs for repair and operation of the water system, the following price increases will go into effect as of July 1, 2024. Water rate will increase from $6.33 per 1,000 gallons to $8.00 per 1,000 gallons. Also the meter rate will increase from $10 per quarter to $12 per quarter. Overall, the average bill will increase between $10 and $12 per quarter. Questions? Contact the Selectmen office. Thank you.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	1	40	https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-monroe/	en	The White House	https://www.whitehouse.g…james_monroe.jpg	https://www.whitehouse.g…james_monroe.jpg	[ "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/themes/whitehouse/assets/img/wh-outline.svg", "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/05_james_monroe.jpg?w=1250", "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/themes/whitehouse/assets/img/bottomcta-logo.svg", "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/themes/whitehouse/assets/img/footer-seal.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2021-01-11T01:47:41+00:00	James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825) and the last President from the Founding Fathers.	en	/favicon.ico	The White House	https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-monroe/	The biography for President Monroe and past presidents is courtesy of the White House Historical Association. James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825) and the last President from the Founding Fathers. On New Year’s Day, 1825, at the last of his annual White House receptions, President James Monroe made a pleasing impression upon a Virginia lady who shook his hand: “He is tall and well formed. His dress plain and in the old style…. His manner was quiet and dignified. From the frank, honest expression of his eye … I think he well deserves the encomium passed upon him by the great Jefferson, who said, ‘Monroe was so honest that if you turned his soul inside out there would not be a spot on it.’ ” Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, in 1758, Monroe attended the College of William and Mary, fought with distinction in the Continental Army, and practiced law in Fredericksburg, Virginia. As a youthful politician, he joined the anti-Federalists in the Virginia Convention which ratified the Constitution, and in 1790, an advocate of Jeffersonian policies, was elected United States Senator. As Minister to France in 1794-1796, he displayed strong sympathies for the French cause; later, with Robert R. Livingston, he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. His ambition and energy, together with the backing of President Madison, made him the Republican choice for the Presidency in 1816. With little Federalist opposition, he easily won re-election in 1820. Monroe made unusually strong Cabinet choices, naming a Southerner, John C. Calhoun, as Secretary of War, and a northerner, John Quincy Adams, as Secretary of State. Only Henry Clay’s refusal kept Monroe from adding an outstanding Westerner. Early in his administration, Monroe undertook a goodwill tour. At Boston, his visit was hailed as the beginning of an “Era of Good Feelings.” Unfortunately these “good feelings” did not endure, although Monroe, his popularity undiminished, followed nationalist policies. Across the facade of nationalism, ugly sectional cracks appeared. A painful economic depression undoubtedly increased the dismay of the people of the Missouri Territory in 1819 when their application for admission to the Union as a slave state failed. An amended bill for gradually eliminating slavery in Missouri precipitated two years of bitter debate in Congress. The Missouri Compromise bill resolved the struggle, pairing Missouri as a slave state with Maine, a free state, and barring slavery north and west of Missouri forever. In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name, responding to the threat that the more conservative governments in Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her former Latin American colonies. Monroe did not begin formally to recognize the young sister republics until 1822, after ascertaining that Congress would vote appropriations for diplomatic missions. He and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wished to avoid trouble with Spain until it had ceded the Floridas, as was done in 1821. Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed reconquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming “hands off.” Ex-Presidents Jefferson and Madison counseled Monroe to accept the offer, but Secretary Adams advised, “It would be more candid … to avow our principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of the British man-of-war.” Monroe accepted Adams’s advice. Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific coast. “. . . the American continents,” he stated, “by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power.” Some 20 years after Monroe died in 1831, this became known as the Monroe Doctrine.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	1	17	https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/2021/10/11/burying-james-monroe-again/	en	Burying James Monroe – Again	https://featherschwartzf…/jamesmonroe.jpg	https://featherschwartzf…/jamesmonroe.jpg	[ "https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/cropped-white-house1.jpg", "https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/monroe-1.jpg?w=280", "https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/jamesmonroe.jpg?w=364", "https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/jameselizabethmonroe.jpg?w=288", "https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/jmonroe-reburial-loc.jpg?w=640", "https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/jmonroe-grave-old.jpg?w=223", "https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/jmonroe-gravemarker.jpg?w=259", "https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/jmonroe-grave-hollywood.jpg?w=181", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/65b6b9e2f40be96f0e4426b3611eb5e0ea1e39d1341aea2ad044631070908918?s=40&d=identicon&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/9d22f8d8b73c965eab5b12ef466a61e7686cba115f9ea2dc06d0242d070d4e33?s=40&d=identicon&r=G", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2021-10-11T00:00:00	A quarter century after James Monroe died, he was buried. Again. James Monroe, Virginian Like his close friends and Revolutionary companions Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, James Monroe (1758-1831) had strong ties to Virginia. Monroe could arguably considered the one with the tightest tie to the Old Dominion, having served in its state government in…	en	https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico	Presidential History Blog	https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/2021/10/11/burying-james-monroe-again/	A quarter century after James Monroe died, he was buried. Again. James Monroe, Virginian Like his close friends and Revolutionary companions Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, James Monroe (1758-1831) had strong ties to Virginia. Monroe could arguably considered the one with the tightest tie to the Old Dominion, having served in its state government in numerous positions, from legislator to state senator, and its Governor. Twice. Then, of course, he was the fifth President of the United States, and part of what was termed the Virginia Triumvirate: Jefferson, Madison and Monroe, serving consecutively for two terms each, covering more than two decades of US leadership. When he retired from the Presidency in 1825 he was 66, and still in generally good health. His wife, ten years his junior, was becoming frail. Nevertheless, they returned to Oak Hill, their home about 35 miles from Washington. As might be expected, he served on the Board of Visitors for Jefferson’s newly established University of Virginia. His ties to the state were strong. Those Last Years For the better part of five years, Monroe enjoyed his retirement life of “gentleman planter” much like his fellow Virginia Presidents. Also, like his predecessors, Monroe, who had never been wealthy, had incurred several debts throughout his life, and now battled insolvency. He sold his Ash Lawn plantation (close to Monticello) which today is open and managed by the College of William and Mary. He remained active, serving as a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention in 1829, but forced to relinquish his role as its presiding officer in 1830, due to failing health. It was death of his wife Elizabeth Kortright (1768-1830) that helped precipitate his decline. They had been married more than 40 years, during which time they had seldom been apart for more than brief periods. Even during the two decades (on and off) that Monroe served abroad in ambassadorial positions, Elizabeth was with him. When she died in 1830, a frail and now-failing James Monroe moved to New York City, to live with his daughter Maria Hester, her husband Samuel Gouverneur and their family. In another historical coincidence, on July 4, 1831 – fifty-five years after the Declaration of Independence was signed – James Monroe died of heart failure, and possibly complications from tuberculosis. He was 73. His family buried him at a simple ceremony in the Gouverneur family vault at Marble Hill Cemetery in New York. There were no Virginians present. He would lay there for more than a quarter century. Hollywood: The Cemetery Cemeteries, including important ones, have been around for millennia. The Egyptians had their pyramids, the Romans their catacombs. Various native tribes had their sacred burial grounds. Once European colonists began to populate the American continent, crypts and cemeteries were usually attached to churches. Many people however, preferred interment on their own property, a la George Washington. Several “modern” presidents choose burial at their associated institutions. In 1847, a sprawling “garden cemetery” was built in Richmond, VA, near the banks of the James River. Unlike the grid-like cemeteries, this one, sprawled on 135 acres of valleys, hills and stately trees was a new concept of the 19th century that became very popular. They called it Hollywood Cemetery, and today it is recognized as a registered arboretum. During the next decade, the beautiful cemetery (one of Richmond’s treasures) was growing in “residents” and status. By the mid-1850s, as sectionalism and secession between North and South were creating huge rifts, its Governor Henry A. Wise wanted to make a statement, ostensibly seeking our dear departed Founding Fathers of Virginia to provide a more moderate tone and remembrance. George Washington being removed from Mount Vernon was out of the question, of course, but both Jefferson’s Monticello and Madison’s Montpelier had been sold and were falling into disrepair. No close family ties remained there. Gov. Wise had hoped to bring the coffins of both Jefferson and Madison (two of Virginia’s favorite sons) to be re-interred at Hollywood, but for various reasons (and perhaps historical serendipity), those efforts failed. Monroe was a different story, however. He had no ties to New York. Why shouldn’t his earthly remains “come home”? His son-in-law, still living, had no objection. The Homecoming So on July 2, 1858, 100 years after James Monroe’s birth, with $2000 authorized by Virginia’s General Assembly, “officials from Virginia and New York joined descendants of Monroe at the cemetery in New York to see the lead coffin dug up and placed in a mahogany casket.” The following day it was placed on a steamship, appropriately named Jamestown, and brought from New York, through the Chesapeake Bay, and up the James River to Hollywood Cemetery. “On the night of July 4-5, a crowd of Richmonders assembled at the dock for their arrival. Then Gov. Wise and Richmond Mayor Joseph Mayo led the funeral procession through Richmond’s streets to the cemetery, two miles away. Monroe’s coffin was borne in a hearse drawn by six white horses.” The ceremony was held with a limited number of spectators (not enough room) followed by some gala celebrations in town. Newspapers across the country reported the event, and the desire to “re-unite” the country. His wife, daughter and son-in-law have been re-buried nearby. The Birdcage – Hollywood Style In 1859, Albert Lybrock, an Alsatian architect who emigrated to the USA some years earlier, designed a beautiful and ornate Gothic Revival cage made from cast iron, which surrounds the sarcophagus. It has been nicknamed “The Birdcage”. It was labeled a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service in 1971 due to its unique and elegant architecture. In 2015, the State of Virginia appropriated nearly $1 million to repair the structure, and return it to its original beauty. Sources: Cresson, W.P. – James Monroe – UNC Press, 1946 Unger, Harlow Giles – The Last Founding Father – DeCapo Press, 2009 https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Monroe https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org/
correct_death_00070	FactBench	3	18	https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/us-history-biographies/james-monroe	en	Encyclopedia.com			[ "https://www.encyclopedia.com/themes/custom/trustme/images/header-logo.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Get information", "facts", "and pictures", "about James Monroe", "at Encyclopedia.com", "Make", "research", "projects", "and school reports", "about James Monroe", "easy", "with credible", "articles", "from our FREE", "online encyclopedia and dictionary" ]	null	[]	null	James Monroe [1] Harry Ammon INAUGURATION day, 4 March 1817, was one of those rare late winter days in Washington with more than a hint of spring—sunny and balmy.	en	/sites/default/files/favicon.ico		https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/us-history-biographies/james-monroe	James Monroe Harry Ammon INAUGURATION day, 4 March 1817, was one of those rare late winter days in Washington with more than a hint of spring—sunny and balmy. Throughout the morning a steady stream of citizens hastened along the dusty, rutted streets toward the temporary congressional quarters in a frame structure across from the burned-out Capitol. The crowd, largely composed of residents of the city, included visitors from as far away as New York who had taken advantage of the cheaper rapid transportation offered by the newly introduced steamboats. By noon a crowd estimated at eight thousand, the largest ever assembled in Washington, had gathered. The circumstances that occasioned an outdoor ceremony were entirely fortuitous. Usually inaugurations were held in the House chamber, but the refusal of the representatives to let the senators bring with them their new red upholstered armchairs had culminated in a deadlock broken only by deciding to move the ceremony outdoors. The managers were so distracted by this dispute that they forgot to invite the diplomatic corps, which was conspicuously absent. President-elect James Monroe and his vice president, Daniel D. Tompkins, arrived shortly before noon, escorted by a troop of volunteer cavalry. After being greeted by retiring President James Madison, the party entered the House chamber, where the vice president was sworn in, before returning to the outdoor platform. Monroe was then administered the oath of office by Chief Justice John Marshall, a friend of his youth but since alienated by political differences. The new president, who stepped forth to deliver his inaugural address, was a familiar figure to Washingtonians, who were accustomed to seeing him go about the city clad in the smallclothes of an earlier age—a black coat, black knee breeches, and black silk stockings. On ceremonial occasions he often wore a blue coat and buff knee breeches, an outfit reminiscent of Revolutionary War uniforms. Now in his fifty-ninth year, Monroe was erect in bearing, robust and vigorous in manner. His hair (worn long and tied behind with a black ribbon) had grayed, and his face had become deeply lined during the recent war. Nearly six feet tall, with dignified and formal manners, he was an impressive figure but by no means handsome—his face was plain, the nose large though regular. His wide-set gray eyes were his most striking feature, exhibiting a generosity of spirit confirmed by the warmth of his smile. Never arousing the same passionate devotion as Jefferson, Monroe was admired for his heroism during the Revolution and for his long service to the nation. In his inaugural address—described by one auditor as of a "plain homespun character"—Monroe spoke of the renewed sense of national unity apparent after the difficulties of the war years. Espousing a course of moderate nationalism, he recommended the continued protection of domestic manufactures. He also stressed the need for the construction of roads and canals to facilitate the movement of commerce, but failed to clarify his position on the constitutionality of federally funded internal improvements. He devoted the lengthiest portion of his message to a project in which he took a personal interest—the need to improve the defenses of the nation by maintaining a larger peacetime army and by the construction of a chain of coastal fortifications to avert the danger of future invasion. Early Political and Diplomatic Career James Monroe, the fifth president and the last of the great trio of Virginia Republicans who had held the presidency since 1801, was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on 28 April 1758. His father's family, of Scottish origin, had been settled in the county for a century, but with modest holdings of only six hundred acres the Monroes had never cut a large figure in colonial affairs. When his father, Spence, died in 1774, Monroe, his sister, and two younger brothers were placed under the guardianship of his uncle, Joseph Jones of King George County, one of the most influential leaders during the revolutionary era. Jones, who was then childless, took an active interest in his nephew, and it was with Jones's encouragement that Monroe entered William and Mary College in 1774—the first of his family to attend college, as he later proudly recalled—but his residence there was brief. Caught up in the enthusiasm for the revolutionary cause, he enlisted in the Third Virginia Regiment in the spring of 1775. Within months the young lieutenant was fighting with Washington at New York. He won fame and promotion to major for his heroism when he and a handful of men put out of action the British cannons blocking Washington's advance at Trenton. As aide-de-camp to General William Alexander, Monroe wintered at Valley Forge and fought at Monmouth. Preferring a field command to the routine of a staff officer, Monroe returned to Virginia in the summer of 1779, in the hope of raising a regiment. Unable to obtain recruits, Monroe's spirits were at a low ebb when he met Thomas Jefferson, the governor of Virginia. This meeting constituted a turning point in Monroe's life, establishing a close and enduring friendship, cemented by common intellectual interests and political objectives. Jefferson sensed in Monroe not only a warm and generous character but also a powerful determination to be of service to his country no matter what the cost might be. Monroe's close association with one of the most original and best informed minds of the day was a decisive influence in his intellectual development. In 1782, Monroe entered the House of Burgesses from King George County, where he had begun to practice law. His abilities were immediately recognized by the established leaders in the state and the next year won him membership in the Virginia delegation to the Continental Congress, along with Jefferson. When Jefferson left in July 1784 to take up his post as minister to France, he left for Monroe a collection of books and his French cook, but his most valuable gift was a letter of introduction to James Madison. Jefferson's praise of Monroe to his old friend was unstinted: "The scrupulousness of his honor will make you safe in the most confidential communications. A better man cannot be." Thus was forged the final link in the great collaboration that shaped the future of the early Republic. In Congress, Monroe moved rapidly to the fore-front of the leaders committed to strengthening the Articles of Confederation. His most constructive work as a delegate was the drafting of the plan of territorial government incorporated in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and the blocking of the move to close the Mississippi to American navigation in return for commercial concessions from Spain. When his term ended in 1786, Monroe was not alone on his homeward trip to Virginia. Beside him in his carriage was his bride of eight months, the former Elizabeth Kortright, daughter of a once wealthy New York merchant. Much admired for her beauty, the elegance of her dress, and the refinement of her polished, if rather formal, manners, she brought to Monroe the happiness of family life so much prized by his generation. In the terms of the age, she conducted herself as an ideal wife should, devoted to her children and never obtruding in political concerns. The Monroes lived for two years in Fredericksburg, where he opened a law office. Then, in 1789, they moved to a plantation he purchased in Albemarle County, thus realizing Monroe's cherished dream of living within a few miles of Jefferson's estate, Monticello. Since the Madisons lived but twenty miles away in Orange County, social visits and political conferences were easily arranged. It was in Virginia that Monroe's two daughters were born—Eliza in 1786 and Maria Hester in 1802. At home in Virginia, Monroe combined an active county law practice with the management of his plantation and membership in the state legislature. As a member of the Virginia ratifying convention, he opposed the Constitution, objecting to the excessive power granted to the Senate and the president. The law had little appeal for Monroe, and he readily abandoned his practice after his election to the United States Senate in 1790. He continued, nonetheless, to supervise his plantation, which remained the principal source of his income. He always considered farming his profession and politics but an avocation. As a senator, Monroe worked closely with Madison, then in the House, in combating the Hamiltonian fiscal program. He aided Jefferson and Madison in laying the groundwork of opposition to Washington's policies, which culminated in the formation of the Republican party. In 1794, President Washington appointed Monroe to succeed Federalist Gouverneur Morris as minister to France in the hope that the selection of a Republican would improve relations strained by France's conviction that the Washington administration was pro-British. The ratification of Jay's Treaty in 1795 confirmed the French government in its belief that Washington was hostile to the revolutionary movement and rendered ineffective Monroe's efforts at reconciliation. Irritated by Monroe's open enthusiasm for the revolutionary regime, Washington abruptly recalled him in 1796. Monroe responded with a lengthy pamphlet attacking the administration. His View of the Conduct of the Executive in Foreign Affairs . . . (Philadelphia, 1798) was approved by fellow Republicans and won him the governorship of Virginia in 1799. Just before leaving for France in 1794, Monroe had purchased a more extensive estate adjacent to Monticello. Selling his earlier holdings, he now made his home on his new plantation of twenty-five hundred acres, which he named Highlands (now known as Ashlawn). Until his election as president, he and his family lived in a simple frame house at Highlands. As Virginia's governor from 1799 to 1802, Monroe improved the administrative organization of the state government, providing stronger leadership than his predecessors. He was the first governor to use the annual message to outline matters needing legislative action. His effective handling of the abortive slave uprising known as Gabriel's Rebellion was highly praised. Monroe's third term as governor had no sooner ended than Jefferson, in January 1803, appointed him as special envoy to France to negotiate the purchase of a site on the lower Mississippi as a port of deposit. The abrupt suspension of the right of deposit by the Spanish authorities made the mission an urgent one. Accompanied by his wife and daughters, Monroe reached Paris on 12 April 1803, to be coolly greeted by the resident minister, Robert R. Livingston, who had just learned after months of importuning that Napoleon was willing to sell all Louisiana. Faced by the fact that it was all or nothing, Livingston and Monroe ignored the limitations of their instructions and signed an agreement. Monroe rightly assumed that his friendship with President Jefferson and Secretary of State Madison would ensure the acceptance of the treaty. After completing his mission to France, Monroe was named minister to Great Britain, where he remained until 1807 except for a foray to Madrid in a vain effort to purchase Florida. His main objectives in England were to secure recognition of American principles of neutral rights and a cessation of impressment. Not until 1806, when Charles James Fox became foreign secretary after twenty years in opposition, did Monroe see any hope of a modification of long-standing British policy. He at once began negotiations but had to postpone them, pending the arrival of special envoy William Pinkney. Fox's illness and death a few months after Pinkney's arrival so weakened the cabinet that major policy changes could not be undertaken. Nonetheless, Monroe and Pinkney concluded an agreement that modified British commercial restrictions but contained no provision on impressment. The best they could obtain from the British commissioners was a note appended to the treaty promising that the "strictest care" would be taken "to preserve the citizens of the United States from any molestation or injury." In accepting this informal statement, Monroe assured Madison that it meant the end of impressment. Although the British, he said, would never abandon a basic principle, they would alter policy through admiralty orders. Monroe was truly shocked when Jefferson rejected the treaty without submitting it to the Senate. Having been absent so long, Monroe did not realize that the administration regarded impressment as the central issue. Madison, expecting Monroe to return much earlier, had failed to make the point clear in his instructions. The treaty had the misfortune to arrive in Washington at the same time as the news of the British orders-in-council of January 1807, which banned neutral trade with the Continent. When Monroe returned home in 1807, he was warmly received by Jefferson and Madison but disappointed at their failure to seek his advice on foreign affairs. During the next few years his relations with Madison, whom he blamed for the rejection of the treaty, were strained. No longer did the Madisons stop at Highlands on their regular visits to Monticello. It was through Jefferson's good offices that the friendship was restored, for, as Jefferson told Monroe, if he were to lose the friendship of either he would regard it as the "greatest of calamities which could assail my future peace of mind." Secretary of State, 1811–1817 With Madison's foreign policy subject to rising criticism from Republicans and Federalists alike, in March 1811 he replaced Secretary of State Robert Smith with Monroe. Both critics and friends of the administration welcomed the appointment of Monroe, an experienced diplomat, for Smith was widely regarded as incompetent. In bringing Monroe into the cabinet, Madison had decided to take a firmer stand with the European belligerents by refusing to settle minor issues unless major concerns were first resolved. As Monroe explained to John Taylor of Caroline, the time had come for the nation to "cease dealing in the small way of embargoes, non-intercourse, and non-importation" and prepare to defend its rights by force. Since neither the French minister nor his British counterpart had authority to make concessions, Monroe's efforts to press them for alterations in policy proved fruitless. During August 1811 the president and Monroe met while in Virginia and agreed that unless the 1807 orders-in-council were repealed, the only recourse would be to declare war. When Congress met, Monroe worked closely with Speaker Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, chairman of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. Their cooperation, as well as the support of younger War Hawks, enabled Madison to secure the approval of defense measures. Monroe, in fact, helped Calhoun's committee draft a response to Madison's war message of 1 June 1812. The House responded promptly, but not until 18 June did the Senate concur. Monroe preferred a field command during the war rather than the relative inactivity of the State Department, but this proved impossible, since it would have meant placing him over officers who had held higher ranks during the Revolution. When Secretary of War William Eustis, overwhelmed by the increased administrative burden, resigned late in 1812, Madison had to abandon his plan of appointing Monroe after it was learned that confirmation would encounter opposition from northern Republicans and Federalists critical of continued Virginia domination of the national government. To mollify his critics, Madison turned to John Armstrong, Robert Livingston's brother-in-law. From the outset friction was evident between the two secretaries, for Armstrong felt that Monroe had deprived Livingston of the proper credit due for the Louisiana Purchase. Armstrong vigorously opposed the recommendation made by Monroe and others that the defenses of the capital and Chesapeake Bay area needed strengthening against the possibility of an invasion. Preferring to direct the affairs of his department from the field with the northern army, Armstrong continued to minimize the threat even after it was learned in the spring of 1814 that the British were amassing a large force in the West Indies. On 2 July, disregarding Armstrong's objections, Madison created a new military district for the bay area under the command of General William Winder, whose preparations were persistently obstructed by the secretary of war. Thus, when a large British force appeared in the bay, no arrangements had been made for reconnaissance. It was Monroe, riding out with a troop of volunteer cavalry, who brought the first reports of the British movement. Armstrong was blamed for the resultant fiasco at Bladensburg—where the president, Monroe, and Armstrong were all on the field—and the subsequent British occupation of Washington and burning of the public buildings in August 1814. Armstrong's resignation and his replacement by Monroe, who continued as acting secretary of state, were greeted enthusiastically by the citizens of Washington and the military. Working long hours—frequently sleeping in his office—Monroe brought order into the confused state of affairs in the War Department. His service came too late to affect the outcome of the war, for the Treaty of Ghent arrived in February 1815. As secretary of state, Monroe had drafted the original instructions for the peace commissioners as well as the later modification authorizing them to abandon the American demands on impressment and neutral rights. After relinquishing the War Department in March 1815, Monroe left for a much needed rest in Virginia. Not until six months later was he well enough to return to the capital and begin the negotiations that culminated in the Rush-Bagot agreement to demilitarize the Great Lakes. With the war over, public interest promptly focused on the coming presidential election. It was generally assumed that Monroe, because of his close association with Jefferson and Madison and long service to the nation, would be the Republican nominee. However, the nomination was by no means assured, for many northern politicians were weary of Virginia domination. New Yorkers were the most outspoken, feeling that they had too long been relegated to the second place on the ticket. Without a northern candidate of national stature, they turned to the secretary of the treasury, William H. Crawford. A former senator from Georgia, Crawford owed his prominence to the fact that his easygoing, jovial manner had made him immensely well liked by congressmen; since the nomination was in the hands of a congressional caucus, his personal popularity was a major asset. He also had the backing of Jefferson's secretary of the treasury, Albert Gallatin, to whose influence Crawford owed his elevation to the Treasury. Monroe and his congressional supporters were sufficiently worried by Crawford's candidacy that they considered boycotting the congressional caucus in favor of a state nomination. Madison, following Jefferson's example, was outwardly neutral, but his preference for Monroe was well known. The columns of the National Intelligencer, the semi-official administration paper, were full of pro-Monroe items. Crawford, only forty-four, was reluctant to challenge his senior colleague but did not publicly withdraw his name. Consequently, when the caucus met in March 1816, Monroe was nominated by the disappointingly small margin of sixty-five to fifty-four. In effect the caucus was the real election, since the Federalists were so weakened by their opposition to the war that they mustered only minimal support for Rufus King, who received 34 electoral votes to the 183 cast for Monroe. The disparity in the electoral count marked the end of the first two-party system, a development welcomed by leaders of Monroe's generation in both parties. They had long regarded party conflict as a divisive element tending to destroy republican institutions. They cherished the ideal expressed by Washington in his farewell address of a nation without parties, governed by men chosen on their merits. Shortly after his election Monroe expressed his commitment to this goal when he observed that the "Chief Magistrate of the Country ought not to be the head of a party, but of the nation itself." However, he did not fall in with Andrew Jackson's suggestion that the process of party amalgamation be facilitated by appointing Federalists to high office. Free government, Monroe told Jackson, must still depend on its "decided friends, who stood firm in the day of trial." Monroe as President: The "Era of Good Feelings" Begins In choosing his cabinet Monroe honored established precedent, reappointing his predecessor's secretaries and preserving a geographical balance. Crawford was continued in the Treasury, although he had hoped for a transfer to the State Department as the probable successor to Monroe. Benjamin Crownin-shield, a New Englander with a mercantile background, remained in the Navy Department, and Richard Rush of Pennsylvania continued as attorney general until late in 1817, when he was named minister to Great Britain, a post more to his liking. Rush's replacement was William Wirt, a successful Baltimore lawyer celebrated for his popular biography of Patrick Henry. Having no political ambitions, Wirt continued to busy himself with his private practice, since the attorney generalship was a part-time office. In an effort to broaden the geographical basis of his administration, Monroe wanted to place a westerner in the War Department. After a series of refusals, including one from Henry Clay, who, as a presidential aspirant, was unwilling to enter the cabinet in a lesser post than that held by Crawford, Monroe selected John C. Calhoun. The South Carolinian had demonstrated a command of military affairs while a member of the House during the war. Intellectually gifted, tall, and handsome, the thirty-five-year-old Calhoun presented an image vastly different from the gloomy one of his later years. He gave the War Department an efficient administration that effected substantial economies. The major post, that of secretary of state, went to John Quincy Adams, who had been absent from the United States since 1809 on a series of diplomatic appointments that had taken him from St. Petersburg, to Ghent, and then to London. The son of a Federalist president and himself a former Federalist, he had been one of the moderate Federalists who had entered Republican ranks during Jefferson's administration. Monroe chose Adams because of his extensive diplomatic experience, a consideration Monroe felt had been ignored by previous administrations. Monroe also intended to disabuse people of the notion that the incumbent in the Department of State was necessarily the president's hand-picked successor. In this Monroe failed. Within a year Adams had developed a solid core of supporters in Congress and was considered a major candidate for the presidency. Adams—a cold, pedantic man, ill at ease in large gatherings and unprepossessing in appearance (he was short, plump, and balding)—proved the ablest of the secretaries and intensely loyal to his chief. Adams' passion for work, concern for detail, and ability to draft forceful and logical state papers made him invaluable. He genuinely admired Monroe for his sound judgment, although he was frequently irked by the deliberate processes of the president's mind. Sharing, as they did, a common view of American foreign policy goals, their working relationship was extremely harmonious. While Monroe kept full control over policy decisions, he entrusted Adams with all discussions with foreign diplomats. Because Monroe felt that Jefferson's and Madison's habit of casual discussion with diplomats had been a source of confusion, the president restricted his contact with diplomats to formal and ceremonial occasions. Adams' lengthy political diary provides an intimate view of the workings of the Monroe administration. The only significant change in the cabinet during Monroe's two terms was in the Navy Department. Crowninshield resigned in 1818 and was replaced by Smith Thompson of New York, who remained until 1823, when he was shunted to the Supreme Court at the request of Senator Martin Van Buren of New York. Van Buren, a rising power in the Republican party, was committed to Crawford and felt it essential to squelch Thompson's ambitions. Thompson was succeeded (probably at Calhoun's suggestion) by former Senator Samuel L. Southard of New Jersey. Personally agreeable, Southard was a close friend of Samuel L. Gouverneur, the New Yorker who married Monroe's younger daughter, Maria Hester. To signalize the coming era of party harmony and the renewal of national unity, Monroe followed George Washington's example by embarking on a tour of the nation. This he completed in two segments, visiting New England and the Middle Atlantic states in 1817 and making a less extensive tour in the West and South two years later. His purpose was clearly understood. Fittingly, it was in a Federalist newspaper, as the editor welcomed the approaching end of party warfare, that the phrase "Era of Good Feelings" made its appearance. Monroe's northward journey was the occasion of unprecedented demonstrations—troops of militia, parades, banquets, and delegations of citizens who greeted him fulsomely not only as president but as a celebrated hero of the Revolution. The high point was reached in Boston, where the streets were lined with a crowd estimated at forty thousand. After a public banquet attended by leading Federalists, Monroe made a round of private visits to old opponents of his party. So great was the rush of Federalists to do him homage that, as Abigail Adams shrewdly remarked, it was like an "expiation" for sins. She attributed Monroe's success in winning approval to "his agreeable affability . . . unassuming manners . . . [and] his polite attentions to all orders and ranks." Monroe had every reason to feel that his tour had succeeded in its objectives. By 1819 every New England state but one was in the hands of the Republicans. The presidential election of 1820, in which he received all but one of the electoral votes, seemed another proof that party conflict had ceased to be a factor in national political life. The president and his family did not move into the executive mansion until September 1817, for not until then were the renovations after the fire completed. It was at this time that the mansion, covered with white paint to conceal the scars of fire, became widely known as the White House. At first the Monroes used their own furniture, awaiting the arrival from France of draperies, china, furniture, wall coverings, marble mantelpieces, and ormolu clocks (ordered without nudes). During their residences in France, Monroe and his wife had acquired a preference for French styles not only in furnishings but in social usages. The presidential family consisted of Mrs. Monroe; Eliza and her husband, George Hay; and the president's youngest brother, Joseph, who acted as a private secretary. Until he returned to New York in 1820 after marrying Maria Hester, Monroe's youngest daughter, Samuel L. Gouverneur was a frequent resident and occasional secretary to the president. Since funds were not provided for staffing the White House, Monroe employed his own servants. With the Monroes a note of formality reminiscent of the Washington years reappeared. At official dinner parties, strict precedence, much to the pleasure of the diplomats, replaced Jefferson's pell-mell. Dinners were served in the formal French manner, with the dishes handed around by the servants. It took official and social Washington some time to recover from Mrs. Monroe's announcement that she, unlike Dolley Madison, would neither return nor make calls. She would, however, be at home in the mornings to receive callers. During Monroe's second term his wife was frequently ill, and so her duties as hostess were filled by her daughter Eliza. Monroe continued the custom of biweekly evening receptions (known as drawing rooms), which had been abandoned by Jefferson but resumed by the Madisons. The doors were open to all citizens properly dressed. The president received guests standing in the Oval Room. His wife and Eliza, whose stylish dresses were the envy of every Washington lady, were seated beside him. As the guests walked about the rooms, servants passed trays of refreshments and music was usually provided by the marine band. Apart from these occasions, the president and his family led a very private life. When his daughter Maria Hester was married in the White House, only members of the family were present. The president, again following Washington's usage, did not accept invitations from the diplomatic corps, members of the cabinet, or members of Congress. During the sessions there might be as many as twenty at dinner, for every caller was usually invited to dine. On these all-male occasions Mrs. Monroe was not present. Since the president's salary of $25,000 without any supplements was inadequate to cover the cost of entertaining, Monroe's indebtedness, already large, increased rapidly. During the war years Monroe had been able to make infrequent visits to Albemarle. He preferred to stay at Oak Hill, a property he had acquired many years earlier, only thirty miles from the capital. Although the plantation was not as large as Highlands, he regarded the Oak Hill estate as more fertile and potentially more productive; consequently, after his election to the presidency, he decided to make it his principal residence and constructed a handsome porticoed mansion. In response to the disappearance of political parties, Monroe developed new methods of executive leadership. Every president since Washington had relied upon party loyalty to ensure congressional approval of administration measures. Bereft of party support, Monroe turned to the members of his cabinet as a source of power. Three of the secretaries—Adams, Crawford, and Calhoun—as aspirants to the presidency had substantial followings in Congress. Of the leading hopefuls only Henry Clay had elected to remain outside the administration. It was not until Monroe's second term that Andrew Jackson's strength as a candidate was evident. As John Quincy Adams' diary makes abundantly clear, Monroe's frequent cabinet meetings were not held to secure advice but to hammer out a consensus. It is noteworthy that Monroe was able to win congressional approval for every measure that had the support of the cabinet. He never consulted the secretaries when he knew agreement was impossible. To a greater extent than his predecessors, Monroe used his annual messages to outline concerns needing legislative attention rather than merely as a general report on the main events of the past years. Personal contact with congressmen played an important role, and here Monroe's openness and personal warmth were effective. Every day during the sessions of Congress there was a constant stream of visitors to the White House; no appointments were needed, the president received all, and, as was expected, he usually invited his callers to dinner. Economic Policy Although foreign affairs, which the Constitution placed directly under the control of the executive, occupied much of his attention, a variety of domestic issues required executive involvement. In his first annual message, Monroe startled the members of Congress by recommending that the Constitution be amended to authorize federal construction of roads and canals. In making this proposal Monroe was attempting to resolve the dilemma created when Madison, just before leaving office, vetoed as unconstitutional a bill appropriating dividends from the federally owned stock in the Bank of the United States for internal improvements. Madison's action had seemed inconsistent to many, for Madison, like Jefferson, had signed bills for the construction of the Cumberland Road. When Monroe queried Madison, he received the unsatisfactory response that the earlier bills had been signed hastily, without full consideration of the issue. Monroe's recommendation produced some acrimonious debates, but action on an amendment was blocked by those who insisted that Congress had adequate power. Monroe, to his surprise and pain, was vigorously criticized for meddling in a purely legislative matter. In the next few years Monroe contributed to the confusion by signing bills for the extension of the Cumberland Road. Not until 1822, when he vetoed a bill for the collection of tolls on the Cumberland Road, did he have an opportunity to clarify his position. In a lengthy essay he argued that the collection of tolls was an invasion of the police power of the states. It was true that the road had been built with federal funds, but jurisdiction had remained in the hands of the states that had cleared the right of way. This finespun argument did not strike contemporaries as very convincing, no matter where they stood on the issue. Monroe took a particular interest in the strengthening of the defenses of the nation. Just before leaving the War Department in 1815, he had submitted a report to Congress recommending that the army be retained at twenty thousand men rather than returned to the prewar figure of ten thousand. He also outlined an extensive plan for constructing coastal fortifications. Although Congress reduced the army to its prewar level, the substantial sum of $400,000 was appropriated in 1818 for coastal fortifications. The next year the sum was increased to $800,000. However, the decline in federal revenues following the Panic of 1819 led to a cutback in 1821 to $220,000. Only after revenues improved in 1822 did Congress raise the annual appropriation to $400,000, in response to Monroe's plea for the need to defend Florida. Midway in his first term Monroe was confronted by two unexpected domestic crises. During his western tour in 1819, Monroe had become aware of the distress precipitated by the first peacetime depression—the so-called Panic of 1819. There was large-scale unemployment in urban areas, farm prices were depressed, and business failures were numerous in the new industries established during the war. The depression was the result of complex factors ill understood at that time. Monroe shared the prevailing opinion that the major causes were the influx of cheap European manufactures, which forced the closing of factories, and the financial instability resulting from excessive note issues and careless loan practices by state-chartered banks. Neither Monroe nor his contemporaries appreciated the role of the extensive speculation in western lands nor the impact of the catastrophic drop in cotton prices in 1818. Contemporaries unjustly blamed the financial distress on the policies of the second Bank of the United States (rechartered in 1817), admittedly badly managed by William Jones, its first president. Monroe, who considered the bank essential to ensure a sound currency and to control the careless habits of state banks in making loans, succeeded in 1819 in persuading the directors to replace Jones with Lang-don Cheves, a far abler financier. Monroe approved Chief Justice Marshall's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), which upheld the constitutionality of the bank. Within the limitations of current thinking about the role of government in the economy, there was little that Congress could do to ameliorate the suffering caused by the depression. In his annual message of 1819, the president urged citizens to respond to the current difficulties, which he considered temporary, by practicing industry and economy—a policy also considered proper for the federal government. In response to his suggestion that Congress "give encouragement to domestic industries," a bill was introduced providing for increased duties on textiles, the industry most hurt by imports. This mild protectionist measure encountered immediate opposition from southern congressmen, many of whom had eagerly supported the tariff of 1816. The bill passed the House but failed in the Senate by one vote. The only form of governmental intervention familiar to Americans during economic crises was in the form of debtor relief provided by the states. Although debtor problems lay mostly within the jurisdiction of the states, the federal government was faced with extensive defaults in payments for purchases of public land. In his annual message of 1820, Monroe recommended that purchasers who acquired the land when prices were high be granted a "reasonable indulgence." Following a specific plan submitted by Crawford, a bill was passed permitting debtors unable to pay the balance to secure title for that portion for which they had already paid. A discount was granted those making their payments on time. Since government revenues from customs and land sales had declined so sharply, the Treasury in 1820 was faced with a deficit of $7 million, a sizable sum in a budget of only $25 million. Calhoun had made substantial economies in the operation of the War Department, which absorbed nearly a third of the budget in 1818, but they were insufficient to reduce the deficit substantially. Regarding the depression as only temporary, Monroe accepted Crawford's recommendation that the deficit be met by loans. However, as Monroe noted in his second inaugural, if the depression continued, he would request additional taxes. Not until after the Missouri question (see below) had been laid to rest near the end of the session of 1820–1821 did Congress move to enact measures to reduce governmental expenditures. The main thrust of the economizers was against the War Department, not only because it absorbed such a large share of the budget but because supporters of rival candidates used it as a means of attacking Calhoun. Republicans of the old school, who had always been hostile to military expansion, were only too happy to join the attack. In addition to cutting appropriations for fortifications, in March 1821 Congress approved a bill reducing the army from a complement of ten thousand men to six thousand, to effect a saving estimated at $2 million. Even after the revenues improved, the reduction in the army was made permanent. The Missouri Question In the winter of 1819–1820 the president and Congress engaged in the more serious, protracted conflict over the effort to prevent the admission of Missouri as a slave state. Nearly the whole session was consumed in this bitter controversy while the two houses remained deadlocked. The lower house insisted that slavery be banned as a condition for the admission of Missouri, but the Senate stubbornly rejected all measures imposing restrictions. Although deeply concerned over this issue, which threatened to divide the nation into two hostile sections, Monroe never raised the question with his cabinet prior to the passage of the final compromise, knowing that an agreement on the issue would be impossible. Monroe genuinely believed, and this was a widely held opinion, that the restrictionists, among whose leaders were many former Federalists, were trying to revive the old two-party system on a sectional basis. Within the framework of the then current interpretation of the relationship between the executive and legislative branches, it was impossible for Monroe to intervene directly in the controversy. From the outset he let it be known that he would veto any measure restricting slavery in Missouri, since this would be contrary to the provision of the Constitution requiring that new states be admitted on an equal footing with the older states. Slavery was a legal institution and imposing limitations on Missouri would deprive that state of the right to determine a basic institution. In opposing restriction, Monroe was not only concerned with the constitutional issue: he shared the common view of many southerners that confining slavery to a few states would ensure its perpetuation. Slavery, he believed, would be more easily eliminated if it were diffused throughout the nation. Monroe was himself a slaveholder. Like most southerners of the revolutionary generation, he condemned it as evil and anticipated its eventual destruction. He agreed with Jefferson, with whom he corresponded on the subject, that the only solution was the removal of blacks to Africa. He was a member of the American Colonization Society, which had this objective as its ultimate goal, and in 1821 he assisted the society in acquiring title to Liberia as a refuge for freed slaves. It was in gratitude for his efforts that the directors named the capital Monrovia. While the Missouri debates were raging in Congress, Monroe was kept informed of developments by Senator James Barbour of Virginia. Through Barbour, Monroe let it be known that he would approve Henry Clay's compromise admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state and banning slavery in territory north of 36°30'. When Monroe finally consulted his secretaries after the passage of the compromise, he received only a qualified approval. When the compromise was pending Monroe enlisted the aid of George Hay, his son-in-law (then in Richmond), to calm the Virginia hotheads who loudly talked of secession if southern interests were sacrificed. As Monroe told Jefferson, the plot to destroy the Union had been prevented only by the "patriotic devotion of several members of the non-slave-owning states, who preferred to sacrifice themselves at home, to a violation of the obvious principles of the Constitution." Monroe—and this was typical of most southerners—failed to grasp the intensity of northern antislavery sentiment. In spite of the furor over the Missouri question and the problems created by the depression, the presidential election of 1820 aroused scant popular interest. Fewer voters turned out than for local elections in which there was a real contest. As the only candidate (there was no caucus, the nomination being left to state legislatures), Monroe received all the electoral votes but one. The only conflict over the election took place in Congress when northern restrictionists objected to the inclusion of Missouri's electoral vote in the final count, since the state had not as yet been formally admitted. The issue was solved by reporting two sets of electoral votes, one with, and the other without, Missouri's three votes. This was by no means the end of the dispute over Missouri. During the session of 1820–1821 there was a prolonged conflict over provisions in the Missouri constitution making it illegal for free blacks to enter Missouri and forbidding manumission without specific authorization of the state legislature. Clay worked out a compromise providing that no provision of the Missouri constitution should be construed as denying any citizen the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States. While Clay labored in Congress, Monroe quietly helped round up the votes needed to ensure the passage of what has been termed "the second Missouri Compromise." In view of the responsibility the Constitution assigned to the executive for the conduct of foreign relations, Monroe understandably gave close attention to this aspect of his office. When Monroe and Adams were in the capital, daily conferences were the rule, for the State Department was but a few minutes—walk from the White House. When the president was at Oak Hill during the summer, messengers regularly brought him dispatches. Monroe read all the diplomatic correspondence, scrutinizing and frequently revising Adams' notes. Foundations of the Monroe Doctrine Now that the wars precipitated by the French Revolution were over, Monroe had an opportunity to develop foreign policy in new directions. No longer need the executive be preoccupied with the protection of neutral rights and the need to preserve American neutrality. Among Monroe's major objectives, fully supported by Adams, was the recognition of the United States as the only republic of consequence in the world and the strongest power in the Americas. The nation no longer would seek its aims through the patronage of European powers, as Jefferson had relied on France, but would pursue an independent course. Monroe shared the expansionist aims of his generation and with Adams' help fully exploited every opportunity for expanding American territories. The most immediate problems demanding attention after his inauguration were those arising from the revolutionary movements in Spain's Latin American colonies. Some had been resolved while he was secretary of state, when he had helped formulate a policy of neutrality highly beneficial to the insurgents. Monroe, deeply sympathetic to the revolutionary movements, was determined that the United States should never repeat the policies of the Washington administration during the French Revolution, when the nation had failed to demonstrate its sympathy for the aspirations of peoples seeking to establish republican governments. He did not envisage military involvement but only the provision of moral support. To go beyond this would do the colonies more harm than good, since it would invite European intervention to restore them to Spain. Monroe's caution was justified, for the European powers had intervened in Europe to suppress revolutions in Spain itself and in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Monroe's policy was also shaped by his desire to obtain from Spain the long-sought cession of Florida and a definition of the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase. Premature action in extending recognition to the former colonies would jeopardize the possibility of a settlement with Spain. Still, recognition had to be considered. In order to obtain more accurate information than that appearing in the press, Monroe, shortly after he entered office, sent a special commission to South America to report on the stability of the newly independent states. As soon as Adams arrived in October 1817 to take his place in the cabinet, Monroe discussed a more immediate issue than recognition. The various insurgents had freely issued letters of marque to privateers, many of whom were Americans. Behaving more like pirates than privateers, they had made their headquarters on Amelia Island, within the jurisdiction of Spanish Florida. With the approval of his cabinet, Monroe authorized an expedition to occupy the island and end this annoyance. In December, Monroe took more drastic action, authorizing Andrew Jackson to lead an expedition into Florida to pursue Indians raiding the southern frontier. This invasion was justified by the provision of Pinckney's Treaty of 1795, in which Spain had promised to restrain the Indians living under its jurisdiction. Because Jackson had been specifically instructed not to occupy Spanish posts, his seizure of St. Marks and Pensacola was truly embarrassing for the administration. Moreover, his execution of two British traders after a summary trial on the grounds that they were inciting the Indians threatened to create a major international crisis. Jackson's conduct created a furor, for it was widely alleged that by his actions he had infringed on the congressional power to declare war. The cabinet was sharply divided on this issue. Calhoun and Crawford were among the many who urged that the general be repudiated, while Adams, sensing that at last Jackson had given the administration the lever needed to pry Florida from Spain, recommended that his conduct be approved. Sensitive to the constitutional issues and yet unwilling to give Spain an advantage by an outright condemnation of the general, Monroe found a middle course acceptable to the secretaries. In reporting on events in Florida in his annual message, he informed Congress that Jackson had indeed overstepped his orders but had done so on information received during the campaign that made the action necessary. Monroe added that the posts had promptly been restored once Jackson had achieved his objectives. Monroe's position was effective in checking the massive anti-Jackson campaign launched in Congress by states' rightists and those anxious to weaken Jackson's standing as a presidential candidate. Jackson was not pleased with Monroe's formula, which fell short of the positive approval he believed he merited. His sensitivity on this point was a major factor in his breach with Calhoun in 1830. The congressional debate on the resolutions condemning Jackson were under way at the very time that Adams and the Spanish minister were concluding a treaty for the cession of Florida and the extension of Louisiana's western boundary line northward and westward to the Pacific. The administration's concern that Jackson's execution of British subjects might lead to war proved unfounded. The British, having more important concerns on the Continent, made no protest. When Spain failed to ratify the treaty within the six-month time limit, the president contemplated asking Congress in his annual message of 1819 for immediate authority to occupy Florida. However, after he learned that France and Britain were exerting pressure on Spain to ratify, he requested instead contingent authority, suspending action until the arrival of a special emissary from Spain. Although Clay and other advocates of immediate recognition of the new Latin American states were critical of Monroe's delay, they were too much absorbed in the Missouri debates to raise serious objections in Congress. Spain ratified the treaty late in 1820, but Monroe still held back from immediate recognition of the new Latin American regimes because of doubts about their stability. Not until March 1822 did he inform Congress that permanent governments had been established in the United Provinces of La Plata (present-day Argentina), Chile, Peru, Colombia, and Mexico. He requested an appropriation for diplomatic missions to these nations. Adams' instructions for the new ministers, drafted under Monroe's careful supervision, declared that the policy of the United States was to uphold republican institutions and to seek treaties of commerce on a most-favored-nation basis. The new diplomats were also instructed to let it be known that the United States would support inter-American congresses dedicated to the development of economic and political institutions fundamentally differing from those prevailing in Europe. The articulation of an "American system" distinct from that of Europe was a basic tenet of Monroe's policy toward Latin America. Monroe took pride in the fact that the United States was the first nation to extend recognition and to set an example to the rest of the world for its support of the "cause of liberty and humanity." Monroe was aware that recognition did not provide an effective shield against foreign intervention to restore Spain's colonies. This threat became an immediate concern in October 1823 when dispatches arrived from Richard Rush, the minister in London, informing the president that Foreign Secretary George Canning was proposing that the United States and Great Britain jointly declare their opposition to European intervention. This astounding proposal from so recent an enemy was given the closest consideration. Monroe at once wrote Madison and Jefferson, who both urged him to accept. In spite of their endorsement, Monroe had serious doubts. To accept the British proposal would make the nation once again seem subordinate to a European power and would not enhance American prestige among Spain's former colonies. Acceptance would also involve a declaration repudiating further territorial expansion at Spain's expense and thus rule out the prospect of acquiring Cuba, an event Adams and many others thought most likely. Monroe also sensed that the people were not yet ready for such close cooperation with Great Britain. Monroe explored the proposal in detail with his secretaries at lengthy cabinet meetings in November 1823. (Crawford, then seriously ill, was absent.) All agreed that joint action was neither possible nor essential, since the British cabinet had obviously already decided on its policy. At first Monroe felt that a circular diplomatic note would be sufficient to state American opposition to intervention. This had the disadvantage that as a private communication it would not be publicized. It was the president who hit on the means of announcing the American position to the world: he would include a general statement in his annual message of 2 December 1823. Putting forward the principle that "the political system of the allied powers is essentially different . . . from that of America," he announced that the United States would view any interference in the internal affairs of the American states as an "unfriendly" act. He coupled this with the statement that the United States itself adhered to a policy of noninterference in the internal affairs of other nations. A third principle, the work of Secretary Adams, concerned Russian expansion on the West Coast and declared that the United States considered the Americas closed to European colonization. A few days after Monroe delivered his message, the American press reported that a large expedition destined for South America was being collected at Cádiz. This report, which later proved erroneous, led Monroe to review the position of the administration and to inform Rush that the United States would undertake further discussions with the British on the possibility of cooperation, should intervention take place. This did not mean, as he explained in a private letter to Rush, that he was committing the nation to "engage in war." What Monroe did not know in December 1823 was that the threat of intervention had vanished in the face of the express opposition of the British government. (In the early twentieth century President Theodore Roosevelt and his successors employed the Monroe Doctrine to justify American intervention in the internal affairs of Latin American states—an interpretation never intended by its author.) The rejection of the British proposal in regard to Spain's colonies did not mean that Monroe was averse to joint action that did not make the nation seem to be playing a subordinate role. Since the end of the War of 1812 there had been tentative moves by Great Britain toward a rapprochement. The Great Lakes had been demilitarized by the Rush-Bagot Agreement in 1817, and the following year American negotiators had obtained a concession on the fisheries as well as an agreement compensating Americans for slaves removed by British forces at the end of the war. Efforts to obtain concessions for American trade in the British West Indies had been repeatedly rejected. A more hopeful step was undertaken in the summer of 1823 when Monroe and Adams negotiated an agreement to establish an international patrol to suppress the slave trade. Monroe had rejected the initial proposal in 1819 because it would have required the United States to abandon its position on neutral rights by permitting British ships to stop and search American ships on the high seas. This objection was apparently lessened in 1822 when the House, yielding to the pressure of the American Anti-Slavery Society, adopted a resolution condemning the slave trade as piracy. Since pirates could not claim the protection of any national flag, suspect ships could be stopped and searched by the international patrol established by the British. Congressman Charles Fenton Mercer, a friend and neighbor of the president's, had been the principal agent in securing the adoption of the resolution. Acting on this basis, Monroe, who had long sought to open the way to a rapprochement with Great Britain, was prepared to make a major change in American policy on neutral rights and participate in the international patrol, a measure long urged by the British. In 1823 an agreement to this effect was negotiated with the approval of all the cabinet except Adams, who suspected (correctly) that he would be blamed for what many would regard as a sacrifice of a basic American right. The Senate ratified the treaty early in 1824 with such crippling amendments that the British government withdrew its ratification. The opposition was directed by supporters of Crawford seeking to damage Adams' presidential ambitions. Monroe was deeply offended, since Crawford had been one of the most ardent advocates of the proposal. Crawford was too ill to have actively directed the maneuvering against the treaty, but it was not the first instance that Monroe felt that the secretary of the treasury had been disloyal. The year before, Monroe had seriously considered dismissing Crawford from the cabinet but held back, realizing that it would simply exacerbate political rivalries. Final Years During Monroe's last two years as president the struggle over the succession degenerated into what could be called the Era of Bad Feelings. Although Monroe was not a candidate, he was subjected to criticism—often of a petty nature. Crawford, Clay, and Jackson all saw it to their advantage to oppose administration policies. Adams and Calhoun (who withdrew from the campaign early in 1824) remained loyal to Monroe and restrained their supporters. The Crawfordites were especially bitter, since they felt that Monroe owed a particular debt to Crawford for not opposing him in 1816. Monroe remained neutral but the impression prevailed that he preferred Adams. It was a combination of congressional supporters of Jackson and Crawford who raised questions impugning the president's integrity in the management of the so-called Furniture Fund, money appropriated in 1817 and 1818 for the refurnishing of the White House. The investigation was handled in such a way as to leave a cloud of suspicion, although it was apparent that the only error had been inadequate bookkeeping by the agent Monroe engaged to manage the fund. The Crawfordites managed to generate considerable embarrassment for the president over the discovery that Ninian Edwards, a Calhoun supporter, had been the author of the "A.B. Letter," which questioned Crawford's management of the Treasury. The subsequent investigation, controlled by Crawford's friends, left the basic issues unanswered but placed the administration in the position of prodding Edwards, just appointed the first minister to Mexico, to resign. A further unpleasantness, stirred up by the Georgia delegation, was aimed at Calhoun but involved an attack on Monroe for refusing to force the Cherokee to agree to land cessions stipulated in earlier treaties. After the harassments of his last two years in office, it was with a sense of relief that Monroe relinquished the office to Adams in March 1825, happy to retire to Oak Hill and the life of a country gentleman, which he so much loved. He stayed aloof from the political squabbles of the day in spite of all efforts to involve him. He busied himself with the affairs of the University of Virginia, Jefferson's cherished educational project, attending the meetings of the Board of Visitors and serving as rector. Visits to Charlottesville were occasions of joyous reunions with Madison, the two being drawn together in an even closer bond after Jefferson's death in 1826. Monroe's last public service was as a member of the Virginia constitutional convention of 1829, also attended by Madison. Monroe was chosen president but was too feeble to preside, although he did speak on several occasions. After Monroe's retirement his most pressing concern was to lift the heavy debt, now amounting to $75,000, which had been accumulating since his first mission to France. The depressed state of Virginia land values made it impossible for him to sell Highlands. His efforts to obtain recompense for expenses of his past diplomatic missions (his accounts had never been settled with the State Department) were frustrated by the opposition of Jacksonians and Crawfordites. Finally, in February 1831, as news of the former president's financial plight became generally known, Congress appropriated $30,000 in settlement of his claims. The Bank of the United States took over Highlands in lieu of a $25,000 debt. The death of Monroe's wife early in 1830 prostrated him with grief; rarely had they ever been separated since their marriage. Monroe's health began to fail so rapidly that he moved to New York to live with his younger daughter, Mrs. Samuel L. Gouverneur. Oak Hill was put up for sale to pay the balance of his debts. Sadly he notified Madison in April 1831 that he would not be able to attend the meeting of the Board of Visitors. When Adams saw his predecessor at that time, he found Monroe extremely weak but nonetheless anxious to discuss the recent revolutions in Europe. On 4 July 1831—the fifth anniversary of the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson—Monroe died. The funeral, which took place in New York City, was attended by state and civic officials. Vast crowds lined the streets as the cortege made its way to the cemetery. Throughout the country his passing was observed by days of mourning, memorial services, and eulogies, the most moving of which was delivered in Boston by John Quincy Adams. In 1858, Governor Wise of Virginia planned to have Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe reburied in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, but only Monroe's remains were reinterred. BIBLIOGRAPHY Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, ed., Writings of James Monroe, 7 vols. (New York, 1898–1903), the only printed edition, is of limited value and has now been fully supplanted by microfilm editions of all major collections of Monroe's papers. Harry Ammon, James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity (New York, 1971; rev. ed., Charlottesville, Va., 1990), is a full-scale biography based on primary materials. George Dangerfield, Era of Good Feelings (New York, 1952), is a limited study depicting Monroe as a dullard and time-serving politician. Noble E. Cunningham, Jr., The Presidency of James Monroe (Lawrence, Kans., 1996), contains the latest scholarship on the last of the Virginia presidents. Leonard D. White, The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1801–1829 (New York, 1951), superbly details the operation and organization of federal administration under Monroe. Norman K. Risjord, The Old Republicans: Southern Conservatism in the Age of Jefferson (New York, 1965), is a scholarly account of the opposition to Monroe's policies from within his own party. Charles M. Wiltse, John C. Calhoun, 3 vols. (New York, 1944–1951), includes an extensive account of Monroe's Indian policy based on original sources. Alexander DeConde, Entangling Alliance: Politics and Diplomacy Under George Washington (Westport, Conn., 1974), is essential for understanding Monroe's mission to France. Bradford Perkins, Castlereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812–1823 (Berkeley, Calif., 1964), depicts the close working relationship between Monroe and his secretary of state. Samuel Flagg Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1949), is a definitive study of Monroe's foreign policy. Hugh G. Soulsby, The Right of Search and the Slave Trade in Anglo-American Relations, 1814–1862 (Baltimore, 1933), is a basic study of a major issue confronting Monroe's presidency. Dexter Perkins, The Monroe Doctrine, 1823–1826 (Cambridge, Mass., 1927), is still the definitive monograph about the origins of the doctrine. Ernest R. May, The Making of the Monroe Doctrine (Cambridge, Mass., 1975), is a revisionist study arguing that it was issued solely to influence the outcome of the presidential election of 1824. Arthur P. Whitaker, The United States and the Independence of Latin America, 1800–1830 (Baltimore, 1941), is indispensible for understanding Monroe's Latin American policy. Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, 6 vols. (New York, 1948–1981), is a splendid biography with a full account of the impact on American politics of Jefferson and Monroe's lifelong friendship. Irving Brant, James Madison, 6 vols. (Indianapolis, Ind., 1941–1961), touches extensively on his relationship with Monroe. Robert V. Remini, Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767–1821 (New York, 1977), Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832 (New York, 1981), and Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833–1845 (New York, 1984) are scholarly pro-Jackson works highly critical of Monroe's treatment of Jackson; Remini's Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party (New York, 1959) is a fascinating account of Van Buren's reorganization of the Democratic party in its depiction of Monroe as an apostate. Lucius Wilmerding, Jr., James Monroe, Public Claimant (New Brunswick, N.J., 1960), contends that Monroe's postretirement claims for expenses as a diplomat were unjustified. Harry Ammon, ed., James Monroe: A Bibliography (Westport, Conn., 1991), is a comprehensive annotated bibliography. Monroe, James 5th president, 1817–1825 Born: April 28, 1758 Died: July 4, 1831 Vice President: Daniel D. Tompkins First Lady: Elizabeth Kortwright Monroe Children: Eliza, Maria Born in 1758, James Monroe inherited his family's estate when he was a teenager. He served in the Continental army under George Washington, and later became the military commissioner of Virginia when he was just 20 years old. In 1783, Monroe was elected to the Continental Congress. He served two terms as president of the United States—he was re-elected when he ran unopposed in 1820. His presidency is often called the "Era of Good Feeling." This label arose largely because the major political parties—the Federalists and the Jeffersonian Republicans—had ceased to exist, so there was no political bickering. The country's first major economic depression in 1819, however, changed the positive outlook of many Americans. In 1823, at the end of his second term, Monroe announced that the United States would not permit European countries to claim new colonies in North and South America. This policy became known as the Monroe Doctrine. Monroe attended the College of William and Mary when he was only sixteen years old. Monroe was the first president to have served as a U.S. senator. Monroe was the first president to deliver his Inaugural Address outdoors. Monroe's daughter was the first woman to be married in the White House. The tradition of the U.S. Marine Band playing at presidential inaugurations began with Monroe's second Inaugural Address in 1821. President Monroe was married to Elizabeth Kortwright Monroe. The couple had two daughters, Eliza and Maria. In 1830, financial difficulties forced Monroe and his wife to move to New York City to live with one of their daughters. He died there on July 4, 1831. In 1858, his remains were moved to Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia. When Monroe Was in Office 1817 Mississippi became a state. 1818 The rebuilt White House opened. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein was published. 1819 Spain agreed to give Florida to the United States. The American ship Savannah became the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. Washington Irving's Rip Van Winkle was published. Alabama became a state. 1820 Maine became a state. The Missouri Compromise was passed. 1821 The nation's first high school opened in Boston. Missouri became a state. On Monroe's First Inauguration Day When Monroe took his first oath of office, the United States was a nation divided into three main regions. The North was a region of industry. The South was a region of large plantations. The West was a region of small farms. As more states entered the Union, this division became deeper. James Monroe's First Inaugural Address In Washington, D.C., Tuesday, March 4, 1817 I SHOULD be destitute of feeling if I was not deeply affected by the strong proof which my fellow-citizens have given me of their confidence in calling me to the high office whose functions I am about to assume. As the expression of their good opinion of my conduct in the public service, I derive from it a gratification which those who are conscious of having done all that they could to merit it can alone feel. My sensibility is increased by a just estimate of the importance of the trust and of the nature and extent of its duties, with the proper discharge of which the highest interests of a great and free people are intimately connected. Conscious of my own deficiency, I cannot enter on these duties without great anxiety for the result. From a just responsibility I will never shrink, calculating with confidence that in my best efforts to promote the public welfare my motives will always be duly appreciated and my conduct be viewed with that candor and indulgence which I have experienced in other stations. In commencing the duties of the chief executive office it has been the practice of the distinguished men who have gone before me to explain the principles which would govern them in their respective Administrations. In following their venerated example my attention is naturally drawn to the great causes which have contributed in a principal degree to produce the present happy condition of the United States. They will best explain the nature of our duties and shed much light on the policy which ought to be pursued in future. From the commencement of our Revolution to the present day almost forty years have elapsed, and from the establishment of this Constitution twenty-eight. Through this whole term the Government has been what may emphatically be called self-government. And what has been the effect? To whatever object we turn our attention, whether it relates to our foreign or domestic concerns, we find abundant cause to felicitate ourselves in the excellence of our institutions. During a period fraught with difficulties and marked by very extraordinary events the United States have flourished beyond example. Their citizens individually have been happy and the nation prosperous. Under this Constitution our commerce has been wisely regulated with foreign nations and between the States; new States have been admitted into our Union; our territory has been enlarged by fair and honorable treaty, and with great advantage to the original States; the States, respectively protected by the National Government under a mild, parental system against foreign dangers, and enjoying within their separate spheres, by a wise partition of power, a just proportion of the sovereignty, have improved their police, extended their settlements, and attained a strength and maturity which are the best proofs of wholesome laws well administered. And if we look to the condition of individuals what a proud spectacle does it exhibit! On whom has oppression fallen in any quarter of our Union? Who has been deprived of any right of person or property? Who restrained from offering his vows in the mode which he prefers to the Divine Author of his being? It is well known that all these blessings have been enjoyed in their fullest extent; and I add with peculiar satisfaction that there has been no example of a capital punishment being inflicted on anyone for the crime of high treason. Some who might admit the competency of our Government to these beneficent duties might doubt it in trials which put to the test its strength and efficiency as a member of the great community of nations. Here too experience has afforded us the most satisfactory proof in its favor. Just as this Constitution was put into action several of the principal States of Europe had become much agitated and some of them seriously convulsed. Destructive wars ensued, which have of late only been terminated. In the course of these conflicts the United States received great injury from several of the parties. It was their interest to stand aloof from the contest, to demand justice from the party committing the injury, and to cultivate by a fair and honorable conduct the friendship of all. War became at length inevitable, and the result has shown that our Government is equal to that, the greatest of trials, under the most unfavorable circumstances. Of the virtue of the people and of the heroic exploits of the Army, the Navy, and the militia I need not speak. Such, then, is the happy Government under which we live 1—a Government adequate to every purpose for which the social compact is formed; a Government elective in all its branches, under which every citizen may by his merit obtain the highest trust recognized by the Constitution; which contains within it no cause of discord, none to put at variance one portion of the community with another; a Government which protects every citizen in the full enjoyment of his rights, and is able to protect the nation against injustice from foreign powers. Other considerations of the highest importance admonish us to cherish our Union and to cling to the Government which supports it. Fortunate as we are in our political institutions, we have not been less so in other circumstances on which our prosperity and happiness essentially depend. Situated within the temperate zone, and extending through many degrees of latitude along the Atlantic, the United States enjoy all the varieties of climate, and every production incident to that portion of the globe. Penetrating internally to the Great Lakes and beyond the sources of the great rivers which communicate through our whole interior, no country was ever happier with respect to its domain. Blessed, too, with a fertile soil, our produce has always been very abundant, leaving, even in years the least favorable, a surplus for the wants of our fellow-men in other countries. Such is our peculiar felicity that there is not a part of our Union that is not particularly interested in preserving it. The great agricultural interest of the nation prospers under its protection. Local interests are not less fostered by it. Our fellow-citizens of the North engaged in navigation find great encouragement in being made the favored carriers of the vast productions of the other portions of the United States, while the inhabitants of these are amply recompensed, in their turn, by the nursery for seamen and naval force thus formed and reared up for the support of our common rights. Our manufactures find a generous encouragement by the policy which patronizes domestic industry, and the surplus of our produce a steady and profitable market by local wants in less-favored parts at home. Such, then, being the highly favored condition of our country, it is the interest of every citizen to maintain it. What are the dangers which menace us? If any exist they ought to be ascertained and guarded against. In explaining my sentiments on this subject it may be asked, What raised us to the present happy state? How did we accomplish the Revolution? How remedy the defects of the first instrument of our Union, by infusing into the National Government sufficient power for national purposes, without impairing the just rights of the States or affecting those of individuals? How sustain and pass with glory through the late war? The Government has been in the hands of the people. To the people, therefore, and to the faithful and able depositaries of their trust is the credit due. Had the people of the United States been educated in different principles, had they been less intelligent, less independent, or less virtuous, can it be believed that we should have maintained the same steady and consistent career or been blessed with the same success? While, then, the constituent body retains its present sound and healthful state everything will be safe. They will choose competent and faithful representatives for every department. It is only when the people become ignorant and corrupt, when they degenerate into a populace, that they are incapable of exercising the sovereignty. Usurpation is then an easy attainment, and an usurper soon found. The people themselves become the willing instruments of their own debasement and ruin. Let us, then, look to the great cause, and endeavor to preserve it in full force. Let us by all wise and constitutional measures promote intelligence among the people as the best means of preserving our liberties. Dangers from abroad are not less deserving of attention. Experiencing the fortune of other nations, the United States may be again involved in war, and it may in that event be the object of the adverse party to overset our Government, to break our Union, and demolish us as a nation. Our distance from Europe and the just, moderate, and pacific policy of our Government may form some security against these dangers, but they ought to be anticipated and guarded against. Many of our citizens are engaged in commerce and navigation, and all of them are in a certain degree dependent on their prosperous state. Many are engaged in the fisheries. These interests are exposed to invasion in the wars between other powers, and we should disregard the faithful admonition of experience if we did not expect it. We must support our rights or lose our character, and with it, perhaps, our liberties. A people who fail to do it can scarcely be said to hold a place among independent nations. National honor is national property of the highest value. The sentiment in the mind of every citizen is national strength. It ought therefore to be cherished. To secure us against these dangers our coast and inland frontiers should be fortified, our Army and Navy, regulated upon just principles as to the force of each, be kept in perfect order, and our militia be placed on the best practicable footing. To put our extensive coast in such a state of defense as to secure our cities and interior from invasion will be attended with expense, but the work when finished will be permanent, and it is fair to presume that a single campaign of invasion by a naval force superior to our own, aided by a few thousand land troops, would expose us to greater expense, without taking into the estimate the loss of property and distress of our citizens, than would be sufficient for this great work. Our land and naval forces should be moderate, but adequate to the necessary purposes—the former to garrison and preserve our fortifications and to meet the first invasions of a foreign foe, and, while constituting the elements of a greater force, to preserve the science as well as all the necessary implements of war in a state to be brought into activity in the event of war; the latter, retained within the limits proper in a state of peace, might aid in maintaining the neutrality of the United States with dignity in the wars of other powers and in saving the property of their citizens from spoliation. In time of war, with the enlargement of which the great naval resources of the country render it susceptible, and which should be duly fostered in time of peace, it would contribute essentially, both as an auxiliary of defense and as a powerful engine of annoyance, to diminish the calamities of war and to bring the war to a speedy and honorable termination. But it ought always to be held prominently in view that the safety of these States and of everything dear to a free people must depend in an eminent degree on the militia. 2 Invasions may be made too formidable to be resisted by any land and naval force which it would comport either with the principles of our Government or the circumstances of the United States to maintain. In such cases recourse must be had to the great body of the people, and in a manner to produce the best effect. It is of the highest importance, therefore, that they be so organized and trained as to be prepared for any emergency. The arrangement should be such as to put at the command of the Government the ardent patriotism and youthful vigor of the country. If formed on equal and just principles, it can not be oppressive. It is the crisis which makes the pressure, and not the laws which provide a remedy for it. This arrangement should be formed, too, in time of peace, to be the better prepared for war. With such an organization of such a people the United States have nothing to dread from foreign invasion. At its approach an overwhelming force of gallant men might always be put in motion. Other interests of high importance will claim attention, among which the improvement of our country by roads and canals 3, proceeding always with a constitutional sanction, holds a distinguished place. By thus facilitating the intercourse between the States we shall add much to the convenience and comfort of our fellow-citizens, much to the ornament of the country, and, what is of greater importance, we shall shorten distances, and, by making each part more accessible to and dependent on the other, we shall bind the Union more closely together. Nature has done so much for us by intersecting the country with so many great rivers, bays, and lakes, approaching from distant points so near to each other, that the inducement to complete the work seems to be peculiarly strong. A more interesting spectacle was perhaps never seen than is exhibited within the limits of the United States—a territory so vast and advantageously situated, containing objects so grand, so useful, so happily connected in all their parts! Our manufacturers will likewise require the systematic and fostering care of the Government. Possessing as we do all the raw materials, the fruit of our own soil and industry, we ought not to depend in the degree we have done on supplies from other countries. While we are thus dependent the sudden event of war, unsought and unexpected, can not fail to plunge us into the most serious difficulties. It is important, too, that the capital which nourishes our manufacturers should be domestic, as its influence in that case instead of exhausting, as it may do in foreign hands, would be felt advantageously on agriculture and every other branch of industry. Equally important is it to provide at home a market for our raw materials, as by extending the competition it will enhance the price and protect the cultivator against the casualties incident to foreign markets. With the Indian tribes it is our duty to cultivate friendly relations 4 and to act with kindness and liberality in all our transactions. Equally proper is it to persevere in our efforts to extend to them the advantages of civilization. The great amount of our revenue and the flourishing state of the Treasury are a full proof of the competency of the national resources for any emergency, as they are of the willingness of our fellow-citizens to bear the burdens which the public necessities require. The vast amount of vacant lands, the value of which daily augments, forms an additional resource of great extent and duration. These resources, besides accomplishing every other necessary purpose, put it completely in the power of the United States to discharge the national debt at an early period. Peace is the best time for improvement and preparation of every kind; it is in peace that our commerce flourishes most, that taxes are most easily paid, and that the revenue is most productive. The Executive is charged officially in the Departments under it with the disbursement of the public money, and is responsible for the faithful application of it to the purposes for which it is raised. The Legislature is the watchful guardian over the public purse. It is its duty to see that the disbursement has been honestly made. To meet the requisite responsibility every facility should be afforded to the Executive to enable it to bring the public agents intrusted with the public money strictly and promptly to account. Nothing should be presumed against them; but if, with the requisite facilities, the public money is suffered to lie long and uselessly in their hands, they will not be the only defaulters, nor will the demoralizing effect be confined to them. It will evince a relaxation and want of tone in the Administration which will be felt by the whole community. I shall do all I can to secure economy and fidelity in this important branch of the Administration, and I doubt not that the Legislature will perform its duty with equal zeal. A thorough examination should be regularly made, and I will promote it. It is particularly gratifying to me to enter on the discharge of these duties at a time when the United States are blessed with peace. It is a state most consistent with their prosperity and happiness. It will be my sincere desire to preserve it, so far as depends on the Executive, on just principles with all nations, claiming nothing unreasonable of any and rendering to each what is its due. Equally gratifying is it to witness the increased harmony of opinion which pervades our Union. Discord does not belong to our system. Union is recommended as well by the free and benign principles of our Government, extending its blessings to every individual, as by the other eminent advantages attending it. The American people have encountered together great dangers and sustained severe trials with success. They constitute one great family with a common interest. Experience has enlightened us on some questions of essential importance to the country. The progress has been slow, dictated by a just reflection and a faithful regard to every interest connected with it. To promote this harmony in accord with the principles of our republican Government and in a manner to give them the most complete effect, and to advance in all other respects the best interests of our Union, will be the object of my constant and zealous exertions. Never did a government commence under auspices so favorable, nor ever was success so complete. If we look to the history of other nations, ancient or modern, we find no example of a growth so rapid, so gigantic, of a people so prosperous and happy. In contemplating what we have still to perform, the heart of every citizen must expand with joy when he reflects how near our Government has approached to perfection; that in respect to it we have no essential improvement to make; that the great object is to preserve it in the essential principles and features which characterize it, and that is to be done by preserving the virtue and enlightening the minds of the people; and as a security against foreign dangers to adopt such arrangements as are indispensable to the support of our independence, our rights and liberties. If we persevere in the career in which we have advanced so far and in the path already traced, we can not fail, under the favor of a gracious Providence, to attain the high destiny which seems to await us. In the Administrations of the illustrious men who have preceded me in this high station, with some of whom I have been connected by the closest ties from early life, examples are presented which will always be found highly instructive and useful to their successors. From these I shall endeavor to derive all the advantages which they may afford. Of my immediate predecessor, under whom so important a portion of this great and successful experiment has been made, I shall be pardoned for expressing my earnest wishes that he may long enjoy in his retirement the affections of a grateful country, the best reward of exalted talents and the most faithful and meritorious service. Relying on the aid to be derived from the other departments of the Government, I enter on the trust to which I have been called by the suffrages of my fellow-citizens with my fervent prayers to the Almighty that He will be graciously pleased to continue to us that protection which He has already so conspicuously displayed in our favor. Quotes to Note "Such, then, is the happy..." Monroe's first term became known as the "Era of Good Feeling" because there was little bickering between political parties. "But it ought always..." Monroe's use of the term "militia" refers to armed, trained groups of citizens that protected settlers from Native Americans and foreign powers. Today, the militia is referred to as the National Guard. "Other interests of high importance..." The Erie Canal, which connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson Rover, was built during Monroe's terms in office and began the "Canal Boom" in the United States. "With the Indian tribes..." Monroe was the first president to use the term "Indian" in an inaugural speech. On Monroe's Second Inauguration Day By the beginning of Monroe's second term, the problem of sectionalism was growing as the country itself expanded. The Missouri Compromise, prohibiting slavery north of Missouri's southern border, had been passed in 1820. This agreement settled the question of whether a state would enter the Union slave or free for more than three decades. James Monroe's Second Inaugural Address In Washington, D.C., Monday, March 5, 1821 Fellow-Citizens: I SHALL not attempt to describe the grateful emotions which the new and very distinguished proof of the confidence of my fellow-citizens, evinced by my reelection to this high trust, has excited in my bosom. The approbation which it announces of my conduct in the preceding term affords me a consolation which I shall profoundly feel through life. The general accord with which it has been expressed adds to the great and never-ceasing obligations which it imposes. To merit the continuance of this good opinion, and to carry it with me into my retirement as the solace of advancing years, will be the object of my most zealous and unceasing efforts. Having no pretensions to the high and commanding claims of my predecessors, whose names are so much more conspicuously identified with our Revolution, and who contributed so preeminently to promote its success, I consider myself rather as the instrument than the cause of the union which has prevailed in the late election. In surmounting, in favor of my humble pretensions, the difficulties which so often produce division in like occurrences, it is obvious that other powerful causes, indicating the great strength and stability of our Union, have essentially contributed to draw you together. That these powerful causes exist, and that they are permanent, is my fixed opinion; that they may produce a like accord in all questions touching, however remotely, the liberty, prosperity, and happiness of our country will always be the object of my most fervent prayers to the Supreme Author of All Good. In a government which is founded by the people, who possess exclusively the sovereignty, it seems proper that the person who may be placed by their suffrages in this high trust should declare on commencing its duties the principles on which he intends to conduct the Administration. If the person thus elected has served the preceding term, an opportunity is afforded him to review its principal occurrences and to give such further explanation respecting them as in his judgment may be useful to his constituents. The events of one year have influence on those of another, and, in like manner, of a preceding on the succeeding Administration. The movements of a great nation are connected in all their parts. If errors have been committed they ought to be corrected; if the policy is sound it ought to be supported. It is by a thorough knowledge of the whole subject that our fellow-citizens are enabled to judge correctly of the past and to give a proper direction to the future. Just before the commencement of the last term the United States had concluded a war with a very powerful nation on conditions equal and honorable to both parties. The events of that war are too recent and too deeply impressed on the memory of all to require a development from me. Our commerce had been in a great measure driven from the sea, our Atlantic and inland frontiers were invaded in almost every part; the waste of life along our coast and on some parts of our inland frontiers, to the defense of which our gallant and patriotic citizens were called, was immense, in addition to which not less than $120,000,000 were added at its end to the public debt. As soon as the war had terminated, the nation, admonished by its events, resolved to place itself in a situation which should be better calculated to prevent the recurrence of a like evil, and, in case it should recur, to mitigate its calamities. With this view, after reducing our land force to the basis of a peace establishment, which has been further modified since, provision was made for the construction of fortifications at proper points through the whole extent of our coast and such an augmentation of our naval force as should be well adapted to both purposes. The laws making this provision were passed in 1815 and 1816, and it has been since the constant effort of the Executive to carry them into effect. The advantage of these fortifications and of an augmented naval force in the extent contemplated, in a point of economy, has been fully illustrated by a report of the Board of Engineers and Naval Commissioners lately communicated to Congress, by which it appears that in an invasion by 20,000 men, with a correspondent naval force, in a campaign of six months only, the whole expense of the construction of the works would be defrayed by the difference in the sum necessary to maintain the force which would be adequate to our defense with the aid of those works and that which would be incurred without them. The reason of this difference is obvious. If fortifications are judiciously placed on our great inlets, as distant from our cities as circumstances will permit, they will form the only points of attack, and the enemy will be detained there by a small regular force a sufficient time to enable our militia to collect and repair to that on which the attack is made. A force adequate to the enemy, collected at that single point, with suitable preparation for such others as might be menaced, is all that would be requisite. But if there were no fortifications, then the enemy might go where he pleased, and, changing his position and sailing from place to place, our force must be called out and spread in vast numbers along the whole coast and on both sides of every bay and river as high up in each as it might be navigable for ships of war. By these fortifications, supported by our Navy, to which they would afford like support, we should present to other powers an armed front from St. Croix to the Sabine, which would protect in the event of war our whole coast and interior from invasion; and even in the wars of other powers, in which we were neutral, they would be found eminently useful, as, by keeping their public ships at a distance from our cities, peace and order in them would be preserved and the Government be protected from insult. It need scarcely be remarked that these measures have not been resorted to in a spirit of hostility to other powers. Such a disposition does not exist toward any power. Peace and good will have been, and will hereafter be, cultivated with all, and by the most faithful regard to justice. They have been dictated by a love of peace, of economy, and an earnest desire to save the lives of our fellow-citizens from that destruction and our country from that devastation which are inseparable from war when it finds us unprepared for it. It is believed, and experience has shown, that such a preparation is the best expedient that can be resorted to prevent war. I add with much pleasure that considerable progress has already been made in these measures of defense, and that they will be completed in a few years, considering the great extent and importance of the object, if the plan be zealously and steadily persevered in. The conduct of the Government in what relates to foreign powers is always an object of the highest importance to the nation. Its agriculture, commerce, manufactures, fisheries, revenue, in short, its peace, may all be affected by it. Attention is therefore due to this subject. At the period adverted to the powers of Europe, after having been engaged in long and destructive wars with each other, had concluded a peace, which happily still exists. Our peace with the power with whom we had been engaged had also been concluded. The war between Spain and the colonies in South America, which had commenced many years before, was then the only conflict that remained unsettled. 1 This being a contest between different parts of the same community, in which other powers had not interfered, was not affected by their accommodations. This contest was considered at an early stage by my predecessor a civil war in which the parties were entitled to equal rights in our ports. This decision, the first made by any power, being formed on great consideration of the comparative strength and resources of the parties, the length of time, and successful opposition made by the colonies, and of all other circumstances on which it ought to depend, was in strict accord with the law of nations. Congress has invariably acted on this principle, having made no change in our relations with either party. Our attitude has therefore been that of neutrality between them, which has been maintained by the Government with the strictest impartiality. No aid has been afforded to either, nor has any privilege been enjoyed by the one which has not been equally open to the other party, and every exertion has been made in its power to enforce the execution of the laws prohibiting illegal equipments with equal rigor against both. By this equality between the parties their public vessels have been received in our ports on the same footing; they have enjoyed an equal right to purchase and export arms, munitions of war, and every other supply, the exportation of all articles whatever being permitted under laws which were passed long before the commencement of the contest; our citizens have traded equally with both, and their commerce with each has been alike protected by the Government. Respecting the attitude which it may be proper for the United States to maintain hereafter between the parties, I have no hesitation in stating it as my opinion that the neutrality heretofore observed should still be adhered to. From the change in the Government of Spain and the negotiation now depending, invited by the Cortes and accepted by the colonies, it may be presumed, that their differences will be settled on the terms proposed by the colonies. Should the war be continued, the United States, regarding its occurrences, will always have it in their power to adopt such measures respecting it as their honor and interest may require. Shortly after the general peace a band of adventurers took advantage of this conflict and of the facility which it afforded to establish a system of buccaneering in the neighboring seas, to the great annoyance of the commerce of the United States, and, as was represented, of that of other powers. Of this spirit and of its injurious bearing on the United States strong proofs were afforded by the establishment at Amelia Island, and the purposes to which it was made instrumental by this band in 1817, and by the occurrences which took place in other parts of Florida in 1818, the details of which in both instances are too well known to require to be now recited. I am satisfied had a less decisive course been adopted that the worst consequences would have resulted from it. We have seen that these checks, decisive as they were, were not sufficient to crush that piratical spirit. Many culprits brought within our limits have been condemned to suffer death, the punishment due to that atrocious crime. The decisions of upright and enlightened tribunals fall equally on all whose crimes subject them, by a fair interpretation of th
correct_death_00070	FactBench	1	2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe_Tomb	en	James Monroe Tomb	https://upload.wikimedia…nroe_Tomb_02.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…nroe_Tomb_02.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Monroe_Tomb_02.jpg/250px-Monroe_Tomb_02.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/James_Monroe_Grave.JPG/220px-James_Monroe_Grave.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg/100px-James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/50px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Map_of_USA_VA.svg/100px-Map_of_USA_VA.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2008-04-14T05:33:30+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe_Tomb	LocationHollywood Cemetery, 412 S. Cherry St., Richmond, Virginia, U.S.CoordinatesBuilt1859ArchitectAlbert LybrockArchitectural styleGothic RevivalPart ofHollywood Cemetery (ID69000350)NRHP reference No.71001044VLR No.127-0221-0080Significant datesAdded to NRHPNovember 11, 1971[2]Designated NHLNovember 11, 1971[3]Designated CPNovember 12, 1969Designated VLRMarch 19, 1997[1] The James Monroe Tomb is the burial place of U.S. President James Monroe in Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia, United States. The principal feature of the tomb is an architecturally unusual cast iron cage, designed by Albert Lybrock and installed in 1859 after Monroe's body was moved from Marble Cemetery in New York City. The tomb was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971 for its unique architecture.[3][4] To Richmonders it is colloquially known as The Birdcage. The James Monroe Tomb is located in the southern reaches of Hollywood Cemetery, in a prominent location surrounded by a circular drive and overlooking the James River. Monroe's body rests in a simple granite sarcophagus that is set on a granite plinth. Surrounding the sarcophagus is an elaborate Gothic Revival cast iron "cage", measuring about 9 by 13 feet (2.7 m × 4.0 m). Each face of the cage has a lancet-arched shape similar to that found in the tracery of larger Gothic stained glass windows, with a rose window pattern at the top of the arch. On the long sides, this main arch is flanked by narrow arches. The corners of the cage have colonettes surmounted by tabernacle-like structures. The top of the cage consists of ogee-curved elements meeting at a central spire.[4] The grave of another president, John Tyler, is located just a few yards away. James Monroe died in New York City in 1831, and was interred in Marble Cemetery. In 1856, Virginia Governor Henry A. Wise sought to repatriate Monroe's remains to his native state. The state appropriated funds, and Monroe's remains were transported to Richmond aboard the steamship Jamestown. The tomb, erected in 1859, was designed by the German-born architect Albert Lybrock, and its cast iron elements were cast by Wood and Perot of Philadelphia. The tomb is considered architecturally significant first for the scale of its use of cast iron, a material not commonly used at that time for that purpose, and for delicacy and degree of flamboyancy achieved in its creation, which could not have been done in stone.[4] In 2015, as a part of plans to celebrate the 200th Anniversary of Monroe's election as America's fifth president, Monroe's tomb received a $900,000 makeover from the Department of General Services in the state of Virginia. Almost forty percent of the tomb's cast iron structure was repaired and returned to a color closer to its original state. The restoration took close to a year to complete and was finished in September 2016.[5] List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond, Virginia Media related to James Monroe Tomb at Wikimedia Commons
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	54	https://www.ducksters.com/biography/uspresidents/jamesmonroe.php	en	Biography of President James Monroe	https://www.ducksters.com/favico2.png	https://www.ducksters.com/favico2.png	[ "https://www.ducksters.com/graphics/header.gif", "https://www.ducksters.com/graphics/mobile.gif", "https://www.ducksters.com/biography/uspresidents/jamesmonroe1.gif", "https://www.ducksters.com/biography/uspresidents/jamesmonroe.jpg", "https://www.ducksters.com/biography/uspresidents/jamesmonroe2.jpg", "https://www.ducksters.com/graphics/ducksters_footer_1.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "James Monroe", "president", "United States", "biography", "life", "story", "learn", "education", "school", "study", "report" ]	null	[]	null	James Monroe was the 5th president of the United States. Learn about his biography and life story.	en	/favico2.png		null
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	9	https://millercenter.org/president/monroe/life-before-the-presidency	en	James Monroe: Life Before the Presidency	https://millercenter.org/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico	https://millercenter.org/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico	[ "https://millercenter.org/sites/default/files/styles/square_thumb_2x_360x360/public/auth-Preston_Daniel-116x116.jpg?itok=hNy5Ftl3" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Daniel Preston" ]	2016-10-04T16:15:18-04:00		en	/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico	Miller Center	https://millercenter.org/president/monroe/life-before-the-presidency	Born on April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, James Monroe enjoyed all the advantages accruing to the son of a prosperous planter. His father, Spence Monroe, traced his ancestry back to relative who had fought at the side of Charles I in the English civil wars before being captured and exiled to Virginia in 1649. His mother, Elizabeth Jones Monroe, was of Welsh heritage but little is known about her. Beginning at the age of 11, Monroe attended a school run by Reverend Archibald Campbell. His time at this school overlapped with that of John Marshall, who later became the chief justice of the United States. Eager Patriot Monroe's parents died when he was in his mid-teens, his father having passed away in 1774 and his mother likely doing so some time earlier (though her actual date of death is unknown). James and his siblings shared an inheritance of land and some slaves, and he and his two brothers—his sister had already married—became wards of their uncle, Joseph Jones. Jones became a mentor and friend to James, often offering him advice and support. In 1774, Monroe entered the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. His education took place not only in the classroom but also throughout the town, which was the capital of colonial Virginia. It was an exciting time to be in Williamsburg. Royal Governor Dunmore had fled the capital, fearing that the colonists were a danger to him and his family; after he left, Monroe and some of his fellow classmates helped loot the arsenal at the Governor's Palace. They escaped with 200 muskets and 300 swords, which they donated to the Virginia militia. By the winter of 1776, in the wake of Lexington and Concord, Monroe had joined the Virginia infantry. He became an officer in the Continental Army and joined General George Washington's army in New York. During the Revolution, Monroe fought with distinction in several important battles, including Trenton, Monmouth, Brandywine, and Germantown. He was severely hurt at the Battle of Trenton, suffering a near fatal wound to his shoulder as he led a charge against enemy cannon. After recuperating, he became a staff officer for General William Alexander. By the end of his service with the Continental Army, he had gained the rank of major; however, because of an excess of officers, he had little possibility of commanding soldiers in the field. He thus resigned his commission in the Continental Army in 1779 and was appointed colonel in the Virginia service. In 1780, Governor Thomas Jefferson sent Monroe to North Carolina to report on the advance of the British. Quick Jump into Politics After the war, Monroe studied law, taking Thomas Jefferson as his mentor. He was elected to the Virginia Assembly in 1782 and then served on the Council of State, which advised the governor. Elected to the Continental Congress in 1783, Monroe worked for expanding the power of Congress, organizing government for the western country, and protecting American navigation on the Mississippi River. While in New York as a member of the Continental Congress, Monroe met Elizabeth Kortright, the daughter of Lawrence Kortright, a prominent local merchant who had lost much of his wealth during the Revolution. She was sixteen at the time, and Monroe was twenty-six; they married the following year, on February 16, 1786. Having passed the Virginia bar in 1782, Monroe and his new bride moved to Fredericksburg, Virginia, where he practiced law. Among the leading political figures in Virginia, Monroe exhibited an independent streak when he voted against ratifying the U.S. Constitution as a delegate to the state's ratification convention. He wanted a Constitution that allowed for the direct election of senators as well as the President, and the inclusion of a strong bill of rights. After the ratification of the new Constitution, Monroe unsuccessfully challenged James Madison for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. Monroe lost by 300 votes, yet the state legislature appointed him to the U.S. Senate in 1790. He thereafter joined with Madison and Jefferson, with whom he had become friendly in the mid-1780s, to oppose the Federalist policies championed by Vice President John Adams and Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. The three Virginians would remain lifelong friends and allies. Minister to France and Britain In 1794, President George Washington sent Monroe to Paris as U.S. minister to France. It was an eventful appointment that lasted two years. When Thomas Paine, the British pamphleteer and supporter of the American Revolution, was imprisoned for having spoken against the execution of King Louis XVI, Monroe won his release and allowed Paine to live for a time with his family at the American minister's residence in Paris. Monroe's tenure in France was far from easy. Revolutionary France was an unstable place and the new minister had to tread carefully. His mission was to uphold President Washington's policy of strict neutrality toward Britain and France while still assuring the French that America was not favoring Britain. This task became harder when France learned that the United States had signed a new accord— the Jay Treaty—with Great Britain. When France asked Monroe to spell out its details, the President found himself unable to comply: Jay had refused to send him a copy of the document. Although Monroe told the French that the treaty did not alter their agreements, the French were convinced that the United States now favored Britain. In the end, U.S. domestic politics doomed Monroe's tenure in Paris. The Federalists blamed Monroe for deteriorating relations with France, and Washington recalled him. Out of power momentarily, Monroe returned to Virginia to practice law and attend to his plantations. He was elected governor in 1799 and worked vigorously in support of public education and the election of Thomas Jefferson as President in 1800. In 1803, the victorious Jefferson sent Monroe to France as a special envoy to help negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. Monroe then served as the U.S. minister to Britain from 1803 to 1807 with a brief stint as a special envoy to Spain in 1805. In Spain, Monroe tried to negotiate a treaty to cede the Spanish territory along the Gulf of Mexico to the United States. However, he soon realized that Spain had no intention of signing such a treaty and so returned to Britain. During his tenure in Britain, he tried to negotiate an end to impressments—the British practice of seizing U.S. sailors and forcing them to serve in the British Navy. Although Monroe signed a treaty with Britain in 1806 resolving some outstanding issues, the treaty did not include a ban on impressments, and President Jefferson did not even submit the treaty to the U.S. Senate for consideration. Monroe was upset that Jefferson and Secretary of State James Madison did not see the treaty as he did—as a first step toward better relations with Britain. But Jefferson and Madison knew that current political attitudes would never support a treaty without a ban on impressments. Although this episode caused a brief rift between the three friends, Monroe recognized that the President had to take domestic politics into account when considering his foreign policy options. Following his return home in 1808, Monroe was tapped by dissident Republicans to oppose Madison for the Democratic-Republican presidential nomination. Although Monroe allowed himself to be nominated, he never considered his challenge to Madison seriously and stressed that he differed with Madison only with respect to foreign affairs; in all other areas, the two saw eye-to-eye. Madison easily won the 1808 presidential election. Three years later, in January 1811, Monroe was once again elected governor of Virginia, though he did not serve for long; that April, Madison named him secretary of state. Secretary of State and Secretary of War As the nation's chief diplomat, Monroe focused on relations with Britain and France. The two European countries were at war with one another and their fighting infringed upon U.S. shipping and trade. The United States wanted France and Britain to respect American commercial interests as befitted those of a neutral country. Although both nations targeted American trade, the Madison administration concentrated primarily on Britain because of its frequent practice of seizing U.S. sailors and forcing them to serve in the British navy. The United States declared war on Britain in June 1812, but the war was far from popular. Many New Englanders found that it disrupted their access to European markets. Additional numbers thought that neutrality rights were not a sufficient reason to go to war. However, Madison and Monroe both believed that the United States needed to resist British depredations by force of arms. From the beginning, the war was a disaster for the United States. The army was unequipped and unprepared, and the initial military actions resulted in defeat. When Madison's secretary of war resigned, Monroe took over the office on a temporary basis, from December 1812 to February 1813; he would do so again from August 1814 until March 1815. Monroe was well suited to the demands of the post because of his understanding of the military and his strong organizational skills. He helped reorganize the army and brought new energy to the war effort. In August 1814, when British troops appeared at the mouth of the Potomac River, Monroe led a scouting party to report on their advance. He sent word to Madison warning that the British were marching toward Washington, D.C. As British troops headed toward the capital, Monroe stayed in the city to help with its evacuation. After the British attacked Washington and burned most of the government buildings, Monroe returned to the city. Madison then placed him in charge of its defenses. Monroe's popularity rose after the war, due to his tireless service in Madison's cabinet. A new generation of war veterans would remember his leadership with fondness and respect, leaving him well-positioned to receive the Democratic-Republican nomination for President in the 1816 election.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	1	56	https://www.nycmc.org/landmark.html	en	New York City Marble Cemetery			[ "https://www.nycmc.org/images/cornerlogo.png", "https://www.nycmc.org/images/nav_arrow.gif", "https://www.nycmc.org/images/nav_arrow.gif", "https://www.nycmc.org/images/nav_arrow.gif", "https://www.nycmc.org/images/nav_arrow.gif", "https://www.nycmc.org/images/nav_arrow.gif", "https://www.nycmc.org/images/nav_arrow.gif", "https://www.nycmc.org/images/nav_arrow.gif", "https://www.nycmc.org/images/nav_arrow.gif", "https://www.nycmc.org/images/nav_arrow.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			null	LANDMARKS PRESERVATION COMMISSION March 4, 1969, Number 4 LP-0464 NEW YORK CITY MARBLE CEMETERY, 52-74 East 2nd Street, between Second and First Avenues, Borough of Manhattan. 1831 Landmark Site: Borough of Manhattan Tax Map Block 444, Lot 49 On December 13, 1966, the Landmarks Preservation Commission held a public hearing on the proposed designation as a Landmark of the New York City Marble Cemetery and the proposed designation of the related Landmark Site. (Item No. 10). The hearing had been duly advertised in accordance with the provisions of the law. Two witnesses spoke in favor of designation including the Secretary of the New York City Marble Cemetery. There were no speakers in opposition to designation. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS The New York City Marble Cemetery was begun in 1831 and was the second non-sectarian burial ground in the City opened to the public. It was organized by Evert Bancker, Samuel Whittemore, Henry Booraem, Garret Storm and Thomas Addis Emmet. The cemetery was started shortly after the New York Marble Cemetery, one block away, had begun. It was laid out on some land belonging to Samuel Cowdrey, a vault owner in the other cemetery. Once again, Perkins Nichols contracted for the construction of the vaults of Tuckahoe marble. The first vaults were ready by the summer of 1831. The new organization received its own act of incorporation on April 26, 1832. Over the next three years the corporation acquired first the land in which the vaults were situated, and then adjoining lots, until it reached its present limits in 1835. The grounds now contain 258 vaults. The cemetery may be readily seen through a handsome iron fence with gate, extending along its south side on East Second Street between First and Second Avenues. It is surrounded by a high brick wall and by houses and tenements, but this wall only encloses three sides. When opened, it was considered a fashionable burial place, and the use of monuments and markers was permitted there to signalize the locations of the family vaults. It was laid out with long parallel walks between which are narrow strips of ground puncutated by the square marble vault slabs. As the neighborhood around the cemetery deteriorated, the trustees became alarmed, fearing that the encroaching construction of houses might force them out of the property. In 1891, Alexander Maitland, a grandnephew of James Lenox, started a movement to raise an endowment fund. He formed a committee, which collected about $12,500. By 1934, the fund amounted to $26,500. The cemetery contains the remains of many important New Yorkers such as Stephen Allen, one-time mayor of the City and governor of New York State; James Lenox, whose library, together with the Astor and Tilden collections, formed the New York Public Library; Isaac Varian, another mayor; Preserved Fish, a well-known New York merchant in mercantile and shipping ventures; and Marinus Willet, a local hero of the Revolutionary War. Also, there are six members of one branch of the Roosevelt family, including James Henry Roosevelt, who founded Roosevelt Hospital, all the remains from the churchyard of the South Dutch Church, and all the Kip family remains from Kip's Bay. People of national importance buried in the cemetery include Moses Taylor, an exceedingly wealthy New York financier, who backed Cyrus Field in the first Atlantic Cable venture, and who strongly supported the Lincoln administration during the Civil War, heading the bankers' committee which took the first federal loan in 1861. Another nationally known figure buried here is John Lloyd Stephens, who pioneered archeological research in the Mayan country of Mexico in the Nineteenth Century; his vault is marked by a Mayan glyph designed by his celebrated collaborator, Frederick Catherwood. John Ericsson, inventor of the ironclad Monitor, was also buried here before his body was returned to Sweden in 1890. According to tradition, here also repose in the "Ministers' Vault" the oldest white men's bones interred on the island of Manhattan, those of the Dutch dominies, brought here from their original resting place at the foot of the Island. The most important person buried in this cemetery was ex-President James Monroe, who had moved to New York in 1830, after the death of his wife, to live with his son-in-law, Samuel Gouverneur. Gouverneur owned a vault in the cemetery, and when Monroe died on July 4, 1831, he became one of the first to be buried here. The interment ceremonies were carried out with much pomp and military pageantry, which served to increase greatly the prestige of the cemetery. In 1857, however, a number of Virginians residing in New York decided to erect a monument over Monroe's vault. This move prompted the Virginia Legislature to pass a resolution to have the ex-President's remains returned to Virginia. The Gouverneur family agreed, and on July 2, 1858, Monroe's body was removed to the Church of the Annunciation on Fourteenth Street, while church bells tolled and every ship in the harbor flew its flag at half mast. It lay there in state for several days and was finally sent by steamer to Virginia, preceded in another ship by its escort, the Seventh Regiment. It was reburied at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond. FINDINGS AND DESIGNATIONS On the basis of a careful consideration of the history, the architecture and other features of this building, the Landmarks Preservation Commission finds that the New York City Marble Cemetery has a special character, special historical and aesthetic interest and value as part of the development, heritage and cultural characteristics of New York City. The Commission further finds that, among its important qualities, the New York City Marble Cemetery is an outstanding example of an early non-sectarian cemetery of the type devoted entirely to family vaults, that it contains many handsome memorials and markers signalizing the locations of the vaults, that it serves as a dignified reminder of the customs and history of a bygone age, that it contains the family vaults of some of New York's, and the nation's, most distinguished families and that it once provided a burial place for a President of the United States. Accordingly, pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 63 of the Charter of the City of New York and Chapter 8-A of the Administrative Code of the City of New York, the Landmarks Preservation Commission designates as a Landmark the New York City Marble Cemetery, 52-74 East 2nd Street, Borough of Manhattan and designates Tax Map Block 444, Lot 49, Borough of Manhattan, as its Landmark Site.
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https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=1080&quality=75&auto=webp 1080w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=1248&quality=75&auto=webp 1248w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=1920&quality=75&auto=webp 1920w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=2048&quality=75&auto=webp 2048w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=3840&quality=75&auto=webp 3840w" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "James Monroe - Presidency, Facts & Political Party", "History.com Editors" ]	2009-10-29T12:28:48+00:00	James Monroe (1758-1831), the fifth U.S. president, oversaw major westward expansion of the U.S. He also strengthened American foreign policy in 1823 with the Monroe Doctrine, a warning to European countries against further colonization and intervention in the Western Hemisphere.	en	https://www.history.com/…e-touch-icon.png	HISTORY	https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/james-monroe	Early Years James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, to Spence Monroe (1727-74), a farmer and carpenter, and Elizabeth Jones Monroe (1730-74). In 1774, at age 16, Monroe entered the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. He cut his college studies short in 1776 to join the Continental Army and fight for independence from Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775-83). During the war, Monroe saw action in battles in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. He was wounded at the Battle of Trenton, New Jersey, in 1776, and was with General George Washington (1732-99) and his troops at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, during the difficult winter of 1777 to 1778. During his time with the army, Monroe became acquainted with Thomas Jefferson, then the governor of Virginia. In 1780, Monroe began studying law under Jefferson, who would become his political mentor and friend. (Over a decade later, in 1793, Monroe bought a farm, named Highland, located next to Monticello, Jefferson’s Charlottesville, Virginia, estate.) The Virginia Politician Following his military service, Monroe embarked on a career in politics. In 1782, he became a delegate in the Virginia Assembly and the following year was chosen as a Virginia representative to the Congress of the Confederation, America’s governing body from 1781 to 1789. In 1786, Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright (1768-1830), the teenage daughter of a New York merchant. The couple had two daughters and a son who died as an infant. While in Congress, Monroe supported the efforts of fellow Virginia politician (and the future fourth U.S. president) James Madison (1751-1836) to create a new U.S. constitution. However, once written, Monroe felt the document gave too much power to the government and did not sufficiently protect individual rights. Despite Monroe’s opposition, the Constitution was ratified in 1789, and in 1790 he took a seat in the U.S. Senate, representing Virginia. As a senator, Monroe sided with Madison, then a U.S. congressman, and Jefferson, then the U.S. secretary of state, both of whom were against greater federal control at the cost of state and individual rights. In 1792, Monroe joined forces with the two men to found the Democratic-Republican Party, which opposed Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804) and the Federalists who were fighting for increased federal power. A Leader at Home and Abroad In 1794, President George Washington (1732-99) appointed Monroe as minister to France, in an effort to help improve relations with that nation. At the time, France and Great Britain were at war. Monroe had some initial success in strengthening Franco-American ties; however, relations soured with the November 1794 signing of the controversial Jay’s Treaty, an agreement between the U.S. and Britain that regulated commerce and navigation. Monroe, who was critical of the treaty, was released from his post by Washington in 1796. Monroe resumed his political career in 1799 when he became governor of Virginia. He held this office for three years until President Thomas Jefferson requested that Monroe return to France to help negotiate the purchase of the port of New Orleans. In France, Monroe learned that French leader Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) wanted to sell the entire Louisiana Territory (the land extending between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains and the Gulf of Mexico to present-day Canada), not only New Orleans, for $15 million. Monroe and the U.S. minister to France, Robert R. Livingston, did not have time to gain presidential approval for such a large purchase. Instead, they approved and signed the Louisiana Purchase agreement themselves in 1803 and effectively doubled the size of the United States. Monroe, who garnered acclaim for the Louisiana Purchase, then became the minister to Great Britain and drafted a treaty that would help strengthen the bonds between Britain and the U.S. Jefferson, however, did not approve the treaty because it did not stem Britain’s practice of capturing American sailors for its own navy. Monroe was upset by Jefferson’s actions and his friendship with both Jefferson and his secretary of state, Madison, soured. In 1808, still angry about how his treaty was handled by Jefferson and Madison, Monroe ran for president against Madison. He lost. However, the ill feelings between the two men did not last. In 1811, Madison asked Monroe, who was once again governor of Virginia, to be his secretary of state. Monroe agreed and proved to be a strong asset to Madison as America battled Britain in the War of 1812. During his tenure as secretary of state, which lasted until March 1817, Monroe also served as secretary of war from 1814 to 1815. The previous holder of that post, John Armstrong, was forced to resign following the burning of Washington, D.C., by the British in August 1814. The 'Era of Good Feelings' In 1816, Monroe ran for president again, as a Democratic-Republican, and this time handily defeated Federalist candidate Rufus King (1755-1827). When he was sworn into office on March 4, 1817, Monroe became the first U.S. president to have his ceremony outdoors and give his inaugural address to the public. The new president and his family could not take up immediate residence in the White House, because it had been destroyed by the British in 1814. Instead, they lived in a home on I Street in Washington, until the rebuilt White House was ready for occupancy in 1818. Monroe’s presidency ushered in what was known as the “Era of Good Feelings.” The U.S. had a new sense of confidence from its various victories during the War of 1812 and was growing quickly and offering new opportunities to its citizens. Additionally, fighting between the Democratic-Republicans and Federalists was finally beginning to ebb. One issue Monroe had to contend with during his first term in office was deteriorating relations with Spain. Conflicts arose between the U.S. military in Georgia and pirates and Native Americans in the Spanish-held territory of Florida. In 1819, Monroe was able to successfully address the problem by negotiating for the purchase of Florida for $5 million, further expanding U.S. territories. With all the expansion came significant money troubles. Speculators were borrowing large sums of money to purchase land to sell to settlers and banks were leveraging assets they did not have in order to loan the money. This, along with diminished trade between the U.S. and Europe, led to a four-year economic downturn, known as the Panic of 1819. Slavery was also becoming a contentious issue during Monroe’s presidency. The North had banned slavery, but the Southern states still supported it. In 1818, Missouri wanted to join the Union; the North wanted it to be declared a free state while the South wanted it to be a slave state. Finally, an agreement was made allowing Missouri to join the Union as a slave state and Maine to join as a free state. The Missouri Compromise soon followed, outlawing slavery in the Louisiana Territory above the parallel 36°30′ north, excluding the state of Missouri. Although Monroe did not think Congress had the constitutional authority to impose such conditions on Missouri’s admission to the Union, he signed the Missouri Compromise in 1820 in an effort to avoid civil war. A Second Term and the Monroe Doctrine In 1820, though the U.S. economy was suffering, Monroe ran unopposed and was elected to a second term as president. During this term, he wanted to exert the growing power of the U.S. in the world arena and make a statement of support for free governments in the Americas. Monroe was helped greatly with foreign policy by his secretary of state, John Quincy Adams (1767-1848). With Adams’ assistance, Monroe addressed Congress in 1823 with what became known as his Monroe Doctrine, which in part developed out of his concern that European powers would want to re-establish Spanish control of South America. In this address, Monroe declared an end to European colonization in the Western Hemisphere and forbid European countries from intervening in the American continents, including any U.S. territories and Central and South America. The Monroe Doctrine formally established a special relationship between the United States and Central and South America, and the U.S. would use this opportunity to invest in Latin America and assist with military intervention when necessary. In turn, Monroe promised that the U.S. would not interfere with European territories or any wars among them. The Monroe Doctrine was well received and became an important tool in later disputes over American territory. In addition, Monroe continued to lead the U.S. in expanding westward across the continent. He helped build transportation infrastructure and laid the foundation for America to become a world power. Five states entered the Union during Monroe’s time in office: Mississippi (1817), Illinois (1818), Alabama (1819), Maine (1820) and Missouri (1821). Later Years
correct_death_00070	FactBench	1	3	https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx%3Fguid%3D77802cc8-f7b9-49a1-8be5-17ca0bb47178	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	55	https://trotter.umich.edu/article/timeline-william-monroe-trotters-life	en	Timeline of William Monroe Trotter's Life	https://trotter.umich.ed…/at3/favicon.png	https://trotter.umich.ed…/at3/favicon.png	[ "https://trotter.umich.edu/sites/default/files/2023-06/Trotter-logo.png", "https://trotter.umich.edu/sites/default/files/styles/wide/public/2023-06/trotter_william_monroe.jpg?itok=LSu5ng03", "https://trotter.umich.edu/themes/contrib/at3/images/studentlife-vert.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/themes/contrib/at3/favicon.png		https://trotter.umich.edu/article/timeline-william-monroe-trotters-life	Over the years, curiosity about the man for whom the William Monroe Trotter Multicultural Center takes its name, peaked among faculty, staff, and students. Indeed, those with some sense of the Center’s history—those, in fact, who knew that the Trotter Multicultural Center emerged in the aftermath of the black student protest movement of the 1970s—and those with little-to-no knowledge of any of this social movement history, all began to wonder about William Monroe Trotter himself. “Who was he,” and “why did the University of Michigan choose to endow the center with his name,” became two central yet interrelated questions asked by many—even among the Center’s staff. During many events hosted at the Multicultural Center, queries into Trotter’s life accented social and cultural events that were designed to lift up his name in celebration of his work. Ironically, however, we did not always understand how our events continued to uphold Trotter’s activist legacy of black liberation—particularly as he cultivated, and remained steadfast in, his vision for black emancipation throughout late 19th century America. In an attempt to both demystify Trotter’s lived history and to gain tangible purchase onto the ways in which our work here at the Trotter Multicultural Center continues in his tradition of political consciousness, educational advancement, and the imperatives of social justice, we have assembled an inter-active timeline of his biography. While the timeline is not meant to be exhaustive or provide the absolute last word into William Monroe Trotter’s life activism, it does endeavor to serve as a learning tool for those interested in reading about William Monroe Trotter’s life, which was quite fascinating! We truly hope that you gain some sense of appreciation for his life’s legacy and find information that inspires you to contribute to the cause of liberation and social justice at the University of Michigan and the world over. View the Timeline of William Monroe Trotter's life. William Monroe Trotter Biographical Summary William Monroe Trotter was born on Issacs Farm in Springfield, Ohio on April 7, 1872 to Virginia Isaacs and James Monroe Trotter. He grew up in Hyde Park, Boston. His father, the recorder of deeds for the District of Colombia, and his mother were both very involved in the race movement and ending segregation. Their dedication to ending racial discrimination was passed down to William Monroe. One author describes: Both parents taught the child to go wherever the rest of the public went …and to ever excel among whites as his duty towards breaking down the color bar and as a missionary and contender against prejudice and contempt which are principles that have been the basic motives of his adult career (17) In his all white high school, William Monroe was elected president of the senior class and graduated valedictorian. After working as a shipping clerk for a year, he attended college at Harvard where he was the first African-American to receive Phi Kappa Beta honors. He graduated from Harvard magma cum laude and pursued a career in real estate. After being denied several jobs in the real estate market because of racial discrimination, Trotter began getting involved in the fight for racial advancement. He famously wrote: I realized that the democracy which I had enjoyed at dear old Harvard was not secure for Americans of Color because of their pigmentation. The conviction grew upon me that pursuit of business, money, civic or literary position was like building a house upon the sands. If race prejudice and persecution and public discrimination for more color was to spread-up from the South and result in a fixed caste of color. It would mean that however native and to the manner born, every colored American would be a civic outcast, forever alien in the public life. So I plunged in to contend for full equality in all things governmental, political, civil and judicial as far as race, creed, or color was concerned (Fox 19) Trotter married Geraldine “Deenie” Louise Pindell (1872- 1918), a friend from childhood, on June 27, 1899. Deenie who was also from a militant race family had attended business college and worked as a bookkeeper and stenographer. Deenie handled most of the business and bookkeeping for Trotter’s newspaper, The Guardian, in addition to her own community projects such as securing pardons for inmates and organizing an anti-lynching committee. The Guardian and Booker T. Washington: Trotter was a part of a several racial protest groups in Boston including the Boston Literary and Historical Association. The Literary Association was a group founded by Boston elite and was known for its militant race opinion and opposition to Booker T. Washington’s racial leadership. The men of the association, including Trotter, disagreed with Washington on many matters in racial politics. Their biggest criticism of him was his acceptance of segregation, his pacifist approach to creating change and his encouragement of industrial education over the right to vote. The foundation of Trotter’s racial career was built on three prominent issues: the worsening conditions in the South, the spread of racial attitudes from the South coming North and Booker T Washington’s submission to both of these developments (Fox 27). Several Bostonian leaders discussed starting a weekly newspaper for the black community in Boston. Trotter provided the money and another leader, George Forbes, provided the technical expertise and experience to bring about a local newspaper called The Guardian. The Guardian, was the first weekly newspaper for African Americans and Trotter’s biggest accomplishment in his career. It first appeared on November 9, 1901 with the motto, “For every right, with all thy might” and called itself “an organ which is to voice intelligently the needs and aspirations of the colored American” (Fox 30). The eight page paper came out every Saturday and contained local and national news for African-Americans. For 5 cents an issue or $1.50 for a year subscription, The Guardian included church news, sports, and fashion but was most well-known for its editorials. The Guardian became Trotter’s vehicle for speaking out against segregation and the people who promoted it. In his editorials, Trotter often mounted an extended attack on Booker T. Washington and his policies. Trotter’s paper was described as, “his personal weapon for reaching those in authority whom he could not reach in a personal way" (22). These personal and vicious attacks on Washington often alienated readers but also brought it fame and wider circulation. Tensions between those against and supporting Booker T. Washington reached a climax in 1903. A group of anti-Washingtons used a public meeting, where Washington was to speak, to voice challenges to his leadership policies. They gathered the week before and generated nine questions and challenges that Trotter would ask from the floor after Washington spoke. The meeting took place on July 30th at the Zion Church with over two thousand spectators in attendance. A fight began to break out before Washington even spoke and Trotter, amongst the fighting, stood on a chair and started reading the questions prepared– which could barely be heard. Trotter and several others, including his sister, were arrested for creating a disturbance and were sentenced to thirty days in jail. The media following the incident was highly sensationalized and exaggerated as the event became known as the Boston Riot. William B. DuBois arrived in Boston shortly after the incident and was outraged at Trotter for causing an incident. After hearing Trotter’s version of events, Dubois changed his perspective and stated, “my indignation overflowed… to treat as a crime that which was at worst mistaken judgement was an outrage” (Fox 61). After this incident, Dubois, who was attracted to Trotter’s unselfishness, pureness of heart and indomitable energy began collaborating with him. Simultaneously, Trotter’s partnership with Georges Forbes, the co-founder of The Guardian dissolved based on a difference in personality. As Stephen Fox states, Trotter’s tenacious personality and lack of compromise was helpful for his protest tradition but detrimental for personal relationships (65). George Forbes was the first of many associates that Trotter would work with and then later alienate. Trotter began to speak all over the country denouncing segregation. He was usually well-received, would speak at multiple meetings when traveling and received large turnouts to his speaking events. His speeches were described by one reporter: He describes that civil proscription in the North, while it is not as “gross” as lynching and discrimination in the south, is equally evil. It is dangerous because it is so widespread and subtle. Refusing rights can limit the liberties and handicap Black Americans which ultimately refuses them full citizenship in the country. Trotter urges people to set personal examples against segregation by applying to services in places of leisure or amusement to show that the Black race will not willingly acquiesce to discrimination. He ends with saying, “only by the resolve to contend against our color becoming a fixed public stigma can conditions can be bettered” (14). In addition to speaking engagements, The Guardian slowly took over Trotter’s life. The Guardian started it as a compliment to his real estate business, but eventually caused William Monroe and Deenie Trotter to sell their house and to lose leisure time and social respectability. The Trotters accepted these changes as the affluence they enjoyed in the 1890s became poverty during The Guardian years (Fox 79). Trotter once wrote to a colleague: It has cost me considerable money but I could not keep out of it. In the columns of The Guardian we have at least the relief of expressing our views on color phobia in all its forms. I can now feel that I am doing my duty and trying to show the light to those in darkness and keep them from at least being duped into helping in their own enslavement… I am henceforth on the firing line (Fox 79) The Niagara Movement and the NAACP After the riot, many anti-Washingtons in Boston felt they had to persuade the race to greater militancy and convince white Americans that Booker T. Washington should not get their unanimous support. They decided to create a national anti-Washington organization. In 1905, twenty-nine men, including William Monroe gathered at Fort Erie and formed the Niagara Movement, which led “persistent manly agitations as the way to liberty and toward this goal the Niagara movement has been started and asks the cooperation of all men of all races” (Fox 91). Trotter led the Press and Public Opinion committee of the movement because his connections with The Guardian. The group demanded that whites “permit manhood suffrage, equal civil rights, equal economic opportunities, and full access to all types of education” for all black Americans and declared that “discrimination based simply on race or color is barbarous, we care not how hallowed it be by custom, expediency, or prejudice” (Fox 102). The Niagara Movement, as one of the first organization of radicals, stood as a threat to Booker T. Washington’s racial leadership. In 1907, The Niagara Movement began to struggle financially as Washington and his supporters cut off most sources of white capital and discredited the organization. Another major struggle became the interpersonal disagreements amongst leaders, William Monroe Trotter, William B. Dubois, and Clemont Morgan, state secretary of the Niagara Movement’s Massachusetts branch. In 1907, Trotter resigned after personal disagreements with DuBois and Morgan. Although members of the movement wrote letters to all leaders to bury their personal disagreements, Trotter was through with the Niagara Movement. He and DuBois never tried working together again. Without Trotter and The Guardian, The Niagara Movement ceased to exist by 1910. Washington’s opposition, financial difficulties, lack of formal headquarters and staff, and its strident race view all led to its decline. However, one article cited that the personal collision between Dubois and Trotter was “chiefly responsible for the dissolution of the Niagara Movement” (Fox 113) The Niagara movement was successful in shifting the consensus of black thought back to the protest tradition and “forged the beginnings of a powerful new coalition of black radicals and white socialists and neo-abolitionists”. In May 1909, a race conference was held in New York which consisted of a series of both white and black speakers. At the conclusion of the conference, the organizers appointed a committee of forty to create a permanent race organization. However, to Trotter’s dismay, he was not appointed to the committee and only a dozen African-Americans were selected. This committee met again the following year and created the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP. Trotter did not attend the second meeting of the newly formed organization because of his suspicions of the role of white money and leadership in the NAACP; only one African-American was elected as an officer. Trotter was also concerned about NAACP’s lack of strong opposition against Booker T. Washington. The NAACP attempted to moderate racial tensions and bring people together from both factions. Trotter’s participation was also limited in the new interracial group because of lasting effects of his personal feuds with DuBois, Morgan and others from the Niagara Movement. Although he never was strongly involved, Trotter approved of NAACP’s resolutions and concluded that “the Association is a great, important and noble movement and we should all wish it success and take part in making it of great benefit to race and country” (Fox 135). Creation of National Equal Rights League and Interview with Wilson While the NAACP was building momentum, Trotter created his own organization originally known as the Negro-American Political League. The organization went through many name changes until it was eventually called the National Equal Rights League (NERL). The NERL, in contrast to the NAACP, was made up of all black members and was “an organization of the colored people, for the colored people and led by the colored people” (Fox 140). While the NERL never could match the influence and membership of the NAACP, Trotter insisted on an independent group because he thought it only proper that blacks should lead and finance a movement of their own. Additionally, Trotter’s personality was better suited for a smaller, independent organization as there were few other strong personalities for him to compete with for leadership. Within the NERL, Trotter was seen as the spokesperson and often stated the organization’s position on issues without debate. The rise of NAACP marked the end of the anti-Washington moment and the birth of a new protest-integrationist era. Trotter conceded to these changes; in 1908 he wrote that he has little or no criticism of Mr. Washington (Fox 145). Once his campaigns against Washington ended, he began pouring his energy into endorsing or opposing political candidates. However, by 1910 the bulk of his historical contribution to the black liberation movement was over (Fox 146). Trotter did not stick to party lines but focused on which candidate would best advocate and push for the advancements of African-Americans, especially in the south. Trotter worked hard to build support for Woodrow Wilson who seemed to be an advocate for the black cause. Once elected, Trotter wrote Wilson several letters with suggestions for racial policy formulation and African-Americans for political appointments. During this time, Trotter’s biggest concern was the racial segregation happening in many federal offices and his advocacy on this issue led to an infamous event in his career. William Monroe, with several other members of the NERL, brought a petition with twenty thousand signatures to the White House which demanded the end of segregation in federal offices. Wilson said to them that, “segregation is not humiliating but a benefit and ought to be so regarded by you gentlemen” (Fox 180). Trotter responded to the President with an argument from which Wilson then interrupted him saying that Trotter’s “tone offended him” (Fox 180). For forty-five minutes the men fired back and forth until Wilson called an end to the interview. Trotter then apologized to Wilson, who replied, “We’ll call it all right” (Fox 181). The next morning the incident made it to the front page of The New York Times. Many newspapers reported that Mr. Trotter spoke in an offensive tone, lost control of his anger and “spoiled the causes for which he came” (5). Another article suggests that Trotter “forgot the servile manner and speech once characteristic of the Afro-American and he talked to the president as man to man, addressing the head of the government as any American citizen should, especially discussing a serious matter”(4). Not only was it scandalous that an African-American was arguing with the President but it was also the first time that Wilson publically admitted he knew about the racial segregation happening and that he supported it. The publicity of this interview restored Trotter’s name and popularity. DuBois wrote of Trotter’s actions, saying, “of his fearlessness and his unselfish devotion to the higher interests of the Negro race there can be no doubt” (Fox 185). Another leader at the time pointed out that “one has to be rude to get into the press and do good with a just cause” (Fox 185). Albert Pillsbury of the Boston NAACP branch stated, “Trotter by accident has achieved the greatest feat of his life and accomplished more by insulting the President… than all the polite words ever uttered on segregation could or will accomplish- and added greatly to his personal reputation and prestige” (Fox 185). Trotter was in demand to speak all over the US to tell his version of the incident. At one speaking event he stated, “I emphatically deny that in language, manner, tone, in any respect of the slightest degree I was impudent, insolent, or insulting to the President” (Fox 186) which gained a loud cheer from the crowd in approval. Death of Deenie Trotter After the publicity of the interview wore out, Trotter’s career in race leadership became anticlimactic. In the spring of 1915, he led the Boston community against a viciously racist motion picture, “Birth of a Nation”. He described the movie as a “rebel play and an incentive to bring great racial hatred here in Boston” (Fox 193). Through organizing at a theatre and state house, as well as advocating to state leadership, Trotter was unceasing in his efforts to shut down the movie, which ultimately succeeded six years later in 1921. Meanwhile, the local constituency of The Guardian shrank while its delinquent subscribers grew. Trotter’s militancy often scared off many black and white sources of financial support and his political independence cut the newspaper off from party subsidies. He also would not allow advertisements for tobacco, liquor, skin lighteners and hair straighteners because of his moral principles and racial pride. Trotter often said that The Guardian was not designed to show a profit, “but a public work for equal rights and freedom” (Fox 206). For this reason he valued his principles more than money: “The Guardian is precarious. That has been its condition for several year. Principle robs it of much money but it’s better for people to sneer at its poverty than get money against my principles” (Fox 208). Trotter was a hard and dedicated worker to racial justice. He was described, “As an editor, businessman and racial organizer. He drove himself mercilessly, working incredibly long hours, taking no vacations, granting himself no respite from his labors” (Fox 207). Trotter’s wife, Deenie, matched her husband’s commitment as she partnered with him on The Guardian in conjunction with her own fundraising efforts for the elderly and soldiers. She often spoke about sacrifice: those of us who have had the advantages of education, who have seen life in its broadest light, should be willing sacrifice and ... to do for our own down-trodden people all in our power… to make their cause our cause, their sufferings our suffering (Fox 212) They indeed had sacrificed all their time and wealth to the cause. In 1901, Trotter had several inheritance pieces all over Boston which The Guardian eventually took over. The New York Age once wrote about Trotter “when a man has had all of his property mortgaged to the devil, he may smile as a guarantee of good faith but he deceives no one” (Fox 208). Among all their troubles and other responsibilities, The Guardian still appeared every Saturday. It had only ever missed two issues, once in 1919 when Trotter was abroad in Europe and another time in 1932 when he was bedridden. The Trotters had no children and did not want any; The Guardian was their child. This hard work took a strain on both of them. In the spring of 1916, Trotter had an attack of the gripe and had to have an operation. In 1918, Deenie Trotter fell ill of influenza and died on October 8. Her obituary describes her saying “few members of her race were better known. She was an able newspaper woman and ready public speaker” (9). William Monroe left a dedication for her, for years after her death, on The Guardian’s editorial page that said To my fallen comrade, Geraldine L Trotter, My Loyal Wife, who is no more. To honoring her memory who helped me so loyally, faithfully, conscientiously, unselfishly, I shall devote my remaining days and to perpetuating The Guardian and the Equal Rights Cause and word for which she made such noble and total sacrifice, I dedicate the best that is in me till I die (Fox 213) World War and Paris Peace Conference During World War I, African-Americans leaders used the war to increase the rights for African-Americans. They argued that Black soldiers would fight harder if they were given better treatment at home. The message was “Yes, white America, we shall fight for you, for our country and democracy – but will you not grant us some of that democracy at home” (Fox 217) Trotter also tried to use the war as leverage to gain full citizenship for African-Americans. At the end of the war, the NERL called for a national race congress which elected eleven petitioners to go to the approaching International Peace Conference in Versailles to intercede for colored Americans and bring attention to the American racial crisis. However, none of the delegates, including Trotter, were granted visas to travel. Trotter did not give up and instead obtained papers to work as a cook on a ship sailing for France. Once in France, the crew was not allowed to leave the ship so Trotter pretended to mail a letter and escaped. He described to a colleague that he was “ragged and hungry and in need of funds as I made my way to Paris” (Fox 226). Trotter’s struggle to reach Paris took so long that main negotiations of the International Peace Conference were over. Nonetheless, upon landing he immediately sent protests to deliberators over the lack of a racial clause in negotiations. Trotter also submitted news releases which were picked up by the French press and published. He had reached out to all of the leading delegates of the convention and received hundreds of letters, from Parisian citizens, approving of his conduct. Although his petitions were not recognized by the delegates or the President, every newspaper in Paris had written about him and his work. He spent much of his remaining time in France educating the public about the discriminatory treatment of African-Americans and when Trotter returned home, he was greeted by a large reception of two thousand supporters. Post World War and Death After this voyage, Trotter worked as hard as ever but was incapable of adjusting to changes within the race. During the 1920’s, race leaders moved to new cultural approaches that celebrated black identity and pride. Meanwhile, Trotter stuck to his traditional politics technique which involved taking an intense interest in national politics during the elections, collecting IOUs from politicians who courted the black vote and using those IOUs as leverage if they were elected. These traditional techniques did not match the nature of race relations in the 1920s and therefore Trotter’s popularity and influence was minimal during this time. Because of this, Trotter felt that he did not get the support he deserved and reflected this in his editorials. The Guardian started to become reminiscent of “the good old days in Boston” as he once wrote: “I feel that loyal race people should think of my constant, strenuous endeavors at loss & personal sacrifice for the rights of all of us & foster racial organization for equality … the Colored people are not going to have their civil rights and privileges in the North, or even in Mass. Unless those still left of the Old Guard advise them along the lines of Garrison, Phillipps, Sumner, Weld, Downing, Nell, Trotter and others… (Fox 253) Without his wife, the business methods and layout of The Guardian had become disordered. The editorials seemed to be scribbled out last minute and lacked their former intellectual caliber and literary finish. In the spring of 1934, Trotter started to become more disoriented, out of touch and constantly paced. On the night of April 6, 1934, the night before his 63rd birthday, Trotter’s landlords heard him pacing on the roof of their flat as was his custom. Early in the morning around 5:30 am, his landlord’s son heard a noise and awoke to find Trotter sprawled on the sidewalk outside their apartment. The circumstances surrounding his death imply suicide but his family theorizes that he may have fallen. There was no final determination. William Monroe Trotter was a revolutionary before his time. Although his personal relations were usually difficult, there is no doubt that he was a strong, persistent man who fully sacrificed and dedicated his life to advancement of rights for black Americans even when he did not feel supported by members of his own race. David Ward Howe commented that after Monroe Trotter’s death there were no longer great voices speaking out against segregation. He was also one of the “earliest demonstrators the power of the press and its values of molding sentiment for human justice" (19) and one of the racial leaders his time to return the race to protest traditions. Descriptions of William Monroe Trotter “Even when I found myself utterly unable to approve his judgment or to sanction his methods, I have always believed that he was fundamentally and genuinely honest. I have more than once said that Monroe Trotter is perhaps the only Negro of education and privilege who has deliberately undergone self-sacrifice for his race” Kelly Miller, of the New York Amsterdam News “Is it not worth something to a race to have produced one such self-sacrificing soul who has held the keen edge of passionate protest for two-fifths of a century? He has stood steadfast and unmovable. He has been true to his inner light, from which there has been no varying or shadow of turning. (16) "Monroe Trotter was a man of heroic proportions, and probably one of the most selfless Negro leaders during all our American history" – W.E.B Du Bois “He had in his soul all that went to make a fanatic, a knight errant. Ready to sacrifice himself, fearing nobody and nothing, strong in body, sturdy in conviction, full of unbending belief" - WEB Du Bois “Men of courage and conviction such as Trotter, by continually knocking, may eventually break down the wall of prejudice. We need more of them.”- The Afro American “His efforts will not get the appreciation that they should and this noble man will not be honored, reckoned and sung but he is fighting a noble cause in a noble manner.”- Chicago whip His mission was to instill into the minds of his hearers the necessity of unification, sticking together on every cause that affects the whole race as a whole. His is not a selfish motive for he is sacrificing his life and his means for the cause. Every man, woman and child should be awake and ready to strike a blow when the iron is hot. We need leaders, let us have more William Monroe Trotters. (6) Works Cited Fox, S. (1970). The guardian of Boston: William Monroe Trotter. New York: Atheneum.
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"https://i1.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/img_5425.jpeg?strip=info&w=600&ssl=1 600w,https://i1.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/img_5425.jpeg?strip=info&w=900&ssl=1 900w,https://i1.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/img_5425.jpeg?strip=info&w=1200&ssl=1 1200w,https://i1.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/img_5425.jpeg?strip=info&w=1500&ssl=1 1500w,https://i1.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/img_5425.jpeg?strip=info&w=1800&ssl=1 1800w,https://i1.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/img_5425.jpeg?strip=info&w=2000&ssl=1 2000w", "https://i1.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/img_5419.jpg?strip=info&w=480&ssl=1 480w", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a3b26e8c619094df59658d0d030476e0?s=80&d=identicon&r=g" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Jayda Justus", "The History Mom" ]	2023-03-15T00:00:00	Visit the James Monroe Museum to see amazing artifacts from our fifth president and his extraordinary life! Located in the quaint town of Fredericksburg, VA, it makes a great stop on the way to Washington, DC.	en	https://i0.wp.com/thehis…it=32%2C32&ssl=1	The History Mom	https://thehistorymom.com/2023/03/15/james-monroe-museum-virginia/	https://jamesmonroemuseum.umw.edu I love visiting presidential and first lady historical sites, so I had to check out the James Monroe Museum in nearby Fredericksburg. This museum may be under the radar, but it contains rare artifacts from President Monroe and his wife that are must-sees while visiting this quaint town. History James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States and the last Founding Father to serve as president, practiced law in the Virginia town of Fredericksburg from 1786-1789. He was born in the nearby Northern Neck region, and after serving in the Continental Army, he brought his new bride, Elizabeth Kortright of New York City, to the small Virginia town as they started their life together. Fredericksburg is where they had their first child, Eliza, and where Monroe was reelected to the Virginia House of Delegates. They moved to Charlottesville in 1789 with his election to the US Senate and kept a home in that area even as he became a diplomat, cabinet member, and eventual president. His presidency (1817-1825) was the “Era of Good Feelings” and his accomplishments over his decades-long career are many. His wife was also an accomplished woman who helped free the wife of the Marquis de Lafayette in Paris during the French Revolution. The site where his Fredericksburg law office was located is now the James Monroe Museum, founded by Monroe’s great-granddaughter. The various buildings date to the early 19th century (after Monroe’s time there), and contain many priceless artifacts from his time in the public arena. Visit The James Monroe Museum is located in downtown Historic Fredericksburg, a great lunch stop on a drive along I-95 to Washington, DC. The childhood home of George Washington and his mother’s home are not far from the Monroe Museum. Before visiting, walk the quaint streets that are home to colonial buildings which still bear the scars of the 1862 Civil War battle. The museum is packed with great artifacts and memorabilia from Monroe’s childhood through his presidency. Enter the lovely courtyard and don’t miss the bust of President Monroe. After buying your ticket, you’ll enter the museum which is made up of several different rooms. Begin in the largest room where your tour guide will give you a brief introduction to the Monroes. This room contains lots of information about the Monroe family and their life in American politics. Don’t miss the information about how Elizabeth saved the life of Adrienne Lafayette during the French Revolution. Some of the most interesting artifacts include an original key to the President’s House, some of the Monroes’ personal china, and a chess set given to Monroe by his friend and mentor, Thomas Jefferson. My favorite display was the exhibit about Elizabeth Monroe, including her dress worn for the Napoleonic court. The museum also displays Monroe’s court outfit (watch this short video the museum put together on his attendance at Napoleon’s coronation). Your kids will like the children’s section of this room and also the QR codes throughout the museum linking to a kid-friendly quiz/tour of the museum. Head to the next room all about Monroe’s time in the Continental Army. He was with Washington at pivotal points of the war, including the crossing of the Delaware and Valley Forge, and nearly died during the Battle of Trenton. The next rooms are about his time as Secretaries of State and War during the Madison administration – the first and only time one cabinet member has served in two positions at the same time! And this was during the War of 1812 so he was a busy man! The last room is about Monroe’s time in Britain and France as a diplomat, and I loved seeing Elizabeth’s jewelry in this room! Don’t miss the fun gift shop before you leave! The James Monroe Museum is a perfect stop for any presidential history buff. Add it to your list to visit while in the historic town of Fredericksburg. Read my post about making this stop part of a Virginia Presidential Sites Road Trip! Helpful hints: Cost: $6/adults; $2/kids 6-17 Recommended: 10 and up Tour time: 30 minutes Gift shop onsite and online Dining options: Downtown Fredericksburg is a great place to eat with lots of local restaurants in colonial buildings. We enjoyed our huge slices of pizza at Benny Vitali’s. Nearby hotels: Fredericksburg has many chain options – check out the listings on the visitor information site. The nearest one is a Courtyard by Marriott in the downtown district. Nearby attractions: Kenmore, Mary Ball Washington House and other Washington heritage museums, Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Battlefields (includes Chancellorsville, The Wilderness, Chatham Manor, and Stonewall Jackson’s death site), carriage tours, Rappahannock Railroad Museum, Wilderness Adventure Park, and Fun Land Other Monroe sites include: Highland, Birthplace, Hollywood Cemetery, and his Washington, DC home (now the Arts Club) Books to Read: All links below are Amazon affiliate links. Be sure to check out my Presidential book list on Bookshop.org, an Amazon alternative that supports independent bookstores. Adult/Young Adult: James Monroe: A Life Last Founding Father: James Monroe and a Nation’s Call to Greatness The Virginia Dynasty: Four Presidents and the Creation of the American Nation Middle Grade: James Monroe (The United States Presidents) James Monroe and the Battle of Trenton: A 15-Minute Heroes in History Book Our Country’s Presidents: A Complete Encyclopedia of the U.S. Presidency The Next President: The Unexpected Beginnings and Unwritten Future of America’s Presidents Virginia is for Adventurers Picture Books: James Monroe: Fifth President, 1817-1825 (Getting to Know the US Presidents) P Is for President
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	43	https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/12668	en	The Metropolitan Museum of Art	https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12668/34236/main-image	https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12668/34236/main-image	[ "https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12668/34236/main-image", "https://www.metmuseum.org/Rodan/dist/svg/rolling-0.9s-30px.svg", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cctd4ker/production/f34562cd2cb90b41c387d48763be4bd5ecebc140-250x305.jpg?w=250&fit=crop", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cctd4ker/production/4d6ab187e34104a0182d18508dbfe73e1676f539-250x323.jpg?w=250&fit=crop", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cctd4ker/production/403bde63c3db12ba8f59e410f8653a0379eefa98-250x335.jpg?w=250&fit=crop", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cctd4ker/production/d558b42a926a96ac373b15af48dd894728744683-250x365.jpg?w=250&fit=crop", "https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cctd4ker/production/5891b663963787501fe8b2b4af4b633c974dd49e-250x340.jpg?w=250&fit=crop", "https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/3970/preview", "https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12664/preview", "https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12669/preview", "https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12661/preview", "https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12662/preview", "https://www.metmuseum.org/-/media/images/about-the-met/collection-areas/american-wing/the-american-wing-court_teaser.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Stuart", "Gilbert", "Oil", "Canvas", "Paintings", "North and Central America", "United States", "New York", "New York City" ]	null	[]	null	John Doggett, Boston, 1820–1839; Abel Phillips, Boston, by 1839; Honorable Peter A. Porter, Niagara Falls, New York, 1851–1856; A. B. Douglas, Brooklyn, until 1857; Abiel Abbot Low, Brooklyn, 1857–died 1893; his son, Abiel Augustus Low, Brooklyn; his wife, Mrs	en	https://www.metmuseum.org/content/img/presentation/icons/favicons/favicon.ico?v=3	The Metropolitan Museum of Art	https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/12668	The fifth president of the United States, James Monroe, was a Virginian who enjoyed the advantages of being the disciple and political protégé of Thomas Jefferson. Before becoming president, he had held many diplomatic posts, including service as ambassador to France and to England. The year after this picture was completed, he issued the famous Monroe Doctrine, a statement against any intervention from foreign governments in the affairs of the hemisphere. The three-quarter pose at a desk with books and papers, the billowing drapery, and the liberal use of strong, pure red are all elements of a formula that Stuart, like the Spanish Goya, frequently employed in portraits of statesman.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	14	https://mrnussbaum.com/president-5-james-monroe-biography-presidents-series	en	President 5 - James Monroe Biography - Presidents Series	https://mrnussbaum.com/favicon.png	https://mrnussbaum.com/favicon.png	[ "https://mrnussbaum.com/images/logo.svg", "https://mrnussbaum.com/storage/uploads/activities/worldimages/monroe.jpg", "https://mrnussbaum.com/storage/uploads/activities/pres/monroeportrait.jpg", "https://mrnussbaum.com/storage/uploads/activities/images/james%20_monroe_stamp.jpg", "https://mrnussbaum.com/storage/uploads/activities/ads/adthis.png", "https://mrnussbaum.com/images/white-logo.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia . He attended the College of William and Mary before joining the Continental Army, where he was wounded at the Battle of Trenton in 1776.	en	https://mrnussbaum.com/favicon.png		null	Early Life James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia . He attended the College of William and Mary before joining the Continental Army, where he was wounded at the Battle of Trenton in 1776. It is Monroe who is depicted holding the flag in the famous painting of Washington crossing the Delaware . The image is also depicted on the back of the New Jersey state quarter. After the war, he practiced law in Fredericksburg and married Elizabeth Kortright in 1786. Numerous Important Political Positions Monroe's political career moved quickly in the new nation. He participated in the Continental Congress from 1783 to 1786 and was elected as a Virginia Senator in 1790. From 1794-1796, he served as Minister to France during the French Revolution. From 1799-1802, he served as Virginia's Governor and he served as Minister of the Court of St. James (Ambassador to England) from 1803 to 1807 in Thomas Jefferson's administration. During the Madison administration, Monroe served at various times as Secretary of State and Secretary of War. Monroe as Minister to France President During the Era of Good Feeling In 1816, James Monroe was elected America's fifth president. His presidency lasted two terms from 1817-1825 and was referred to as The Era of Good Feeling because of the relative lack of political bitterness between the Federalists and the Democratic-Republican Party. The "good feeling," however, was short-lived as a painful economic depression swept through the country as a result of the Panic of 1819. That same year, Congress became locked in a bitter debate over the admission of Missouri as a slave state that finally ended with the Missouri Compromise in 1820. As part of the compromise, Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine as a free state. James Monroe Postage Stamp The Monroe Doctrine Monroe is probably best known for the Monroe Doctrine, a document largely written by John Quincy Adams. The document outlined America's foreign policy stance and proclaimed neutrality in European affairs. It also condemned European colonization and declared that such colonization in North and South America was a direct threat to the United States. The Third of the First Five Presidents to die on July 4th After his second term in office ended in 1825, Monroe lived at Monroe Hill on the campus of the University of Virginia. The current campus served as Monroe’s farm from 1788 to 1817, when he sold it to the university. Racked by debt, he lived a humble existence before moving to New York City after the death of his wife in 1830. He died on July 4, 1831, of tuberculosis and heart failure, becoming the third president to die on July 4. He was originally buried in New York City but now lies in Richmond, Virginia. In 1824, the capital city of the African nation of Liberia was renamed Monrovia in his honor. It is the only foreign capital named after a US president.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	3	58	https://www.in.gov/counties/	en	Counties: Home			[ "https://www.in.gov/global/images/logo_in-seal.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-03-11T15:39:13-04:00		en	/global/images/favicon.ico	Counties	https://www.in.gov/counties/	Indiana County Information Map Discover Indiana's counties with ease using our interactive county map resource. Whether you're a resident or a visitor, this map provides a convenient platform to access a wealth of information and resources specific to each county. Simply click on any county or choose from the dropdown menu to explore a range of websites and resources tailored to that area. From government services to local attractions, this map streamlines your search for relevant information, making it a valuable tool for anyone navigating Indiana's diverse landscape. Other local online resources can be accessed below, scroll down to view them. Topics include Community, Elections, Government, Places & Events, Other Sites of Interest, and Other County Information on IN.gov.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	0	76	https://davesjoint.net/2024/04/01/the-city-game-james-monroe-campus-establishes-themselves-citywide/	en	The City Game: James Monroe Campus Establishes Themselves Citywide	https://davesjoint.net/w…5037-1.jpg?w=800	https://davesjoint.net/w…5037-1.jpg?w=800	[ "https://davesjoint.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cropped-13631498_10210066924173723_3176050382832076278_n.jpg?w=108", "https://davesjoint.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/mg_5706-1.jpg?w=682", "https://davesjoint.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/mg_5979-1.jpg?w=682", "https://davesjoint.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/mg_5636-1.jpg?w=682", "https://davesjoint.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/mg_6310-1.jpg?w=682", "https://davesjoint.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/mg_6242-1.jpg?w=682", "https://davesjoint.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/mg_6522-1.jpg?w=682", "https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/ab7624c9e3751363c98c37ad7ed2e4eadfd8256c7e0adc53446617a69c578210?s=46&d=identicon&r=G", "https://davesjoint.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cropped-13631498_10210066924173723_3176050382832076278_n.jpg?w=50", "https://davesjoint.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cropped-13631498_10210066924173723_3176050382832076278_n.jpg?w=50", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-04-01T00:00:00	Photo courtesy of Dave's Joint. By David Cordova In this installment of our series, “The City Game,” as we will be talking about James Monroe Campus, as they are in the midst of a renaissance with their coach and are gaining attention around the city with their play. This season, there were plenty of high…	en	https://davesjoint.net/w…76278_n.jpg?w=32		https://davesjoint.net/2024/04/01/the-city-game-james-monroe-campus-establishes-themselves-citywide/	Photo courtesy of Dave’s Joint. By David Cordova In this installment of our series, “The City Game,” as we will be talking about James Monroe Campus, as they are in the midst of a renaissance with their coach and are gaining attention around the city with their play. This season, there were plenty of high school teams that had plenty of pizzazz, plenty of fight on the court, plenty of grit, and just a winning attitude. There’s plenty of teams that aren’t expected to win, there’s teams that make something out of so little. One of those teams is the Eagles of James Monroe Campus of The Bronx. If you knew the origins of their rise, you would see why they have that hunger. When you’ve been down for so long and toiled in obscurity for years and years, it feels great to get some recognition. Such is the case for Monroe, who from the start of the season until the end, hit the ground running. This is the journey of the Eagles. The South Bronx is the place where hip-hop got started and it is also the place where many got their start before making the big-time, especially in sports and entertainment. One area in particular in the South Bronx that is very historical for the hip-hop scene is the Bronx River Houses, a NYCHA housing project in the Soundview area that is between various MTA subway lines, such as the 6 train that stops at Elder Avenue, which is a walk away from the projects and the 2 & 5 trains that stop at 174th Street, which is a long walk or a short bus ride on the BX 36 bus. Bronx River is the place that produced famed hip-hop DJ Afrika Bambataa, and also some great entertainers such as Judy Craig of the R&B group, The Chiffons, and also DJ Jazzy Jay, and also famed streetball emcee, Joe Pope. But across the street from the Bronx River Houses are the grounds of one of the borough’s most historic high school buildings in James Monroe Educational Campus, which was once James Monroe High School. The original James Monroe High School opened in 1924, and was a huge building once upon a time where many from the area went and got a good high school education. It is the alma mater of such famous people such as actor Danny Aiello, former District Attorney and current New York Supreme Court justice Robert Johnson, and athletes, including baseball players such as Hank Greenberg and Ed Kranepool, who both played in the Major Leagues for many years, and also Danny Almonte, a former Little League star who was also a standout for the school in the mid-2000’s, and also basketball players such as the late Lennie Rosenbluth, who was a key member of the first-ever national championship team at the University of North Carolina in 1957, and also famed streetballer, Malloy “Future” Nesmith, who scored 61 points in a high school game in 1987, before going on to be a standout on the New York City playground scene in the late 1980’s and going into the 21st century. The original James Monroe High School closed down in 1997, due to poor academic performance, and the building on 172nd Street & Boynton Avenue now is hone to seven different schools, which includes a night school for overaged and under-credited high schoolers trying to finish out their high school diplomas. When you get past the metal detectors, you see an old-school vibe in the building. In the hallway on the first floor of the building, there is a plaque which has pictures of famous alumni, and also a case that showcases the exploits of the school’s athletics programs, including the varsity basketball program’s 2002-03 city championship team, in which the Eagles won the PSAL “B” division title and earned a chance to go on to the New York State Federation Tournament up in Glens Falls, a town in upstate New York. When you go upstairs to the gym, you have to go up to the second floor and it’s a maze and go past another staircase to get into the place where the Eagles do their seasonal work. Walking into the gym, you’ll see plenty of pictures of the Eagles’ exploits from the past couple of years, as well as a shrine dedicated to the late Brandon Hendricks, a beloved member of the program and a standout who was killed just two days after his high school graduation in the early morning hours of June 28th, 2020. Since his passing, a local community organization called the Bronx Rising Initiative has named a scholarship in his honor, and awards high school seniors $20,000 ($5,000 per year) in scholarship money to help them through four years of college. Hendricks’ name also has been immortalized in songs by rappers, most notably Columbia Records recording artist, “B-Lovee.” For a time afterwards, Monroe players could be seen wearing t-shirts in his honor, with the words, “B. Diddy,” and the No. 5 on the back as a fitting tribute. Another unique thing about the gym is the balcony in the gym. Whenever there’s a big game in the gym, it’s standing-room only, with students and people from the community packing the bleacher seats and adjacent areas to the baseline to see the Eagles in action. But one of the keys to the program is the man on the sideline. When one thinks of Christopher “Glasses” Salgado, some things that can be said about him is that he is a guy that is big on family and unity and is someone that cares about the youth. A 2009 graduate of James Monroe Educational Campus, he definitely has pride for his alma mater, which is why he is on the sidelines building the program today. Although Nigel Thompson and Jeremy Howard are listed as the head coaches on the PSAL website, the man they call “Glasses,” has helped tremendously to bring attention to what’s going on at 1300 Boynton Avenue. When he’s not coaching Monroe, he’s also the commissioner of the high school division at the Watson Basketball Classic, a Nike-sponsored tournament located just a few blocks away from Monroe Campus. Salgado also runs his own summer-league team, Road To Riches/B5 Elite, which is known for their great play on the asphalt. Whether coaching or running a tournament, Salgado definitely is about spreading positivity and leading the youth to greater heights. Last summer, on August 30th, to be exact, he led his Eagles into the championship game of the Smartball Classic, a prestigious summer league in Harlem that takes place prior to the school year. In the matchup against their borough rivals, Eagle Academy I, Monroe outplayed their counterparts, banging on the boards, and also getting clutch baskets, which would aid them in the 67-61 victory. Following the game, the team celebrated as if they had won the PSAL championship. However, it was a small step towards something greater. Salgado taught his players how to be a family. When the chips are down, unity will stand the test of time. The Eagles’ roster consists of a bunch of hard-working and talented players that will be ready to put in work on the floor, anywhere, anytime. In the backcourt, there was the tandem of junior guards Amadou Barry and Muhamed Jaiteh and sophomore guard Mohamed Rashid and senior guard Bryan Baugh. In the front court, were players such as junior forward Harvin Guevara, senior forward Al-Hassan Jalloh, junior forward Karifala Conde and sophomore forward Jaydyn Coronado. On the floor, the Eagles were one of the best teams in the borough of The Bronx, as they finished 16-12 overall, with an 11-3 record in the PSAL Bronx/Manhattan 4A division, finishing second to Eagle Bronx. However, many in the city and in surrounding areas would know just how special Monroe’s team was, as they were able to play in many non-league events, and played against tough teams such as Newark Arts (NJ), Brooklyn Collegiate, South Shore, Cardinal Hayes, Nazareth and Christ the King and Pocono Mountain West. In a sense, the Eagles were road warriors. Wherever they were invited, they played. And they played tough. Although they lost some of those games that they played, those games were moral victories, because they played tough and lost by close margins. They did end up beating Nazareth, who would be the CHSAA’s regular-season champions and this year’s finalists in the AA division. As a result of their rise, they would be named one of the few Nike Elite teams in New York City, which means that they were given gear, which contained backpacks, sweatsuits, sneakers, socks, compression shorts, etc. And also, being that they played in the Swoosh Classic on Jan. 6th at Christ the King High School in Middle Village, Queens, they were part of a video montage with all of the teams that played in the event, with plenty of highlights from past games. Unfortunately, their season would come to a bittersweet end on March 7th, in the second round of the PSAL 4A playoffs, as they lost to South Shore, whom they played back in January during MLK Weekend, also in Brooklyn. No matter what lies ahead of them, the Eagles are on the rise. As Coach Salgado and his troops get ready to play in summer asphalt tournaments, they will also be in the school gym on the second floor on Boynton Avenue, preparing for the next school year and season that awaits. Their success shows that good things can happen in the Soundview section of The Bronx. In the next installment of “The City Game,” we will chronicle the St. Peter’s Eagles, the most dominant program in the borough of Staten Island that has continued to have success year in and year out and also represent their borough in the CHSAA.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	80	https://constitutionus.com/presidents/president-james-monroe/	en	US President James Monroe	https://constitutionus.c…/jamesmonroe.gif	https://constitutionus.c…/jamesmonroe.gif	[ "https://cfw43.rabbitloader.xyz/eyJjIjp0cnVlLCJoIjoiY29uc3RpdHV0aW9udXMuY29tIiwidiI6MzI2ODU3OTA0NywiaSI6IjNmNzZlNmFhLWU1YmYtNDIwNy0zYjE5LTI4NDkyZDE4OWMwMCJ9/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/uslogo.png", "https://cfw43.rabbitloader.xyz/eyJjIjp0cnVlLCJoIjoiY29uc3RpdHV0aW9udXMuY29tIiwidiI6MzI2ODU3OTA0N30/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/jamesmonroe-q4kttvn0ovsnmny3pfmmmcytal7a615mbyfp6gpifm.gif", "https://cfw43.rabbitloader.xyz/eyJjIjp0cnVlLCJoIjoiY29uc3RpdHV0aW9udXMuY29tIiwidiI6MzI2ODU3OTA0NywiaSI6IjYxMzQ3OTZiLWIwYjMtNDY5Ny0yYWRmLTRhYzVlYjE2NzcwMCJ9/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/president-james-monroe.jpg", "https://cfw43.rabbitloader.xyz/eyJjIjp0cnVlLCJoIjoiY29uc3RpdHV0aW9udXMuY29tIiwidiI6MzI2ODU3OTA0NywiaSI6ImU2ZGU5NTE4LTc1M2MtNDI0MS1jYmQ3LWU5NzE5NGI3ZTgwMCJ9/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/rushmore-presidents.jpg", "https://cfw43.rabbitloader.xyz/eyJjIjp0cnVlLCJoIjoiY29uc3RpdHV0aW9udXMuY29tIiwidiI6MzI2ODU3OTA0NywiaSI6IjFmMDI3ZmVjLTliODUtNGQwNC0xMGVhLWU3NGM3N2FmYmIwMCJ9/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/new-orleans.jpg", "https://cfw43.rabbitloader.xyz/eyJjIjp0cnVlLCJoIjoiY29uc3RpdHV0aW9udXMuY29tIiwidiI6MzI2ODU3OTA0NywiaSI6IjBjZTg3NGM0LTkzZGEtNDU5MC1iZWJiLWU0OWJkY2Q4YTIwMCJ9/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/james-madison.jpg", "https://cfw43.rabbitloader.xyz/eyJjIjp0cnVlLCJoIjoiY29uc3RpdHV0aW9udXMuY29tIiwidiI6MzI2ODU3OTA0NywiaSI6ImU0MTYyZjczLTY2NGQtNGU2Ny1jMGQwLTkyMDIyYjlhMGEwMCJ9/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/fort-mchenry.jpg", "https://cfw43.rabbitloader.xyz/eyJjIjp0cnVlLCJoIjoiY29uc3RpdHV0aW9udXMuY29tIiwidiI6MzI2ODU3OTA0NywiaSI6ImE2ZWM4NWU3LTAyYTEtNDc1ZC0xYzU1LTc2NjhjZWM2OTMwMCJ9/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/white-house-washington.jpg", "https://cfw43.rabbitloader.xyz/eyJjIjp0cnVlLCJoIjoiY29uc3RpdHV0aW9udXMuY29tIiwidiI6MzI2ODU3OTA0NywiaSI6ImRjMzgwN2UwLTM1ZGQtNGIyMC1jZTkyLTY0YWRjYTZiZTUwMCJ9/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/cuban-missile-crisis.jpg", "https://cfw43.rabbitloader.xyz/eyJjIjp0cnVlLCJoIjoiY29uc3RpdHV0aW9udXMuY29tIiwidiI6MzI2ODU3OTA0NywiaSI6ImY1NGNhMDM2LTAzZTAtNDViOC0yODQxLTFiNDdmYmYyM2IwMCJ9/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/enslaved-people.jpg", "https://cfw43.rabbitloader.xyz/eyJjIjp0cnVlLCJoIjoiY29uc3RpdHV0aW9udXMuY29tIiwidiI6MzI2ODU3OTA0NywiaSI6IjNmNzZlNmFhLWU1YmYtNDIwNy0zYjE5LTI4NDkyZDE4OWMwMCJ9/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/uslogo.png", "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/772e0e80ee0e4dbc346c80f275dde532?s=300&d=mm&r=g" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Edward Savey" ]	2021-07-06T08:10:10+00:00	James Monroe was a founding father and a US President in 1816. He helped determine the Territories of the US. He is also known for the Monroe Doctrine.	en	https://constitutionus.c…logo-100x100.png	Constitution of the United States	https://constitutionus.com/presidents/president-james-monroe/	The Presidency of James Monroe The term “Founding Fathers” is still one that brings immediate respect. The men who founded the United States of America were among the most influential of their time and are still highly revered for shaping the constitution and creating the foundations of democracy in the country. A handful of these men would become President of the United States. The last of these was James Monroe. While James Monroe doesn’t always get the same recognition level as Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, or Benjamin Franklin, his long political career was monumental. He would also create a doctrine that would shape foreign policy for more than a century. James Monroe’s Long Career in Politics The story of James Monroe in American Politics starts long before his election as president in 1816. After serving in the Continental Army and Virginia Militia during the Revolutionary War, Monroe entered politics as the Virginia delegate to Continental Congress. After four years in the Continental Congress, he was appointed to the role of United States Minister to France under the orders of George Washington. Washington was the first of many presidents that Monroe worked with. In 1803, Monroe became Thomas Jefferson’s Minister to Great Britain. After a second run as Governor of Virginia, Monroe became United States Secretary of State to President James Madison. During this six-year post, he would also be Secretary of War between September 1814 and March 1815. Then, finally, he would assume the role of President after Madison stood down. Monroe’s Influence on the Louisiana Purchase One of the key parts of the Monroe legacy is his influence on the creation of territories and states in the evolution of the United States. Much of this would happen during his presidency, including the infamous Missouri Compromise and the Louisiana Purchase of 1800. At the time, James Monroe was Thomas Jefferson’s special envoy and later his Minister to Great Britain. Jefferson sent him to France to assist in the negotiation of the acquisition of Louisiana from France. There was a strong desire in the US for the nation to take control of New Orleans and control trade in the Mississippi River. Therefore, Monroe needed to deal with the French while maintaining an alliance with the British. The French would agree to sell the whole of Louisiana for $15 million. However, Monroe had only been instructed to spend $9 million for New Orleans and West Florida. Monroe saw the opportunity for further expansion amid conflict over the ownership of West Florida. While he went against the president, he was later supported by Jefferson and Congress. Further attempts to acquire West Florida from Spain were unsuccessful at that time. The 1816 Presidential Election Monroe’s work in politics to this point made him the obvious candidate to take over from President James Madison at the time of the 1816 election. He was a popular choice within his own party, but there was still a strong challenge from William H. Crawford. One of the controversial talking points was the prospect of creating a Second Bank of the United States, which Crawford strongly opposed. The party went with Monroe, who would face the Federalist Rufus King in the election. Monroe ended up winning all but three states, taking 183 out of 217 Electoral College votes, to become the fifth president of the United States. The Era of Good Feelings and Monroe’s Place in Unifying the Nation The Era of Good Feelings is an awkwardly named period in American history where there was a growing sense of positivity and unity in the country. The nation was healing from the War of 1812, and people were desiring to come together once more. In addition, Monroe’s election and the Federalist Party’s demise following King’s loss meant less political dispute and more focus on the nation’s future. President Monroe would emphasize this with his frequent tours and visits across the nation. The Panic of 1819 Of course, the mood in the United States would sour a few years later as President Monroe and his administration had to deal with The Panic of 1819. Another event with a simplistic name, the “Panic,” was a period of growing fear over the economy. The United States had fallen into a state of depression as prices rose and imports and exports declined. The state-regulated banks were able to supply the public’s demand for paper money, and there was little Monroe could do on a federal level. Rates of unemployment, bankruptcy, and foreclosures erupted. The 1820 Presidential Election Even though there were great economic problems in the United States from 1819, and the Era of Good Times was over, Monroe would go on to a comfortable win in his second election. The reason for this was simple – he ran unopposed. There was no opposition party at the time as no one had emerged to take the place of the Federalists. What makes the result even more interesting is that there wasn’t a unanimous vote from the Electoral College despite only one candidate. The elector from New Hampshire cast his vote for John Quincy Adams. At the time, it was seen as a moment of protest against Monroe. However, he later stated that he did so to ensure that Washington did not lose the honor of being the only unanimously elected president. James Monroe and the Monroe Doctrine Few presidents have had such an influence on foreign policy in the United States as James Monroe. Although he was one of the earliest presidents, and his aims related to a country not even 50 years old, his policy would shape his successors’ actions for more than a century. Monroe was concerned about the relationship between Europe and the Western Hemisphere and would express this in his speech to Congress in 1823. As a result, the policy would be known as the Monroe Doctrine, a concept adapted and employed by numerous presidents. The concept of the speech was, at the time, quite simple and open to interpretation. Monroe would talk about the idea of separate spheres of influence – one in the East around Europe and Asia and one in the West. An emerging power The United States was the new power in the Western Hemisphere. It was deemed that any act of force on a nation in the Western Hemisphere would threaten the security of the United States. This was an attempt to discourage any further European intervention around the nation. The French and British could not come and invade Central America or a Caribbean nation without incurring the wrath of the new American nation. The Impact of the Monroe Doctrine on Later Presidents In 1842, President John Tyler would use the basis of the Monroe Doctrine in his plans to protect the islands of Hawaii from invasion. There was interest in the Hawaiian islands on both sides of the world. The Americans were keen to see the nation annexed as a territory of the United States. Meanwhile, Emperor Napoleon was keen on taking them for France. Tyler would threaten the French using the principles of the Monroe Doctrine, although he would call the policy the Tyler Doctrine instead. Different interpretations of the Monroe Doctrine One of the more interesting developments of the Monroe Doctrine came in the alternative interpretations of the document by both Roosevelts. On one side, Theodore Roosevelt used the “Big Stick” approach, where the United States could act against aggressors and help protect neighboring countries under threat. Here, the idea was that the Monroe Doctrine forced the United States into action if there were similar threats against the Western Hemisphere. He used this to justify interventions in Central America and the Caribbean. On the other hand, Franklin D. Roosevelt favored a softer approach, intending to be seen more like the “Good Neighbor” to these nearby nations. Cuban missile crisis In 1962, further tensions with Cuba and the escalation of the Cuban Missile Crisis led to President John F. Kennedy invoking the Monroe Doctrine. Soviet Union forces had begun building missile launching sites on the island, leading to retaliation from the US. The Monroe Doctrine would mean that the Soviets violated the principle – with the power exerted by the Eastern country on the Western Hemisphere island seen as a threat to United States national security. Following this, President Reagan and President Bush would use the Monroe Doctrine to justify their action in South and Central America. The Missouri Compromise Of course, Monroe’s time in power allowed for much more than just the Monroe Doctrine. Another important development was the Missouri Compromise. The Compromise would allow Missouri to join the Union as a slave state, with the additional promise that slavery was banned in any territory north of the parallel 3630′ north. This divide between northern and southern states would play an important part in a geographical divide between free and slave-owning states that would intensify later in the century. James Monroe’s Views on Slavery One of the most important aspects of the Missouri Compromise was slavery in the United States. This leads to questions over Monroe’s personal views on slavery and the rights of slaves. Before his time in politics, Monroe had been a plantation owner, which included the ownership of many slaves. Some of these were later sold off to cover debts. With that said, he was an opponent of slavery during his presidency but did not favor promoting the cause of emancipation due to the conflicts it would cause. An interesting consideration here is the fact that Monroe was a member of the American Colonization Society. This organization supported the colonization of Africa by freed slaves. This support would lead to the creation of Liberia’s capital Monrovia. The Expansion of the United States During James Monroe’s Time in Power The Missouri Compromise and the admission of Missouri as a state of the Union were just part of a wider expansion of the nation’s territories. Five states were admitted between Monroe’s first election and the end of his run. Mississippi was first on December 10th, 1817. Then there was one every year, with Illinois in 1818, Alabama in 1819, Maine in 1820, and Missouri in 1821. Furthermore, the United States would secure Florida as a territory thanks to the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819. Monroe’s Life After Leaving the White House in 1825 and Death James Monroe’s time in office finally ended in 1825, and he returned to Virginia. Unfortunately, he did so with ongoing financial issues and would have to sell off his plantation. Still, he was appointed as a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-1830 and as a board of visitors for the University of Virginia. In 1831, Monroe died from complications of both heart failure and tuberculosis. Incredibly, he died on Independence Day, as did his predecessors John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. He is buried at the President’s Circle in Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, and the tomb is a National Historic Landmark. The Legacy of James Monroe Today Considering all that James Monroe was able to achieve during his time in the White House and his influence in politics before his election, it is surprising he is not better known. Jefferson and Washington are the Founding Father presidents that come to mind first. The fact that they are also carved in stone at Mount Rushmore helps. Some would argue that Monroe would have earned a place there too. His attempts to secure and unify the nation during his presidency were significant. However, the full extent of his influence wouldn’t be seen until long after Mount Rushmore was authorized. Any time a president talks about the power of the United States and the history of conflict with the Eastern Hemisphere, we can attach Monroe’s name to the debate. That is his full legacy.
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]	null	[]	2006-06-22T20:32:05+00:00	Monroe County, located in west central Georgia about fifty miles south of Atlanta and twenty-five miles north of Macon, is the state’s fiftieth county. It was named for James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States. Creek Indians held the land until 1821, when they were impelled to surrender it in a treaty signed […]	en	/apple-touch-icon.png	New Georgia Encyclopedia	https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/counties-cities-neighborhoods/monroe-county/
correct_death_00070	FactBench	0	21	https://www.americanrevolution.org/james-monroe-biography/	en	James Monroe Biography & Facts	https://www.americanrevo…s-monroe-min.jpg	https://www.americanrevo…s-monroe-min.jpg	[ "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/american-revolution-logo-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/american-revolution-logo-white-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/american-revolution-logo-white-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/american-revolution-logo-white-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/american-revolution-logo-white-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/edward-st-germain-headshot-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/edward-st-germain-headshot-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/james-monroe-min.jpg", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/james-monroe-2-min.jpg", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/james-monroe-2-min.jpg", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/plugins/american-revolution/assets/images/american-revolution-favicon.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/plugins/american-revolution/assets/images/american-revolution-favicon.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Journals-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Journals-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Primary-Sources-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Primary-Sources-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/plugins/american-revolution/assets/images/american-revolution-favicon.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/plugins/american-revolution/assets/images/american-revolution-favicon.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Journals-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Journals-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Primary-Sources-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Primary-Sources-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/plugins/american-revolution/assets/images/american-revolution-favicon.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/plugins/american-revolution/assets/images/american-revolution-favicon.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Journals-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Journals-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Primary-Sources-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Primary-Sources-min.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/american-revolution-logo-white-min-1024x358.png", "https://www.americanrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/american-revolution-logo-white-min-1024x358.png", "https://images.dmca.com/Badges/dmca_protected_sml_120n.png?ID=95987250-45c9-4a85-a639-c083de23a153", "https://images.dmca.com/Badges/dmca_protected_sml_120n.png?ID=95987250-45c9-4a85-a639-c083de23a153" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Edward St. Germain" ]	null	Learn about James Monroe, fifth President of the United States. Read a biography and key facts about James Monroe.	en	https://www.americanrevo…re-min-32x32.png	AmericanRevolution.org	https://www.americanrevolution.org/james-monroe-biography/	Contents Quick facts Born: 28 April 1758 in Westmoreland County, Virginia. James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States, serving two terms from 1817 to 1825, a period known as the “Era of Good Feelings” due to the decline in partisan politics. He is best known for the Monroe Doctrine (1823), a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy that opposed European colonialism in the Americas. Monroe served as an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and was wounded at the Battle of Trenton. He held several important diplomatic positions, including Minister to France and to the United Kingdom, and also served as Secretary of State and Secretary of War under President Madison. Monroe played a significant role in the Louisiana Purchase negotiations while he was the Minister to France. As president, he supported internal improvements and oversaw the Missouri Compromise, addressing the issue of slavery’s expansion into new territories. Died: 4 July 1831 in New York, NY. Buried at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia. Biography James Monroe, fifth president of the United States, was born on Monroe’s Creek, a tributary of the Potomac River, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on 28 April 1758. His father, Spence Monroe, was of Scotch descent and his mother, Elizabeth Jones, was of Welsh descent. At the age of 16 he entered the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia — but he left in 1776 to take part in the American Revolutionary War. Monroe enlisted in the Third Virginia Regiment, where he became a lieutenant, and subsequently took part in the battles of Harlem Heights, White Plains, Trenton (where he was wounded), Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. In November 1777 he was appointed volunteer aide-de-camp to William Alexander — Lord Stirling, with the rank of major, and thereby lost his rank in the Continental Army. But in the following year, at General Washington’s solicitation, he received a commission as lieutenant-colonel in a new regiment to be raised in Virginia. In 1780 he began the study of law under Thomas Jefferson, then governor of Virginia, and between the two there developed an intimacy and a sympathy that had a powerful influence upon Monroe’s later career. In 1782 he was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates, and though only 24, he was chosen a member of the governor’s council. He served in the Congress of the Confederation from 1783 to 1786 where he was conspicuous for his vigorous insistence upon the right of the United States to the navigation of the Mississippi River, and for his attempt, in 1785, to secure for the weak Congress the power to regulate commerce — in order to remove one of the great defects in the existing central government. On retiring from Congress Monroe began the practice of law at Fredericksburg, Virginia. He was chosen a member of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1787; in 1788 was a member of the State Convention that ratified the Constitution of the United States for Virginia. In 1790 he was elected to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William Grayson. There he vigorously opposed Washington’s administration. Nevertheless, on 27 May 1794 Washington nominated him as minister to France. It was the hope of the administration that Monroe’s well-known French sympathies would secure for him a favorable reception, and that his appointment would also conciliate the friends of France in the United States. However his warm reception in France and his enthusiastic Republicanism displeased the Federalists at home. And he did nothing to reconcile the French to the Jay Treaty, which they regarded as a violation of the French Treaty of Alliance of 1778 and as a possible casus belli. The administration therefore decided that he was unable to represent his government properly and in late 1796 recalled him. Monroe returned to the U.S. in the spring of 1797, and the following December published a defense of his actions in a pamphlet of 500 pages entitled A View of the Conduct of the Executive in the Foreign Affairs of the United States. Washington seems never to have forgiven Monroe for this, though Monroe’s opinion of Washington and Jay underwent a change in his later years. In 1799 Monroe was chosen Governor of Virginia and was twice re-elected, serving until 1802. At this time there was much uneasiness in the United States as a result of Spain’s restoration of Louisiana to France by the secret treaty of San Ildefonso (Oct-1800) and the subsequent withdrawal of the right of deposit at New Orleans by the Spanish intendant greatly increased this feeling — leading to much talk of war. Resolved upon peaceful measures, President Jefferson in January 1803 appointed Monroe Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to France. There he aided Robert R. Livingston, the resident minister, in purchasing the territory at the mouth of the Mississippi, including the island of New Orleans. At the same time he cooperated with Charles Pinckney, the minister at Madrid, in securing from Spain the cession of East and West Florida. On 18 April Monroe was further commissioned as the minister to Great Britain. He joined Livingston in Paris on 12 April after the negotiations were well under way; and the two ministers, on finding Napoleon willing to dispose of the entire province of Louisiana, decided to exceed their instructions and effect its purchase. Accordingly, on 30 April they signed a treaty and two conventions, whereby France sold Louisiana to the United States. In July 1803 Monroe left Paris and entered upon his duties in London. In the autumn of 1804 he proceeded to Madrid to assist Pinckney in his efforts to secure the definition of the Louisiana boundaries and the acquisition of the Floridas. After negotiating with Don Pedro de Cevallos, the Spanish minister of foreign affairs, from January to May 1805 without success, Monroe returned to London and resumed his negotiations — which had been interrupted by his journey to Spain — concerning the impressment of American seamen and the seizure of American vessels. As the British ministry was reluctant to discuss these vexed questions, little progress was made and in May 1806 Jefferson ordered William Pinkney of Maryland to assist Monroe. The British government appointed Lords Auckland and Holland as negotiators and the result of the deliberations was the treaty of 31 December 1806, which contained no provision against impressments and provided no indemnity for the seizure of goods and vessels. In passing over these matters Monroe and Pinkney had disregarded their instructions, and Jefferson was so displeased with the treaty that he refused to present it to the Senate for ratification and returned it to England for revision. Just as the negotiations were re-opened, however, the questions were further complicated and their settlement delayed by the attack on American frigate Chesapeake by the British ship Leopard. Monroe returned to the United States in December 1807. He was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in spring 1810. The following winter he was again chosen governor, serving from January to November 1811, when he resigned to become Secretary of State under President James Madison — a position which he held until the 3 March 1817. The direction of foreign affairs in the troubled period immediately preceding and during the War of 1812 with Great Britain thus devolved upon him. On 27 September 1814, after the disaster of Bladensburg and the capture of Washington by the British, he was appointed Secretary of War to succeed General John Armstrong. In addition to his duties at the State Department, he discharged the duties of this office until until March 1815. In 1816 Monroe was elected President of the United States (he received 183 electoral votes, and Rufus King, his Federalist opponent, 34). And when he was re-elected in 1820 he received all the electoral votes but one — which was cast for John Quincy Adams — in order, it is said, that no one might share with Washington the honor of a unanimous election. The chief events of the Monroe administration, which has been called the era of good feeling, were the Seminole War (1817 – 18); the acquisition of the Floridas from Spain (1819 – 21); the Missouri Compromise (1820), by which the first conflict over slavery under the constitution was peacefully resolved; the veto of the Cumberland Road Bill (1822) on constitutional grounds; and — most intimately connected with Monroe’s name — the enunciation in the presidential message of 2 December 1823 of what has since been known as the Monroe Doctrine, which has profoundly influenced the foreign policy of the United States. On the expiration of Monroe’s second term, he retired to his home at Oak Hill, Virginia. In 1826 he became a regent of the University of Virginia, and in 1829 was a member of the convention called to amend the state constitution. Having neglected his private affairs and incurred large expenditures during his missions to Europe, he experienced considerable pecuniary embarrassment in his later years, and was compelled to ask Congress to reimburse him for his expenses in the public service. In 1826 Congress finally authorized the payment of $30,000 to him, and after his death appropriated a small amount for the purchase of his papers from his heirs. Monroe died in New York City on 4 July 1831, while visiting his daughter. In 1858, the centennial year of his birth, Monroe’s remains were reinterred with impressive ceremonies at Richmond, Virginia. Jefferson, Madison, John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, and Thomas Hart Benton had all spoken strongly in Monroe’s praise; but he suffers by comparison with the greater statesmen of his time. Possessing none of their brilliance, he had — to use the words of John Quincy Adams — a mind … sound in its ultimate judgments, and firm in its final conclusions.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	38	https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/elizabeth-kortright-monroe/	en	Elizabeth Kortright Monroe	https://www.whitehouse.g…social-share.png	https://www.whitehouse.g…social-share.png	[ "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/themes/whitehouse/assets/img/wh-outline.svg", "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/themes/whitehouse/assets/img/bottomcta-logo.svg", "https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/themes/whitehouse/assets/img/footer-seal.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2021-01-12T03:40:44+00:00	Elizabeth Kortright Monroe served as First Lady of the United States from 1817 to 1825 as the wife of the fifth President, James Monroe. Romance glints	en	/favicon.ico	The White House	https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/elizabeth-kortright-monroe/	Elizabeth Kortright Monroe served as First Lady of the United States from 1817 to 1825 as the wife of the fifth President, James Monroe. Romance glints from the little that is known about Elizabeth Kortright’s early life. She was born in New York City in 1768, daughter of an old New York family. Her father, Lawrence, had served the Crown by privateering during the French and Indian War and made a fortune. He took no active part in the War of Independence; and James Monroe wrote to his friend Thomas Jefferson in Paris in 1786 that he had married the daughter of a gentleman, “injured in his fortunes” by the Revolution. Strange choice, perhaps, for a patriot veteran with political ambitions and little money of his own; but Elizabeth was beautiful, and love was decisive. They were married in February 1786, when the bride was not yet 18. The young couple planned to live in Fredericksburg, Virginia, where Monroe began his practice of law. His political career, however, kept them on the move as the family increased by two daughters and a son who died in infancy. In 1794, Elizabeth Monroe accompanied her husband to France when President Washington appointed him United States Minister. Arriving in Paris in the midst of the French Revolution, she took a dramatic part in saving Lafayette’s wife, imprisoned and expecting death on the guillotine. With only her servants in her carriage, the American Minister’s wife went to the prison and asked to see Madame Lafayette. Soon after this hint of American interest, the prisoner was set free. The Monroes became very popular in France, where the diplomat’s lady received the affectionate name of la belle Americaine. For 17 years Monroe, his wife at his side, alternated between foreign missions and service as governor or legislator of Virginia. They made the plantation of Oak Hill their home after he inherited it from an uncle, and appeared on the Washington scene in 1811 when he became Madison’s Secretary of State. Elizabeth Monroe was an accomplished hostess when her husband took the Presidential oath in 1817. Through much of the administration, however, she was in poor health and curtailed her activities. Wives of the diplomatic corps and other dignitaries took it amiss when she decided to pay no calls–an arduous social duty in a city of widely scattered dwellings and unpaved streets. Moreover, she and her daughter Eliza changed White House customs to create the formal atmosphere of European courts. Even the White House wedding of her daughter Maria was private, in “the New York style” rather than the expansive Virginia social style made popular by Dolley Madison. A guest at the Monroes’ last levee, on New Year’s Day in 1825, described the First Lady as “regal-looking” and noted details of interest: “Her dress was superb black velvet; neck and arms bare and beautifully formed; her hair in puffs and dressed high on the head and ornamented with white ostrich plumes; around her neck an elegant pearl necklace. Though no longer young, she is still a very handsome woman.” In retirement at Oak Hill, Elizabeth Monroe died on September 23, 1830; and family tradition says that her husband burned the letters of their life together. The biographies of the First Ladies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The First Ladies of the United States of America,” by Allida Black. Copyright 2009 by the White House Historical Association.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	3	74	https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-08-02-0083	en	From James Madison to James Monroe, 27 November 1784	http://founders.archives.gov/lib/media/Madison-200x200.png	http://founders.archives.gov/lib/media/Madison-200x200.png	[ "https://founders.archives.gov/lib/media/natl-arch-logo.png", "https://founders.archives.gov/lib/media/rotunda-white-on-blue.png", "https://founders.archives.gov/lib/media/clear.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	From James Madison to James Monroe, 27 November 1784	en	/favicon.ico		http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-08-02-0083	Your favor of the 15th inst: came to hand by thurdayâs post. Mine by the last post acknowledged your preceding one. The umbrage given to the Comsrs. of the U. S. by the negociations of N. Y. with the Indians was not altogether unknown to me, though I am less acquainted with the circumstances of it than your letter supposes.1 The Idea which I at present have of the affair leads me to say that as far as N. Y. may claim a right of treating with Indians for the purchase of lands within her limits, she has the confederation on her side; as far as she may have exerted that right in contravention of the Genl. Treaty, or even unconfidentially with the Comisrs. of Congs. she has violated both duty & decorum. The fÅderal articles give Congs. the exclusive right of managing all affairs with the Indians not members of any State, under a proviso, that the Legislative authority, of the State within its own limits be not violated. By Indian[s] not members of a State, must be meant those, I conceive who do not live within the body of the Society, or whose Persons or property form no objects of its laws. In the case of Indians of this description the only restraint on Congress is imposed by the Legislative authority of the State. If this proviso be taken in its full latitude, it must destroy the authority of Congress altogether, since no act of Congs. within the limits of a State can be conceived which will not in some way or other encroach upon the authority [of the] States. In order then to give some meaning to both parts of the sentence, as a known rule of interpretation requires, we must restrain this proviso to some particular view of the parties. What was this view? My answer is that it was to save to the States their right of preemption of lands from the Indians. My reasons are. 1. That this was the principal right formerly exerted by the Colonies with regard to the Indians. 2. that it was a right asserted by the laws as well as the proceedings of all of them, and therefore being most familiar, wd. be most likely to be in contemplation of the Parties; 3. that being of most consequence to the States individually, and least inconsistent with the general powers of Congress, it was most likely to be made a ground of Compromise. 4. it has been always said that the proviso came from the Virga. Delegates, who wd naturally be most vigilant over the territorial rights of their Constituents.2 But whatever may be the true boundary between the authority of Congs. & that of N. Y. or however indiscreet the latter may have been, I join entirely with you in thinking that temperance on the part of the former will be the wisest policy. I concur with you equally with regard to the ignominious secession at Annapolis.3 As Congs. are too impotent to punish such offences, the task must finally be left to the States and experience has shown in the case of Howel, that the interposition of Congs. agst. an offender instead of promoting his chastisements, may give him a significancy wch. he otherwise wd. never arrive at and may induce a State to patronize an act which of their own accord they would have punished.4 I am sorry to find the affair of Mr. de Marbââs taking so serious a face. As the insult was comitted within the jurisdiction of Pena. I think you are right in supposing the offender could not be transferred to another jurisdiction for punishment. The proper questions therefore are 1. whether the existing law was fully put in force agst. him by Pa.? 2. whether clear provision has been made by that State agst. like contingenc[i]es? Nothing seems to be more difficult under our new Governments, than to impress on the attention of our Legislatures a due sense of those duties which spring from our relation to foreign nations. Several of us have been labouring much of late in the G. Assembly here to provide for a case with which we are every day threatenâd by the eagourness of our disorderly Citizens for Spanish plunder & Spanish blood. It has been proposed to authorize Congs. whenever satisfactory proof shall be given to them by a foreign power of such a crime being committed by our Citizens within its jurisdiction as by the law of Nations call for Surrender of the Offender, & the for[e]ign power shall actually make the demand, that the Executive may at the instance of Congs. apprehend & deliver up the offender. That there are offences of that class is clearly stated by Vattel in particular, & that the business ought to pass through Congs. is equally clear. The proposition was a few days ago rejected in Committee of the whole. To day in the report of the Comme. it has been agreed to by a small majority. This is the most material question that has agitated us during the week past.5 The Bill for a Religious Assesst. has not been yet brought in. Mr. Henry the father of the Scheme is gone up to his Seat for his family & will no more sit in the H. of Delegates, a circumstance very inauspicious to his offspring. An attempt will be made for circuit Courts, & Mr. Jones has it in contemplation to try whether any change has taken place in the Sentiments of the H. of D on the subject of the Treaty.6 He will write to you by this post & I refer to him for what I may have omitted. With sincere regard & esteem I am Dr. Sir Yr. friend & servt. J. Madison Jr.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	1	82	https://npg.si.edu/blog/james-monroe-era-good-feelings	en	James Monroe: "The Era of Good Feelings"			[ "https://npg.si.edu/sites/all/themes/si_npg/logo.svg", "https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/page-header/npg-00106.jpg?itok=bVBQGHxf", "https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/teaser/3rdfloor.jpg?itok=VpukFgtZ", "https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/page-header/dayofdead.jpg?itok=1s4gbX_W", "https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/johnm.jpg?itok=6zM0cQqs", "https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/teaser/mariamag.jpg?itok=PyRiDmIW", "https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/promotion/npg-00930.jpg?itok=xL-GISsM", "https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/blog/6a00e550199efb88330133f226b740970b-800wi.jpg", "https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/signup.jpg", "https://logs1.smithsonian.museum/dcspo6flobdzpxj37ughfpuai_5o5r/njs.gif?dcsuri=/nojavascript&WT.js=No&WT.tv=10.4.23&dcssip=www.si.edu" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2010-07-08T15:31:00-04:00	James Monroe / John Vanderlyn / Oil on canvas, 1816 / National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution This article is written by Caroline Larson, an Art History and French major from Brigham Young University who is interning at the National Portrait Gallery. She writes about John Vanderlyn’s 1816 portrait of James Monroe, owned by the Portrait Gallery. This blogpost	en	https://npg.si.edu/favicon.ico		https://npg.si.edu/blog/james-monroe-era-good-feelings	This article is written by Caroline Larson, an Art History and French major from Brigham Young University who is interning at the National Portrait Gallery. She writes about John Vanderlyn’s 1816 portrait of James Monroe, owned by the Portrait Gallery. This blogpost originally appeared July 8, 2010 James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia. He enrolled at the College of William and Mary for two years but left in 1776 to enlist in the Third Virginia Regiment. He served as a lieutenant, major, and aide to General William Alexander before beginning to study law with Thomas Jefferson. In 1782 Monroe was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates and served as a delegate to the Confederation Congress from 1783 to 1786. He married Elizabeth Kortright in 1786 and began practicing law in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Monroe was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1790 and worked with James Madison to establish the Democratic-Republican Party. Appointed minister to France by George Washington in 1794, Monroe worked to maintain friendship with that country. From 1799 to 1802 he was governor of Virginia. In 1803 Jefferson appointed Monroe to assist in buying a port on the Mississippi. Although unauthorized for the action, Monroe and his colleagues accepted Napoleon’s offer of the Louisiana Territory. Monroe then served as minister to Great Britain from 1803 to 1807. Madison appointed Monroe secretary of state in 1811 and secretary of war in 1814. In 1817 Monroe became the fifth president of the United States. This heralded the beginning of what became known as the “Era of Good Feelings” and a temporary end to the two-party system with the death of the Federalist Party. Monroe was the last of the Revolutionary generation to hold the presidency. Most of Monroe’s most noteworthy achievements as president were in foreign affairs. On December 2, 1823 he declared that European interference on the American continent would be regarded as an unfriendly act and that the Americas were closed to further colonization. Later known as the Monroe Doctrine, his declaration received little notice at the time but became key in future American foreign policy. Monroe also secured Florida for the United States with the Adams-Onis Treaty with Spain, and attempted to solve conflict over free and slave states with the Missouri Compromise. His second term as president ended in 1825 and in 1827 he retired to his estate. After his wife’s death in 1830, Monroe moved to New York City, where he died on July 4, 1831.
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"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/24WHHSA-Evergreen-Join-Lightbox-NewTemplate-720x400_2024-05-03-161111_lbhn.jpg", "https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/24WHHSA-Evergreen-Join-Lightbox-NewTemplate-450x450_2024-05-03-161116_yspg.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Considered the last “Founding Father” president, James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758 into an affluent, slave-owning family in Westmoreland County, Virginia....	en	/favicon.ico	WHHA (en-US)	https://www.whitehousehistory.org/bios/james-monroe	Considered the last “Founding Father” president, James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758 into an affluent, slave-owning family in Westmoreland County, Virginia. His parents, Spence and Elizabeth Monroe, had aspirations for their eldest son, sending him to nearby Campbelltown Academy. James’ childhood changed dramatically when both of his parents passed away within two years of each other. Joseph Jones, who became a paternal surrogate for the Monroe children, encouraged James to continue his education by attending the College of William & Mary. Monroe enrolled but later left to enlist in the Continental Army’s Third Virginia Infantry Regiment. After the war, Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright in 1786; the couple had three children together. In terms of military, political, administrative, and diplomatic experience, James Monroe was one of the most qualified individuals to ascend to the presidency during the nineteenth century. He fought in the American Revolution and was wounded at the Battle of Trenton; served in the legislative bodies of the Virginia General Assembly and the United States Senate, as well as Governor of Virginia; held diplomatic posts across Europe for different administrations; and served as Secretary of State and Secretary of War (briefly acting in both capacities) during the James Madison administration. He also studied law with Thomas Jefferson—in fact, because of his relationship with Jefferson, Monroe purchased land adjacent to Monticello in Albemarle County, calling it Highland. This plantation was one of several properties that Monroe owned during his lifetime—along with over 200 enslaved people who provided the labor to sustain the family, their guests, and the comforts they enjoyed. Some of these individuals accompanied the Monroes to Washington as well, and later the White House. Click here to learn more about the enslaved households of President James Monroe. In 1803, President Jefferson entrusted Monroe and Robert Livingston to acquire territory from France and secure access to the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans. The men exceeded all expectations, acquiring New Orleans and some 828,000 square miles west of the Mississippi for $15 million. The Louisiana Purchase opened up new opportunities for white settlers—often at the expense of Native Americans—and it also created a volatile mix of expansionism and slavery. As the country expanded westward, the issue of permitting slavery in new territories would continue to threaten a fragile Union. The Missouri Compromise of 1820, signed by President Monroe, temporarily defused the situation. After the War of 1812, the United States experienced the “Era of Good Feelings”—relative political peace, economic growth, and nationalist fervor. President Monroe invigorated this spirit with goodwill tours throughout the country and ensuring that the public buildings at Washington—including the President’s House—were restored after they were destroyed by the British. Working with Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Monroe professed American sovereignty from European nations while asserting a national right of influence over the western hemisphere. This idea, later called the “Monroe Doctrine,” shaped the next century of international relations between the United States and the world, influencing American presidents and policymakers who sought to make the country a global power.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	3	62	https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Monroe_County,_West_Virginia_Genealogy	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	96	https://www.founderoftheday.com/founder-of-the-day/monroe-war	en	The Youthful Service of a Future President	http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a96eda83c3a539c1c4aa54d/5ab1b4b6b2a84dd9badfb172/5d6b198c4f45fb0001136aee/1567418446390/james+monroe.PNG?format=1500w	http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a96eda83c3a539c1c4aa54d/5ab1b4b6b2a84dd9badfb172/5d6b198c4f45fb0001136aee/1567418446390/james+monroe.PNG?format=1500w	[ "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a96eda83c3a539c1c4aa54d/1567300825830-9PTI02U4E5O1JSJIZE9S/james+monroe.PNG", "https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41rz%2Bq%2BPupL.jpg", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a96eda83c3a539c1c4aa54d/1646582996791-48VTBMBBMEWQJ86MG752/hunt.png", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a96eda83c3a539c1c4aa54d/1642555687495-KB26OG36438172T4ADBU/founder.png", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a96eda83c3a539c1c4aa54d/1642350408611-9PN7OD8CGWXG3JGOLJB6/hull.png", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a96eda83c3a539c1c4aa54d/1575305264978-8TCUMJ1MKTFGYI5Y01UH/merch.png", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a96eda83c3a539c1c4aa54d/1616786844457-0DSGK2STA8RYI0L3VYUZ/Founder+1+%283%29.png", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a96eda83c3a539c1c4aa54d/1567210181405-L58KDYX1A0VZV68I10H8/george.PNG", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a96eda83c3a539c1c4aa54d/1630198691340-Q5OJOTCUBHZXJK81PLEX/monroe.png", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a96eda83c3a539c1c4aa54d/1561862922483-VKTW155YUWINTBIZ1IP1/madison.PNG", "https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a96eda83c3a539c1c4aa54d/1606091232952-2276QAQWPIUHP1PVXE97/monroe.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Jason Mandresh" ]	2019-09-02T06:00:00-04:00	It is easy to forget that, before he was President, James Monroe was a young man who fought bravely during the Revolutionary War.	en	https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5a96eda83c3a539c1c4aa54d/1569426955383-J5CVUCSDJZKJPHLG53TW/favicon.ico?format=100w	Founder of the Day	https://www.founderoftheday.com/founder-of-the-day/monroe-war	We usually remember James Monroe as the fifth President of the United States. Unfortunately, it is easy to forget how he got there. It is even easier to forget that he was a hero of the Revolutionary War. Let’s take a look at his service with the Continental Army. James Monroe Goes To War In September of 1775, a 17-year-old James Monroe dropped out of the College of William and Mary to join the Continental Army. Monroe had many well-placed connections, including his uncle Joseph Jones. Jones was able to use his position in the Virginia House of Burgesses to secure James an officer’s commission. Despite his young age, Monroe excelled in reading and writing and so was named a Lieutenant. He joined the 3rd Virginia Regiment which was led by Colonel Thomas Marshall (father of Monroe’s future rival John Marshall). James’ Company was captained by William Washington, a cousin of the Commander-in-Chief. Wounded at Princeton Monroe and his comrades trained for several months before heading north to meet with the Main Army. They arrived in New York just in time to join the retreat to Pennsylvania in the aftermath of the disastrous Battle of Brooklyn. James was a young man who was eager to join the fight, and that opportunity arose with the surprise attack against the German mercenaries at the Battle of Trenton. Monroe ran in alongside William Washington and the two heroically captured an enemy cannon before it could be used against the Americans. Unfortunately, both were wounded. Monroe, in particular, had been struck in the shoulder and probably severed an artery as he almost bled out yet somehow narrowly escaped death. Failed Recruiter After several months of healing, James Monroe was commissioned as a Captain and sent to Virginia to recruit men. Along the way, he stopped in Philadelphia to meet with Director of Hospitals William Shippen, Jr. James had been sent by General Washington to collect ointments for smallpox which had broken out at Mount Vernon. Upon his return home, Monroe attempted to raise his Company, but was unable to do so. This was largely due to his limited personal wealth and therefore inability to pay soldiers (who were mostly older than him) to follow him to war. Aide-de-Camp Monroe returned to the Main Army where, despite his earlier failure, he was promoted to Major and named an aide-de-camp to Lord Sterling. James spent a year and a half working with Sterling, including overseeing parts of the Battle of Monmouth. Desiring a field command, Monroe resigned his position with Sterling and returned to Virginia where he was again given the opportunity to raise a Company, this time for action in the Carolinas. Unfortunately, he was once again unable to recruit the appropriate number of men. Farewell to Arms After five years of war, the now-22-year-old James Monroe decided it was time to leave the Continental Army. Instead, he went to Williamsburg and began studying law under the sitting Governor...Thomas Jefferson. This relationship would eventually turn into multiple decades worth of leadership in the young nation. James did partially serve the military one last time when Jefferson sent him to the Carolinas as a sort of proto-war correspondent, letting the Governor know what was going on with the army. Soon thereafter, Monroe was elected to the Virginia Assembly who sent him as a Representative to the Continental Congress. His time as a soldier had ended, but a long career to the highest offices in the land was just beginning. James Monroe has appeared in many articles I have written. Here are a few of my favorites: 7 Important Events in James Monroe’s Life Madison Beats Monroe - The Small Election with Big Implications The Constitutional Society of Virgini Despite being a President of the United States, James Monroe is an extremely underrated Founder. ‘The Last Founding Father’ is one of the best of many books written about a person who was involved throughout the American Founding. From his time as a young man at war to Commander-in-Chief during the Era of Good Feelings. If you’d like a copy you can get one through the Amazon affiliate link below (you’ll support this site, but don’t worry, Amazon pays me while your price stays the same).
correct_death_00070	FactBench	0	60	https://www.facebook.com/p/James-Monroe-High-School-Bronx-NY-100069917687361/	en	Bei Facebook anmelden	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico	[ "https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/y1/r/4lCu2zih0ca.svg", "https://facebook.com/security/hsts-pixel.gif?c=3.2.5" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Melde dich bei Facebook an, um dich mit deinen Freunden, deiner Familie und Personen, die du kennst, zu verbinden und Inhalte zu teilen.	de	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico	Facebook	https://www.facebook.com/login/web/
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	79	https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LCJQ-JT3/president-james-monroe-1758-1831	en	President James Monroe (1758â1831) â¢ FamilySearch	https://tree-portraits-p…dg/thumb200s.jpg	https://tree-portraits-p…dg/thumb200s.jpg	[ "https://ancestors.familysearch.org/static/media/heritage.svg", "https://ancestors.familysearch.org/static/media/traditional-dress.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-05-02T00:00:00	Discover life events, stories and photos about President James Monroe (1758â1831) of Westmoreland, Virginia, British Colonial America.			FamilySearch	https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LCJQ-JT3/president-james-monroe-1758-1831	When President James Monroe was born on 28 April 1758, in Westmoreland, Virginia, British Colonial America, his father, Spence Monroe, was 31 and his mother, Elizabeth Jones, was 29. He married Elizabeth Kortright on 16 February 1786, in New York City, New York County, New York, United States. They were the parents of at least 1 son and 2 daughters. He died on 4 July 1831, in New York City, New York, United States, at the age of 73, and was buried in New York City Marble Cemetery, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States. Do you know James? Do you have a story about him that you would like to share? Sign In or Create a FREE Account 1775 "Patrick Henry made his ""Give me Liberty or Give me Death"" speech in Richmond Virginia." 1776 Thomas Jefferson's American Declaration of Independence endorsed by Congress. Colonies declare independence. 1781 Â· The First Constitution Serving the newly created United States of America as the first constitution, the Articles of Confederation were an agreement among the 13 original states preserving the independence and sovereignty of the states. But with a limited central government, the Constitutional Convention came together to replace the Articles of Confederation with a more established Constitution and central government on where the states can be represented and voice their concerns and comments to build up the nation.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	3	35	https://www.stats.indiana.edu/profiles/profiles.asp%3Fscope_choice%3Da%26county_changer%3D18105	en	Page Not Found: STATS Indiana			[ "https://www.stats.indiana.edu/images/Stats_logoNEWgold.gif", "https://www.stats.indiana.edu/images/hbtnLogo.png", "https://www.stats.indiana.edu/images/icons/twitter48.png", "https://www.stats.indiana.edu/images/icons/facebook48.png", "https://www.stats.indiana.edu/images/icons/linkedin48.png", "https://www.stats.indiana.edu/images/icons/email16.png", "https://www.stats.indiana.edu/images/IFI_logo_reverse.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/images/stats_icon.ico		null	Page Not Found The web page you were attempting to view may no longer exist or may have moved. The navigation or the search box can help you find what you're looking for.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	3	42	https://www.crapo.senate.gov/services/tours/presidential-homes	en	U.S. Senator Mike Crapo	https://www.crapo.senate…es/sharelogo.jpg	https://www.crapo.senate…es/sharelogo.jpg	[ "https://www.crapo.senate.gov/assets/images/logo.svg", "https://www.crapo.senate.gov/assets/images/logo.svg", "https://www.crapo.senate.gov/imo/media/image/arlington_house.jpg", "https://www.crapo.senate.gov/imo/media/image/Highland.JPG", "https://www.crapo.senate.gov/imo/media/image/blair_house.jpg", "https://www.crapo.senate.gov/imo/media/image/berkeley_plantation.jpg", "https://www.crapo.senate.gov/imo/media/image/ferry_farm.jpg", "https://www.crapo.senate.gov/imo/media/image/kenmore_house.jpg", "https://www.crapo.senate.gov/imo/media/image/lincoln_cottage_soldiers_home.jpg", "https://www.crapo.senate.gov/imo/media/image/Monticello%202.jpg", "https://www.crapo.senate.gov/imo/media/image/Montpelier%202.jpg", "https://www.crapo.senate.gov/imo/media/image/mount_vernon.jpg", "https://www.crapo.senate.gov/imo/media/image/poplar_forest.jpg", "https://www.crapo.senate.gov/imo/media/image/white_house.jpg", "https://www.crapo.senate.gov/imo/media/image/woodrow_wilson.jpg", "https://statse.webtrendslive.com/dcs222ztslux2fjeubga3o14a_8m8e/njs.gif?dcsuri=/nojavascript&WT.js=No&WT.tv=10.4.0&dcssip=www.crapo.senate.gov" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	The Official U.S. Senate website of Senator Mike Crapo of Idaho	en	/assets/images/favicon.ico		https://www.crapo.senate.gov/services/tours/presidential-homes	Four of the first five U.S. presidents made Virginia their home: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and James Monroe. Along with the White House, in the area in and around Washington, DC, you can visit Mount Vernon, Washington's home; Woodrow Wilson's home (he was the only President to settle in DC following his presidency); and several other residences and locations in the area closely connected with current and former Presidents. Additionally, within a few hours' drive of Washington, DC, you can visit several homes and sites that were significant in the lives of Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and other Founding Fathers. You will find information below on Presidential homes as well as other historic homes that may be of interest. Please note that most of the properties are not open on Thanksgiving Day, Christmas and New Year's Day. Hours of operation are usually reduced during the fall and winter months. Arlington House (the Custis-Lee Mansion) (703) 235-1530 Located on the grounds of Arlington National Cemetery Hours and Admission Generally 9:30am-4:30pm, some extended hours in the summer. Check the Arlington House website for today's hours. Closed January 1, December 25 No admission charged; reservations are not required, but groups are limited to 25 at one time. This was the home of Robert E. Lee and his family for 30 years, it was originally built by George Washington Parke Custis as a memorial to his step-grandfather George Washington. It was in this house that Robert E. Lee wrote his resignation letter from the U.S. Army on April 20, 1861. James Monroe's Highland (President James Monroe's home) (434) 293-8000 2050 James Monroe Parkway, Charlottesville, VA 22902 Hours and Admission 11am-5pm November-March 9am-6pm April-October Admission charged; guided house tours available Located in Albemarle County near Monticello (approximately two hours southwest of Washington, DC), Highland was home to our 5th President James Monroe for nearly a quarter of a century. The presidential home, which was built in 1799, burned down in the 1830s and was never rebuilt by Monroe. Research and work is underway to uncover the foundation of the home and to add insight into the life of a Founding Father. The tour offered includes an augmented reality option that gives insight into the lives of enslaved people who lived and worked there. You can also tour the Monroes’ 1818 guest house. Blair House 1651-1653 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC Not open for public tours, but visible from Pennsylvania Avenue across from the White House. Blair House is the official state guest house for the President of the United States. It was built in 1824 in the Federal Style, and first served as a private home for Joseph Lovell, the first Surgeon General of the U.S. The name comes from Francis Preston Blair, Sr., who served as a member of Andrew Jackson’s “Kitchen Cabinet” and co-publisher of the Globe, who purchased the property in 1836. The federal government purchased the house in 1942; since then, it has been the primary guest residence for foreign heads of state visiting the President. During Truman’s presidency, it served as the President’s residents while the White House was gutted and rebuilt (1948-52). The home is never open to the public. Berkeley Plantation (Harrison ancestral home) (804) 829-6018 12602 Harrison Landing Road, Charles City, VA 23030 Hours and Admission 10:30am-6:30pm - January-mid March 9:30am-4:30pm - mid March-December Grounds open until 5:30pm for ticketed guests Closed Thanksgiving, December 25 Admission charged; guided house tours available Considered one of the first great estates in America; the first official Thanksgiving was celebrated here on December 4, 1619. Berkeley Plantation was home to the Harrison family--6th President William Henry Harrison, and his grandson, the 23rd President Benjamin Harrison. Ferry Farm (George Washington's home) (540) 370-0732 268 Kings Highway, Fredericksburg, VA 22405 Hours and Admission 10am-5pm daily Closed January 1, Thanksgiving, December 24, 25, 31 Admission charged George Washington's family roots are deep in historic Fredericksburg. He lived on Ferry Farm from six years old to about 19 when he moved to Mount Vernon. John F. Kennedy residences, Georgetown area of Washington, D.C. 1528 31st Street, NW, Washington, DC 1400 34th Street, NW, Washington, DC 3271 P Street, NW, Washington, DC 3307 N Street, NW, Washington, DC No public access to residences During his tenure in the U.S. Senate, John F. Kennedy lived in four different houses in Georgetown. The homes are private residences and not available for tours; so please respect the privacy of the owners. But you can view them from the outside. Kenmore Plantation (Family home of George Washington's sister) (540) 373-3381 1201 Washington Avenue, Fredericksburg, VA 22401 Hours and Admission March to October: Monday-Saturday, 10am-5pm Sunday, Noon-5pm November to December: Monday-Saturday, 10am-4pm Sunday, Noon-4pm Closed Easter Sunday, Thanksgiving Day, and December 24, 25, & 31 Admission charged This Georgian mansion, built in the 1770s by Fielding and Betty Washington Lewis, George Washington's sister, is famous for its ornate plasterwork ceilings. Lincoln's Cottage (202) 829-0436 Soldier’s Home Grounds, 140 Rock Creek Church Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20011 Hours and Admission Monday-Saturday 9:30am–4:30pm Sunday 10:30am-4:30pm Admission charged; advance purchase strongly recommended This cottage, opened to the public in 2008, gives an intimate, never-before-seen view of Abraham Lincoln, who spent most of the summers during his presidency in this cottage, commuting to the White House daily by horseback or carriage. The cottage, formerly known as "Anderson Cottage and located on the grounds of the Soldier's Home, was designated a National Monument in 2000, and opened for public tours in February 2008 after a seven-year, $15 million restoration project. Monticello (Thomas Jefferson's home) (434) 984-9800 931 Thomas Jefferson Parkway, Charlottesville, VA 22902 Hours and Admission Hours for Monticello adjust seasonally. Please see Monticello's calendar for today's hours. Admission charged; guided house tours available Estate of Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and third President of the United States. Located in Albemarle County, Virginia, approximately two hours from Washington, DC; near James Monroe's Highland and Montpelier. Montpelier (James Madison's home) (540) 672-2728 11350 Constitution Highway, Montpelier Station, VA 22957 Hours and Admission Generally 9am-5pm but hours may adjust seasonally. Please see Montpelier's hours for today's times. Admission charged; guided house tours available. Home of James Madison, 4th President of the United States and the Father of the Constitution. Located about two hours southwest of Washington, DC, in the Blue Ridge Mountains outside of Charlottesville, Virginia, James Madison was raised at Montpelier and lived here for his entire life except during his presidency. Mount Vernon (George Washington's home) (703) 780-2000 3200 Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, Mount Vernon, VA 22121 Hours and Admission April-October 9am-5pm November-March 9am-4pm Admission charged Home and final resting place of America's 1st President, George Washington. During the time that Washington lived here (more than 45 years), Mount Vernon was an 8,000-acre plantation, which was divided into five farms; each was a complete unit. The farm where Washington and his family lived was called the "Mansion House Farm," and is the part of the plantation that we refer to today as "Mount Vernon." Washington inherited the property from his older half-brother, who named the property in honor of his commanding officer, Admiral Edward Vernon of the British navy. Poplar Forest (Thomas Jefferson's home) (434) 525-1806 1548 Bateman Bridge Road, Forest, VA 24551 Hours and Admission Open daily 10am-5pm March 15-December 30 Closed Easter, Thanksgiving Day, December 24-25 Admission charged; guided house tours available This plantation and octagonal-shaped home near Lynchburg, Virginia, was used as a retreat by our nation's 3rd President, Thomas Jefferson. He considered it "the most valuable" of his possessions and called it "the best dwelling house in the state except that of Monticello." The White House The White House Visitors Office 24-Hour Hotline at (202) 208-1631 Hours and Admission Tours are available Tuesday-Thursday, 7:30am to 11:30am 11:00am Friday-Saturday, 7:30am - 1:30pm No admission charged Please note that while my office is able to assist you with scheduling a tour, there are times when tours may be canceled without prior notice from the White House. For more information, please visit: www.whitehouse.gov The White House offers self-guided tours to patrons on a first-come-first-served basis. Reservations are required to tour the White House. Please contact my office for assistance in securing a tour reservation for your party. Upon request, my office will be asked to provide the White House with security information about each member of your party (including children). Upon submission of your request by my office, you will receive an email from the White House asking for this information, and the link provided in the link in the email will expire after 8 days. Due to extremely limited availability, it is highly recommended that tour requests be submitted as early as possible. Requests can be submitted up to three (3) months in advance and no less than 21 days in advance. If your party requests a visit that is less than 21 days away, the White House will not approve the tour request. Every President since John Adams has lived at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, one of the most famous addresses in the world. The White House is also the only private residence of a head of state that is open to the public. President George Washington oversaw construction of the building, but never resided in it. The White House survived a fire set by British troops in 1814, and another fire in the West Wing in 1929. The White House is six stories and includes 132 rooms, 35 bathroom and six levels, with 412 doors, 147 windows, 28 fireplaces, eight staircases and three elevators. While it’s now known as The White House (officially given by Theodore Roosevelt in 1901), it has also been known as the President’s Palace, the President’s House, and the Executive Mansion. Self-guided tours include the East Room and the Blue Room. President Woodrow Wilson's House (202) 387-4062 2340 S St., NW, Washington, DC 20008 Hours and Admission March – December: Wednesday-Sunday 10am-4pm Closed Monday, Tuesday, and major holidays including Easter Sunday, Thanksgiving Day, and December 25. January – February Friday-Sunday: 10am-4pm, Closed Monday – Thursday and major holidays Admission charged Groups of ten or more may be accommodated outside normal business hours with advance reservation. This 1915 Georgian Revival home in the Kalorama section of Washington, D.C., was the last home of President Woodrow Wilson. It has been preserved to reflect Wilson's era, and most of the furnishings are original. It has been called a "living textbook of modern American life in the 1920s." Notice: The links contained in this website are intended to provide a tool for easy navigation to sites related to the Washington, D.C. area. The content of the sites listed are the sole responsibility of those who maintain the websites. The views reflected in these sites are not necessarily the views of Senator Mike Crapo. In no way should a link from the website of the office of Senator Crapo be construed as an endorsement by Senator Crapo of that organization or the views contained in the site. Once you have left the Senator’s website, Senator Crapo is not responsible for the content of the website you may visit.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	59	https://www.monticello.org/thomas-jefferson/brief-biography-of-jefferson/	en	Thomas Jefferson - Biography, Legacies, & Facts	https://monticello-www.s…gehill-npg-2.jpg	https://monticello-www.s…gehill-npg-2.jpg	[ "https://monticello-www.s3.amazonaws.com/files/resources/portrait-full-med-jefferson-by-gilbert-stuart-edgehill-npg-2.jpg", "https://monticello-www.s3.amazonaws.com/files/pages/square-xsml-untitled-5.jpg", "https://monticello-www.s3.amazonaws.com/files/pages/square-xsml-martha-wayles-jefferson-dress-form-5.jpg", "https://monticello-www.s3.amazonaws.com/files/pages/square-xsml-tjvideos.jpg", "https://monticello-www.s3.amazonaws.com/files/resources/jefferson-by-trumbull-curbatch1-0001-2.jpg", "https://monticello-www.s3.amazonaws.com/files/resources/portrait-full-sml-f-1992-01-01-eow-0018-jefferson-by-mather-brown.jpg", "https://monticello-www.s3.amazonaws.com/files/pages/square-xsml-hobans-white-house-design-6.jpg", "https://monticello-www.s3.amazonaws.com/files/pages/square-xsml-untitled-6.jpg", "https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?center=Monticello&zoom=12&size=314x236&maptype=roadmap&markers=color:red%7C%7C38.0086043,-78.4531994&key=AIzaSyBmEa9qPbqp5KO2EPHe2J1so5O83oXWCQQ", "https://www.monticello.org//images/map.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Learn about Thomas Jefferson, best known for being the 3rd US President, and writing the Declaration of Independence. Explore his life, his plantation, & his enduring legacy.	en	https://www.monticello.org/favicon.ico	Monticello	null	Education and Professional Life After a two-year course of study at the College of William and Mary that he began at age seventeen, Jefferson read the law for five years with Virginia’s prominent jurist, George Wythe, and recorded his first legal case in 1767. In two years he was elected to Virginia’s House of Burgesses (the legislature in colonial Virginia). Portrait of Jefferson by John Trumbull, 1788 His first political work to gain broad acclaim was a 1774 draft of directions for Virginia’s delegation to the First Continental Congress, reprinted as a “Summary View of the Rights of British America.” Here he boldly reminded George III that, “he is no more than the chief officer of the people, appointed by the laws, and circumscribed with definite powers, to assist in working the great machine of government. . . .” Nevertheless, in his “Summary View” he maintained that it was not the wish of Virginia to separate from the mother country. Yet years later as a member of the Second Continental Congress and chosen to draft the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson put forward the Colonies’ arguments for declaring themselves free and independent states. The Declaration has been regarded as a charter of American and universal liberties. The document proclaims that all men are equal in rights, regardless of birth, wealth, or status; that those rights are inherent in each human, a gift of the creator, not a gift of government, and that government is the servant and not the master of the people. Jefferson recognized that the principles he included in the Declaration had not been fully realized and would remain a challenge across time, but his poetic vision continues to have a profound influence in the United States and around the world. Abraham Lincoln made just this point when he declared: All honor to Jefferson – to the man who, in the concrete pressure of a struggle for national independence by a single people, had the coolness, forecast, and capacity to introduce into a merely revolutionary document, an abstract truth, and so to embalm it there, that to-day and in all coming days, it shall be a rebuke and a stumbling-block to the very harbingers of reappearing tyranny and oppression. After Jefferson left Congress in 1776, he returned to Virginia and served in the legislature. In late 1776, as a member of the new House of Delegates of Virginia, he worked closely with James Madison. Their first collaboration, to end the religious establishment in Virginia, became a legislative battle which would culminate with the passage of Jefferson’s Statute for Religious Freedom in 1786. Elected governor from 1779 to 1781, he suffered an inquiry into his conduct during the British invasion of Virginia in his last year in office that, although the investigation was finally repudiated by the General Assembly, left him with a life-long pricklishness in the face of criticism and generated a life-long enmity toward Patrick Henry whom Jefferson blamed for the investigation. The investigation “inflicted a wound on my spirit which will only be cured by the all-healing grave” Jefferson told James Monroe. Portrait of Jefferson by Mather Brown, 1786 During the brief private interval in his life following his governorship, Jefferson completed the one book which he authored, Notes on the State of Virginia. Several aspects of this work were highly controversial. With respect to slavery, in Notes Jefferson recognized the gross injustice of the institution – warning that because of slavery “I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just: that his Justice cannot sleep for ever.” But he also expressed racist views of blacks’ abilities; albeit he recognized that his views of their limitations might result from the degrading conditions to which they had been subjected for many years. With respect to religion, Jefferson’s Notes emphatically supported a broad religious freedom and opposed any establishment or linkage between church and state, famously insisting that “it does me no injury for my neighbour to say there are twenty gods, or no god. It neither picks my pocket nor breaks my leg.” In 1784, he entered public service again, in France, first as trade commissioner and then as Benjamin Franklin's successor as U.S. minister. During this period, he avidly studied European culture, sending home to Monticello, books, seeds and plants, along with architectural drawings, artwork, furniture, scientific instruments, and information. In 1790 he agreed to be the first secretary of state under the new Constitution in the administration of the first president, George Washington. His tenure was marked by his opposition to the policies of Alexander Hamilton which Jefferson believed both encouraged a larger and more powerful national government and were too pro-British. Presidency In 1796, as the presidential candidate of the nascent Democratic-Republican Party, he became vice-president after losing to John Adams by three electoral votes. Four years later, he defeated Adams in another hotly contested election and became president, the first peaceful transfer of authority from one party to another in the history of the young nation. Perhaps the most notable achievements of his first term were the purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1803 and his support of the Lewis and Clark expedition. His second term, a time when he encountered more difficulties on both the domestic and foreign fronts, is most remembered for his efforts to maintain neutrality in the midst of the conflict between Britain and France. Unfortunately, his efforts did not avert a war with Britain in 1812 after he had left office and his friend and colleague, James Madison, had assumed the presidency. Death Despite his debts, when he died just a few hours before his friend John Adams on the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1826, he was optimistic as to the future of the republican experiment. Just ten days before his death, he had declined an invitation to the planned celebration in Washington but offered his assurance, “All eyes are opened, or opening, to the rights of man.” Jefferson wrote his own epitaph and designed the obelisk grave marker that was to bear three of his accomplishments and “not a word more:” HERE WAS BURIED THOMAS JEFFERSON AUTHOR OF THE DECLARATION OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE OF THE STATUTE OF VIRGINIA FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND FATHER OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA BORN APRIL 2, 1743 O.S. DIED JULY 4. 1826 He could have filled several markers had he chosen to list his other public offices: third president of the new United States, vice president, secretary of state, diplomatic minister, and congressman. For his home state of Virginia he served as governor and member of the House of Delegates and the House of Burgesses as well as filling various local offices — all tallied into almost five decades of public service. He also omitted his work as a lawyer, architect, writer, farmer, gentleman scientist, and life as patriarch of an extended family at Monticello, both white and black. He offered no particular explanation as to why only these three accomplishments should be recorded, but they were unique to Jefferson. Other men would serve as U.S. president and hold the public offices he had filled, but only he was the primary draftsman of the Declaration of Independence and of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, nor could others claim the position as the Father of the University of Virginia. More importantly, through these three accomplishments he had made an enormous contribution to the aspirations of a new America and to the dawning hopes of repressed people around the world. He had dedicated his life to meeting the challenges of his age: political freedom, religious freedom, and educational opportunity. While he knew that we would continue to face these challenges through time, he believed that America’s democratic values would become a beacon for the rest of the world. He never wavered from his belief in the American experiment. I have no fear that the result of our experiment will be that men may be trusted to govern themselves. . . . Thomas Jefferson, 2 July 1787 He spent much of his life laying the groundwork to insure that the great experiment would continue.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	0	40	https://www.presidentprofiles.com/Washington-Johnson/James-Monroe-Final-years.html	en	James Monroe			[ "https://www.presidentprofiles.com/bs/i/presidents-sm.png", "https://a.advameg.com/matomo.php?idsite=42&rec=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			null	During Monroe's last two years as president the struggle over the succession degenerated into what could be called the Era of Bad Feelings. Although Monroe was not a candidate, he was subjected to criticism—often of a petty nature. Crawford, Clay, and Jackson all saw it to their advantage to oppose administration policies. Adams and Calhoun (who withdrew from the campaign early in 1824) remained loyal to Monroe and restrained their supporters. The Crawfordites were especially bitter, since they felt that Monroe owed a particular debt to Crawford for not opposing him in 1816. Monroe remained neutral but the impression prevailed that he preferred Adams. It was a combination of congressional supporters of Jackson and Crawford who raised questions impugning the president's integrity in the management of the so-called Furniture Fund, money appropriated in 1817 and 1818 for the refurnishing of the White House. The investigation was handled in such a way as to leave a cloud of suspicion, although it was apparent that the only error had been inadequate bookkeeping by the agent Monroe engaged to manage the fund. The Crawfordites managed to generate considerable embarrassment for the president over the discovery that Ninian Edwards, a Calhoun supporter, had been the author of the "A.B. Letter," which questioned Crawford's management of the Treasury. The subsequent investigation, controlled by Crawford's friends, left the basic issues unanswered but placed the administration in the position of prodding Edwards, just appointed the first minister to Mexico, to resign. A further unpleasantness, stirred up by the Georgia delegation, was aimed at Calhoun but involved an attack on Monroe for refusing to force the Cherokee to agree to land cessions stipulated in earlier treaties. After the harassments of his last two years in office, it was with a sense of relief that Monroe relinquished the office to Adams in March 1825, happy to retire to Oak Hill and the life of a country gentleman, which he so much loved. He stayed aloof from the political squabbles of the day in spite of all efforts to involve him. He busied himself with the affairs of the University of Virginia, Jefferson's cherished educational project, attending the meetings of the Board of Visitors and serving as rector. Visits to Charlottesville were occasions of joyous reunions with Madison, the two being drawn together in an even closer bond after Jefferson's death in 1826. Monroe's last public service was as a member of the Virginia constitutional convention of 1829, also attended by Madison. Monroe was chosen president but was too feeble to preside, although he did speak on several occasions. After Monroe's retirement his most pressing concern was to lift the heavy debt, now amounting to $75,000, which had been accumulating since his first mission to France. The depressed state of Virginia land values made it impossible for him to sell Highlands. His efforts to obtain recompense for expenses of his past diplomatic missions (his accounts had never been settled with the State Department) were frustrated by the opposition of Jacksonians and Crawfordites. Finally, in February 1831, as news of the former president's financial plight became generally known, Congress appropriated $30,000 in settlement of his claims. The Bank of the United States took over Highlands in lieu of a $25,000 debt. The death of Monroe's wife early in 1830 prostrated him with grief; rarely had they ever been separated since their marriage. Monroe's health began to fail so rapidly that he moved to New York to live with his younger daughter, Mrs. Samuel L. Gouverneur. Oak Hill was put up for sale to pay the balance of his debts. Sadly he notified Madison in April 1831 that he would not be able to attend the meeting of the Board of Visitors. When Adams saw his predecessor at that time, he found Monroe extremely weak but nonetheless anxious to discuss the recent revolutions in Europe. On 4 July 1831—the fifth anniversary of the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson—Monroe died. The funeral, which took place in New York City, was attended by state and civic officials. Vast crowds lined the streets as the cortege made its way to the cemetery. Throughout the country his passing was observed by days of mourning, memorial services, and eulogies, the most moving of which was delivered in Boston by John Quincy Adams. In 1858, Governor Wise of Virginia planned to have Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe reburied in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, but only Monroe's remains were reinterred.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	0	56	https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/james-monroe-event-timeline	en	James Monroe Event Timeline			[ "https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/pictures/uc_santa_barbara_wordmark_black_rgb.svg", "https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/styles/doc_img/public/people/james-monroe.jpg?itok=zVYh8ACz", "https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/pictures/uc-santa-barbara-wordmark-white1x.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://www.presidency.u…avicon-app_0.png		https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/james-monroe-event-timeline	Inaugural Address. “In contemplating what we have still to perform, the heart of every citizen must expand with joy when he reflects how near our government has approached to perfection; that in respect to it we have no essential improvement to make; that the great object is to preserve it in the essential principles and features which characterize it, and that is to be done by preserving the virtue and enlightening the minds of the people ..." “Tours” eastern states and territories including Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Maine, Michigan, Vermont, and Ohio. Promotes national unity between Democratic-Republicans and Federalists. The tour has been regarded as the beginning of the “Era of Good Feelings,” a period characterized by a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans after the War of 1812. Authorizes three diplomats to go to South America to gather information about the governments in a letter to the acting Secretary of State. The commissioners set sail on August 24th and returning in July 1818. The First Seminole War begins after U.S. authorities attempt to capture runaway slaves living among the Seminole Indians. The Seminole people had begun hiding runaway slaves who escaped southern plantations. African descendants and Native Americans fought and won repeatedly against the United States military until Florida was forcibly acquired from Spain in 1819. With Monroe’s agreement, Secretary of War John Calhoun directs General Andrew Jackson to confront the Seminole Indians. “. . . [A]dopt the necessary measures to terminate a conflict which it has ever been the desire of the President. . .to avoid; but which is now made necessary by their Settled hostilities.” [Andrew Jackson Papers, vol IV, p. 163.] In a letter of 12/28/1817, Monroe himself authorized Jackson to take action against the Seminoles. In a Special Message to Congress, announces the occupation of Amelia Island (on the east coast of Florida) which had become a haven for pirates, and allegedly a haven for Venezuelan revolutionaries. States that Spain was unaware of these activities or “utterly unable to prevent them.” Execution ordered by General Jackson of two British citizens, Alexander Arbuthnot and Robert Ambrister. Both were convicted by a military tribunal of assisting US enemies in the Seminole War. This caused a diplomatic controversy and was later criticized by a report of a House Committee on Military Affairs. Signing of the Anglo-American Convention (also known as the Treaty of 1818) between Great Britain and the United States, which established the boundary between the U.S. and Canada, fishing rights, and an economic intervention on the issue of American slaves. The treaty is ratified by the Senate on 01/25/1819. Second Annual Message to Congress. Recounts the disagreements with Spain, and the US seizure of Amelia Island which had "become the theater of every species of lawless adventure." Also discusses General Jackson's actions in the Seminole War and promises to provide copies of correspondence with the General. Calls for Congress to consider legislation to "prevent the extinction" of "independent savage communities." This would require that "their independence as communities should cease, and that the control of the United States over them should be complete and undisputed." The goal would be "to civilize them." The Panic of 1819 begins and is the first widespread financial crisis in the U.S. Many factors contribute to this, including overexpansion of credit post-War of 1812, low prices of European imports, and the collapse of the export market, especially cotton prices, starting in the month of January. Rep. James Tallmadge Jr. (NY) offers two amendments to a Missouri Statehood Bill that catalyze a debate on slavery. One amendment would restrict further slavery in Missouri, and the other would set a timeline for freeing enslaved persons already in the territory. Signing in Washington City of the Adams-Onis Treaty with Spain, (also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, and ratified in 1821), which ceded Florida to the U.S., renounced claims to Oregon, gained recognition of Spanish sovereignty over Texas, and established the boundary line between the U.S. and New Spain. Signs the Steerage Act of 1819, (3 Stat 488) the first U.S. law regulating the conditions of travelers arriving and departing by sea. Required U.S. customs agents to produce a written manifesto of the passengers’ demographics and set the stage for quotas and selective bans of ethnic groups. Signs an act, (3 Stat 532), authorizing the Navy to patrol and implement more control to combat the importation of slaves after its abolition, which was attempted to return African slaves who had been brought to the U.S. illegally after the abolition of the slave trade in 1808. McCulloch v. Maryland establishes a precedent that states cannot tax federal agencies. The Supreme Court unanimously rules that the Necessary and Proper Clause grants the federal government implied powers and underscores the supremacy of the federal government over those of the states. State governments had proposed taxes on the Bank of the United States in reaction against the Bank recalling loans on land purchased from the Federal government. Signs the Missouri Compromise (3 Stat 545). The Act attempted to maintain a legislative balance between the pro-slavery South and anti-slavery North by delineating which states would be free and which would not. Maine would only be granted admission into the Union if Missouri was admitted as a slaveholding state. Monroe supported the Compromise. In a Special Message to the House, points out that under an agreement reached 04/24/1802 with the State of Georgia, there was agreement to "extinguish . . .the Indian title to all lands within [Georgia]." Requests funding adequate to negotiate a treaty with the Creek Indians to return property to citizens of Georgia. Signs the Tenure of Office Act (“An Act to limit the term of office of certain officers. . . “ 3 Stat 582) limiting the term in office of many appointees to four years, unless they were reappointed. Signs "an Act for the relief of the purchaser of public lands. . . " (3 Stat 612) permitted land purchasers to relinquish rights to a part of the land purchased with all payments on that relinquished land applied to any debts on other lands the purchaser retains. Interest on the relinquished land will be discharged. (See entry above 01/1819, Panic of 1819) Vetoes Cumberland Road Appropriation Bill, which would have provided for yearly improvements to the highway with federal funding, as he believed it was unconstitutional for the federal government to become involved in projects that warranted attention by state governments. This was Monroe’s first and only presidential veto. Seventh Annual Message to Congress articulates the “Monroe Doctrine.” States that the United States would recognize existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere, close the Western Hemisphere to future colonization, would not interfere in the internal affairs of or wars between European powers, and would interpret any attempt by a European power to control any nation in the Western Hemisphere as a hostile act against the United States. The Monroe Doctrine was met with a positive reception in Congress. In a Special Message to Congress, addresses the fact that the US have not yet "at their own expense extinguish for the use of Georgia the Indian title to all the lands within the State. . . " This is not for lack of trying, and should not be done by force. "An attempt to remove them by force would, in my opinion, be unjust." The best outcome would be for the tribes "to remove beyond the limits of our present States and Territories." Signs into law the Tariff of 1824 (4 Stat 25), which supported local manufactures and goods by raising protective tariff rates for such products as glass, lead, iron, and wool. Meant to protect American manufacturing, instead of cheaper British commodities. Gave a source of revenue for the federal government as well as support from northeastern manufacturing states. Eighth Annual Message to Congress. "It is a cause of serious regret that no arrangement has yet been finally concluded between [the United States and Great Britain] to secure by joint cooperation the suppression of the slave trade." Recommends enlarging the Corps of Engineers in the interest of surveying routes for roads and canals. Recommends making "a provision" for General Lafayette in light of his "important services, losses and sacrifices." Recommends exempting justices of the Supreme Court from circuit court duties. Discusses the interests of the United States on the Pacific Ocean and on the western coast of the continent. Proclaims the Russo-American Treaty of 1824 (also called the Convention of 1824) which had been signed in St. Petersburg 04/17/1824. The treaty consolidates US claims to the Oregon territory and provides for undisturbed ocean access by US citizens and subjects. (The treaty text can be found in the Statutes at Large vol. 8, p. 302.) In a Special Message to Congress recommends "removal of the Indian tribes from the lands which they now occupy. . . to the country lying westward and northward thereof, within our acknowledged boundaries. . . Experience has clearly demonstrated that, in their present state, it is impossible to incorporate them in such masses, in any form whatever, into our system . . . Their degradation and extermination will be inevitable.” In Special Message to the Senate, submits a treaty with the Creek Indians (concluded on 02/12/1825) in which they agreed to surrender their remaining lands. This was later ratified by the Senate on 03/07/1825. The treaty was subsequently recognized as fraudulent and replaced in 1826 by the Treaty of Washington. Signs an Act ( 4 Stat 101) confirming the incorporation of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, and authorizing the company to extend the canal into the District of Columbia, subject to an investigation to be ordered by the President.
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Tompkins Overview Born: April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia... Monroe, a charming man admired for his honesty, presided over two decisions that presaged the rest of 19th century American history — the Missouri Compromise and the Monroe Doctrine. The first represented the growing discord within the United States over the issue of slavery and the second asserted American influence in the Western hemisphere... Died: July 4, 1831. The Era Mary Shelley publishes Frankenstein (1818) The Venus de Milo is excavated (1820) Jean-Francois Champollion deciphers the Rosetta Stone (1822) Domestic Policy Upon his inauguration, Monroe chose to make a presidential tour of the states, the first such tour since Washington's. The effort to connect with citizens led a journalist to dub Monroe's time in office the "Era of Good Feeling." Good feelings were strained, however, when a bill admitting Missouri to statehood was introduced in Congress. By 1820, a compromise was reached by which Missouri was accepted as a state where slavery was legal but Maine was admitted at the same time as a free state. In addition, all future states north and west of Missouri were to be free states. The Missouri Compromise was a bitter pill for many to swallow and the admission of new states as free or slave became a major issue until the abolition of slavery. Foreign Affairs Monroe's first great diplomatic move occurred before he was president; as special envoy for Jefferson, Monroe seized on the opportunity to make the Louisiana Purchase. As president, he introduced the Monroe Doctrine, the principle that "the American continents... are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power." Britain, profiting from trade with newly independent nations in South America, offered to present this doctrine with Monroe as partners, but he turned them down, deciding to establish a separate and individual identity for the United States in the world.
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Hemisphere.	en	https://www.history.com/…e-touch-icon.png	HISTORY	https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/james-monroe	Early Years James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, to Spence Monroe (1727-74), a farmer and carpenter, and Elizabeth Jones Monroe (1730-74). In 1774, at age 16, Monroe entered the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. He cut his college studies short in 1776 to join the Continental Army and fight for independence from Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775-83). During the war, Monroe saw action in battles in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. He was wounded at the Battle of Trenton, New Jersey, in 1776, and was with General George Washington (1732-99) and his troops at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, during the difficult winter of 1777 to 1778. During his time with the army, Monroe became acquainted with Thomas Jefferson, then the governor of Virginia. In 1780, Monroe began studying law under Jefferson, who would become his political mentor and friend. (Over a decade later, in 1793, Monroe bought a farm, named Highland, located next to Monticello, Jefferson’s Charlottesville, Virginia, estate.) The Virginia Politician Following his military service, Monroe embarked on a career in politics. In 1782, he became a delegate in the Virginia Assembly and the following year was chosen as a Virginia representative to the Congress of the Confederation, America’s governing body from 1781 to 1789. In 1786, Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright (1768-1830), the teenage daughter of a New York merchant. The couple had two daughters and a son who died as an infant. While in Congress, Monroe supported the efforts of fellow Virginia politician (and the future fourth U.S. president) James Madison (1751-1836) to create a new U.S. constitution. However, once written, Monroe felt the document gave too much power to the government and did not sufficiently protect individual rights. Despite Monroe’s opposition, the Constitution was ratified in 1789, and in 1790 he took a seat in the U.S. Senate, representing Virginia. As a senator, Monroe sided with Madison, then a U.S. congressman, and Jefferson, then the U.S. secretary of state, both of whom were against greater federal control at the cost of state and individual rights. In 1792, Monroe joined forces with the two men to found the Democratic-Republican Party, which opposed Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804) and the Federalists who were fighting for increased federal power. A Leader at Home and Abroad In 1794, President George Washington (1732-99) appointed Monroe as minister to France, in an effort to help improve relations with that nation. At the time, France and Great Britain were at war. Monroe had some initial success in strengthening Franco-American ties; however, relations soured with the November 1794 signing of the controversial Jay’s Treaty, an agreement between the U.S. and Britain that regulated commerce and navigation. Monroe, who was critical of the treaty, was released from his post by Washington in 1796. Monroe resumed his political career in 1799 when he became governor of Virginia. He held this office for three years until President Thomas Jefferson requested that Monroe return to France to help negotiate the purchase of the port of New Orleans. In France, Monroe learned that French leader Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) wanted to sell the entire Louisiana Territory (the land extending between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains and the Gulf of Mexico to present-day Canada), not only New Orleans, for $15 million. Monroe and the U.S. minister to France, Robert R. Livingston, did not have time to gain presidential approval for such a large purchase. Instead, they approved and signed the Louisiana Purchase agreement themselves in 1803 and effectively doubled the size of the United States. Monroe, who garnered acclaim for the Louisiana Purchase, then became the minister to Great Britain and drafted a treaty that would help strengthen the bonds between Britain and the U.S. Jefferson, however, did not approve the treaty because it did not stem Britain’s practice of capturing American sailors for its own navy. Monroe was upset by Jefferson’s actions and his friendship with both Jefferson and his secretary of state, Madison, soured. In 1808, still angry about how his treaty was handled by Jefferson and Madison, Monroe ran for president against Madison. He lost. However, the ill feelings between the two men did not last. In 1811, Madison asked Monroe, who was once again governor of Virginia, to be his secretary of state. Monroe agreed and proved to be a strong asset to Madison as America battled Britain in the War of 1812. During his tenure as secretary of state, which lasted until March 1817, Monroe also served as secretary of war from 1814 to 1815. The previous holder of that post, John Armstrong, was forced to resign following the burning of Washington, D.C., by the British in August 1814. The 'Era of Good Feelings' In 1816, Monroe ran for president again, as a Democratic-Republican, and this time handily defeated Federalist candidate Rufus King (1755-1827). When he was sworn into office on March 4, 1817, Monroe became the first U.S. president to have his ceremony outdoors and give his inaugural address to the public. The new president and his family could not take up immediate residence in the White House, because it had been destroyed by the British in 1814. Instead, they lived in a home on I Street in Washington, until the rebuilt White House was ready for occupancy in 1818. Monroe’s presidency ushered in what was known as the “Era of Good Feelings.” The U.S. had a new sense of confidence from its various victories during the War of 1812 and was growing quickly and offering new opportunities to its citizens. Additionally, fighting between the Democratic-Republicans and Federalists was finally beginning to ebb. One issue Monroe had to contend with during his first term in office was deteriorating relations with Spain. Conflicts arose between the U.S. military in Georgia and pirates and Native Americans in the Spanish-held territory of Florida. In 1819, Monroe was able to successfully address the problem by negotiating for the purchase of Florida for $5 million, further expanding U.S. territories. With all the expansion came significant money troubles. Speculators were borrowing large sums of money to purchase land to sell to settlers and banks were leveraging assets they did not have in order to loan the money. This, along with diminished trade between the U.S. and Europe, led to a four-year economic downturn, known as the Panic of 1819. Slavery was also becoming a contentious issue during Monroe’s presidency. The North had banned slavery, but the Southern states still supported it. In 1818, Missouri wanted to join the Union; the North wanted it to be declared a free state while the South wanted it to be a slave state. Finally, an agreement was made allowing Missouri to join the Union as a slave state and Maine to join as a free state. The Missouri Compromise soon followed, outlawing slavery in the Louisiana Territory above the parallel 36°30′ north, excluding the state of Missouri. Although Monroe did not think Congress had the constitutional authority to impose such conditions on Missouri’s admission to the Union, he signed the Missouri Compromise in 1820 in an effort to avoid civil war. A Second Term and the Monroe Doctrine In 1820, though the U.S. economy was suffering, Monroe ran unopposed and was elected to a second term as president. During this term, he wanted to exert the growing power of the U.S. in the world arena and make a statement of support for free governments in the Americas. Monroe was helped greatly with foreign policy by his secretary of state, John Quincy Adams (1767-1848). With Adams’ assistance, Monroe addressed Congress in 1823 with what became known as his Monroe Doctrine, which in part developed out of his concern that European powers would want to re-establish Spanish control of South America. In this address, Monroe declared an end to European colonization in the Western Hemisphere and forbid European countries from intervening in the American continents, including any U.S. territories and Central and South America. The Monroe Doctrine formally established a special relationship between the United States and Central and South America, and the U.S. would use this opportunity to invest in Latin America and assist with military intervention when necessary. In turn, Monroe promised that the U.S. would not interfere with European territories or any wars among them. The Monroe Doctrine was well received and became an important tool in later disputes over American territory. In addition, Monroe continued to lead the U.S. in expanding westward across the continent. He helped build transportation infrastructure and laid the foundation for America to become a world power. Five states entered the Union during Monroe’s time in office: Mississippi (1817), Illinois (1818), Alabama (1819), Maine (1820) and Missouri (1821). Later Years
correct_death_00070	FactBench	0	6	https://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/2024/07/01/the-american-president-buried-in-and-then-exhumed-from-an-east-village-cemetery/	en	The American president buried in—and then exhumed from— an East Village cemetery	https://ephemeralnewyork…erytombs2024.jpg	https://ephemeralnewyork…erytombs2024.jpg	[ "https://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/cemeterymonroe.jpg?w=1024", "https://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/aftermath-monroe-legacy-01.jpg?w=719", "https://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/monroehousefrankleslie.png?w=938", "https://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/monroefuneralny.png?w=1024", "https://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/marblecemeterytombs2024.jpg?w=1024", "https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/747d1615d825de4f0948e31fdb57e41e363d6b5453903dbbc7b996b344c666fd?s=32&d=identicon&r=G", "https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/d31a9572d236dea40c67702ebeffd49e7c322de91b25c174a00b66ce10b32e5b?s=32&d=identicon&r=G", "https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/747d1615d825de4f0948e31fdb57e41e363d6b5453903dbbc7b996b344c666fd?s=32&d=identicon&r=G", "https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/4da5285a048a26d1ac7ce8d69dacc1f728f5b1b91579525002106e6ca9d29241?s=32&d=identicon&r=G", "https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/d31a9572d236dea40c67702ebeffd49e7c322de91b25c174a00b66ce10b32e5b?s=32&d=identicon&r=G", "https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/dbe9e57698c24dc2fa19d89608db36ef08871e4348563e451414a5dcb4956488?s=32&d=identicon&r=G", "https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/b5e96a988d607c4bba384f05eedb45a02a59b7be83107d2e2d49b22b9fe07b83?s=32&d=identicon&r=G", "https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/d31a9572d236dea40c67702ebeffd49e7c322de91b25c174a00b66ce10b32e5b?s=32&d=identicon&r=G", "https://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/cropped-eny-logo2.png?w=50", "https://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/cropped-eny-logo2.png?w=50", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-07-01T00:00:00	President James Monroe's life was centered in Virginia. The Continental Army veteran, born and educated in the state, assumed the roles of Virginia senator and governor before becoming the fifth president of the United States from 1817 to 1825. With his roots firmly in Virginia, how did this esteemed statesman known for the Monroe Doctrine…	en	https://ephemeralnewyork…y-logo2.png?w=32	Ephemeral New York	https://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/2024/07/01/the-american-president-buried-in-and-then-exhumed-from-an-east-village-cemetery/	President James Monroe’s life was centered in Virginia. The Continental Army veteran, born and educated in the state, assumed the roles of Virginia senator and governor before becoming the fifth president of the United States from 1817 to 1825. With his roots firmly in Virginia, how did this esteemed statesman known for the Monroe Doctrine and the Missouri Compromise end up buried in a cemetery that still exists in the East Village? It has to do with the passing of his beloved wife, Elizabeth Kortright Monroe, who died in 1830 (below, with her husband) at the couple’s Loudon County estate. The Kortrights were a wealthy New York City merchant family. One of their daughters, Maria, had married into the equally posh Gouverneur clan, also part of Gotham’s old money elite. Maria and her husband, postmaster general of New York City Samuel Gouverneur, lived in a lovely Federal-style home at 63 Prince Street on the corner of what was then called Lafayette Place. After becoming a widower and in failing health, 72-year-old Monroe decided to move to New York City to live with his daughter and son-in-law. Monroe’s time in Manhattan was short. On July 4, 1831, he passed away from heart failure (some sources say tuberculosis as well) inside the Prince Street home (below, in 1877). In response to the ex-President’s death, grieving New York officials held an elaborate funeral procession. With businesses closed for the day, his casket traveled to City Hall (below). There, thousands of New Yorkers paid their respects before the procession continued to St. Paul’s Church. After leaving St. Paul’s, a hearse pulled by four black horses traveled two miles up Broadway to the New York City Marble Cemetery on Second Street, where the Gouverneurs chose to inter Monroe in their family vault. He was one of the first to be interred in this new burial ground, states the cemetery website. The Marble Cemetery, not to be confused with the other Marble Cemetery on Second Avenue, still exists on Second Street between First and Second Avenues. In 1831, however, its borders were beyond city limits and was “well into the suburbs,” according to George Morgan in his 1921 book The Life of James Monroe. “Monroe was the third of the first five Presidents to die on the Fourth of July; John Adams and Thomas Jefferson had died on that day five years earlier,” wrote historian Daniel Preston on the website of the University of Virginia’s Miller Center. “Thousands of mourners followed his hearse up Broadway in Manhattan to the Gouverneur family vault in Marble Cemetery, while church bells tolled and guns fired at Fort Columbus [on Governors Island].” For almost three decades, Monroe’s remains lay in the Gouverneur vault at the New York City Marble Cemetery, which was soon surrounded by buildings in the booming city. In 1857, a group of Virginians living in Gotham decided to erect a monument over the vault, per the cemetery website. A year later, the state of Virginia decided Monroe should be brought home. “In 1858, the 100th anniversary of [Monroe’s] birth, municipal officials and representatives of the State of Virginia decided that the remains should be returned to his home State for reburial,” wrote the National Park Service (NPS). “The Virginia legislature appropriated funds for this purpose.” New York City officials relented, exhuming Monroe’s body from the Marble Cemetery (above, today) and sending it by steamboat to Richmond. On July 5 of that year, Monroe’s remains were interred “on a high bluff overlooking the James River, in Richmond’s Hollywood Cemetery,” stated the NPS. That leaves just one ex-President laid to rest in New York City: Ulysses S. Grant, whose body was sealed inside the tomb named in his honor in Riverside Park in 1897. [Second image: Whitehousehistory.org; third image: Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly, 1877; fourth image: getarchive.com] Tags: James Monroe Buried in NYC Marble Cemetery, James Monroe Gouverneur Family New York City, James Monroe Marble Cemetery New York City, James Monroe Prince Street NYC, Marble Cemetery Second Street East Village, Presidents Buried in New York City
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	63	https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/2021/10/11/burying-james-monroe-again/	en	Burying James Monroe – Again	https://featherschwartzf…/jamesmonroe.jpg	https://featherschwartzf…/jamesmonroe.jpg	[ "https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/cropped-white-house1.jpg", "https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/monroe-1.jpg?w=280", "https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/jamesmonroe.jpg?w=364", "https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/jameselizabethmonroe.jpg?w=288", "https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/jmonroe-reburial-loc.jpg?w=640", "https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/jmonroe-grave-old.jpg?w=223", "https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/jmonroe-gravemarker.jpg?w=259", "https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/jmonroe-grave-hollywood.jpg?w=181", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/65b6b9e2f40be96f0e4426b3611eb5e0ea1e39d1341aea2ad044631070908918?s=40&d=identicon&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/9d22f8d8b73c965eab5b12ef466a61e7686cba115f9ea2dc06d0242d070d4e33?s=40&d=identicon&r=G", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2021-10-11T00:00:00	A quarter century after James Monroe died, he was buried. Again. James Monroe, Virginian Like his close friends and Revolutionary companions Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, James Monroe (1758-1831) had strong ties to Virginia. Monroe could arguably considered the one with the tightest tie to the Old Dominion, having served in its state government in…	en	https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico	Presidential History Blog	https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/2021/10/11/burying-james-monroe-again/	A quarter century after James Monroe died, he was buried. Again. James Monroe, Virginian Like his close friends and Revolutionary companions Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, James Monroe (1758-1831) had strong ties to Virginia. Monroe could arguably considered the one with the tightest tie to the Old Dominion, having served in its state government in numerous positions, from legislator to state senator, and its Governor. Twice. Then, of course, he was the fifth President of the United States, and part of what was termed the Virginia Triumvirate: Jefferson, Madison and Monroe, serving consecutively for two terms each, covering more than two decades of US leadership. When he retired from the Presidency in 1825 he was 66, and still in generally good health. His wife, ten years his junior, was becoming frail. Nevertheless, they returned to Oak Hill, their home about 35 miles from Washington. As might be expected, he served on the Board of Visitors for Jefferson’s newly established University of Virginia. His ties to the state were strong. Those Last Years For the better part of five years, Monroe enjoyed his retirement life of “gentleman planter” much like his fellow Virginia Presidents. Also, like his predecessors, Monroe, who had never been wealthy, had incurred several debts throughout his life, and now battled insolvency. He sold his Ash Lawn plantation (close to Monticello) which today is open and managed by the College of William and Mary. He remained active, serving as a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention in 1829, but forced to relinquish his role as its presiding officer in 1830, due to failing health. It was death of his wife Elizabeth Kortright (1768-1830) that helped precipitate his decline. They had been married more than 40 years, during which time they had seldom been apart for more than brief periods. Even during the two decades (on and off) that Monroe served abroad in ambassadorial positions, Elizabeth was with him. When she died in 1830, a frail and now-failing James Monroe moved to New York City, to live with his daughter Maria Hester, her husband Samuel Gouverneur and their family. In another historical coincidence, on July 4, 1831 – fifty-five years after the Declaration of Independence was signed – James Monroe died of heart failure, and possibly complications from tuberculosis. He was 73. His family buried him at a simple ceremony in the Gouverneur family vault at Marble Hill Cemetery in New York. There were no Virginians present. He would lay there for more than a quarter century. Hollywood: The Cemetery Cemeteries, including important ones, have been around for millennia. The Egyptians had their pyramids, the Romans their catacombs. Various native tribes had their sacred burial grounds. Once European colonists began to populate the American continent, crypts and cemeteries were usually attached to churches. Many people however, preferred interment on their own property, a la George Washington. Several “modern” presidents choose burial at their associated institutions. In 1847, a sprawling “garden cemetery” was built in Richmond, VA, near the banks of the James River. Unlike the grid-like cemeteries, this one, sprawled on 135 acres of valleys, hills and stately trees was a new concept of the 19th century that became very popular. They called it Hollywood Cemetery, and today it is recognized as a registered arboretum. During the next decade, the beautiful cemetery (one of Richmond’s treasures) was growing in “residents” and status. By the mid-1850s, as sectionalism and secession between North and South were creating huge rifts, its Governor Henry A. Wise wanted to make a statement, ostensibly seeking our dear departed Founding Fathers of Virginia to provide a more moderate tone and remembrance. George Washington being removed from Mount Vernon was out of the question, of course, but both Jefferson’s Monticello and Madison’s Montpelier had been sold and were falling into disrepair. No close family ties remained there. Gov. Wise had hoped to bring the coffins of both Jefferson and Madison (two of Virginia’s favorite sons) to be re-interred at Hollywood, but for various reasons (and perhaps historical serendipity), those efforts failed. Monroe was a different story, however. He had no ties to New York. Why shouldn’t his earthly remains “come home”? His son-in-law, still living, had no objection. The Homecoming So on July 2, 1858, 100 years after James Monroe’s birth, with $2000 authorized by Virginia’s General Assembly, “officials from Virginia and New York joined descendants of Monroe at the cemetery in New York to see the lead coffin dug up and placed in a mahogany casket.” The following day it was placed on a steamship, appropriately named Jamestown, and brought from New York, through the Chesapeake Bay, and up the James River to Hollywood Cemetery. “On the night of July 4-5, a crowd of Richmonders assembled at the dock for their arrival. Then Gov. Wise and Richmond Mayor Joseph Mayo led the funeral procession through Richmond’s streets to the cemetery, two miles away. Monroe’s coffin was borne in a hearse drawn by six white horses.” The ceremony was held with a limited number of spectators (not enough room) followed by some gala celebrations in town. Newspapers across the country reported the event, and the desire to “re-unite” the country. His wife, daughter and son-in-law have been re-buried nearby. The Birdcage – Hollywood Style In 1859, Albert Lybrock, an Alsatian architect who emigrated to the USA some years earlier, designed a beautiful and ornate Gothic Revival cage made from cast iron, which surrounds the sarcophagus. It has been nicknamed “The Birdcage”. It was labeled a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service in 1971 due to its unique and elegant architecture. In 2015, the State of Virginia appropriated nearly $1 million to repair the structure, and return it to its original beauty. Sources: Cresson, W.P. – James Monroe – UNC Press, 1946 Unger, Harlow Giles – The Last Founding Father – DeCapo Press, 2009 https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Monroe https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org/
correct_death_00070	FactBench	0	95	https://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/James_Monroe	en	Wythepedia: The George Wythe Encyclopedia			[ "https://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/images/thumb/b/b4/James_Monroe.gif/300px-James_Monroe.gif", "https://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/resources/assets/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa.png", "https://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/favicon.ico		null	James Monroe United States Senator from Virginia In office November 9, 1970-March 29, 1794 Preceded by John Walker Succeeded by Stevens Mason United States Minister to France In office May 28, 1794-September 9, 1796 Preceded by Gouverneur Morris Succeeded by Charles Pinckney United States Minister to the United Kingdom In office April 18, 1803-February 26, 1808 Preceded by Rufus King Succeeded by William Pinkney 12th and 16th Governor of Virginia In office December 28, 1799-December 1, 1802; January 16, 1811-April 2, 1811 Preceded by James Wood; George William Smith Succeeded by John Page; George William Smith 7th United States Secretary of State In office April2, 1811-March 4, 1817 Preceded by Robert Smith Succeeded by John Quincy Adams 8th United States Secretary of War In office September 27, 1814-March 2, 1815 Preceded by John Armstrong, Jr. Succeeded by William Crawford 5th President of the United States In office March 4, 1817-March 4, 1825 Preceded by James Madison Succeeded by John Quincy Adams {{{8thoffice}}} In office {{{8thofficedates}}} Preceded by {{{8thofficepreceded}}} Succeeded by {{{8thofficesucceeded}}} Personal details Born April 28, 1758 Westmoreland County, Virginia Died July 4, 1831 New York City, New York Resting place Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia Residence(s) Ash Lawn Education Alma mater The College of William & Mary Profession Soldier, lawyer, and politician Spouse(s) Elizabeth Kortright Relatives Known for The Monroe Doctrine, The Missouri Compromise Signature [[File:{{{signature}}}\|left\|200px]] James Monroe (1758 – 1831) was born on April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, to Spencer Monroe and Elizabeth Jones.[1] He and his siblings grew up on his parent's 600-acre plantation until his father's death in 1774. Monroe's uncle, Joseph Jones, became Monroe's guardian and took an "active interest" in his nephew. With Jones' encouragement, Monroe entered the College of William & Mary in 1774 as the first of his family to attend college.[2] However, Monroe's education was short lived. In 1775 he enlisted in the Third Virginia Regiment and was soon fighting with General Washington in New York. During this time, "[Monroe] won fame and promotion to major for his heroism when he and a handful of men put out of action the British cannons blocking Washington's advance at Trenton." He also served as aide-de-camp to General William Alexander.[3] In 1780 Monroe returned to the College of William & Mary to study law. It is unclear whether Monroe attended any of Wythe's lectures during his time at William & Mary. Monroe seems to have been torn over attending Wythe, or following Thomas Jefferson to Richmond. This indecision is reflected in a letter Monroe received from his uncle dated March 7, 1780: If Mr. Wythe means to pursue Mr. Blackstone's method, I should think you ought to attend him from the commencement of his course, if at all ... indeed I incline to think Mr. Wythe under the present state of our laws will be much embarrassed to deliver lectures with that perspicuity and precision which might be expected from him under a more established and settled state of them. The undertaking is arduous and the subject intricate at the best.... Whichever method he may like, or whatever plan he may lay down to govern him, I doubt not it will be executed with credit to himself and benefit to his auditors.[4] Ultimately, Monroe followed Jefferson to Richmond, but he may have also connected with Wythe. Scholars consistently still list Monroe as one of Wythe's pupils, although both Clarkin and Dill disagree.[5] In 1782 Monroe was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates, and in 1783 was chosen to attend the Confederation Congress. There, he advocated a strong central government and opposed the Constitution since Monroe believed it "granted too much power to the Senate and authorized direct taxation."[6] In 1786 Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright, with whom he had two daughters. At this time he began practicing law in Fredericksburg, Virginia. [7] In 1789 Monroe purchased and moved to a plantation in Albemarle County, Virginia, near Jefferson's Monticello.[8] After his election to the United States Senate in 1790, Monroe worked to establish the Republican party with his friend James Madison. In 1799, Monroe became the 12th Governor of Virginia. In 1800 he successfully defended against Gabriel's Rebellion, but predicted that "such [slave] uprisings were inevitable unless slavery were eliminated." After his term as governor, Monroe assisted Robert Livingston as envoy to France to aid in buying a port of deposit on the Mississippi. Monroe also served as minister to Great Britain from 1803 to 1807, but was frustrated when Jefferson rejected his treaty "because it lacked a formal ban on impressment."[9] Republicans entered Monroe into the 1808 elected against Madison, but Monroe "did not participate... and received little support." But in 1811, Madison elected Monroe as his Secretary of State. Monroe resigned as Secretary of State in 1814 when he was appointed as Secretary of War. [10] In 1816 Monroe was elected the fifth United States President. The beginning of his term was declared by the Federalist newspaper as the "Era of Good Feelings."[11] Monroe's cabinet was comprised of Daniel D. Tompkins as Vice-President, John Quincy Adams as Secretary of State, and John C. Calhoun an Secretary of War. Monroe brought back "the formality of the Washington administration," by limiting relationships with foreign diplomats and city residents to purely official or ceremonial interactions. Monroe did retain Jefferson and Madison's policy towards states' rights in that "he regarded federal support of internal improvements as unconstitutional." However, according to Ammon, Monroe's most significant achievements as President were over foreign affairs. This was in part due to the efficient working relationship he had with Adams in which the two of them shared the goal of national political independence.[12] However, this "Era of Good Feelings" ended abruptly with the Missouri Compromise of 1819-1820. Monroe stated that he would veto any bills granting Missouri statehood contingent upon the abolition of slavery. To reach a compromise, Monroe admitted Maine as a free state to balance out Missouri's entrance into the Union without restrictions.[13] Monroe's last two years as President were the opposite of his first, and that time became known as the "Era of Bad Feelings." Although Monroe strived to remain neutral in the "struggle for succession," he was still subjected to harsh criticism.[14] In 1827 Monroe happily retired to his estate in Loudoun County, Oak Hill. After his wife died in 1830, Monroe moved to New York City to live with his youngest daughter. Monroe died on July 4, 1831 in New York City, where he was originally buried. In 1858 Monroe was reinterred in Richmond, Virginia. [15] See also Wythe the Teacher References ↑ American National Biography Online, s.v. "Monroe, James," by Harry Ammon, accessed February 15, 2016. ↑ Harry Ammon, James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity (1971), accessed February 15, 2016. ↑ Ibid. ↑ Joseph Jones to James Monroe, March 7, 1780, quoted in ibid. ↑ Ammon, James Monroe; Thomas Hunter, "The Teaching of George Wythe," in The History of Legal Education in the United States: Commentaries and Primary Sources, ed. Steve Sheppard (Pasadena, CA: Salem Press, 1999), 1:138-168. ↑ Ammon, "Monroe, James." ↑ Ibid. ↑ Ammon, James Monroe. ↑ Ammon, "Monroe, James." ↑ Ibid. ↑ Ammon, "Monroe, James." ↑ Ammon, "Monroe, James." ↑ Ibid. ↑ Ammon, James Monroe. ↑ Ammon, "Monroe, James." Further Reading
correct_death_00070	FactBench	1	61	https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/shooter-found-guilty-in-stray-bullet-death-of-college-bound-nyc-teen-basketball-star/5088996/	en	Shooter found guilty in stray bullet death of college-bound NYC teen basketball star	https://media.nbcnewyork…ity=85&strip=all	https://media.nbcnewyork…ity=85&strip=all	[ "https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/04/WNBC-Dgtl-Oly-On-Dark.png?fit=486%2C120&quality=85&strip=all&w=162&h=40", "https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2019/09/NYC_aerial-1-1.png?fit=2060%2C847&quality=85&strip=all&w=400&h=44&crop=1", "https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2023/07/GettyImages-685023881.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=2121%2C1414&w=130&h=73&crop=1 130w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2023/07/GettyImages-685023881.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=2121%2C1414&w=170&h=96&crop=1 170w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2023/07/GettyImages-685023881.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=2121%2C1414&w=210&h=118&crop=1 210w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2023/07/GettyImages-685023881.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=2121%2C1414&w=250&h=141&crop=1 250w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2023/07/GettyImages-685023881.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=2121%2C1414&w=290&h=163&crop=1 290w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2023/07/GettyImages-685023881.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=2121%2C1414&w=330&h=186&crop=1 330w", "https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/East-hanover-generic.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=1920%2C1080&w=130&h=73&crop=1 130w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/East-hanover-generic.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=1920%2C1080&w=170&h=96&crop=1 170w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/East-hanover-generic.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=1920%2C1080&w=210&h=118&crop=1 210w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/East-hanover-generic.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=1920%2C1080&w=250&h=141&crop=1 250w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/East-hanover-generic.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=1920%2C1080&w=290&h=163&crop=1 290w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/East-hanover-generic.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=1920%2C1080&w=330&h=186&crop=1 330w", "https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/04/NY-web@3x.png?fit=766%2C72&quality=85&strip=all", "https://nbcu.tmsimg.com/assets/p25613591_b_h10_aa.jpg?w=960&h=540", "https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/AP22013732233500.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&resize=100%2C56", "https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/Utica-shooting.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&resize=100%2C56", "https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2023/07/GettyImages-685023881.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&resize=100%2C56", "https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/East-hanover-generic.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&resize=100%2C56", "https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/GettyImages-464183066.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&resize=100%2C56", "https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/04/WNBC-Dgtl-Oly-On-Light.png?fit=486%2C120&quality=85&strip=all", "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035083&cv=2.0&cj=1", "https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/04/WNBC-Dgtl-Oly-On-Light.png?fit=486%2C120&quality=85&strip=all" ]	[]	[]	[ "Bronx", "Crime and Courts", "Gun violence" ]	null	[ "Myles Miller, NBC New York Staff", "Myles Miller", "NBC New York Staff" ]	2024-01-30T13:30:00	Nahjim Luke was convicted on first-degree manslaughter and second-degree weapon possession, the Bronx district attorney's office said. Prosecutors alleged Luke...	en	https://media.nbcnewyork…ity=85&strip=all	NBC New York	https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/shooter-found-guilty-in-stray-bullet-death-of-college-bound-nyc-teen-basketball-star/5088996/	A Bronx man was found guilty in the shooting death of a 17-year-old high school basketball star and academic standout who was killed after he was shot with a stray bullet at a barbecue. Nahjim Luke was convicted on first-degree manslaughter and second-degree weapon possession, the Bronx district attorney's office said Monday. The 26-year-old was found guilty of firing the shots that killed Brandon Hendricks, who was killed just days after he graduated from high school and had been set to play college basketball for St. John's University. Prosecutors alleged Luke fired shots at a group of people who had gathered for a barbecue on Davidson Avenue the evening of June 28, with one of the bullets striking Hendricks in the back. He was pronounced dead at a hospital less than an hour later. Luke immediately fled the scene and was taken into custody about a week later, authorities previously said. He faces up to 25 years in prison. Attorney information for Luke was not immediately clear. Hendricks had graduated from James Monroe High School earlier in the month. He was a point guard for the Eagles, helping them make the playoffs his final season before the COVID-19 pandemic interrupted athletics programs. His social media accounts showed a deep love for the game, full of highlight videos and reports of peers going on to college offers. A senior NYPD official said Hendricks had never had any interactions with the police in his young life. His family and friends were left reeling after his death -- and wondering for whom the deadly bullet had been intended in the first place.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	3	97	https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/legislative-roster	en	New Jersey Legislative Roster of Members	https://www.njleg.state.…j.us/favicon.png	https://www.njleg.state.…j.us/favicon.png	[ "https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/loading.svg", "https://pub.njleg.gov/imgs/opra.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Directory of members of the New Jersey Senate and General Assembly, listed by district. Includes alphabetical indices by legislators’ names, party and house designation, and county composition of each district	en	/favicon.png	New Jersey Legislature	https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/legislative-roster
correct_death_00070	FactBench	3	78	https://www.ushistory.org/us/23a.asp	en	The Era of Good Feelings and the Two	https://www.ushistory.or…es/instagram.png		[ "https://www.ushistory.org/us/nav/ushistory.jpg", "https://www.ushistory.org/gifs/home.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/bbx/images/back.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/bbx/images/home.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/bbx/images/next.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/us/nav/head_23.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/us/images/00007856.jpg", "https://www.ushistory.org/images/housead.png", "https://www.ushistory.org/us/images/00007841.jpg", "https://www.ushistory.org/us/images/00007858.jpg", "https://www.ushistory.org/us/images/00007814.jpg", "https://www.ushistory.org/bbx/images/ontheweb.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/images/fb.png", "http://www.ushistory.org/images/social/reddit.png", "https://www.ushistory.org/bbx/images/back.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/bbx/images/home.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/bbx/images/next.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/bbx/images/store.jpg", "https://www.ushistory.org/images/housead.png", "https://www.ushistory.org/images/ushlogo.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/images/fb.png", "https://www.ushistory.org/images/instagram.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "ushistory.org" ]	null					null	23a. The Era of Good Feelings and the Two-Party System The War of 1812 closed with the Federalist Party all but destroyed. The 1816 presidential election was the last one when the Federalists' ran a candidate. He lost resoundingly. The 1818 Congressional election brought another landslide victory for Democratic-Republicans who controlled 85 percent of the seats in the U.S. Congress. James Monroe, yet another Virginian, followed Madison in the Presidency for two terms from 1817 to 1825. Although this period has often been called the Era of Good Feelings due to its one-party dominance, in fact, Democratic-Republicans were deeply divided internally and a new political system was about to be created from the old Republican-Federalist competition that had been known as the First Party System. Although Democratic-Republicans were now the only active national party, its leaders incorporated major economic policies that had been favored by Federalists since the time of Alexander Hamilton. President Monroe continued the policies begun by Madison at the end of his presidency to build an American System of national economic development. These policies had three basic aspects: a national bank, protective tariffs to support American manufactures, and federally-funded internal improvements. The first two elements received strong support after the War of 1812. The chartering of the Second Bank of the United States in 1816, once again headquartered in Philadelphia, indicates how much of the old Federalist economic agenda the Democratic-Republicans now supported. Whereas Jefferson had seen a national bank as a threat to ordinary farmers, the leaders of his party in 1816 had come to a new understanding of the need for a strong federal role in creating the basic infrastructure of the nation. The cooperation among national politicians that marked the one-party Era of Good Feelings lasted less than a decade. A new style of American politics took shape in the 1820s and 1830s whose key qualities have remained central to American politics up to the present. In this more modern system, political parties played the crucial role building broad and lasting coalitions among diverse groups in the American public. Furthermore, these parties represented more than the distinct interests of a single region or economic class. Most importantly, modern parties broke decisively from a political tradition favoring personal loyalty and patronage. Although long-lasting parties were totally unpredicted in the 1780s, by the 1830s they had become central to American politics. The New York politician Martin Van Buren played a key role in the development of the Second Party System. He rose to lead the new Democratic party by breaking from the more traditional leadership of his own Democratic-Republican party. He achieved this in New York by 1821 and helped create the system on a national scale while serving in Washington D.C. as a senator and later as president. Van Buren perceptively responded to the growing democratization of American life in the first decades of the 19th century by embracing mass public opinion. As he explained, "Those who have wrought great changes in the world never succeeded by gaining over chiefs; but always by exciting the multitude. The first is the resource of intrigue and produces only secondary results, the second is the resort of genius and transforms the face of the universe." Rather than follow a model of elite political leadership like that of the Founding Fathers, Van Buren saw "genius" in reaching out to the "multitude" of the general public. Like other new party leaders of the period, Van Buren made careful use of newspapers to spread the word about party positions and to ensure close discipline among party members. In fact, the growth of newspapers in the new nation was closely linked to the rise of a competitive party system. In 1775 there had been just 31 newspapers in the colonies, but by 1835 the number of papers in the nation had soared to 1200. Rather than make any claim to objective reporting, newspapers existed as propaganda vehicles for the political parties that they supported. Newspapers were especially important to the new party system because they spread information about the party platform, a carefully crafted list of policy commitments that aimed to appeal to a broad public.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	34	https://www.libertarianism.org/everything-wrong-presidents/everything-wrong-monroe-administration	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
correct_death_00070	FactBench	3	81	https://www.facebook.com/prageru/videos/james-monroe-the-last-founding-father/2894748950670426/	en	America’s fifth president James Monroe, the last of America’s Founding Fathers, is also the least well known. But that doesn’t mean he wasn’t a giant...	https://scontent.xx.fbcd…-4yw&oe=66A17221	https://scontent.xx.fbcd…-4yw&oe=66A17221	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	America’s fifth president James Monroe, the last of America’s Founding Fathers, is also the least well known. But that doesn’t mean he wasn’t a giant...	de	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yT/r/aGT3gskzWBf.ico		https://www.facebook.com/prageru/videos/james-monroe-the-last-founding-father/2894748950670426/
correct_death_00070	FactBench	1	77	https://dlg.usg.edu/record/dlg_ghm_james-monroe	en	James Monroe historical marker	https://dlg.usg.edu/asse…de81b862faff.png	https://dlg.usg.edu/asse…de81b862faff.png	[ "https://dlg.usg.edu/assets/logo-dlg-03ec73d3d91856d5acd394d5c3930ad00f0cd6ff658c97ff9288fc10343b8407.svg", "https://dlg.usg.edu/assets/logo-galileo-6c87923ab0fc4f28f290859ec0fdb00ab70d2400d1f7a067b2623e90093c5eb2.svg", "https://dlg.usg.edu/assets/logo-ugalibs-8403ffc38ba8e11ba6083a0185a85b51b2c76c20938ef66135db3c96e02144bf.svg", "https://dlg.usg.edu/assets/rs_org_icons/InC-EDUCATIONAL.dark-white-interior-blue-type-80d0962aa65f529ddf5a089500f63d372c1cd24e1ad89b0fdf939b582101fd00.svg", "https://dlg.usg.edu/thumbnails/dlg/ghm/dlg_ghm_james-monroe.jpg", "https://dlg.usg.edu/assets/familytree_2021-b764d5ce68ca26c3c7e9906da205e1cfa608ab8a2ccdd60962f6f9a3d8e8f202.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/assets/icons/apple-touch-icon-0a5a5f10622083aa41e08a7bf5d2c239d412cae9ac4fe23a56a71ac099a76a91.png		null	Select "Records and Full text" to search both the metadata and available full text. Select "Records" to search only metadata for items. (All items have metadata.) Select "Full text" to search only the scanned or transcribed text for items. (Not all items have full text) Use quotation marks to search as a phrase Use "+" before a term to make it required (Otherwise results matching only some of your terms may be included) Use "-" before a word or phrase to exclude Use "OR", "AND", and "NOT" (must be capitalized) to create complex boolean logic You can use parentheses in your complex expressions Truncation and wildcards are not supported
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	22	https://www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/served/monroe.html	en	Biography of James Monroe	https://www.ushistory.or…mes_Monroe_t.jpg	https://www.ushistory.or…mes_Monroe_t.jpg	[ "https://www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/served/James_Monroe_t.jpg", "https://www.ushistory.org/store/images/support160.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/images/thumb/wash-pray-vf.jpg", "https://www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/images/ushlogo.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/images/fb.png", "https://www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/images/ushlogo.gif", "https://www.ushistory.org/images/thumb/monroe-doc.jpg", "https://www.ushistory.org/images/thumb/monroe-doc.jpg", "https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-2e9fwSTqSmb-M.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Biography of James Monroe, fifth President of the United States, and creator of the Monroe Doctrine, one of the foundations of early American foreign policy				null	James Monroe was born in 1758 in Virginia to a prosperous family. He attended William and Mary College, but was not there very long when he and some of his fellow students left to join the Continental Army in 1775, serving in the 3rd Virginia Regiment as a Second Lieutenant under Colonel Hugh Mercer. Monroe saw service at Harlem Heights, White Plains, and Trenton, where he was wounded. In the fall of 1777, he was commissioned Major and subsequently named Aide-de-camp to William Alexander, Lord Stirling. He went on to fight at Brandywine and Germantown, wintered at Valley Forge, then fought at Monmouth in June of 1778 before resigning his commission in November of 1778. By 1780, he was studying law under the Governor of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson. His political service began in 1782 when he was elected to the Virginia Assembly and a year later he was a Member of the Congresses of the Confederation until the year 1786. That same year he married Elizabeth Kortwright from New York. As a member of the Virginia convention, he was involved in the ratification of the Federal Constitution, and became a pronounced anti-Federalist. In 1790, he was elected a United States Senator, serving until 1794, when he was appointed ambssador to France by President George Washington, serving in this capacity until 1796. He returned to the United States and was elected Governor of Virginia from 1799-1802. In 1803, he was involved in the negotiations that led to the Louisiana Purchase, and was shortly therafter appointed Ambassador to Great Britian, a position he held from 1803 to 1807. He served a short term as governor of Virginia again in 1811, from January till April, when he was selected as Secretary of State under President James Madison. From 1814-1815, he also served as Secretary of War. He went on to become fifth President of the United States for two terms 1816-1825. His term is probably most well known for the Monroe Doctrine, issued December 2, 1823, which made it official U.S. policy to treat colonization of land in North or South America by European powers as an act of aggression against the U.S. Quick Facts Born: April 28, 1758 — Westmoreland County, VA Military: 1776 — joins the Third Virginia Regiment Politics: 1782 — member of the Virginia House of Delegates Married: February 15, 1786 — Elizabeth Kortright Senator: 1790-1794 — a delegate from Virginia Ambassador: 1794-1796 — to France under President Washington Governor: 1799 — (elected in)of Virginia, served four terms Negotiator: 1803 — purchase of the Louisiana Territory Foreign Minister: 1803-1807 — to France, England and Spain Secretary of State: 1811-1817 — under President James Madison Secretary of War: 1814 — during the War of 1812 President of the US: 1817-1825 Death: July 4, 1831 Courtesy National Center for the American Revolution/Valley Forge Historical Society
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The family were owners of a modest 600 acres (240 hectares) in Virginia. At age 16 Monroe entered the College of William and Mary but in 1776 left to fight in the American Revolution. As a lieutenant he crossed the Delaware with General George Washington for what became the Battle of Trenton. Suffering a near fatal wound in the shoulder, Monroe was carried from the field. Upon recovering, he was promoted to captain for heroism, and he took part in the Battles of Brandywine and Germantown. Advanced to major, he became aide-de-camp to General William Alexander (Lord Stirling) and with him shared the suffering of the troops at Valley Forge in the cruel winter of 1777–78. Monroe was a scout for Washington at the Battle of Monmouth and served as Lord Stirling’s adjutant general. In 1780, having resigned his commission in the army, he began the study of law under Thomas Jefferson, then governor of Virginia, and between the two men there developed an intimacy and a sympathy that had a powerful influence upon Monroe’s later career. Jefferson also fostered a friendship between Monroe and James Madison. Monroe was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1782 and was chosen a member of the governor’s council. From 1783 to 1786 he served in the Congress under the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the new nation. During his term he vigorously insisted on the right of the United States to navigate the Mississippi River, then controlled by the Spanish, and attempted, in 1785, to secure for the weak Congress the power to regulate commerce, thereby removing one of the great defects in the existing central government. In 1786 Monroe, 27 years old, and Elizabeth Kortright of New York, 17 years old, were married. They had two daughters, Eliza Kortright and Maria Hester, and a son who died in infancy. Eliza often was at her father’s side as official hostess when he was president, substituting for her ailing mother. Maria’s marriage to a cousin, Samuel L. Gouverneur, in 1820 was the first wedding performed in the President’s House, as the White House was then called. Britannica Quiz U.S. Presidents and Their Years in Office Quiz Retiring from Congress in 1786, Monroe began practicing law at Fredericksburg, Virginia. He was chosen a member of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1787 and in 1788 a member of the state convention at which Virginia ratified the new federal Constitution. In 1790 he was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he vigorously opposed President George Washington’s administration. Nevertheless, in 1794 Washington nominated him as minister to France. Minister to France It was the hope of the administration that Monroe’s well-known French sympathies would secure for him a favourable reception and that his appointment would also conciliate France’s friends in the United States. His warm welcome in France and his enthusiasm for the French Revolution, which he regarded as a natural successor to the American Revolution, displeased the Federalists (the party of Alexander Hamilton, which encouraged close ties not to France but to England) at home. Monroe did nothing, moreover, to reconcile the French to the Jay Treaty, which regulated commerce and navigation between the United States and Great Britain during the French Revolutionary wars. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now Without real justification, the French regarded the treaty as a violation of the French-American treaty of commerce and amity of 1778 and as a possible cause for war. Monroe led the French government to believe that the Jay Treaty would never be ratified by the United States, that the administration of George Washington would be overthrown as a result of the obnoxious treaty, and that better things might be expected after the election in 1796 of a new president, perhaps Thomas Jefferson. Washington, though he did not know of this intrigue, sensed that Monroe was unable to represent his government properly and, late in 1796, recalled him. Monroe returned to America in the spring of 1797 and in the following December published a defense of his course in a pamphlet of 500 pages entitled A View of the Conduct of the Executive, in the Foreign Affairs of the United States. Washington seems never to have forgiven Monroe for this stratagem, though Monroe’s opinion of Washington and Jay underwent a change in his later years. In 1799 Monroe was chosen governor of Virginia and was twice reelected, serving until 1802.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	3	39	https://www.williamsburgva.gov/488/History	en	Williamsburg, VA	https://www.williamsburgva.gov/images/favicon.ico	https://www.williamsburgva.gov/images/favicon.ico	[ "https://www.williamsburgva.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=2158", "https://www.williamsburgva.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=1683", "https://www.williamsburgva.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentId=852", "https://www.williamsburgva.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=65" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Williamsburg was one of America's first planned cities. Laid out in 1699 under the supervision of Governor Francis Nicholson, it was to be a "new and well-ordered city" suitable for the capital of the largest and most populous of the British colonies in America.	en	/images/favicon.ico		null	A Brief History of Williamsburg Williamsburg was founded as the capital of the Virginia Colony in 1699. The original capital, Jamestown was the first permanent English-speaking settlement in the New World founded in 1607. Colonial leaders petitioned the Virginia Assembly to relocate the capital from Jamestown to Middle Plantation, five miles inland between the James and the York Rivers. The new city was renamed Williamsburg in honor of England's reigning monarch, King William III. Williamsburg celebrated its 300th Anniversary in 1999. One of America's First Planned Cities Williamsburg was one of America's first planned cities. Laid out in 1699 under the supervision of Governor Francis Nicholson, it was to be a "new and well-ordered city" suitable for the capital of the largest and most populous of the British colonies in America. A succession of beautiful capitol buildings became home to the oldest legislative assembly in the New World. The young city grew quickly into the center of political, religious, economic, and social life in Virginia. A Center of Learning Williamsburg also became a center of learning. Famous political leaders emerged from the College of William & Mary, (which had been founded in 1693), such as Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler. The first hospital established in America for the care and treatment of mental illness was founded in Williamsburg in 1773. General George Washington assembled the Continental Army in Williamsburg in 1781 for the siege of nearby Yorktown and the winning of American independence. Loss & Restoration The Capital was again moved in 1780, this time up the James River to Richmond, where it remains today. Williamsburg reverted to a quiet college town and rural county seat. In retrospect, Williamsburg's loss of capital city status was its salvation as many 18th century buildings survived into the early twentieth century. The Restoration of Williamsburg began in 1926, after the Rector of Bruton Parish Church, the Reverend Doctor W A. R. Goodwin, brought the city's importance to the attention of John D. Rockefeller, Jr., who then funded and led the massive reconstruction of the 18th-century city we see today. National attention soon focused on the restoration effort. During a landmark visit in 1934, Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaimed its main thoroughfare, the Duke of Gloucester Street, the most historic avenue in America. Williamsburg Today Today, Williamsburg is known internationally as the premier center for the preservation and interpretation of American colonial history: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation; and as the home of one of the nation's premier public universities: The College of William & Mary.
correct_death_00070	FactBench	2	75	https://www.monroecollege.edu/	en	On Campus and Online Degrees	https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/favicon.ico	https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/favicon.ico	[ "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif", "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif", "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif", "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif", "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif", "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif", "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif", "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif", "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif", "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif", "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif", "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif", "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif", "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif", "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif", "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif", "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif", "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif", "https://www.monroecollege.edu/themes/custom/monroe/placeholder.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Monroe College is a New York-based college with campuses in the Bronx, New Rochelle, & St. Lucia. Visit us to learn more about our degree programs.	en	/themes/custom/monroe/favicon.ico	Monroe College	https://www.monroecollege.edu/	I meet people from all over the world here, which is great for a business major. I knew that I wanted to attend Monroe's Culinary Institute because of its reputation and location near New York City. I came to Monroe for ESL, earned my Bachelor's and am now working towards my Master's. The support has been fantastic!
4979	dbpedia	3	41	https://www.mirsmartone.com/en/shop/catalogue/smart-one_6/	en	Smart One	http://www.mirsmartone.com/media/cache/af/55/af556aa2faae6500a9fa61f6de064e0f.jpg	http://www.mirsmartone.com/media/cache/af/55/af556aa2faae6500a9fa61f6de064e0f.jpg	[ "https://www.mirsmartone.com/static/img/logo-smartone.svg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/media/cache/dd/69/dd69791661b0947164a51078f41e0e89.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/media/cache/56/32/563275df28d3ad0f8373410c5c633aa5.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/media/cache/b4/38/b438b1c0070b5456d55fa821071ed85c.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/media/cache/ae/db/aedbd38a3faf24609d1a5b2af128eb7f.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/media/cache/3c/8a/3c8a44ae92ad7cd5d29b73307657c711.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/media/cache/8d/fa/8dfa71cc024f4d97bfc56af4817e3092.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/media/cache/96/bb/96bb70738ce903cc671d2e9d6c3f5606.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/media/cache/dd/69/dd69791661b0947164a51078f41e0e89.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/media/cache/56/32/563275df28d3ad0f8373410c5c633aa5.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/media/cache/b4/38/b438b1c0070b5456d55fa821071ed85c.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/media/cache/ae/db/aedbd38a3faf24609d1a5b2af128eb7f.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/media/cache/3c/8a/3c8a44ae92ad7cd5d29b73307657c711.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/media/cache/8d/fa/8dfa71cc024f4d97bfc56af4817e3092.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/media/cache/96/bb/96bb70738ce903cc671d2e9d6c3f5606.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/media/cache/5e/25/5e2536190b1ac10ade588dae15fc97d1.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/media/cache/38/81/388182417335101fe21f6ac37b76142e.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/static/img/smartone/MIR-Smartone-eCommerce-02.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/static/img/smartone/MIR-Smartone-eCommerce-01.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/static/img/smartone/smart-one-app-PDF_Report_pag_02.jpg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/static/img/logo-smartone.svg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/static/img/mir-orange.svg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/static/img/mir-orange.svg", "https://www.mirsmartone.com/static/img/mir-orange.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	description_smart_one	en	/static/img/favicon/favicon.ico	MIR	http://www.mirsmartone.com/en/shop/catalogue/smart-one_6/	€109.00 App-Based Personal Spirometer (PEF,FEV1) Peak Flow and FEV1 now available on Smartphones and Tablets via Bluetooth. Ideal for monitoring lung health, measuring and analyzing athletic performance, preventative care, Asthma and Cystic Fibrosis management, post-lung and post-bone marrow transplant monitoring, and for use in clinical trials. Suitable for patients ages 5-93 years old. Simple and intuitive app for Smartphones and Tablets, compatible with both iOS and Android platforms. Smart One, the pocket-sized personal spirometer, is used to monitor lung health, measuring and analyzing athletic performance, preventative care, Asthma and Cystic Fibrosis management, post-lung and post-bone marrow transplant monitoring, and for use in clinical trials. Specifically, it measures peak flow and FEV1 values directly on your Smartphone or Tablet. Connecting your device to the free MIR Smart One app via Bluetooth you can view your test results in real time, save them, and share them with anyone who needs them. The MIR Smart One APP is included and is compatible with both iOS and Android platforms. It is a medical device deductible from health care costs. Easy to use and always ready to use. Suitable for everyone from 5 to 93 years old. Can be shared by the whole family TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN The SMART ONE pocket-size personal spirometer is particularly suitable for asthmatic or respiratory sufferers, athletes and smokers to keep an eye on the health status of their lungs.
4979	dbpedia	3	57	https://www.wavertech.eu/product/wac52g/	en	Series Hotspot Gateway	https://www.wavertech.eu…art-One-G-1.webp	https://www.wavertech.eu…art-One-G-1.webp	[ "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/waver-logo-03.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/EU-Flag.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/US-Flag.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Smart-One-G-1.webp", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/WAC52G-1-1.webp", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/WAC52G-2-1.webp", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/WAC52G-4-2.webp", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/WAC52G-5.webp", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/WAC52G-5.webp", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/startup.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/startup.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/internet-1.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/internet-1.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/captive-portal.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/captive-portal.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/analytics.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/analytics.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/menu.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/menu.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/database.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/database.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/marketing.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/marketing.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/access-points.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/access-points.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/cashless-payment.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/cashless-payment.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/no-fee.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/no-fee.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/icon-01.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/icon-01.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/icon-01.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/icon-01.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/SmartOne-Hardware-3.svg", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/SmartOne-Hardware-3.svg", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/SmartOne-Hardware-3.svg", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/SmartOne-Hardware-3.svg", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Smart-One-Banner-.webp", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Smart-One-Banner-.webp", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/startup.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/startup.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/internet-1.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/internet-1.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/startup.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/startup.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/internet-1.png", "https://www.wavertech.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/internet-1.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2020-02-27T18:22:11+00:00	Powerful Gigabit Dual-Band WiFi Router with Branded Captive Portal, offering robust Guest WiFi Authentication and Marketing capabilities.	en	https://www.wavertech.eu…ure-05-32x32.png	WAVER	https://www.wavertech.eu/product/wac52g/	WAVER SmartOne G-Series is the latest advancement in our successful line of SmartOne Hotspot Gateways. Since its debut in 2017, the SmartOne has been a benchmark for reliability and performance. The G-Series builds on this legacy with quad-core CPU and integrated WAVER OS, offering advanced Captive Portal features and Guest WiFi management capabilities for small to mid-sized hospitality businesses. Supporting up to 500 active guests, it features Gigabit connectivity and has an integrated 802.11ac Wave 2 WiFi radio for high-speed wireless performance out of the box. The Guest Ethernet Port extends connectivity and advanced features to third-party Access Points of any vendor with speeds up to 1Gbps. Dispatch within 48 hours Worldwide Shipping
4979	dbpedia	3	94	https://themanifest.com/company/smartone-ai	en	Research & Learn About SmartOne AI	https://themanifest.com/…og_directory.png	https://themanifest.com/…og_directory.png	[ "https://img.shgstatic.com/clutch-static-prod/image/scale/60x60/s3fs-public/logos/f34e4d3578a056547e2b6f4b0ba87f7a.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	SmartOne AI is a data annotation services company headquartered in Montréal, Canada and Antsirabe, Madagascar. The large firm was established in 2012. Their...	en	/static/icons/apple-touch-icon.png		https://themanifest.com/company/smartone-ai	This provider has not added their industry expertise. Client Size Distribution This provider has not added their client sizes. Common Project Size This provider does not have any client reviews. Clients This provider has not added their key clients.
4979	dbpedia	2	21	https://www.linkedin.com/posts/smartone_smartonesolutions-allinonenetworksolution-activity-7011587622703702016-KZgx	en	SmarTone on LinkedIn: #smartonesolutions #allinonenetworksolution #seamlesswificoverage	https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/C5622AQFtAjwW_Jd0RA/feedshare-shrink_800/0/1671692756388?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=SBk8hfXhVPT3OIZy3I99FrvA3e0BAMSUA8gWkXyVX-c	https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/C5622AQFtAjwW_Jd0RA/feedshare-shrink_800/0/1671692756388?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=SBk8hfXhVPT3OIZy3I99FrvA3e0BAMSUA8gWkXyVX-c	[ "https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/D563DAQGKzBcunc-CaA/image-scale_191_1128/0/1715313136409/smartone_cover?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=5uCFPESmkLSaeQbL4DHIhhTBrzFq628bZsQ07Xkl1NU" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "SmarTone" ]	2022-12-22T07:05:58.236000+00:00	Having a blind-spot-free Wi-Fi network at home or at work is a necessity in the connected era. SmarTone Solutions, the enterprise solutions business of…	en	https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca		https://www.linkedin.com/posts/smartone_smartonesolutions-allinonenetworksolution-activity-7011587622703702016-KZgx	The Fan-Favorite 𝐒𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐓 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬 is Back! SmarTone is thrilled to announce the return of our highly popular SmarT Pass! This year, we’re elevating the experience with the 𝐒𝐔𝐏𝐄𝐑 𝐒𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐓 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬! The 𝐒𝐔𝐏𝐄𝐑 𝐒𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐓 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬 exclusively grants customers an even faster “𝑩𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕” access to pre-order the Next-Gen Flagship Handset, along with up to $12,000 Handset Voucher, making it easier than ever to reserve their ideal Flagship Handset. Customers who subscribe to other designated 5G monthly plans will be entitled to the 𝐒𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐓 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬, which provides them with “Fast Track” access to pre-order the Flagship Handset and other early-bird offers. Get your SmarT Pass now: https://lnkd.in/g4McYhEi #SmarTone #SmarTPass #SUPERSmarTPass #BeTheFirst #CustomerCentricity #HandsetoftheYear #EarlyBirdOffer We're thrilled to announce that 5 of our sales professionals at SmarTone have been named winners of the Distinguished Salesperson Award (DSA), while one of them received DSA Top 5 award! This award is a huge honor in the sales industry organized by Hong Kong Management Association (HKMA) - it's been recognizing sales excellence for over 5 decades. To be selected as a DSA recipient among the top sales talent in Hong Kong is a tremendous accomplishment. Our CEO, Ms. Fiona Lau, attended the award ceremony to celebrate the achievements of our outstanding sales professionals and to show her support for their excellent work. SmarTone is very dedicated to providing customer centric services by understanding customers' needs and have comprehensive training programs for our staff. Together with these efforts, we can always provide outstanding customer service that is well recognized by our customers. We are proud of our 5 DSA winners and their remarkable achievements. Their success not only brings recognition to our company but also inspires our entire sales team to strive for excellence. Congratulations to our DSA winners! #SmarTone #DistinguishedSalespersonAward #TopSalesPerformers #CustomerCentric At SmarTone, we're thrilled to rally behind Team Hong Kong. To celebrate the outstanding performance and dedication of Team Hong Kong athletes, all SmarTone mobile plan customers can enjoy 3 days of free local data from 2 to 4 August 2024. This will allow our customers to fully support Team Hong Kong and witness their extraordinary achievements on the international stage during the weekend. And to express our gratitude, SmarTone will provide the 35 remarkable Team Hong Kong athletes with free lifetime access to our 5G local mobile data and call minutes. And we look forward to seeing more Hong Kong athletes excel in international competitions in the future. #SmarTone #SupportHongKongTeam #HongKongAthletes In today's fast-paced world, we understand parents have a hectic schedule, which is why SmarTone is here to support you when the time comes to equip your child with their first phone. We are dedicated to ensuring your child's digital journey is safe, enriching, and empowering. Introducing the mobile plan for SmarTKid, along with add-on SIM card and Samsung Galaxy A15 5G, allows you to manage your child's digital experience with ease. ➡️ Flexible Data Control: Our designated plan lets you manage your child's data usage and limit screen time, promoting responsible phone use and giving you peace of mind. ➡️ Full Call Protection: With our Call Guard App, you can create a VIP list to permit calls only from family and friends, shielding your child from unwanted contacts and potential dangers. ➡️ An Array of Entertainment and Dining Offers: In summer, you can enjoy special offers for JumPin Gym USA, Super Sports Park, Noah’s Park and LIFETASTIC, to spend the quality time with your family. ➡️ Expert Advice Guidance: Our dedicated team of in-store experts offers personalized advice and support. And our SmarT Parenting Academy offers practical tips for managing kids’ internet usage, cultivating healthy digital habits and recommendations for kid-friendly services and apps. Our mobile plan for SmarTKid provides a secure and age-appropriate digital environment for your child. We are committed to partnering with you to provide a positive and enriching experience as they use their first smartphone. #SmarTone #5G #FirstPhone #ParentalControls #Smartphone #CallGuardApp Applicable to designated plan only. SmarTone believes that a happy and healthy workforce is the cornerstone for success. We are excited to share some of our ongoing initiatives in our commitment to fostering a culture of wellness in the workplace! 👍🏻 Workplace Massage and Physiotherapy Consultation: These rejuvenating sessions help our staff members ease muscle tension and address targeted health concerns, supporting their overall well-being. 👍🏻 Strengthening Workshop: This program empowers our employees to enhance their physical fitness and resilience, equipping them with the tools to perform at their best. In the months ahead, we are rolling out a variety of engaging activities designed to promote holistic well-being. By further cultivating a thriving and healthy work environment, we aim to empower our talented team to reach new heights. We are proud of the wellness journey at SmarTone, and we look forward to continuing to invest in the health and happiness of our valued employees. #SmarTone #HealthyWorkforce #EmployeeWellbeing #WorkplaceWellness SmarTone’s Engineering and Operation Team has recently relocated to a new office at Lu Plaza. We had our management team and colleagues from different offices joining us for the ceremony of grand opening. We enjoyed refreshments, mingled with our teams, and got an office tour at our new workspace. The new workspace features a variety of eco-friendly, including smart lighting system to reduce our carbon footprint, recycling bins that encourage and educate our staff on practicing environmental responsibility, quality green space to support employees’ health and well-being initiatives. Thank you to all who attended and shared in this momentous occasion with us. We can't wait to see what the future holds as we continue to grow and evolve in this dynamic new space. #SmarTone #5G #NewOffice #GrandOpening #EnergySaving #Recyling #Wellbeing SmarTone’s enterprise solutions arm, SmarTone Solutions, participated in the 2024 McDonald's Kidathon Corporate Charity Run. The event was organized in support of Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMHC) Hong Kong, a cause that is closely aligned with SmarTone's commitment to corporate social responsibility. The comfort, care, and essential resources that RMHC provides to families during their most difficult times are truly invaluable. Our team felt honored to represent SmarTone and contribute to the Kidathon's fundraising efforts through participating in the run. By coming together for this meaningful initiative, we were able to make a tangible impact and further our sense of purpose. We extend our heartfelt gratitude to the McDonald's team for organizing this impactful, family-oriented event in support of RMHC Hong Kong. SmarTone looks forward to continuing our partnership and involvement in future Kidathon initiatives. #SmarTone #SmarToneSolutions #CharityRun #Kidathon #RunForLove Smart homes are becoming increasingly popular among busy urban professionals. Cutting-edge technologies allow them to manage living spaces efficiently away from home, streamlining their daily routines and providing greater convenience, comfort and security. SmarTone is dedicated to meeting the automation needs of new residential projects. SmarTone Solutions has partnered with TP-Link to deliver an integrated "All-in-One Network Solution" for new smart residential projects in Hong Kong, such as NOVOLAND, Silicon Hill, and University Hill, etc. We are the exclusive authorized distributor of this cutting-edge technology, which includes a powerful "3-in-1 Network Controller" and in-wall wireless access points (APs) pre-installed in every unit. By proactively setting up the wireless infrastructure during project preparation, residents can enjoy seamless smart home connectivity from the moment they move in. SmarTone Solutions is eager to deliver innovative SmartHome solutions that elevate convenience and quality of life for Hong Kong residents. Reach out to us to discover how our comprehensive "All-in-One Network Solution" can benefit your upcoming project. Learn more: https://lnkd.in/gVPZzWq9 #SmarTone #SmarToneSolutions #5G #SmartHome #Connectivity SmarTone’s enterprise solutions arm, SmarTone Solutions, has been awarded the prestigious "Best 5G Commercial Network Operator Award" by PC Market. This award recognizes our exceptional performance in delivering innovative 5G solutions to empower businesses across various industries. SmarTone Solutions leverages the power of 5G and other cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and Internet of Things (IoT) to develop industry-specific applications that transform businesses. These solutions enhance operations, boost productivity, and strengthen competitiveness in the digital age. Some of our key industry solutions include: 👍 Smart Construction Solution: Optimizes site operations, enhances construction safety, and improves workforce productivity. 👍 SmarTransport: Facilitates public transport management and enhances transportation safety, bus operation, and passenger experience. 👍 SmartHotel: Elevates hospitality with Hong Kong's first large-scale Smart ApartHotel, providing an exceptional guest journey. 👍 SmartMall: Improves customer experience and optimizes mall management through Smart Queue Management, and Smart Restroom. 👍 Smart Property Management: Digitalizes carpark operations, facility monitoring and security management. We are proud of this recognition and remain committed to driving innovation and delivering transformative 5G solutions that empower businesses to thrive in the digital landscape. Learn more: https://lnkd.in/gYt8MKWU #SmarTone #SmarToneSolutions #5G #Enterprise #DigitalTransformation #TechAward To ensure customers a seamless network experience in MTR, SmarTone has rolled out the deployment of 3.3Ghz and 3.5GHz "5G Golden Spectrum". The upgrade has already been implemented in Tin Hau Station, and will be gradually rolling out in Admiralty, Wan Chai and Kowloon Stations. SmarTone will also extend this network capacity upgrade to a total of 24 major MTR stations along the major railway lines. Along with the recent deployment of our exclusive 850MHz low-band 5G network inside MTR stations, SmarTone has enhanced the network capacity in the stations, which provides better signal penetration and network experience for our customers. By continuously investing in our infrastructure and technology, SmarTone is committed to delivering a superior 5G experience that empowers our customers to stay connected and productive during their daily commutes. #SmarTone #5GNetwork #MTR #SeamlessExperience #5GGoldenSpectrum
4979	dbpedia	2	76	https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4656685-donald-trump-barron-trump-political-advise-2024/	en	Trump says son Barron advises him on politics: ‘He is a smart one’	https://thehill.com/wp-c…-5.10.png?w=1280	https://thehill.com/wp-c…-5.10.png?w=1280	[ "https://thehill.com/wp-content/themes/the-hill/assets/the-hill-logo-horizontal.svg", "https://thehill.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/08/walz_vance.jpg?w=320&h=180&crop=1", "https://thehill.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/05/trump-iron-dome_mitchell_AP.jpg?w=320&h=180&crop=1", "https://thehill.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/08/Donald-Trump-Kamala-Harris-08.07.png?w=320&h=180&crop=1", "https://thehill.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/11/GettyImages-1235970497.jpg?w=320&h=180&crop=1", "https://thehill.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/08/C-BLOCK-THUMB.png?w=640&h=360&crop=1", "https://thehill.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/08/FULL-SHOW-BLOCK-THUMB-6.png?w=320&h=180&crop=1", "https://thehill.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/08/A-BLOCK-THUMB.png?w=320&h=180&crop=1", "https://thehill.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/07/rnc_071724gn19_w.jpg?w=320&h=180&crop=1", "https://thehill.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/07/kam.jpg?w=500", "https://thehill.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/11/dt.jpg?w=500", "https://thehill.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/11/rfk.jpg?w=500", "https://thehill.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/08/AP24223198716028-e1723300363789.jpg?w=360&h=180&crop=1", "https://thehill.com/wp-content/themes/the-hill/assets/thehill-logo-footer.svg", "https://thehill.com/wp-content/themes/the-hill/assets/mobile_download_badge_android.png", "https://thehill.com/wp-content/themes/the-hill/assets/mobile_download_badge_ios.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Donald Trump" ]	null	[ "Filip Timotija" ]	2024-05-10T18:47:21+00:00	Former President Trump said his 18-year-old son Barron is a “smart one” whom he trusts to advise him on politics. Trump said his youngest son, who will be making his debut in the political sphere at this year’s Republican National Convention, “likes” the industry. November will mark the first presidential election in which Barron is…	en	https://thehill.com/wp-c…512px-1.png?w=32	The Hill	https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4656685-donald-trump-barron-trump-political-advise-2024/	Former President Trump said his 18-year-old son Barron is a “smart one” whom he trusts to advise him on politics. Trump said his youngest son, who will be making his debut in the political sphere at this year’s Republican National Convention, “likes” the industry. November will mark the first presidential election in which Barron is eligible to vote. “He’s seen it. He doesn’t have to hear. He is a smart one. He doesn’t have to hear much. But he’s, he’s a great guy,” Trump told “Kayal and Company” on Philadelphia’s Talk Radio 1210 WPHT on Friday. “He’s a little on the tall side. I will tell you, he’s a tall one, but he is a good-looking guy.” “And he’s really been a great student,” he continued. “And he does like politics. It’s sort of funny. He’ll tell me sometimes, ‘Dad, this is what you have to do.’” The former president added, “He’s a senior now in high school, and he’ll be going to college. And you know, a lot of, a lot of these choices of colleges are changing because you see what’s going on in the last month. Biden has totally lost control of the country.” Barron Trump was named as one of the 41 at-large Republican delegates to represent Florida at the convention in Milwaukee set to take place in July. During the convention, the party is expected to officially nominate Trump as the GOP presidential candidate, officially setting up a rematch against President Biden in November. The younger Trump will be accompanied by three of the former president’s other children, including Eric, Tiffany and Donald Trump Jr., who will also serve as delegates. Barron Trump has spent most of his life kept outside of the political spotlight. He was 10 when his father was elected president in 2016.
4979	dbpedia	2	17	https://www.hope-education.co.uk/product/facilities/hygiene/toilet-tissue/tork-smartone-toilet-rolls-2-ply-pack-of-6/he468734	en	HE468734 - TORK SmartOne Toilet Rolls - 2 Ply - Pack of 6	https://cdn.images.fecom…4_i_mRCHHlkU.PNG	https://cdn.images.fecom…4_i_mRCHHlkU.PNG	[ "https://cdn.images.fecom-media.com/FE00005854/images/132432 (2)_0aeQYuh9Ik.jpg?width=228&height=228&scale=UpscaleCanvas&anchor=MiddleCenter", "https://cdn.images.fecom-media.com/FE00005854/images/132432 (2)_0aeQYuh9Ik.jpg?width=228&height=228&scale=UpscaleCanvas&anchor=MiddleCenter", "https://cdn.images.fecom-media.com/FE00008530/images/152482_MQA4ybBB1k.jpg?width=228&height=228&scale=UpscaleCanvas&anchor=MiddleCenter", "https://cdn.images.fecom-media.com/FE00015123/images/HE1796430_1425115-GLS-CAM-P01.jpg?width=228&height=228&scale=UpscaleCanvas&anchor=MiddleCenter", "https://www.hope-education.co.uk/images/payment-options/amex.svg", "https://www.hope-education.co.uk/images/payment-options/visa.svg", "https://www.hope-education.co.uk/images/payment-options/mastercard.svg", "https://www.hope-education.co.uk/images/payment-options/maestro.svg", "https://www.hope-education.co.uk/images/payment-options/paypal.svg", "https://www.hope-education.co.uk/images/logos/findel-family.svg", "https://www.hope-education.co.uk/images/logos/logo-normal.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	HE468734 - TORK SmartOne Toilet Rolls - 2 Ply - Pack of 6 - The Tork SmartOne® Toilet Roll System uniquely delivers one hygienic sheet at a time, helping to reduce consumption by up to 40% compared to traditional jumbo roll dispensers, which means more visits per roll. Tork SmartOne® high-capacity rolls are great for high traffic washrooms. For use with standard SmartOne® toilet roll dispenser Provides hygienic and economical one sheet at a time dispensing Recycled 2-ply Roll length 207m 1150 sheets per roll Sheet Size: L180 x W130mm White Did you know you can loan this dispenser? Findel offer a Dispenser Loan Scheme to schools and businesses at no extra cost. To find out more information, email dispenserloanscheme@findel.co.uk. Terms and Conditions apply.	en	/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png?cb=0.0.0.0	Hope Education	https://www.hope-education.co.uk/product/facilities/hygiene/toilet-tissue/tork-smartone-toilet-rolls-2-ply-pack-of-6/he468734	The Tork SmartOne® Toilet Roll System uniquely delivers one hygienic sheet at a time, helping to reduce consumption by up to 40% compared to traditional jumbo roll dispensers, which means more visits per roll. Tork SmartOne® high-capacity rolls are great for high traffic washrooms. For use with standard SmartOne® toilet roll dispenser Provides hygienic and economical one sheet at a time dispensing Recycled 2-ply Roll length 207m 1150 sheets per roll Sheet Size: L180 x W130mm White Did you know you can loan this dispenser? Findel offer a Dispenser Loan Scheme to schools and businesses at no extra cost. To find out more information, email dispenserloanscheme@findel.co.uk. Terms and Conditions apply.
4979	dbpedia	2	83	https://www.stocktitan.net/news/ORCL/smar-tone-selects-oracle-to-transform-and-adopt-cloud-based-charging-61ayqeoth9xy.html	en	SmarTone Selects Oracle to Transform and Adopt Cloud-Based Charging and Billing System at Scale to Accelerate the Delivery of New Services	https://static.stocktita…logo/orcl-lg.png	https://static.stocktita…logo/orcl-lg.png	[ "https://www.stocktitan.net/img/stock-titan-logo.webp", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/asts-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/goev-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/stne-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/pfgc-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/sprc-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/zom-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/asts-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/goev-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/stne-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/pfgc-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/sprc-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/zom-sm-ext.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/img/icons/x-icon.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/img/icons/reddit-icon.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/img/icons/facebook-icon.png", "https://static.stocktitan.net/img/icons/link-icon.png", "https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1766551/Oracle_Logo_Logo.jpg", "https://c212.net/c/img/favicon.png?sn=SF26099&sd=2024-02-01", "https://static.stocktitan.net/company-logo/orcl.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "ORCL stock news", "ORCL news", "ORCL stock", "ORCL latest news", "ORCL earnings", "stock market updates", "stock market feed", "financial news", "company news", "press releases", "financial disclosures", "multimedia content", "day trading", "investment community", "individual investors", "stock market quotes", "stock market trends", "stock market data", "stock market analysis", "stock market insights", "market commentary", "investment opportunities" ]	null	[ "Oracle Corporation", "StockTitan" ]	2024-02-01T13:00:00+00:00	SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited has chosen Oracle to transform its Business Support Systems (BSS) by upgrading its legacy solutions to bring prepaid charging and postpaid billing onto one unified, cloud native platform. This move will enable SmarTone to efficiently launch and scale differentiated offerings, improve agility, and simplify operations across consumer and enterprise lines of business. SmarTone is a leading telecommunications service provider in Hong Kong and Macau, offering voice, multimedia, mobile broadband, and fixed fiber broadband services for both consumer and corporate markets. The company has been a leading 5G developer in Hong Kong since May 2020 and was recently ranked as the city's top 5G service provider.	en	/img/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png		https://www.stocktitan.net/news/ORCL/smar-tone-selects-oracle-to-transform-and-adopt-cloud-based-charging-61ayqeoth9xy.html	HONG KONG and AUSTIN, Texas, Feb. 1, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited ("SmarTone") has chosen Oracle to transform its Business Support Systems (BSS). By upgrading its legacy solutions to bring prepaid charging and postpaid billing onto one unified, cloud native platform, Oracle Cloud Scale Charging and Billing will enable SmarTone to efficiently launch and scale differentiated offerings. "We are constantly innovating to deliver superior service and experiences to our customers," said Stephen Chau, SmarTone's Chief Technology Officer. "Oracle Cloud Scale Charging and Billing's unified, cloud native solution will enable us to improve agility by simplifying operations across consumer and enterprise (B2B) lines of business, accelerating time to market for new offers." SmarTone, a leading telecommunications service provider with operating subsidiaries in Hong Kong and Macau, offers voice, multimedia, and mobile broadband services, as well as fixed fiber broadband services for both consumer and corporate markets. The pioneer has been a leading 5G developer in Hong Kong with the launch of its territory-wide 5G services since May 2020. It was recently ranked by one report as the city's "Strongest Communications Brand." Simplified BSS architecture SmarTone selected Oracle Cloud Scale Charging and Billing to support its existing consumer and business offerings with advanced capabilities such as automated billing, real-time tracking, and customizable invoicing. The Oracle solution is aligned with TM Forum and 3GPP standards and uses an API-first approach to seamlessly integrate with most existing systems such as CRM, payment gateways, self-care, and self-service platforms. Oracle Cloud Scale Charging and Billing will help SmarTone monetize the greater capacity, low latency, and precise geo-location tracking enabled by 5G and also support future business models such as industry-focused IoT offerings. Support for open APIs will allow such capabilities to be seamlessly integrated into co-created offerings in B2B2x business models. "5G has enabled endless new service opportunities, but market leaders will be made by their ability to accelerate time to market from conceptualization to monetization," Jason Rutherford, senior vice president and general manager, Oracle Communications, Applications. "SmarTone has been a 5G trailblazer in Hong Kong, and we're honored to support this next phase of their journey delivering innovative, next-generation offerings to the region." 5G era and beyond With the Oracle solution, SmarTone can efficiently scale to meet its growing customer demand using a private cloud deployment that distributes traffic across two charging sites in active-active mode. This allows business continuity to be maintained if one site were to go down, as the charging grid can be federated across both sites to maintain sessions and associated revenue or data. This has been recently demonstrated in a performance test for 100 million subscribers with multi-site deployment. Covalensedigital, a member of Oracle PartnerNetwork (OPN) and global systems integrator with deep expertise in delivering complex digital transformation projects in the communications sector, is managing the implementation of the solution. "We are excited to once again collaborate with our close partner Oracle Communications to help SmarTone fast-track its monetization journey across new business models and its brand portfolio," said Covalensedigital CEO Sreenivas Peesapati. "Oracle's fully integrated charging and billing solution harnesses the benefits of a cloud native deployment and will modernize SmarTone's BSS to accelerate time to market for launching evolving 4G and 5G services." To learn more about Oracle Communications industry solutions, visit: Oracle Communications LinkedIn, or join the conversation at Twitter @OracleComms. About Oracle Communications Oracle Communications provides integrated communications and cloud solutions for Service Providers and Enterprises to accelerate their digital transformation journey in a communications-driven world from network evolution to digital business to customer experience. www.oracle.com/communications About Oracle Oracle offers integrated suites of applications plus secure, autonomous infrastructure in the Oracle Cloud. For more information about Oracle (NYSE: ORCL), please visit us at oracle.com. Trademarks Oracle, Java, MySQL and NetSuite are registered trademarks of Oracle Corporation. NetSuite was the first cloud company—ushering in the new era of cloud computing. View original content to download multimedia:https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/smartone-selects-oracle-to-transform-and-adopt-cloud-based-charging-and-billing-system-at-scale-to-accelerate-the-delivery-of-new-services-302050145.html SOURCE Oracle
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4979	dbpedia	3	98	https://tracxn.com/d/companies/smartone-prepaid/__p8dPk3lZgrCthuMovaaK_9YJXs4GZvZbD7zIFXIUqI0	en	smartOne Prepaid	https://cdn.tracxn.com/i…09315912235.webp	https://cdn.tracxn.com/i…09315912235.webp	[ "https://cdn.tracxn.com/images/static/tracxn-logo-full-100x22.svg", "https://i.tracxn.com/logo/company/d94d9050ecc95ec26e69cf9f9bac53?height=120&width=120", "https://i.tracxn.com/logo/company/d94d9050ecc95ec26e69cf9f9bac53?height=40&width=40", "https://i.tracxn.com/logo/company/2fb48127c966f82f8a299313ceba66ab?height=40&width=40", "https://i.tracxn.com/logo/company/Capture_3c829e23-3e2d-4dc8-a54a-42857286ccb0.PNG?height=40&width=40", "https://i.tracxn.com/logo/company/Selection_999(044)_1530179638258.png?height=40&width=40", "https://i.tracxn.com/tracxn-data-attachments/report/thumbnail/image/Corporate_Cards_-_Feed_Report_743159e9-a35e-4453-a354-8385f36bb73b.jpg?width=350" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Tracxn" ]	2021-08-17T12:22:22+00:00	smartOne Prepaid - Provides corporate incentive prepaid cards.. This company is not active anymore. smartOne Prepaid has 104 competitors.	en	https://cdn.tracxn.com/images/static/favicon.ico		https://tracxn.com/d/companies/smartone-prepaid/__p8dPk3lZgrCthuMovaaK_9YJXs4GZvZbD7zIFXIUqI0	smartOne Prepaid company profile Provides corporate incentive prepaid cards. 2003•Alpharetta ( United States )•Deadpooled smartOne Prepaid Key Metrics Ranked 104th among 104 competitors Similar Companies Brex & 366 more smartOne Prepaid - About the company What does smartOne Prepaid do? SmartOne Prepaid provides prepaid debit card programs to enterprises for promotional and operational purposes. Its product offerings are: 1. Prepaid debit award cards for consumers: Loyalty cards for consumers for rebate campaigns, customer loyalty, referral awards and marketing and sales promotion. 2. Prepaid cards for employees: Prepaid debit cards for employees for recognition, sales and marketing, motivation as well as corporate expenses such as per diem, travel expense, check reimbursement, petty cash, and the need to issue multiple corporate credit cards. These expenses can be budgeted and limited by the employer. 3. Prepaid debit cards for businesses: Corporate Award cards for implementing rewards and incentives for human resources programs and employee appreciation rewards. Can also be used to provide expense cards or per diems funds, or distribute disbursements to vendors, employees and employment candidates. The cards are fully customizable, can be re-branded and can either be single load or reloadable cards. Which sectors and market segments does smartOne Prepaid operate in? smartOne Prepaid serves in the FinTech, Travel and Hospitality Tech market segments . The primary business model of smartOne Prepaid are :FinTech > Finance & Accounting Tech > *** > * **FinTech > Payments > * > * **Travel and Hospitality Tech > Online Travel > * > * **** Company Details Website : smartoneprepaid.com Social : Part Of : netspend.com smartOne Prepaid's funding and investors How much funding has smartOne Prepaid raised till date? smartOne Prepaid has not raised any funding rounds yet. Who are smartOne Prepaid's investors? There are no Institutional or Angel investors in smartOne Prepaid. smartOne Prepaid's founders and board of directors Founder? Claim Profile Who is the current CEO of smartOne Prepaid? Jeff Tomey is the CEO of smartOne Prepaid . smartOne Prepaid's Competitors and alternates Who are the competitors of smartOne Prepaid? Top competitor s of smartOne Prepaid include Brex, Ramp and Sodexo. smartOne Prepaid ranks 104 th among 104 competitors. 22 of its competitors are funded while 18 have exited. Overall, smartOne Prepaid and its competitors have raised over $4.21B in funding across 98 funding rounds involving 333 investors. There are 5 private unicorns, 5 public and 13 acquired companies in the entire competition set. Below is a comparison of top competitors of smartOne Prepaid smartOne Prepaid Description Provides corporate incentive prepaid cards. SaaS-driven credit card and spend management solutions platform for businesses Online corporate credit cards and spend management solutions for startups Online platform providing payment cards for employee benefits Founded Year 2003 2017 2019 1966 Location Alpharetta (United States) Draper (United States) New York City (United States) Issy les Moulineaux (France) Company Stage Deadpooled Series D Series D Public Unicorn Rating - Decacorn Unicorn - Total Funding - $1.2B $1.41B - Funding Rounds - 10 11 1 Latest Round - Series D, $300M, Oct 22, 2021 Series D, $156M, Apr 18, 2024 Conventional Debt, $314M, Jun 18, 2019 Investor Count - 57 43 - Top Investors - Tracxn Score What is this? - 86/100 85/100 75/100 Overall Rank 104th 1st 2nd 3rd Get insights and benchmarks for competitors of 2M+ companies! Sign up today! Looking for more details on smartOne Prepaid 's competitors? Click here to see the top ones smartOne Prepaid's Investments and acquisitions smartOne Prepaid has made no investments or acquisitions yet. Reports related to smartOne Prepaid Here is the latest report on smartOne Prepaid's sector: Free Corporate Cards - Sector Report Edition: Aug 10, 2024 (69 Pages) Frequently asked questions about smartOne Prepaid When was smartOne Prepaid founded? smartOne Prepaid was founded in 2003. Where is smartOne Prepaid located? smartOne Prepaid is located in Alpharetta, United States. Is smartOne Prepaid a Finance & Accounting Tech company? The primary sectors of smartOne Prepaid are Finance & Accounting Tech, Payments, Online Travel and HRTech.
4979	dbpedia	3	61	https://www.4yfn.com/exhibitors/28287-smartone-solutions-inc	en	SmartONE Solutions Inc.	https://event-assets.gsm…mtime=1709546499	https://event-assets.gsm…mtime=1709546499	[ "https://www.4yfn.com/images/skip-link.svg", "https://www.4yfn.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,w=auto,h=auto/https://event-assets.gsma.com/4YFN/logos/logo-4yfn.png", "https://www.4yfn.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,w=auto,h=192/https://stg-mediarepository.cwsfirabarcelona.com/bona/miscellany/thumbnail_MWC_Exhibitor.png", "https://www.4yfn.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,w=120,h=auto/https://event-assets.gsma.com/Logos/banco_sabadell_logo_300x150.jpeg", "https://www.4yfn.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,w=120,h=auto/https://event-assets.gsma.com/Logos/Caixa_Bank_logo_300x150.png", "https://www.4yfn.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,w=120,h=auto/https://event-assets.gsma.com/Logos/EY_logo_300x150.jpg", "https://www.4yfn.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,w=120,h=auto/https://event-assets.gsma.com/Logos/ACCIO_Logo_300x150.png", "https://www.4yfn.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,w=120,h=auto/https://event-assets.gsma.com/Logos/AJ_BASA_Logo_300x150.png", "https://www.4yfn.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,w=120,h=auto/https://event-assets.gsma.com/Logos/ICEX_logo_New_300x150.png", "https://www.4yfn.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,w=120,h=auto/https://event-assets.gsma.com/Logos/MWC_Logo_300x150.png", "https://www.4yfn.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,w=120,h=auto/https://event-assets.gsma.com/Logos/gsma-foundry-logo-300x150.png", "https://www.4yfn.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,w=auto,h=auto/https://event-assets.gsma.com/4YFN/logos/logo-4yfn.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "european technology event", "spain technology event", "barcelona tech events", "barcelona startup event", "uk startup events", "spain startup events", "startup investors", "tech startups" ]	null	[]	null	4YFN Barcelona is the startup event of the world’s largest exhibition for the mobile industry, GSMA MWC.	en	/barcelona4YFN/apple-touch-icon.png	4YFN Barcelona 2025	https://www.4yfn.com/exhibitors/28287-smartone-solutions-inc	4YFN Barcelona is the startup event of the world’s largest exhibition for the mobile industry, GSMA MWC. #MWC24 Copyright 2024 GSM Association. The GSMA logo is registered and owned by the GSM Association. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
4979	dbpedia	2	95	https://eulerpool.com/en/stock/Smartone-Telecommunications-Holdings-Stock-BMG8219Z1059/PS	en	Smartone Telecommunications Holdings P/S 2024 \| BMG8219Z1059 \| 315.HK	https://eulerpool.com/me…pool-premium.jpg	https://eulerpool.com/me…pool-premium.jpg	[ "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US5949181045.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US0378331005.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US0231351067.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US02079K3059.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US6541061031.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/DE000A1EWWW0.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/DE0008404005.png", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US4781601046.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US30303M1027.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US92826C8394.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US3453708600.png", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US0527691069.png", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/DE0007100000.png", 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"https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/FR0000120644.png", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US88160R1014.png", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/DE000BAY0017.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US00724F1012.png", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US70450Y1038.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US5949181045.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US0378331005.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US0231351067.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US02079K3059.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US6541061031.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/DE000A1EWWW0.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/DE0008404005.png", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US4781601046.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US30303M1027.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US92826C8394.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US3453708600.png", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US0527691069.png", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/DE0007100000.png", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/FR0000120644.png", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US88160R1014.png", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/DE000BAY0017.svg", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US00724F1012.png", "https://logo.eulerpool.com/p-small/US70450Y1038.svg", "https://cdn.eulerpool.com/images/icons/instagram.svg", "https://cdn.eulerpool.com/images/icons/linkedin.svg", "https://cdn.eulerpool.com/images/icons/twitter-light.svg", "https://cdn.eulerpool.com/images/icons/youtube.svg", "https://cdn.eulerpool.com/images/icons/facebook.svg", "https://www.bloggerei.de/bgpublicon.jpg", "https://cdn.eulerpool.com/images/app/ios-gray.svg", "https://cdn.eulerpool.com/images/app/play-gray.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Smartone Telecommunications Holdings Stock", "Smartone Telecommunications Holdings P/S", "Smartone Telecommunications Holdings P/S 2024" ]	null	[]	null	(Price-Sales Ratio) ist ein wichtiger Kennwert zur Bewertung von Aktien. Es berechnet sich aus dem aktuellen Aktienkurs geteilt durch den Umsatz pro Aktie. Das KUV gibt an, wie viele Jahre ein Unternehmen braucht, um den Umsatz pro Aktie als Gewinn zu erwirtschaften. Ein niedriges KUV deutet darauf hin, dass eine Aktie unterbewertet sein könnte, während ein hohes KUV auf eine Überbewertung hinweisen könnte. Es ist jedoch wichtig, das KUV immer im Kontext der Branche und des Unternehmens zu betrachten. of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings 2024 is 0.63. As of Aug 15, 2024, Smartone Telecommunications Holdings's P/S ratio stood at 0.63, a -14.86% change from the 0.74 P/S ratio recorded in the previous year..	en	/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png	Eulerpool Research Systems	https://eulerpool.com/en/stock/Smartone-Telecommunications-Holdings-Stock-BMG8219Z1059/PS	What is the price-to-earnings ratio of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings? The price-earnings ratio of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings is currently 0.63. How has the price-earnings ratio of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings changed compared to last year? The price-to-earnings ratio of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings has increased by -14.86% fallen (meaning "decreased" or "dropped") compared to last year. What consequences does a high price-earnings ratio have for investors? A high price-to-earnings ratio indicates that the company's stock is relatively expensive and investors may potentially achieve a lower return. What does a low price-earnings ratio mean? A low price-earnings ratio means that the company's stock is relatively cheap and investors may potentially achieve a higher return. Is the price-earnings ratio of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings high compared to other companies? Yes, the price-to-earnings ratio of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings is high compared to other companies. How does an increase in the price-earnings ratio of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings affect the company? An increase in the price-earnings ratio of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings would lead to a higher market capitalization of the company, which in turn would lead to a higher valuation of the company. How does a reduction in the price-to-earnings ratio of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings affect the company? A decrease in the price-earnings ratio of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings would result in a lower market capitalization of the company, which in turn would lead to a lower valuation of the company. What are some factors that influence the price-earnings ratio of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings? Some factors that influence the price-earnings ratio of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings are the company's growth, financial position, industry development, and the overall economic situation. How much dividend does Smartone Telecommunications Holdings pay? Over the past 12 months, Smartone Telecommunications Holdings paid a dividend of 0.32 HKD . This corresponds to a dividend yield of about 8.53 %. For the coming 12 months, Smartone Telecommunications Holdings is expected to pay a dividend of 0.33 HKD. What is the dividend yield of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings? The current dividend yield of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings is 8.53 %. When does Smartone Telecommunications Holdings pay dividends? Smartone Telecommunications Holdings pays a quarterly dividend. This is distributed in the months of December, April, December, April. How secure is the dividend of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings? Smartone Telecommunications Holdings paid dividends every year for the past 23 years. What is the dividend of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings? For the upcoming 12 months, dividends amounting to 0.33 HKD are expected. This corresponds to a dividend yield of 8.68 %. In which sector is Smartone Telecommunications Holdings located? Smartone Telecommunications Holdings is assigned to the 'Communication' sector. Wann musste ich die Aktien von Smartone Telecommunications Holdings kaufen, um die vorherige Dividende zu erhalten? To receive the latest dividend of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings from 3/18/2024 amounting to 0.145 HKD, you needed to have the stock in your portfolio before the ex-date on 3/5/2024. When did Smartone Telecommunications Holdings pay the last dividend? The last dividend was paid out on 3/18/2024. What was the dividend of Smartone Telecommunications Holdings in the year 2023? In the year 2023, Smartone Telecommunications Holdings distributed 0.3 HKD as dividends.
4979	dbpedia	3	37	https://www.lonestartracking.com/tracking-devices/smartone-c-8v-22v-power-cable/	en	22v power cable 2024	https://150551604.v2.pre…-power-cable.png	https://150551604.v2.pre…-power-cable.png	[ "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/LoneStar-Tracking-Logo-2021-1-244x109.png", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/LoneStar-Tracking-Logo-2021-1-244x109.png", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Smartone-C-power-cable-500x500.png", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/google-play.png", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/appstore.png", "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=2542712542545552&ev=ViewContent&noscript=1&cd%5Bcontent_ids%5D=%5B%222059%22%5D&cd%5Bcontent_type%5D=product&cd%5Bcontent_name%5D=Smartone+C+8v-22v+power+cable&cd%5Bcategory_name%5D=Accessories%2C+GlobalStar+GPS+Tracker&cd%5Bvalue%5D=72&cd%5Bcurrency%5D=USD&cd%5Bcontents%5D=%5B%7B%22id%22%3A%222059%22%2C%22quantity%22%3A1%7D%5D&cd%5Bproduct_price%5D=72&cd%5Bpage_title%5D=Smartone+C+8v-22v+power+cable&cd%5Bpost_type%5D=product&cd%5Bpost_id%5D=2059&cd%5Bplugin%5D=PixelYourSite&cd%5Buser_role%5D=guest&cd%5Bevent_url%5D=www.lonestartracking.com%2Ftracking-devices%2Fsmartone-c-8v-22v-power-cable%2F", "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=2542712542545552&ev=PageView&noscript=1&cd%5Bpage_title%5D=Smartone+C+8v-22v+power+cable&cd%5Bpost_type%5D=product&cd%5Bpost_id%5D=2059&cd%5Bplugin%5D=PixelYourSite&cd%5Buser_role%5D=guest&cd%5Bevent_url%5D=www.lonestartracking.com%2Ftracking-devices%2Fsmartone-c-8v-22v-power-cable%2F" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2018-06-21T02:33:28+00:00	Global coverage is provided by satellite network. The SmartOne C device can be battery powered, lasting up to 750 days, or hard-wired.	en	https://150551604.v2.pre…x204-100x100.png	LoneStar Tracking®	https://www.lonestartracking.com/tracking-devices/smartone-c-8v-22v-power-cable/	The SmartOne C includes 4 AAA batteries which are capable of powering the unit for up to 750 days. If you want to hard wire the SmartOne C to your boat or asset’s 12v battery system, then this cable is for you. If your SmartOne C is ever disconnected from it’s power source, it will automatically switch to the internal AAA batteries and continue normal operation. When using the 8-22 V external input cable (PN# 2030-0307-01), the supply voltage applied to the Line Power + wire must be between 8.0 VDC and 22VDC. If less than 8 VDC is applied, the regulator will not function properly. If more than 22VDC is applied, there is a chance that the regulator will be damaged.
4979	dbpedia	2	94	https://www.tork.co.uk/product/472242/refill/toilet-paper	en	Tork SmartOne® Toilet Roll	https://img-images.essit…imPolicy=dynamic	https://img-images.essit…imPolicy=dynamic	[ "https://www.tork.co.uk/assets/images/logo_tork_think-ahead.svg", "https://www.tork.co.uk/assets/images/logo_tork_think-ahead.svg", "https://img-images.essity.com/images-c6/637/88637/optimized-AzureJPG2K/472242.jpg?w=800&h=800&imPolicy=dynamic", "https://img-images.essity.com/images-c6/637/88637/optimized-AzurePNG2K/472242.png?w=60&h=60&imPolicy=dynamic", "https://tork-images.essity.com/images-c5/252/80252/optimized-AzurePNG2K/472242-i.png?w=60&h=60&imPolicy=dynamic", "https://img-images.essity.com/images-c6/637/88637/optimized-AzureJPG2K/472242.jpg?w=800&h=800&imPolicy=dynamic", "https://img-images.essity.com/images-c6/637/88637/optimized-AzureJPG2K/472242.jpg?w=800&h=800&imPolicy=dynamic", "https://img-images.essity.com/images-c6/637/88637/optimized-AzurePNG2K/472242.png?w=60&h=60&imPolicy=dynamic", "https://tork-images.essity.com/images-c5/252/80252/optimized-AzurePNG2K/472242-i.png?w=60&h=60&imPolicy=dynamic", "https://img-images.essity.com/images-c6/637/88637/optimized-AzureJPG2K/472242.jpg?w=800&h=800&imPolicy=dynamic", "https://tork-images.essity.com/images-c5/413/347413/optimized-AzureJPG4K/galaxy-atleast30-green.jpg", "https://tork-images.essity.com/images-c5/178/54178/optimized-AzureJPG4K/easy-handling-logo.jpg", "https://tork-images.essity.com/images-c5/543/118543/optimized-AzureJPG4K/promotional-logo-green-outline-english.jpg", "https://tork-images.essity.com/images-c5/207/349207/optimized-AzureJPG4K/ecolabel-tissue-license.jpg", "https://tork-images.essity.com/images-c5/460/170460/optimized-AzureJPG2K/680008.jpg?w=200&h=200&imPolicy=dynamic", "https://tork-images.essity.com/images-c5/908/123908/optimized-AzureJPG2K/680000-00-angled-with-refill-ec.jpg?w=200&h=200&imPolicy=dynamic", "https://tork-images.essity.com/images-c5/84/51084/optimized-AzureJPG2K/472054-steel-refill.jpg?w=200&h=200&imPolicy=dynamic", "https://tork-images.essity.com/images-c5/771/172771/optimized-AzurePNG2K/essity-logo-120x30.png?w=100&h=100&imPolicy=dynamic", "https://tork-images.essity.com/images-c5/771/172771/optimized-AzurePNG2K/essity-logo-120x30.png?w=100&h=100&imPolicy=dynamic" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	472242 \| Toilet paper \| The Tork SmartOne® Toilet Roll System uniquely delivers one hygieni \| White	en			https://www.tork.co.uk/product/472242/refill/toilet-paper	Content The product is made from Recycled fibres Chemicals The packaging material is made from paper or plastic. Material Recycled fibres Recycling of paper is an efficient use of resources as the wood fibres are used more than once. High demands are put on quality and purity of recovered paper, considering each step of the chain (collecting, sorting, transporting, storage, use), to ensure safe and hygienic products. Recycled fibres can be produced from different types of recovered paper, such as collected newsprint, magazines, office waste, paper cups, drink cartons, corrugated boxes and paper hand towels. The choice of recovered paper grades is made for each product, depending on its specific requirements on performance properties and brightness. The paper is dissolved in water, washed and treated with chemicals under high temperature and screened to separate out impurities. Bleaching of pulp, used for tissue, is primarily a process to remove substances that could have a negative effect on important properties of the finished product such as purity, absorption, strength and colour of the pulp. Bleaching of the recycled fibre pulp is done using chlorine-free bleaching agents (hydrogen peroxide and sodium dithionite). Some of our products are bleached and some are not. For bleached products we use bleaching agents (to increase the brightness of pulp from recovered paper). Chemicals All chemicals (process aids as well as additives) are assessed from an environmental, occupational health and safety and product safety point of view. To control product performance we use additives: Wet strength agents (for Wipers and Hand Towels) Dry strength agents (are used together with mechanical treatment of the pulp to make strong products like wipers) For coloured papers dyes and fixatives (to secure perfect fastness of the colour) are added For printed products printing inks (pigments with carriers and fixatives) are applied For multi ply products we often use water soluble glue to secure the intregrity of the product In most of our mills we do not add optical brighteners but it often occurs in recovered paper since it is used in printing paper. We do not use softeners for professional hygiene products. High product quality is secured through quality and hygiene management systems throughout production, storage and transport. In order to maintain a stable process and product quality the paper manufacturing process is supported by the following chemicals/ process aids: defoamers (surfactants and dispersing agents) pH-control (sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid) retention aids (chemicals that help to agglomerate small fibres to prevent fibre loss) Coating chemicals (that help to control the creping of the paper to make it soft and absorbent) To reuse broke and to utilise recovered fibres we use: Pulping aid (chemicals that help to repulp wet strong paper) Flocculation chemicals (that help to clean out printing inks and fillers from recovered paper) Bleaching agents (to increase the brightness of pulp from recovered paper) In the cleaning of our waste water we use flocculation agents and nutritients for the biological treatment to secure that no negative impact on water quality comes from our mills. Environmental certification This product is certified with the EU Ecolabel with certificate number SE/004/001. This product is certified for FSC® with certificate number SA-COC-008266. Packaging Fulfilment of Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62/EC): Yes Article creation date and latest article revision Date of issue: 20-01-2023 Revision date: 08-08-2024 Production This product is produced at Hondouville mill, FR and certified according to ISO 9001, BRC-IoP, ISO 14001 (Environmental management systems), ISO 45001, ISO 50001 and FSC Chain-Of-Custody. Destruction This product is suitable to be taken care of in the normal sewage system of the community. Essity UK Ltd, Southfields Road, Dunstable, Bedfordshire LU6 3EJ, United Kingdom
4979	dbpedia	3	60	https://hytera-europe.com/systems/dmr-smartone	en	DMR SmartOne \| DMR Applications	https://hytera-europe.co…/img/logo-og.png	https://hytera-europe.co…/img/logo-og.png	[ "https://hytera-europe.com/assets/img/logo.svg", "https://hytera-europe.com/assets/img/logo-white.svg", "https://hytera-europe.com/assets/img/svgicons/default-set/GPS.svg", "https://hytera-europe.com/images/SmartOneLarge.jpg", "https://hytera-europe.com/imager/images/211426/HR106x.43_02-small_a936c59e107221f8084eb81169f8fb0e.png", "https://hytera-europe.com/imager/images/373993/HR65X_1_2022-10-13-112915_a936c59e107221f8084eb81169f8fb0e.png", "https://hytera-europe.com/imager/images/1781/Hytera_RD965VHF_01_Front_a936c59e107221f8084eb81169f8fb0e.png", "https://hytera-europe.com/imager/images/1782/Hytera_RD985_01_Front_a936c59e107221f8084eb81169f8fb0e.png", "https://hytera-europe.com/imager/images/1783/Hytera_RD985S_01_Front_a936c59e107221f8084eb81169f8fb0e.png", "https://hytera-europe.com/imager/images/1783/Hytera_RD985S_01_Front_a936c59e107221f8084eb81169f8fb0e.png", "https://hytera-europe.com/imager/images/1770/Hytera_PD685_01_a936c59e107221f8084eb81169f8fb0e.png", "https://hytera-europe.com/imager/images/1756/Hytera_MD785G_01_Front_a936c59e107221f8084eb81169f8fb0e.png", "https://hytera-europe.com/imager/images/1775/Hytera_PD795Ex_73_a936c59e107221f8084eb81169f8fb0e.png", "https://hytera-europe.com/imager/images/1780/Hytera_RD625_01_a936c59e107221f8084eb81169f8fb0e.png", "https://hytera-europe.com/images/RVM_Remote-Video-Microphone-185sq-copy.png", "https://hytera-europe.com/images/LTELogo3.svg", "https://hytera-europe.com/images/icon-dmr.svg", "https://hytera-europe.com/images/icon-tetra.svg", "https://hytera-europe.com/images/icon-analogue_170228_090547.svg", "https://hytera-europe.com/images/icon-gps.svg", "https://hytera-europe.com/images/icon-uhf.svg", "https://hytera-europe.com/images/icon-vhf.svg", "https://hytera-europe.com/images/icon-licence-free.svg", "https://hytera-europe.com/images/icon-uhf.svg", "https://hytera-europe.com/images/icon-vhf.svg", "https://hytera-europe.com/images/icon-licence-free.svg", "https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/viewthroughconversion/957602255/?guid=ON&script=0", "https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=1502554&fmt=gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Hytera's DMR SmartOne is a comprehensive, unified communication platform that combines a variety of professional functions.	en		Hytera EU	https://hytera-europe.com/systems/dmr-smartone	Versatile SmartOne functions INTEGRATION OF TETRA, DMR CONVENTIONAL, XPT DMR TRUNKING AND MPT The application can be connected in parallel to different mobile radio systems. All call, GPS or message activities are consequently merged in to a single user interface, ideal for large, mixed radio fleet system management. CROSS-TECHNOLOGY COMMUNICATION SmartOne connects subscribers of different mobile radio systems. As the gateway, the application is capable of connecting the on-call groups and individual users from the different systems in common voice calls and text messages. USER-FRIENDLY AND ADAPTABLE USER INTERFACE The user interface of every work station can be adapted to the individual requirements of the user. It is possible to create several work areas and to individualise them further using plugins, images and text. You can intuitively adapt the workstation by simply dragging and dropping content. WIRED OR WIRELESS CONNECTION Besides the IP-connected network connection, SmartOne can also be used as a radio dispatcher in all radio technologies. This allows you, for example, to use the dispatcher functions in mobile emergency vehicles. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Thanks to its sophisticated system architecture, SmartOne delivers a reliable solution. Utilising server redundancy, every SmartOne work station can connect with two central servers. If the active server fails, the hot-standby server automatically takes over the service and ensures a continuous operation. SCALABILITY SmartOne can be scaled to different system sizes. This ranges from a single stand-alone solution, in which the software is installed on a single workstation computer, up to a complete client-server architecture with central servers and remote workstations.
4979	dbpedia	3	3	https://logos.fandom.com/wiki/SmarTone	en	SmarTone	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/7/75/SmarTone%E2%80%93Vodafone_advertisement.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20190108074902	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/7/75/SmarTone%E2%80%93Vodafone_advertisement.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20190108074902	[ "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20240812070159", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20240812070159", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/4/4a/SmarTone_Logo.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20240318112353", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/a/ad/SmarTone_Chinese_Logo.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20240318112527", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/b/b9/SmarTone%E2%80%93Vodafone_2005.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20240318112649", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/7/75/SmarTone%E2%80%93Vodafone_advertisement.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/135?cb=20190108074902", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/7/75/SmarTone%E2%80%93Vodafone_advertisement.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/135?cb=20190108074902", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/9/92/SmarTone%E2%80%93Vodafone.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/280?cb=20240318113038", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/9/92/SmarTone%E2%80%93Vodafone.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/280?cb=20240318113038", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/c/cf/SmarTone.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/280?cb=20190108075249", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/c/cf/SmarTone.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/280?cb=20190108075249", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/f/f0/SmarTone.svg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/280?cb=20190108075334", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/f/f0/SmarTone.svg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/280?cb=20190108075334", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/c/cc/Vodafone_2017_logo.svg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/200?cb=20180902112536", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Logopedia" ]	null	SmarTone is a telecommunications company operating in Hong Kong and Macau. It is owned by the Hong Kong-based Sun Hung Kai Properties conglomerate. Its main competitors are 3 (Hong Kong and Macau), CMHK (Hong Kong), China Telecom (Macau), Csl. (Hong Kong) and CTM (Macau). From 2005 to 2011...	en	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/4/4a/Site-favicon.ico/revision/latest?cb=20210629045729	Logopedia	https://logos.fandom.com/wiki/SmarTone	SmarTone is a telecommunications company operating in Hong Kong and Macau. It is owned by the Hong Kong-based Sun Hung Kai Properties conglomerate. Its main competitors are 3 (Hong Kong and Macau), CMHK (Hong Kong), China Telecom (Macau), Csl. (Hong Kong) and CTM (Macau). From 2005 to 2011, SmarTone in Hong Kong operated in co-operation with Vodafone under the brand SmarTone–Vodafone; this was not done by SmarTone Comunicações Móveis S.A. in Macau, where the brand name has always been SmarTone. SmarTone (first era)[] 1992-2003[] 2003–2005[] SmarTone–Vodafone (Hong Kong only)[] 2005–2006[] 2006–2011[] SmarTone (second era)[]
4979	dbpedia	3	76	https://shepherdhk.com/project/smartone-solutions/	en	SmarTone Solutions	https://i0.wp.com/shephe…it=32%2C32&ssl=1	https://i0.wp.com/shephe…it=32%2C32&ssl=1	[ "https://i0.wp.com/shepherdhk.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo3.png?fit=285%2C69&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/shepherdhk.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Telecommunication_SmarTone_1.jpg?fit=1024%2C681&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/shepherdhk.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/SmarTone_slider_2.jpg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/shepherdhk.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/SmarTone_slider_1.jpg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1", "https://i0.wp.com/shepherdhk.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/SmarTone_slider_3.jpg?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2021-11-04T11:50:28+00:00		en	https://i0.wp.com/shephe…it=32%2C32&ssl=1	Shepherd	https://shepherdhk.com/project/smartone-solutions/	To strengthen the positioning of SmartTone Solutions and ensure brand consistency, we created a brand guidelines with detailed description on the proper use of brand logo and corporate colour in different cases.
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/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.sanity.io%2Fimages%2F0vv8moc6%2Fdpr%2F52ee5c60c9192eae4e17f076fdf1cc4b25dda707-1800x2288.jpg%3Ffit%3Dcrop%26auto%3Dformat&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.sanity.io%2Fimages%2F0vv8moc6%2Fdpr%2F52ee5c60c9192eae4e17f076fdf1cc4b25dda707-1800x2288.jpg%3Ffit%3Dcrop%26auto%3Dformat&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.sanity.io%2Fimages%2F0vv8moc6%2Fdpr%2F52ee5c60c9192eae4e17f076fdf1cc4b25dda707-1800x2288.jpg%3Ffit%3Dcrop%26auto%3Dformat&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.sanity.io%2Fimages%2F0vv8moc6%2Fdpr%2F52ee5c60c9192eae4e17f076fdf1cc4b25dda707-1800x2288.jpg%3Ffit%3Dcrop%26auto%3Dformat&w=3840&q=75 3840w", "https://www.dentalproductsreport.com/_next/image?url=%2Fan_mjhls_brand_ko.png&w=256&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Fan_mjhls_brand_ko.png&w=640&q=75 2x" ]	[]	[]	[ "iMac Bondi" ]	null	[ "Noah Levine", "Noah Levine;" ]	2012-03-21T08:00:00+00:00	When I recently came across a graphic clearly illustrating the rapid pace of computer technology’s twin progressions of increasing power and decreasing size, it sparked an image in my head of where all this could lead and ways the even more powerful and compact computers of the not-too-distant future computers might be put to use.	en	/favicon.ico	Dental Products Report	https://www.dentalproductsreport.com/view/tech-smart-one-device-run-them-all	When I recently came across a graphic clearly illustrating the rapid pace of computer technology’s twin progressions of increasing power and decreasing size, it sparked an image in my head of where all this could lead and ways the even more powerful and compact computers of the not-too-distant future computers might be put to use. This striking graphic simply placed the technical specs of the still almost brand new iPhone 4 side by side with the specs for the once state-of-the art iMac Bondi desktop computer from just 10 years back. In just about every category the pocket-sized iPhone blows away its desktop ancestor, with screen resolution the only stat category where the iMac can claim victory, and even with its huge advantage in terms of screen real estate, its resolution win is by a fairly slim margin. On the other hand, the iPhone boasts twice the processing power, four times the RAM and even more room for storing data. All of this is packed into a solid machine that easily fits into a pocket, and although some people might forget, can also be used to make phone calls. Oh yeah, it’s also available at about half the price as that iMac of yesteryear. What a long way computers have come in this century’s first decade. Emerging landscape It’s an impressive display of computer power that the latest iPhone can boast of, but of course desktop and laptop computers of today are far more powerful than their smartphone kin. However, think back to computing just a few years back. That old iMac may look dated, but it could do amazing things back then and truth be told is still powerful enough for many computing tasks. Sure it’s fired up descendents can accomplish far more in less time, but those desk space monopolizing machines may not represent the future of mainstream, and even business computing. Whether it’s Apple’s flagship device, its Android competition or any of the other pocket-sized computing systems currently available, the populace clearly wants the mobile access to information and entertainment available via smartphone technology. Having a computer in your pocket with access to the entire Internet from almost anywhere is an incredibly convenient and powerful thing. Personal computers really took off alongside the growth of the Internet, and now everything they used to be counted on to do can be accomplished with a system that is easily held in one hand. Smartphones are now spawning slightly larger, but still conveniently portable relatives in the form of tablets such as the iPad and its growing number of competitors. These machines provide all of the power the smartphones offer but with a larger screen to play on. For many the added landscape makes them far more useful for business purposes, but that’s not to say smartphones will give way to tablets as computing’s future. If the computing power within smartphones can be connected to larger screens and other input and navigation devices it will create a once unbelievable combination of system power, portability and convenience. Lessons of little things At Apple’s latest press event (and yes I know many people are tired of hearing about things from Apple and really dislike the company, but it’s impossible to overlook the company’s trendsetting ways in the computer landscape) the company announced the next generation of its desktop operating system. Rather than expand on the desktop systems people have been using for the last few decades, this new system will actually be incorporating elements from the operating system Apple developed for their smartphones and tablets. That says a lot about what the company thinks will be the future center of the computing world. The touchscreen navigation and app-based approach to accessing and working with information and content that are at the heart of mobile, smartphone computing are going to be integrated into the desktop and laptop environment. No, computer users will not be touching the screens of those machines, but rather they will be using touch-enabled mice and trackpads and multi-touch gestures to interact with their machines. The larger size of desktop and laptop systems enables them to be far more powerful than a smartphone, but a majority of computer users do not come anywhere close to pushing the limits of their state-of-the art computers with the tasks they put them to. Those machines have power to spare, and if the path illustrated by the previously mentioned graphic continues to be followed, it won’t be too long before some of that surplus computing power is even available in pocket-sized devices that may or may not continue to double as phones. A vision of the future With all this in hand, it’s not hard to imagine that we are only a handful of years away from a world where our main computers fit in our pockets and go everywhere we go. These devices could have the processing prowess of today’s desktops, plenty of on-board room for data and with cloud-based services easily accessible, virtually limitless (and constantly backed up) data storage. The computer you use to manage your business could be on hand at all times, and while working on a pocket-sized screen is less than ideal, it would be very simple to allow these systems to connect to larger screens, wireless keyboards, and because they are likely natively touchscreen in design, larger trackpads. This could mean one computer that manages business data, handles CAD/CAM design duties and provides limitless entertainment could be on hand at all times. Running a lab from anywhere would not only be possible, but possibly the norm. Powerful, portable, versatile, connectable and always ready, the future of computing may seem small, but at least to me, it seems very attractive.
4979	dbpedia	2	16	https://telconews.asia/story/smartone-infovista-revolutionise-hk-s-telecoms-with-ativa	en	SmarTone & Infovista revolutionise HK's telecoms with Ativa	https://telconews.asia/u…7agxasgNhXNI.jpg	https://telconews.asia/u…7agxasgNhXNI.jpg	[ "https://telconews.asia/brands/tn-as-new-logo.svg", "https://telconews.asia/brands/td-new-logo.svg", "https://telconews.asia/uploads/story/2024/02/13/img-f7fxAj9CYOa57agxasgNhXNI.webp", "https://telconews.asia/uploads/pages/team/1619217419602.webp", "https://telconews.asia/brands/linkedin.png", "https://telconews.asia/brands/x.png", "https://telconews.asia/brands/linkedin.png", "https://telconews.asia/brands/x.png", "https://telconews.asia/brands/td-left-new-logo.svg", "https://telconews.asia/brands/cfo-as-new-logo.svg", "https://telconews.asia/brands/cmo-as-new-logo.svg", "https://telconews.asia/brands/dcn-as-new-logo.svg", "https://telconews.asia/brands/ecn-as-new-logo.svg", "https://telconews.asia/brands/itb-as-new-logo.svg", "https://telconews.asia/brands/sb-as-new-logo.svg", "https://telconews.asia/brands/tn-as-new-logo.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "FWA", "Telecommunications (Telco)", "Productivity", "3g", "NPS", "Customer Experience (CX)", "Marketing Technologies (MarTech)", "Integration", "Hong Kong", "Mobile plan", "5G & Beyond", "Application Performance Monitoring (APM)", "Customer retention", "Infovista", "Wireless Networks", "Monitoring", "Mobile", "MTTR", "Partners", "Software Development" ]	null	[ "Kaleah Salmon" ]	2024-02-13T10:00:00+13:00	SmarTone, Hong Kong's leading 5G network, and Infovista dramatically enhance customer experience and network performance by utilising Infovista's innovative Ativa solution.	en	../../../../brands/tn-as-icon-32.png	TelcoNews Asia	https://telconews.asia/story/smartone-infovista-revolutionise-hk-s-telecoms-with-ativa	In a transformative development for Hong Kong's telecommunications sector, SmarTone, the region's top 5G network, has joined forces with Infovista, leveraging the Ativa solution to revolutionise customer experience and bolster network performance across its 3G, 4G, 5G, and IMS network. SmarTone is a telecommunications company based in Hong Kong that provides a wide range of services, including mobile, broadband, and fixed-line solutions to both individual and corporate customers. With a focus on innovation and customer satisfaction, SmarTone offers various mobile plans, internet packages, and value-added services tailored to meet the diverse needs of its clientele. As a telecommunications provider perennially committed to providing unrivalled experiences to its customers, SmarTone looked to an innovative assurance solution to fine-tune its service and customer monitoring. The aim is to enhance troubleshooting capabilities and lift overall customer satisfaction. It is for this reason that SmarTone selected Ativa, Infovista's passive probing solution, after a comprehensive selection process. Ativa's future-proof technology and robust assurance capabilities set it apart, particularly its cloud-native, virtualised, and open architecture. Per the mission of SmarTone, delivering premier services to its customers is paramount. To fulfil this aspiration, a solution was needed that not only heightens the quality of service and enhances customer experience but also guides their daily operations with a customer-driven approach. As such, Ativa is instrumental in granting crucial data intelligence to fine-tune and propel SmarTone's business. With a focus on leveraging advanced technologies and expertise, Ativa offers a range of products and services designed to streamline processes, improve efficiency, and drive growth for its clients. Whether it's through software development, financial consulting, or other business solutions, Ativa aims to empower organisations to achieve their goals effectively. With the implementation of Infovista's Ativa solution, SmarTone now benefits from improved monitoring and troubleshooting capabilities. These provide crucial insights into voice and data, including intelligence on over-the-top (OTT) applications delivered via mobile and 5G fixed wireless access (FWA) broadband. Ativa's adaptability has also eased the delivery of bespoke solutions in line with SmarTone's unique requirements. Its Open API support has made the integration with third-party systems smooth, facilitating the effortless export of data and analytics. The impact of Infovista's solution on SmarTone's service has been transformative, notably improving customer experience. The utility of the Ativa solution has had tangible benefits for SmarTone, including reducing the mean-time-to-repair (MTTR), cutting down the number of trouble tickets, and significantly enhancing overall customer experience. It has also shown a marked impact on the Net Promoter Score (NPS) and customer retention rates. Operational efficiency, too, has seen a boost, as the time and effort spent on operational processes have been reduced, optimising team productivity. This partnership acts as a marquee instance of how innovative technological solutions can significantly elevate customer experience and streamline operations. It is a significant stride in Hong Kong's telecommunications landscape, with SmarTone leading the way in customer satisfaction and service quality.
4979	dbpedia	2	20	https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx%3Fnum%3D61375	en	SmartOne: Building an AI Data Business	https://webassets.hbs.edu/sites/home/favicon.ico	https://webassets.hbs.edu/sites/home/favicon.ico	[ "https://webassets.hbs.edu/libs/framework/1.0/images/hbs-shield-3line.svg", "https://www.hbs.edu/Style%20Library/api/headshot.aspx?id=240491", "https://webassets.hbs.edu/templates/headers/images/footer_baker_172x160.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://webassets.hbs.edu/sites/home/favicon.ico		null	Abstract The case opens in August 2021, as Habib and Shahysta Hassim, husband and wife co-founders of the data labeling company SmartOne, contemplate the strategy of the high growth company. Between 2016 and 2021, SmartOne had kept doubling its size every two years and now, with its workforce of 1,000, it was annotating data for global tech clients. The case provides a background on SmartOne’s journey from call center operations to data labeling and elaborates on the company’s operating and business model, providing details on processes such as: recruiting, training, managing the workforce, project management, and quality control. The case also provides a background on data labeling, data pipeline and the AI factory (a term explained in the case which represents the AI industry value chain) for larger context and gives an overview of the competitive environment. In August 2021, the co-founders needed a strategy to shape the company’s future. Where in the AI factory could SmartOne position itself to remain relevant and take a piece of the evolving pie? Should the company grow upstream, to become a full data pipeline provider, or downstream into developing algorithms? Keywords Citation Lakhani, Karim R., Pippa Armerding, Gamze Yucaoglu, and Fares Khrais. "SmartOne: Building an AI Data Business." Harvard Business School Case 622-059, October 2021. (Revised September 2022.)
4979	dbpedia	3	83	https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/SMARTONE-TELECOMMUNICATIO-1412802/company/	en	SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited: Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile	https://www.marketscreen…r_MS_fdblanc.png	https://www.marketscreen…r_MS_fdblanc.png	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=385171022294487&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://cdn.zonebourse.com/images/logo_marketscreenerW.svg", "https://cdn.zonebourse.com/images/loupe_recherche.png", "https://cdn.zonebourse.com/images/png-country/24x24/us.png", "https://cdn.zonebourse.com/images/png-country/24x24/us.png", "https://cdn.zonebourse.com/images/png-country/24x24/gb.png", "https://cdn.zonebourse.com/images/png-country/24x24/ca.png", "https://cdn.zonebourse.com/images/png-country/24x24/in.png", "https://cdn.zonebourse.com/images/png-country/24x24/de.png", "https://cdn.zonebourse.com/images/png-country/24x24/at.png", "https://cdn.zonebourse.com/images/png-country/24x24/ch.png", 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"https://cdn.zonebourse.com/static/resize/106/48/https://cdn.zonebourse.com/static/images/footer/img_footer_trustpilot_4.png", "https://cdn.zonebourse.com/static/resize/40/40/https://cdn.zonebourse.com/images/services/2023/footer_logoass_membresl.png", "https://cdn.zonebourse.com/static/resize/40/40/https://cdn.zonebourse.com/images/services/2023/footer_logoass_resilitaion.png", "https://cdn.zonebourse.com/static/resize/40/40/https://cdn.zonebourse.com/images/services/2023/footer_logoass_experts.png", "https://cdn.zonebourse.com/static/images/footer/img_footer_appstore.png", "https://cdn.zonebourse.com/static/images/footer/footer_logo_ms.png", "https://www.marketscreener.com/images/actions/2020/popup/blockmembernav/x-circle-fill.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited", "stock exchange", "surperformance ratings", "financial ratings", "shareholders", "managers", "business summary", "peers competitors", "Technology", "Telecommunications Services", "Telecommunications Services", "Wireless Telecommunications Services", "Stock", "315", "BMG8219Z1059", "Hong Kong S.E." ]	null	[]	null	SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited: Company profile, business summary, shareholders, managers, financial ratings, industry, sector and market information \| Hong Kong S.E.: 315 \| Hong Kong S.E.	en		MarketScreener	https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/SMARTONE-TELECOMMUNICATIO-1412802/company/	Delayed Hong Kong S.E. Other stock markets 10:22:59 2024-08-14 pm EDT 5-day change 1st Jan Change 3.780 HKD +0.80% 0.00% -6.90% Business description: SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited is an investment holding company mainly engaged in the telecommunications services. Along with subsidiaries, the Company operates its business through two segments: the Hong Kong segment and the Macau segment. The Company provides voice, multimedia and mobile broadband services. In addition, it also provides fixed fiber broadband services for the consumer and corporate markets. The Company provides multiple platforms, including the company website, 24/7 Live Chat, online store and the SmarTone CARE application (app). Number of employees: 1,783 Sales by Activity: SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited Fiscal Period: June20192020202120222023 Wireless Communications Services 8.42B 6.99B 6.72B 6.96B 6.76B See all business segments Geographical breakdown of sales: SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited Fiscal Period: June20192020202120222023 Hong Kong 8.3B 6.9B 6.65B 6.89B 6.72B Macau 455M 231M 363M 510M 259M Elimination -337M -144M -291M -444M -215M See all geographic segments Managers: SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited Director TitleAgeSince Chief Tech/Sci/R&D Officer 63 92-12-31 Jack Wong IRC Investor Relations Contact - - Ching-Yee Hui HRO Human Resources Officer - 94-12-31 Corporate Secretary - - See SMARTONE TELECOMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS LIMITED governance Members of the board: SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited Manager TitleAgeSince Hon-wah Siu BRD Director/Board Member 71 08-07-14 David Prince BRD Director/Board Member 73 05-06-30 Director/Board Member 75 97-05-31 Eric Gan BRD Director/Board Member 60 05-11-30 Composition of the Board of Directors Shareholders: SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited NameEquities%Valuation 806,362,555 73.16 % 387 M $ Ping Luen Kwok 0.4683 % 5,162,337 0.4683 % 2 M $ Discover Capital GmbH 0.2937 % 3,237,000 0.2937 % 2 M $ West Yorkshire Pension Fund 0.1814 % 1,999,984 0.1814 % 960 052 $ Nordea Investment Management AB 0.1058 % 1,166,000 0.1058 % 559 715 $ List of SMARTONE TELECOMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS LIMITED shareholders Company details: SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Ltd. Millennium City 2 378 Kwun Tong Road , Hong Kong +852 3128 2828 http://www.smartoneholdings.com Other Wireless Telecommunications Services Add to a list Add to a list 0 selected To use this feature you must be a member Log inSign up Change 5d. change 1-year change 3-years change Capi. ($) +0.80%0.00%-17.29%-15.06% 535M+0.59%+3.10%+40.85%+35.57% 228B+0.56%+1.97%+37.66%-30.37% 140B+2.35%+13.37%+22.88%+26.09% 78.58B+1.43%+1.93%+8.81%+38.11% 64.45B+1.08%+1.83%+3.26%-38.04% 25.08B+3.07%-3.49%+10.23%+45.54% 24.2B0.00%+2.51%+10.86%+32.79% 20.78B+0.08%+1.74%+17.30%-18.44% 16.29B+0.52%+0.16%-12.76%-25.83% 10.53B Average +0.93%+2.20%+12.18%+5.04% 60.83B Weighted average by Cap. +0.73%+3.37%+29.00%+14.16% See all sector performances Trading Rating Investor Rating ESG Refinitiv More Ratings Sell Buy Mean consensus HOLD Number of Analysts 2 Last Close Price 3.750HKD Average target price 4.300HKD Spread / Average Target +14.67% Consensus Annual profits - Rate of surprise Stock Market Equities 315 Stock Company SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited Best financial portal +951% of historical performance More than 20 years at your side + 1,000,000 members Quick & easy cancellation Our Experts are here for you OUR EXPERTS ARE HERE FOR YOU Monday - Friday 9am-12pm / 2pm-6pm GMT + 1
4979	dbpedia	3	95	https://theorg.com/org/smartone-solutions	en	SmartONE Solutions	https://theorg.com/api/og/org?data=JTdCJTIybmFtZSUyMiUzQSUyMlNtYXJ0T05FJTIwU29sdXRpb25zJTIyJTJDJTIyaW1hZ2VTcmMlMjIlM0ElMjJodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRmNkbi50aGVvcmcuY29tJTJGYjJkMzc0ODEtZWFkNy00NTJmLWJhNDYtMTM0ZmU5YWE5M2I0X3NtYWxsLmpwZyUyMiUyQyUyMnBlb3BsZSUyMiUzQSU1QiU3QiUyMm5hbWUlMjIlM0ElMjJKYXNvbiUyMEFiYm90dCUyMiUyQyUyMnRpdGxlJTIyJTNBJTIyQ28tRm91bmRlciUyMGFuZCUyME1hbmFnaW5nJTIwRGlyZWN0b3IlMjIlMkMlMjJpbWFnZVNyYyUyMiUzQSUyMmh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGY2RuLnRoZW9yZy5jb20lMkY3MjI5MjNlZC03YzUwLTQ3YWItYjQ5NS1mMDU1MzRkMmIyOGFfc21hbGwuanBnJTIyJTJDJTIyY2hpbGRDb3VudCUyMiUzQTM3JTdEJTJDJTdCJTIybmFtZSUyMiUzQSUyMkdpdWxpbyUyMERlJTIwR2FzcGVyaXMlMkMlMjBNQkElMjIlMkMlMjJ0aXRsZSUyMiUzQSUyMkNoaWVmJTIwT3BlcmF0aW5nJTIwT2ZmaWNlciUyMiUyQyUyMmltYWdlU3JjJTIyJTNBbnVsbCUyQyUyMmNoaWxkQ291bnQlMjIlM0E3JTdEJTJDJTdCJTIybmFtZSUyMiUzQSUyMk9waSUyME1hcm9rJTIyJTJDJTIydGl0bGUlMjIlM0ElMjJDaGllZiUyMFJldmVudWUlMjBPZmZpY2VyJTIwKENSTyklMjIlMkMlMjJpbWFnZVNyYyUyMiUzQSUyMmh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGY2RuLnRoZW9yZy5jb20lMkZmYjU2OTZkZS0wMzljLTQ4ZmYtODViNi0yZDkxODZiYjA2Mjdfc21hbGwuanBnJTIyJTJDJTIyY2hpbGRDb3VudCUyMiUzQTMlN0QlMkMlN0IlMjJuYW1lJTIyJTNBJTIyRmFyaGFkJTIwS2VyYW1hdGklMjIlMkMlMjJ0aXRsZSUyMiUzQSUyMkNoaWVmJTIwVGVjaG5vbG9neSUyME9mZmljZXIlMjIlMkMlMjJpbWFnZVNyYyUyMiUzQSUyMmh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGY2RuLnRoZW9yZy5jb20lMkYxNWIwZDE0MS1mZjAwLTQ2MGItYjdiNC03NzE4ZTM3MWVmNDRfc21hbGwuanBnJTIyJTJDJTIyY2hpbGRDb3VudCUyMiUzQTE0JTdEJTVEJTdE&slug=smartone-solutions	https://theorg.com/api/og/org?data=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&slug=smartone-solutions	[ "https://cdn.theorg.com/0ec4514c-fb26-402b-b2ac-1a035a71c028_thumb.jpg", "https://cdn.theorg.com/c86f2ad9-f2ed-48c8-b557-54b4c4329321_thumb.jpg", "https://cdn.theorg.com/2baf66ac-d69f-45c6-9807-bbc2cf236edd_thumb.jpg", "https://cdn.theorg.com/294c1f56-27ba-439d-94c0-22a969b40a19_thumb.jpg", "https://cdn.theorg.com/00e4eb9f-94f8-4da8-8bbe-a33e7fadccb5_thumb.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Smartone Solutions offers a platform that acts as an information hub connecting residents with everyday services.	en	/_next/static/media/apple-touch-icon.64259cfd.png	THE ORG	https://theorg.com/org/smartone-solutions	Smartone Solutions offers a platform that acts as an information hub connecting residents with everyday services.
4979	dbpedia	3	56	https://www.globaldata.com/company-profile/smartone-telecommunications-holdings-ltd/	en	SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Ltd Company Profile - SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Ltd Overview	https://www.globaldata.c…1353415/logo.JPG	https://www.globaldata.c…1353415/logo.JPG	[ "https://assets.globaldata.com/gdcom/assets/img/logo/gd_blue-3-1-1.webp 400w, https://assets.globaldata.com/gdcom/assets/img/logo/gd_blue-3-1-1.webp 800w, https://assets.globaldata.com/gdcom/assets/img/logo/gd_blue-3-1-1.webp 1600w", "https://assets.globaldata.com/gdcom/assets/img/bg/site/bg-number-fade.webp", "https://assets.globaldata.com/gdcom/assets/img/bg/site/bg-target.webp", "https://assets.globaldata.com/gdcom/assets/img/bg/site/newsletterIntro.webp", "https://assets.globaldata.com/gdcom/assets/img/bg/site/bg-report-singular-dark.webp", "https://assets.globaldata.com/gdcom/assets/img/bg/site/peak.webp", "https://www.globaldata.com/assets/img/logo/gd_blue.png", "https://assets.globaldata.com/gdcom/assets/img/ajax-loadernew.gif", "https://assets.globaldata.com/gdcom/assets/img/ajax-loadernew.gif", "https://assets.globaldata.com/gdcom/assets/img/ajax-loadernew.gif", "https://assets.globaldata.com/gdcom/assets/img/logo/gd_blue-3-1-1.webp 400w, https://assets.globaldata.com/gdcom/assets/img/logo/gd_blue-3-1-1.webp 800w, https://assets.globaldata.com/gdcom/assets/img/logo/gd_blue-3-1-1.webp 1600w" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Up-to-date SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Ltd company overview including funding information, company profile, key statistics, peer comparison and more.	en	https://assets.globaldata.com/gdic/assets/img/icon/favicon.ico		https://www.globaldata.com/company-profile/smartone-telecommunications-holdings-ltd/	SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Ltd (SmarTone), a subsidiary of Sun Hung Kai Properties Ltd, is a provider of voice, multimedia and mobile broadband services. The company provides mobile internet, roaming services, managed solutions, and cybersecurity solutions, voice and fixed-fiber broadband services, and handsets and accessories. It also offers enterprise mobility solutions, mobile recoding, SmarTone Cloud, and Smart messaging solutions, and other value-added services. The company markets its products and services under Birdie and SmartTone brand names. It serves construction, hospitality, retail, transportation and logistics, property management, and healthcare industries. The company operates subsidiaries in Hong Kong and Macau. SmarTone is headquartered in Hong Kong.
4979	dbpedia	2	6	https://smartone.ai/blog/smartone-divests-crm-business-unit-in-strategic-move-copy/	en	Orange Digital Center Madagascar and SmartOne are committed to the professional development of young Malagasy people \| SmartOne	https://smartone.ai/wp-c…2/05/favicon.png	https://smartone.ai/wp-c…2/05/favicon.png	[ "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/themes/smartone/images/pattern-10.svg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/themes/smartone/images/pattern-10.svg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/footer-logo.svg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/image.svg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/videos.svg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/file.svg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/headphones.svg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/dots.svg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/logo.svg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/related-1.jpg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/product-1.jpg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/product-2.jpg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/ebook-menu.png", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/newSmartOneicon.png", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/smartCareers.png", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/earth.png", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/partnership-cta.jpg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/logo.svg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/related-1.jpg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/product-1.jpg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/product-2.jpg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/ebook-menu.png", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/newSmartOneicon.png", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/smartCareers.png", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/earth.png", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/partnership-cta.jpg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/themes/smartone/images/circle-pattern.svg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/related-1.jpg", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/bounding-boxes-and-frames.png", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/key-point.png", "https://smartone.ai/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/footer-logo.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "edouardwebmanage" ]	2022-06-18T16:24:34+00:00	Press Release: SmartOne a global leader in AI data labeling, announced today the strategic sale of its Customer Relationship Management (CRM) business unit.	en	https://smartone.ai/wp-c…2/05/favicon.png	SmartOne	https://actu.orange.mg/orange-digital-center-madagascar-et-smartone-sengagent-en-faveur-de-linsertion-professionnelle-des-jeunes-malagasy/	FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Frederic Debord, Managing Director of Orange Madagascar, and Habib Hassim, Founder and Executive Chairman of SmartOne, today signed an innovative partnership agreement. The two partners are implementing a joint program of actions in the artificial intelligence sector aimed at the professional development of young Malagasy people far from training and employment, which marks their strong commitment to CSR issues, SDGs and digital development of Madagascar. The partnership established between Orange Digital Center Madagascar (ODC) and SmartOne is a first in Madagascar. The two entities are committed together to training and recruiting over 12 months, 200 young Malagasy people far from university training and employment, while democratizing AI (artificial intelligence), its challenges and its professional opportunities in Madagascar through a series of events open to all. Each month, around thirty candidates will be selected and will benefit from intensive training for 15 days, alternating between 1 week within ODC and 1 week at SmartOne. At the end of the program, young people will be hired at SmartOne, with prospects of professional development in the different artificial intelligence professions. The entire training program was designed by Orange Digital Center Madagascar and SmartOne. These are training modules in the foundations of digital technology, AI, Machine Learning, computer programming and project management. As part of the partnership, the two entities also undertake to organize events to facilitate access to information, acculturate and raise awareness of the issues and opportunities offered by the AI and Machine Learning sector. The partnership established between Orange Digital Center Madagascar and SmartOne also fully contributes to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) including Quality Education, Decent Work and Economic Growth and Reduced Inequalities. Through this partnership, SmartOne, a pioneer in the field of data enrichment for the Artificial Intelligence market, wishes to go further in this approach and in its role as a responsible employer by fully playing its role as a player in reference in Madagascar in the promotion of AI, its professions and the opportunities they represent for Malagasy youth. See original post in French here. About Orange Digital Center Orange Digital Center has been deployed in Madagascar since October 2021 with the aim of bringing together in the same place, all of the programs ranging from digital training to the support of technological projects, to the acceleration of startups. The objectives pursued are to improve the employability of young people and women by offering professional training adapted to the needs of recruiting companies and to create bridges and synergies between the academic world, the technological world and the economic world: a challenge met with this unique, high-impact partnership signed with SmartOne. About SmartOne SmartOne, a global leader in high-value data labeling, empowers organizations worldwide, from startups to industry giants, research institutes to higher education establishments. Since 2012, we’ve meticulously annotated over 1.5 billion data points, including text, images, videos, audios, and more. We proudly assist the world’s top AI teams in fine-tuning their data requirements to enhance their computer vision, natural language models, chatbots and more. Our people-first approach ensures exceptional annotations rapidly with transparency, accuracy, and data privacy at its core. Headquartered in Montreal, Canada, we provide scalable solutions across North America, Europe and the Middle East.
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4979	dbpedia	2	46	https://www.mhlnews.com/archive/article/22037350/smartone-rfid-applicator	en	SmartOne RFID Applicator	https://img.mhlnews.com/…fff&w=1200&h=627	https://img.mhlnews.com/…fff&w=1200&h=627	[ "https://img.mhlnews.com/files/base/ebm/mhlnews/image/static/mhlnews-logo.png?auto=format,compress&fit=fill&fill=solid&height=35", "https://img.mhlnews.com/files/base/ebm/mhlnews/image/2016/02/mhlnews_com_sites_mhlnews.com_files_uploads_2017_02_16_MHLSalarySurvey2017_125x125.png?auto=format,compress&fit=fill&fill-color=white&q=45&h=139&height=139&w=250&width=250", "https://img.mhlnews.com/files/base/ebm/mhlnews/image/2015/03/mhlnews_com_sites_mhlnews.com_files_uploads_2015_03_MHLSalarySurvey2015_125x125.png?auto=format,compress&fit=fill&fill-color=white&q=45&h=139&height=139&w=250&width=250", "https://img.mhlnews.com/files/base/ebm/mhlnews/image/static/mhlnews-logo.png?auto=format,compress&fit=fill&fill=solid&height=45", "https://www.mhlnews.com/images/corporate_logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "The Kennedy Group" ]	2004-10-07T00:00:00	Cleveland, OH The Kennedy Group, a company with more than 20 years experience in applicator technologies, introduces three new SmartOne RFID Applicator	en	https://img.mhlnews.com/files/base/ebm/mhlnews/image/uploads/1629753551701-favicon.ico	Material Handling and Logistics	https://www.mhlnews.com/archive/article/22037350/smartone-rfid-applicator	Cleveland, OH – The Kennedy Group, a company with more than 20 years experience in applicator technologies, introduces three new SmartOne™ RFID Applicator systems in response to customer demand for a means to ensure that bad, or quiet smart labels are ejected before being applied. The systems have the ability to verify, encode and apply from 50 to 85 Smart Therm™ labels per minute for 900 MHz and 13.56 MHz applications. The SmartOne RFID Applicator (Model 1000) combines its ability to identify and eject bad, or quiet, smart labels with high-speed (65 Smart Therm labels per minute, 50 with label eject) encoding and application technology to meet in-line encoding and application production requirements of retail, defense and consumer good suppliers. In addition, the SmartOne RFID Printer Applicator (Model 2000) incorporates a print engine for variable speed printing. The applicator is capable of verifying, encoding, printing and applying 45 Smart Therm labels per minute (30 per minute with label eject) and offers “Next Out” capability. In November, The Kennedy Group will be introducing the SmartOne™ RFID Printer Applicator (Model 3000) with the quiet tag ejection feature. This high-speed printer applicator is anticipated to handle encoding, printing and applying up to 85 Smart Therm Labels per minutes (65 per minute with label eject). All of the SmartOne RFID Applicator systems are ideal in heavy industrial conditions, because they can easily be integrated into manufacturing and distribution environments. “The Kennedy Group is the one source for a total RFID solution,” said Patrick Kennedy, The Kennedy Group Vice President/Marketing & Sales. “Since we manufacture the Smart Therm™ labels that travel through our SmartOne applicator, we can provide the end user with the lowest total applied cost. In addition, we supply the testing, hardware, installation, service and support. We place the onus on ourselves that if an issue does occur, they can rely on us to be there.” The new SmartOne RFID Applicators are also versatile. They can function with either top or side application and provides precise placement of The Kennedy Group’s Smart Therm™ labels on pallets and containers. Each applicator has a user-friendly operator interface, on-board diagnostics and is made of rugged construction for operation in harsh environments. SmartOne™ RFID Applicators can support a variety of EPC-compliant Smart Therm label sizes including 4” x 2”, 4” x 4”, 4” x 6” and 4” x 8” with Alien ‘squiggle’ tags; and Alien ‘M’ tags in 4” x 4”, 4” x 6” and 4” x 8” configurations. In addition, Smart Therm labels with Matrics Glass Bottom Tags in sizes 2” x 2”, 3” x 3”; and with Matrics Dual Dipole Class 0 and 0+ tags in sizes of 3” x 3”, 4” x 4”, 4” x 6”, and 4” x 8” can be supported. Smart Therm labels in the 13.56 MHz frequency also available in a variety of sizes. All Smart Therm labels are available with either general purpose or freezer grade adhesive approved by the FDA for indirect food contact. The Kennedy Group’s Logistics and RFID Solutions Division is a leader in RFID technology, providing turnkey assistance in helping major manufacturers to test, specify, install, service and support their EPC-compliant, fully integrated systems. Through its newly completed RFID Customer Solution Center, The Kennedy Group makes it easy for businesses to learn more about RFID. The 7,000-square-foot RFID Customer Solution Center helps customers verify that the technology will work in their application to assist them with furthering their efforts to meet EPC compliance. As a result, the center provides customers with third-party verification for those mandated to meet EPC compliance. For more information on RFID products from The Kennedy Group, call (440) 951-7660 or visit www.kennedygrp.com. About The Kennedy Group The Kennedy Group’s Logistics and RFID Solutions Division is a leader in RFID technology, providing turnkey assistance in helping major manufacturers to test, specify, install, service and support their EPC-compliant, fully integrated systems. It has the largest smart label and tag manufacturing capacity in North America and the only automated quality control inspection capability for EPC-compliant tags. Its RFID tags, labels, cards, hardware and support services represent the most seamless, delivered solutions available for accurate, real-time tracking and identification of expendable and/or reusable containers, racks, pallets and other material handling applications. Contact Doug Torok, Marketing Communications Specialist, at (440) 951-7660 or e-mail [email protected].
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Logo	en	https://assets.market-storefront.envato-static.com/storefront/assets/favicons/favicon-683776860a73328fbfb90221f38228ae31fd55217f17b0fdba2daa1727c47dbd.ico	GraphicRiver	https://graphicriver.net/graphics-with-smartone-in-logo-templates	Find what you need on Envato Elements Discover millions of graphic templates, stock photos, fonts & more. All for one low cost.
4979	dbpedia	3	4	https://www.pinterest.com/pin/1021120915502724325/	en		https://s.pinimg.com/web…x48-7470a30d.png	https://s.pinimg.com/web…x48-7470a30d.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-05-31T19:44:16+00:00	Jun 7, 2024 - Download SmarTone Logo PNG format. Explore a large collection of brand logos on Brandlogokit.	en	https://s.pinimg.com/web…144-3da7a67b.png	Pinterest	https://in.pinterest.com/pin/smartone-logo-en-2024--1021120915502724325/
4979	dbpedia	3	67	https://www.bigdata-toronto.com/exhibitors/642fe79179ae734c97ec9275	en	Big Data & AI Toronto 2023	https://mobicheckin-asse…83c09c35a3f9.png	https://mobicheckin-asse…83c09c35a3f9.png	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=690872675028053&ev=PageView&noscript=1", "https://mobicheckin-assets.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/uploads/events/63fc728716669d1fa0af25dd/website/LogoBDAIT-pasCorp-BLANC_43c14e7b-936c-4875-9b2f-e371f701faf6.png", "https://mobicheckin-assets.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/uploads/events/63fc728716669d1fa0af25dd/website/LogoBDAIT-pasCorp-BLANC_f55c4e4f-1d4b-48b0-80dd-13e687d0e7f4.png", "https://mobicheckin-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/events/63fc728716669d1fa0af25dd/person_files/virtual_booth_banner_BDOFXX3_Banner_booth.jpg", "https://mobicheckin-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/events/63fc728716669d1fa0af25dd/guests/avatars/medium_fit_BDOFXX3_1595860006121.jpg", "https://mobicheckin-assets.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/uploads/events/63fc728716669d1fa0af25dd/website/LogoBDAIT-pasCorp-BLANC_9eaa84fd-d68b-4321-8cd9-44a1f175b8a9.png", "https://mobicheckin-assets.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/uploads/events/63fc728716669d1fa0af25dd/website/LogoCorpxRX-RVB-Horizontal-BLANC_06dfd2bb-971c-4961-be95-1a021dbc7660.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Discover SMARTONE at the booth S6, exhibitor Big Data & AI Toronto 2023, the annual meeting of big data & ai leaders in canada	en	https://mobicheckin-asse…4dec3a927543.png		https://www.bigdata-toronto.com/exhibitors/642fe79179ae734c97ec9275	At CORP, we organise high level exhibitions and conferences, primarily in new and emerging technologies. Every year we conceive, produce and manage more than ten of the most influential events held in France and internationally. With innovation playing an ever-greater role in the development of businesses, at CORP we are dedicated to creating inspiring events that support our clients in their move towards the markets of the future. In 2023, Corp Agency joined RX. Our other events:
4979	dbpedia	3	88	https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx%3Fnum%3D61375	en	SmartOne: Building an AI Data Business	https://webassets.hbs.edu/sites/home/favicon.ico	https://webassets.hbs.edu/sites/home/favicon.ico	[ "https://webassets.hbs.edu/libs/framework/1.0/images/hbs-shield-3line.svg", "https://www.hbs.edu/Style%20Library/api/headshot.aspx?id=240491", "https://webassets.hbs.edu/templates/headers/images/footer_baker_172x160.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://webassets.hbs.edu/sites/home/favicon.ico		null	Abstract The case opens in August 2021, as Habib and Shahysta Hassim, husband and wife co-founders of the data labeling company SmartOne, contemplate the strategy of the high growth company. Between 2016 and 2021, SmartOne had kept doubling its size every two years and now, with its workforce of 1,000, it was annotating data for global tech clients. The case provides a background on SmartOne’s journey from call center operations to data labeling and elaborates on the company’s operating and business model, providing details on processes such as: recruiting, training, managing the workforce, project management, and quality control. The case also provides a background on data labeling, data pipeline and the AI factory (a term explained in the case which represents the AI industry value chain) for larger context and gives an overview of the competitive environment. In August 2021, the co-founders needed a strategy to shape the company’s future. Where in the AI factory could SmartOne position itself to remain relevant and take a piece of the evolving pie? Should the company grow upstream, to become a full data pipeline provider, or downstream into developing algorithms? Keywords Citation Lakhani, Karim R., Pippa Armerding, Gamze Yucaoglu, and Fares Khrais. "SmartOne: Building an AI Data Business." Harvard Business School Case 622-059, October 2021. (Revised September 2022.)
4979	dbpedia	2	1	https://logotyp.us/logo/smartone/	en	guality vector logo SVG, brand colors, and more.	https://logotyp.us/file/smartone.svg	https://logotyp.us/file/smartone.svg	[ "https://logotyp.us/img/logotypus.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/smartone.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/zain.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/atlantic-broadband.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/bulsatcom.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/china-tower.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/boost-mobile.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/smart-communications.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/partner.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/aruba.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/cooolbox.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/symsoft.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/cityfone.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/toya.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/vmi-keydets.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/paul-hastings.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/prague-zoo.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/locke-lord.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/airasia.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/singulardtv.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/holy-names-hawks.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/egyptian-air-force.svg", "https://logotyp.us/img/svg-logo.svg", "https://logotyp.us/file/smartone.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "worlds best brands", "logos by country", "brand", "SmarTone logo", "download SmarTone vector logo", "svg", "vector logotypes" ]	null	[]	null	Download the SmarTone vector logo in SVG format, and learn more about SmarTone brand, including its colors and history.	en	https://logotyp.us/file/smartone.svg	SmarTone logo from logotyp.us	https://logotyp.us/logo/smartone	Most logos are distributed vector-based. There are several vector-based file formats, such as EPS, PDF, and SVG. Simple images such as logos will generally have a smaller file size than their rasterized JPG, PNG, or GIF equivalent. You can read more about Raster vs Vector on the vector-conversions.com. SVG or Scalable Vector Graphics is an XML-style markup-driven vector graphic rendering engine for the browser. Generally speaking, SVG offers a way to do full resolution graphical elements, no matter what size screen, what zoom level, or what resolution your user's device has. There are several reasons why SVG is smart to store logo assets on your website or use it for print and paper collateral. Benefits including small file size, vector accuracy, W3C standards, and unlimited image scaling. Another benefit is compatibility — even if the facilities offered by SVG rendering engines may differ, the format is backward and forward compatible. SVG engines will render what they can and ignore the rest. Having the SmarTone logo as an SVG document, you can drop it anywhere, scaling on the fly to whatever size it needs to be without incurring pixelation and loss of detail or taking up too much bandwidth. You can download the SmarTone logotype in vector-based SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) file format on this web page. According to wikipedia.org: "A logo (an abbreviation of logotype, from Greek: λόγος, romanized: logos, lit. 'word' and Greek: τύπος, romanized: typos, lit. 'imprint') is a graphic mark, emblem, or symbol used to aid and promote public identification and recognition. It may be of an abstract or figurative design or include the text of the name it represents as in a wordmark." Logos fall into three classifications (which can be combined). Ideographs are abstract forms; pictographs are iconic, representational designs; Logotypes (or Wordmarks) depict the name or company's initials. Because logos are meant to represent companies brands or corporate identities and foster their immediate customer recognition, it is counterproductive to redesign logos frequently. A logo is the central element of a complex identification system that must be functionally extended to an organization's communications. Therefore, the design of logos and their incorporation into a visual identity system is one of the most challenging and essential graphic design areas. As a general rule, third parties may not use the SmarTone logo without permission given by the logo and (or) trademark owner. For any questions about the legal use of the logo, please contact SmarTone directly. You can find contact information on the website smartone.com. We strive to find official logotypes and brand colors, including the SmarTone logo, from open sources, such as wikipedia.org, seeklogo.com, brandsoftheworld.com, famouslogos.net, and other websites; however, we cannot guarantee the SmarTone logo on this web page is accurate, official or up-to-date. To get the official SmarTone logo, please get in touch with SmarTone directly or go to smartone.com. By downloading the SmarTone logo from the Logotyp.us website, you agree that the logo provided "as-is." All the materials appearing on the Logotyp.us website (including company names, logotypes, brand names, brand colors, and website URLs) could include technical, typographical, or photographic errors or typos. We do not claim any rights to the SmarTone logo and provide the logo for informational and non-commercial purposes only. You may not use or register, or otherwise claim ownership in any SmarTone trademark, including as or as part of any trademark, service mark, company name, trade name, username, or domain registration. You do not suppose to share a link to this web page as the source of the "official SmarTone logo" Thank you. The color red is a warm, vibrant color that is often associated with strong emotions such as passion, love, and anger. It is also often associated with power, strength, and determination. In design, red can be used to create a bold, attention-grabbing visual impact. It is also often used to represent danger or warning, as it is the color of stop signs and warning lights. In fashion, red is often used to add a pop of color to an outfit and can be used to make a statement or stand out in a crowd. The color red is also associated with love and romance, and is often used in Valentine's Day and Christmas decorations. It's important to note that these associations are not universal, and different people may have different emotional responses to colors.
4979	dbpedia	3	51	https://www.lonestartracking.com/tracking-devices/smartone-c/	en	SmartOne C – Global Battery Powered GPS Tracker	https://150551604.v2.pre…rtone_c_main.jpg	https://150551604.v2.pre…rtone_c_main.jpg	[ "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/LoneStar-Tracking-Logo-2021-1-244x109.png", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/LoneStar-Tracking-Logo-2021-1-244x109.png", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/5648_smartone_c_main-500x500.jpg", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/SmartOnce-C-bottom-open-1-500x324.jpg", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/smartonec-open-500x367.jpg", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/smartone-c-included-500x406.jpg", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/lockon-500x269.jpg", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/galaxy-s9-mockup-template-against-transparent-background-a195088-500x375.png", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/galaxy-s9-mockup-template-against-transparent-background-a195084-500x375.png", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/galaxy-s9-mockup-template-against-transparent-background-a195082-500x375.png", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/smartonec-banner.png", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/smartonec-open.jpg", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/geofencing.png", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Globalstar-Coverage-IoT-1024x684.png", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Battery-Life-trans.png", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/google-play.png", "https://150551604.v2.pressablecdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/appstore.png", "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=2542712542545552&ev=ViewContent&noscript=1&cd%5Bcontent_ids%5D=%5B%221899%22%5D&cd%5Bcontent_type%5D=product&cd%5Btags%5D=Battery+powered%2C+GlobalStar%2C+GPS+Tracker%2C+Smartone+C&cd%5Bcontent_name%5D=SmartOne+C++-+Global+Battery+Powered+GPS+Tracker&cd%5Bcategory_name%5D=Asset+Trackers%2C+Battery+Powered+Tracker%2C+GlobalStar+GPS+Tracker%2C+Trailer+Trackers&cd%5Bvalue%5D=27.99&cd%5Bcurrency%5D=USD&cd%5Bcontents%5D=%5B%7B%22id%22%3A%221899%22%2C%22quantity%22%3A1%7D%5D&cd%5Bproduct_price%5D=27.99&cd%5Bpage_title%5D=SmartOne+C++-+Global+Battery+Powered+GPS+Tracker&cd%5Bpost_type%5D=product&cd%5Bpost_id%5D=1899&cd%5Bplugin%5D=PixelYourSite&cd%5Buser_role%5D=guest&cd%5Bevent_url%5D=www.lonestartracking.com%2Ftracking-devices%2Fsmartone-c%2F", "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=2542712542545552&ev=PageView&noscript=1&cd%5Bpage_title%5D=SmartOne+C++-+Global+Battery+Powered+GPS+Tracker&cd%5Bpost_type%5D=product&cd%5Bpost_id%5D=1899&cd%5Bplugin%5D=PixelYourSite&cd%5Buser_role%5D=guest&cd%5Bevent_url%5D=www.lonestartracking.com%2Ftracking-devices%2Fsmartone-c%2F" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2018-06-02T20:18:30+00:00	SmartOne C Global Battery Powered Satellite GPS Tracking Device can operate for over 2 years on 4 AAA batteries with global coverage. No cellular required!	en	https://150551604.v2.pre…x204-100x100.png	LoneStar Tracking®	https://www.lonestartracking.com/tracking-devices/smartone-c/	The following details an example of how this global GPS tracking device can be used in a commercial application. A rail transportation company wants to track several of their freight trains as they routinely travel between Chicago, Illinois and New Orleans, Louisiana. They make several stops along the way. The company would like to be notified regarding the location of the freight train once every hour. Additionally, they want to know when the train leaves one station and enters the next, as well as how long the train remains stopped at each station. They would also like to occasionally check in on the speed of the trains to ensure compliance with safety regulations. To customize the notification settings to meet these demands, this rail transportation company would sign up for the 24 locates per day plan. This will provide them with a location report every hour. Geofences would be set up within a given radius around each train station, so the company is notified whenever the train enters or leaves said station. The online dashboard provides the duration of time the train has been stopped at one station for the loading and unloading of freight. The motion/vibration sensor will show movement reports as the train travels between the target locations. A compliance officer can also utilize the online dashboard to check the speed of the train at any given time.
4979	dbpedia	2	89	https://hinative.com/questions/3135695	en	What is the meaning of "brand myself "? - Question about English (US)	https://ogp-v2.hinative.com/ogp/question?dlid=22&l=en-US&lid=22&txt=brand+myself&ctk=meaning&ltk=english_us&qt=MeaningQuestion&platform=facebook	https://ogp-v2.hinative.com/ogp/question?dlid=22&l=en-US&lid=22&txt=brand+myself&ctk=meaning&ltk=english_us&qt=MeaningQuestion&platform=facebook	[ "https://cdn.hinative.com/photos/42658/159505085d29ec72179dd9bcaa14d0c90f4a7f4c/thumb.png?1534247540", "https://cdn.hinative.com/assets/img_disagree_large@2x-1882f32c83eb60deb0374abb341238b706487901793b65fcd3b92db46c08b0f9.png", "https://cdn.hinative.com/photos/921172/9f0d005f494410aac5522b80b97f2352e89c1896/thumb.png?1496531290", "https://cdn.hinative.com/assets/mongasama_hat_blue-4279b5b8d766ce82056aaa7153e0e4b796c356b6cb2049fd4f88c16b9bf2afae.svg", 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By sending a gift to someone, they will be more likely to answer your questions again!
4979	dbpedia	3	92	https://floppysend.com/carriers/hong-kong/smartone/	en	SmarTone Hong Kong details	https://floppysend.com/img/og1.png	https://floppysend.com/img/og1.png	[ "https://floppysend.com/img/logo3.svg", "https://floppysend.com/img/navbar/pagebuilder.png", "https://floppysend.com/img/navbar/shortenurl.png", "https://floppysend.com/img/included/Asset-9.png", "https://floppysend.com/img/Pricing/Asset-1.png", "https://floppysend.com/img/Pricing/Asset-4.png", "https://floppysend.com/img/included/left-c3.png", "https://floppysend.com/media/op/smartone.png", "https://floppysend.com/img/homepage/Asset-8.png", "https://floppysend.com/media/op/smartone.png", "https://floppysend.com/media/flags/Hong_Kong.png", "https://floppysend.com/img/Third-party-integration/y-empty-c.png", "https://floppysend.com/img/Third-party-integration/b-empty-c.png", "https://floppysend.com/img/Partner-RGB.png", "https://floppysend.com/img/login/bubblechat.gif", "https://floppysend.com/img/login/footerDotLine.png", "https://floppysend.com/img/login/footer.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	FloppySend.com Offers solutions to unleash the full potential of SMS in your business in Hong Kong with SmarTone Network, Register now for a free test!	en	/img/logo-icon.png	FloppySend \|SmarTone Info	https://floppysend.com/carriers/hong-kong/smartone/	The SmarTone Carrier From Hong Kong is denoted by codes: 454 15, 454 17. The followings IDs are called HNI (Home network identity). This code is created by the combination of two other Mobile Country Code (MCC) and Mobile Network Code (MNC). The first three numbers stand for the MCC and they are used in order to identify the region which the carried comes from (in the following example it’s Hong Kong). The last numbers of the HNI code are equal with the MNC and this ID is given for the specific mobile network operator. Besides SmarTone Hong Kong has assigned country code + 852. This number + 852 is equal with international calling code and it’s simply the telephone dialing prefixes used for calling SmarTone numbers. SmarTone uses 2 GSM bands, 2 UMTS bands, 4 and 0 CDMA bands.. You can read the specific frequency bands in the table below. All bands of the SmarTone are display in MHz units. Another important information in SmarTone Hong Kong architectures is the standard of used protocols. It also uses 7 protocols such as GSM, UMTS, LTE, CDMA. The ISO standard code of SmarTone is HK. You can see more info about this mobile network operator at http://www.smartone.com/. How to check SmarTone coverage? How to check if your phone will work in Hong Kong?
4979	dbpedia	2	26	https://www.campaignasia.com/article/smartone-in-internet-bid/200921	en	SmarTone in internet bid	https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=%2fcampaign-asia%2fseo%2fCampaignAsia-coverImage.png&h=630&w=1200&q=100&v=20170226&c=1	https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=%2fcampaign-asia%2fseo%2fCampaignAsia-coverImage.png&h=630&w=1200&q=100&v=20170226&c=1	[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id", "https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=710555&fmt=gif", "https://www.campaignasia.com/Content/images/buttons/menu.png", "https://www.campaignasia.com/Content/images/logos/logo_asia.png", "https://www.campaignasia.com/Content/images/buttons/menu.png", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2fno-image.jpg&h=570&w=855&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2f20240819044218_Untitled+design+(2).jpg&h=334&w=500&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2fWECOMMS+HEADER.png&h=334&w=500&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2f20240816111236_Untitled+design+(3).jpg&h=334&w=500&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2fstars.jpg&h=334&w=500&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2f20240604050300_Untitled+design+(1).jpg&h=334&w=500&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2fHero+image.jpg&h=334&w=500&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2fdownload+-+2024-08-13T165746.020.jpeg&h=334&w=500&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2fJulia+Beizer+(2).jpg&h=334&w=500&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2fmondelez+getty.jpg&h=334&w=500&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2fnike-paris-olympics-ad-UWP-CUS_1.jpg&h=334&w=500&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2fMaya+Watono.png&h=268&w=401&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2fburger+ink.jpg&h=268&w=401&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2fMAX+MAEDER_2.jpg&h=268&w=401&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2f20240828031555_download+(9).jpeg&h=268&w=401&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2fMaya+Watono.png&h=268&w=401&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2fburger+ink.jpg&h=268&w=401&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2fMAX+MAEDER_2.jpg&h=268&w=401&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=campaign-asia%2fcontent%2f20240828045424_Untitled+design+(13).png&h=268&w=401&q=100&v=20170226&c=1", "https://www.campaignasia.com/Content/images/haymarket-logo-white.svg", "https://www.campaignasia.com/Content/images/logos/logo_asia.png", "https://trc.taboola.com/1172710/log/3/unip?en=page_view" ]	[]	[]	[ "Advertising", "Media", "News" ]	null	[ "Campaign Asia", "Staff Reporters", "Ad Nut", "Matthew Keegan", "Rafael P. Soriano", "Nikita Mishra", "www.campaignasia.com" ]	2006-10-04T22:53:00+00:00	SmarTone-Vodafone has launched 'Broadband To Go' in Hong Kong, a campaign to promote its new internet connection device. The mobile phone company claims the new service is the highest speed mobile broadband connection in Asia yet.		https://cdn.i.haymarketmedia.asia/?n=%2fcampaign-asia%2fseo%2fCAP-icon.png&h=128&w=128&q=100&v=20170226&c=1	Campaign Asia	https://www.campaignasia.com/article/smartone-in-internet-bid/200921	"Consumers are increasingly mobile and desire instant gratification," explained Shirley Cheung, general manager of customer relationship development for SmarTone-Vodafone. "Our goal is to change the way people relate to the internet. In order to do that, we needed a breakthrough campaign â€” one that marries traditional media with new ways of communication." SmarTone-Vodafone is using a USB modem at 3.6mbps on its HSDPA network, and now competes with the fixed-line broadband service from PCCW's Netvigator. Shirley said: "Whether you are on the MTR or out in the country, you can connect to the internet. This represents the spirit of our brand - freedom and progress â€” we are always moving forward." The three-week launch campaign, through JWT Hong Kong and ZenithOptimedia, kicked off with a TV teaser ad introducing 'the end of cables' concept. Traditional media routes include terrestrial and pay-TV channels, newspaper and magazines. Outdoor TV, billboards, bus advertising, computer mall point-of-sale, and internet ad and video banners will be used to connect with consumers out-of-home. The marketing campaign includes the website getmoving.com.hk, which allows customers to engage with the brand whenever they might be using the product. The campaign also includes a promotion with several sushi bar chains including Genryoku & Meguro across 30 outlets throughout Hong Kong.
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The Single-sheet dispensing enables better hygiene as the roll is fully protected as you touch only the sheet you are taking which reduces the risk of cross contamination and reduces waste and […]	en	https://limesupply.com/a…st-512-32x32.png	Lime Sustainable Supplies	https://limesupply.com/product/tork-advanced-smartone-minitoilet-roll-t9-472193-eco-label/	Tork SmartOne® Mini Toilet Roll White T9 The Tork SmartOne® system (T9) is a unique Single sheet centrefeed dispensing system on a roll. The Single-sheet dispensing enables better hygiene as the roll is fully protected as you touch only the sheet you are taking which reduces the risk of cross contamination and reduces waste and helps reduce consumption by up to 40%. The centre-pull design eliminates waste from over-spin as in traditional jumbo roll systems. With the Single sheet dispensing and fast tissue breakdown there are fewer pipe blockages. Give guests a high-quality hand drying experience, thanks to the Tork Singlefold Hand Towels. With an advanced quality, leaf embossing and decorative logo, these paper hand towels were designed to impress. Plus, they come in a smaller size to help cut business costs. For a compact and fully hygienic washroom solution, use these singlefold paper towels with the Tork Singlefold H3 dispenser – it features a one-at-a-time dispensing system that’s ideal for low to medium-traffic spaces. Designed to fit the Tork (Ex-Lotus) Single Smart one Twin Mini dispenser – T9
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Logo Design for $. Commercial license included ✓ Download this Animal Graphics and get started on your design project today!	en	https://masterbundles.com/wp-content/themes/masterbundles/front/assets/img/favicon/favicon.ico	MasterBundles	https://masterbundles.com/free2fonts/smartone-logo-design/	Rating Rate this product: 1 2 3 4 5 5 (10)
4979	dbpedia	3	93	https://docs.smartoneclub.com/	en	Hello from SmartOne Docs	https://docs.smartonewor…-social-card.jpg	https://docs.smartonewor…-social-card.jpg	[ "https://docs.smartoneclub.com/img/smartone_logo.png", "https://docs.smartoneclub.com/img/smartone_logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Description will go into a meta tag in <head />	en	/img/smartone_favicon.ico		https://docs.smartoneworld.com/	SmartOne Docs Developer documents and guides to integrate our solutions
4979	dbpedia	2	88	https://finance.yahoo.com/news/2-8-earnings-growth-did-062218818.html	en	With 2.8% Earnings Growth, Did SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited (HKG:315) Outperform The Industry?	https://media.zenfs.com/en/simply_wall_st__316/c7b2f41ff65a69253f95979eb23d7da5	https://media.zenfs.com/en/simply_wall_st__316/c7b2f41ff65a69253f95979eb23d7da5	[ "https://finance.yahoo.com/_td_api/beacon/info?beaconType=noJSenabled&bucket=finance-US-en-US-def&code=pageRender&device=desktop&lang=en-US&pageName=deeplink&region=US&rid=1o8okjhjbqqol&site=finance&t=1723689749664", "https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/NUA2o3431PKjKDe430Ho5A--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTIwODtoPTQ4/https://s.yimg.com/os/creatr-uploaded-images/2021-03/7d6207c0-7d34-11eb-bbee-858baefb8682", "https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/U4WBSLFo0Xk9kgxq_mew7Q--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTM0Nw--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/simply_wall_st__316/c7b2f41ff65a69253f95979eb23d7da5", "https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/vD6Rt2xrDrYye2P6ie_krA--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MA--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/simply_wall_st__316/727931ef8bf2ece51e0b1b58f2a1027b", "https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/vD6Rt2xrDrYye2P6ie_krA--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MA--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/simply_wall_st__316/727931ef8bf2ece51e0b1b58f2a1027b", "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=7241469&c5=1183300001&c7=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2F2-8-earnings-growth-did-062218818.html&c14=-1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Simply Wall St" ]	2020-02-17T06:22:18+00:00	Assessing SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited's (SEHK:315) past track record of performance is a valuable...	en	https://s.yimg.com/rz/l/favicon.ico	Yahoo Finance	https://finance.yahoo.com/news/2-8-earnings-growth-did-062218818.html	Assessing SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited's (SEHK:315) past track record of performance is a valuable exercise for investors. It enables us to reflect on whether the company has met or exceed expectations, which is a great indicator for future performance. Today I will assess 315's recent performance announced on 30 June 2019 and evaluate these figures to its longer term trend and industry movements. View our latest analysis for SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Did 315's recent earnings growth beat the long-term trend and the industry? 315's trailing twelve-month earnings (from 30 June 2019) of HK$632m has increased by 2.8% compared to the previous year. Furthermore, this one-year growth rate has exceeded its 5-year annual growth average of -4.6%, indicating the rate at which 315 is growing has accelerated. What's the driver of this growth? Well, let’s take a look at if it is solely because of industry tailwinds, or if SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings has experienced some company-specific growth. In terms of returns from investment, SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings has fallen short of achieving a 20% return on equity (ROE), recording 12% instead. However, its return on assets (ROA) of 6.5% exceeds the HK Wireless Telecom industry of 6.3%, indicating SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings has used its assets more efficiently. Though, its return on capital (ROC), which also accounts for SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings’s debt level, has declined over the past 3 years from 15% to 11%. What does this mean? Though SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings's past data is helpful, it is only one aspect of my investment thesis. Recent positive growth doesn’t necessarily mean it’s onwards and upwards for the company. I suggest you continue to research SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings to get a better picture of the stock by looking at: Future Outlook: What are well-informed industry analysts predicting for 315’s future growth? Take a look at our free research report of analyst consensus for 315’s outlook. Financial Health: Are 315’s operations financially sustainable? Balance sheets can be hard to analyze, which is why we’ve done it for you. Check out our financial health checks here. Other High-Performing Stocks: Are there other stocks that provide better prospects with proven track records? Explore our free list of these great stocks here. NB: Figures in this article are calculated using data from the trailing twelve months from 30 June 2019. This may not be consistent with full year annual report figures.
4979	dbpedia	3	50	https://eu.community.samsung.com/t5/audio-video/smart-remote-not-working-for-sound-bar-but-non-smart-one-does/td-p/6379137	en	Smart remote not working for sound bar but non smart one does	https://eu.community.samsung.com/t5/image/serverpage/image-id/845583i5E61378C8B1F8A02	https://eu.community.samsung.com/t5/image/serverpage/image-id/845583i5E61378C8B1F8A02	[ "https://eu.community.samsung.com/html/@15204648E37FE0271B1A4FA167108E9D/assets/logo_samsung.svg", "https://eu.community.samsung.com/html/assets/Icon_Search_24px.svg", "https://eu.community.samsung.com/t5/image/serverpage/avatar-name/Avatar_Elephant_PhotoGreen_200x200/avatar-theme/candy/avatar-collection/Animals/avatar-display-size/message/version/2?xdesc=1.0", "https://eu.community.samsung.com/t5/image/serverpage/avatar-name/Samsung-Avatars-Black-Product-07/avatar-theme/candy/avatar-collection/Black_Product/avatar-display-size/message/version/2?xdesc=1.0", "https://eu.community.samsung.com/html/@34FA033430FD253144BBD98345C93011/rank_icons/moderator.gif", "https://eu.community.samsung.com/t5/image/serverpage/image-id/744693i08BD310DB25C3FA8/image-size/large/is-moderation-mode/true?v=v2&px=999", "https://eu.community.samsung.com/skins/images/9D980FB211E0FB21AB78B8BCA55E6252/responsive_peak/images/icon_anonymous_message.png", "https://eu.community.samsung.com/skins/images/563375595C94EB70D79A61551C953E78/responsive_peak/images/powered_by_khoros.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "eu.community.samsung.com", "user-id" ]	2022-11-10T10:34:46.923000+00:00	I have a ue43bu8000 tv with a jbl studio 2.0 sound bar. I can get the volume to adjust on the soundbar with the standard tv remote but not with the	en	https://eu.community.sam…s/faviconIII.png		https://eu.community.samsung.com/t5/audio-video/smart-remote-not-working-for-sound-bar-but-non-smart-one-does/td-p/6379137	I have a ue43bu8000 tv with a jbl studio 2.0 sound bar. I can get the volume to adjust on the soundbar with the standard tv remote but not with the smart remote. Is there a way to fix this? I registered the remote on the soundbar and seemed to work once but stoppped almost immediately. Totally with normal remote but Id rather use the smart one @steeble: On the TV, please can you confirm if you have been to Home > Menu > Connected device > Universal Remote, and registered the soundbar from here? If the issue persists, try adjusting the position of the soundbar, and make sure that there are no obstacles in front of the soundbar, or the Samsung logo on your TV.
4979	dbpedia	3	11	https://graphicriver.net/item/smartone-logo/5209679	en	Smartone Logo	https://s3.envato.com/fi…humbnail_106.png	https://s3.envato.com/fi…humbnail_106.png	[ "https://public-assets.envato-static.com/assets/common/transparent-1px-1f61547480c17dc67dd9a6c38545a5911cc4a8024f6f3c0992e7c1c81fb37578.png", "https://public-assets.envato-static.com/assets/logos/envato_market-dd390ae860330996644c1c109912d2bf63885fc075b87215ace9b5b4bdc71cc8.svg", "https://public-assets.envato-static.com/assets/header/EnvatoElements-logo-4f70ffb865370a5fb978e9a1fc5bbedeeecdfceb8d0ebec2186aef4bee5db79d.svg", "https://public-assets.envato-static.com/assets/header/badge-a65149663b95bcee411e80ccf4da9788f174155587980d8f1d9c44fd8b59edd8.svg", "https://public-assets.envato-static.com/assets/header/thumbs_up-e5ce4c821cfd6a6aeba61127a8e8c4d2d7c566e654f588a22708c64d66680869.svg", "https://public-assets.envato-static.com/assets/header/items-collage-1x-a39e4a5834e75c32a634cc7311720baa491687b1aaa4b709ebd1acf0f8427b53.png", "https://graphicriver.img.customer.envatousercontent.com/files/62266215/img_preview_106.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&q=80&fit=crop&crop=top&max-h=8000&max-w=590&s=be3b516b20a01a57d2807049fe1c0c5a 590w, https://graphicriver.img.customer.envatousercontent.com/files/62266215/img_preview_106.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&q=80&fit=crop&crop=top&max-h=6780&max-w=500&s=0b8d6594c067d4a1f3feace723157605 500w, https://graphicriver.img.customer.envatousercontent.com/files/62266215/img_preview_106.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&q=80&fit=crop&crop=top&max-h=5424&max-w=400&s=3fc26e83d996393d82268d26ea3b5c9d 400w, https://graphicriver.img.customer.envatousercontent.com/files/62266215/img_preview_106.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&q=80&fit=crop&crop=top&max-h=4068&max-w=300&s=e9ca2d94e7192d9afd37df348491711b 300w", "https://public-assets.envato-static.com/assets/logos/envato_market-dd390ae860330996644c1c109912d2bf63885fc075b87215ace9b5b4bdc71cc8.svg", "https://public-assets.envato-static.com/assets/header-footer/logo-bcorp-e83f7da84188b8edac311fbf08eaa86634e9db7c67130cdc17837c1172c5f678.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Xnodoo" ]	2019-02-05T13:59:48+11:00	Buy Smartone Logo by Xnodoo on GraphicRiver. Smartone Logo is a creative and professional logo, that shows a symbol of “Geek”, suitable to any kind of companies ...	en	https://public-assets.en…1c0b1d8d595d.png	GraphicRiver	https://graphicriver.net/item/smartone-logo/5209679	Smartone Logo is a creative and professional logo, that shows a symbol of “Geek”, suitable to any kind of companies and agencies. Logo Template Features AI and EPS (Illustrator 10 EPS ) 300PPI Transparent PNG File CMYK 100% Scalable Vector Files Easy to edit color / text Ready to print Fonts used : Century & Myriad Pro NOTE : The preview mock-ups are not included in the download file, It’s only for the presentation purpose. Contact me via my profile page if you need any assistance. All logos in my portfolio are exclusively available only on Graphicriver.
4979	dbpedia	2	0	https://en.m.wikipedia.o…marTone_logo.svg	en	File:SmarTone logo.svg	https://upload.wikimedia…one_logo.svg.png	https://upload.wikimedia…one_logo.svg.png	[ "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/SmarTone_logo.svg/512px-SmarTone_logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/64px-PD-icon.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Trademark_Warning_Symbol.svg/64px-Trademark_Warning_Symbol.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/SmarTone_logo.svg/120px-SmarTone_logo.svg.png", "https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1", "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2018-07-31T00:00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://commons.wikimedi…marTone_logo.svg	This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details may not fully reflect the modified file.
4979	dbpedia	3	46	https://tracxn.com/d/companies/smartone/__jXb7OJ0FP0UvPnYKMl9DjNPkus8sia1wBENcw7FBe2M	en	Company Profile	https://cdn.tracxn.com/i…08077740732.webp	https://cdn.tracxn.com/i…08077740732.webp	[ "https://cdn.tracxn.com/images/static/tracxn-logo-full-100x22.svg", "https://i.tracxn.com/logo/company/Selection_319.png1518511766309?height=120&width=120", "https://i.tracxn.com/logo/company/Selection_319.png1518511766309?height=40&width=40", "https://i.tracxn.com/logo/company/e76f4dae4f856534f1fb7f199cef699?height=40&width=40", "https://i.tracxn.com/logo/company/d0a3f3a2fe66d45ad4d2528d86868a41?height=40&width=40", "https://i.tracxn.com/logo/company/j_8a0a1cf7-e4d4-4499-8206-4e522fdd644c.png?height=40&width=40", "https://i.tracxn.com/tracxn-data-attachments/report/thumbnail/image/Telecom_Operators_-_Listing_Image_f8cc1282-f7e0-4116-b203-b248910e1895.jpg?width=350" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Tracxn" ]	2023-01-21T13:36:21+00:00	SmarTone - Integrated telecom services provider. Public Company. SmarTone has 3531 competitors.	en	https://cdn.tracxn.com/images/static/favicon.ico		https://tracxn.com/d/companies/smartone/__jXb7OJ0FP0UvPnYKMl9DjNPkus8sia1wBENcw7FBe2M	SmarTone company profile Integrated telecom services provider 1992•Hong Kong ( China )•Public SmarTone Key Metrics Ranked 237th among 3531 competitors Similar Companies Telefonica & 3529 more Exit Details Public by HKG (Jan 07, 2000) SmarTone - About the company What does SmarTone do? SmarTone Mobile Communications is a telecommunication service provider which caters to residential and business customers in China. It offers cellular voice & data services, roaming, fiber-optic broadband internet access, multiple subscription-based plans (for calling, roaming, & internet), add-on services (includes call management, Wi-Fi router installation, WiFi hotspot, etc), and IT support services. It has won multiple awards including Best E-Commerce Merchant (Telecommunications) - Gold at eCommAs Awards 17', The Best Mobile Network Operator – Gold Award at CAHK STAR Awards 16', etc. Which sectors and market segments does SmarTone operate in? SmarTone serves in the Telecom market segments . The primary business model of SmarTone is :Telecom > Telecom Operators > *** > * **** SmarTone's IPO details SmarTone got listed on Hong Kong Exchanges ( HKG ) on Jan 07, 2000. Its market capitalization at IPO was $2.41B. Click here to take a look at SmarTone 's IPO in detail SmarTone's funding and investors How much funding has SmarTone raised till date? SmarTone is a funded company. Who are SmarTone's investors? There are no Institutional or Angel investors in SmarTone. SmarTone's founders and board of directors Founder? Claim Profile Who is the current CEO of SmarTone? Lau Yeuk-hung is the CEO of SmarTone . SmarTone's Competitors and alternates Competitive landscape of SmarTone SmarTone ranks 237 th among 3531 competitors which include Telefonica, Telecom Italia and Jio. 45 of its competitors are funded while 488 have exited. Overall, SmarTone and its competitors have raised over $40.3B in funding across 188 funding rounds involving 257 investors. There are 108 public and 380 acquired companies in the entire competition set. Below is a comparison of top competitors of SmarTone SmarTone Description Integrated telecom services provider Provider of mobile and fixed-line telephony services Integrated telecom service provider Provider of voice calling and internet services Founded Year 1992 1924 1994 2007 Location Hong Kong (China) Madrid (Spain) Rome (Italy) Mumbai (India) Company Stage Public Public Public Series G Unicorn Rating - - - - Total Funding - $375M $2.15B $20.1B Funding Rounds - 13 5 21 Latest Round - Post IPO, Undisclosed, Apr 09, 2024 Post IPO, Undisclosed, Mar 01, 2019 Conventional Debt, $197M, Oct 03, 2023 Investor Count - 10 4 47 Top Investors Tracxn Score What is this? 49/100 84/100 84/100 84/100 Overall Rank 237th 1st 2nd 3rd Get insights and benchmarks for competitors of 2M+ companies! Sign up today! Looking for more details on SmarTone 's competitors? Click here to see the top ones SmarTone's Investments and acquisitions SmarTone has made no investments or acquisitions yet. Reports related to SmarTone Here is the latest report on SmarTone's sector: Free Telecom Operators - Sector Report Edition: Jun 26, 2024 (69 Pages) News related to SmarTone Filter this list Media has covered SmarTone for a total of 9 events in the last 1 year , 6 of them have been about company updates and 2 about partnerships. • Smartone rolls out mid-band 5G on Hong Kong metroTelecompaper•Jun 24, 2024•SmarTone • SmarTone Uses 3.5GHz Spectrum for Enhanced 5G CoverageTelecom Review Asia•Mar 12, 2024•SmarTone • SmarTone boost network performance with Infovista Activa solutionVanillaPlus•Feb 12, 2024•SmarTone , InfoVista • SmarTone partners with Infovista to elevate customer experienceInfoVista•Feb 08, 2024•SmarTone , InfoVista • SmarTone adopts Oracle Cloud Scale Charging and Billing systemTelecompaper•Feb 02, 2024•SmarTone , Oracle • SmarTone unveils personalised smart home servicesTelecompaper•Dec 28, 2023•SmarTone • SmarTone appoints Lam as marketing and product directorTelecompaper•Jun 12, 2023•SmarTone Get curated news about company updates, funding rounds, M&A deals and others. Sign up today! View more SmarTone Recent News Frequently asked questions about SmarTone When was SmarTone founded? SmarTone was founded in 1992 Where is SmarTone located? SmarTone is located in Hong Kong, China. Is SmarTone a public company? SmarTone is a public company, it went public on Jan 07, 2000. 1.8M+ Entities 1,800+ Feeds 40K+ Taxonomy Nodes 1,000+ Reports every quarter Tracxn is designed with precision for Find what suits youSee pricing plans Start using Tracxn for freeSign up now Founder of this company?Claim this profile Have other questions?Get in touch
4979	dbpedia	2	92	https://smartapi.angelbroking.com/	en	SmartAPI	https://smartapi.angelbr….com/favicon.png	https://smartapi.angelbr….com/favicon.png	[ "https://q.quora.com/_/ad/925dbf979c2d44e7bf72af631e5a1ab6/pixel?tag=ViewContent&noscript=1" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	SmartAPI Developer Portal	en	/favicon.png		null
4979	dbpedia	3	89	https://www.smartrfidcards.com/	en	PVC Card,Smart Card,RFID tags Manufacturer	https://www.smartrfidcar…211025163GUR.jpg		[ "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/style/logo.png", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploads/211025/2-211025163GUR.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploads/211025/2-2110251A521154.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/a01a0380ca3c61428c26a231f0e49a09/1920x500_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploads/200514/2-200514141K0613.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/f61d6947467ccd3aa5af24db320235dd/180x180_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/fe9fc289c3ff0af142b6d3bead98a923/180x180_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/a02ffd91ece5e7efeb46db8f10a74059/180x180_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/1d7f7abc18fcb43975065399b0d1e48e/180x180_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/0584ce565c824b7b7f50282d9a19945b/180x180_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/beed13602b9b0e6ecb5b568ff5058f07/180x180_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/dc912a253d1e9ba40e2c597ed2376640/180x180_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/a666587afda6e89aec274a3657558a27/180x180_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/01386bd6d8e091c2ab4c7c7de644d37b/180x180_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/02522a2b2726fb0a03bb19f2d8d9524d/180x180_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/069059b7ef840f0c74a814ec9237b6ec/180x180_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/698d51a19d8a121ce581499d7b701668/180x180_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/66368270ffd51418ec58bd793f2d9b1b/265x265_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/18997733ec258a9fcaf239cc55d53363/265x265_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/75fc093c0ee742f6dddaa13fff98f104/265x265_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/8d7d8ee069cb0cbbf816bbb65d56947e/265x265_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/18997733ec258a9fcaf239cc55d53363/265x265_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploads/allimg/211021/2-1634OA94-2334.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploads/allimg/211025/2-163512P19-1342.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/cd00692c3bfe59267d5ecfac5310286c/265x265_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/c3e878e27f52e2a57ace4d9a76fd9acf/265x265_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/202304/ffa482928942578.png", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/f74909ace68e51891440e4da0b65a70c/265x265_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/c5ff2543b53f4cc0ad3819a36752467b/265x265_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/b3967a0e938dc2a6340e258630febd5a/265x265_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/918317b57931b6b7a7d29490fe5ec9f9/265x265_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/89f0fd5c927d466d6ec9a21b9ac34ffa/265x265_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/caf1a3dfb505ffed0d024130f58c5cfa/265x265_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/432aca3a1e345e339f35a30c8f65edce/265x265_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/758874998f5bd0c393da094e1967a72b/265x265_auto.jpg", "https://www.smartrfidcards.com/uploadfile/thumb/06eb61b839a0cefee4967c67ccb099dc/265x265_auto.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "pvc card", "smart card", "RFID tags" ]	null	[]	null	SmartOne is 2020 Best Smart Card Manufacturer and Supplier from China for selling high quality PVC Cards, RFID Cards, Contact IC Card and other Plastic Cards.				null	High-quality pvc card customized for you Wow your customers with a high quality business cards! Smart One specializes in printing pvc cards of vairous crafts, such as gold/silver power, hot foil stamping, embossed number, hole/slot punching, spot UV, barcode, metal label, anti-fate foil and other processes. We're committed to designing personalized pvc cards with the print effect you want. Smart One is a plastic card manufacturer with 20 years of experience in card production. We have a professional design team to creat various custom pvc cards to meet all your requirement. With no minimum order requirements, we can produce your pvc cards quickly, saving you time and money. We provide door-to-door delivery services to help your company stay ahead of the competition.