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Solve the programming task below in a Python markdown code block.
Students love to celebrate their holidays. Especially if the holiday is the day of the end of exams!
Despite the fact that Igor K., unlike his groupmates, failed to pass a programming test, he decided to invite them to go to a cafe so that each of them... |
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Little Monty is very fond of Fibonacci numbers and challenges his friend Lopa
that he can solve any question regarding the same. Lopa however is jealous
and after thinking for a long time came up with a problem.
She says given
N(the number of fib... |
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Takahashi has a string S of length N consisting of digits from `0` through `9`.
He loves the prime number P. He wants to know how many non-empty (contiguous) substrings of S - there are N \times (N + 1) / 2 of them - are divisible by P when regarded as... |
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Consider the following arithmetic progression with n terms:
* x, x + d, x + 2d, \ldots, x + (n-1)d
What is the product of all terms in this sequence? Compute the answer modulo 1\ 000\ 003.
You are given Q queries of this form. In the i-th query, co... |
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Let N be a positive odd number.
There are N coins, numbered 1, 2, \ldots, N. For each i (1 \leq i \leq N), when Coin i is tossed, it comes up heads with probability p_i and tails with probability 1 - p_i.
Taro has tossed all the N coins. Find the prob... |
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An X-layered kagami mochi (X β₯ 1) is a pile of X round mochi (rice cake) stacked vertically where each mochi (except the bottom one) has a smaller diameter than that of the mochi directly below it. For example, if you stack three mochi with diameters of... |
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Alice and Bob are controlling a robot. They each have one switch that controls the robot.
Alice started holding down her button A second after the start-up of the robot, and released her button B second after the start-up.
Bob started holding down his b... |
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There is a railroad in Takahashi Kingdom. The railroad consists of N sections, numbered 1, 2, ..., N, and N+1 stations, numbered 0, 1, ..., N. Section i directly connects the stations i-1 and i. A train takes exactly A_i minutes to run through section i... |
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Fukushima Prefecture is also famous for producing fruits, and among them, peaches and apples boast one of the highest production volumes in Japan. By the way, when I made a print manuscript of an English pamphlet for sale, I mistakenly wrote the descrip... |
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Water Country Water Deven has n cities. Each city is surrounded by water and looks like an island country. Water Deven has m bridges, and transportation between cities is carried out by these bridges, which allows you to travel to and from all cities.
... |
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We, the researchers who discovered and investigated the ancient nation Iwashiro, finally discovered the temple in the center of Iwashiro. A lithograph dedicated to the god of Iwashiro was stored in the temple. On the lithograph, two strings were written... |
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Take the'IOI'train
A new railway has been laid in IOI. Trains running on railways in IOI are a combination of several vehicles, and there are two types of vehicles, I and O. Vehicles can only be connected to different types of vehicles. Also, because t... |
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Professor Tsukuba invented a mysterious jewelry box that can be opened with a special gold key whose shape is very strange. It is composed of gold bars joined at their ends. Each gold bar has the same length and is placed parallel to one of the three or... |
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A gene is a string consisting of `A`,` T`, `G`,` C`. The genes in this world are strangely known to obey certain syntactic rules.
Syntax rules are given in the following form:
Non-terminal symbol 1: Symbol 1_1 Symbol 1_2 ... Symbol 1_n1
Non-terminal ... |
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For a given sequence $A = \\{a_0, a_1, ... a_{n-1}\\}$, the number of pairs $(i, j)$ where $a_i > a_j$ and $i < j$, is called the number of inversions. The number of inversions is equal to the number of swaps of Bubble Sort defined in the following prog... |
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You are given a chessboard of size n Γ n. It is filled with numbers from 1 to n^2 in the following way: the first β (n^2)/(2) β numbers from 1 to β (n^2)/(2) β are written in the cells with even sum of coordinates from left to right from top to bottom. ... |
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Let n be an integer. Consider all permutations on integers 1 to n in lexicographic order, and concatenate them into one big sequence p. For example, if n = 3, then p = [1, 2, 3, 1, 3, 2, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3, 1, 3, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1]. The length of this sequence w... |
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You have a long stick, consisting of m segments enumerated from 1 to m. Each segment is 1 centimeter long. Sadly, some segments are broken and need to be repaired.
You have an infinitely long repair tape. You want to cut some pieces from the tape and u... |
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Vasya has written some permutation p_1, p_2, β¦, p_n of integers from 1 to n, so for all 1 β€ i β€ n it is true that 1 β€ p_i β€ n and all p_1, p_2, β¦, p_n are different. After that he wrote n numbers next_1, next_2, β¦, next_n. The number next_i is equal to ... |
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While sailing on a boat, Inessa noticed a beautiful water lily flower above the lake's surface. She came closer and it turned out that the lily was exactly H centimeters above the water surface. Inessa grabbed the flower and sailed the distance of L cen... |
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Nikolay got a string s of even length n, which consists only of lowercase Latin letters 'a' and 'b'. Its positions are numbered from 1 to n.
He wants to modify his string so that every its prefix of even length has an equal amount of letters 'a' and 'b... |
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This is a harder version of the problem. In this version, n β€ 300 000.
Vasya is an experienced developer of programming competitions' problems. As all great minds at some time, Vasya faced a creative crisis. To improve the situation, Petya gifted him a... |
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You play a computer game. In this game, you lead a party of m heroes, and you have to clear a dungeon with n monsters. Each monster is characterized by its power a_i. Each hero is characterized by his power p_i and endurance s_i.
The heroes clear the d... |
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Guy-Manuel and Thomas are going to build a polygon spaceship.
You're given a strictly convex (i. e. no three points are collinear) polygon P which is defined by coordinates of its vertices. Define P(x,y) as a polygon obtained by translating P by vector... |
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Vova had a pretty weird sleeping schedule. There are h hours in a day. Vova will sleep exactly n times. The i-th time he will sleep exactly after a_i hours from the time he woke up. You can assume that Vova woke up exactly at the beginning of this story... |
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Ridhiman challenged Ashish to find the maximum valued subsequence of an array a of size n consisting of positive integers.
The value of a non-empty subsequence of k elements of a is defined as β 2^i over all integers i β₯ 0 such that at least max(1, k ... |
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This is an interactive problem.
We hid from you a permutation p of length n, consisting of the elements from 1 to n. You want to guess it. To do that, you can give us 2 different indices i and j, and we will reply with p_{i} mod p_{j} (remainder of div... |
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Wabbit is trying to move a box containing food for the rest of the zoo in the coordinate plane from the point (x_1,y_1) to the point (x_2,y_2).
He has a rope, which he can use to pull the box. He can only pull the box if he stands exactly 1 unit away f... |
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Ridbit starts with an integer n.
In one move, he can perform one of the following operations:
* divide n by one of its proper divisors, or
* subtract 1 from n if n is greater than 1.
A proper divisor is a divisor of a number, excluding itsel... |
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You are given an integer n. Check if n has an odd divisor, greater than one (does there exist such a number x (x > 1) that n is divisible by x and x is odd).
For example, if n=6, then there is x=3. If n=4, then such a number does not exist.
Input
The... |
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As you know, Bob's brother lives in Flatland. In Flatland there are n cities, connected by n - 1 two-way roads. The cities are numbered from 1 to n. You can get from one city to another moving along the roads.
The Β«Two PathsΒ» company, where Bob's broth... |
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You have an initially empty cauldron, and you want to brew a potion in it. The potion consists of two ingredients: magic essence and water. The potion you want to brew should contain exactly k\ \% magic essence and (100 - k)\ \% water.
In one step, you... |
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Sherlock Holmes found a mysterious correspondence of two VIPs and made up his mind to read it. But there is a problem! The correspondence turned out to be encrypted. The detective tried really hard to decipher the correspondence, but he couldn't underst... |
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Vasya plays a computer game with ninjas. At this stage Vasya's ninja should get out of a deep canyon.
The canyon consists of two vertical parallel walls, their height is n meters. Let's imagine that we split these walls into 1 meter-long areas and numb... |
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Recently a top secret mission to Mars has taken place. As a result, scientists managed to obtain some information about the Martian DNA. Now we know that any Martian DNA contains at most m different nucleotides, numbered from 1 to m. Special characteris... |
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You've got string s, consisting of small English letters. Some of the English letters are good, the rest are bad.
A substring s[l...r] (1 β€ l β€ r β€ |s|) of string s = s1s2...s|s| (where |s| is the length of string s) is string slsl + 1...sr.
The subs... |
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Greg has an array a = a1, a2, ..., an and m operations. Each operation looks as: li, ri, di, (1 β€ li β€ ri β€ n). To apply operation i to the array means to increase all array elements with numbers li, li + 1, ..., ri by value di.
Greg wrote down k queri... |
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Nothing has changed since the last round. Dima and Inna still love each other and want to be together. They've made a deal with Seryozha and now they need to make a deal with the dorm guards...
There are four guardposts in Dima's dorm. Each post contai... |
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A + B is often used as an example of the easiest problem possible to show some contest platform. However, some scientists have observed that sometimes this problem is not so easy to get accepted. Want to try?
Input
The input contains two integers a an... |
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Mr. Kitayuta has just bought an undirected graph with n vertices and m edges. The vertices of the graph are numbered from 1 to n. Each edge, namely edge i, has a color ci, connecting vertex ai and bi.
Mr. Kitayuta wants you to process the following q q... |
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Three companies decided to order a billboard with pictures of their logos. A billboard is a big square board. A logo of each company is a rectangle of a non-zero area.
Advertisers will put up the ad only if it is possible to place all three logos on t... |
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Vasya works as a watchman in the gallery. Unfortunately, one of the most expensive paintings was stolen while he was on duty. He doesn't want to be fired, so he has to quickly restore the painting. He remembers some facts about it.
* The painting is ... |
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Vasya has n days of vacations! So he decided to improve his IT skills and do sport. Vasya knows the following information about each of this n days: whether that gym opened and whether a contest was carried out in the Internet on that day. For the i-th ... |
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There is the following puzzle popular among nuclear physicists.
A reactor contains a set of n atoms of some chemical elements. We shall understand the phrase "atomic number" as the number of this atom's element in the periodic table of the chemical ele... |
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Just to remind, girls in Arpa's land are really nice.
Mehrdad wants to invite some Hoses to the palace for a dancing party. Each Hos has some weight wi and some beauty bi. Also each Hos may have some friends. Hoses are divided in some friendship groups... |
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There are literally dozens of snooker competitions held each year, and team Jinotega tries to attend them all (for some reason they prefer name "snookah")! When a competition takes place somewhere far from their hometown, Ivan, Artsem and Konstantin tak... |
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Sasha and Kolya decided to get drunk with Coke, again. This time they have k types of Coke. i-th type is characterised by its carbon dioxide concentration <image>. Today, on the party in honour of Sergiy of Vancouver they decided to prepare a glass of C... |
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Harry Potter is on a mission to destroy You-Know-Who's Horcruxes. The first Horcrux that he encountered in the Chamber of Secrets is Tom Riddle's diary. The diary was with Ginny and it forced her to open the Chamber of Secrets. Harry wants to know the d... |
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This time the Berland Team Olympiad in Informatics is held in a remote city that can only be reached by one small bus. Bus has n passenger seats, seat i can be occupied only by a participant from the city ai.
Today the bus has completed m trips, each t... |
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Ivan's classes at the university have just finished, and now he wants to go to the local CFK cafe and eat some fried chicken.
CFK sells chicken chunks in small and large portions. A small portion contains 3 chunks; a large one β 7 chunks. Ivan wants to... |
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One department of some software company has n servers of different specifications. Servers are indexed with consecutive integers from 1 to n. Suppose that the specifications of the j-th server may be expressed with a single integer number c_j of artific... |
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The city of Fishtopia can be imagined as a grid of 4 rows and an odd number of columns. It has two main villages; the first is located at the top-left cell (1,1), people who stay there love fishing at the Tuna pond at the bottom-right cell (4, n). The s... |
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And again a misfortune fell on Poor Student. He is being late for an exam.
Having rushed to a bus stop that is in point (0, 0), he got on a minibus and they drove along a straight line, parallel to axis OX, in the direction of increasing x.
Poor Stude... |
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We have a string S consisting of lowercase English letters.
If the length of S is at most K, print S without change.
If the length of S exceeds K, extract the first K characters in S, append `...` to the end of them, and print the result.
Constraints... |
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For a finite set of integers X, let f(X)=\max X - \min X.
Given are N integers A_1,...,A_N.
We will choose K of them and let S be the set of the integers chosen. If we distinguish elements with different indices even when their values are the same, th... |
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In 2028 and after a continuous growth, AtCoder Inc. finally built an empire with six cities (City 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)!
There are five means of transport in this empire:
* Train: travels from City 1 to 2 in one minute. A train can occupy at most A people... |
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There is a train going from Station A to Station B that costs X yen (the currency of Japan).
Also, there is a bus going from Station B to Station C that costs Y yen.
Joisino got a special ticket. With this ticket, she can take the bus for half the far... |
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Joisino wants to evaluate the formula "A op B". Here, A and B are integers, and the binary operator op is either `+` or `-`. Your task is to evaluate the formula instead of her.
Constraints
* 1β¦A,Bβ¦10^9
* op is either `+` or `-`.
Input
The input is ... |
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Write a program that extracts n different numbers from the numbers 0 to 100 and outputs the number of combinations that add up to s. Each n number is from 0 to 100, and the same number cannot be used in one combination. For example, if n is 3 and s is 6... |
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Ataru Oafoot of Aizu Gakuen University High School decided to play with a slot machine.
When you insert a medal on this machine, three reels will start spinning and each reel will stop automatically. In a normal game (normal game), 3 medals are inserte... |
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Mr. Kobou found a bundle of old paper when he was cleaning his family home. On each paper, two series of numbers are written. Strange as it appeared to him, Mr. Kobou further went through the storehouse and found out a note his ancestor left. According ... |
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Emacs is a text editor which is widely used by many programmers.
The advantage of Emacs is that we can move a cursor without arrow keys and the mice. For example, the cursor can be moved right, left, down, and up by pushing f, b, n, p with the Control ... |
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There are many blue cards and red cards on the table. For each card, an integer number greater than 1 is printed on its face. The same number may be printed on several cards.
A blue card and a red card can be paired when both of the numbers printed on ... |
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The earth is under an attack of a deadly virus. Luckily, prompt actions of the Ministry of Health against this emergency successfully confined the spread of the infection within a square grid of areas. Recently, public health specialists found an intere... |
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We understand that reading English is a great pain to many of you. So weβll keep this problem statememt simple. Write a program that reports the point equally distant from a set of lines given as the input. In case of no solutions or multiple solutions,... |
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Problem statement
A programming contest will be held in the Russian Federation. The contest has N questions and has M participants. Question i has a score a_i, and it is known that participant j's ability is b_j. For problem i and participant j, partic... |
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D: Sunburn-Suntan-
story
Aizunyan is a second-year student who belongs to the programming contest club of Wakagamatsu High School, commonly known as the Prokon club. Cute like an angel. Aizu Nyan is planning to participate in this summer festival, so ... |
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problem
There is a mysterious device $ M $, and if you put Tanuki and Fox in this device, one animal will come out from the device (hereinafter, Tanuki will be $ T $ and Fox will be $ F $).
$ M (x, y) $ represents an animal that came out by putting an... |
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A: Find the difference
problem
Given rectangular boards A and B with N squares vertically and M squares horizontally. For each board, each square is painted white or black.
The color of the square in the i-th row and j-th column of the board X is wri... |
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For a given weighted undirected graph G(V, E), find the distance of the shortest route that meets the following criteria:
* It is a closed cycle where it ends at the same point it starts.
* The route must go through every edge at least once.
Constrain... |
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Find the least common multiple (LCM) of given n integers.
Constraints
* 2 β€ n β€ 10
* 1 β€ ai β€ 1000
* Product of given integers ai(i = 1, 2, ... n) does not exceed 231-1
Input
n
a1 a2 ... an
n is given in the first line. Then, n integers are given... |
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After a long day, Alice and Bob decided to play a little game. The game board consists of n cells in a straight line, numbered from 1 to n, where each cell contains a number a_i between 1 and n. Furthermore, no two cells contain the same number.
A tok... |
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You have a set of n weights. You know that their masses are a_1, a_2, ..., a_n grams, but you don't know which of them has which mass. You can't distinguish the weights.
However, your friend does know the mass of each weight. You can ask your friend to... |
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Little Sofia is in fourth grade. Today in the geometry lesson she learned about segments and squares. On the way home, she decided to draw n squares in the snow with a side length of 1. For simplicity, we assume that Sofia lives on a plane and can draw ... |
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You are given an array a_1, a_2, ..., a_n. All a_i are pairwise distinct.
Let's define function f(l, r) as follows:
* let's define array b_1, b_2, ..., b_{r - l + 1}, where b_i = a_{l - 1 + i};
* sort array b in increasing order;
* result of ... |
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Vus the [Cossack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossacks) holds a programming competition, in which n people participate. He decided to award them all with pens and notebooks. It is known that Vus has exactly m pens and k notebooks.
Determine whether t... |
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Alice and Bob play a game. Initially they have a string s_1, s_2, ..., s_n, consisting of only characters . and X. They take alternating turns, and Alice is moving first. During each turn, the player has to select a contiguous substring consisting only ... |
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Gardener Alexey teaches competitive programming to high school students. To congratulate Alexey on the Teacher's Day, the students have gifted him a collection of wooden sticks, where every stick has an integer length. Now Alexey wants to grow a tree fr... |
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Adilbek was assigned to a special project. For Adilbek it means that he has n days to run a special program and provide its results. But there is a problem: the program needs to run for d days to calculate the results.
Fortunately, Adilbek can optimize... |
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Input
The only line of the input contains a 7-digit hexadecimal number. The first "digit" of the number is letter A, the rest of the "digits" are decimal digits 0-9.
Output
Output a single integer.
Examples
Input
A278832
Output
0
Input
... |
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Vasya claims that he had a paper square. He cut it into two rectangular parts using one vertical or horizontal cut. Then Vasya informed you the dimensions of these two rectangular parts. You need to check whether Vasya originally had a square. In other ... |
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Have you ever used the chat application QQ? Well, in a chat group of QQ, administrators can muzzle a user for days.
In Boboniu's chat group, there's a person called Du Yi who likes to make fun of Boboniu every day.
Du will chat in the group for n days... |
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In this problem MEX of a certain array is the smallest positive integer not contained in this array.
Everyone knows this definition, including Lesha. But Lesha loves MEX, so he comes up with a new problem involving MEX every day, including today.
You ... |
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Ron is a happy owner of a permutation a of length n.
A permutation of length n is an array consisting of n distinct integers from 1 to n in arbitrary order. For example, [2,3,1,5,4] is a permutation, but [1,2,2] is not a permutation (2 appears twice in... |
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You are a given an array a of length n. Find a subarray a[l..r] with length at least k with the largest median.
A median in an array of length n is an element which occupies position number β (n + 1)/(2) β after we sort the elements in non-decreasing o... |
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Diana loves playing with numbers. She's got n cards with positive integer numbers a_i written on them. She spends her free time multiplying the numbers on the cards. She picks a non-empty subset of the cards and multiplies all the numbers a_i written on... |
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Vasya the Great Magician and Conjurer loves all kinds of miracles and wizardry. In one wave of a magic wand he can turn an object into something else. But, as you all know, there is no better magic in the Universe than the magic of numbers. That's why V... |
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Vasya has got many devices that work on electricity. He's got n supply-line filters to plug the devices, the i-th supply-line filter has ai sockets.
Overall Vasya has got m devices and k electrical sockets in his flat, he can plug the devices or supply... |
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You are given two rectangles on a plane. The centers of both rectangles are located in the origin of coordinates (meaning the center of the rectangle's symmetry). The first rectangle's sides are parallel to the coordinate axes: the length of the side th... |
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Yaroslav likes algorithms. We'll describe one of his favorite algorithms.
1. The algorithm receives a string as the input. We denote this input string as a.
2. The algorithm consists of some number of command. Π‘ommand number i looks either as si >... |
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According to the regulations of Berland's army, a reconnaissance unit should consist of exactly two soldiers. Since these two soldiers shouldn't differ much, their heights can differ by at most d centimeters. Captain Bob has n soldiers in his detachment... |
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Alexey, a merry Berland entrant, got sick of the gray reality and he zealously wants to go to university. There are a lot of universities nowadays, so Alexey is getting lost in the diversity β he has not yet decided what profession he wants to get. At s... |
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Little X has n distinct integers: p1, p2, ..., pn. He wants to divide all of them into two sets A and B. The following two conditions must be satisfied:
* If number x belongs to set A, then number a - x must also belong to set A.
* If number x bel... |
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During the lunch break all n Berland State University students lined up in the food court. However, it turned out that the food court, too, has a lunch break and it temporarily stopped working.
Standing in a queue that isn't being served is so boring! ... |
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There are n Imperial stormtroopers on the field. The battle field is a plane with Cartesian coordinate system. Each stormtrooper is associated with his coordinates (x, y) on this plane.
Han Solo has the newest duplex lazer gun to fight these stormtroo... |
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You play a computer game. Your character stands on some level of a multilevel ice cave. In order to move on forward, you need to descend one level lower and the only way to do this is to fall through the ice.
The level of the cave where you are is a re... |
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Limak is a little polar bear. In the snow he found a scroll with the ancient prophecy. Limak doesn't know any ancient languages and thus is unable to understand the prophecy. But he knows digits!
One fragment of the prophecy is a sequence of n digits. ... |
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Blake is a CEO of a large company called "Blake Technologies". He loves his company very much and he thinks that his company should be the best. That is why every candidate needs to pass through the interview that consists of the following problem.
We ... |
Solve the programming task below in a Python markdown code block.
Vasiliy likes to rest after a hard work, so you may often meet him in some bar nearby. As all programmers do, he loves the famous drink "Beecola", which can be bought in n different shops in the city. It's known that the price of one bottle in the shop ... |
Solve the programming task below in a Python markdown code block.
You are given a permutation of integers from 1 to n. Exactly once you apply the following operation to this permutation: pick a random segment and shuffle its elements. Formally:
1. Pick a random segment (continuous subsequence) from l to r. All <ima... |
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