gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-10600 | 5acf8e7077cf76001a68525c | Comics | Similar to the problems of defining literature and film, no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium, and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions. Theorists such as Töpffer, R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner, David Carrier, Alain Rey, and Lawrence Grove emphasize the combination of text and images, though there are prominent examples of pantomime comics throughout its history. Other critics, such as Thierry Groensteen and Scott McCloud, have emphasized the primacy of sequences of images. Towards the close of the 20th century, different cultures' discoveries of each other's comics traditions, the rediscovery of forgotten early comics forms, and the rise of new forms made defining comics a more complicated task. | What century had remembered comic forms rediscovered? | What century had remembered comic forms rediscovered? | [
"What century had remembered comic forms rediscovered?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10601 | 56e039097aa994140058e3bf | Comics | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" (or "drawn literatures"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music. | In the 1840s, Töpffer wrote theories about whose work? | In the 1840s, Töpffer wrote theories about whose work? | [
"In the 1840s, Töpffer wrote theories about whose work?"
] | {
"text": [
"his own"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10602 | 56e039097aa994140058e3c0 | Comics | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" (or "drawn literatures"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music. | Who introduced the term "multiframe"? | Who introduced the term "multiframe"? | [
"Who introduced the term \"multiframe\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"Henri Vanlier"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10603 | 56e039097aa994140058e3c2 | Comics | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" (or "drawn literatures"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music. | Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s? | Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s? | [
"Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10604 | 56e039097aa994140058e3c3 | Comics | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" (or "drawn literatures"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music. | Who used cognitive science to learn how people understand comics? | Who used cognitive science to learn how people understand comics? | [
"Who used cognitive science to learn how people understand comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"Neil Cohn"
],
"answer_start": [
1096
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10605 | 5acf902777cf76001a685288 | Comics | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" (or "drawn literatures"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music. | In the 1940s, Töpffer wrote theories about whose work? | In the 1940s, Töpffer wrote theories about whose work? | [
"In the 1940s, Töpffer wrote theories about whose work?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10606 | 5acf902777cf76001a685289 | Comics | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" (or "drawn literatures"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music. | Who rejected the term "multiframe"? | Who rejected the term "multiframe"? | [
"Who rejected the term \"multiframe\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10607 | 5acf902777cf76001a68528a | Comics | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" (or "drawn literatures"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music. | Who never used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s | Who never used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s | [
"Who never used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10608 | 5acf902777cf76001a68528b | Comics | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" (or "drawn literatures"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music. | Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1980s | Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1980s | [
"Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1980s"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10609 | 5acf902777cf76001a68528c | Comics | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" (or "drawn literatures"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music. | Who used cognitive science to learn how dogs understand comics? | Who used cognitive science to learn how dogs understand comics? | [
"Who used cognitive science to learn how dogs understand comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10610 | 56e039947aa994140058e3d3 | Comics | Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written. | What Russian word is used for comics? | What Russian word is used for comics? | [
"What Russian word is used for comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"komiks"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10611 | 56e039947aa994140058e3d4 | Comics | Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written. | What German word is used for comics? | What German word is used for comics? | [
"What German word is used for comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"comics"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10612 | 56e039947aa994140058e3d5 | Comics | Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written. | What Chinese word was derived from the Japanese word manga? | What Chinese word was derived from the Japanese word manga? | [
"What Chinese word was derived from the Japanese word manga?"
] | {
"text": [
"manhua"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10613 | 56e039947aa994140058e3d6 | Comics | Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written. | What Korean word was derived from the Japanese word for manga? | What Korean word was derived from the Japanese word for manga? | [
"What Korean word was derived from the Japanese word for manga?"
] | {
"text": [
"manhwa"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10614 | 5acf95a777cf76001a685380 | Comics | Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written. | What Russian word isn't used for comics? | What Russian word isn't used for comics? | [
"What Russian word isn't used for comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10615 | 5acf95a777cf76001a685381 | Comics | Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written. | What Prussian word is used for comics? | What Prussian word is used for comics? | [
"What Prussian word is used for comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10616 | 5acf95a777cf76001a685382 | Comics | Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written. | What German word isn't used for comics? | What German word isn't used for comics? | [
"What German word isn't used for comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10617 | 5acf95a777cf76001a685383 | Comics | Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written. | What Chinese word wasn't derived from the Japanese word manga? | What Chinese word wasn't derived from the Japanese word manga? | [
"What Chinese word wasn't derived from the Japanese word manga?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10618 | 5acf95a777cf76001a685384 | Comics | Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written. | What Korean word wasn't derived from the Japanese word for manga? | What Korean word wasn't derived from the Japanese word for manga? | [
"What Korean word wasn't derived from the Japanese word for manga?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10619 | 56e03ae1231d4119001abfff | Comics | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics. | The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where? | The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where? | [
"The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where?"
] | {
"text": [
"newspaper comic strips"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10620 | 56e03ae1231d4119001ac000 | Comics | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics. | Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works? | Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works? | [
"Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works?"
] | {
"text": [
"non-humorous"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10621 | 56e03ae1231d4119001ac001 | Comics | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics. | Comic books are what type of books? | Comic books are what type of books? | [
"Comic books are what type of books?"
] | {
"text": [
"periodicals"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10622 | 56e03ae1231d4119001ac002 | Comics | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics. | What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan? | What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan? | [
"What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan?"
] | {
"text": [
"manga"
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10623 | 56e03ae1231d4119001ac003 | Comics | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics. | What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian? | What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian? | [
"What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian?"
] | {
"text": [
"bandes dessinées"
],
"answer_start": [
496
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10624 | 5acf955a77cf76001a68536c | Comics | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics. | The word comic comes from the nonhumorous pieces found where? | The word comic comes from the nonhumorous pieces found where? | [
"The word comic comes from the nonhumorous pieces found where?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10625 | 5acf955a77cf76001a68536d | Comics | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics. | Comic is used for what other kind of work especially humorous works? | Comic is used for what other kind of work especially humorous works? | [
"Comic is used for what other kind of work especially humorous works?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10626 | 5acf955a77cf76001a68536e | Comics | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics. | Comic books aren't what type of books? | Comic books aren't what type of books? | [
"Comic books aren't what type of books?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10627 | 5acf955a77cf76001a68536f | Comics | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics. | What is the term that the French use for the comics out of Japan? | What is the term that the French use for the comics out of Japan? | [
"What is the term that the French use for the comics out of Japan?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10628 | 5acf955a77cf76001a685370 | Comics | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics. | What is the term that the English use for the comics that don't come out of Belgian? | What is the term that the English use for the comics that don't come out of Belgian? | [
"What is the term that the English use for the comics that don't come out of Belgian?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10629 | 56e03b7f7aa994140058e3e4 | Comics | While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a penciller, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an inker, who finishes the artwork in ink; a colourist; and a letterer, who adds the captions and speech balloons. | Though one person typically creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it? | Though one person typically creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it? | [
"Though one person typically creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it?"
] | {
"text": [
"specialists"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10630 | 56e03b7f7aa994140058e3e5 | Comics | While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a penciller, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an inker, who finishes the artwork in ink; a colourist; and a letterer, who adds the captions and speech balloons. | What is a person called who does the initial pencil work for the artwork? | What is a person called who does the initial pencil work for the artwork? | [
"What is a person called who does the initial pencil work for the artwork?"
] | {
"text": [
"penciller"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10631 | 56e03b7f7aa994140058e3e6 | Comics | While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a penciller, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an inker, who finishes the artwork in ink; a colourist; and a letterer, who adds the captions and speech balloons. | What does an inker do? | What does an inker do? | [
"What does an inker do?"
] | {
"text": [
"finishes the artwork in ink"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10632 | 5acf950277cf76001a685352 | Comics | While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a penciller, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an inker, who finishes the artwork in ink; a colourist; and a letterer, who adds the captions and speech balloons. | Though one person always creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it? | Though one person always creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it? | [
"Though one person always creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10633 | 5acf950277cf76001a685353 | Comics | While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a penciller, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an inker, who finishes the artwork in ink; a colourist; and a letterer, who adds the captions and speech balloons. | What is a person called who doesn't do the initial pencil work for the artwork? | What is a person called who doesn't do the initial pencil work for the artwork? | [
"What is a person called who doesn't do the initial pencil work for the artwork?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10634 | 5acf950277cf76001a685354 | Comics | While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a penciller, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an inker, who finishes the artwork in ink; a colourist; and a letterer, who adds the captions and speech balloons. | What is a person called who does the initial pen work for the artwork? | What is a person called who does the initial pen work for the artwork? | [
"What is a person called who does the initial pen work for the artwork?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10635 | 5acf950277cf76001a685355 | Comics | While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a penciller, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an inker, who finishes the artwork in ink; a colourist; and a letterer, who adds the captions and speech balloons. | What does an linker do? | What does an linker do? | [
"What does an linker do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10636 | 5acf950277cf76001a685356 | Comics | While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a penciller, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an inker, who finishes the artwork in ink; a colourist; and a letterer, who adds the captions and speech balloons. | What doesn't an inker do? | What doesn't an inker do? | [
"What doesn't an inker do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10637 | 56e03c3c7aa994140058e3ed | Comics | Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time. | What are the individual images with action called in comics? | What are the individual images with action called in comics? | [
"What are the individual images with action called in comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"Panels"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10638 | 56e03c3c7aa994140058e3ee | Comics | Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time. | Narrative is placed into panels using what? | Narrative is placed into panels using what? | [
"Narrative is placed into panels using what?"
] | {
"text": [
"encapsulation"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10639 | 56e03c3c7aa994140058e3ef | Comics | Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time. | Who puts the panels together using closure? | Who puts the panels together using closure? | [
"Who puts the panels together using closure?"
] | {
"text": [
"The reader"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10640 | 56e03c3c7aa994140058e3f0 | Comics | Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time. | Timing and pace of comics is made by adjusting size, shape and what of panels? | Timing and pace of comics is made by adjusting size, shape and what of panels? | [
"Timing and pace of comics is made by adjusting size, shape and what of panels?"
] | {
"text": [
"arrangement"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10641 | 56e03c3c7aa994140058e3f1 | Comics | Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time. | When a comic panel has events that are not at the same time the panel is considered to be what? | When a comic panel has events that are not at the same time the panel is considered to be what? | [
"When a comic panel has events that are not at the same time the panel is considered to be what?"
] | {
"text": [
"asynchronous"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10642 | 5acf933f77cf76001a6852f2 | Comics | Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time. | What are the multiple images with action called in comics? | What are the multiple images with action called in comics? | [
"What are the multiple images with action called in comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10643 | 5acf933f77cf76001a6852f3 | Comics | Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time. | Narrative isn't placed into panels using what? | Narrative isn't placed into panels using what? | [
"Narrative isn't placed into panels using what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10644 | 5acf933f77cf76001a6852f4 | Comics | Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time. | Who takes the panels apart using closure? | Who takes the panels apart using closure? | [
"Who takes the panels apart using closure?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10645 | 5acf933f77cf76001a6852f5 | Comics | Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time. | Timing and pace of comics is made by not adjusting size, shape and what of panels? | Timing and pace of comics is made by not adjusting size, shape and what of panels? | [
"Timing and pace of comics is made by not adjusting size, shape and what of panels?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10646 | 5acf933f77cf76001a6852f6 | Comics | Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time. | When a comic panel has events that are at the same time the panel is considered to be what? | When a comic panel has events that are at the same time the panel is considered to be what? | [
"When a comic panel has events that are at the same time the panel is considered to be what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10647 | 56e03c7e231d4119001ac00b | Comics | Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of thought balloons), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate place or time. Speech balloons themselves are strongly associated with comics, such that the addition of one to an image is sufficient to turn the image into comics. Sound effects mimic non-vocal sounds textually using onomatopoeia sound-words. | What association with comics is strong? | What association with comics is strong? | [
"What association with comics is strong?"
] | {
"text": [
"Speech balloons"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10648 | 56e03c7e231d4119001ac00c | Comics | Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of thought balloons), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate place or time. Speech balloons themselves are strongly associated with comics, such that the addition of one to an image is sufficient to turn the image into comics. Sound effects mimic non-vocal sounds textually using onomatopoeia sound-words. | The presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what? | The presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what? | [
"The presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what?"
] | {
"text": [
"comics"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10649 | 56e03c7e231d4119001ac00d | Comics | Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of thought balloons), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate place or time. Speech balloons themselves are strongly associated with comics, such that the addition of one to an image is sufficient to turn the image into comics. Sound effects mimic non-vocal sounds textually using onomatopoeia sound-words. | What type of words are used to do sound effects in comics? | What type of words are used to do sound effects in comics? | [
"What type of words are used to do sound effects in comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"onomatopoeia"
],
"answer_start": [
536
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10650 | 5acf93b577cf76001a685306 | Comics | Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of thought balloons), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate place or time. Speech balloons themselves are strongly associated with comics, such that the addition of one to an image is sufficient to turn the image into comics. Sound effects mimic non-vocal sounds textually using onomatopoeia sound-words. | What association with comics is weak? | What association with comics is weak? | [
"What association with comics is weak?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10651 | 5acf93b577cf76001a685307 | Comics | Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of thought balloons), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate place or time. Speech balloons themselves are strongly associated with comics, such that the addition of one to an image is sufficient to turn the image into comics. Sound effects mimic non-vocal sounds textually using onomatopoeia sound-words. | What disassociation with comics is strong? | What disassociation with comics is strong? | [
"What disassociation with comics is strong?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10652 | 5acf93b577cf76001a685308 | Comics | Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of thought balloons), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate place or time. Speech balloons themselves are strongly associated with comics, such that the addition of one to an image is sufficient to turn the image into comics. Sound effects mimic non-vocal sounds textually using onomatopoeia sound-words. | The presence of a double speech balloon in an image turns it into what? | The presence of a double speech balloon in an image turns it into what? | [
"The presence of a double speech balloon in an image turns it into what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10653 | 5acf93b577cf76001a685309 | Comics | Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of thought balloons), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate place or time. Speech balloons themselves are strongly associated with comics, such that the addition of one to an image is sufficient to turn the image into comics. Sound effects mimic non-vocal sounds textually using onomatopoeia sound-words. | The non-presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what? | The non-presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what? | [
"The non-presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10654 | 5acf93b577cf76001a68530a | Comics | Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of thought balloons), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate place or time. Speech balloons themselves are strongly associated with comics, such that the addition of one to an image is sufficient to turn the image into comics. Sound effects mimic non-vocal sounds textually using onomatopoeia sound-words. | What type of words are used to do word effects in comics? | What type of words are used to do word effects in comics? | [
"What type of words are used to do word effects in comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10655 | 56e03cc27aa994140058e3f7 | Comics | Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed. | What type of ink is often used in making comics? | What type of ink is often used in making comics? | [
"What type of ink is often used in making comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"India ink"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10656 | 56e03cc27aa994140058e3f8 | Comics | Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed. | What method is mostly used in making comics? | What method is mostly used in making comics? | [
"What method is mostly used in making comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cartooning"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10657 | 56e03cc27aa994140058e3f9 | Comics | Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed. | Mixed media and what else are becoming popular for making comics? | Mixed media and what else are becoming popular for making comics? | [
"Mixed media and what else are becoming popular for making comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"digital technology"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10658 | 56e03cc27aa994140058e3fa | Comics | Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed. | Motion lines and what are often used in comics? | Motion lines and what are often used in comics? | [
"Motion lines and what are often used in comics?"
] | {
"text": [
"abstract symbols"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10659 | 5acf940d77cf76001a685324 | Comics | Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed. | What type of ink is never used in making comics? | What type of ink is never used in making comics? | [
"What type of ink is never used in making comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10660 | 5acf940d77cf76001a685325 | Comics | Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed. | What type of ink is often used in making comedies? | What type of ink is often used in making comedies? | [
"What type of ink is often used in making comedies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10661 | 5acf940d77cf76001a685326 | Comics | Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed. | What method is least used in making comics? | What method is least used in making comics? | [
"What method is least used in making comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10662 | 5acf940d77cf76001a685327 | Comics | Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed. | Mixed media and what else are becoming unpopular for making comics? | Mixed media and what else are becoming unpopular for making comics? | [
"Mixed media and what else are becoming unpopular for making comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10663 | 5acf940d77cf76001a685328 | Comics | Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed. | Motion lines and what are never used in comics? | Motion lines and what are never used in comics? | [
"Motion lines and what are never used in comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10664 | 5acf92b877cf76001a6852e8 | Comics | The term comics refers to the comics medium when used as an uncountable noun and thus takes the singular: "comics is a medium" rather than "comics are a medium". When comic appears as a countable noun it refers to instances of the medium, such as individual comic strips or comic books: "Tom's comics are in the basement." | The term comedies refers to what? | The term comedies refers to what? | [
"The term comedies refers to what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10665 | 5acf92b877cf76001a6852e9 | Comics | The term comics refers to the comics medium when used as an uncountable noun and thus takes the singular: "comics is a medium" rather than "comics are a medium". When comic appears as a countable noun it refers to instances of the medium, such as individual comic strips or comic books: "Tom's comics are in the basement." | The term comics doesn't refer to what? | The term comics doesn't refer to what? | [
"The term comics doesn't refer to what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10666 | 5acf92b877cf76001a6852ea | Comics | The term comics refers to the comics medium when used as an uncountable noun and thus takes the singular: "comics is a medium" rather than "comics are a medium". When comic appears as a countable noun it refers to instances of the medium, such as individual comic strips or comic books: "Tom's comics are in the basement." | When comic appears as a countable verb it refers to what? | When comic appears as a countable verb it refers to what? | [
"When comic appears as a countable verb it refers to what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10667 | 5acf92b877cf76001a6852eb | Comics | The term comics refers to the comics medium when used as an uncountable noun and thus takes the singular: "comics is a medium" rather than "comics are a medium". When comic appears as a countable noun it refers to instances of the medium, such as individual comic strips or comic books: "Tom's comics are in the basement." | When comedies appears as a countable noun it refers to what? | When comedies appears as a countable noun it refers to what? | [
"When comedies appears as a countable noun it refers to what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10668 | 5acf92b877cf76001a6852ec | Comics | The term comics refers to the comics medium when used as an uncountable noun and thus takes the singular: "comics is a medium" rather than "comics are a medium". When comic appears as a countable noun it refers to instances of the medium, such as individual comic strips or comic books: "Tom's comics are in the basement." | When comic doesn't appear as a countable noun it refers to what? | When comic doesn't appear as a countable noun it refers to what? | [
"When comic doesn't appear as a countable noun it refers to what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10669 | 56fdc40c19033b140034cd4d | Computer | Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved. | In computer terms, what does CPU stand for? | In computer terms, what does CPU stand for? | [
"In computer terms, what does CPU stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"central processing unit"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10670 | 56fdc40c19033b140034cd4e | Computer | Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved. | What are the devices called that are from an external source? | What are the devices called that are from an external source? | [
"What are the devices called that are from an external source?"
] | {
"text": [
"Peripheral devices"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10671 | 56fdc40c19033b140034cd4f | Computer | Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved. | What are two things that a computer always has? | What are two things that a computer always has? | [
"What are two things that a computer always has?"
] | {
"text": [
"(CPU), and some form of memory"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10672 | 56fdc48f19033b140034cd53 | Computer | Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital computers were developed. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs). | What were analog computers originally used for? | What were analog computers originally used for? | [
"What were analog computers originally used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"astronomical calculations"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10673 | 56fdc48f19033b140034cd54 | Computer | Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital computers were developed. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs). | During what war were computers first used for military applications? | During what war were computers first used for military applications? | [
"During what war were computers first used for military applications?"
] | {
"text": [
"World War II,"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10674 | 56fdc48f19033b140034cd55 | Computer | Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital computers were developed. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs). | In computer terms, what does PC stand for? | In computer terms, what does PC stand for? | [
"In computer terms, what does PC stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"personal computers"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10675 | 56fdc48f19033b140034cd56 | Computer | Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital computers were developed. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs). | During what war were the first digital computers invented? | During what war were the first digital computers invented? | [
"During what war were the first digital computers invented?"
] | {
"text": [
"World War II"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10676 | 56fdc4f319033b140034cd5b | Computer | Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are generally considered as "computers". However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from electronic toys to industrial robots are the most numerous. | Computers in today's age are based on what that make them much faster than earlier computers? | Computers in today's age are based on what that make them much faster than earlier computers? | [
"Computers in today's age are based on what that make them much faster than earlier computers?"
] | {
"text": [
"integrated circuits"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10677 | 56fdc4f319033b140034cd5c | Computer | Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are generally considered as "computers". However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from electronic toys to industrial robots are the most numerous. | How much more powerful are modern computers versus early computers? | How much more powerful are modern computers versus early computers? | [
"How much more powerful are modern computers versus early computers?"
] | {
"text": [
"millions to billions of times"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10678 | 56fdc5b519033b140034cd5f | Computer | The first known use of the word "computer" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: "I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number." It referred to a person who carried out calculations, or computations. The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations. | When was the first known use of the word "computer"? | When was the first known use of the word "computer"? | [
"When was the first known use of the word \"computer\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"1613"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10679 | 56fdc5b519033b140034cd60 | Computer | The first known use of the word "computer" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: "I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number." It referred to a person who carried out calculations, or computations. The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations. | In which book, was the term "computer" first used? | In which book, was the term "computer" first used? | [
"In which book, was the term \"computer\" first used?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Yong Mans Gleanings"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10680 | 56fdc5b519033b140034cd61 | Computer | The first known use of the word "computer" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: "I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number." It referred to a person who carried out calculations, or computations. The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations. | Who was the author of the book, The Yong Mans Gleanings? | Who was the author of the book, The Yong Mans Gleanings? | [
"Who was the author of the book, The Yong Mans Gleanings?"
] | {
"text": [
"Richard Braithwait"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10681 | 56fdc5b519033b140034cd62 | Computer | The first known use of the word "computer" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: "I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number." It referred to a person who carried out calculations, or computations. The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations. | From the end of what century, did the word "computer" take its well known meaning of today? | From the end of what century, did the word "computer" take its well known meaning of today? | [
"From the end of what century, did the word \"computer\" take its well known meaning of today?"
] | {
"text": [
"19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10682 | 56fdc60e19033b140034cd67 | Computer | Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, sealed in hollow unbaked clay containers. The use of counting rods is one example. | The earliest device to help count was what? | The earliest device to help count was what? | [
"The earliest device to help count was what?"
] | {
"text": [
"a form of tally stick"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10683 | 56fdc60e19033b140034cd68 | Computer | Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, sealed in hollow unbaked clay containers. The use of counting rods is one example. | Calculi during the Fertile Crescent refers to what? | Calculi during the Fertile Crescent refers to what? | [
"Calculi during the Fertile Crescent refers to what?"
] | {
"text": [
"(clay spheres, cones, etc.)"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10684 | 56fdc67a19033b140034cd6b | Computer | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money. | What was the abacus first used for? | What was the abacus first used for? | [
"What was the abacus first used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"arithmetic tasks"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10685 | 56fdc67a19033b140034cd6c | Computer | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money. | When was the Roman abacus first used? | When was the Roman abacus first used? | [
"When was the Roman abacus first used?"
] | {
"text": [
"2400 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10686 | 56fdc67a19033b140034cd6d | Computer | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money. | Where was the Roman abacus first used? | Where was the Roman abacus first used? | [
"Where was the Roman abacus first used?"
] | {
"text": [
"Babylonia"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10687 | 56fdc67a19033b140034cd6e | Computer | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money. | In medieval Europe was was placed on a table to help count money? | In medieval Europe was was placed on a table to help count money? | [
"In medieval Europe was was placed on a table to help count money?"
] | {
"text": [
"a checkered cloth"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10688 | 56fdc67a19033b140034cd6f | Computer | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money. | A checkered cloth on a table was used in medieval Europe to help count what? | A checkered cloth on a table was used in medieval Europe to help count what? | [
"A checkered cloth on a table was used in medieval Europe to help count what?"
] | {
"text": [
"sums of money"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10689 | 56fdc6e7761e401900d28bdd | Computer | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa 100 BC. Devices of a level of complexity comparable to that of the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until a thousand years later. | What is thought to be the first mechanical analog computer? | What is thought to be the first mechanical analog computer? | [
"What is thought to be the first mechanical analog computer?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Antikythera mechanism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10690 | 56fdc6e7761e401900d28bde | Computer | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa 100 BC. Devices of a level of complexity comparable to that of the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until a thousand years later. | The Antikythera mechanism was thought to be the first computer according to whom? | The Antikythera mechanism was thought to be the first computer according to whom? | [
"The Antikythera mechanism was thought to be the first computer according to whom?"
] | {
"text": [
"Derek J. de Solla Price."
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10691 | 56fdc6e7761e401900d28bdf | Computer | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa 100 BC. Devices of a level of complexity comparable to that of the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until a thousand years later. | When was the Antikythera mechanism discovered? | When was the Antikythera mechanism discovered? | [
"When was the Antikythera mechanism discovered?"
] | {
"text": [
"1901"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10692 | 56fdc6e7761e401900d28be0 | Computer | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa 100 BC. Devices of a level of complexity comparable to that of the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until a thousand years later. | Where was the Antikythera mechanism found in 1901? | Where was the Antikythera mechanism found in 1901? | [
"Where was the Antikythera mechanism found in 1901?"
] | {
"text": [
"Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10693 | 56fdc6e7761e401900d28be1 | Computer | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa 100 BC. Devices of a level of complexity comparable to that of the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until a thousand years later. | Where is the Greek Island of Antikythera located between? | Where is the Greek Island of Antikythera located between? | [
"Where is the Greek Island of Antikythera located between?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kythera and Crete"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10694 | 56fdc764761e401900d28be7 | Computer | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipparchus. A combination of the planisphere and dioptra, the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy. An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer and gear-wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan, Persia in 1235. Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī invented the first mechanical geared lunisolar calendar astrolabe, an early fixed-wired knowledge processing machine with a gear train and gear-wheels, circa 1000 AD. | Who invented the planisphere? | Who invented the planisphere? | [
"Who invented the planisphere?"
] | {
"text": [
"Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10695 | 56fdc764761e401900d28be8 | Computer | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipparchus. A combination of the planisphere and dioptra, the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy. An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer and gear-wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan, Persia in 1235. Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī invented the first mechanical geared lunisolar calendar astrolabe, an early fixed-wired knowledge processing machine with a gear train and gear-wheels, circa 1000 AD. | Who is thought to have invented the astrolabe in history? | Who is thought to have invented the astrolabe in history? | [
"Who is thought to have invented the astrolabe in history?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hipparchus"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10696 | 56fdc764761e401900d28be9 | Computer | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipparchus. A combination of the planisphere and dioptra, the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy. An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer and gear-wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan, Persia in 1235. Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī invented the first mechanical geared lunisolar calendar astrolabe, an early fixed-wired knowledge processing machine with a gear train and gear-wheels, circa 1000 AD. | The astrolabe was a combination of what two devices in history? | The astrolabe was a combination of what two devices in history? | [
"The astrolabe was a combination of what two devices in history?"
] | {
"text": [
"the planisphere and dioptra"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10697 | 56fdc764761e401900d28bea | Computer | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipparchus. A combination of the planisphere and dioptra, the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy. An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer and gear-wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan, Persia in 1235. Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī invented the first mechanical geared lunisolar calendar astrolabe, an early fixed-wired knowledge processing machine with a gear train and gear-wheels, circa 1000 AD. | The first astrolabe with gear-wheels was invented when? | The first astrolabe with gear-wheels was invented when? | [
"The first astrolabe with gear-wheels was invented when?"
] | {
"text": [
"1235"
],
"answer_start": [
627
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10698 | 56fdc764761e401900d28beb | Computer | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipparchus. A combination of the planisphere and dioptra, the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy. An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer and gear-wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan, Persia in 1235. Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī invented the first mechanical geared lunisolar calendar astrolabe, an early fixed-wired knowledge processing machine with a gear train and gear-wheels, circa 1000 AD. | The first astrolabe with a mechanical calendar was invented where? | The first astrolabe with a mechanical calendar was invented where? | [
"The first astrolabe with a mechanical calendar was invented where?"
] | {
"text": [
"Persia"
],
"answer_start": [
617
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10699 | 56fdc789761e401900d28bf1 | Computer | The sector, a calculating instrument used for solving problems in proportion, trigonometry, multiplication and division, and for various functions, such as squares and cube roots, was developed in the late 16th century and found application in gunnery, surveying and navigation. | The sector, a calculating instrument, was invented during what century? | The sector, a calculating instrument, was invented during what century? | [
"The sector, a calculating instrument, was invented during what century?"
] | {
"text": [
"16th century"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
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