gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-11600 | 56fa00e2f34c681400b0bf4d | Somalis | According to most scholars, the ancient Land of Punt and its inhabitants formed part of the ethnogenesis of the Somali people. The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. The pyramidal structures, temples and ancient houses of dressed stone littered around Somalia are said to date from this period. | Who was a Queen of Egypt during the time when Punt and Egypt were close? | Who was a Queen of Egypt during the time when Punt and Egypt were close? | [
"Who was a Queen of Egypt during the time when Punt and Egypt were close?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hatshepsut"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11601 | 56fa00e2f34c681400b0bf4e | Somalis | According to most scholars, the ancient Land of Punt and its inhabitants formed part of the ethnogenesis of the Somali people. The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. The pyramidal structures, temples and ancient houses of dressed stone littered around Somalia are said to date from this period. | Along with houses of dressed stone, what ancient architecture may have been influenced by Egypt? | Along with houses of dressed stone, what ancient architecture may have been influenced by Egypt? | [
"Along with houses of dressed stone, what ancient architecture may have been influenced by Egypt?"
] | {
"text": [
"pyramidal structures"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11602 | 56fa01668f12f3190063005b | Somalis | In the classical era, several ancient city-states such as Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui, which competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade, also flourished in Somalia. | Near what headland was Mosylon located? | Near what headland was Mosylon located? | [
"Near what headland was Mosylon located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cape Guardafui"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11603 | 56fa01668f12f3190063005c | Somalis | In the classical era, several ancient city-states such as Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui, which competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade, also flourished in Somalia. | Along with Mosylon, Malao, Nikon, Sarapion, Opone and Essina, what city-state flourished in ancient Somalia? | Along with Mosylon, Malao, Nikon, Sarapion, Opone and Essina, what city-state flourished in ancient Somalia? | [
"Along with Mosylon, Malao, Nikon, Sarapion, Opone and Essina, what city-state flourished in ancient Somalia?"
] | {
"text": [
"Damo"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11604 | 56fa01668f12f3190063005d | Somalis | In the classical era, several ancient city-states such as Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui, which competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade, also flourished in Somalia. | Along with the Parthians and Axumites, who were the commercial competitors of the ancient Somalis? | Along with the Parthians and Axumites, who were the commercial competitors of the ancient Somalis? | [
"Along with the Parthians and Axumites, who were the commercial competitors of the ancient Somalis?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sabaeans"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11605 | 56fa01668f12f3190063005e | Somalis | In the classical era, several ancient city-states such as Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui, which competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade, also flourished in Somalia. | What trade did the ancient Somalis and others compete for? | What trade did the ancient Somalis and others compete for? | [
"What trade did the ancient Somalis and others compete for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Indo-Greco-Roman"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11606 | 56fa01e88f12f31900630063 | Somalis | The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa and Merca, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries. | What body of water separated Somalia from the land where Islam was born? | What body of water separated Somalia from the land where Islam was born? | [
"What body of water separated Somalia from the land where Islam was born?"
] | {
"text": [
"Red Sea"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11607 | 56fa01e88f12f31900630064 | Somalis | The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa and Merca, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries. | In what location was Islam born? | In what location was Islam born? | [
"In what location was Islam born?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Arabian Peninsula"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11608 | 56fa01e88f12f31900630065 | Somalis | The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa and Merca, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries. | What civilization was Mogadishu a part of? | What civilization was Mogadishu a part of? | [
"What civilization was Mogadishu a part of?"
] | {
"text": [
"Berberi"
],
"answer_start": [
608
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11609 | 56fa01e88f12f31900630066 | Somalis | The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa and Merca, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries. | What was another name for Mogadishu? | What was another name for Mogadishu? | [
"What was another name for Mogadishu?"
] | {
"text": [
"the City of Islam"
],
"answer_start": [
672
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11610 | 56fa01e88f12f31900630067 | Somalis | The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa and Merca, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries. | The trade of what luxury in East Africa was once centered on Mogadishu? | The trade of what luxury in East Africa was once centered on Mogadishu? | [
"The trade of what luxury in East Africa was once centered on Mogadishu?"
] | {
"text": [
"gold"
],
"answer_start": [
723
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11611 | 56fa02b68f12f31900630077 | Somalis | The Sultanate of Ifat, led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila, ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northern Somalia. The historian al-Umari records that Ifat was situated near the Red Sea coast, and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel. Its army numbered 15,000 horsemen and 20,000 foot soldiers. Al-Umari also credits Ifat with seven "mother cities": Belqulzar, Kuljura, Shimi, Shewa, Adal, Jamme and Laboo. | What dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Ifat? | What dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Ifat? | [
"What dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Ifat?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Walashma dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11612 | 56fa02b68f12f31900630078 | Somalis | The Sultanate of Ifat, led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila, ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northern Somalia. The historian al-Umari records that Ifat was situated near the Red Sea coast, and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel. Its army numbered 15,000 horsemen and 20,000 foot soldiers. Al-Umari also credits Ifat with seven "mother cities": Belqulzar, Kuljura, Shimi, Shewa, Adal, Jamme and Laboo. | What was the capital of the Sultanate of Ifat? | What was the capital of the Sultanate of Ifat? | [
"What was the capital of the Sultanate of Ifat?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zeila"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11613 | 56fa02b68f12f31900630079 | Somalis | The Sultanate of Ifat, led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila, ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northern Somalia. The historian al-Umari records that Ifat was situated near the Red Sea coast, and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel. Its army numbered 15,000 horsemen and 20,000 foot soldiers. Al-Umari also credits Ifat with seven "mother cities": Belqulzar, Kuljura, Shimi, Shewa, Adal, Jamme and Laboo. | Along with parts of Ethiopia and Somalia, in what modern-day country was the Sultanate of Ifat located? | Along with parts of Ethiopia and Somalia, in what modern-day country was the Sultanate of Ifat located? | [
"Along with parts of Ethiopia and Somalia, in what modern-day country was the Sultanate of Ifat located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Djibouti"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11614 | 56fa02b68f12f3190063007a | Somalis | The Sultanate of Ifat, led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila, ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northern Somalia. The historian al-Umari records that Ifat was situated near the Red Sea coast, and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel. Its army numbered 15,000 horsemen and 20,000 foot soldiers. Al-Umari also credits Ifat with seven "mother cities": Belqulzar, Kuljura, Shimi, Shewa, Adal, Jamme and Laboo. | According to al-Umari, how many cavalry did the Sultanate of Ifat have? | According to al-Umari, how many cavalry did the Sultanate of Ifat have? | [
"According to al-Umari, how many cavalry did the Sultanate of Ifat have?"
] | {
"text": [
"15,000"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11615 | 56fa02b68f12f3190063007b | Somalis | The Sultanate of Ifat, led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila, ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and northern Somalia. The historian al-Umari records that Ifat was situated near the Red Sea coast, and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel. Its army numbered 15,000 horsemen and 20,000 foot soldiers. Al-Umari also credits Ifat with seven "mother cities": Belqulzar, Kuljura, Shimi, Shewa, Adal, Jamme and Laboo. | Near what body of water did al-Umari say Ifat was located? | Near what body of water did al-Umari say Ifat was located? | [
"Near what body of water did al-Umari say Ifat was located?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Red Sea"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11616 | 56fa03388f12f31900630081 | Somalis | In the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate, which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building, the Sultanate of Adal, whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey) was the first commander to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire, and the Sultanate of the Geledi, whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf. | What Somali polity of the Middle Ages was known for its fortresses? | What Somali polity of the Middle Ages was known for its fortresses? | [
"What Somali polity of the Middle Ages was known for its fortresses?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Ajuran Sultanate"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11617 | 56fa03388f12f31900630082 | Somalis | In the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate, which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building, the Sultanate of Adal, whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey) was the first commander to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire, and the Sultanate of the Geledi, whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf. | What state employed Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi? | What state employed Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi? | [
"What state employed Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Sultanate of Adal"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11618 | 56fa03388f12f31900630083 | Somalis | In the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate, which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building, the Sultanate of Adal, whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey) was the first commander to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire, and the Sultanate of the Geledi, whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf. | What was another name by which Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was known? | What was another name by which Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was known? | [
"What was another name by which Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was known?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ahmed Gurey"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11619 | 56fa03388f12f31900630084 | Somalis | In the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate, which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building, the Sultanate of Adal, whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey) was the first commander to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire, and the Sultanate of the Geledi, whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf. | What state did Adal conquer? | What state did Adal conquer? | [
"What state did Adal conquer?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Ethiopian Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11620 | 56fa03388f12f31900630085 | Somalis | In the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate, which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building, the Sultanate of Adal, whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey) was the first commander to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire, and the Sultanate of the Geledi, whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf. | What Somali leader received tribute from the Omani empire? | What Somali leader received tribute from the Omani empire? | [
"What Somali leader received tribute from the Omani empire?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sultan Ahmed Yusuf"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11621 | 56fa04418f12f3190063008b | Somalis | In the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-colonial wars ever. The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. As a result of its successes against the British, the Dervish State received support from the Ottoman and German empires. The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation, and the Germans promised to officially recognize any territories the Dervishes were to acquire. After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920, when Britain for the first time in Africa used airplanes to bomb the Dervish capital of Taleex. As a result of this bombardment, former Dervish territories were turned into a protectorate of Britain. Italy similarly faced the same opposition from Somali Sultans and armies and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late 1927. This occupation lasted till 1941 and was replaced by a British military administration. | What states supported the Dervish State? | What states supported the Dervish State? | [
"What states supported the Dervish State?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Ottoman and German empires"
],
"answer_start": [
547
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11622 | 56fa04418f12f3190063008c | Somalis | In the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-colonial wars ever. The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. As a result of its successes against the British, the Dervish State received support from the Ottoman and German empires. The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation, and the Germans promised to officially recognize any territories the Dervishes were to acquire. After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920, when Britain for the first time in Africa used airplanes to bomb the Dervish capital of Taleex. As a result of this bombardment, former Dervish territories were turned into a protectorate of Britain. Italy similarly faced the same opposition from Somali Sultans and armies and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late 1927. This occupation lasted till 1941 and was replaced by a British military administration. | In what year did the British defeat the Dervishes? | In what year did the British defeat the Dervishes? | [
"In what year did the British defeat the Dervishes?"
] | {
"text": [
"1920"
],
"answer_start": [
829
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11623 | 56fa04418f12f3190063008d | Somalis | In the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-colonial wars ever. The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. As a result of its successes against the British, the Dervish State received support from the Ottoman and German empires. The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation, and the Germans promised to officially recognize any territories the Dervishes were to acquire. After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920, when Britain for the first time in Africa used airplanes to bomb the Dervish capital of Taleex. As a result of this bombardment, former Dervish territories were turned into a protectorate of Britain. Italy similarly faced the same opposition from Somali Sultans and armies and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late 1927. This occupation lasted till 1941 and was replaced by a British military administration. | What was the capital of the Dervish State? | What was the capital of the Dervish State? | [
"What was the capital of the Dervish State?"
] | {
"text": [
"Taleex"
],
"answer_start": [
923
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11624 | 56fa04418f12f3190063008e | Somalis | In the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-colonial wars ever. The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. As a result of its successes against the British, the Dervish State received support from the Ottoman and German empires. The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation, and the Germans promised to officially recognize any territories the Dervishes were to acquire. After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920, when Britain for the first time in Africa used airplanes to bomb the Dervish capital of Taleex. As a result of this bombardment, former Dervish territories were turned into a protectorate of Britain. Italy similarly faced the same opposition from Somali Sultans and armies and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late 1927. This occupation lasted till 1941 and was replaced by a British military administration. | In what year did Fascist Italy achieve full control of Somalia? | In what year did Fascist Italy achieve full control of Somalia? | [
"In what year did Fascist Italy achieve full control of Somalia?"
] | {
"text": [
"1927"
],
"answer_start": [
1198
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11625 | 56fa04418f12f3190063008f | Somalis | In the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-colonial wars ever. The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. As a result of its successes against the British, the Dervish State received support from the Ottoman and German empires. The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation, and the Germans promised to officially recognize any territories the Dervishes were to acquire. After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920, when Britain for the first time in Africa used airplanes to bomb the Dervish capital of Taleex. As a result of this bombardment, former Dervish territories were turned into a protectorate of Britain. Italy similarly faced the same opposition from Somali Sultans and armies and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late 1927. This occupation lasted till 1941 and was replaced by a British military administration. | In what year did the Italian occupation of Somalia end? | In what year did the Italian occupation of Somalia end? | [
"In what year did the Italian occupation of Somalia end?"
] | {
"text": [
"1941"
],
"answer_start": [
1232
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11626 | 56fa051df34c681400b0bf53 | Somalis | Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition — first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) — that Somalia achieve independence within ten years. British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960. | Along with British Somaliland, what country in the region was a British protectorate after the Second World War? | Along with British Somaliland, what country in the region was a British protectorate after the Second World War? | [
"Along with British Somaliland, what country in the region was a British protectorate after the Second World War?"
] | {
"text": [
"Italian Somaliland"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11627 | 56fa051df34c681400b0bf54 | Somalis | Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition — first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) — that Somalia achieve independence within ten years. British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960. | At what meeting did the United Nations give Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland? | At what meeting did the United Nations give Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland? | [
"At what meeting did the United Nations give Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Potsdam Conference"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11628 | 56fa051df34c681400b0bf55 | Somalis | Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition — first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) — that Somalia achieve independence within ten years. British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960. | Along with the Somali Youth League and Somali National League, what was an early Somali political organization? | Along with the Somali Youth League and Somali National League, what was an early Somali political organization? | [
"Along with the Somali Youth League and Somali National League, what was an early Somali political organization?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11629 | 56fa051df34c681400b0bf56 | Somalis | Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition — first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) — that Somalia achieve independence within ten years. British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960. | How many years would Italy have to allow Italian Somaliland to become independent? | How many years would Italy have to allow Italian Somaliland to become independent? | [
"How many years would Italy have to allow Italian Somaliland to become independent? "
] | {
"text": [
"ten"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11630 | 56fa051df34c681400b0bf57 | Somalis | Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision and on the condition — first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) — that Somalia achieve independence within ten years. British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960. | In what year was the British protectorate over British Somaliland ended? | In what year was the British protectorate over British Somaliland ended? | [
"In what year was the British protectorate over British Somaliland ended?"
] | {
"text": [
"1960"
],
"answer_start": [
573
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11631 | 56fa07ecf34c681400b0bf65 | Somalis | To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it came time to integrate the two parts. Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British "returned" the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably 'protected' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Ogaden to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against plundering by Somali clans. Britain included the proviso that the Somali nomads would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over them. This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somali lands it had turned over. Britain also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District (NFD) to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic. | Along with the Haud, what area of Somalia was given to Ethiopia by the British? | Along with the Haud, what area of Somalia was given to Ethiopia by the British? | [
"Along with the Haud, what area of Somalia was given to Ethiopia by the British?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Ogaden"
],
"answer_start": [
895
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11632 | 56fa07ecf34c681400b0bf66 | Somalis | To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it came time to integrate the two parts. Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British "returned" the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably 'protected' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Ogaden to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against plundering by Somali clans. Britain included the proviso that the Somali nomads would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over them. This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somali lands it had turned over. Britain also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District (NFD) to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic. | In what year did the British give the Haud to Ethiopia? | In what year did the British give the Haud to Ethiopia? | [
"In what year did the British give the Haud to Ethiopia?"
] | {
"text": [
"1948"
],
"answer_start": [
652
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11633 | 56fa07ecf34c681400b0bf67 | Somalis | To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it came time to integrate the two parts. Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British "returned" the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably 'protected' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Ogaden to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against plundering by Somali clans. Britain included the proviso that the Somali nomads would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over them. This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somali lands it had turned over. Britain also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District (NFD) to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic. | The Ogaden was given to Ethiopia on the basis of a treaty signed by the British with what Ethiopian leader? | The Ogaden was given to Ethiopia on the basis of a treaty signed by the British with what Ethiopian leader? | [
"The Ogaden was given to Ethiopia on the basis of a treaty signed by the British with what Ethiopian leader?"
] | {
"text": [
"Emperor Menelik"
],
"answer_start": [
1018
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11634 | 56fa07ecf34c681400b0bf68 | Somalis | To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it came time to integrate the two parts. Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British "returned" the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably 'protected' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Ogaden to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against plundering by Somali clans. Britain included the proviso that the Somali nomads would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over them. This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somali lands it had turned over. Britain also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District (NFD) to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic. | In what year did Britain try to purchase Somali lands from Ethiopia? | In what year did Britain try to purchase Somali lands from Ethiopia? | [
"In what year did Britain try to purchase Somali lands from Ethiopia?"
] | {
"text": [
"1956"
],
"answer_start": [
1280
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11635 | 56fa07ecf34c681400b0bf69 | Somalis | To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it came time to integrate the two parts. Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis, the British "returned" the Haud (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably 'protected' by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the Ogaden to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against plundering by Somali clans. Britain included the proviso that the Somali nomads would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over them. This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somali lands it had turned over. Britain also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District (NFD) to Kenyan nationalists despite an informal plebiscite demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic. | What people constituted almost the entire population of the Northern Frontier District? | What people constituted almost the entire population of the Northern Frontier District? | [
"What people constituted almost the entire population of the Northern Frontier District?"
] | {
"text": [
"Somali"
],
"answer_start": [
1396
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11636 | 56fa083af34c681400b0bf6f | Somalis | A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as Djibouti's first president (1977–1991). | What was Djibouti called in 1958? | What was Djibouti called in 1958? | [
"What was Djibouti called in 1958?"
] | {
"text": [
"French Somaliland"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11637 | 56fa083af34c681400b0bf70 | Somalis | A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as Djibouti's first president (1977–1991). | In what year did Somalia become independent? | In what year did Somalia become independent? | [
"In what year did Somalia become independent?"
] | {
"text": [
"1960"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11638 | 56fa083af34c681400b0bf71 | Somalis | A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as Djibouti's first president (1977–1991). | What was Mahmoud Harbi's title? | What was Mahmoud Harbi's title? | [
"What was Mahmoud Harbi's title?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vice President of the Government Council"
],
"answer_start": [
654
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11639 | 56fa083af34c681400b0bf72 | Somalis | A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as Djibouti's first president (1977–1991). | When did Djibouti achieve independence? | When did Djibouti achieve independence? | [
"When did Djibouti achieve independence?"
] | {
"text": [
"1977"
],
"answer_start": [
803
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11640 | 56fa083af34c681400b0bf73 | Somalis | A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as Djibouti's first president (1977–1991). | Who was the first president of Djibouti? | Who was the first president of Djibouti? | [
"Who was the first president of Djibouti?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hassan Gouled Aptidon"
],
"answer_start": [
813
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11641 | 56fa08a8f34c681400b0bf79 | Somalis | British Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, and the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) followed suit five days later. On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Britain. A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa Mohamud and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf as President of the Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as the President of the Somali Republic and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later to become President from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular referendum, the people of Somalia ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960. In 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. Egal would later become the President of the autonomous Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia. | On what date did British Somaliland gain independence? | On what date did British Somaliland gain independence? | [
"On what date did British Somaliland gain independence?"
] | {
"text": [
"26 June 1960"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11642 | 56fa08a8f34c681400b0bf7a | Somalis | British Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, and the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) followed suit five days later. On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Britain. A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa Mohamud and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf as President of the Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as the President of the Somali Republic and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later to become President from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular referendum, the people of Somalia ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960. In 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. Egal would later become the President of the autonomous Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia. | What was British Somaliland known as upon achieving independence? | What was British Somaliland known as upon achieving independence? | [
"What was British Somaliland known as upon achieving independence?"
] | {
"text": [
"the State of Somaliland"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11643 | 56fa08a8f34c681400b0bf7b | Somalis | British Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, and the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) followed suit five days later. On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Britain. A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa Mohamud and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf as President of the Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as the President of the Somali Republic and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later to become President from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular referendum, the people of Somalia ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960. In 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. Egal would later become the President of the autonomous Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia. | What state formed the Somali Republic with British Somaliland? | What state formed the Somali Republic with British Somaliland? | [
"What state formed the Somali Republic with British Somaliland?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Trust Territory of Somalia"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11644 | 56fa08a8f34c681400b0bf7c | Somalis | British Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, and the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) followed suit five days later. On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Britain. A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa Mohamud and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf as President of the Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as the President of the Somali Republic and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later to become President from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular referendum, the people of Somalia ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960. In 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. Egal would later become the President of the autonomous Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia. | On what date did the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland unite? | On what date did the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland unite? | [
"On what date did the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland unite?"
] | {
"text": [
"1 July 1960"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11645 | 56fa08a8f34c681400b0bf7d | Somalis | British Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, and the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) followed suit five days later. On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Britain. A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa Mohamud and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf as President of the Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as the President of the Somali Republic and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later to become President from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular referendum, the people of Somalia ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960. In 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. Egal would later become the President of the autonomous Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia. | Who was the first President of the Somali Republic? | Who was the first President of the Somali Republic? | [
"Who was the first President of the Somali Republic?"
] | {
"text": [
"Aden Abdullah Osman Daar"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11646 | 56fa09148f12f319006300a9 | Somalis | On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Army seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, who at the time commanded the army. | On what date was Abdirashid Ali Shermarke assassinated? | On what date was Abdirashid Ali Shermarke assassinated? | [
"On what date was Abdirashid Ali Shermarke assassinated?"
] | {
"text": [
"15 October 1969"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11647 | 56fa09148f12f319006300aa | Somalis | On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Army seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, who at the time commanded the army. | Who assassinated Abdirashid Ali Shermarke? | Who assassinated Abdirashid Ali Shermarke? | [
"Who assassinated Abdirashid Ali Shermarke?"
] | {
"text": [
"one of his own bodyguards"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11648 | 56fa09148f12f319006300ab | Somalis | On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Army seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, who at the time commanded the army. | On what day, the day after the funeral of Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, did a coup occur? | On what day, the day after the funeral of Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, did a coup occur? | [
"On what day, the day after the funeral of Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, did a coup occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"21 October 1969"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11649 | 56fa09148f12f319006300ac | Somalis | On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Army seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, who at the time commanded the army. | Who was the commander of the army when the coup occurred? | Who was the commander of the army when the coup occurred? | [
"Who was the commander of the army when the coup occurred?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mohamed Siad Barre"
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11650 | 56fa09148f12f319006300ad | Somalis | On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Army seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, who at the time commanded the army. | What was Mohamed Siad Barre's rank? | What was Mohamed Siad Barre's rank? | [
"What was Mohamed Siad Barre's rank?"
] | {
"text": [
"Major General"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11651 | 56fa097df34c681400b0bf83 | Somalis | Alongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic, dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution. | Along with Jama Korshel, who led the Supreme Revolutionary Council? | Along with Jama Korshel, who led the Supreme Revolutionary Council? | [
"Along with Jama Korshel, who led the Supreme Revolutionary Council?"
] | {
"text": [
"Salaad Gabeyre Kediye"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11652 | 56fa097df34c681400b0bf84 | Somalis | Alongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic, dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution. | What was Jama Korshel's title? | What was Jama Korshel's title? | [
"What was Jama Korshel's title?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chief of Police"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11653 | 56fa097df34c681400b0bf85 | Somalis | Alongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic, dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution. | What was the military rank of Salaad Gabeyre Kediye? | What was the military rank of Salaad Gabeyre Kediye? | [
"What was the military rank of Salaad Gabeyre Kediye?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lieutenant Colonel"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11654 | 56fa097df34c681400b0bf86 | Somalis | Alongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic, dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution. | What name did the Supreme Revolutionary Council give to Somalia? | What name did the Supreme Revolutionary Council give to Somalia? | [
"What name did the Supreme Revolutionary Council give to Somalia?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Somali Democratic Republic"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11655 | 56fa097df34c681400b0bf87 | Somalis | Alongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic, dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution. | Along with dissolving the Supreme Court and parliament, what action did the Supreme Revolutionary Council take? | Along with dissolving the Supreme Court and parliament, what action did the Supreme Revolutionary Council take? | [
"Along with dissolving the Supreme Court and parliament, what action did the Supreme Revolutionary Council take?"
] | {
"text": [
"suspended the constitution"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11656 | 56fad3dc8f12f319006301c7 | Somalis | The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the Arab world, eventually joining the Arab League (AL) in 1974. That same year, Barre also served as chairman of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the predecessor of the African Union (AU). | What did the new government nationalize along with land? | What did the new government nationalize along with land? | [
"What did the new government nationalize along with land?"
] | {
"text": [
"industry"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11657 | 56fad3dc8f12f319006301c8 | Somalis | The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the Arab world, eventually joining the Arab League (AL) in 1974. That same year, Barre also served as chairman of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the predecessor of the African Union (AU). | What international body did the new government join? | What international body did the new government join? | [
"What international body did the new government join?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Arab League"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11658 | 56fad3dc8f12f319006301c9 | Somalis | The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the Arab world, eventually joining the Arab League (AL) in 1974. That same year, Barre also served as chairman of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the predecessor of the African Union (AU). | In what year did the new government enter the Arab League? | In what year did the new government enter the Arab League? | [
"In what year did the new government enter the Arab League?"
] | {
"text": [
"1974"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11659 | 56fad3dc8f12f319006301ca | Somalis | The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the Arab world, eventually joining the Arab League (AL) in 1974. That same year, Barre also served as chairman of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the predecessor of the African Union (AU). | What organization would the Organization of African Unity later become? | What organization would the Organization of African Unity later become? | [
"What organization would the Organization of African Unity later become?"
] | {
"text": [
"the African Union"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11660 | 56fad3dc8f12f319006301cb | Somalis | The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the Arab world, eventually joining the Arab League (AL) in 1974. That same year, Barre also served as chairman of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the predecessor of the African Union (AU). | What rate did the new government's programs significantly increase? | What rate did the new government's programs significantly increase? | [
"What rate did the new government's programs significantly increase?"
] | {
"text": [
"literacy"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11661 | 56fad4558f12f319006301d1 | Somalis | Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other. | Along with Kenya, Djibouti and Somalia, in what Horn of Africa country do Somali people live? | Along with Kenya, Djibouti and Somalia, in what Horn of Africa country do Somali people live? | [
"Along with Kenya, Djibouti and Somalia, in what Horn of Africa country do Somali people live?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ethiopia"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11662 | 56fad4558f12f319006301d2 | Somalis | Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other. | In what geographic portion of Kenya can Somali people be found? | In what geographic portion of Kenya can Somali people be found? | [
"In what geographic portion of Kenya can Somali people be found?"
] | {
"text": [
"northeastern"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11663 | 56fad4558f12f319006301d3 | Somalis | Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other. | What is the name of the idea that believes all ethnic Somalis should live in the same country? | What is the name of the idea that believes all ethnic Somalis should live in the same country? | [
"What is the name of the idea that believes all ethnic Somalis should live in the same country?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pan-Somalism"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11664 | 56fad4558f12f319006301d4 | Somalis | Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other. | Along with the Soviet Union, what country supported Ethiopia in its war against Somalia? | Along with the Soviet Union, what country supported Ethiopia in its war against Somalia? | [
"Along with the Soviet Union, what country supported Ethiopia in its war against Somalia?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cuba"
],
"answer_start": [
590
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11665 | 56fad4558f12f319006301d5 | Somalis | Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other. | What was the name of the conflict between Somalia and the Soviet Union, Cuba and Ethiopia? | What was the name of the conflict between Somalia and the Soviet Union, Cuba and Ethiopia? | [
"What was the name of the conflict between Somalia and the Soviet Union, Cuba and Ethiopia?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Ogaden War"
],
"answer_start": [
532
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11666 | 56fad51ef34c681400b0c13d | Somalis | According to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a significant proportion of the paternal DNA of Ethiopians, Sudanese, Egyptians, Berbers, North African Arabs, as well as many Mediterranean populations. Sanchez et al. (2005) observed the M78 subclade of E1b1b in about 77% of their Somali male samples. According to Cruciani et al. (2007), the presence of this subhaplogroup in the Horn region may represent the traces of an ancient migration from Egypt/Libya. After haplogroup E1b1b, the second most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroup among Somalis is the West Asian haplogroup T (M70). It is observed in slightly more than 10% of Somali males. Haplogroup T, like haplogroup E1b1b, is also typically found among populations of Northeast Africa, North Africa, the Near East and the Mediterranean. | In what year did Sanchez publish his study on Somali ethnicity? | In what year did Sanchez publish his study on Somali ethnicity? | [
"In what year did Sanchez publish his study on Somali ethnicity?"
] | {
"text": [
"2005"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11667 | 56fad51ef34c681400b0c13e | Somalis | According to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a significant proportion of the paternal DNA of Ethiopians, Sudanese, Egyptians, Berbers, North African Arabs, as well as many Mediterranean populations. Sanchez et al. (2005) observed the M78 subclade of E1b1b in about 77% of their Somali male samples. According to Cruciani et al. (2007), the presence of this subhaplogroup in the Horn region may represent the traces of an ancient migration from Egypt/Libya. After haplogroup E1b1b, the second most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroup among Somalis is the West Asian haplogroup T (M70). It is observed in slightly more than 10% of Somali males. Haplogroup T, like haplogroup E1b1b, is also typically found among populations of Northeast Africa, North Africa, the Near East and the Mediterranean. | What language group speakers are ethnic Somalis closely related to? | What language group speakers are ethnic Somalis closely related to? | [
"What language group speakers are ethnic Somalis closely related to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Afro-Asiatic"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11668 | 56fad51ef34c681400b0c13f | Somalis | According to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a significant proportion of the paternal DNA of Ethiopians, Sudanese, Egyptians, Berbers, North African Arabs, as well as many Mediterranean populations. Sanchez et al. (2005) observed the M78 subclade of E1b1b in about 77% of their Somali male samples. According to Cruciani et al. (2007), the presence of this subhaplogroup in the Horn region may represent the traces of an ancient migration from Egypt/Libya. After haplogroup E1b1b, the second most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroup among Somalis is the West Asian haplogroup T (M70). It is observed in slightly more than 10% of Somali males. Haplogroup T, like haplogroup E1b1b, is also typically found among populations of Northeast Africa, North Africa, the Near East and the Mediterranean. | What haplogroup is present in a significant number of Somalis? | What haplogroup is present in a significant number of Somalis? | [
"What haplogroup is present in a significant number of Somalis?"
] | {
"text": [
"E1b1b1a"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11669 | 56fad51ef34c681400b0c140 | Somalis | According to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a significant proportion of the paternal DNA of Ethiopians, Sudanese, Egyptians, Berbers, North African Arabs, as well as many Mediterranean populations. Sanchez et al. (2005) observed the M78 subclade of E1b1b in about 77% of their Somali male samples. According to Cruciani et al. (2007), the presence of this subhaplogroup in the Horn region may represent the traces of an ancient migration from Egypt/Libya. After haplogroup E1b1b, the second most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroup among Somalis is the West Asian haplogroup T (M70). It is observed in slightly more than 10% of Somali males. Haplogroup T, like haplogroup E1b1b, is also typically found among populations of Northeast Africa, North Africa, the Near East and the Mediterranean. | Based on the presence of the M78 subclade, where do some researchers think Somalis originated? | Based on the presence of the M78 subclade, where do some researchers think Somalis originated? | [
"Based on the presence of the M78 subclade, where do some researchers think Somalis originated?"
] | {
"text": [
"Egypt/Libya"
],
"answer_start": [
702
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11670 | 56fad51ef34c681400b0c141 | Somalis | According to Y chromosome studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups in Northeast Africa. Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the E1b1b1a (formerly E3b1a) haplogroup also makes up a significant proportion of the paternal DNA of Ethiopians, Sudanese, Egyptians, Berbers, North African Arabs, as well as many Mediterranean populations. Sanchez et al. (2005) observed the M78 subclade of E1b1b in about 77% of their Somali male samples. According to Cruciani et al. (2007), the presence of this subhaplogroup in the Horn region may represent the traces of an ancient migration from Egypt/Libya. After haplogroup E1b1b, the second most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroup among Somalis is the West Asian haplogroup T (M70). It is observed in slightly more than 10% of Somali males. Haplogroup T, like haplogroup E1b1b, is also typically found among populations of Northeast Africa, North Africa, the Near East and the Mediterranean. | What percentage of Somali males had DNA containing the M78 subclade of E1b1b? | What percentage of Somali males had DNA containing the M78 subclade of E1b1b? | [
"What percentage of Somali males had DNA containing the M78 subclade of E1b1b?"
] | {
"text": [
"77%"
],
"answer_start": [
523
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11671 | 56fad599f34c681400b0c147 | Somalis | According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, where its parent M clade represents the majority of mtDNA lineages. This haplogroup is also thought to possibly correlate with the Afro-Asiatic language family: | When did Richards publish his mtDNA research? | When did Richards publish his mtDNA research? | [
"When did Richards publish his mtDNA research?"
] | {
"text": [
"2006"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11672 | 56fad599f34c681400b0c148 | Somalis | According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, where its parent M clade represents the majority of mtDNA lineages. This haplogroup is also thought to possibly correlate with the Afro-Asiatic language family: | Along with Egyptians, Algerians and Somalis, what people commonly possess the M1 haplogroup? | Along with Egyptians, Algerians and Somalis, what people commonly possess the M1 haplogroup? | [
"Along with Egyptians, Algerians and Somalis, what people commonly possess the M1 haplogroup?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ethiopians"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11673 | 56fad599f34c681400b0c149 | Somalis | According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, where its parent M clade represents the majority of mtDNA lineages. This haplogroup is also thought to possibly correlate with the Afro-Asiatic language family: | On what continent is the M1 haplogroup believed to have originated? | On what continent is the M1 haplogroup believed to have originated? | [
"On what continent is the M1 haplogroup believed to have originated?"
] | {
"text": [
"Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11674 | 56fad599f34c681400b0c14a | Somalis | According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, where its parent M clade represents the majority of mtDNA lineages. This haplogroup is also thought to possibly correlate with the Afro-Asiatic language family: | Who authored an mtDNA study in 2005? | Who authored an mtDNA study in 2005? | [
"Who authored an mtDNA study in 2005?"
] | {
"text": [
"Holden"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11675 | 56fad599f34c681400b0c14b | Somalis | According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, where its parent M clade represents the majority of mtDNA lineages. This haplogroup is also thought to possibly correlate with the Afro-Asiatic language family: | What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with? | What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with? | [
"What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with?"
] | {
"text": [
"Afro-Asiatic"
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11676 | 56fad69b8f12f319006301db | Somalis | According to an autosomal DNA study by Hodgson et al. (2014), the Afro-Asiatic languages were likely spread across Africa and the Near East by an ancestral population(s) carrying a newly identified non-African genetic component, which the researchers dub the "Ethio-Somali". This Ethio-Somali component is today most common among Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations in the Horn of Africa. It reaches a frequency peak among ethnic Somalis, representing the majority of their ancestry. The Ethio-Somali component is most closely related to the Maghrebi non-African genetic component, and is believed to have diverged from all other non-African ancestries at least 23,000 years ago. On this basis, the researchers suggest that the original Ethio-Somali carrying population(s) probably arrived in the pre-agricultural period from the Near East, having crossed over into northeastern Africa via the Sinai Peninsula. The population then likely split into two branches, with one group heading westward toward the Maghreb and the other moving south into the Horn. | When did Hodgson publish his DNA study? | When did Hodgson publish his DNA study? | [
"When did Hodgson publish his DNA study?"
] | {
"text": [
"2014"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11677 | 56fad69b8f12f319006301dc | Somalis | According to an autosomal DNA study by Hodgson et al. (2014), the Afro-Asiatic languages were likely spread across Africa and the Near East by an ancestral population(s) carrying a newly identified non-African genetic component, which the researchers dub the "Ethio-Somali". This Ethio-Somali component is today most common among Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations in the Horn of Africa. It reaches a frequency peak among ethnic Somalis, representing the majority of their ancestry. The Ethio-Somali component is most closely related to the Maghrebi non-African genetic component, and is believed to have diverged from all other non-African ancestries at least 23,000 years ago. On this basis, the researchers suggest that the original Ethio-Somali carrying population(s) probably arrived in the pre-agricultural period from the Near East, having crossed over into northeastern Africa via the Sinai Peninsula. The population then likely split into two branches, with one group heading westward toward the Maghreb and the other moving south into the Horn. | According to Hodgson, what ancestral people spread the Afro-Asiatic languages? | According to Hodgson, what ancestral people spread the Afro-Asiatic languages? | [
"According to Hodgson, what ancestral people spread the Afro-Asiatic languages?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ethio-Somali"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11678 | 56fad69b8f12f319006301dd | Somalis | According to an autosomal DNA study by Hodgson et al. (2014), the Afro-Asiatic languages were likely spread across Africa and the Near East by an ancestral population(s) carrying a newly identified non-African genetic component, which the researchers dub the "Ethio-Somali". This Ethio-Somali component is today most common among Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations in the Horn of Africa. It reaches a frequency peak among ethnic Somalis, representing the majority of their ancestry. The Ethio-Somali component is most closely related to the Maghrebi non-African genetic component, and is believed to have diverged from all other non-African ancestries at least 23,000 years ago. On this basis, the researchers suggest that the original Ethio-Somali carrying population(s) probably arrived in the pre-agricultural period from the Near East, having crossed over into northeastern Africa via the Sinai Peninsula. The population then likely split into two branches, with one group heading westward toward the Maghreb and the other moving south into the Horn. | According to Hodgson, what people is mostly descended from Ethio-Somalis? | According to Hodgson, what people is mostly descended from Ethio-Somalis? | [
"According to Hodgson, what people is mostly descended from Ethio-Somalis?"
] | {
"text": [
"Somalis"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11679 | 56fad69b8f12f319006301de | Somalis | According to an autosomal DNA study by Hodgson et al. (2014), the Afro-Asiatic languages were likely spread across Africa and the Near East by an ancestral population(s) carrying a newly identified non-African genetic component, which the researchers dub the "Ethio-Somali". This Ethio-Somali component is today most common among Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations in the Horn of Africa. It reaches a frequency peak among ethnic Somalis, representing the majority of their ancestry. The Ethio-Somali component is most closely related to the Maghrebi non-African genetic component, and is believed to have diverged from all other non-African ancestries at least 23,000 years ago. On this basis, the researchers suggest that the original Ethio-Somali carrying population(s) probably arrived in the pre-agricultural period from the Near East, having crossed over into northeastern Africa via the Sinai Peninsula. The population then likely split into two branches, with one group heading westward toward the Maghreb and the other moving south into the Horn. | According to Hodgson, how long ago did the Ethio-Somalis diverge from other non-African ancestries? | According to Hodgson, how long ago did the Ethio-Somalis diverge from other non-African ancestries? | [
"According to Hodgson, how long ago did the Ethio-Somalis diverge from other non-African ancestries?"
] | {
"text": [
"at least 23,000 years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
651
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11680 | 56fad69b8f12f319006301df | Somalis | According to an autosomal DNA study by Hodgson et al. (2014), the Afro-Asiatic languages were likely spread across Africa and the Near East by an ancestral population(s) carrying a newly identified non-African genetic component, which the researchers dub the "Ethio-Somali". This Ethio-Somali component is today most common among Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations in the Horn of Africa. It reaches a frequency peak among ethnic Somalis, representing the majority of their ancestry. The Ethio-Somali component is most closely related to the Maghrebi non-African genetic component, and is believed to have diverged from all other non-African ancestries at least 23,000 years ago. On this basis, the researchers suggest that the original Ethio-Somali carrying population(s) probably arrived in the pre-agricultural period from the Near East, having crossed over into northeastern Africa via the Sinai Peninsula. The population then likely split into two branches, with one group heading westward toward the Maghreb and the other moving south into the Horn. | According to Hodgson, where did the Ethio-Somalis originate? | According to Hodgson, where did the Ethio-Somalis originate? | [
"According to Hodgson, where did the Ethio-Somalis originate?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Near East"
],
"answer_start": [
824
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11681 | 56fad6b8f34c681400b0c151 | Somalis | The analysis of HLA antigens has also helped clarify the possible background of the Somali people, as the distribution of haplotype frequencies vary among population groups. According to Mohamoud et al. (2006): | In what year did Mahamoud publish his research? | In what year did Mahamoud publish his research? | [
"In what year did Mahamoud publish his research?"
] | {
"text": [
"2006"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11682 | 56fad729f34c681400b0c153 | Somalis | The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With very few exceptions, Somalis are entirely Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence, although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination. | In what geographic part of Somalia is Zeila located? | In what geographic part of Somalia is Zeila located? | [
"In what geographic part of Somalia is Zeila located?"
] | {
"text": [
"northern"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11683 | 56fad729f34c681400b0c154 | Somalis | The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With very few exceptions, Somalis are entirely Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence, although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination. | From whom were the early Muslims fleeing? | From whom were the early Muslims fleeing? | [
"From whom were the early Muslims fleeing?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Quraysh"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11684 | 56fad729f34c681400b0c155 | Somalis | The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With very few exceptions, Somalis are entirely Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence, although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination. | Along with the Shafi'i, to what sect of Islam do most Somalis belong? | Along with the Shafi'i, to what sect of Islam do most Somalis belong? | [
"Along with the Shafi'i, to what sect of Islam do most Somalis belong?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sunni"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11685 | 56fad729f34c681400b0c156 | Somalis | The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With very few exceptions, Somalis are entirely Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence, although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination. | What is the majority religion in Somalia? | What is the majority religion in Somalia? | [
"What is the majority religion in Somalia?"
] | {
"text": [
"Islam"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11686 | 56fad729f34c681400b0c157 | Somalis | The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With very few exceptions, Somalis are entirely Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence, although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination. | A small minority of Somalis belong to what branch of Islam? | A small minority of Somalis belong to what branch of Islam? | [
"A small minority of Somalis belong to what branch of Islam?"
] | {
"text": [
"Shia"
],
"answer_start": [
510
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11687 | 56fad7698f12f319006301e5 | Somalis | Qur'anic schools (also known as dugsi) remain the basic system of traditional religious instruction in Somalia. They provide Islamic education for children, thereby filling a clear religious and social role in the country. Known as the most stable local, non-formal system of education providing basic religious and moral instruction, their strength rests on community support and their use of locally made and widely available teaching materials. The Qur'anic system, which teaches the greatest number of students relative to other educational sub-sectors, is oftentimes the only system accessible to Somalis in nomadic as compared to urban areas. A study from 1993 found, among other things, that "unlike in primary schools where gender disparity is enormous, around 40 per cent of Qur'anic school pupils are girls; but the teaching staff have minimum or no qualification necessary to ensure intellectual development of children." To address these concerns, the Somali government on its own part subsequently established the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs, under which Qur'anic education is now regulated. | What is another name for a Qur'anic school? | What is another name for a Qur'anic school? | [
"What is another name for a Qur'anic school?"
] | {
"text": [
"dugsi"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11688 | 56fad7698f12f319006301e6 | Somalis | Qur'anic schools (also known as dugsi) remain the basic system of traditional religious instruction in Somalia. They provide Islamic education for children, thereby filling a clear religious and social role in the country. Known as the most stable local, non-formal system of education providing basic religious and moral instruction, their strength rests on community support and their use of locally made and widely available teaching materials. The Qur'anic system, which teaches the greatest number of students relative to other educational sub-sectors, is oftentimes the only system accessible to Somalis in nomadic as compared to urban areas. A study from 1993 found, among other things, that "unlike in primary schools where gender disparity is enormous, around 40 per cent of Qur'anic school pupils are girls; but the teaching staff have minimum or no qualification necessary to ensure intellectual development of children." To address these concerns, the Somali government on its own part subsequently established the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs, under which Qur'anic education is now regulated. | What percentage of students at Qur'anic schools are female? | What percentage of students at Qur'anic schools are female? | [
"What percentage of students at Qur'anic schools are female?"
] | {
"text": [
"40"
],
"answer_start": [
769
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11689 | 56fad7698f12f319006301e7 | Somalis | Qur'anic schools (also known as dugsi) remain the basic system of traditional religious instruction in Somalia. They provide Islamic education for children, thereby filling a clear religious and social role in the country. Known as the most stable local, non-formal system of education providing basic religious and moral instruction, their strength rests on community support and their use of locally made and widely available teaching materials. The Qur'anic system, which teaches the greatest number of students relative to other educational sub-sectors, is oftentimes the only system accessible to Somalis in nomadic as compared to urban areas. A study from 1993 found, among other things, that "unlike in primary schools where gender disparity is enormous, around 40 per cent of Qur'anic school pupils are girls; but the teaching staff have minimum or no qualification necessary to ensure intellectual development of children." To address these concerns, the Somali government on its own part subsequently established the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs, under which Qur'anic education is now regulated. | What government body regulates Qur'anic education? | What government body regulates Qur'anic education? | [
"What government body regulates Qur'anic education?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs"
],
"answer_start": [
1023
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11690 | 56fad7df8f12f319006301eb | Somalis | In the Somali diaspora, multiple Islamic fundraising events are held every year in cities like Birmingham, London, Toronto and Minneapolis, where Somali scholars and professionals give lectures and answer questions from the audience. The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities in Somalia, to help Somalis that have suffered as a consequence of floods and/or droughts, or to gather funds for the creation of new mosques like the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque, which is currently undergoing construction in the Twin cities. | Along with Minneapolis, London and Birmingham, what city contains a notable population of Somalis? | Along with Minneapolis, London and Birmingham, what city contains a notable population of Somalis? | [
"Along with Minneapolis, London and Birmingham, what city contains a notable population of Somalis?"
] | {
"text": [
"Toronto"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11691 | 56fad7df8f12f319006301ec | Somalis | In the Somali diaspora, multiple Islamic fundraising events are held every year in cities like Birmingham, London, Toronto and Minneapolis, where Somali scholars and professionals give lectures and answer questions from the audience. The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities in Somalia, to help Somalis that have suffered as a consequence of floods and/or droughts, or to gather funds for the creation of new mosques like the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque, which is currently undergoing construction in the Twin cities. | What is the name of the mosque under construction in Minneapolis? | What is the name of the mosque under construction in Minneapolis? | [
"What is the name of the mosque under construction in Minneapolis?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11692 | 56fad7df8f12f319006301ed | Somalis | In the Somali diaspora, multiple Islamic fundraising events are held every year in cities like Birmingham, London, Toronto and Minneapolis, where Somali scholars and professionals give lectures and answer questions from the audience. The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities in Somalia, to help Somalis that have suffered as a consequence of floods and/or droughts, or to gather funds for the creation of new mosques like the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque, which is currently undergoing construction in the Twin cities. | Along with floods, what natural disaster often spurs Islamic fundraising? | Along with floods, what natural disaster often spurs Islamic fundraising? | [
"Along with floods, what natural disaster often spurs Islamic fundraising?"
] | {
"text": [
"droughts"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11693 | 56fad7df8f12f319006301ee | Somalis | In the Somali diaspora, multiple Islamic fundraising events are held every year in cities like Birmingham, London, Toronto and Minneapolis, where Somali scholars and professionals give lectures and answer questions from the audience. The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities in Somalia, to help Somalis that have suffered as a consequence of floods and/or droughts, or to gather funds for the creation of new mosques like the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque, which is currently undergoing construction in the Twin cities. | Along with universities, the construction of what educational buildings are sometimes the focus of Islamic fundraising? | Along with universities, the construction of what educational buildings are sometimes the focus of Islamic fundraising? | [
"Along with universities, the construction of what educational buildings are sometimes the focus of Islamic fundraising?"
] | {
"text": [
"schools"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11694 | 56fad80d8f12f319006301f3 | Somalis | In addition, the Somali community has produced numerous important Muslim figures over the centuries, many of whom have significantly shaped the course of Islamic learning and practice in the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and well beyond. | Along with the Horn of Africa, what is a notable location where Somali Islamic figures have been influential? | Along with the Horn of Africa, what is a notable location where Somali Islamic figures have been influential? | [
"Along with the Horn of Africa, what is a notable location where Somali Islamic figures have been influential?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Arabian Peninsula"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11695 | 56fad858f34c681400b0c15d | Somalis | The clan groupings of the Somali people are important social units, and clan membership plays a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clans are patrilineal and are often divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions. The tombs of the founders of the Darod, Dir and Isaaq major clans as well as the Abgaal sub-clan of the Hawiye are all located in northern Somalia. Tradition holds this general area as an ancestral homeland of the Somali people. | What is a basic social unit of Somali society? | What is a basic social unit of Somali society? | [
"What is a basic social unit of Somali society?"
] | {
"text": [
"clan"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11696 | 56fad858f34c681400b0c15e | Somalis | The clan groupings of the Somali people are important social units, and clan membership plays a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clans are patrilineal and are often divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions. The tombs of the founders of the Darod, Dir and Isaaq major clans as well as the Abgaal sub-clan of the Hawiye are all located in northern Somalia. Tradition holds this general area as an ancestral homeland of the Somali people. | In what geographical portion of Somalia is the tomb of the founder of the Dir clan located? | In what geographical portion of Somalia is the tomb of the founder of the Dir clan located? | [
"In what geographical portion of Somalia is the tomb of the founder of the Dir clan located?"
] | {
"text": [
"northern"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11697 | 56fad858f34c681400b0c15f | Somalis | The clan groupings of the Somali people are important social units, and clan membership plays a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clans are patrilineal and are often divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions. The tombs of the founders of the Darod, Dir and Isaaq major clans as well as the Abgaal sub-clan of the Hawiye are all located in northern Somalia. Tradition holds this general area as an ancestral homeland of the Somali people. | Of what clan is the Abgaal a sub-clan? | Of what clan is the Abgaal a sub-clan? | [
"Of what clan is the Abgaal a sub-clan?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hawiye"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11698 | 56fad8e28f12f319006301f5 | Somalis | Somali society is traditionally ethnically endogamous. So to extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands; 30 (33.7%) were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families (Isaaq, 28; Hawiye, 3); and 3 (4.3%) were with women of other clans of the Darod clan family (Majerteen 2, Ogaden 1). | What practice is often used to bind different clans together? | What practice is often used to bind different clans together? | [
"What practice is often used to bind different clans together?"
] | {
"text": [
"marriage"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11699 | 56fad8e28f12f319006301f6 | Somalis | Somali society is traditionally ethnically endogamous. So to extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands; 30 (33.7%) were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families (Isaaq, 28; Hawiye, 3); and 3 (4.3%) were with women of other clans of the Darod clan family (Majerteen 2, Ogaden 1). | According to a recent study, how many men of the Dhulbahante clan married women from the Hawiye clan? | According to a recent study, how many men of the Dhulbahante clan married women from the Hawiye clan? | [
"According to a recent study, how many men of the Dhulbahante clan married women from the Hawiye clan?"
] | {
"text": [
"3"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
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