gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-1400 | 5731408a05b4da19006bcf40 | Mosaic | In Rome, Nero and his architects used mosaics to cover some surfaces of walls and ceilings in the Domus Aurea, built 64 AD, and wall mosaics are also found at Pompeii and neighbouring sites. However it seems that it was not until the Christian era that figural wall mosaics became a major form of artistic expression. Th... | Which caesar hired builders to construct the Domus Aurea? | Which caesar hired builders to construct the Domus Aurea? | [
"Which caesar hired builders to construct the Domus Aurea?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nero"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1401 | 5731408a05b4da19006bcf41 | Mosaic | In Rome, Nero and his architects used mosaics to cover some surfaces of walls and ceilings in the Domus Aurea, built 64 AD, and wall mosaics are also found at Pompeii and neighbouring sites. However it seems that it was not until the Christian era that figural wall mosaics became a major form of artistic expression. Th... | When did figure wall mosaics become the highest form of artistic expression? | When did figure wall mosaics become the highest form of artistic expression? | [
"When did figure wall mosaics become the highest form of artistic expression?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Christian era"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1402 | 5731408a05b4da19006bcf42 | Mosaic | In Rome, Nero and his architects used mosaics to cover some surfaces of walls and ceilings in the Domus Aurea, built 64 AD, and wall mosaics are also found at Pompeii and neighbouring sites. However it seems that it was not until the Christian era that figural wall mosaics became a major form of artistic expression. Th... | The church of Santa Costanza is in what country? | The church of Santa Costanza is in what country? | [
"The church of Santa Costanza is in what country?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rome"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1403 | 5731408a05b4da19006bcf43 | Mosaic | In Rome, Nero and his architects used mosaics to cover some surfaces of walls and ceilings in the Domus Aurea, built 64 AD, and wall mosaics are also found at Pompeii and neighbouring sites. However it seems that it was not until the Christian era that figural wall mosaics became a major form of artistic expression. Th... | When was the Domus Aurea constructed? | When was the Domus Aurea constructed? | [
"When was the Domus Aurea constructed?"
] | {
"text": [
"64 AD"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1404 | 5731408a05b4da19006bcf44 | Mosaic | In Rome, Nero and his architects used mosaics to cover some surfaces of walls and ceilings in the Domus Aurea, built 64 AD, and wall mosaics are also found at Pompeii and neighbouring sites. However it seems that it was not until the Christian era that figural wall mosaics became a major form of artistic expression. Th... | The imperial family of Rome used the church of Santa Costanza as what? | The imperial family of Rome used the church of Santa Costanza as what? | [
"The imperial family of Rome used the church of Santa Costanza as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"a mausoleum"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1405 | 573141ed05b4da19006bcf70 | Mosaic | The mosaics of the Villa Romana del Casale near Piazza Armerina in Sicily are the largest collection of late Roman mosaics in situ in the world, and are protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The large villa rustica, which was probably owned by Emperor Maximian, was built largely in the early 4th century. The mosai... | In what area of Italy is the largest collection of mosaics in the world? | In what area of Italy is the largest collection of mosaics in the world? | [
"In what area of Italy is the largest collection of mosaics in the world?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sicily"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1406 | 573141ed05b4da19006bcf71 | Mosaic | The mosaics of the Villa Romana del Casale near Piazza Armerina in Sicily are the largest collection of late Roman mosaics in situ in the world, and are protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The large villa rustica, which was probably owned by Emperor Maximian, was built largely in the early 4th century. The mosai... | Who most likely lived in the large villa rustica? | Who most likely lived in the large villa rustica? | [
"Who most likely lived in the large villa rustica?"
] | {
"text": [
"Emperor Maximian"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1407 | 573141ed05b4da19006bcf72 | Mosaic | The mosaics of the Villa Romana del Casale near Piazza Armerina in Sicily are the largest collection of late Roman mosaics in situ in the world, and are protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The large villa rustica, which was probably owned by Emperor Maximian, was built largely in the early 4th century. The mosai... | What caused the mosaics at the villa rustica to be protected for centuries? | What caused the mosaics at the villa rustica to be protected for centuries? | [
"What caused the mosaics at the villa rustica to be protected for centuries? "
] | {
"text": [
"a landslide"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1408 | 573141ed05b4da19006bcf73 | Mosaic | The mosaics of the Villa Romana del Casale near Piazza Armerina in Sicily are the largest collection of late Roman mosaics in situ in the world, and are protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The large villa rustica, which was probably owned by Emperor Maximian, was built largely in the early 4th century. The mosai... | How long is the hunting scene at the villa rustica? | How long is the hunting scene at the villa rustica? | [
"How long is the hunting scene at the villa rustica?"
] | {
"text": [
"64m"
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1409 | 573141ed05b4da19006bcf74 | Mosaic | The mosaics of the Villa Romana del Casale near Piazza Armerina in Sicily are the largest collection of late Roman mosaics in situ in the world, and are protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The large villa rustica, which was probably owned by Emperor Maximian, was built largely in the early 4th century. The mosai... | Where in Sicily were the "Orpheus," and the "Four Seasons" discovered? | Where in Sicily were the "Orpheus," and the "Four Seasons" discovered? | [
"Where in Sicily were the \"Orpheus,\" and the \"Four Seasons\" discovered?"
] | {
"text": [
"Piazza Vittoria in Palermo"
],
"answer_start": [
865
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1410 | 57314befe6313a140071cde2 | Mosaic | In 1913 the Zliten mosaic, a Roman mosaic famous for its many scenes from gladiatorial contests, hunting and everyday life, was discovered in the Libyan town of Zliten. In 2000 archaeologists working in Leptis Magna, Libya, uncovered a 30 ft length of five colorful mosaics created during the 1st or 2nd century AD. The ... | What scenes are depicted on the Zliten mosaic? | What scenes are depicted on the Zliten mosaic? | [
"What scenes are depicted on the Zliten mosaic?"
] | {
"text": [
"gladiatorial contests"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1411 | 57314befe6313a140071cde3 | Mosaic | In 1913 the Zliten mosaic, a Roman mosaic famous for its many scenes from gladiatorial contests, hunting and everyday life, was discovered in the Libyan town of Zliten. In 2000 archaeologists working in Leptis Magna, Libya, uncovered a 30 ft length of five colorful mosaics created during the 1st or 2nd century AD. The ... | When was the Zliten mosaic discovered? | When was the Zliten mosaic discovered? | [
"When was the Zliten mosaic discovered?"
] | {
"text": [
"1913"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1412 | 57314befe6313a140071cde4 | Mosaic | In 1913 the Zliten mosaic, a Roman mosaic famous for its many scenes from gladiatorial contests, hunting and everyday life, was discovered in the Libyan town of Zliten. In 2000 archaeologists working in Leptis Magna, Libya, uncovered a 30 ft length of five colorful mosaics created during the 1st or 2nd century AD. The ... | The mosaics uncovered in Libya were from which century? | The mosaics uncovered in Libya were from which century? | [
"The mosaics uncovered in Libya were from which century?"
] | {
"text": [
"1st or 2nd century AD"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1413 | 57314befe6313a140071cde5 | Mosaic | In 1913 the Zliten mosaic, a Roman mosaic famous for its many scenes from gladiatorial contests, hunting and everyday life, was discovered in the Libyan town of Zliten. In 2000 archaeologists working in Leptis Magna, Libya, uncovered a 30 ft length of five colorful mosaics created during the 1st or 2nd century AD. The ... | How long was the mural discovered in Libya? | How long was the mural discovered in Libya? | [
"How long was the mural discovered in Libya?"
] | {
"text": [
"30 ft"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1414 | 57314befe6313a140071cde6 | Mosaic | In 1913 the Zliten mosaic, a Roman mosaic famous for its many scenes from gladiatorial contests, hunting and everyday life, was discovered in the Libyan town of Zliten. In 2000 archaeologists working in Leptis Magna, Libya, uncovered a 30 ft length of five colorful mosaics created during the 1st or 2nd century AD. The ... | The gladiator mosaic is on par with the Alexander mosaic in which city? | The gladiator mosaic is on par with the Alexander mosaic in which city? | [
"The gladiator mosaic is on par with the Alexander mosaic in which city?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pompeii"
],
"answer_start": [
752
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1415 | 57314d4205b4da19006bd00a | Mosaic | With the building of Christian basilicas in the late 4th century, wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses. The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived, but the mosaics of Santa Constanza and Santa Pudenziana, both from the 4th century, still exist. The winemaking putti in the ambulat... | Around what century were mosaics adapted for Christian churches? | Around what century were mosaics adapted for Christian churches? | [
"Around what century were mosaics adapted for Christian churches?"
] | {
"text": [
"the late 4th century"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1416 | 57314d4205b4da19006bd00b | Mosaic | With the building of Christian basilicas in the late 4th century, wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses. The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived, but the mosaics of Santa Constanza and Santa Pudenziana, both from the 4th century, still exist. The winemaking putti in the ambulat... | What Christian church besides the Santa Costanza was built in the 4th century? | What Christian church besides the Santa Costanza was built in the 4th century? | [
"What Christian church besides the Santa Costanza was built in the 4th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"Santa Pudenziana"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1417 | 57314d4205b4da19006bd00c | Mosaic | With the building of Christian basilicas in the late 4th century, wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses. The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived, but the mosaics of Santa Constanza and Santa Pudenziana, both from the 4th century, still exist. The winemaking putti in the ambulat... | What was the original function of the Santa Costanza church? | What was the original function of the Santa Costanza church? | [
"What was the original function of the Santa Costanza church?"
] | {
"text": [
"a mausoleum"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1418 | 57314d4205b4da19006bd00d | Mosaic | With the building of Christian basilicas in the late 4th century, wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses. The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived, but the mosaics of Santa Constanza and Santa Pudenziana, both from the 4th century, still exist. The winemaking putti in the ambulat... | In which basilica is the Tomb of Julii? | In which basilica is the Tomb of Julii? | [
"In which basilica is the Tomb of Julii?"
] | {
"text": [
"St Peter's Basilica"
],
"answer_start": [
773
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1419 | 57314d4205b4da19006bd00e | Mosaic | With the building of Christian basilicas in the late 4th century, wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses. The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived, but the mosaics of Santa Constanza and Santa Pudenziana, both from the 4th century, still exist. The winemaking putti in the ambulat... | Under what period were the 4th century churches built? | Under what period were the 4th century churches built? | [
"Under what period were the 4th century churches built?"
] | {
"text": [
"Constantinian"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1420 | 57314eae05b4da19006bd01c | Mosaic | In the following century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art (see details in Ravenna section). Milan also served as the capital of the western empire in the 4th century. In the St Aquilinus Chapel of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, mosaics executed in the late 4th a... | Which city besides Ravenna served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire? | Which city besides Ravenna served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire? | [
"Which city besides Ravenna served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire?"
] | {
"text": [
"Milan"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1421 | 57314eae05b4da19006bd01d | Mosaic | In the following century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art (see details in Ravenna section). Milan also served as the capital of the western empire in the 4th century. In the St Aquilinus Chapel of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, mosaics executed in the late 4th a... | What is the name of the mosaic in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio? | What is the name of the mosaic in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio? | [
"What is the name of the mosaic in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio?"
] | {
"text": [
"apse"
],
"answer_start": [
547
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1422 | 57314eae05b4da19006bd01e | Mosaic | In the following century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art (see details in Ravenna section). Milan also served as the capital of the western empire in the 4th century. In the St Aquilinus Chapel of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, mosaics executed in the late 4th a... | The shrine of San Vittore in ciel d'oro had mosaics from which century? | The shrine of San Vittore in ciel d'oro had mosaics from which century? | [
"The shrine of San Vittore in ciel d'oro had mosaics from which century?"
] | {
"text": [
"the 5th century"
],
"answer_start": [
1120
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1423 | 57314eae05b4da19006bd01f | Mosaic | In the following century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art (see details in Ravenna section). Milan also served as the capital of the western empire in the 4th century. In the St Aquilinus Chapel of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, mosaics executed in the late 4th a... | Who do the mosaics at the the basilica of San Lorenzo depict as being abducted? | Who do the mosaics at the the basilica of San Lorenzo depict as being abducted? | [
"Who do the mosaics at the the basilica of San Lorenzo depict as being abducted?"
] | {
"text": [
"Elijah"
],
"answer_start": [
396
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1424 | 57314eae05b4da19006bd020 | Mosaic | In the following century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art (see details in Ravenna section). Milan also served as the capital of the western empire in the 4th century. In the St Aquilinus Chapel of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, mosaics executed in the late 4th a... | When was the baptistry at the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio demolished? | When was the baptistry at the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio demolished? | [
"When was the baptistry at the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio demolished?"
] | {
"text": [
"the 15th century"
],
"answer_start": [
848
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1425 | 57314fb3e6313a140071ce0a | Mosaic | In the 5th-century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art. The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia was decorated with mosaics of high artistic quality in 425–430. The vaults of the small, cross-shaped structure are clad with mosaics on blue background. The central motif abo... | In the 5th century what was the capital of the Western Roman Empire? | In the 5th century what was the capital of the Western Roman Empire? | [
"In the 5th century what was the capital of the Western Roman Empire?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ravenna"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1426 | 57314fb3e6313a140071ce0b | Mosaic | In the 5th-century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art. The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia was decorated with mosaics of high artistic quality in 425–430. The vaults of the small, cross-shaped structure are clad with mosaics on blue background. The central motif abo... | What years was the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia decorated with mosaics? | What years was the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia decorated with mosaics? | [
"What years was the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia decorated with mosaics?"
] | {
"text": [
"425–430"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1427 | 57314fb3e6313a140071ce0c | Mosaic | In the 5th-century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art. The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia was decorated with mosaics of high artistic quality in 425–430. The vaults of the small, cross-shaped structure are clad with mosaics on blue background. The central motif abo... | What other famous landmark in Ravenna was established by Galla Placidia? | What other famous landmark in Ravenna was established by Galla Placidia? | [
"What other famous landmark in Ravenna was established by Galla Placidia? "
] | {
"text": [
"the church of San Giovanni Evangelista"
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1428 | 57314fb3e6313a140071ce0d | Mosaic | In the 5th-century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art. The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia was decorated with mosaics of high artistic quality in 425–430. The vaults of the small, cross-shaped structure are clad with mosaics on blue background. The central motif abo... | Why did Galla Placidia erect the church of San Giovanni Evangelista? | Why did Galla Placidia erect the church of San Giovanni Evangelista? | [
"Why did Galla Placidia erect the church of San Giovanni Evangelista?"
] | {
"text": [
"fulfillment of a vow"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1429 | 57314fb3e6313a140071ce0e | Mosaic | In the 5th-century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art. The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia was decorated with mosaics of high artistic quality in 425–430. The vaults of the small, cross-shaped structure are clad with mosaics on blue background. The central motif abo... | When were most of the mosaics at the church of San Giovanni Evangelista destroyed? | When were most of the mosaics at the church of San Giovanni Evangelista destroyed? | [
"When were most of the mosaics at the church of San Giovanni Evangelista destroyed?"
] | {
"text": [
"1747"
],
"answer_start": [
853
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1430 | 5731514505b4da19006bd03e | Mosaic | After 539 Ravenna was reconquered by the Romans in the form of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and became the seat of the Exarchate of Ravenna. The greatest development of Christian mosaics unfolded in the second half of the 6th century. Outstanding examples of Byzantine mosaic art are the later phase mosai... | When was Ravenna conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire? | When was Ravenna conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire? | [
"When was Ravenna conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire?"
] | {
"text": [
"After 539"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1431 | 5731514505b4da19006bd03f | Mosaic | After 539 Ravenna was reconquered by the Romans in the form of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and became the seat of the Exarchate of Ravenna. The greatest development of Christian mosaics unfolded in the second half of the 6th century. Outstanding examples of Byzantine mosaic art are the later phase mosai... | When did the biggest achievement in Christian mosaics take place? | When did the biggest achievement in Christian mosaics take place? | [
"When did the biggest achievement in Christian mosaics take place?"
] | {
"text": [
"the second half of the 6th century"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1432 | 5731514505b4da19006bd040 | Mosaic | After 539 Ravenna was reconquered by the Romans in the form of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and became the seat of the Exarchate of Ravenna. The greatest development of Christian mosaics unfolded in the second half of the 6th century. Outstanding examples of Byzantine mosaic art are the later phase mosai... | What event led up to the creation of the amazing mosaics in in the Basilica of San Vitale? | What event led up to the creation of the amazing mosaics in in the Basilica of San Vitale? | [
"What event led up to the creation of the amazing mosaics in in the Basilica of San Vitale?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Byzantine conquest"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1433 | 5731514505b4da19006bd041 | Mosaic | After 539 Ravenna was reconquered by the Romans in the form of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and became the seat of the Exarchate of Ravenna. The greatest development of Christian mosaics unfolded in the second half of the 6th century. Outstanding examples of Byzantine mosaic art are the later phase mosai... | When were the mosaics at the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare created? | When were the mosaics at the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare created? | [
"When were the mosaics at the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare created?"
] | {
"text": [
"549"
],
"answer_start": [
616
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1434 | 5731514505b4da19006bd042 | Mosaic | After 539 Ravenna was reconquered by the Romans in the form of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and became the seat of the Exarchate of Ravenna. The greatest development of Christian mosaics unfolded in the second half of the 6th century. Outstanding examples of Byzantine mosaic art are the later phase mosai... | Where are the remains of the apse mosaic of San Michele? | Where are the remains of the apse mosaic of San Michele? | [
"Where are the remains of the apse mosaic of San Michele?"
] | {
"text": [
"Berlin"
],
"answer_start": [
757
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1435 | 5731525ca5e9cc1400cdbe77 | Mosaic | The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, ... | The floor mosaic in Butrint is how much older than that of the Baptistry? | The floor mosaic in Butrint is how much older than that of the Baptistry? | [
"The floor mosaic in Butrint is how much older than that of the Baptistry?"
] | {
"text": [
"almost a generation"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1436 | 5731525ca5e9cc1400cdbe78 | Mosaic | The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, ... | In what country is Butrint? | In what country is Butrint? | [
"In what country is Butrint?"
] | {
"text": [
"Albania"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1437 | 5731525ca5e9cc1400cdbe79 | Mosaic | The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, ... | What type of message was left on the mosaics at Butrint? | What type of message was left on the mosaics at Butrint? | [
"What type of message was left on the mosaics at Butrint?"
] | {
"text": [
"prayer"
],
"answer_start": [
679
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1438 | 5731525ca5e9cc1400cdbe7a | Mosaic | The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, ... | What was the mosaic at Butrint designed to portray? | What was the mosaic at Butrint designed to portray? | [
"What was the mosaic at Butrint designed to portray?"
] | {
"text": [
"a terrestrial paradise"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1439 | 5731525ca5e9cc1400cdbe7b | Mosaic | The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, ... | The Vrina Plain basilica is in which city? | The Vrina Plain basilica is in which city? | [
"The Vrina Plain basilica is in which city?"
] | {
"text": [
"Butrint"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1440 | 57315596a5e9cc1400cdbe9b | Mosaic | The abundant variety of natural life depicted in the Butrint mosaics celebrates the richness of God’s creation; some elements also have specific connotations. The kantharos vase and vine refer to the eucharist, the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ leading to salvation. Peacocks are symbols of paradise and resurrection... | What was depicted on the Butrint mosaics in abundance? | What was depicted on the Butrint mosaics in abundance? | [
"What was depicted on the Butrint mosaics in abundance?"
] | {
"text": [
"natural life"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1441 | 57315596a5e9cc1400cdbe9c | Mosaic | The abundant variety of natural life depicted in the Butrint mosaics celebrates the richness of God’s creation; some elements also have specific connotations. The kantharos vase and vine refer to the eucharist, the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ leading to salvation. Peacocks are symbols of paradise and resurrection... | What do the katharos vase and vine refer to? | What do the katharos vase and vine refer to? | [
"What do the katharos vase and vine refer to?"
] | {
"text": [
"the eucharist"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1442 | 57315596a5e9cc1400cdbe9d | Mosaic | The abundant variety of natural life depicted in the Butrint mosaics celebrates the richness of God’s creation; some elements also have specific connotations. The kantharos vase and vine refer to the eucharist, the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ leading to salvation. Peacocks are symbols of paradise and resurrection... | What do peacocks represent in Christian symbolism? | What do peacocks represent in Christian symbolism? | [
"What do peacocks represent in Christian symbolism?"
] | {
"text": [
"paradise and resurrection"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1443 | 57315596a5e9cc1400cdbe9e | Mosaic | The abundant variety of natural life depicted in the Butrint mosaics celebrates the richness of God’s creation; some elements also have specific connotations. The kantharos vase and vine refer to the eucharist, the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ leading to salvation. Peacocks are symbols of paradise and resurrection... | What do most sea-creatures represent in Christina symbolism? | What do most sea-creatures represent in Christina symbolism? | [
"What do most sea-creatures represent in Christina symbolism?"
] | {
"text": [
"baptism"
],
"answer_start": [
613
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1444 | 57315596a5e9cc1400cdbe9f | Mosaic | The abundant variety of natural life depicted in the Butrint mosaics celebrates the richness of God’s creation; some elements also have specific connotations. The kantharos vase and vine refer to the eucharist, the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ leading to salvation. Peacocks are symbols of paradise and resurrection... | What did deers or stags represent in Christian Symbolism? | What did deers or stags represent in Christian Symbolism? | [
"What did deers or stags represent in Christian Symbolism?"
] | {
"text": [
"the faithful aspiring to Christ"
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1445 | 573156a305b4da19006bd06a | Mosaic | Christian mosaic art also flourished in Rome, gradually declining as conditions became more difficult in the Early Middle Ages. 5th century mosaics can be found over the triumphal arch and in the nave of the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. The 27 surviving panels of the nave are the most important mosaic cycle in Rom... | When did conditions become difficult for mosaic art in Rome? | When did conditions become difficult for mosaic art in Rome? | [
"When did conditions become difficult for mosaic art in Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Early Middle Ages"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1446 | 573156a305b4da19006bd06b | Mosaic | Christian mosaic art also flourished in Rome, gradually declining as conditions became more difficult in the Early Middle Ages. 5th century mosaics can be found over the triumphal arch and in the nave of the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. The 27 surviving panels of the nave are the most important mosaic cycle in Rom... | When was the mosaic of Sant'Agata dei Goti destroyed? | When was the mosaic of Sant'Agata dei Goti destroyed? | [
"When was the mosaic of Sant'Agata dei Goti destroyed?"
] | {
"text": [
"1589"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1447 | 573156a305b4da19006bd06c | Mosaic | Christian mosaic art also flourished in Rome, gradually declining as conditions became more difficult in the Early Middle Ages. 5th century mosaics can be found over the triumphal arch and in the nave of the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. The 27 surviving panels of the nave are the most important mosaic cycle in Rom... | What was similar between the three most important 5th century mosaics? | What was similar between the three most important 5th century mosaics? | [
"What was similar between the three most important 5th century mosaics?"
] | {
"text": [
"iconography"
],
"answer_start": [
1093
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1448 | 573156a305b4da19006bd06d | Mosaic | Christian mosaic art also flourished in Rome, gradually declining as conditions became more difficult in the Early Middle Ages. 5th century mosaics can be found over the triumphal arch and in the nave of the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. The 27 surviving panels of the nave are the most important mosaic cycle in Rom... | When was the mosaic at Santa Sabina replaced with a fresco? | When was the mosaic at Santa Sabina replaced with a fresco? | [
"When was the mosaic at Santa Sabina replaced with a fresco?"
] | {
"text": [
"1559"
],
"answer_start": [
903
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1449 | 573156a305b4da19006bd06e | Mosaic | Christian mosaic art also flourished in Rome, gradually declining as conditions became more difficult in the Early Middle Ages. 5th century mosaics can be found over the triumphal arch and in the nave of the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. The 27 surviving panels of the nave are the most important mosaic cycle in Rom... | Who was the artist that painted the fresco that replaced the mosaic at Santa Sobina? | Who was the artist that painted the fresco that replaced the mosaic at Santa Sobina? | [
"Who was the artist that painted the fresco that replaced the mosaic at Santa Sobina?"
] | {
"text": [
"Taddeo Zuccari"
],
"answer_start": [
885
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1450 | 573157bae6313a140071ce42 | Mosaic | In the 7th–9th centuries Rome fell under the influence of Byzantine art, noticeable on the mosaics of Santa Prassede, Santa Maria in Domnica, Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura, Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, Santi Nereo e Achilleo and the San Venanzio chapel of San Giovanni in Laterano. The great dining hall of Pope Leo III in t... | During which centuries did ROme fall under the influence of Byzantine art? | During which centuries did ROme fall under the influence of Byzantine art? | [
"During which centuries did ROme fall under the influence of Byzantine art?"
] | {
"text": [
"the 7th–9th centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1451 | 573157bae6313a140071ce43 | Mosaic | In the 7th–9th centuries Rome fell under the influence of Byzantine art, noticeable on the mosaics of Santa Prassede, Santa Maria in Domnica, Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura, Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, Santi Nereo e Achilleo and the San Venanzio chapel of San Giovanni in Laterano. The great dining hall of Pope Leo III in t... | The lateran Palace was decorated with what? | The lateran Palace was decorated with what? | [
"The lateran Palace was decorated with what?"
] | {
"text": [
"mosaics"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1452 | 573157bae6313a140071ce44 | Mosaic | In the 7th–9th centuries Rome fell under the influence of Byzantine art, noticeable on the mosaics of Santa Prassede, Santa Maria in Domnica, Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura, Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, Santi Nereo e Achilleo and the San Venanzio chapel of San Giovanni in Laterano. The great dining hall of Pope Leo III in t... | What do most mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries have in common? | What do most mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries have in common? | [
"What do most mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries have in common?"
] | {
"text": [
"They were all destroyed later"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1453 | 573157bae6313a140071ce45 | Mosaic | In the 7th–9th centuries Rome fell under the influence of Byzantine art, noticeable on the mosaics of Santa Prassede, Santa Maria in Domnica, Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura, Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, Santi Nereo e Achilleo and the San Venanzio chapel of San Giovanni in Laterano. The great dining hall of Pope Leo III in t... | When was the mosaic at the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco destroyed? | When was the mosaic at the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco destroyed? | [
"When was the mosaic at the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco destroyed?"
] | {
"text": [
"1607"
],
"answer_start": [
886
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1454 | 573157bae6313a140071ce46 | Mosaic | In the 7th–9th centuries Rome fell under the influence of Byzantine art, noticeable on the mosaics of Santa Prassede, Santa Maria in Domnica, Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura, Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, Santi Nereo e Achilleo and the San Venanzio chapel of San Giovanni in Laterano. The great dining hall of Pope Leo III in t... | Which mosaic survived through the 9th century, and then had a copy made in the 18th? | Which mosaic survived through the 9th century, and then had a copy made in the 18th? | [
"Which mosaic survived through the 9th century, and then had a copy made in the 18th?"
] | {
"text": [
"Triclinio Leoniano"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1455 | 573158c805b4da19006bd092 | Mosaic | Important fragments survived from the mosaic floor of the Great Palace of Constantinople which was commissioned during Justinian's reign. The figures, animals, plants all are entirely classical but they are scattered before a plain background. The portrait of a moustached man, probably a Gothic chieftain, is considered... | When were the mosaics at the Great Palace of Constantinople commissioned? | When were the mosaics at the Great Palace of Constantinople commissioned? | [
"When were the mosaics at the Great Palace of Constantinople commissioned?"
] | {
"text": [
"during Justinian's reign"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1456 | 573158c805b4da19006bd093 | Mosaic | Important fragments survived from the mosaic floor of the Great Palace of Constantinople which was commissioned during Justinian's reign. The figures, animals, plants all are entirely classical but they are scattered before a plain background. The portrait of a moustached man, probably a Gothic chieftain, is considered... | What is considered the most important surviving mosaic of the Justinian age? | What is considered the most important surviving mosaic of the Justinian age? | [
"What is considered the most important surviving mosaic of the Justinian age?"
] | {
"text": [
"The portrait of a moustached man"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1457 | 573158c805b4da19006bd094 | Mosaic | Important fragments survived from the mosaic floor of the Great Palace of Constantinople which was commissioned during Justinian's reign. The figures, animals, plants all are entirely classical but they are scattered before a plain background. The portrait of a moustached man, probably a Gothic chieftain, is considered... | What was the small vaulted room in the Great Palace of Constantinople called? | What was the small vaulted room in the Great Palace of Constantinople called? | [
"What was the small vaulted room in the Great Palace of Constantinople called?"
] | {
"text": [
"small sekreton"
],
"answer_start": [
396
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1458 | 573158c805b4da19006bd095 | Mosaic | Important fragments survived from the mosaic floor of the Great Palace of Constantinople which was commissioned during Justinian's reign. The figures, animals, plants all are entirely classical but they are scattered before a plain background. The portrait of a moustached man, probably a Gothic chieftain, is considered... | Vine Scroll motifs are classified under what kind of tradition? | Vine Scroll motifs are classified under what kind of tradition? | [
"Vine Scroll motifs are classified under what kind of tradition?"
] | {
"text": [
"Classical"
],
"answer_start": [
644
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1459 | 573158c805b4da19006bd096 | Mosaic | Important fragments survived from the mosaic floor of the Great Palace of Constantinople which was commissioned during Justinian's reign. The figures, animals, plants all are entirely classical but they are scattered before a plain background. The portrait of a moustached man, probably a Gothic chieftain, is considered... | When were the mosaics at the church in Thessaloniki created? | When were the mosaics at the church in Thessaloniki created? | [
"When were the mosaics at the church in Thessaloniki created?"
] | {
"text": [
"5th–6th centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
757
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1460 | 573159bca5e9cc1400cdbedd | Mosaic | Very few early Byzantine mosaics survived the Iconoclastic destruction of the 8th century. Among the rare examples are the 6th-century Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision) mosaic in the apse of the Church of Hosios David in Thessaloniki that was hidden behind mortar during those dangerous times. Nine mosaic panels i... | How many Byzantine mosaics survived past the 8th century? | How many Byzantine mosaics survived past the 8th century? | [
"How many Byzantine mosaics survived past the 8th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"Very few"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1461 | 573159bca5e9cc1400cdbede | Mosaic | Very few early Byzantine mosaics survived the Iconoclastic destruction of the 8th century. Among the rare examples are the 6th-century Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision) mosaic in the apse of the Church of Hosios David in Thessaloniki that was hidden behind mortar during those dangerous times. Nine mosaic panels i... | The mosaic in the church in Thessaloniki is know as what? | The mosaic in the church in Thessaloniki is know as what? | [
"The mosaic in the church in Thessaloniki is know as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision)"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1462 | 573159bca5e9cc1400cdbedf | Mosaic | Very few early Byzantine mosaics survived the Iconoclastic destruction of the 8th century. Among the rare examples are the 6th-century Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision) mosaic in the apse of the Church of Hosios David in Thessaloniki that was hidden behind mortar during those dangerous times. Nine mosaic panels i... | Why was Christ in majesty protected from the iconoclastic destruction? | Why was Christ in majesty protected from the iconoclastic destruction? | [
"Why was Christ in majesty protected from the iconoclastic destruction?"
] | {
"text": [
"hidden behind mortar"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1463 | 573159bca5e9cc1400cdbee0 | Mosaic | Very few early Byzantine mosaics survived the Iconoclastic destruction of the 8th century. Among the rare examples are the 6th-century Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision) mosaic in the apse of the Church of Hosios David in Thessaloniki that was hidden behind mortar during those dangerous times. Nine mosaic panels i... | When were the panels in the Hagios Demetrios Church created? | When were the panels in the Hagios Demetrios Church created? | [
"When were the panels in the Hagios Demetrios Church created?"
] | {
"text": [
"between 634 and 730"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1464 | 573159bca5e9cc1400cdbee1 | Mosaic | Very few early Byzantine mosaics survived the Iconoclastic destruction of the 8th century. Among the rare examples are the 6th-century Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision) mosaic in the apse of the Church of Hosios David in Thessaloniki that was hidden behind mortar during those dangerous times. Nine mosaic panels i... | What is common about the surviving mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries? | What is common about the surviving mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries? | [
"What is common about the surviving mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries?"
] | {
"text": [
"almost all represent Saint Demetrius"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1465 | 57315ab705b4da19006bd0a6 | Mosaic | In the Iconoclastic era, figural mosaics were also condemned as idolatry. The Iconoclastic churches were embellished with plain gold mosaics with only one great cross in the apse like the Hagia Irene in Constantinople (after 740). There were similar crosses in the apses of the Hagia Sophia Church in Thessaloniki and in... | Why were mosaics destroyed in the iconoclastic era? | Why were mosaics destroyed in the iconoclastic era? | [
"Why were mosaics destroyed in the iconoclastic era?"
] | {
"text": [
"condemned as idolatry"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1466 | 57315ab705b4da19006bd0a7 | Mosaic | In the Iconoclastic era, figural mosaics were also condemned as idolatry. The Iconoclastic churches were embellished with plain gold mosaics with only one great cross in the apse like the Hagia Irene in Constantinople (after 740). There were similar crosses in the apses of the Hagia Sophia Church in Thessaloniki and in... | What was the common mosaic theme of iconoclastic churches? | What was the common mosaic theme of iconoclastic churches? | [
"What was the common mosaic theme of iconoclastic churches?"
] | {
"text": [
"gold mosaics with only one great cross"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1467 | 57315ab705b4da19006bd0a8 | Mosaic | In the Iconoclastic era, figural mosaics were also condemned as idolatry. The Iconoclastic churches were embellished with plain gold mosaics with only one great cross in the apse like the Hagia Irene in Constantinople (after 740). There were similar crosses in the apses of the Hagia Sophia Church in Thessaloniki and in... | When did the Iconodules change the cross in the Hagia Sophia? | When did the Iconodules change the cross in the Hagia Sophia? | [
"When did the Iconodules change the cross in the Hagia Sophia?"
] | {
"text": [
"787–797"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1468 | 57315ab705b4da19006bd0a9 | Mosaic | In the Iconoclastic era, figural mosaics were also condemned as idolatry. The Iconoclastic churches were embellished with plain gold mosaics with only one great cross in the apse like the Hagia Irene in Constantinople (after 740). There were similar crosses in the apses of the Hagia Sophia Church in Thessaloniki and in... | When was the Dormition church destroyed? | When was the Dormition church destroyed? | [
"When was the Dormition church destroyed? "
] | {
"text": [
"1922"
],
"answer_start": [
568
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1469 | 57315ab705b4da19006bd0aa | Mosaic | In the Iconoclastic era, figural mosaics were also condemned as idolatry. The Iconoclastic churches were embellished with plain gold mosaics with only one great cross in the apse like the Hagia Irene in Constantinople (after 740). There were similar crosses in the apses of the Hagia Sophia Church in Thessaloniki and in... | When did the Hagia Irene adapt the iconoclastic era mosaics? | When did the Hagia Irene adapt the iconoclastic era mosaics? | [
"When did the Hagia Irene adapt the iconoclastic era mosaics?"
] | {
"text": [
"after 740"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1470 | 57315ba4497a881900248e61 | Mosaic | The Nea Moni Monastery on Chios was established by Constantine Monomachos in 1043–1056. The exceptional mosaic decoration of the dome showing probably the nine orders of the angels was destroyed in 1822 but other panels survived (Theotokos with raised hands, four evangelists with seraphim, scenes from Christ's life and... | Where is the Nea Moni Monastery located? | Where is the Nea Moni Monastery located? | [
"Where is the Nea Moni Monastery located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chios"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1471 | 57315ba4497a881900248e62 | Mosaic | The Nea Moni Monastery on Chios was established by Constantine Monomachos in 1043–1056. The exceptional mosaic decoration of the dome showing probably the nine orders of the angels was destroyed in 1822 but other panels survived (Theotokos with raised hands, four evangelists with seraphim, scenes from Christ's life and... | Who established the Nea Moni Monastery? | Who established the Nea Moni Monastery? | [
"Who established the Nea Moni Monastery?"
] | {
"text": [
"Constantine Monomachos"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1472 | 57315ba4497a881900248e63 | Mosaic | The Nea Moni Monastery on Chios was established by Constantine Monomachos in 1043–1056. The exceptional mosaic decoration of the dome showing probably the nine orders of the angels was destroyed in 1822 but other panels survived (Theotokos with raised hands, four evangelists with seraphim, scenes from Christ's life and... | When was the Nea Moni Monastery established? | When was the Nea Moni Monastery established? | [
"When was the Nea Moni Monastery established?"
] | {
"text": [
"1043–1056"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1473 | 57315ba4497a881900248e64 | Mosaic | The Nea Moni Monastery on Chios was established by Constantine Monomachos in 1043–1056. The exceptional mosaic decoration of the dome showing probably the nine orders of the angels was destroyed in 1822 but other panels survived (Theotokos with raised hands, four evangelists with seraphim, scenes from Christ's life and... | When was the mosaic at the Nea Moni Monastery destroyed? | When was the mosaic at the Nea Moni Monastery destroyed? | [
"When was the mosaic at the Nea Moni Monastery destroyed?"
] | {
"text": [
"1822"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1474 | 57315ba4497a881900248e65 | Mosaic | The Nea Moni Monastery on Chios was established by Constantine Monomachos in 1043–1056. The exceptional mosaic decoration of the dome showing probably the nine orders of the angels was destroyed in 1822 but other panels survived (Theotokos with raised hands, four evangelists with seraphim, scenes from Christ's life and... | The Nea Moni mosaics are more detailed than what what other famous mosaics? | The Nea Moni mosaics are more detailed than what what other famous mosaics? | [
"The Nea Moni mosaics are more detailed than what what other famous mosaics?"
] | {
"text": [
"Osios Loukas"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1475 | 57315c6c497a881900248e7f | Mosaic | Another great undertaking by Constantine Monomachos was the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem between 1042 and 1048. Nothing survived of the mosaics which covered the walls and the dome of the edifice but the Russian abbot Daniel, who visited Jerusalem in 1106–1107 left a description: "Lively... | Who restored the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the 1040's? | Who restored the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the 1040's? | [
"Who restored the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the 1040's?"
] | {
"text": [
"Constantine Monomachos"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1476 | 57315c6c497a881900248e80 | Mosaic | Another great undertaking by Constantine Monomachos was the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem between 1042 and 1048. Nothing survived of the mosaics which covered the walls and the dome of the edifice but the Russian abbot Daniel, who visited Jerusalem in 1106–1107 left a description: "Lively... | What survives of the mosaics that adorned the walls and dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre? | What survives of the mosaics that adorned the walls and dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre? | [
"What survives of the mosaics that adorned the walls and dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nothing"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1477 | 57315c6c497a881900248e81 | Mosaic | Another great undertaking by Constantine Monomachos was the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem between 1042 and 1048. Nothing survived of the mosaics which covered the walls and the dome of the edifice but the Russian abbot Daniel, who visited Jerusalem in 1106–1107 left a description: "Lively... | Who left the only description of the mosaics at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre? | Who left the only description of the mosaics at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre? | [
"Who left the only description of the mosaics at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Russian abbot Daniel"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1478 | 57315c6c497a881900248e82 | Mosaic | Another great undertaking by Constantine Monomachos was the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem between 1042 and 1048. Nothing survived of the mosaics which covered the walls and the dome of the edifice but the Russian abbot Daniel, who visited Jerusalem in 1106–1107 left a description: "Lively... | Where did the Russian abbot Daniel travel in 1106-07? | Where did the Russian abbot Daniel travel in 1106-07? | [
"Where did the Russian abbot Daniel travel in 1106-07?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jerusalem"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1479 | 57315da9497a881900248e87 | Mosaic | The 9th- and 10th-century mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople are truly classical Byzantine artworks. The north and south tympana beneath the dome was decorated with figures of prophets, saints and patriarchs. Above the principal door from the narthex we can see an Emperor kneeling before Christ (late 9th or ... | When were the Byzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophia created? | When were the Byzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophia created? | [
"When were the Byzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophia created?"
] | {
"text": [
"The 9th- and 10th-century"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1480 | 57315da9497a881900248e88 | Mosaic | The 9th- and 10th-century mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople are truly classical Byzantine artworks. The north and south tympana beneath the dome was decorated with figures of prophets, saints and patriarchs. Above the principal door from the narthex we can see an Emperor kneeling before Christ (late 9th or ... | The tympana under the dome had images of whom displayed? | The tympana under the dome had images of whom displayed? | [
"The tympana under the dome had images of whom displayed?"
] | {
"text": [
"prophets, saints and patriarchs"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1481 | 57315da9497a881900248e89 | Mosaic | The 9th- and 10th-century mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople are truly classical Byzantine artworks. The north and south tympana beneath the dome was decorated with figures of prophets, saints and patriarchs. Above the principal door from the narthex we can see an Emperor kneeling before Christ (late 9th or ... | When did the Empress Zoe die? | When did the Empress Zoe die? | [
"When did the Empress Zoe die?"
] | {
"text": [
"1055"
],
"answer_start": [
801
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1482 | 57315da9497a881900248e8a | Mosaic | The 9th- and 10th-century mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople are truly classical Byzantine artworks. The north and south tympana beneath the dome was decorated with figures of prophets, saints and patriarchs. Above the principal door from the narthex we can see an Emperor kneeling before Christ (late 9th or ... | What does the Empress give to Christ as depicted by the mosaic? | What does the Empress give to Christ as depicted by the mosaic? | [
"What does the Empress give to Christ as depicted by the mosaic?"
] | {
"text": [
"a bulging money sack"
],
"answer_start": [
826
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1483 | 57315da9497a881900248e8b | Mosaic | The 9th- and 10th-century mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople are truly classical Byzantine artworks. The north and south tympana beneath the dome was decorated with figures of prophets, saints and patriarchs. Above the principal door from the narthex we can see an Emperor kneeling before Christ (late 9th or ... | Who was depicted with the Empress Zoe on a panel in the gallery of the Hagia Sophia? | Who was depicted with the Empress Zoe on a panel in the gallery of the Hagia Sophia? | [
"Who was depicted with the Empress Zoe on a panel in the gallery of the Hagia Sophia?"
] | {
"text": [
"Constantine Monomachos"
],
"answer_start": [
756
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1484 | 57315fc6497a881900248e99 | Mosaic | There are very few existing mosaics from the Komnenian period but this paucity must be due to accidents of survival and gives a misleading impression. The only surviving 12th-century mosaic work in Constantinople is a panel in Hagia Sophia depicting Emperor John II and Empress Eirene with the Theotokos (1122–34). The e... | Why are there so few surviving mosaics from the Komnenian period? | Why are there so few surviving mosaics from the Komnenian period? | [
"Why are there so few surviving mosaics from the Komnenian period?"
] | {
"text": [
"accidents of survival"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1485 | 57315fc6497a881900248e9a | Mosaic | There are very few existing mosaics from the Komnenian period but this paucity must be due to accidents of survival and gives a misleading impression. The only surviving 12th-century mosaic work in Constantinople is a panel in Hagia Sophia depicting Emperor John II and Empress Eirene with the Theotokos (1122–34). The e... | Where is the only existing 12th century mosaic in Constantinople? | Where is the only existing 12th century mosaic in Constantinople? | [
"Where is the only existing 12th century mosaic in Constantinople?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hagia Sophia"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1486 | 57315fc6497a881900248e9b | Mosaic | There are very few existing mosaics from the Komnenian period but this paucity must be due to accidents of survival and gives a misleading impression. The only surviving 12th-century mosaic work in Constantinople is a panel in Hagia Sophia depicting Emperor John II and Empress Eirene with the Theotokos (1122–34). The e... | What deity does the 12th century mosaic in the Hagia Sophia depict? | What deity does the 12th century mosaic in the Hagia Sophia depict? | [
"What deity does the 12th century mosaic in the Hagia Sophia depict?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Theotokos"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1487 | 57315fc6497a881900248e9c | Mosaic | There are very few existing mosaics from the Komnenian period but this paucity must be due to accidents of survival and gives a misleading impression. The only surviving 12th-century mosaic work in Constantinople is a panel in Hagia Sophia depicting Emperor John II and Empress Eirene with the Theotokos (1122–34). The e... | The empress Eirene had what color hair? | The empress Eirene had what color hair? | [
"The empress Eirene had what color hair?"
] | {
"text": [
"red"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1488 | 57315fc6497a881900248e9d | Mosaic | There are very few existing mosaics from the Komnenian period but this paucity must be due to accidents of survival and gives a misleading impression. The only surviving 12th-century mosaic work in Constantinople is a panel in Hagia Sophia depicting Emperor John II and Empress Eirene with the Theotokos (1122–34). The e... | The only surviving mosaic from the Komnenos dynasty outside Constantinople is in what church? | The only surviving mosaic from the Komnenos dynasty outside Constantinople is in what church? | [
"The only surviving mosaic from the Komnenos dynasty outside Constantinople is in what church?"
] | {
"text": [
"the cathedral of Serres"
],
"answer_start": [
888
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1489 | 5731628fe6313a140071ceb2 | Mosaic | A striking technical innovation of the Komnenian period was the production of very precious, miniature mosaic icons. In these icons the small tesserae (with sides of 1 mm or less) were set on wax or resin on a wooden panel. These products of extraordinary craftmanship were intended for private devotion. The Louvre Tran... | How big were the tesserae in the Komnenian period miniature mosaic icons? | How big were the tesserae in the Komnenian period miniature mosaic icons? | [
"How big were the tesserae in the Komnenian period miniature mosaic icons?"
] | {
"text": [
"1 mm or less"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1490 | 5731628fe6313a140071ceb3 | Mosaic | A striking technical innovation of the Komnenian period was the production of very precious, miniature mosaic icons. In these icons the small tesserae (with sides of 1 mm or less) were set on wax or resin on a wooden panel. These products of extraordinary craftmanship were intended for private devotion. The Louvre Tran... | What were the tesserae usually set in for miniature mosaic icons? | What were the tesserae usually set in for miniature mosaic icons? | [
"What were the tesserae usually set in for miniature mosaic icons?"
] | {
"text": [
"wax or resin"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1491 | 5731628fe6313a140071ceb4 | Mosaic | A striking technical innovation of the Komnenian period was the production of very precious, miniature mosaic icons. In these icons the small tesserae (with sides of 1 mm or less) were set on wax or resin on a wooden panel. These products of extraordinary craftmanship were intended for private devotion. The Louvre Tran... | The more humanistic conception of Christ appeared when? | The more humanistic conception of Christ appeared when? | [
"The more humanistic conception of Christ appeared when?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the 12th century"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1492 | 5731628fe6313a140071ceb5 | Mosaic | A striking technical innovation of the Komnenian period was the production of very precious, miniature mosaic icons. In these icons the small tesserae (with sides of 1 mm or less) were set on wax or resin on a wooden panel. These products of extraordinary craftmanship were intended for private devotion. The Louvre Tran... | What was the intended purpose of the miniature mosaic icons? | What was the intended purpose of the miniature mosaic icons? | [
"What was the intended purpose of the miniature mosaic icons?"
] | {
"text": [
"private devotion"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1493 | 573163cf497a881900248eb9 | Mosaic | The Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki was built in 1310–14. Although some vandal systematically removed the gold tesserae of the background it can be seen that the Pantokrator and the prophets in the dome follow the traditional Byzantine pattern. Many details are similar to the Pammakaristos mosaics so it is ... | When was the Church of the Holy Apostles built? | When was the Church of the Holy Apostles built? | [
"When was the Church of the Holy Apostles built? "
] | {
"text": [
"1310–14"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1494 | 573163cf497a881900248eba | Mosaic | The Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki was built in 1310–14. Although some vandal systematically removed the gold tesserae of the background it can be seen that the Pantokrator and the prophets in the dome follow the traditional Byzantine pattern. Many details are similar to the Pammakaristos mosaics so it is ... | Who removed the gold tesserae in the background of the mosaic at the Church of the Holy Apostles? | Who removed the gold tesserae in the background of the mosaic at the Church of the Holy Apostles? | [
"Who removed the gold tesserae in the background of the mosaic at the Church of the Holy Apostles?"
] | {
"text": [
"some vandal"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1495 | 573163cf497a881900248ebb | Mosaic | The Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki was built in 1310–14. Although some vandal systematically removed the gold tesserae of the background it can be seen that the Pantokrator and the prophets in the dome follow the traditional Byzantine pattern. Many details are similar to the Pammakaristos mosaics so it is ... | Where is the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church located? | Where is the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church located? | [
"Where is the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arta"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1496 | 573163cf497a881900248ebc | Mosaic | The Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki was built in 1310–14. Although some vandal systematically removed the gold tesserae of the background it can be seen that the Pantokrator and the prophets in the dome follow the traditional Byzantine pattern. Many details are similar to the Pammakaristos mosaics so it is ... | Who established the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church in 1294-96? | Who established the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church in 1294-96? | [
"Who established the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church in 1294-96?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Despot of Epirus"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1497 | 573163cf497a881900248ebd | Mosaic | The Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki was built in 1310–14. Although some vandal systematically removed the gold tesserae of the background it can be seen that the Pantokrator and the prophets in the dome follow the traditional Byzantine pattern. Many details are similar to the Pammakaristos mosaics so it is ... | The same team of mosaicists worked on the Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki as which other building? | The same team of mosaicists worked on the Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki as which other building? | [
"The same team of mosaicists worked on the Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki as which other building?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pammakaristos"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1498 | 57316587e6313a140071ceda | Mosaic | The greatest mosaic work of the Palaeologan renaissance in art is the decoration of the Chora Church in Constantinople. Although the mosaics of the naos have not survived except three panels, the decoration of the exonarthex and the esonarthex constitute the most important full-scale mosaic cycle in Constantinople afte... | where is the greatest mosaic work of the renaissance? | where is the greatest mosaic work of the renaissance? | [
"where is the greatest mosaic work of the renaissance?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Chora Church in Constantinople"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1499 | 57316587e6313a140071cedb | Mosaic | The greatest mosaic work of the Palaeologan renaissance in art is the decoration of the Chora Church in Constantinople. Although the mosaics of the naos have not survived except three panels, the decoration of the exonarthex and the esonarthex constitute the most important full-scale mosaic cycle in Constantinople afte... | How many mosaic panels from naos have survived? | How many mosaic panels from naos have survived? | [
"How many mosaic panels from naos have survived?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
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