gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-14500 | 572f9cc104bcaa1900d76ae4 | Han_dynasty | To protect crops from wind and drought, the Grain Intendant Zhao Guo (趙過) created the alternating fields system (daitianfa 代田法) during Emperor Wu's reign. This system switched the positions of furrows and ridges between growing seasons. Once experiments with this system yielded successful results, the government officially sponsored it and encouraged peasants to use it. Han farmers also used the pit field system (aotian 凹田) for growing crops, which involved heavily fertilized pits that did not require plows or oxen and could be placed on sloping terrain. In southern and small parts of central Han-era China, paddy fields were chiefly used to grow rice, while farmers along the Huai River used transplantation methods of rice production. | What system did the government recommend the usage of? | What system did the government recommend the usage of? | [
"What system did the government recommend the usage of?"
] | {
"text": [
"alternating fields system"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14501 | 572f9cc104bcaa1900d76ae5 | Han_dynasty | To protect crops from wind and drought, the Grain Intendant Zhao Guo (趙過) created the alternating fields system (daitianfa 代田法) during Emperor Wu's reign. This system switched the positions of furrows and ridges between growing seasons. Once experiments with this system yielded successful results, the government officially sponsored it and encouraged peasants to use it. Han farmers also used the pit field system (aotian 凹田) for growing crops, which involved heavily fertilized pits that did not require plows or oxen and could be placed on sloping terrain. In southern and small parts of central Han-era China, paddy fields were chiefly used to grow rice, while farmers along the Huai River used transplantation methods of rice production. | What was the name of the Grain Intendant? | What was the name of the Grain Intendant? | [
"What was the name of the Grain Intendant?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zhao Guo"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14502 | 572f9e8204bcaa1900d76af5 | Han_dynasty | Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty; it was used to build palace halls, multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses. Because wood decays rapidly, the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles. The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). Architectural historian Robert L. Thorp points out the scarcity of Han-era archaeological remains, and claims that often unreliable Han-era literary and artistic sources are used by historians for clues about lost Han architecture. | What building material was used primarily during the Han dynasty? | What building material was used primarily during the Han dynasty? | [
"What building material was used primarily during the Han dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"Timber"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14503 | 572f9e8204bcaa1900d76af6 | Han_dynasty | Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty; it was used to build palace halls, multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses. Because wood decays rapidly, the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles. The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). Architectural historian Robert L. Thorp points out the scarcity of Han-era archaeological remains, and claims that often unreliable Han-era literary and artistic sources are used by historians for clues about lost Han architecture. | What dynasty can the oldest wooden buildings in China be dated to? | What dynasty can the oldest wooden buildings in China be dated to? | [
"What dynasty can the oldest wooden buildings in China be dated to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tang"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14504 | 572f9e8204bcaa1900d76af7 | Han_dynasty | Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty; it was used to build palace halls, multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses. Because wood decays rapidly, the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles. The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). Architectural historian Robert L. Thorp points out the scarcity of Han-era archaeological remains, and claims that often unreliable Han-era literary and artistic sources are used by historians for clues about lost Han architecture. | What is considered to be the last year of the Tang dynasty? | What is considered to be the last year of the Tang dynasty? | [
"What is considered to be the last year of the Tang dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"907 AD"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14505 | 572f9e8204bcaa1900d76af8 | Han_dynasty | Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty; it was used to build palace halls, multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses. Because wood decays rapidly, the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles. The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). Architectural historian Robert L. Thorp points out the scarcity of Han-era archaeological remains, and claims that often unreliable Han-era literary and artistic sources are used by historians for clues about lost Han architecture. | What type of object is the only evidence of Han's wooden constructions? | What type of object is the only evidence of Han's wooden constructions? | [
"What type of object is the only evidence of Han's wooden constructions?"
] | {
"text": [
"ceramic roof tiles"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14506 | 572f9e8204bcaa1900d76af9 | Han_dynasty | Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty; it was used to build palace halls, multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses. Because wood decays rapidly, the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles. The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). Architectural historian Robert L. Thorp points out the scarcity of Han-era archaeological remains, and claims that often unreliable Han-era literary and artistic sources are used by historians for clues about lost Han architecture. | What was the primary component of a palace hall during the Han dynasty? | What was the primary component of a palace hall during the Han dynasty? | [
"What was the primary component of a palace hall during the Han dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"Timber"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14507 | 572f9ff2a23a5019007fc7dd | Han_dynasty | Though Han wooden structures decayed, some Han-dynasty ruins made of brick, stone, and rammed earth remain intact. This includes stone pillar-gates, brick tomb chambers, rammed-earth city walls, rammed-earth and brick beacon towers, rammed-earth sections of the Great Wall, rammed-earth platforms where elevated halls once stood, and two rammed-earth castles in Gansu. The ruins of rammed-earth walls that once surrounded the capitals Chang'an and Luoyang still stand, along with their drainage systems of brick arches, ditches, and ceramic water pipes. Monumental stone pillar-gates, twenty-nine of which survive from the Han period, formed entrances of walled enclosures at shrine and tomb sites. These pillars feature artistic imitations of wooden and ceramic building components such as roof tiles, eaves, and balustrades. | How many stone pillar-gates survive from the Han era? | How many stone pillar-gates survive from the Han era? | [
"How many stone pillar-gates survive from the Han era?"
] | {
"text": [
"twenty-nine"
],
"answer_start": [
585
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14508 | 572f9ff2a23a5019007fc7de | Han_dynasty | Though Han wooden structures decayed, some Han-dynasty ruins made of brick, stone, and rammed earth remain intact. This includes stone pillar-gates, brick tomb chambers, rammed-earth city walls, rammed-earth and brick beacon towers, rammed-earth sections of the Great Wall, rammed-earth platforms where elevated halls once stood, and two rammed-earth castles in Gansu. The ruins of rammed-earth walls that once surrounded the capitals Chang'an and Luoyang still stand, along with their drainage systems of brick arches, ditches, and ceramic water pipes. Monumental stone pillar-gates, twenty-nine of which survive from the Han period, formed entrances of walled enclosures at shrine and tomb sites. These pillars feature artistic imitations of wooden and ceramic building components such as roof tiles, eaves, and balustrades. | What architectural feature contained an imitation of a balustrade? | What architectural feature contained an imitation of a balustrade? | [
"What architectural feature contained an imitation of a balustrade?"
] | {
"text": [
"stone pillar-gates"
],
"answer_start": [
565
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14509 | 572f9ff2a23a5019007fc7df | Han_dynasty | Though Han wooden structures decayed, some Han-dynasty ruins made of brick, stone, and rammed earth remain intact. This includes stone pillar-gates, brick tomb chambers, rammed-earth city walls, rammed-earth and brick beacon towers, rammed-earth sections of the Great Wall, rammed-earth platforms where elevated halls once stood, and two rammed-earth castles in Gansu. The ruins of rammed-earth walls that once surrounded the capitals Chang'an and Luoyang still stand, along with their drainage systems of brick arches, ditches, and ceramic water pipes. Monumental stone pillar-gates, twenty-nine of which survive from the Han period, formed entrances of walled enclosures at shrine and tomb sites. These pillars feature artistic imitations of wooden and ceramic building components such as roof tiles, eaves, and balustrades. | What building material were tomb chambers constructed with? | What building material were tomb chambers constructed with? | [
"What building material were tomb chambers constructed with?"
] | {
"text": [
"brick"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14510 | 572f9ff2a23a5019007fc7e0 | Han_dynasty | Though Han wooden structures decayed, some Han-dynasty ruins made of brick, stone, and rammed earth remain intact. This includes stone pillar-gates, brick tomb chambers, rammed-earth city walls, rammed-earth and brick beacon towers, rammed-earth sections of the Great Wall, rammed-earth platforms where elevated halls once stood, and two rammed-earth castles in Gansu. The ruins of rammed-earth walls that once surrounded the capitals Chang'an and Luoyang still stand, along with their drainage systems of brick arches, ditches, and ceramic water pipes. Monumental stone pillar-gates, twenty-nine of which survive from the Han period, formed entrances of walled enclosures at shrine and tomb sites. These pillars feature artistic imitations of wooden and ceramic building components such as roof tiles, eaves, and balustrades. | What were the walls that encompassed the city of Luoyang comprised of? | What were the walls that encompassed the city of Luoyang comprised of? | [
"What were the walls that encompassed the city of Luoyang comprised of?"
] | {
"text": [
"rammed-earth"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14511 | 572f9ff2a23a5019007fc7e1 | Han_dynasty | Though Han wooden structures decayed, some Han-dynasty ruins made of brick, stone, and rammed earth remain intact. This includes stone pillar-gates, brick tomb chambers, rammed-earth city walls, rammed-earth and brick beacon towers, rammed-earth sections of the Great Wall, rammed-earth platforms where elevated halls once stood, and two rammed-earth castles in Gansu. The ruins of rammed-earth walls that once surrounded the capitals Chang'an and Luoyang still stand, along with their drainage systems of brick arches, ditches, and ceramic water pipes. Monumental stone pillar-gates, twenty-nine of which survive from the Han period, formed entrances of walled enclosures at shrine and tomb sites. These pillars feature artistic imitations of wooden and ceramic building components such as roof tiles, eaves, and balustrades. | What type of system used ceramic water pipes? | What type of system used ceramic water pipes? | [
"What type of system used ceramic water pipes?"
] | {
"text": [
"drainage systems"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14512 | 572fa326b2c2fd1400568269 | Han_dynasty | Evidence of Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes disinterested Confucian scholars. Professional artisan-engineers (jiang 匠) did not leave behind detailed records of their work. Han scholars, who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering, sometimes provided insufficient information on the various technologies they described. Nevertheless, some Han literary sources provide crucial information. For example, in 15 BC the philosopher Yang Xiong described the invention of the belt drive for a quilling machine, which was of great importance to early textile manufacturing. The inventions of the artisan-engineer Ding Huan (丁緩) are mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Capital. Around 180 AD, Ding created a manually operated rotary fan used for air conditioning within palace buildings. Ding also used gimbals as pivotal supports for one of his incense burners and invented the world's first known zoetrope lamp. | What type of scholars have provided proof that mechanical engineering was prominent during the Han period? | What type of scholars have provided proof that mechanical engineering was prominent during the Han period? | [
"What type of scholars have provided proof that mechanical engineering was prominent during the Han period?"
] | {
"text": [
"Confucian"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14513 | 572fa326b2c2fd140056826a | Han_dynasty | Evidence of Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes disinterested Confucian scholars. Professional artisan-engineers (jiang 匠) did not leave behind detailed records of their work. Han scholars, who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering, sometimes provided insufficient information on the various technologies they described. Nevertheless, some Han literary sources provide crucial information. For example, in 15 BC the philosopher Yang Xiong described the invention of the belt drive for a quilling machine, which was of great importance to early textile manufacturing. The inventions of the artisan-engineer Ding Huan (丁緩) are mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Capital. Around 180 AD, Ding created a manually operated rotary fan used for air conditioning within palace buildings. Ding also used gimbals as pivotal supports for one of his incense burners and invented the world's first known zoetrope lamp. | Which philosopher described the invention of a belt drive? | Which philosopher described the invention of a belt drive? | [
"Which philosopher described the invention of a belt drive?"
] | {
"text": [
"Yang Xiong"
],
"answer_start": [
510
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14514 | 572fa326b2c2fd140056826b | Han_dynasty | Evidence of Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes disinterested Confucian scholars. Professional artisan-engineers (jiang 匠) did not leave behind detailed records of their work. Han scholars, who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering, sometimes provided insufficient information on the various technologies they described. Nevertheless, some Han literary sources provide crucial information. For example, in 15 BC the philosopher Yang Xiong described the invention of the belt drive for a quilling machine, which was of great importance to early textile manufacturing. The inventions of the artisan-engineer Ding Huan (丁緩) are mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Capital. Around 180 AD, Ding created a manually operated rotary fan used for air conditioning within palace buildings. Ding also used gimbals as pivotal supports for one of his incense burners and invented the world's first known zoetrope lamp. | Which engineer was responsible for first inventing the zoetrope lamp? | Which engineer was responsible for first inventing the zoetrope lamp? | [
"Which engineer was responsible for first inventing the zoetrope lamp?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ding Huan"
],
"answer_start": [
688
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14515 | 572fa326b2c2fd140056826c | Han_dynasty | Evidence of Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes disinterested Confucian scholars. Professional artisan-engineers (jiang 匠) did not leave behind detailed records of their work. Han scholars, who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering, sometimes provided insufficient information on the various technologies they described. Nevertheless, some Han literary sources provide crucial information. For example, in 15 BC the philosopher Yang Xiong described the invention of the belt drive for a quilling machine, which was of great importance to early textile manufacturing. The inventions of the artisan-engineer Ding Huan (丁緩) are mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Capital. Around 180 AD, Ding created a manually operated rotary fan used for air conditioning within palace buildings. Ding also used gimbals as pivotal supports for one of his incense burners and invented the world's first known zoetrope lamp. | What can be used as a support structure in incense burners? | What can be used as a support structure in incense burners? | [
"What can be used as a support structure in incense burners?"
] | {
"text": [
"gimbals"
],
"answer_start": [
893
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14516 | 572fa326b2c2fd140056826d | Han_dynasty | Evidence of Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes disinterested Confucian scholars. Professional artisan-engineers (jiang 匠) did not leave behind detailed records of their work. Han scholars, who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering, sometimes provided insufficient information on the various technologies they described. Nevertheless, some Han literary sources provide crucial information. For example, in 15 BC the philosopher Yang Xiong described the invention of the belt drive for a quilling machine, which was of great importance to early textile manufacturing. The inventions of the artisan-engineer Ding Huan (丁緩) are mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Capital. Around 180 AD, Ding created a manually operated rotary fan used for air conditioning within palace buildings. Ding also used gimbals as pivotal supports for one of his incense burners and invented the world's first known zoetrope lamp. | What type of invention was used to provide air conditioning for the palace buildings? | What type of invention was used to provide air conditioning for the palace buildings? | [
"What type of invention was used to provide air conditioning for the palace buildings?"
] | {
"text": [
"rotary fan"
],
"answer_start": [
816
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14517 | 572fa4aeb2c2fd1400568287 | Han_dynasty | Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources. As observed in Han miniature tomb models, but not in literary sources, the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff. The odometer cart, invented during Han, measured journey lengths, using mechanical figures banging drums and gongs to indicate each distance traveled. This invention is depicted in Han artwork by the 2nd century AD, yet detailed written descriptions were not offered until the 3rd century AD. Modern archaeologists have also unearthed specimens of devices used during the Han dynasty, for example a pair of sliding metal calipers used by craftsmen for making minute measurements. These calipers contain inscriptions of the exact day and year they were manufactured. These tools are not mentioned in any Han literary sources. | During which period was the odometer cart first created? | During which period was the odometer cart first created? | [
"During which period was the odometer cart first created?"
] | {
"text": [
"Han"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14518 | 572fa4aeb2c2fd1400568288 | Han_dynasty | Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources. As observed in Han miniature tomb models, but not in literary sources, the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff. The odometer cart, invented during Han, measured journey lengths, using mechanical figures banging drums and gongs to indicate each distance traveled. This invention is depicted in Han artwork by the 2nd century AD, yet detailed written descriptions were not offered until the 3rd century AD. Modern archaeologists have also unearthed specimens of devices used during the Han dynasty, for example a pair of sliding metal calipers used by craftsmen for making minute measurements. These calipers contain inscriptions of the exact day and year they were manufactured. These tools are not mentioned in any Han literary sources. | What item was used to make very small measurements during this era? | What item was used to make very small measurements during this era? | [
"What item was used to make very small measurements during this era?"
] | {
"text": [
"sliding metal calipers"
],
"answer_start": [
713
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14519 | 572fa4aeb2c2fd1400568289 | Han_dynasty | Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources. As observed in Han miniature tomb models, but not in literary sources, the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff. The odometer cart, invented during Han, measured journey lengths, using mechanical figures banging drums and gongs to indicate each distance traveled. This invention is depicted in Han artwork by the 2nd century AD, yet detailed written descriptions were not offered until the 3rd century AD. Modern archaeologists have also unearthed specimens of devices used during the Han dynasty, for example a pair of sliding metal calipers used by craftsmen for making minute measurements. These calipers contain inscriptions of the exact day and year they were manufactured. These tools are not mentioned in any Han literary sources. | What has allowed us to discover long lost inventions of the Han era? | What has allowed us to discover long lost inventions of the Han era? | [
"What has allowed us to discover long lost inventions of the Han era?"
] | {
"text": [
"artwork"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14520 | 572fa4aeb2c2fd140056828a | Han_dynasty | Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources. As observed in Han miniature tomb models, but not in literary sources, the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff. The odometer cart, invented during Han, measured journey lengths, using mechanical figures banging drums and gongs to indicate each distance traveled. This invention is depicted in Han artwork by the 2nd century AD, yet detailed written descriptions were not offered until the 3rd century AD. Modern archaeologists have also unearthed specimens of devices used during the Han dynasty, for example a pair of sliding metal calipers used by craftsmen for making minute measurements. These calipers contain inscriptions of the exact day and year they were manufactured. These tools are not mentioned in any Han literary sources. | What was used to separate parts of grain? | What was used to separate parts of grain? | [
"What was used to separate parts of grain?"
] | {
"text": [
"winnowing machines"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14521 | 572fa4aeb2c2fd140056828b | Han_dynasty | Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources. As observed in Han miniature tomb models, but not in literary sources, the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff. The odometer cart, invented during Han, measured journey lengths, using mechanical figures banging drums and gongs to indicate each distance traveled. This invention is depicted in Han artwork by the 2nd century AD, yet detailed written descriptions were not offered until the 3rd century AD. Modern archaeologists have also unearthed specimens of devices used during the Han dynasty, for example a pair of sliding metal calipers used by craftsmen for making minute measurements. These calipers contain inscriptions of the exact day and year they were manufactured. These tools are not mentioned in any Han literary sources. | What use did the odometer cart provide? | What use did the odometer cart provide? | [
"What use did the odometer cart provide?"
] | {
"text": [
"measured journey lengths"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14522 | 572fa64db2c2fd14005682ab | Han_dynasty | The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han. As mentioned by Huan Tan in about 20 AD, they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers, and were used in pounding, threshing and polishing grain. However, there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century. The Nanyang Commandery Administrator Du Shi (d. 38 AD) created a waterwheel-powered reciprocator that worked the bellows for the smelting of iron. Waterwheels were also used to power chain pumps that lifted water to raised irrigation ditches. The chain pump was first mentioned in China by the philosopher Wang Chong in his 1st-century-AD Balanced Discourse. | What was used to power chain pumps to raise water to irrigation ditches? | What was used to power chain pumps to raise water to irrigation ditches? | [
"What was used to power chain pumps to raise water to irrigation ditches?"
] | {
"text": [
"Waterwheels"
],
"answer_start": [
462
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14523 | 572fa64db2c2fd14005682ac | Han_dynasty | The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han. As mentioned by Huan Tan in about 20 AD, they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers, and were used in pounding, threshing and polishing grain. However, there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century. The Nanyang Commandery Administrator Du Shi (d. 38 AD) created a waterwheel-powered reciprocator that worked the bellows for the smelting of iron. Waterwheels were also used to power chain pumps that lifted water to raised irrigation ditches. The chain pump was first mentioned in China by the philosopher Wang Chong in his 1st-century-AD Balanced Discourse. | What commandery was the creator of the waterwheel-powered reciprocator from? | What commandery was the creator of the waterwheel-powered reciprocator from? | [
"What commandery was the creator of the waterwheel-powered reciprocator from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nanyang"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14524 | 572fa64db2c2fd14005682ad | Han_dynasty | The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han. As mentioned by Huan Tan in about 20 AD, they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers, and were used in pounding, threshing and polishing grain. However, there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century. The Nanyang Commandery Administrator Du Shi (d. 38 AD) created a waterwheel-powered reciprocator that worked the bellows for the smelting of iron. Waterwheels were also used to power chain pumps that lifted water to raised irrigation ditches. The chain pump was first mentioned in China by the philosopher Wang Chong in his 1st-century-AD Balanced Discourse. | Who was the author of the essay entitled Balance Discourse? | Who was the author of the essay entitled Balance Discourse? | [
"Who was the author of the essay entitled Balance Discourse?"
] | {
"text": [
"Wang Chong"
],
"answer_start": [
621
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14525 | 572fa64db2c2fd14005682ae | Han_dynasty | The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han. As mentioned by Huan Tan in about 20 AD, they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers, and were used in pounding, threshing and polishing grain. However, there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century. The Nanyang Commandery Administrator Du Shi (d. 38 AD) created a waterwheel-powered reciprocator that worked the bellows for the smelting of iron. Waterwheels were also used to power chain pumps that lifted water to raised irrigation ditches. The chain pump was first mentioned in China by the philosopher Wang Chong in his 1st-century-AD Balanced Discourse. | During what century is it likely that the watermill made an appearance in China? | During what century is it likely that the watermill made an appearance in China? | [
"During what century is it likely that the watermill made an appearance in China?"
] | {
"text": [
"about the 5th century"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14526 | 572fa64db2c2fd14005682af | Han_dynasty | The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han. As mentioned by Huan Tan in about 20 AD, they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers, and were used in pounding, threshing and polishing grain. However, there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century. The Nanyang Commandery Administrator Du Shi (d. 38 AD) created a waterwheel-powered reciprocator that worked the bellows for the smelting of iron. Waterwheels were also used to power chain pumps that lifted water to raised irrigation ditches. The chain pump was first mentioned in China by the philosopher Wang Chong in his 1st-century-AD Balanced Discourse. | During what era did the waterwheel first appear in recordings? | During what era did the waterwheel first appear in recordings? | [
"During what era did the waterwheel first appear in recordings?"
] | {
"text": [
"Han"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14527 | 572fa7c3b2c2fd14005682c9 | Han_dynasty | The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock, Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel. Zhang also invented a seismometer (Houfeng didong yi 候风地动仪) in 132 AD to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away. This employed an inverted pendulum that, when disturbed by ground tremors, would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths (representing all eight directions) into a metal toad's mouth. | Who was responsible for the invention of the seismometer? | Who was responsible for the invention of the seismometer? | [
"Who was responsible for the invention of the seismometer?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zhang Heng"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14528 | 572fa7c3b2c2fd14005682ca | Han_dynasty | The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock, Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel. Zhang also invented a seismometer (Houfeng didong yi 候风地动仪) in 132 AD to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away. This employed an inverted pendulum that, when disturbed by ground tremors, would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths (representing all eight directions) into a metal toad's mouth. | In what year was the seismometer first invented? | In what year was the seismometer first invented? | [
"In what year was the seismometer first invented?"
] | {
"text": [
"132 AD"
],
"answer_start": [
570
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14529 | 572fa7c3b2c2fd14005682cb | Han_dynasty | The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock, Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel. Zhang also invented a seismometer (Houfeng didong yi 候风地动仪) in 132 AD to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away. This employed an inverted pendulum that, when disturbed by ground tremors, would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths (representing all eight directions) into a metal toad's mouth. | What invention included an inverted pendulum? | What invention included an inverted pendulum? | [
"What invention included an inverted pendulum?"
] | {
"text": [
"seismometer"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14530 | 572fa7c3b2c2fd14005682cc | Han_dynasty | The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock, Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel. Zhang also invented a seismometer (Houfeng didong yi 候风地动仪) in 132 AD to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away. This employed an inverted pendulum that, when disturbed by ground tremors, would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths (representing all eight directions) into a metal toad's mouth. | How many dragons were represented in Zhang Heng's invention of the seismometer? | How many dragons were represented in Zhang Heng's invention of the seismometer? | [
"How many dragons were represented in Zhang Heng's invention of the seismometer?"
] | {
"text": [
"eight"
],
"answer_start": [
818
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14531 | 572fa7c3b2c2fd14005682cd | Han_dynasty | The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock, Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel. Zhang also invented a seismometer (Houfeng didong yi 候风地动仪) in 132 AD to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away. This employed an inverted pendulum that, when disturbed by ground tremors, would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths (representing all eight directions) into a metal toad's mouth. | What was exchanged from mouth to mouth in the usage of the seismometer? | What was exchanged from mouth to mouth in the usage of the seismometer? | [
"What was exchanged from mouth to mouth in the usage of the seismometer?"
] | {
"text": [
"metal ball"
],
"answer_start": [
795
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14532 | 572fa95c947a6a140053cb30 | Han_dynasty | Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the Book on Numbers and Computation, the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles, square roots, cube roots, and matrix methods, finding more accurate approximations for pi, providing mathematical proof of the Pythagorean theorem, use of the decimal fraction, Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations, and continued fractions to find the roots of equations. | What type of treatise is the Book on Numbers and Computation considered to be? | What type of treatise is the Book on Numbers and Computation considered to be? | [
"What type of treatise is the Book on Numbers and Computation considered to be?"
] | {
"text": [
"mathematical"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14533 | 572fa95c947a6a140053cb31 | Han_dynasty | Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the Book on Numbers and Computation, the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles, square roots, cube roots, and matrix methods, finding more accurate approximations for pi, providing mathematical proof of the Pythagorean theorem, use of the decimal fraction, Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations, and continued fractions to find the roots of equations. | How many mathematical treatises have still managed to survive to this day? | How many mathematical treatises have still managed to survive to this day? | [
"How many mathematical treatises have still managed to survive to this day?"
] | {
"text": [
"Three"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14534 | 572fa95c947a6a140053cb32 | Han_dynasty | Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the Book on Numbers and Computation, the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles, square roots, cube roots, and matrix methods, finding more accurate approximations for pi, providing mathematical proof of the Pythagorean theorem, use of the decimal fraction, Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations, and continued fractions to find the roots of equations. | What achievement of the Han era can be used to help solve linear equations? | What achievement of the Han era can be used to help solve linear equations? | [
"What achievement of the Han era can be used to help solve linear equations?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gaussian elimination"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14535 | 572fa95c947a6a140053cb33 | Han_dynasty | Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the Book on Numbers and Computation, the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles, square roots, cube roots, and matrix methods, finding more accurate approximations for pi, providing mathematical proof of the Pythagorean theorem, use of the decimal fraction, Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations, and continued fractions to find the roots of equations. | During what era was the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art from? | During what era was the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art from? | [
"During what era was the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Han"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14536 | 572fa95c947a6a140053cb34 | Han_dynasty | Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the Book on Numbers and Computation, the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles, square roots, cube roots, and matrix methods, finding more accurate approximations for pi, providing mathematical proof of the Pythagorean theorem, use of the decimal fraction, Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations, and continued fractions to find the roots of equations. | What can be used to help find the roots of equations? | What can be used to help find the roots of equations? | [
"What can be used to help find the roots of equations?"
] | {
"text": [
"continued fractions"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14537 | 572faa5304bcaa1900d76b95 | Han_dynasty | One of the Han's greatest mathematical advancements was the world's first use of negative numbers. Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods, where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods. Negative numbers are used in the Bakhshali manuscript of ancient India, but its exact date of compilation is unknown. Negative numbers were also used by the Greek mathematician Diophantus in about 275 AD, but were not widely accepted in Europe until the 16th century AD. | In what treatise did negative numbers first appear? | In what treatise did negative numbers first appear? | [
"In what treatise did negative numbers first appear?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14538 | 572faa5304bcaa1900d76b96 | Han_dynasty | One of the Han's greatest mathematical advancements was the world's first use of negative numbers. Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods, where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods. Negative numbers are used in the Bakhshali manuscript of ancient India, but its exact date of compilation is unknown. Negative numbers were also used by the Greek mathematician Diophantus in about 275 AD, but were not widely accepted in Europe until the 16th century AD. | How were negative numbers first described during the Han period? | How were negative numbers first described during the Han period? | [
"How were negative numbers first described during the Han period?"
] | {
"text": [
"as black counting rods"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14539 | 572faa5304bcaa1900d76b97 | Han_dynasty | One of the Han's greatest mathematical advancements was the world's first use of negative numbers. Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods, where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods. Negative numbers are used in the Bakhshali manuscript of ancient India, but its exact date of compilation is unknown. Negative numbers were also used by the Greek mathematician Diophantus in about 275 AD, but were not widely accepted in Europe until the 16th century AD. | In what century were negative numbers more commonly accepted in Europe? | In what century were negative numbers more commonly accepted in Europe? | [
"In what century were negative numbers more commonly accepted in Europe?"
] | {
"text": [
"16th century AD"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14540 | 572faa5304bcaa1900d76b98 | Han_dynasty | One of the Han's greatest mathematical advancements was the world's first use of negative numbers. Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods, where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods. Negative numbers are used in the Bakhshali manuscript of ancient India, but its exact date of compilation is unknown. Negative numbers were also used by the Greek mathematician Diophantus in about 275 AD, but were not widely accepted in Europe until the 16th century AD. | What Indian manuscript also contains the useage of negative numbers? | What Indian manuscript also contains the useage of negative numbers? | [
"What Indian manuscript also contains the useage of negative numbers?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bakhshali"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14541 | 572faa5304bcaa1900d76b99 | Han_dynasty | One of the Han's greatest mathematical advancements was the world's first use of negative numbers. Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods, where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods. Negative numbers are used in the Bakhshali manuscript of ancient India, but its exact date of compilation is unknown. Negative numbers were also used by the Greek mathematician Diophantus in about 275 AD, but were not widely accepted in Europe until the 16th century AD. | What were positive numbers portayed as in the treatise of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art? | What were positive numbers portayed as in the treatise of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art? | [
"What were positive numbers portayed as in the treatise of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art?"
] | {
"text": [
"red counting rods"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14542 | 572fac1d04bcaa1900d76bbd | Han_dynasty | Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon, and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth. Although others disagreed with his model, Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds. | In what era was a geocentric view of the universe adopted? | In what era was a geocentric view of the universe adopted? | [
"In what era was a geocentric view of the universe adopted?"
] | {
"text": [
"Han"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14543 | 572fac1d04bcaa1900d76bbe | Han_dynasty | Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon, and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth. Although others disagreed with his model, Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds. | Who was able to describe the process of evaporation? | Who was able to describe the process of evaporation? | [
"Who was able to describe the process of evaporation?"
] | {
"text": [
"Wang Chong"
],
"answer_start": [
536
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14544 | 572fac1d04bcaa1900d76bbf | Han_dynasty | Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon, and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth. Although others disagreed with his model, Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds. | What object was assumed to block sunlight during a lunar eclipse? | What object was assumed to block sunlight during a lunar eclipse? | [
"What object was assumed to block sunlight during a lunar eclipse?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Earth"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14545 | 572fac1d04bcaa1900d76bc0 | Han_dynasty | Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon, and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth. Although others disagreed with his model, Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds. | What did astronomers believe the shape of the Sun to be during this era? | What did astronomers believe the shape of the Sun to be during this era? | [
"What did astronomers believe the shape of the Sun to be during this era?"
] | {
"text": [
"spherical"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14546 | 572fac1d04bcaa1900d76bc1 | Han_dynasty | Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon, and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth. Although others disagreed with his model, Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds. | What did astronomers during this area believe to be the center of the universe? | What did astronomers during this area believe to be the center of the universe? | [
"What did astronomers during this area believe to be the center of the universe?"
] | {
"text": [
"the earth"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14547 | 572fad40b2c2fd1400568321 | Han_dynasty | Evidence found in Chinese literature, and archaeological evidence, show that cartography existed in China before the Han. Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb. The general Ma Yuan created the world's first known raised-relief map from rice in the 1st century AD. This date could be revised if the tomb of Qin Shi Huang is excavated and the account in the Records of the Grand Historian concerning a model map of the empire is proven to be true. | What textile were some of the early Han maps made from? | What textile were some of the early Han maps made from? | [
"What textile were some of the early Han maps made from?"
] | {
"text": [
"silk"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14548 | 572fad40b2c2fd1400568322 | Han_dynasty | Evidence found in Chinese literature, and archaeological evidence, show that cartography existed in China before the Han. Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb. The general Ma Yuan created the world's first known raised-relief map from rice in the 1st century AD. This date could be revised if the tomb of Qin Shi Huang is excavated and the account in the Records of the Grand Historian concerning a model map of the empire is proven to be true. | In what type of building were silken maps found? | In what type of building were silken maps found? | [
"In what type of building were silken maps found?"
] | {
"text": [
"tomb"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14549 | 572fad40b2c2fd1400568323 | Han_dynasty | Evidence found in Chinese literature, and archaeological evidence, show that cartography existed in China before the Han. Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb. The general Ma Yuan created the world's first known raised-relief map from rice in the 1st century AD. This date could be revised if the tomb of Qin Shi Huang is excavated and the account in the Records of the Grand Historian concerning a model map of the empire is proven to be true. | Which individual created the very first raised relief map? | Which individual created the very first raised relief map? | [
"Which individual created the very first raised relief map?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ma Yuan"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14550 | 572fad40b2c2fd1400568324 | Han_dynasty | Evidence found in Chinese literature, and archaeological evidence, show that cartography existed in China before the Han. Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb. The general Ma Yuan created the world's first known raised-relief map from rice in the 1st century AD. This date could be revised if the tomb of Qin Shi Huang is excavated and the account in the Records of the Grand Historian concerning a model map of the empire is proven to be true. | What food stable was the first raised relief map created from? | What food stable was the first raised relief map created from? | [
"What food stable was the first raised relief map created from?"
] | {
"text": [
"rice"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14551 | 572fb04d947a6a140053cb78 | Han_dynasty | The Han-era Chinese sailed in a variety of ships differing from those of previous eras, such as the tower ship. The junk design was developed and realized during Han. Junks featured a square-ended bow and stern, a flat-bottomed hull or carvel-shaped hull with no keel or sternpost, and solid transverse bulkheads in the place of structural ribs found in Western vessels. Moreover, Han ships were the first in the world to be steered using a rudder at the stern, in contrast to the simpler steering oar used for riverine transport, allowing them to sail on the high seas. | What type of boat design was first invented during the Han era? | What type of boat design was first invented during the Han era? | [
"What type of boat design was first invented during the Han era?"
] | {
"text": [
"The junk design"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14552 | 572fb04d947a6a140053cb79 | Han_dynasty | The Han-era Chinese sailed in a variety of ships differing from those of previous eras, such as the tower ship. The junk design was developed and realized during Han. Junks featured a square-ended bow and stern, a flat-bottomed hull or carvel-shaped hull with no keel or sternpost, and solid transverse bulkheads in the place of structural ribs found in Western vessels. Moreover, Han ships were the first in the world to be steered using a rudder at the stern, in contrast to the simpler steering oar used for riverine transport, allowing them to sail on the high seas. | In what areas were Han ships able to be sailed in part due to the stern rudder? | In what areas were Han ships able to be sailed in part due to the stern rudder? | [
"In what areas were Han ships able to be sailed in part due to the stern rudder?"
] | {
"text": [
"high seas"
],
"answer_start": [
560
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14553 | 572fb04d947a6a140053cb7a | Han_dynasty | The Han-era Chinese sailed in a variety of ships differing from those of previous eras, such as the tower ship. The junk design was developed and realized during Han. Junks featured a square-ended bow and stern, a flat-bottomed hull or carvel-shaped hull with no keel or sternpost, and solid transverse bulkheads in the place of structural ribs found in Western vessels. Moreover, Han ships were the first in the world to be steered using a rudder at the stern, in contrast to the simpler steering oar used for riverine transport, allowing them to sail on the high seas. | What ship design contained a flat-bottomed hull? | What ship design contained a flat-bottomed hull? | [
"What ship design contained a flat-bottomed hull?"
] | {
"text": [
"Junks"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14554 | 572fb04d947a6a140053cb7b | Han_dynasty | The Han-era Chinese sailed in a variety of ships differing from those of previous eras, such as the tower ship. The junk design was developed and realized during Han. Junks featured a square-ended bow and stern, a flat-bottomed hull or carvel-shaped hull with no keel or sternpost, and solid transverse bulkheads in the place of structural ribs found in Western vessels. Moreover, Han ships were the first in the world to be steered using a rudder at the stern, in contrast to the simpler steering oar used for riverine transport, allowing them to sail on the high seas. | What type of transport was the steering oar most likely to be used during? | What type of transport was the steering oar most likely to be used during? | [
"What type of transport was the steering oar most likely to be used during?"
] | {
"text": [
"riverine transport"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14555 | 572fb186a23a5019007fc8b5 | Han_dynasty | Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe, namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase. Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or "vital energy" channels leading to a certain organ had been disrupted. Thus, Han-era physicians prescribed medicine that was believed to counteract this imbalance. For example, since the wood phase was believed to promote the fire phase, medicinal ingredients associated with the wood phase could be used to heal an organ associated with the fire phase. To this end, the physician Zhang Zhongjing (c. 150–c. 219 AD) prescribed regulated diets rich in certain foods that were thought to cure specific illnesses. These are now known to be nutrition disorders caused by the lack of certain vitamins consumed in one's diet. Besides dieting, Han physicians also prescribed moxibustion, acupuncture, and calisthenics as methods of maintaining one's health. When surgery was performed by the physician Hua Tuo (d. 208 AD), he used anesthesia to numb his patients' pain and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgical wounds. | Who believed that the same forces that controlled the universe also controlled the human body? | Who believed that the same forces that controlled the universe also controlled the human body? | [
"Who believed that the same forces that controlled the universe also controlled the human body?"
] | {
"text": [
"Han-era medical physicians"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14556 | 572fb186a23a5019007fc8b6 | Han_dynasty | Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe, namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase. Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or "vital energy" channels leading to a certain organ had been disrupted. Thus, Han-era physicians prescribed medicine that was believed to counteract this imbalance. For example, since the wood phase was believed to promote the fire phase, medicinal ingredients associated with the wood phase could be used to heal an organ associated with the fire phase. To this end, the physician Zhang Zhongjing (c. 150–c. 219 AD) prescribed regulated diets rich in certain foods that were thought to cure specific illnesses. These are now known to be nutrition disorders caused by the lack of certain vitamins consumed in one's diet. Besides dieting, Han physicians also prescribed moxibustion, acupuncture, and calisthenics as methods of maintaining one's health. When surgery was performed by the physician Hua Tuo (d. 208 AD), he used anesthesia to numb his patients' pain and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgical wounds. | What was used during surgery to relieve patients of their pain? | What was used during surgery to relieve patients of their pain? | [
"What was used during surgery to relieve patients of their pain?"
] | {
"text": [
"anesthesia"
],
"answer_start": [
1128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14557 | 572fb186a23a5019007fc8b7 | Han_dynasty | Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe, namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase. Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or "vital energy" channels leading to a certain organ had been disrupted. Thus, Han-era physicians prescribed medicine that was believed to counteract this imbalance. For example, since the wood phase was believed to promote the fire phase, medicinal ingredients associated with the wood phase could be used to heal an organ associated with the fire phase. To this end, the physician Zhang Zhongjing (c. 150–c. 219 AD) prescribed regulated diets rich in certain foods that were thought to cure specific illnesses. These are now known to be nutrition disorders caused by the lack of certain vitamins consumed in one's diet. Besides dieting, Han physicians also prescribed moxibustion, acupuncture, and calisthenics as methods of maintaining one's health. When surgery was performed by the physician Hua Tuo (d. 208 AD), he used anesthesia to numb his patients' pain and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgical wounds. | What profession was the individual Zhang Zhongjing involved in? | What profession was the individual Zhang Zhongjing involved in? | [
"What profession was the individual Zhang Zhongjing involved in?"
] | {
"text": [
"physician"
],
"answer_start": [
675
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14558 | 572fb186a23a5019007fc8b8 | Han_dynasty | Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe, namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase. Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or "vital energy" channels leading to a certain organ had been disrupted. Thus, Han-era physicians prescribed medicine that was believed to counteract this imbalance. For example, since the wood phase was believed to promote the fire phase, medicinal ingredients associated with the wood phase could be used to heal an organ associated with the fire phase. To this end, the physician Zhang Zhongjing (c. 150–c. 219 AD) prescribed regulated diets rich in certain foods that were thought to cure specific illnesses. These are now known to be nutrition disorders caused by the lack of certain vitamins consumed in one's diet. Besides dieting, Han physicians also prescribed moxibustion, acupuncture, and calisthenics as methods of maintaining one's health. When surgery was performed by the physician Hua Tuo (d. 208 AD), he used anesthesia to numb his patients' pain and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgical wounds. | How did Zhang Zhongjing attempt to cure various illnesses? | How did Zhang Zhongjing attempt to cure various illnesses? | [
"How did Zhang Zhongjing attempt to cure various illnesses?"
] | {
"text": [
"prescribed regulated diets"
],
"answer_start": [
720
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14559 | 572fb186a23a5019007fc8b9 | Han_dynasty | Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe, namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase. Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or "vital energy" channels leading to a certain organ had been disrupted. Thus, Han-era physicians prescribed medicine that was believed to counteract this imbalance. For example, since the wood phase was believed to promote the fire phase, medicinal ingredients associated with the wood phase could be used to heal an organ associated with the fire phase. To this end, the physician Zhang Zhongjing (c. 150–c. 219 AD) prescribed regulated diets rich in certain foods that were thought to cure specific illnesses. These are now known to be nutrition disorders caused by the lack of certain vitamins consumed in one's diet. Besides dieting, Han physicians also prescribed moxibustion, acupuncture, and calisthenics as methods of maintaining one's health. When surgery was performed by the physician Hua Tuo (d. 208 AD), he used anesthesia to numb his patients' pain and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgical wounds. | When did Hua Tuo die? | When did Hua Tuo die? | [
"When did Hua Tuo die?"
] | {
"text": [
"208 AD"
],
"answer_start": [
1111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14560 | 573013b0b2c2fd140056881d | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. | What did Whitehead first study? | What did Whitehead first study? | [
"What did Whitehead first study?"
] | {
"text": [
"mathematics"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14561 | 573013b0b2c2fd140056881e | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. | What was Whitehead's second area of study? | What was Whitehead's second area of study? | [
"What was Whitehead's second area of study?"
] | {
"text": [
"philosophy"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14562 | 573013b0b2c2fd140056881f | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. | What was Whitehead's final area of study? | What was Whitehead's final area of study? | [
"What was Whitehead's final area of study?"
] | {
"text": [
"metaphysics"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14563 | 573013b0b2c2fd1400568820 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. | What type of system did he develop? | What type of system did he develop? | [
"What type of system did he develop?"
] | {
"text": [
"metaphysical"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14564 | 573013b0b2c2fd1400568821 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. | What did Whitehead argue reality consists of? | What did Whitehead argue reality consists of? | [
"What did Whitehead argue reality consists of?"
] | {
"text": [
"processes"
],
"answer_start": [
306
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14565 | 57331b0dd058e614000b56fa | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. | During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from mathematics? | During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from mathematics? | [
"During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from mathematics?"
] | {
"text": [
"1910s"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14566 | 57331b0dd058e614000b56fb | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. | After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead explore? | After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead explore? | [
"After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead explore?"
] | {
"text": [
"philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14567 | 57331b0dd058e614000b56fc | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. | As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe reality is composed of? | As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe reality is composed of? | [
"As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe reality is composed of?"
] | {
"text": [
"processes"
],
"answer_start": [
306
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14568 | 57331b0dd058e614000b56fd | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. | What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead opposed? | What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead opposed? | [
"What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead opposed?"
] | {
"text": [
"reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14569 | 57331b0dd058e614000b56fe | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. | What book of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy? | What book of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy? | [
"What book of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Process and Reality"
],
"answer_start": [
603
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14570 | 5ad3c8e4604f3c001a3ff081 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. | During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from science? | During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from science? | [
"During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from science?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14571 | 5ad3c8e4604f3c001a3ff082 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. | As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe nonreality is composed of? | As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe nonreality is composed of? | [
" As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe nonreality is composed of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14572 | 5ad3c8e4604f3c001a3ff083 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. | What song of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy? | What song of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy? | [
"What song of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14573 | 5ad3c8e4604f3c001a3ff084 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. | After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead reject? | After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead reject? | [
" After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead reject?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14574 | 5ad3c8e4604f3c001a3ff085 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. | What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead agreed with? | What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead agreed with? | [
"What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead agreed with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14575 | 57301444947a6a140053d070 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. | Where was Alfred North Whitehead born? | Where was Alfred North Whitehead born? | [
"Where was Alfred North Whitehead born? "
] | {
"text": [
"Ramsgate, Kent, England"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14576 | 57301444947a6a140053d071 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. | What year was Whitehead born? | What year was Whitehead born? | [
"What year was Whitehead born?"
] | {
"text": [
"1861"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14577 | 57301444947a6a140053d072 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. | What was Whitehead's father's profession? | What was Whitehead's father's profession? | [
"What was Whitehead's father's profession?"
] | {
"text": [
"minister and schoolmaster"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14578 | 57301444947a6a140053d073 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. | What was Whitehead's mother's name? | What was Whitehead's mother's name? | [
"What was Whitehead's mother's name?"
] | {
"text": [
"Maria Sarah Whitehead,"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14579 | 57301444947a6a140053d074 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. | What was Whitehead's wife's name? | What was Whitehead's wife's name? | [
"What was Whitehead's wife's name?"
] | {
"text": [
"Evelyn"
],
"answer_start": [
623
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14580 | 57331bdad058e614000b5704 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. | Where was Alfred North Whitehead born? | Where was Alfred North Whitehead born? | [
"Where was Alfred North Whitehead born?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ramsgate, Kent, England"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14581 | 57331bdad058e614000b5705 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. | In what year was Whitehead born? | In what year was Whitehead born? | [
"In what year was Whitehead born?"
] | {
"text": [
"1861"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14582 | 57331bdad058e614000b5706 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. | Who founded Chatham House Academy? | Who founded Chatham House Academy? | [
"Who founded Chatham House Academy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14583 | 57331bdad058e614000b5707 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. | What was Whitehead's father's profession? | What was Whitehead's father's profession? | [
"What was Whitehead's father's profession?"
] | {
"text": [
"minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14584 | 57331bdad058e614000b5708 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. | Who was Whitehead's mother? | Who was Whitehead's mother? | [
"Who was Whitehead's mother?"
] | {
"text": [
"Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14585 | 5ad3c91f604f3c001a3ff08b | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. | Where was Alfred West Whitehead born? | Where was Alfred West Whitehead born? | [
"Where was Alfred West Whitehead born?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14586 | 5ad3c91f604f3c001a3ff08c | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. | What happened in 1864? | What happened in 1864? | [
"What happened in 1864?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14587 | 5ad3c91f604f3c001a3ff08d | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. | Who destroyed Chatham House Academy? | Who destroyed Chatham House Academy? | [
" Who destroyed Chatham House Academy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14588 | 5ad3c91f604f3c001a3ff08e | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. | What was Whitehead's father's hobbies? | What was Whitehead's father's hobbies? | [
" What was Whitehead's father's hobbies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14589 | 5ad3c91f604f3c001a3ff08f | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her. | Who was Whitehead's aunt? | Who was Whitehead's aunt? | [
" Who was Whitehead's aunt?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14590 | 5730289204bcaa1900d77277 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students. | When did Whitehead accept administrative positions? | When did Whitehead accept administrative positions? | [
"When did Whitehead accept administrative positions?"
] | {
"text": [
"1918"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14591 | 5730289204bcaa1900d77278 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students. | Where did Whitehead accept administrative positions? | Where did Whitehead accept administrative positions? | [
"Where did Whitehead accept administrative positions?"
] | {
"text": [
"University of London"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14592 | 5730289204bcaa1900d77279 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students. | What was he elected at the University of London? | What was he elected at the University of London? | [
"What was he elected at the University of London?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dean of the Faculty of Science"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14593 | 5730289204bcaa1900d7727a | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students. | When did Whitehead go to America? | When did Whitehead go to America? | [
"When did Whitehead go to America?"
] | {
"text": [
"1924"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14594 | 57331ea14776f419006606f4 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students. | In which educational system was Whitehead employed in the late 1910s? | In which educational system was Whitehead employed in the late 1910s? | [
"In which educational system was Whitehead employed in the late 1910s?"
] | {
"text": [
"University of London system"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14595 | 57331ea14776f419006606f5 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students. | What was Whitehead's title at the University of London in late 1918? | What was Whitehead's title at the University of London in late 1918? | [
"What was Whitehead's title at the University of London in late 1918?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dean of the Faculty of Science"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14596 | 57331ea14776f419006606f6 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students. | What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to America? | What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to America? | [
"What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to America?"
] | {
"text": [
"chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14597 | 57331ea14776f419006606f7 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students. | In which year did Whitehead relocate to America? | In which year did Whitehead relocate to America? | [
"In which year did Whitehead relocate to America?"
] | {
"text": [
"1924"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14598 | 57331ea14776f419006606f8 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students. | What degree program did Whitehead contribute to establishing at University of London? | What degree program did Whitehead contribute to establishing at University of London? | [
"What degree program did Whitehead contribute to establishing at University of London?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bachelor of Science"
],
"answer_start": [
662
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14599 | 5ad3dd30604f3c001a3ff42f | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students. | In which year did Whitehead relocate to Africa? | In which year did Whitehead relocate to Africa? | [
"In which year did Whitehead relocate to Africa?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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