gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-14600 | 5ad3dd30604f3c001a3ff430 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students. | What degree program did Whitehead contribute to unestablishing at University of London? | What degree program did Whitehead contribute to unestablishing at University of London? | [
"What degree program did Whitehead contribute to unestablishing at University of London?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14601 | 5ad3dd30604f3c001a3ff431 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students. | What was Whitehead's title at the University of France in late 1918? | What was Whitehead's title at the University of France in late 1918? | [
"What was Whitehead's title at the University of France in late 1918?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14602 | 5ad3dd30604f3c001a3ff432 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students. | What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to Africa? | What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to Africa? | [
" What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to Africa?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14603 | 57302ae6b2c2fd14005689bf | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him." | How many volumes is the biography of Whitehead? | How many volumes is the biography of Whitehead? | [
"How many volumes is the biography of Whitehead?"
] | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14604 | 57302ae6b2c2fd14005689c0 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him." | Who wrote the biography of Whitehead? | Who wrote the biography of Whitehead? | [
"Who wrote the biography of Whitehead?"
] | {
"text": [
"Victor Lowe"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14605 | 57302ae6b2c2fd14005689c1 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him." | What was Whitehead's wish upon his death for his family? | What was Whitehead's wish upon his death for his family? | [
"What was Whitehead's wish upon his death for his family?"
] | {
"text": [
"all of his papers be destroyed after his death."
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14606 | 57302ae6b2c2fd14005689c2 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him." | What did Whitehead believe in so profusely that it was difficult to write a biography on him? | What did Whitehead believe in so profusely that it was difficult to write a biography on him? | [
"What did Whitehead believe in so profusely that it was difficult to write a biography on him?"
] | {
"text": [
"right to privacy"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14607 | 57332015d058e614000b570e | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him." | Who authored Whitehead's biography that is considered to be the most reliable description of Whitehead's life? | Who authored Whitehead's biography that is considered to be the most reliable description of Whitehead's life? | [
"Who authored Whitehead's biography that is considered to be the most reliable description of Whitehead's life?"
] | {
"text": [
"Victor Lowe"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14608 | 57332015d058e614000b570f | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him." | Why was no Nachlass left behind after Whitehead's death? | Why was no Nachlass left behind after Whitehead's death? | [
"Why was no Nachlass left behind after Whitehead's death?"
] | {
"text": [
"his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14609 | 57332015d058e614000b5710 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him." | What was Whitehead's opinion on privacy? | What was Whitehead's opinion on privacy? | [
"What was Whitehead's opinion on privacy?"
] | {
"text": [
"almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14610 | 57332015d058e614000b5711 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him." | What did the author of Whitehead's biography comment on the first page regarding the difficulty of obtaining information about Whitehead? | What did the author of Whitehead's biography comment on the first page regarding the difficulty of obtaining information about Whitehead? | [
"What did the author of Whitehead's biography comment on the first page regarding the difficulty of obtaining information about Whitehead?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him.\""
],
"answer_start": [
565
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14611 | 5ad3c964604f3c001a3ff095 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him." | Who authored Whitehead's biography that is considered to be the least reliable description of Whitehead's life? | Who authored Whitehead's biography that is considered to be the least reliable description of Whitehead's life? | [
"Who authored Whitehead's biography that is considered to be the least reliable description of Whitehead's life?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14612 | 5ad3c964604f3c001a3ff096 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him." | Why was every Nachlass left behind after Whitehead's death? | Why was every Nachlass left behind after Whitehead's death? | [
" Why was every Nachlass left behind after Whitehead's death?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14613 | 5ad3c964604f3c001a3ff097 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him." | What was Whitehead's opinion on public matters? | What was Whitehead's opinion on public matters? | [
" What was Whitehead's opinion on public matters?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14614 | 5ad3c964604f3c001a3ff098 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him." | What did the author of Whitehead's biography comment on the first page regarding the ease of obtaining information about Whitehead? | What did the author of Whitehead's biography comment on the first page regarding the ease of obtaining information about Whitehead? | [
"What did the author of Whitehead's biography comment on the first page regarding the ease of obtaining information about Whitehead?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14615 | 5ad3c964604f3c001a3ff099 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him." | How many pages is the biography of Whitehead? | How many pages is the biography of Whitehead? | [
" How many pages is the biography of Whitehead?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14616 | 57302b8004bcaa1900d772b9 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. | What did Whitehead publish numerous articles about? | What did Whitehead publish numerous articles about? | [
"What did Whitehead publish numerous articles about?"
] | {
"text": [
"mathematics"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14617 | 57302b8004bcaa1900d772ba | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. | How many books on mathematics did Whitehead write? | How many books on mathematics did Whitehead write? | [
"How many books on mathematics did Whitehead write?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14618 | 57302b8004bcaa1900d772bb | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. | Who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Whitehead? | Who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Whitehead? | [
"Who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Whitehead?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bertrand Russell"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14619 | 57302b8004bcaa1900d772bc | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. | Which of Whitehead's books is known as one of the most important works in mathematical logical? | Which of Whitehead's books is known as one of the most important works in mathematical logical? | [
"Which of Whitehead's books is known as one of the most important works in mathematical logical?"
] | {
"text": [
"Principia Mathematica"
],
"answer_start": [
498
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14620 | 57302b8004bcaa1900d772bd | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. | When did Whitehead write his first book? | When did Whitehead write his first book? | [
"When did Whitehead write his first book? "
] | {
"text": [
"1898"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14621 | 5733229dd058e614000b5716 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. | What was Whitehead's first published book on mathematics? | What was Whitehead's first published book on mathematics? | [
"What was Whitehead's first published book on mathematics?"
] | {
"text": [
"A Treatise on Universal Algebra"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14622 | 5733229dd058e614000b5717 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. | With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica? | With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica? | [
"With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bertrand Russell"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14623 | 5733229dd058e614000b5718 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. | Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's first two mathematics books? | Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's first two mathematics books? | [
"Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's first two mathematics books?"
] | {
"text": [
"professional mathematicians"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14624 | 5733229dd058e614000b5719 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. | What was Whitehead's final book on mathematics? | What was Whitehead's final book on mathematics? | [
"What was Whitehead's final book on mathematics?"
] | {
"text": [
"An Introduction to Mathematics"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14625 | 5733229dd058e614000b571a | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. | What is the significance of Principia Mathematica currently? | What is the significance of Principia Mathematica currently? | [
"What is the significance of Principia Mathematica currently?"
] | {
"text": [
"regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
537
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14626 | 5ad3c9a9604f3c001a3ff0a9 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. | What was Whitehead's first unpublished book on mathematics? | What was Whitehead's first unpublished book on mathematics? | [
" What was Whitehead's first unpublished book on mathematics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14627 | 5ad3c9a9604f3c001a3ff0aa | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. | With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead reject to write Principia Mathematica? | With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead reject to write Principia Mathematica? | [
"With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead reject to write Principia Mathematica?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14628 | 5ad3c9a9604f3c001a3ff0ab | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. | What was Whitehead's last unpublished book on mathematics? | What was Whitehead's last unpublished book on mathematics? | [
" What was Whitehead's last unpublished book on mathematics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14629 | 5ad3c9a9604f3c001a3ff0ac | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. | What is the insignificance of Principia Mathematica currently? | What is the insignificance of Principia Mathematica currently? | [
" What is the insignificance of Principia Mathematica currently?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14630 | 5ad3c9a9604f3c001a3ff0ad | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century. | Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's last mathematics books? | Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's last mathematics books? | [
"Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's last mathematics books?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14631 | 57302cc5947a6a140053d216 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes." | Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the need for what? | Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the need for what? | [
"Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the need for what?"
] | {
"text": [
"expand algebraic structures"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14632 | 57302cc5947a6a140053d217 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes." | What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures possessed? | What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures possessed? | [
"What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures possessed? "
] | {
"text": [
"unity of design"
],
"answer_start": [
470
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14633 | 57302cc5947a6a140053d218 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes." | Reviewer Alexander Macfarlane believed that the main idea of the work is a comparative study of what? | Reviewer Alexander Macfarlane believed that the main idea of the work is a comparative study of what? | [
"Reviewer Alexander Macfarlane believed that the main idea of the work is a comparative study of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"several structures"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14634 | 573324c9d058e614000b572a | Alfred_North_Whitehead | At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes." | What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions demonstrate a need for? | What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions demonstrate a need for? | [
"What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions demonstrate a need for?"
] | {
"text": [
"the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14635 | 573324c9d058e614000b572b | Alfred_North_Whitehead | At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes." | How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between different methods in "A Treatise on Algebra" in his review? | How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between different methods in "A Treatise on Algebra" in his review? | [
"How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between different methods in \"A Treatise on Algebra\" in his review?"
] | {
"text": [
"comparative study of their several structures"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14636 | 573324c9d058e614000b572c | Alfred_North_Whitehead | At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes." | What was G.B. Matthew's opinion of "A Treatise on Algebra"? | What was G.B. Matthew's opinion of "A Treatise on Algebra"? | [
"What was G.B. Matthew's opinion of \"A Treatise on Algebra\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes.\""
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14637 | 5ad3ca05604f3c001a3ff0bd | Alfred_North_Whitehead | At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes." | How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between similar methods in "A Treatise on Algebra" in his review? | How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between similar methods in "A Treatise on Algebra" in his review? | [
"How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between similar methods in \"A Treatise on Algebra\" in his review?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14638 | 5ad3ca05604f3c001a3ff0be | Alfred_North_Whitehead | At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes." | What wasnt' G.B. Matthew's opinion of "A Treatise on Algebra"? | What wasnt' G.B. Matthew's opinion of "A Treatise on Algebra"? | [
" What wasnt' G.B. Matthew's opinion of \"A Treatise on Algebra\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14639 | 5ad3ca05604f3c001a3ff0bf | Alfred_North_Whitehead | At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes." | What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions not demonstrate a need for? | What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions not demonstrate a need for? | [
"What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions not demonstrate a need for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14640 | 5ad3ca05604f3c001a3ff0c0 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes." | Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the lack of need for what? | Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the lack of need for what? | [
"Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the lack of need for what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14641 | 5ad3ca05604f3c001a3ff0c1 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes." | What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures did not possess? | What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures did not possess? | [
"What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures did not possess?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14642 | 57302d8ea23a5019007fcf05 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica. | How long did Whitehead and Russell think it would take them to complete Principia Mathematica? | How long did Whitehead and Russell think it would take them to complete Principia Mathematica? | [
"How long did Whitehead and Russell think it would take them to complete Principia Mathematica?"
] | {
"text": [
"a year"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14643 | 57302d8ea23a5019007fcf06 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica. | How long did it actually take Whitehead and Russell to complete Principia Mathematica? | How long did it actually take Whitehead and Russell to complete Principia Mathematica? | [
"How long did it actually take Whitehead and Russell to complete Principia Mathematica?"
] | {
"text": [
"ten years"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14644 | 57302d8ea23a5019007fcf07 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica. | How many volumes was Principia Mathematica? | How many volumes was Principia Mathematica? | [
"How many volumes was Principia Mathematica?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14645 | 57302d8ea23a5019007fcf08 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica. | How many pages was Principia Mathematica? | How many pages was Principia Mathematica? | [
"How many pages was Principia Mathematica?"
] | {
"text": [
"2,000"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14646 | 57302d8ea23a5019007fcf09 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica. | Who paid to publish Principia Mathematica? | Who paid to publish Principia Mathematica? | [
"Who paid to publish Principia Mathematica?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cambridge University Press"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14647 | 573326c84776f4190066071c | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica. | How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica? | How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica? | [
"How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica?"
] | {
"text": [
"a year"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14648 | 573326c84776f4190066071d | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica. | How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica? | How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica? | [
"How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica? "
] | {
"text": [
"ten years"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14649 | 573326c84776f4190066071e | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica. | Why was there a funding shortfall for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica? | Why was there a funding shortfall for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica? | [
"Why was there a funding shortfall for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica? "
] | {
"text": [
"the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians)"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14650 | 573326c84776f4190066071f | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica. | Who supplied the funding to cover the shortfall? | Who supplied the funding to cover the shortfall? | [
"Who supplied the funding to cover the shortfall?"
] | {
"text": [
"00 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14651 | 573326c84776f41900660720 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica. | How prevalent is Principia Mathematica today? | How prevalent is Principia Mathematica today? | [
"How prevalent is Principia Mathematica today?"
] | {
"text": [
"today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica"
],
"answer_start": [
539
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14652 | 5ad3ca55604f3c001a3ff0d1 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica. | How long did Whitehead and Russell not expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica? | How long did Whitehead and Russell not expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica? | [
"How long did Whitehead and Russell not expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14653 | 5ad3ca55604f3c001a3ff0d2 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica. | Why was there a funding burst for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica? | Why was there a funding burst for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica? | [
"Why was there a funding burst for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14654 | 5ad3ca55604f3c001a3ff0d3 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica. | Who didn't supply the funding to cover the shortfall? | Who didn't supply the funding to cover the shortfall? | [
" Who didn't supply the funding to cover the shortfall?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14655 | 5ad3ca55604f3c001a3ff0d4 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica. | How prevalent is Principia Mathematica when it came out? | How prevalent is Principia Mathematica when it came out? | [
" How prevalent is Principia Mathematica when it came out?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14656 | 57302ed0947a6a140053d242 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. | When was Kurt Godel's incompleteness theorem? | When was Kurt Godel's incompleteness theorem? | [
"When was Kurt Godel's incompleteness theorem?"
] | {
"text": [
"1931"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14657 | 57302ed0947a6a140053d243 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. | What did Kurt Godel's theorem demonstrate about axioms and the inference rules? | What did Kurt Godel's theorem demonstrate about axioms and the inference rules? | [
"What did Kurt Godel's theorem demonstrate about axioms and the inference rules?"
] | {
"text": [
"some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14658 | 57302ed0947a6a140053d244 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. | Godel couldn't have come to his conclusion without what book? | Godel couldn't have come to his conclusion without what book? | [
"Godel couldn't have come to his conclusion without what book?"
] | {
"text": [
"Principia Mathematica"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14659 | 57302ed0947a6a140053d245 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. | Besides logic and epistemology, what else did Principia Mathematica connect? | Besides logic and epistemology, what else did Principia Mathematica connect? | [
"Besides logic and epistemology, what else did Principia Mathematica connect?"
] | {
"text": [
"metaphysics"
],
"answer_start": [
793
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14660 | 57332caa4776f41900660744 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. | What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules declared in Principia Mathematica? | What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules declared in Principia Mathematica? | [
"What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules declared in Principia Mathematica? "
] | {
"text": [
"mixed"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14661 | 57332caa4776f41900660745 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. | Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1931? | Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1931? | [
"Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1931?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kurt Gödel"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14662 | 57332caa4776f41900660746 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. | What did the incompleteness theorem of 1931 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica? | What did the incompleteness theorem of 1931 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica? | [
"What did the incompleteness theorem of 1931 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica?"
] | {
"text": [
"for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14663 | 57332caa4776f41900660747 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. | Why was Gödels finding ironic? | Why was Gödels finding ironic? | [
"Why was Gödels finding ironic?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14664 | 57332caa4776f41900660748 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. | Despite its imperfection, what are now considered valuable achievements of Principia Mathematica? | Despite its imperfection, what are now considered valuable achievements of Principia Mathematica? | [
"Despite its imperfection, what are now considered valuable achievements of Principia Mathematica?"
] | {
"text": [
"the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics"
],
"answer_start": [
682
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14665 | 5ad3de8b604f3c001a3ff46f | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. | What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules not declared in Principia Mathematica? | What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules not declared in Principia Mathematica? | [
"What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules not declared in Principia Mathematica?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14666 | 5ad3de8b604f3c001a3ff470 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. | Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1961? | Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1961? | [
" Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1961?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14667 | 5ad3de8b604f3c001a3ff471 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. | What did the incompleteness theorem of 1955 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica? | What did the incompleteness theorem of 1955 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica? | [
"What did the incompleteness theorem of 1955 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14668 | 5730303c04bcaa1900d7731b | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful." | What year was The Aims of Education and Other Essays published? | What year was The Aims of Education and Other Essays published? | [
"What year was The Aims of Education and Other Essays published?"
] | {
"text": [
"1929"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14669 | 5730303c04bcaa1900d7731c | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful." | What was the Aims of Education and Other Essays comprised of? | What was the Aims of Education and Other Essays comprised of? | [
"What was the Aims of Education and Other Essays comprised of?"
] | {
"text": [
"numerous essays and addresses"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14670 | 5730303c04bcaa1900d7731d | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful." | What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching? | What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching? | [
"What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching?"
] | {
"text": [
"inert ideas"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14671 | 57332e96d058e614000b576c | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful." | When was "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" published? | When was "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" published? | [
"When was \"The Aims of Education and Other Essays\" published?"
] | {
"text": [
"1929"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14672 | 57332e96d058e614000b576d | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful." | During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" composed? | During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" composed? | [
"During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in \"The Aims of Education and Other Essays\" composed?"
] | {
"text": [
"between 1912 and 1927"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14673 | 57332e96d058e614000b576e | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful." | What is the origin of the title of the book? | What is the origin of the title of the book? | [
"What is the origin of the title of the book?"
] | {
"text": [
"The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14674 | 57332e96d058e614000b576f | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful." | How did Whitehead define "inert ideas"? | How did Whitehead define "inert ideas"? | [
"How did Whitehead define \"inert ideas\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14675 | 57332e96d058e614000b5770 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful." | What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in education? | What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in education? | [
"What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in education?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful.\""
],
"answer_start": [
569
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14676 | 5ad3ca9e604f3c001a3ff0d9 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful." | When was "The Aims of DeEducation and Other Essays" published? | When was "The Aims of DeEducation and Other Essays" published? | [
"When was \"The Aims of DeEducation and Other Essays\" published?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14677 | 5ad3ca9e604f3c001a3ff0da | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful." | During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" destroyed? | During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" destroyed? | [
"During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in \"The Aims of Education and Other Essays\" destroyed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14678 | 5ad3ca9e604f3c001a3ff0db | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful." | What is the origin of the title of the song? | What is the origin of the title of the song? | [
" What is the origin of the title of the song?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14679 | 5ad3ca9e604f3c001a3ff0dc | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful." | How didn't Whitehead define "inert ideas"? | How didn't Whitehead define "inert ideas"? | [
" How didn't Whitehead define \"inert ideas\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14680 | 5ad3ca9e604f3c001a3ff0dd | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful." | What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in noneducation? | What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in noneducation? | [
"What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in noneducation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14681 | 57303159a23a5019007fcf51 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model – it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate. | Whitehead's education style was to teach what? | Whitehead's education style was to teach what? | [
"Whitehead's education style was to teach what?"
] | {
"text": [
"a relatively few important concepts"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14682 | 57303159a23a5019007fcf52 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model – it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate. | What should Whitehead's students organically link due to his teaching methods? | What should Whitehead's students organically link due to his teaching methods? | [
"What should Whitehead's students organically link due to his teaching methods?"
] | {
"text": [
"different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life."
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14683 | 57303159a23a5019007fcf53 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model – it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate. | Whitehead believed education should be the opposite of what? | Whitehead believed education should be the opposite of what? | [
"Whitehead believed education should be the opposite of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"value-free school model"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14684 | 573330eb4776f41900660762 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model – it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate. | What did Whitehead believe regarding the variety of subjects in education? | What did Whitehead believe regarding the variety of subjects in education? | [
"What did Whitehead believe regarding the variety of subjects in education?"
] | {
"text": [
"Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14685 | 573330eb4776f41900660763 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model – it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate. | How did Whitehead propose that students would expand their knowledge beyond the subjects taught in school? | How did Whitehead propose that students would expand their knowledge beyond the subjects taught in school? | [
"How did Whitehead propose that students would expand their knowledge beyond the subjects taught in school?"
] | {
"text": [
"important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14686 | 573330eb4776f41900660764 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model – it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate. | What was Whitehead's general opinion of what the school model should be? | What was Whitehead's general opinion of what the school model should be? | [
"What was Whitehead's general opinion of what the school model should be?"
] | {
"text": [
"For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14687 | 573330eb4776f41900660765 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model – it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate. | What was Whitehead's opinion on the inclusion of values and general principles in education? | What was Whitehead's opinion on the inclusion of values and general principles in education? | [
"What was Whitehead's opinion on the inclusion of values and general principles in education?"
] | {
"text": [
"it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14688 | 5ad3cb1a604f3c001a3ff0f7 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model – it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate. | How did Whitehead reject that students would expand their knowledge beyond the subjects taught in school? | How did Whitehead reject that students would expand their knowledge beyond the subjects taught in school? | [
"How did Whitehead reject that students would expand their knowledge beyond the subjects taught in school?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14689 | 5ad3cb1a604f3c001a3ff0f8 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model – it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate. | What was Whitehead's opinion on the inclusion of values and general principles in noneducation? | What was Whitehead's opinion on the inclusion of values and general principles in noneducation? | [
"What was Whitehead's opinion on the inclusion of values and general principles in noneducation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14690 | 5ad3cb1a604f3c001a3ff0f9 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model – it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate. | What did Whitehead believe regarding the lack of variety of subjects in education? | What did Whitehead believe regarding the lack of variety of subjects in education? | [
"What did Whitehead believe regarding the lack of variety of subjects in education?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14691 | 5ad3cb1a604f3c001a3ff0fa | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model – it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate. | What was Whitehead's general opinion of what the school model shouldn't be? | What was Whitehead's general opinion of what the school model shouldn't be? | [
"What was Whitehead's general opinion of what the school model shouldn't be?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14692 | 57303233a23a5019007fcf57 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter." Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians. | What is the highest Whitehead was trained in philosophy? | What is the highest Whitehead was trained in philosophy? | [
"What is the highest Whitehead was trained in philosophy? "
] | {
"text": [
"undergraduate"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14693 | 57303233a23a5019007fcf58 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter." Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians. | What did Whitehead consider himself as a philosopher? | What did Whitehead consider himself as a philosopher? | [
"What did Whitehead consider himself as a philosopher? "
] | {
"text": [
"rank amateur"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14694 | 57303233a23a5019007fcf59 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter." Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians. | What is the relationship between Whitehead and Russell? | What is the relationship between Whitehead and Russell? | [
"What is the relationship between Whitehead and Russell?"
] | {
"text": [
"friend and former student"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14695 | 57303233a23a5019007fcf5a | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter." Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians. | What was Whitehead considered as a metaphysician? | What was Whitehead considered as a metaphysician? | [
"What was Whitehead considered as a metaphysician?"
] | {
"text": [
"one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians."
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14696 | 573332b94776f4190066077e | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter." Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians. | What was the extent of Whitehead's education in philosophy? | What was the extent of Whitehead's education in philosophy? | [
"What was the extent of Whitehead's education in philosophy?"
] | {
"text": [
"he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14697 | 573332b94776f4190066077f | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter." Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians. | With what friend and former student did Whitehead correspond regarding the goals of science? | With what friend and former student did Whitehead correspond regarding the goals of science? | [
"With what friend and former student did Whitehead correspond regarding the goals of science?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bertrand Russell"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14698 | 573332b94776f41900660780 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter." Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians. | What was Whitehead's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence? | What was Whitehead's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence? | [
"What was Whitehead's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter.\""
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14699 | 573332b94776f41900660781 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter." Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians. | How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of metaphysics? | How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of metaphysics? | [
"How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of metaphysics?"
] | {
"text": [
"in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians"
],
"answer_start": [
594
]
} |
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