gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-2500 | 56d240dbb329da140004ec78 | Buddhism | In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous. | Upon development of samadhi, a person gets rid of what? | Upon development of samadhi, a person gets rid of what? | [
"Upon development of samadhi, a person gets rid of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2501 | 56d2415fb329da140004ec7c | Buddhism | Once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration (jhāna, Sanskrit ध्यान dhyāna), his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight (vipassanā) into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering. The cultivation of mindfulness is essential to mental concentration, which is ... | What is powerful concentration called? | What is powerful concentration called? | [
"What is powerful concentration called?"
] | {
"text": [
"jhāna"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2502 | 56d2415fb329da140004ec7d | Buddhism | Once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration (jhāna, Sanskrit ध्यान dhyāna), his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight (vipassanā) into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering. The cultivation of mindfulness is essential to mental concentration, which is ... | What is the term when the mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight? | What is the term when the mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight? | [
"What is the term when the mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight?"
] | {
"text": [
"vipassanā"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2503 | 56d2415fb329da140004ec7e | Buddhism | Once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration (jhāna, Sanskrit ध्यान dhyāna), his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight (vipassanā) into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering. The cultivation of mindfulness is essential to mental concentration, which is ... | Mindfulness is essential to concentration, which is neede to achieve what? | Mindfulness is essential to concentration, which is neede to achieve what? | [
"Mindfulness is essential to concentration, which is neede to achieve what?"
] | {
"text": [
"insight"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2504 | 56d24217b329da140004ec8a | Buddhism | Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or idea, which is expanded to one's body, mind and entire surroundings, leading to a state of total concentration and tranquility (jhāna). There are many variations in the style of meditation, from sitting cross-legged or kneeling to chanting or walking. The mos... | Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what? | Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what? | [
"Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what?"
] | {
"text": [
"idea"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2505 | 56d24217b329da140004ec8b | Buddhism | Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or idea, which is expanded to one's body, mind and entire surroundings, leading to a state of total concentration and tranquility (jhāna). There are many variations in the style of meditation, from sitting cross-legged or kneeling to chanting or walking. The mos... | What is the term for tranquility? | What is the term for tranquility? | [
"What is the term for tranquility?"
] | {
"text": [
"jhāna"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2506 | 56d2429fb329da140004ec92 | Buddhism | In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in ... | In Buddhism, samatha meditation can calm the what? | In Buddhism, samatha meditation can calm the what? | [
"In Buddhism, samatha meditation can calm the what?"
] | {
"text": [
"mind"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2507 | 56d2429fb329da140004ec93 | Buddhism | In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in ... | Vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was what? | Vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was what? | [
"Vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was what?"
] | {
"text": [
"disturbed"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2508 | 56d2429fb329da140004ec94 | Buddhism | In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in ... | What is the term for insight knowledge? | What is the term for insight knowledge? | [
"What is the term for insight knowledge?"
] | {
"text": [
"jñāna"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2509 | 56d2429fb329da140004ec95 | Buddhism | In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in ... | What is the term for understanding? | What is the term for understanding? | [
"What is the term for understanding?"
] | {
"text": [
"prajñā"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2510 | 56d2429fb329da140004ec96 | Buddhism | In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in ... | What eradicates the defilements completely? | What eradicates the defilements completely? | [
"What eradicates the defilements completely?"
] | {
"text": [
"understanding"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2511 | 56d244ddb329da140004ecb0 | Buddhism | In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be... | In Theravada Buddhism, what is the cause of human existence and suffering? | In Theravada Buddhism, what is the cause of human existence and suffering? | [
"In Theravada Buddhism, what is the cause of human existence and suffering?"
] | {
"text": [
"craving"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2512 | 56d244ddb329da140004ecb1 | Buddhism | In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be... | What does craving carry with it? | What does craving carry with it? | [
"What does craving carry with it?"
] | {
"text": [
"defilements"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2513 | 56d244ddb329da140004ecb3 | Buddhism | In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be... | Deeply rooted afflictions of the mind create what? | Deeply rooted afflictions of the mind create what? | [
"Deeply rooted afflictions of the mind create what?"
] | {
"text": [
"suffering and stress"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2514 | 56d244ddb329da140004ecb4 | Buddhism | In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be... | What is the ultimate goal for Theravadins? | What is the ultimate goal for Theravadins? | [
"What is the ultimate goal for Theravadins?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nibbāna"
],
"answer_start": [
652
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2515 | 56d24619b329da140004ecbf | Buddhism | Prajñā (Sanskrit) or paññā (Pāli) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Prajñā is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvāṇa, through its reve... | How many Noble Truths are there? | How many Noble Truths are there? | [
"How many Noble Truths are there?"
] | {
"text": [
"Four"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2516 | 56d24619b329da140004ecc0 | Buddhism | Prajñā (Sanskrit) or paññā (Pāli) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Prajñā is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvāṇa, through its reve... | Prajna is the wisom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about what? | Prajna is the wisom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about what? | [
"Prajna is the wisom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about what?"
] | {
"text": [
"bodhi"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2517 | 56d24619b329da140004ecc1 | Buddhism | Prajñā (Sanskrit) or paññā (Pāli) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Prajñā is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvāṇa, through its reve... | What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana? | What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana? | [
"What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana?"
] | {
"text": [
"Prajñā"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2518 | 56d246e7b329da140004ecce | Buddhism | Initially, prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's t... | Initially prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to what? | Initially prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to what? | [
"Initially prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to what?"
] | {
"text": [
"sermons"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2519 | 56d246e7b329da140004eccf | Buddhism | Initially, prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's t... | In theory when can one attain Nirvana during practice? | In theory when can one attain Nirvana during practice? | [
"In theory when can one attain Nirvana during practice?"
] | {
"text": [
"at any point"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2520 | 56d246e7b329da140004ecd0 | Buddhism | Initially, prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's t... | What can be applied to daily life once it is attained? | What can be applied to daily life once it is attained? | [
"What can be applied to daily life once it is attained?"
] | {
"text": [
"conceptual understanding"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2521 | 56d24773b329da140004ecd4 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other ... | Zen Buddhism is known as what in Korea? | Zen Buddhism is known as what in Korea? | [
"Zen Buddhism is known as what in Korea?"
] | {
"text": [
"seon"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2522 | 56d24773b329da140004ecd5 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other ... | What form of buddhism lays special emphasis on meditation? | What form of buddhism lays special emphasis on meditation? | [
"What form of buddhism lays special emphasis on meditation?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zen"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2523 | 56d24773b329da140004ecd6 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other ... | What form of Buddhism places less emphasis on scriptures? | What form of Buddhism places less emphasis on scriptures? | [
"What form of Buddhism places less emphasis on scriptures?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zen"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2524 | 56d24773b329da140004ecd7 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other ... | Zen focuses on what type of breakthroughs? | Zen focuses on what type of breakthroughs? | [
"Zen focuses on what type of breakthroughs?"
] | {
"text": [
"spiritual"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2525 | 56d2485bb329da140004ece0 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (臨済宗) and Sōtō (曹洞宗), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (公案, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on shikantaza or "just sitting".[note 13] | Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools? | Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools? | [
"Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools?"
] | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2526 | 56d2485bb329da140004ece2 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (臨済宗) and Sōtō (曹洞宗), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (公案, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on shikantaza or "just sitting".[note 13] | Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs? | Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs? | [
"Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rinzai"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2527 | 56d249a4b329da140004ecf1 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Kosho Uchiyama, when thoughts and fixation on the little "I" are transcend... | What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox? | What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox? | [
"What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zen"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2528 | 56d249a4b329da140004ecf3 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Kosho Uchiyama, when thoughts and fixation on the little "I" are transcend... | What type of self is equated with the Buddha? | What type of self is equated with the Buddha? | [
"What type of self is equated with the Buddha?"
] | {
"text": [
"True Self"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2529 | 56d249a4b329da140004ecf4 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Kosho Uchiyama, when thoughts and fixation on the little "I" are transcend... | What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself? | What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself? | [
"What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself?"
] | {
"text": [
"Thinking and thought"
],
"answer_start": [
615
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2530 | 56d24a6fb329da140004ecfd | Buddhism | Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical technique... | What type of Buddhism is Tibeto-Mongolian based on? | What type of Buddhism is Tibeto-Mongolian based on? | [
"What type of Buddhism is Tibeto-Mongolian based on?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mahayana"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2531 | 56d24a6fb329da140004ecfe | Buddhism | Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical technique... | What is the English term for Vajrayana? | What is the English term for Vajrayana? | [
"What is the English term for Vajrayana?"
] | {
"text": [
"Diamond Vehicle"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2532 | 56d24a6fb329da140004ecff | Buddhism | Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical technique... | What type of Buddhism is concerned with ritual and meditative practices? | What type of Buddhism is concerned with ritual and meditative practices? | [
"What type of Buddhism is concerned with ritual and meditative practices?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tantric"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2533 | 56d24a6fb329da140004ed00 | Buddhism | Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical technique... | Psycho-physical energy is harnessed through what? | Psycho-physical energy is harnessed through what? | [
"Psycho-physical energy is harnessed through what?"
] | {
"text": [
"ritual"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2534 | 56d24b65b329da140004ed11 | Buddhism | Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new asc... | What time period was the beginning of Buddhism? | What time period was the beginning of Buddhism? | [
"What time period was the beginning of Buddhism?"
] | {
"text": [
"second half of the first millennium BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2535 | 56d24b65b329da140004ed12 | Buddhism | Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new asc... | Scholars believe that karma originated in what? | Scholars believe that karma originated in what? | [
"Scholars believe that karma originated in what?"
] | {
"text": [
"the shramanas"
],
"answer_start": [
788
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2536 | 56d24b65b329da140004ed13 | Buddhism | Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new asc... | What groups broke with Brahmanic tradition? | What groups broke with Brahmanic tradition? | [
"What groups broke with Brahmanic tradition?"
] | {
"text": [
"shramanas"
],
"answer_start": [
523
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2537 | 56d24b65b329da140004ed14 | Buddhism | Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new asc... | Shramanas were a continuation of what type of trand of Indian thought? | Shramanas were a continuation of what type of trand of Indian thought? | [
"Shramanas were a continuation of what type of trand of Indian thought?"
] | {
"text": [
"non-Vedic"
],
"answer_start": [
559
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2538 | 56d24c8bb329da140004ed19 | Buddhism | This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the east of aryavarta, the land of the Aryas, was recognized as non-Vedic. Other Vedic t... | Buddhism arose in what area? | Buddhism arose in what area? | [
"Buddhism arose in what area?"
] | {
"text": [
"Greater Magadha"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2539 | 56d24c8bb329da140004ed1a | Buddhism | This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the east of aryavarta, the land of the Aryas, was recognized as non-Vedic. Other Vedic t... | Greater magadha stretched from Sravasti in the north-west to what area in the south-east? | Greater magadha stretched from Sravasti in the north-west to what area in the south-east? | [
"Greater magadha stretched from Sravasti in the north-west to what area in the south-east?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rajagrha"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2540 | 56d24c8bb329da140004ed1b | Buddhism | This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the east of aryavarta, the land of the Aryas, was recognized as non-Vedic. Other Vedic t... | What time period did the eastward spread of Brahmanism start? | What time period did the eastward spread of Brahmanism start? | [
"What time period did the eastward spread of Brahmanism start?"
] | {
"text": [
"2nd or 3rd centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2541 | 56d24e17b329da140004ed33 | Buddhism | At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (su... | Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what? | Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what? | [
"Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the Upanishads"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2542 | 56d24e17b329da140004ed34 | Buddhism | At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (su... | The movement included atomists such as what? | The movement included atomists such as what? | [
"The movement included atomists such as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pakudha Kaccayana"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2543 | 56d24e17b329da140004ed36 | Buddhism | At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (su... | What is the term for agnostics? | What is the term for agnostics? | [
"What is the term for agnostics?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ajnanas"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2544 | 56d24e17b329da140004ed37 | Buddhism | At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (su... | What movement focused on the idea that the sould must be freed from matter? | What movement focused on the idea that the sould must be freed from matter? | [
"What movement focused on the idea that the sould must be freed from matter?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jains"
],
"answer_start": [
544
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2545 | 56d24f27b329da140004ed47 | Buddhism | A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic "hymn of the cosmic man". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by "Kashyapa" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eye... | A criticism the Buddha gave dealing with animals was? | A criticism the Buddha gave dealing with animals was? | [
"A criticism the Buddha gave dealing with animals was?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vedic animal sacrifice"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2546 | 56d24f27b329da140004ed48 | Buddhism | A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic "hymn of the cosmic man". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by "Kashyapa" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eye... | The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic? | The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic? | [
"The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic?"
] | {
"text": [
"hymn of the cosmic man"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2547 | 56d24f27b329da140004ed49 | Buddhism | A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic "hymn of the cosmic man". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by "Kashyapa" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eye... | The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what? | The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what? | [
"The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what?"
] | {
"text": [
"animal sacrifices"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2548 | 56d24f27b329da140004ed4a | Buddhism | A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic "hymn of the cosmic man". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by "Kashyapa" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eye... | The Buddha refused to pay respect to who, during their time of animal sacrifice? | The Buddha refused to pay respect to who, during their time of animal sacrifice? | [
"The Buddha refused to pay respect to who, during their time of animal sacrifice?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vedas"
],
"answer_start": [
575
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2549 | 56d25056b329da140004ed51 | Buddhism | Information of the oldest teachings may be obtained by analysis of the oldest texts. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the Theravadin Pali Canon and other texts.[note 27] The reliability of these sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of... | What is in dispute regarding the research into the core of the teachings? | What is in dispute regarding the research into the core of the teachings? | [
"What is in dispute regarding the research into the core of the teachings?"
] | {
"text": [
"The reliability"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2550 | 56d25b1c59d6e41400145eea | Buddhism | A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight... | A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else? | A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else? | [
"A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else?"
] | {
"text": [
"insight"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2551 | 56d25b1c59d6e41400145eeb | Buddhism | A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight... | Liberating insight is attained after mastering what? | Liberating insight is attained after mastering what? | [
"Liberating insight is attained after mastering what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rupa Jhanas"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2552 | 56d25b1c59d6e41400145eec | Buddhism | A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight... | Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas? | Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas? | [
"Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas?"
] | {
"text": [
"Majjhima Nikaya"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2553 | 56d25ee359d6e41400145f0c | Buddhism | Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest B... | According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what? | According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what? | [
"According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what?"
] | {
"text": [
"rebirth"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2554 | 56d25ee359d6e41400145f0d | Buddhism | Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest B... | Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of 'what' much different then current day? | Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of 'what' much different then current day? | [
"Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of 'what' much different then current day?"
] | {
"text": [
"karma"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2555 | 56d25f6e59d6e41400145f14 | Buddhism | According to Tilmann Vetter, the core of earliest Buddhism is the practice of dhyāna. Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhist invention, whereas Norman notes that "the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices." Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a ... | What was the earliest Buddhism type? | What was the earliest Buddhism type? | [
"What was the earliest Buddhism type?"
] | {
"text": [
"dhyana"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2556 | 56d25f6e59d6e41400145f15 | Buddhism | According to Tilmann Vetter, the core of earliest Buddhism is the practice of dhyāna. Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhist invention, whereas Norman notes that "the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices." Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a ... | Buddha's way to release was by means of what type of practices? | Buddha's way to release was by means of what type of practices? | [
"Buddha's way to release was by means of what type of practices? "
] | {
"text": [
"meditative"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2557 | 56d2600c59d6e41400145f18 | Buddhism | According to the Mahāsaccakasutta,[note 33] from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not clear what he was awakened to.[page needed] "Liberating insight" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism.[page needed][page needed] The mentioning of t... | From which jhana did Buddha gain bodhi? | From which jhana did Buddha gain bodhi? | [
"From which jhana did Buddha gain bodhi?"
] | {
"text": [
"fourth"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2558 | 56d2600c59d6e41400145f19 | Buddhism | According to the Mahāsaccakasutta,[note 33] from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not clear what he was awakened to.[page needed] "Liberating insight" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism.[page needed][page needed] The mentioning of t... | A logic problem arises when noting that the four truths constitute what? | A logic problem arises when noting that the four truths constitute what? | [
"A logic problem arises when noting that the four truths constitute what?"
] | {
"text": [
"liberating insight"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2559 | 56d2600c59d6e41400145f1a | Buddhism | According to the Mahāsaccakasutta,[note 33] from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not clear what he was awakened to.[page needed] "Liberating insight" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism.[page needed][page needed] The mentioning of t... | The four truths depict what type of path of practice? | The four truths depict what type of path of practice? | [
"The four truths depict what type of path of practice?"
] | {
"text": [
"linear"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2560 | 56d2606959d6e41400145f1e | Buddhism | Although "Nibbāna" (Sanskrit: Nirvāna) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, many other terms can be found throughout the Nikayas, which are not specified.[note 35] | What is the Sanskrit form of Nibbana? | What is the Sanskrit form of Nibbana? | [
"What is the Sanskrit form of Nibbana?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nirvāna"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2561 | 56d2606959d6e41400145f1f | Buddhism | Although "Nibbāna" (Sanskrit: Nirvāna) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, many other terms can be found throughout the Nikayas, which are not specified.[note 35] | Many terms for Nibbana can be found throughout the what? | Many terms for Nibbana can be found throughout the what? | [
"Many terms for Nibbana can be found throughout the what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nikayas"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2562 | 56d2606959d6e41400145f20 | Buddhism | Although "Nibbāna" (Sanskrit: Nirvāna) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, many other terms can be found throughout the Nikayas, which are not specified.[note 35] | The desired goal for buddhism is what? | The desired goal for buddhism is what? | [
"The desired goal for buddhism is what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nirvāna"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2563 | 56d260ee59d6e41400145f2c | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | A description of the Buddhist path may have been as simplistic as what term? | A description of the Buddhist path may have been as simplistic as what term? | [
"A description of the Buddhist path may have been as simplistic as what term?"
] | {
"text": [
"the middle way"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2564 | 56d260ee59d6e41400145f2d | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | The description of buddhism was broadened resulting in what path? | The description of buddhism was broadened resulting in what path? | [
"The description of buddhism was broadened resulting in what path?"
] | {
"text": [
"eightfold"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2565 | 56d2641d59d6e41400145f52 | Buddhism | According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the four truths became a substitution for prajna, or "liberating insight", in the suttas in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas. According to Bronkhorst, the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in ... | Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what? | Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what? | [
"Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what?"
] | {
"text": [
"prajna"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2566 | 56d2641d59d6e41400145f53 | Buddhism | According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the four truths became a substitution for prajna, or "liberating insight", in the suttas in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas. According to Bronkhorst, the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in ... | What is prajna called in english? | What is prajna called in english? | [
"What is prajna called in english?"
] | {
"text": [
"liberating insight"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2567 | 56d2641d59d6e41400145f54 | Buddhism | According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the four truths became a substitution for prajna, or "liberating insight", in the suttas in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas. According to Bronkhorst, the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in ... | Gotamas teachings may have been personal and adjusted to the need of each what? | Gotamas teachings may have been personal and adjusted to the need of each what? | [
"Gotamas teachings may have been personal and adjusted to the need of each what?"
] | {
"text": [
"person"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2568 | 56d2647159d6e41400145f58 | Buddhism | The three marks of existence may reflect Upanishadic or other influences. K.R. Norman supposes that the these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiair to his hearers. | How many marks of existence reflect Upanishadic influences? | How many marks of existence reflect Upanishadic influences? | [
"How many marks of existence reflect Upanishadic influences?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2569 | 56d2652a59d6e41400145f5a | Buddhism | The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism). | The periods of Buddhisma in India is divided into how many periods? | The periods of Buddhisma in India is divided into how many periods? | [
"The periods of Buddhisma in India is divided into how many periods?"
] | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2570 | 56d2652a59d6e41400145f5b | Buddhism | The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism). | What is the first period of Buddhism called? | What is the first period of Buddhism called? | [
"What is the first period of Buddhism called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Early Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2571 | 56d2652a59d6e41400145f5c | Buddhism | The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism). | What is another name for Nikaya buddhism? | What is another name for Nikaya buddhism? | [
"What is another name for Nikaya buddhism?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sectarian"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2572 | 56d2652a59d6e41400145f5d | Buddhism | The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism). | What is the last period of Buddhism? | What is the last period of Buddhism? | [
"What is the last period of Buddhism?"
] | {
"text": [
"Esoteric Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2573 | 56d2652a59d6e41400145f5e | Buddhism | The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism). | What is Esoteric Buddhism also called? | What is Esoteric Buddhism also called? | [
"What is Esoteric Buddhism also called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vajrayana"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2574 | 56d265eb59d6e41400145f6a | Buddhism | Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught someth... | Was is the earliest phase of buddhism? | Was is the earliest phase of buddhism? | [
"Was is the earliest phase of buddhism?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pre-sectarian"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2575 | 56d265eb59d6e41400145f6c | Buddhism | Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught someth... | Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what? | Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what? | [
"Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what?"
] | {
"text": [
"rebirth"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2576 | 56d265eb59d6e41400145f6d | Buddhism | Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught someth... | Gautama buddha taught what Path concept? | Gautama buddha taught what Path concept? | [
"Gautama buddha taught what Path concept?"
] | {
"text": [
"Noble Eightfold"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2577 | 56d2675b59d6e41400145f72 | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, soon after the parinirvāṇa (from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Indian tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure... | Soon after the parinirvana of Gautama Buddha, what type of council was held? | Soon after the parinirvana of Gautama Buddha, what type of council was held? | [
"Soon after the parinirvana of Gautama Buddha, what type of council was held?"
] | {
"text": [
"Buddhist"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2578 | 56d2675b59d6e41400145f73 | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, soon after the parinirvāṇa (from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Indian tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure... | Who was cousin of the Buddha? | Who was cousin of the Buddha? | [
"Who was cousin of the Buddha?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ānanda"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2579 | 56d2675b59d6e41400145f74 | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, soon after the parinirvāṇa (from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Indian tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure... | What are the discourses of the Buddha called? | What are the discourses of the Buddha called? | [
"What are the discourses of the Buddha called?"
] | {
"text": [
"sūtras"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2580 | 56d2675b59d6e41400145f75 | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, soon after the parinirvāṇa (from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Indian tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure... | Some sources say that discourse of who else were recited along with Buddha's? | Some sources say that discourse of who else were recited along with Buddha's? | [
"Some sources say that discourse of who else were recited along with Buddha's?"
] | {
"text": [
"abhidhamma"
],
"answer_start": [
562
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2581 | 56d267f859d6e41400145f7c | Buddhism | According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to break into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the Pāli tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada traditio... | The Sangha began to break into separte factions after what council? | The Sangha began to break into separte factions after what council? | [
"The Sangha began to break into separte factions after what council?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Second"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2582 | 56d267f859d6e41400145f7d | Buddhism | According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to break into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the Pāli tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada traditio... | According to the Dipavamsa they started immediately after what council? | According to the Dipavamsa they started immediately after what council? | [
"According to the Dipavamsa they started immediately after what council?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Second Council"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2583 | 56d267f859d6e41400145f7e | Buddhism | According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to break into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the Pāli tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada traditio... | The Mahasanghika places the breakup at what time? | The Mahasanghika places the breakup at what time? | [
"The Mahasanghika places the breakup at what time?"
] | {
"text": [
"100 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2584 | 56d2693359d6e41400145f8e | Buddhism | The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṅghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Theravāda says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute br... | The major schism was between the Sthaviras and what other group? | The major schism was between the Sthaviras and what other group? | [
"The major schism was between the Sthaviras and what other group?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mahasanghikas"
],
"answer_start": [
390
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2585 | 56d2693359d6e41400145f8f | Buddhism | The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṅghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Theravāda says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute br... | The Dipavamsa says that the losing party broke away in protest and formed what? | The Dipavamsa says that the losing party broke away in protest and formed what? | [
"The Dipavamsa says that the losing party broke away in protest and formed what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mahasanghika"
],
"answer_start": [
355
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2586 | 56d2693359d6e41400145f90 | Buddhism | The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṅghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Theravāda says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute br... | The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what? | The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what? | [
"The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what?"
] | {
"text": [
"the vinaya"
],
"answer_start": [
530
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2587 | 56d269b759d6e41400145f96 | Buddhism | The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravāda school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were bei... | Who gave rise to the Theravada school? | Who gave rise to the Theravada school? | [
"Who gave rise to the Theravada school?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sthaviras"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2588 | 56d269b759d6e41400145f97 | Buddhism | The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravāda school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were bei... | Monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same what? | Monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same what? | [
"Monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same what?"
] | {
"text": [
"monasteries"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2589 | 56d269b759d6e41400145f98 | Buddhism | The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravāda school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were bei... | By the latest at around 100 CE, schisms were being caused by what type of desagreements? | By the latest at around 100 CE, schisms were being caused by what type of desagreements? | [
"By the latest at around 100 CE, schisms were being caused by what type of desagreements?"
] | {
"text": [
"doctrinal"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2590 | 56d26abd59d6e41400145fa2 | Buddhism | Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Sc... | What is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material called? | What is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material called? | [
"What is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Abhidharma"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2591 | 56d26abd59d6e41400145fa3 | Buddhism | Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Sc... | The abhidharma texts do not contain treatises, but what? | The abhidharma texts do not contain treatises, but what? | [
"The abhidharma texts do not contain treatises, but what?"
] | {
"text": [
"summaries or numerical lists"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2592 | 56d26abd59d6e41400145fa4 | Buddhism | Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Sc... | The Abhidharma texts are from what time? | The Abhidharma texts are from what time? | [
"The Abhidharma texts are from what time?"
] | {
"text": [
"3rd century BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2593 | 56d26abd59d6e41400145fa5 | Buddhism | Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Sc... | There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it? | There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it? | [
"There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mahasanghika"
],
"answer_start": [
804
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2594 | 56d26b3159d6e41400145faa | Buddhism | Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, which are among the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras, developed among the Mahāsāṃghika along the Kṛṣṇa River in the Āndhra region of South India. | Which sutras are among the earliest Mahayana sutras? | Which sutras are among the earliest Mahayana sutras? | [
"Which sutras are among the earliest Mahayana sutras?"
] | {
"text": [
"Prajñāpāramitā"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2595 | 56d26b3159d6e41400145fab | Buddhism | Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, which are among the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras, developed among the Mahāsāṃghika along the Kṛṣṇa River in the Āndhra region of South India. | The Prajnaparamita sutras were developed along the krsna river in what region of South India? | The Prajnaparamita sutras were developed along the krsna river in what region of South India? | [
"The Prajnaparamita sutras were developed along the krsna river in what region of South India?"
] | {
"text": [
"Āndhra"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2596 | 56d26bde59d6e41400145fb4 | Buddhism | The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among th... | The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre? | The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre? | [
"The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre?"
] | {
"text": [
"Prajñāpāramitā"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2597 | 56d26bde59d6e41400145fb5 | Buddhism | The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among th... | Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century? | Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century? | [
"Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century?"
] | {
"text": [
"1st century BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2598 | 56d26bde59d6e41400145fb6 | Buddhism | The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among th... | Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area? | Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area? | [
"Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area?"
] | {
"text": [
"Āndhra"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2599 | 56d26d7d59d6e41400145fc7 | Buddhism | Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna, Dignaga, Candrakīrti, Āryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra.... | The ancient buddhist site in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE? | The ancient buddhist site in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE? | [
"The ancient buddhist site in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE?"
] | {
"text": [
"third"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} |
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