gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-2600 | 56d26d7d59d6e41400145fc8 | Buddhism | Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna, Dignaga, Candrakīrti, Āryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra.... | Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India? | Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India? | [
"Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India?"
] | {
"text": [
"South"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2601 | 56d26e4b59d6e41400145fcc | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna ne... | There is no evidence that Mahayana ever referred to a separate school of what? | There is no evidence that Mahayana ever referred to a separate school of what? | [
"There is no evidence that Mahayana ever referred to a separate school of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2602 | 56d26e4b59d6e41400145fcd | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna ne... | The mahayana never tried to have separte what? | The mahayana never tried to have separte what? | [
"The mahayana never tried to have separte what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vinaya"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2603 | 56d26e4b59d6e41400145fce | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna ne... | We know that both Mahayana and non Mahayana monks live in the same what? | We know that both Mahayana and non Mahayana monks live in the same what? | [
"We know that both Mahayana and non Mahayana monks live in the same what?"
] | {
"text": [
"monasteries"
],
"answer_start": [
869
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2604 | 56d2706859d6e41400145fdc | Buddhism | Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally conside... | Most of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mhayana comes from what type of translations? | Most of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mhayana comes from what type of translations? | [
"Most of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mhayana comes from what type of translations?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2605 | 56d2706859d6e41400145fdd | Buddhism | Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally conside... | The Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by who? | The Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by who? | [
"The Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by who?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lokakṣema"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2606 | 56d2706859d6e41400145fde | Buddhism | Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally conside... | The earliest Mahayana sutras included the very first versions of what series? | The earliest Mahayana sutras included the very first versions of what series? | [
"The earliest Mahayana sutras included the very first versions of what series?"
] | {
"text": [
"Prajñāpāramitā"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2607 | 56d2706859d6e41400145fdf | Buddhism | Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally conside... | Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were probably composed in what century BCE? | Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were probably composed in what century BCE? | [
"Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were probably composed in what century BCE?"
] | {
"text": [
"1st"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2608 | 56d2726659d6e41400145ff8 | Buddhism | During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yo... | What four types of thought developed during the period of late mahayna buddhism? | What four types of thought developed during the period of late mahayna buddhism? | [
"What four types of thought developed during the period of late mahayna buddhism?"
] | {
"text": [
"Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2609 | 56d2726659d6e41400145ff9 | Buddhism | During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yo... | What was the latest thought type? | What was the latest thought type? | [
"What was the latest thought type?"
] | {
"text": [
"Buddhist Logic"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2610 | 56d2726659d6e41400145ffa | Buddhism | During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yo... | In India the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else? | In India the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else? | [
"In India the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else?"
] | {
"text": [
"Yogacara"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2611 | 56d2733d59d6e41400146000 | Buddhism | Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire a... | Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor? | Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor? | [
"Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ashoka"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2612 | 56d2733d59d6e41400146001 | Buddhism | Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire a... | The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more? | The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more? | [
"The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more?"
] | {
"text": [
"stūpas"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2613 | 56d2733d59d6e41400146002 | Buddhism | Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire a... | What does stupas mean in English? | What does stupas mean in English? | [
"What does stupas mean in English?"
] | {
"text": [
"Buddhist religious memorials"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2614 | 56d273d059d6e41400146006 | Buddhism | This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. I... | Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from India? | Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from India? | [
"Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from India?"
] | {
"text": [
"west"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2615 | 56d273d059d6e41400146007 | Buddhism | This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. I... | Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist what? | Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist what? | [
"Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist what?"
] | {
"text": [
"missionaries"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2616 | 56d273d059d6e41400146008 | Buddhism | This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. I... | What were the emissaries used for? | What were the emissaries used for? | [
"What were the emissaries used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"to spread Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2617 | 56d2779759d6e4140014601a | Buddhism | The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples o... | The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization? | The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization? | [
"The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization?"
] | {
"text": [
"Persian and Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2618 | 56d2779759d6e4140014601c | Buddhism | The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples o... | Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon? | Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon? | [
"Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon?"
] | {
"text": [
"Menander"
],
"answer_start": [
520
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2619 | 56d277f759d6e41400146020 | Buddhism | The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BCE) north to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan). | The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE? | The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE? | [
"The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE?"
] | {
"text": [
"3rd century"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2620 | 56d277f759d6e41400146021 | Buddhism | The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BCE) north to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan). | The Dharmagupta schol spread in what century to Kashmir? | The Dharmagupta schol spread in what century to Kashmir? | [
"The Dharmagupta schol spread in what century to Kashmir?"
] | {
"text": [
"3rd century"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2621 | 56d2786c59d6e41400146025 | Buddhism | The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question.[note 41] The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence... | When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China? | When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China? | [
"When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China?"
] | {
"text": [
"2nd century CE"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2622 | 56d278ee59d6e41400146028 | Buddhism | In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia. | Mahayana Sutras spread to China during what century? | Mahayana Sutras spread to China during what century? | [
"Mahayana Sutras spread to China during what century?"
] | {
"text": [
"2nd century CE"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2623 | 56d278ee59d6e41400146029 | Buddhism | In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia. | What two countries after China was the Mahayana sutras spread? | What two countries after China was the Mahayana sutras spread? | [
"What two countries after China was the Mahayana sutras spread?"
] | {
"text": [
"Korea and Japan"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2624 | 56d278ee59d6e4140014602a | Buddhism | In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia. | When did Buddhism apread from India to Tibet? | When did Buddhism apread from India to Tibet? | [
"When did Buddhism apread from India to Tibet?"
] | {
"text": [
"8th century onwards"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2625 | 56d28a5d59d6e41400146055 | Buddhism | By the late Middle Ages, Buddhism had become virtually extinct in India, although it continued to exist in surrounding countries. It is now again gaining strength worldwide. China and India are now starting to fund Buddhist shrines in various Asian countries as they compete for influence in the region.[web 20] | China and India are now starting to fund what type of shrines in various Asian countries? | China and India are now starting to fund what type of shrines in various Asian countries? | [
"China and India are now starting to fund what type of shrines in various Asian countries?"
] | {
"text": [
"Buddhist"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2626 | 56d28b0659d6e41400146063 | Buddhism | Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all th... | What is the Dharma? | What is the Dharma? | [
"What is the Dharma?"
] | {
"text": [
"the teachings of the Buddha"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2627 | 56d28b0659d6e41400146064 | Buddhism | Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all th... | What is the Sangha? | What is the Sangha? | [
"What is the Sangha?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Buddhist community"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2628 | 56d28b0659d6e41400146065 | Buddhism | Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all th... | West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what? | West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what? | [
"West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what?"
] | {
"text": [
"progressive"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2629 | 56d28b0659d6e41400146066 | Buddhism | Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all th... | New forms of Buddhism are created because of what reason? | New forms of Buddhism are created because of what reason? | [
"New forms of Buddhism are created because of what reason?"
] | {
"text": [
"Modern influences"
],
"answer_start": [
751
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2630 | 56d28b6559d6e4140014606c | Buddhism | A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century, including the Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism'), Engaged Buddhism, and the further development of various Western Buddhist traditions. | When did a number of modern movement in Buddhism emerge? | When did a number of modern movement in Buddhism emerge? | [
"When did a number of modern movement in Buddhism emerge?"
] | {
"text": [
"second half of the 20th Century"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2631 | 56d28b6559d6e4140014606d | Buddhism | A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century, including the Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism'), Engaged Buddhism, and the further development of various Western Buddhist traditions. | What is the Dalit buddhist movement sometimes called? | What is the Dalit buddhist movement sometimes called? | [
"What is the Dalit buddhist movement sometimes called?"
] | {
"text": [
"neo-Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2632 | 56d28bf559d6e4140014607a | Buddhism | In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the ... | What Buddhism emerged in the second half of the 20th century in Japan? | What Buddhism emerged in the second half of the 20th century in Japan? | [
"What Buddhism emerged in the second half of the 20th century in Japan?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2633 | 56d28bf559d6e4140014607b | Buddhism | In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the ... | What does Soka Gakkai mean in English? | What does Soka Gakkai mean in English? | [
"What does Soka Gakkai mean in English?"
] | {
"text": [
"Value Creation Society"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2634 | 56d28bf559d6e4140014607c | Buddhism | In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the ... | What Buddhist movement has linked more than 12 million people? | What Buddhist movement has linked more than 12 million people? | [
"What Buddhist movement has linked more than 12 million people?"
] | {
"text": [
"Soka Gakkai International"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2635 | 56d28bf559d6e4140014607d | Buddhism | In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the ... | What is the largest Buddhist movement in the world? | What is the largest Buddhist movement in the world? | [
"What is the largest Buddhist movement in the world?"
] | {
"text": [
"SGI"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2636 | 56d28c4259d6e41400146082 | Buddhism | Buddhism is practiced by an estimated 488 million,[web 1] 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population. | What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people? | What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people? | [
"What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people?"
] | {
"text": [
"Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2637 | 56d28c9259d6e41400146086 | Buddhism | China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population.[web 1] They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practiced in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of worl... | What country has the largest population of Buddhists? | What country has the largest population of Buddhists? | [
"What country has the largest population of Buddhists?"
] | {
"text": [
"China"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2638 | 56d28c9259d6e41400146087 | Buddhism | China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population.[web 1] They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practiced in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of worl... | How many Buddhists are in China? | How many Buddhists are in China? | [
"How many Buddhists are in China?"
] | {
"text": [
"244 million"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2639 | 56d28ce759d6e41400146092 | Buddhism | According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): Mahayana has 360 million adherents; Theravada has 150 million adherents; and Vajrayana has 18,2 million adherents. Seven million additional Buddhists are found outside of Asia. | How may adherents does Mahayana have? | How may adherents does Mahayana have? | [
"How may adherents does Mahayana have?"
] | {
"text": [
"360 million"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2640 | 56d28ce759d6e41400146093 | Buddhism | According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): Mahayana has 360 million adherents; Theravada has 150 million adherents; and Vajrayana has 18,2 million adherents. Seven million additional Buddhists are found outside of Asia. | How many adherents does Thervada have? | How many adherents does Thervada have? | [
"How many adherents does Thervada have?"
] | {
"text": [
"150 million"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2641 | 56d28ce759d6e41400146095 | Buddhism | According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): Mahayana has 360 million adherents; Theravada has 150 million adherents; and Vajrayana has 18,2 million adherents. Seven million additional Buddhists are found outside of Asia. | How many Buddists are outside of Asia? | How many Buddists are outside of Asia? | [
"How many Buddists are outside of Asia?"
] | {
"text": [
"Seven million"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2642 | 56d28d3d59d6e4140014609a | Buddhism | According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western Europe... | How many Buddhists were there in 1910? | How many Buddhists were there in 1910? | [
"How many Buddhists were there in 1910?"
] | {
"text": [
"138 million"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2643 | 56d28d3d59d6e4140014609b | Buddhism | According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western Europe... | How many Buddhists are there in 2010? | How many Buddhists are there in 2010? | [
"How many Buddhists are there in 2010?"
] | {
"text": [
"495 million"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2644 | 56d28d3d59d6e4140014609c | Buddhism | According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western Europe... | How many buddhists are in Asia? | How many buddhists are in Asia? | [
"How many buddhists are in Asia?"
] | {
"text": [
"487 million"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2645 | 56d28e7059d6e414001460a8 | Buddhism | Some scholars[note 44] use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally "lesser vehicle") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewp... | What does Hinayana mean in English? | What does Hinayana mean in English? | [
"What does Hinayana mean in English?"
] | {
"text": [
"lesser vehicle"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2646 | 56d28e7059d6e414001460a9 | Buddhism | Some scholars[note 44] use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally "lesser vehicle") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewp... | What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools? | What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools? | [
"What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hinayana"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2647 | 56d28ecf59d6e414001460b2 | Buddhism | Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them. For example, according to one Buddhist ecumenical organization,[web 23] several concepts common to both ma... | Each tradition has its own core what? | Each tradition has its own core what? | [
"Each tradition has its own core what?"
] | {
"text": [
"concepts"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2648 | 56d28ecf59d6e414001460b3 | Buddhism | Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them. For example, according to one Buddhist ecumenical organization,[web 23] several concepts common to both ma... | there are common concepts to both major buddhist branches according to what organization? | there are common concepts to both major buddhist branches according to what organization? | [
"there are common concepts to both major buddhist branches according to what organization?"
] | {
"text": [
"Buddhist ecumenical organization"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2649 | 56d28f5159d6e414001460b7 | Buddhism | Theravada ("Doctrine of the Elders", or "Ancient Doctrine") is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. The name Theravāda comes from the ancestral Sthāvirīya, one of the early Buddhist schools, from which the Theravadins claim descent. After unsucces... | What is the oldest surviving Buddhist school? | What is the oldest surviving Buddhist school? | [
"What is the oldest surviving Buddhist school?"
] | {
"text": [
"Theravada"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2650 | 56d28f5159d6e414001460b8 | Buddhism | Theravada ("Doctrine of the Elders", or "Ancient Doctrine") is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. The name Theravāda comes from the ancestral Sthāvirīya, one of the early Buddhist schools, from which the Theravadins claim descent. After unsucces... | Where does the name theravada come from? | Where does the name theravada come from? | [
"Where does the name theravada come from?"
] | {
"text": [
"ancestral Sthāvirīya"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2651 | 56d28f5159d6e414001460b9 | Buddhism | Theravada ("Doctrine of the Elders", or "Ancient Doctrine") is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. The name Theravāda comes from the ancestral Sthāvirīya, one of the early Buddhist schools, from which the Theravadins claim descent. After unsucces... | Sinhalese buddhist reformer portrayed what Canon as the original version of scripture? | Sinhalese buddhist reformer portrayed what Canon as the original version of scripture? | [
"Sinhalese buddhist reformer portrayed what Canon as the original version of scripture?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pali Canon"
],
"answer_start": [
616
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2652 | 56d291c759d6e414001460be | Buddhism | Theravāda is primarily practiced today in Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia as well as small portions of China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Bangladesh. It has a growing presence in the west. | Where is there a growing presence of Theravada? | Where is there a growing presence of Theravada? | [
"Where is there a growing presence of Theravada?"
] | {
"text": [
"the west"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2653 | 56d2924159d6e414001460c2 | Buddhism | Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit. | What type of Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth? | What type of Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth? | [
"What type of Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth?"
] | {
"text": [
"Theravadin"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2654 | 56d2924159d6e414001460c4 | Buddhism | Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit. | Laypersons can perform good actions, producing what? | Laypersons can perform good actions, producing what? | [
"Laypersons can perform good actions, producing what?"
] | {
"text": [
"merit"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2655 | 56d2929e59d6e414001460c9 | Buddhism | Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India. | What was the most important Mahayana centre of learning? | What was the most important Mahayana centre of learning? | [
"What was the most important Mahayana centre of learning?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nālandā University"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2656 | 56d293b759d6e414001460cc | Buddhism | Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayana Sutras. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of B... | Mahayana schools recognize all or part of what? | Mahayana schools recognize all or part of what? | [
"Mahayana schools recognize all or part of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mahayana Sutras"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2657 | 56d293b759d6e414001460cd | Buddhism | Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayana Sutras. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of B... | A few of the sutras for Mahayanists became a manifestation of who? | A few of the sutras for Mahayanists became a manifestation of who? | [
"A few of the sutras for Mahayanists became a manifestation of who?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Buddha"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2658 | 56d293b759d6e414001460ce | Buddhism | Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayana Sutras. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of B... | Faith in and veneration of Mahayana are stated in what sutras? | Faith in and veneration of Mahayana are stated in what sutras? | [
"Faith in and veneration of Mahayana are stated in what sutras?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2659 | 56d2946f59d6e414001460d2 | Buddhism | Native Mahayana Buddhism is practiced today in China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, parts of Russia and most of Vietnam (also commonly referred to as "Eastern Buddhism"). The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (al... | Native Mahayana buddhism is also called what? | Native Mahayana buddhism is also called what? | [
"Native Mahayana buddhism is also called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eastern Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2660 | 56d2946f59d6e414001460d3 | Buddhism | Native Mahayana Buddhism is practiced today in China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, parts of Russia and most of Vietnam (also commonly referred to as "Eastern Buddhism"). The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (al... | The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions and Mongolia are often referred to as? | The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions and Mongolia are often referred to as? | [
"The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions and Mongolia are often referred to as?"
] | {
"text": [
"Northern Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2661 | 56d2946f59d6e414001460d4 | Buddhism | Native Mahayana Buddhism is practiced today in China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, parts of Russia and most of Vietnam (also commonly referred to as "Eastern Buddhism"). The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (al... | What is the most widely practised Eastern Buddhism? | What is the most widely practised Eastern Buddhism? | [
"What is the most widely practised Eastern Buddhism?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Pure Land school of Mahayana"
],
"answer_start": [
431
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2662 | 56d2955559d6e414001460e2 | Buddhism | Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. The Mañjusrimulakalpa, which later came to classified under Kriyatantra, states that mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all ... | The royal courts sponsored both Buddhism and what? | The royal courts sponsored both Buddhism and what? | [
"The royal courts sponsored both Buddhism and what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Saivism"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2663 | 56d2955559d6e414001460e3 | Buddhism | Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. The Mañjusrimulakalpa, which later came to classified under Kriyatantra, states that mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all ... | Mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda, and Vaisnava tantra will be effective if applied by who? | Mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda, and Vaisnava tantra will be effective if applied by who? | [
"Mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda, and Vaisnava tantra will be effective if applied by who?"
] | {
"text": [
"Buddhists"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2664 | 56d2955559d6e414001460e4 | Buddhism | Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. The Mañjusrimulakalpa, which later came to classified under Kriyatantra, states that mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all ... | What work is associated with Guhyasamaja tradition? | What work is associated with Guhyasamaja tradition? | [
"What work is associated with Guhyasamaja tradition?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2665 | 56d295de59d6e414001460e8 | Buddhism | Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach. Buddhist scriptures are mainly written in Pāli, Tib... | There is a great variety of what type of scripture? | There is a great variety of what type of scripture? | [
"There is a great variety of what type of scripture?"
] | {
"text": [
"Buddhist"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2666 | 56d295de59d6e414001460e9 | Buddhism | Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach. Buddhist scriptures are mainly written in Pāli, Tib... | Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what? | Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what? | [
"Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what?"
] | {
"text": [
"objects"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2667 | 56d296f259d6e414001460f8 | Buddhism | Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāy... | Unlike most religions, Buddhism has no single central what? | Unlike most religions, Buddhism has no single central what? | [
"Unlike most religions, Buddhism has no single central what?"
] | {
"text": [
"text"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2668 | 56d296f259d6e414001460fa | Buddhism | Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāy... | Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the what? | Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the what? | [
"Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the what?"
] | {
"text": [
"āgamas"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2669 | 56d296f259d6e414001460fb | Buddhism | Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāy... | Some scholars say there is no universally accepted common what? | Some scholars say there is no universally accepted common what? | [
"Some scholars say there is no universally accepted common what?"
] | {
"text": [
"core"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2670 | 56d296f259d6e414001460fc | Buddhism | Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāy... | What has been seen by some as a hinderance to understanding Buddhist philosophy? | What has been seen by some as a hinderance to understanding Buddhist philosophy? | [
"What has been seen by some as a hinderance to understanding Buddhist philosophy?"
] | {
"text": [
"size and complexity of the Buddhist canons"
],
"answer_start": [
656
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2671 | 56d2981a59d6e41400146112 | Buddhism | Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Lat... | In Sri Lanka, what was determined to be the best unifying scripture? | In Sri Lanka, what was determined to be the best unifying scripture? | [
"In Sri Lanka, what was determined to be the best unifying scripture?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dhammapada"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2672 | 56d2981a59d6e41400146113 | Buddhism | Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Lat... | There have been attempts to create a single text with all the main ideas of what religion? | There have been attempts to create a single text with all the main ideas of what religion? | [
"There have been attempts to create a single text with all the main ideas of what religion?"
] | {
"text": [
"Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2673 | 56d2981a59d6e41400146114 | Buddhism | Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Lat... | condensed study texts where created in what tradition? | condensed study texts where created in what tradition? | [
"condensed study texts where created in what tradition?"
] | {
"text": [
"Theravada"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2674 | 56d298dd59d6e41400146118 | Buddhism | Dwight Goddard collected a sample of Buddhist scriptures, with the emphasis on Zen, along with other classics of Eastern philosophy, such as the Tao Te Ching, into his 'Buddhist Bible' in the 1920s. More recently, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single, combined document of Buddhist principles in "The Budd... | Goddard collected mainly what type of Buddhist scripture? | Goddard collected mainly what type of Buddhist scripture? | [
"Goddard collected mainly what type of Buddhist scripture?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zen"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2675 | 56d298dd59d6e4140014611a | Buddhism | Dwight Goddard collected a sample of Buddhist scriptures, with the emphasis on Zen, along with other classics of Eastern philosophy, such as the Tao Te Ching, into his 'Buddhist Bible' in the 1920s. More recently, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single, combined document of Buddhist principles in "The Budd... | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single combined document with all Buddhist principles and called it? | Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single combined document with all Buddhist principles and called it? | [
"Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single combined document with all Buddhist principles and called it?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Buddha and His Dhamma"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2676 | 56d29a9a59d6e4140014611e | Buddhism | The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. T... | What means "three baskets"? | What means "three baskets"? | [
"What means \"three baskets\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pāli Tipitaka"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2677 | 56d29a9a59d6e4140014611f | Buddhism | The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. T... | What does the "three baskets" refer to? | What does the "three baskets" refer to? | [
"What does the \"three baskets\" refer to?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2678 | 56d29a9a59d6e41400146120 | Buddhism | The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. T... | What contains disciplinary rules for Buddhist Monks and nuns? | What contains disciplinary rules for Buddhist Monks and nuns? | [
"What contains disciplinary rules for Buddhist Monks and nuns?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vinaya Pitaka"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2679 | 56d29a9a59d6e41400146121 | Buddhism | The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. T... | What contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha? | What contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha? | [
"What contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Sutta Pitaka"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2680 | 56d29a9a59d6e41400146122 | Buddhism | The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. T... | What contains material ofen described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha teachings? | What contains material ofen described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha teachings? | [
"What contains material ofen described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha teachings?"
] | {
"text": [
"Abhidhamma Pitaka"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2681 | 56d29b0e59d6e41400146128 | Buddhism | The Pāli Tipitaka is the only early Tipitaka (Sanskrit: Tripiṭaka) to survive intact in its original language, but a number of early schools had their own recensions of the Tipitaka featuring much of the same material. We have portions of the Tipitakas of the Sārvāstivāda, Dharmaguptaka, Sammitya, Mahāsaṅghika, Kāśyapī... | What is the only Tipitaka to survive intact in its original language? | What is the only Tipitaka to survive intact in its original language? | [
"What is the only Tipitaka to survive intact in its original language?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pāli Tipitaka"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2682 | 56d29b0e59d6e41400146129 | Buddhism | The Pāli Tipitaka is the only early Tipitaka (Sanskrit: Tripiṭaka) to survive intact in its original language, but a number of early schools had their own recensions of the Tipitaka featuring much of the same material. We have portions of the Tipitakas of the Sārvāstivāda, Dharmaguptaka, Sammitya, Mahāsaṅghika, Kāśyapī... | Is is said that some early schools of buddhism had how many pitakas? | Is is said that some early schools of buddhism had how many pitakas? | [
"Is is said that some early schools of buddhism had how many pitakas?"
] | {
"text": [
"five or seven"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2683 | 56d29bca59d6e4140014612c | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named Mahākāśyapa (Pāli: Mahākassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's teachings. Upāli recited the vinaya. Ānanda, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dham... | Which monk presided after the death of the Buddha? | Which monk presided after the death of the Buddha? | [
"Which monk presided after the death of the Buddha?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mahākāśyapa"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2684 | 56d29bca59d6e4140014612d | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named Mahākāśyapa (Pāli: Mahākassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's teachings. Upāli recited the vinaya. Ānanda, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dham... | What was the goal of the council? | What was the goal of the council? | [
"What was the goal of the council?"
] | {
"text": [
"to record the Buddha's teachings"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2685 | 56d29bca59d6e4140014612e | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named Mahākāśyapa (Pāli: Mahākassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's teachings. Upāli recited the vinaya. Ānanda, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dham... | the vinaya was recited by? | the vinaya was recited by? | [
"the vinaya was recited by?"
] | {
"text": [
"Upāli"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2686 | 56d29bca59d6e4140014612f | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named Mahākāśyapa (Pāli: Mahākassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's teachings. Upāli recited the vinaya. Ānanda, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dham... | Who was the Buddha's personal attendant? | Who was the Buddha's personal attendant? | [
"Who was the Buddha's personal attendant?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ānanda"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2687 | 56d29bca59d6e41400146130 | Buddhism | According to the scriptures, soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named Mahākāśyapa (Pāli: Mahākassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's teachings. Upāli recited the vinaya. Ānanda, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dham... | Ananda was called upon to recite what? | Ananda was called upon to recite what? | [
"Ananda was called upon to recite what?"
] | {
"text": [
"dhamma"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2688 | 56d29c7059d6e41400146136 | Buddhism | Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically "Theravadin", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: "The Theravadins, then, may have ... | Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically what? | Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically what? | [
"Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Theravadin"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2689 | 56d29c7059d6e41400146137 | Buddhism | Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically "Theravadin", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: "The Theravadins, then, may have ... | Who may have added texts to the Canon for some time? | Who may have added texts to the Canon for some time? | [
"Who may have added texts to the Canon for some time?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Theravadins"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2690 | 56d29d4659d6e41400146144 | Buddhism | The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early ... | What are considered the original teachings of the Buddha? | What are considered the original teachings of the Buddha? | [
"What are considered the original teachings of the Buddha?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mahayana sutras"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2691 | 56d29d4659d6e41400146145 | Buddhism | The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early ... | What is a very broad genre of Buddhist scripture? | What is a very broad genre of Buddhist scripture? | [
"What is a very broad genre of Buddhist scripture?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mahayana sutras"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2692 | 56d29d4659d6e41400146146 | Buddhism | The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early ... | What teaching was criticized by Nagarjuna? | What teaching was criticized by Nagarjuna? | [
"What teaching was criticized by Nagarjuna?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sarvastivada Abhidharma"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2693 | 56d29dd059d6e4140014614a | Buddhism | The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name Mahāyāna (lit., the Great Vehicle). | What sutras are reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path? | What sutras are reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path? | [
"What sutras are reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mahayana"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2694 | 56d29dd059d6e4140014614b | Buddhism | The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name Mahāyāna (lit., the Great Vehicle). | What does Mahayana mean? | What does Mahayana mean? | [
"What does Mahayana mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Great Vehicle"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2695 | 56d29dd059d6e4140014614c | Buddhism | The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name Mahāyāna (lit., the Great Vehicle). | What path is described as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings? | What path is described as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings? | [
"What path is described as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings?"
] | {
"text": [
"bodhisattva path"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2696 | 56d29e6759d6e41400146150 | Buddhism | According to Mahayana tradition, the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them: | What sutras were transmitted in secret? | What sutras were transmitted in secret? | [
"What sutras were transmitted in secret?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mahayana"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2697 | 56d29e6759d6e41400146151 | Buddhism | According to Mahayana tradition, the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them: | What sutras could have been preserved in non-human worlds? | What sutras could have been preserved in non-human worlds? | [
"What sutras could have been preserved in non-human worlds?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mahayana"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2698 | 56d29e6759d6e41400146152 | Buddhism | According to Mahayana tradition, the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them: | What tradition says that sutras might have come from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas? | What tradition says that sutras might have come from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas? | [
"What tradition says that sutras might have come from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mahayana tradition"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2699 | 56d29ed559d6e41400146156 | Buddhism | Approximately six hundred Mahayana sutras have survived in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations. In addition, East Asian Buddhism recognizes some sutras regarded by scholars as of Chinese rather than Indian origin. | How many Mahayana sutras have survivied in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations? | How many Mahayana sutras have survivied in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations? | [
"How many Mahayana sutras have survivied in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations?"
] | {
"text": [
"six hundred"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
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