gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-4900 | 5a74ef8042eae6001a389b77 | Green | Many flags of the Islamic world are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam (see below). The flag of Hamas, as well as the flag of Iran, is green, symbolizing their Islamist ideology. The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It was the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details. Some countries used green in their flags to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the flag of Jamaica, and hope in the future, as in the flags of Portugal and Nigeria. The green cedar of Lebanon tree on the Flag of Lebanon officially represents steadiness and tolerance. | Iran is the only flag in the world with just what? | Iran is the only flag in the world with just what? | [
"Iran is the only flag in the world with just what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4901 | 5a74ef8042eae6001a389b78 | Green | Many flags of the Islamic world are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam (see below). The flag of Hamas, as well as the flag of Iran, is green, symbolizing their Islamist ideology. The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It was the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details. Some countries used green in their flags to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the flag of Jamaica, and hope in the future, as in the flags of Portugal and Nigeria. The green cedar of Lebanon tree on the Flag of Lebanon officially represents steadiness and tolerance. | How many colors does the flag of Iran have? | How many colors does the flag of Iran have? | [
"How many colors does the flag of Iran have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4902 | 5a74ef8042eae6001a389b79 | Green | Many flags of the Islamic world are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam (see below). The flag of Hamas, as well as the flag of Iran, is green, symbolizing their Islamist ideology. The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It was the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details. Some countries used green in their flags to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the flag of Jamaica, and hope in the future, as in the flags of Portugal and Nigeria. The green cedar of Lebanon tree on the Flag of Lebanon officially represents steadiness and tolerance. | The Jamaican flag represents hope using what color? | The Jamaican flag represents hope using what color? | [
"The Jamaican flag represents hope using what color?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4903 | 5a74ef8042eae6001a389b7a | Green | Many flags of the Islamic world are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam (see below). The flag of Hamas, as well as the flag of Iran, is green, symbolizing their Islamist ideology. The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It was the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details. Some countries used green in their flags to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the flag of Jamaica, and hope in the future, as in the flags of Portugal and Nigeria. The green cedar of Lebanon tree on the Flag of Lebanon officially represents steadiness and tolerance. | What religion does Lebanon's flag represent? | What religion does Lebanon's flag represent? | [
"What religion does Lebanon's flag represent?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4904 | 572a2278af94a219006aa837 | Green | In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism. Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989–1990 in East Germany. In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 10.7% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag. | What is the largest green party in Europe? | What is the largest green party in Europe? | [
"What is the largest green party in Europe?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alliance '90/The Greens"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4905 | 572a2278af94a219006aa838 | Green | In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism. Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989–1990 in East Germany. In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 10.7% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag. | Why was green chosen for a number of new European political parties in the 1980s? | Why was green chosen for a number of new European political parties in the 1980s? | [
"Why was green chosen for a number of new European political parties in the 1980s?"
] | {
"text": [
"environmentalism"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4906 | 572a2278af94a219006aa839 | Green | In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism. Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989–1990 in East Germany. In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 10.7% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag. | When was the German green party founded in West Germany? | When was the German green party founded in West Germany? | [
"When was the German green party founded in West Germany?"
] | {
"text": [
"1980"
],
"answer_start": [
400
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4907 | 5a74f28397ca42001a521d87 | Green | In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism. Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989–1990 in East Germany. In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 10.7% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag. | What party merged with the German Green Party in 2009? | What party merged with the German Green Party in 2009? | [
"What party merged with the German Green Party in 2009?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4908 | 5a74f28397ca42001a521d88 | Green | In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism. Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989–1990 in East Germany. In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 10.7% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag. | What percentage of the votes did The Greens win in 1993? | What percentage of the votes did The Greens win in 1993? | [
"What percentage of the votes did The Greens win in 1993?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4909 | 5a74f28397ca42001a521d89 | Green | In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism. Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989–1990 in East Germany. In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 10.7% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag. | How many seats did Alliance 90 win in 1980? | How many seats did Alliance 90 win in 1980? | [
"How many seats did Alliance 90 win in 1980?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4910 | 5a74f28397ca42001a521d8a | Green | In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism. Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989–1990 in East Germany. In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 10.7% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag. | When was the West Germany revolution? | When was the West Germany revolution? | [
"When was the West Germany revolution?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4911 | 5a74f28397ca42001a521d8b | Green | In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism. Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989–1990 in East Germany. In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 10.7% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag. | How many members does the Alliance 90 have? | How many members does the Alliance 90 have? | [
"How many members does the Alliance 90 have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4912 | 572a23651d046914007797d1 | Green | Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland. | What color vestments do Roman Catholic and traditional Protestant clergy wear at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary time? | What color vestments do Roman Catholic and traditional Protestant clergy wear at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary time? | [
"What color vestments do Roman Catholic and traditional Protestant clergy wear at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary time?"
] | {
"text": [
"green"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4913 | 572a23651d046914007797d2 | Green | Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland. | What is green the color of in the Eastern Catholic Church? | What is green the color of in the Eastern Catholic Church? | [
"What is green the color of in the Eastern Catholic Church?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pentecost"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4914 | 572a23651d046914007797d3 | Green | Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland. | What was worshipped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season? | What was worshipped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season? | [
"What was worshipped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season?"
] | {
"text": [
"evergreens"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4915 | 572a23651d046914007797d4 | Green | Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland. | What did Romans use as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia? | What did Romans use as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia? | [
"What did Romans use as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia?"
] | {
"text": [
"green holly and evergreen"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4916 | 572a23651d046914007797d5 | Green | Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland. | What does green represent in Ireland and Scotland? | What does green represent in Ireland and Scotland? | [
"What does green represent in Ireland and Scotland?"
] | {
"text": [
"Catholics"
],
"answer_start": [
608
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4917 | 5a74f91a97ca42001a521d91 | Green | Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland. | When do clergymen wear orange vestments? | When do clergymen wear orange vestments? | [
"When do clergymen wear orange vestments?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4918 | 5a74f91a97ca42001a521d92 | Green | Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland. | What does the Eastern Catholic Church use orange to represent? | What does the Eastern Catholic Church use orange to represent? | [
"What does the Eastern Catholic Church use orange to represent?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4919 | 5a74f91a97ca42001a521d93 | Green | Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland. | Pentecost was originally what holiday celebrated by the Romans? | Pentecost was originally what holiday celebrated by the Romans? | [
"Pentecost was originally what holiday celebrated by the Romans?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4920 | 5a74f91a97ca42001a521d94 | Green | Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland. | Green and what color are represented on the flag of Scotland? | Green and what color are represented on the flag of Scotland? | [
"Green and what color are represented on the flag of Scotland?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4921 | 5a74f91a97ca42001a521d95 | Green | Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland. | What color is used to represent Romans? | What color is used to represent Romans? | [
"What color is used to represent Romans?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4922 | 56e112eecd28a01900c67555 | Boston | Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States. | Which of the United States is Boston located in? | Which of the United States is Boston located in? | [
"Which of the United States is Boston located in?"
] | {
"text": [
"Massachusetts"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4923 | 56e112eecd28a01900c67556 | Boston | Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States. | How many square miles is the city proper of Boston? | How many square miles is the city proper of Boston? | [
"How many square miles is the city proper of Boston?"
] | {
"text": [
"48"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4924 | 56e112eecd28a01900c67557 | Boston | Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States. | The large metropolitan area of Boston is also called what? | The large metropolitan area of Boston is also called what? | [
"The large metropolitan area of Boston is also called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Greater Boston"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4925 | 56e112eecd28a01900c67558 | Boston | Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States. | What is the estimated population of Greater Boston? | What is the estimated population of Greater Boston? | [
"What is the estimated population of Greater Boston?"
] | {
"text": [
"4.7 million people"
],
"answer_start": [
552
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4926 | 56e112eecd28a01900c67559 | Boston | Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States. | What is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts? | What is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts? | [
"What is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts?"
] | {
"text": [
"Boston"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4927 | 56e114f2e3433e1400422ba4 | Boston | One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub, as well as a center for education and culture. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and first subway system (1897). | What year was Boston founded? | What year was Boston founded? | [
"What year was Boston founded?"
] | {
"text": [
"1630"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4928 | 56e114f2e3433e1400422ba6 | Boston | One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub, as well as a center for education and culture. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and first subway system (1897). | What is the name of the peninsula Boston was founded on? | What is the name of the peninsula Boston was founded on? | [
"What is the name of the peninsula Boston was founded on?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Shawmut Peninsula"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4929 | 56e114f2e3433e1400422ba7 | Boston | One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub, as well as a center for education and culture. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and first subway system (1897). | Bostons rich history attracts many what each year? | Bostons rich history attracts many what each year? | [
"Bostons rich history attracts many what each year?"
] | {
"text": [
"tourists"
],
"answer_start": [
596
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4930 | 56e114f2e3433e1400422ba8 | Boston | One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub, as well as a center for education and culture. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and first subway system (1897). | The Faneuil Hall draws over how many tourists to Boston each year? | The Faneuil Hall draws over how many tourists to Boston each year? | [
"The Faneuil Hall draws over how many tourists to Boston each year?"
] | {
"text": [
"20 million"
],
"answer_start": [
643
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4931 | 56e1184ecd28a01900c67597 | Boston | The area's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education and medicine, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment. The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, though it remains high on world livability rankings. | Households in Boston claim the highest average rate of what in the United States? | Households in Boston claim the highest average rate of what in the United States? | [
"Households in Boston claim the highest average rate of what in the United States?"
] | {
"text": [
"philanthropy"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4932 | 56e1184ecd28a01900c67598 | Boston | The area's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education and medicine, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment. The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, though it remains high on world livability rankings. | Bostons businesses rank top in the country for what? | Bostons businesses rank top in the country for what? | [
"Bostons businesses rank top in the country for what?"
] | {
"text": [
"environmental sustainability and investment"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4933 | 56e1184ecd28a01900c67599 | Boston | The area's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education and medicine, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment. The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, though it remains high on world livability rankings. | Where does Boston rank as far as cost of living in the United States? | Where does Boston rank as far as cost of living in the United States? | [
"Where does Boston rank as far as cost of living in the United States?"
] | {
"text": [
"The city has one of the highest costs of living"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4934 | 56e1184ecd28a01900c6759a | Boston | The area's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education and medicine, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment. The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, though it remains high on world livability rankings. | How does Boston rank on world livability? | How does Boston rank on world livability? | [
"How does Boston rank on world livability?"
] | {
"text": [
"high"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4935 | 56e1184ecd28a01900c6759b | Boston | The area's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education and medicine, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment. The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, though it remains high on world livability rankings. | Boston is internationally known for education and medicine because of its many what? | Boston is internationally known for education and medicine because of its many what? | [
"Boston is internationally known for education and medicine because of its many what?"
] | {
"text": [
"colleges and universities"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4936 | 56e119bdcd28a01900c675ab | Boston | Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC. | What did Boston's early settlers call the area? | What did Boston's early settlers call the area? | [
"What did Boston's early settlers call the area?"
] | {
"text": [
"Trimountaine"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4937 | 56e119bdcd28a01900c675ac | Boston | Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC. | What does Trimountaine mean? | What does Trimountaine mean? | [
"What does Trimountaine mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"three mountains"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4938 | 56e119bdcd28a01900c675ad | Boston | Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC. | What year was the city renamed Boston? | What year was the city renamed Boston? | [
"What year was the city renamed Boston?"
] | {
"text": [
"1630"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4939 | 56e119bdcd28a01900c675ae | Boston | Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC. | Who named the city Boston? | Who named the city Boston? | [
"Who named the city Boston?"
] | {
"text": [
"Puritan colonists from England"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4940 | 56e119bdcd28a01900c675af | Boston | Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC. | What were the puritan colonists searching for when they came to Boston? | What were the puritan colonists searching for when they came to Boston? | [
"What were the puritan colonists searching for when they came to Boston?"
] | {
"text": [
"fresh water"
],
"answer_start": [
400
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4941 | 56e11b94cd28a01900c675cd | Boston | In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century. | What year was the Cambridge Agreement signed? | What year was the Cambridge Agreement signed? | [
"What year was the Cambridge Agreement signed?"
] | {
"text": [
"1629"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4942 | 56e11b94cd28a01900c675ce | Boston | In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century. | America's first public school was founded in Boston in what year? | America's first public school was founded in Boston in what year? | [
"America's first public school was founded in Boston in what year?"
] | {
"text": [
"1635"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4943 | 56e11b94cd28a01900c675cf | Boston | In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century. | Who was Massachusetts first governor? | Who was Massachusetts first governor? | [
"Who was Massachusetts first governor?"
] | {
"text": [
"John Winthrop"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4944 | 56e11b94cd28a01900c675d0 | Boston | In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century. | How many french and Indian wars did Boston participate in? | How many french and Indian wars did Boston participate in? | [
"How many french and Indian wars did Boston participate in?"
] | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4945 | 56e11b94cd28a01900c675d1 | Boston | In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century. | Who led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement? | Who led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement? | [
"Who led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement?"
] | {
"text": [
"John Winthrop"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4946 | 56e11e6fcd28a01900c67604 | Boston | Many of the crucial events of the American Revolution—the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere's midnight ride, the battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill, the Siege of Boston, and many others—occurred in or near Boston. After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world's wealthiest international ports, with rum, fish, salt, and tobacco being particularly important. | Boston became one of the wealthiest international ports after what war? | Boston became one of the wealthiest international ports after what war? | [
"Boston became one of the wealthiest international ports after what war?"
] | {
"text": [
"the American Revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4947 | 56e11e6fcd28a01900c67605 | Boston | Many of the crucial events of the American Revolution—the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere's midnight ride, the battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill, the Siege of Boston, and many others—occurred in or near Boston. After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world's wealthiest international ports, with rum, fish, salt, and tobacco being particularly important. | What long held tradition helped make Boston a wealthy port? | What long held tradition helped make Boston a wealthy port? | [
"What long held tradition helped make Boston a wealthy port?"
] | {
"text": [
"seafaring tradition"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4948 | 56e11e6fcd28a01900c67607 | Boston | Many of the crucial events of the American Revolution—the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere's midnight ride, the battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill, the Siege of Boston, and many others—occurred in or near Boston. After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world's wealthiest international ports, with rum, fish, salt, and tobacco being particularly important. | Boston was the location of many important events of what war? | Boston was the location of many important events of what war? | [
"Boston was the location of many important events of what war?"
] | {
"text": [
"the American Revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4949 | 56e120c3cd28a01900c67627 | Boston | The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and by the mid-19th century, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 20th century, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries. A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce. | What act was put in place during the Napoleonic wars and the war of 1812? | What act was put in place during the Napoleonic wars and the war of 1812? | [
"What act was put in place during the Napoleonic wars and the war of 1812?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Embargo Act of 1807"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4950 | 56e120c3cd28a01900c67628 | Boston | The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and by the mid-19th century, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 20th century, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries. A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce. | What act cut down on Boston's harbor activity? | What act cut down on Boston's harbor activity? | [
"What act cut down on Boston's harbor activity?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Embargo Act of 1807"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4951 | 56e120c3cd28a01900c67629 | Boston | The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and by the mid-19th century, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 20th century, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries. A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce. | What became an important part of the city's economy during the Napoleonic Wars and the war of 1812? | What became an important part of the city's economy during the Napoleonic Wars and the war of 1812? | [
"What became an important part of the city's economy during the Napoleonic Wars and the war of 1812?"
] | {
"text": [
"manufacturing"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4952 | 56e120c3cd28a01900c6762a | Boston | The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and by the mid-19th century, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 20th century, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries. A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce. | In what century was manufacturing more important to Boston than trade? | In what century was manufacturing more important to Boston than trade? | [
"In what century was manufacturing more important to Boston than trade?"
] | {
"text": [
"19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4953 | 56e120c3cd28a01900c6762b | Boston | The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and by the mid-19th century, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 20th century, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries. A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce. | When did Boston stop being known for it's garment production and leather goods? | When did Boston stop being known for it's garment production and leather goods? | [
"When did Boston stop being known for it's garment production and leather goods?"
] | {
"text": [
"the early 20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4954 | 56e1223ecd28a01900c67631 | Boston | During this period Boston flourished culturally as well, admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage, with members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed Boston Brahmins—coming to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites. | What was the name given to old Boston families? | What was the name given to old Boston families? | [
"What was the name given to old Boston families?"
] | {
"text": [
"Boston Brahmins"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4955 | 56e1223ecd28a01900c67632 | Boston | During this period Boston flourished culturally as well, admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage, with members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed Boston Brahmins—coming to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites. | Who came to be known as the nation's social elites? | Who came to be known as the nation's social elites? | [
"Who came to be known as the nation's social elites?"
] | {
"text": [
"Boston Brahmins"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4956 | 56e1223ecd28a01900c67633 | Boston | During this period Boston flourished culturally as well, admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage, with members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed Boston Brahmins—coming to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites. | Boston was admired for what kind of life? | Boston was admired for what kind of life? | [
"Boston was admired for what kind of life?"
] | {
"text": [
"literary life"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4957 | 56e1223ecd28a01900c67634 | Boston | During this period Boston flourished culturally as well, admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage, with members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed Boston Brahmins—coming to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites. | Boston improved culturally because of its generous what? | Boston improved culturally because of its generous what? | [
"Boston improved culturally because of its generous what?"
] | {
"text": [
"artistic patronage"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4958 | 56e124adcd28a01900c67647 | Boston | Boston was an early port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies, but was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island. Eventually Boston became a center of the abolitionist movement. The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, contributing to President Franklin Pierce's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case. | Boston was overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts in what type of trade? | Boston was overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts in what type of trade? | [
"Boston was overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts in what type of trade? "
] | {
"text": [
"slave trade"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4959 | 56e124adcd28a01900c67648 | Boston | Boston was an early port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies, but was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island. Eventually Boston became a center of the abolitionist movement. The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, contributing to President Franklin Pierce's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case. | What movement did Boston become the center of after it stopped slave trade? | What movement did Boston become the center of after it stopped slave trade? | [
"What movement did Boston become the center of after it stopped slave trade?"
] | {
"text": [
"the abolitionist movement"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4960 | 56e124adcd28a01900c67649 | Boston | Boston was an early port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies, but was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island. Eventually Boston became a center of the abolitionist movement. The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, contributing to President Franklin Pierce's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case. | What law involving slaves did the city react strongly to? | What law involving slaves did the city react strongly to? | [
"What law involving slaves did the city react strongly to?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4961 | 56e124adcd28a01900c6764a | Boston | Boston was an early port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies, but was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island. Eventually Boston became a center of the abolitionist movement. The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, contributing to President Franklin Pierce's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case. | What President attempted to make an example out of Boston due to it's view on the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case? | What President attempted to make an example out of Boston due to it's view on the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case? | [
"What President attempted to make an example out of Boston due to it's view on the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case?"
] | {
"text": [
"Franklin Pierce"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4962 | 56e12622e3433e1400422c72 | Boston | In 1822, the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from "the Town of Boston" to "the City of Boston", and on March 4, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the City. At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles (12 km2). | What was the City of Boston's name before it was the City of Boston? | What was the City of Boston's name before it was the City of Boston? | [
"What was the City of Boston's name before it was the City of Boston?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Town of Boston"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4963 | 56e12622e3433e1400422c73 | Boston | In 1822, the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from "the Town of Boston" to "the City of Boston", and on March 4, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the City. At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles (12 km2). | What year was the name changes to the City of Boston? | What year was the name changes to the City of Boston? | [
"What year was the name changes to the City of Boston?"
] | {
"text": [
"1822"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4964 | 56e12622e3433e1400422c74 | Boston | In 1822, the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from "the Town of Boston" to "the City of Boston", and on March 4, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the City. At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles (12 km2). | Boston was chartered as what in 1822? | Boston was chartered as what in 1822? | [
"Boston was chartered as what in 1822?"
] | {
"text": [
"a city"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4965 | 56e12622e3433e1400422c75 | Boston | In 1822, the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from "the Town of Boston" to "the City of Boston", and on March 4, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the City. At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles (12 km2). | What was the population of Boston in 1822? | What was the population of Boston in 1822? | [
"What was the population of Boston in 1822?"
] | {
"text": [
"about 46,226"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4966 | 56e12622e3433e1400422c76 | Boston | In 1822, the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from "the Town of Boston" to "the City of Boston", and on March 4, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the City. At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles (12 km2). | How many square miles was the city in 1822? | How many square miles was the city in 1822? | [
"How many square miles was the city in 1822?"
] | {
"text": [
"4.7 square miles"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4967 | 56e12827cd28a01900c67665 | Boston | In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Irish Potato Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston. In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians, French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settled in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants—Italians inhabited the North End, Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community, and since the early 20th century, the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics—prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald. | How did Boston's population change in the 1820's? | How did Boston's population change in the 1820's? | [
"How did Boston's population change in the 1820's?"
] | {
"text": [
"Boston's population grew rapidly"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4968 | 56e12827cd28a01900c67666 | Boston | In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Irish Potato Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston. In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians, French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settled in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants—Italians inhabited the North End, Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community, and since the early 20th century, the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics—prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald. | The first Europen immigrants arrival changed what in Boston? | The first Europen immigrants arrival changed what in Boston? | [
"The first Europen immigrants arrival changed what in Boston?"
] | {
"text": [
"the city's ethnic composition"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4969 | 56e12827cd28a01900c67667 | Boston | In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Irish Potato Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston. In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians, French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settled in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants—Italians inhabited the North End, Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community, and since the early 20th century, the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics—prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald. | What was the estimated population of Irish people living in Boston in 1850? | What was the estimated population of Irish people living in Boston in 1850? | [
"What was the estimated population of Irish people living in Boston in 1850?"
] | {
"text": [
"about 35,000"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4970 | 56e12827cd28a01900c67668 | Boston | In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Irish Potato Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston. In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians, French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settled in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants—Italians inhabited the North End, Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community, and since the early 20th century, the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics—prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald. | What religion did Irish and Italian immigrants bring with them to Boston? | What religion did Irish and Italian immigrants bring with them to Boston? | [
"What religion did Irish and Italian immigrants bring with them to Boston?"
] | {
"text": [
"Roman Catholicism"
],
"answer_start": [
771
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4971 | 56e12827cd28a01900c67669 | Boston | In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Irish Potato Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston. In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians, French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settled in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants—Italians inhabited the North End, Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community, and since the early 20th century, the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics—prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald. | What is Bostons largest religious group today? | What is Bostons largest religious group today? | [
"What is Bostons largest religious group today?"
] | {
"text": [
"Catholics"
],
"answer_start": [
801
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4972 | 56e12a32cd28a01900c67679 | Boston | Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 19th century; beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre (20 ha) mill pond that later became the Haymarket Square area. The present-day State House sits atop this lowered Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, the West End, the Financial District, and Chinatown. After The Great Boston Fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (2.4 km2) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston) (1870), Brighton (including present day Allston) (1874), West Roxbury (including present day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912). Other proposals, for the annexation of Brookline, Cambridge, and Chelsea, were unsuccessful. | What was used to fill a mill pond that became the Haymarket Square? | What was used to fill a mill pond that became the Haymarket Square? | [
"What was used to fill a mill pond that became the Haymarket Square?"
] | {
"text": [
"the crown of Beacon Hill"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4973 | 56e12a32cd28a01900c6767b | Boston | Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 19th century; beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre (20 ha) mill pond that later became the Haymarket Square area. The present-day State House sits atop this lowered Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, the West End, the Financial District, and Chinatown. After The Great Boston Fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (2.4 km2) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston) (1870), Brighton (including present day Allston) (1874), West Roxbury (including present day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912). Other proposals, for the annexation of Brookline, Cambridge, and Chelsea, were unsuccessful. | What sits on Beacon Hill today? | What sits on Beacon Hill today? | [
"What sits on Beacon Hill today?"
] | {
"text": [
"State House"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4974 | 56e12a32cd28a01900c6767c | Boston | Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 19th century; beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre (20 ha) mill pond that later became the Haymarket Square area. The present-day State House sits atop this lowered Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, the West End, the Financial District, and Chinatown. After The Great Boston Fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (2.4 km2) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston) (1870), Brighton (including present day Allston) (1874), West Roxbury (including present day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912). Other proposals, for the annexation of Brookline, Cambridge, and Chelsea, were unsuccessful. | What famous disaster happened in Boston in 1872? | What famous disaster happened in Boston in 1872? | [
"What famous disaster happened in Boston in 1872?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Great Boston Fire of 1872"
],
"answer_start": [
577
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4975 | 56e12a32cd28a01900c6767d | Boston | Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 19th century; beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre (20 ha) mill pond that later became the Haymarket Square area. The present-day State House sits atop this lowered Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, the West End, the Financial District, and Chinatown. After The Great Boston Fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (2.4 km2) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston) (1870), Brighton (including present day Allston) (1874), West Roxbury (including present day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912). Other proposals, for the annexation of Brookline, Cambridge, and Chelsea, were unsuccessful. | What was the rubble from the Great Boston Fire used for? | What was the rubble from the Great Boston Fire used for? | [
"What was the rubble from the Great Boston Fire used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"as landfill along the downtown waterfront"
],
"answer_start": [
637
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4976 | 56e12be3e3433e1400422c82 | Boston | By the early and mid-20th century, the city was in decline as factories became old and obsolete, and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere. Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA), which was established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with vociferous public opposition. | During what century did businesses move out of Boston to find cheaper labor? | During what century did businesses move out of Boston to find cheaper labor? | [
"During what century did businesses move out of Boston to find cheaper labor?"
] | {
"text": [
"20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4977 | 56e12be3e3433e1400422c83 | Boston | By the early and mid-20th century, the city was in decline as factories became old and obsolete, and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere. Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA), which was established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with vociferous public opposition. | Projects to renew the city were put into place by what? | Projects to renew the city were put into place by what? | [
"Projects to renew the city were put into place by what?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA)"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4978 | 56e12be3e3433e1400422c86 | Boston | By the early and mid-20th century, the city was in decline as factories became old and obsolete, and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere. Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA), which was established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with vociferous public opposition. | How did the people of Boston react to the demolition of the West End? | How did the people of Boston react to the demolition of the West End? | [
"How did the people of Boston react to the demolition of the West End?"
] | {
"text": [
"with vociferous public opposition."
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4979 | 56e12dc2e3433e1400422c8c | Boston | The BRA subsequently reevaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of Government Center. In 1965, the first Community Health Center in the United States opened, the Columbia Point Health Center, in the Dorchester neighborhood. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center. The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized into a mixed-income community called Harbor Point Apartments from 1984 to 1990. By the 1970s, the city's economy boomed after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this time period. This boom continued into the mid-1980s and later began again. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music and Boston Conservatory attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s. | What year did the first community health center in the US open? | What year did the first community health center in the US open? | [
"What year did the first community health center in the US open?"
] | {
"text": [
"1965"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4980 | 56e12dc2e3433e1400422c8e | Boston | The BRA subsequently reevaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of Government Center. In 1965, the first Community Health Center in the United States opened, the Columbia Point Health Center, in the Dorchester neighborhood. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center. The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized into a mixed-income community called Harbor Point Apartments from 1984 to 1990. By the 1970s, the city's economy boomed after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this time period. This boom continued into the mid-1980s and later began again. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music and Boston Conservatory attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s. | Where was Colombia Point Health Center located? | Where was Colombia Point Health Center located? | [
"Where was Colombia Point Health Center located?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Dorchester neighborhood"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4981 | 56e12dc2e3433e1400422c8f | Boston | The BRA subsequently reevaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of Government Center. In 1965, the first Community Health Center in the United States opened, the Columbia Point Health Center, in the Dorchester neighborhood. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center. The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized into a mixed-income community called Harbor Point Apartments from 1984 to 1990. By the 1970s, the city's economy boomed after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this time period. This boom continued into the mid-1980s and later began again. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music and Boston Conservatory attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s. | In 1990, the Colombia Point Health Center was renamed what? | In 1990, the Colombia Point Health Center was renamed what? | [
"In 1990, the Colombia Point Health Center was renamed what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4982 | 56e12f74e3433e1400422ca0 | Boston | Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions, including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both been merged into the Cincinnati–based Macy's. Boston has experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s. Living expenses have risen, and Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, and was ranked the 129th most expensive major city in the world in a 2011 survey of 214 cities. Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th worldwide in quality of living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities. | The New York Times bought what famous Boston newspaper? | The New York Times bought what famous Boston newspaper? | [
"The New York Times bought what famous Boston newspaper?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Boston Globe"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4983 | 56e12f74e3433e1400422ca1 | Boston | Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions, including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both been merged into the Cincinnati–based Macy's. Boston has experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s. Living expenses have risen, and Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, and was ranked the 129th most expensive major city in the world in a 2011 survey of 214 cities. Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th worldwide in quality of living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities. | Who bought FleetBoston Financial? | Who bought FleetBoston Financial? | [
"Who bought FleetBoston Financial?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bank of America"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4984 | 56e12f74e3433e1400422ca2 | Boston | Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions, including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both been merged into the Cincinnati–based Macy's. Boston has experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s. Living expenses have risen, and Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, and was ranked the 129th most expensive major city in the world in a 2011 survey of 214 cities. Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th worldwide in quality of living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities. | What year did Bank of America buy FleetBoston Fonancial? | What year did Bank of America buy FleetBoston Fonancial? | [
"What year did Bank of America buy FleetBoston Fonancial?"
] | {
"text": [
"2004"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4985 | 56e12f74e3433e1400422ca3 | Boston | Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions, including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both been merged into the Cincinnati–based Macy's. Boston has experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s. Living expenses have risen, and Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, and was ranked the 129th most expensive major city in the world in a 2011 survey of 214 cities. Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th worldwide in quality of living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities. | Two Boston department stores merged to form what Cincinnati based department store? | Two Boston department stores merged to form what Cincinnati based department store? | [
"Two Boston department stores merged to form what Cincinnati based department store?"
] | {
"text": [
"Macy's"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4986 | 56e12f74e3433e1400422ca4 | Boston | Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions, including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both been merged into the Cincinnati–based Macy's. Boston has experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s. Living expenses have risen, and Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, and was ranked the 129th most expensive major city in the world in a 2011 survey of 214 cities. Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th worldwide in quality of living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities. | What department stores merged to form Macy's? | What department stores merged to form Macy's? | [
"What department stores merged to form Macy's?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jordan Marsh and Filene's"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4987 | 56e1307acd28a01900c67683 | Boston | On April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers exploded two bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring roughly 264. | On what date did bombs go off at the Boston marathon? | On what date did bombs go off at the Boston marathon? | [
"On what date did bombs go off at the Boston marathon?"
] | {
"text": [
"April 15, 2013"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4988 | 56e1307acd28a01900c67685 | Boston | On April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers exploded two bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring roughly 264. | At what point of the Marathon were the bombs exploded? | At what point of the Marathon were the bombs exploded? | [
"At what point of the Marathon were the bombs exploded?"
] | {
"text": [
"near the finish line"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4989 | 56e1307acd28a01900c67686 | Boston | On April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers exploded two bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring roughly 264. | How many fatalities were there at the marathon? | How many fatalities were there at the marathon? | [
"How many fatalities were there at the marathon?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4990 | 56e1307acd28a01900c67687 | Boston | On April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers exploded two bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring roughly 264. | About how many people were injured in the explosion? | About how many people were injured in the explosion? | [
"About how many people were injured in the explosion?"
] | {
"text": [
"264"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4991 | 56e131aecd28a01900c6768d | Boston | Boston has an area of 89.6 square miles (232.1 km2)—48.4 square miles (125.4 km2) (54.0%) of land and 41.2 square miles (106.7 km2) (46.0%) of water. The city's official elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport, is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level. The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 feet (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level. Situated onshore of the Atlantic Ocean, Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an oceanic coastline. | What is the total area of Boston? | What is the total area of Boston? | [
"What is the total area of Boston?"
] | {
"text": [
"89.6 square miles"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4992 | 56e131aecd28a01900c6768e | Boston | Boston has an area of 89.6 square miles (232.1 km2)—48.4 square miles (125.4 km2) (54.0%) of land and 41.2 square miles (106.7 km2) (46.0%) of water. The city's official elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport, is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level. The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 feet (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level. Situated onshore of the Atlantic Ocean, Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an oceanic coastline. | How many square miles of land is Boston? | How many square miles of land is Boston? | [
"How many square miles of land is Boston?"
] | {
"text": [
"48.4 square miles"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4993 | 56e131aecd28a01900c6768f | Boston | Boston has an area of 89.6 square miles (232.1 km2)—48.4 square miles (125.4 km2) (54.0%) of land and 41.2 square miles (106.7 km2) (46.0%) of water. The city's official elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport, is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level. The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 feet (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level. Situated onshore of the Atlantic Ocean, Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an oceanic coastline. | How many square miles of water is Boston? | How many square miles of water is Boston? | [
"How many square miles of water is Boston?"
] | {
"text": [
"41.2 square miles"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4994 | 56e131aecd28a01900c67690 | Boston | Boston has an area of 89.6 square miles (232.1 km2)—48.4 square miles (125.4 km2) (54.0%) of land and 41.2 square miles (106.7 km2) (46.0%) of water. The city's official elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport, is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level. The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 feet (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level. Situated onshore of the Atlantic Ocean, Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an oceanic coastline. | How many feet above sea level is the City of Boston? | How many feet above sea level is the City of Boston? | [
"How many feet above sea level is the City of Boston?"
] | {
"text": [
"19 ft"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4995 | 56e131aecd28a01900c67691 | Boston | Boston has an area of 89.6 square miles (232.1 km2)—48.4 square miles (125.4 km2) (54.0%) of land and 41.2 square miles (106.7 km2) (46.0%) of water. The city's official elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport, is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level. The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 feet (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level. Situated onshore of the Atlantic Ocean, Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an oceanic coastline. | Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous US to have what type of coastline? | Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous US to have what type of coastline? | [
"Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous US to have what type of coastline?"
] | {
"text": [
"oceanic coastline"
],
"answer_start": [
492
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4996 | 56e13485cd28a01900c676a1 | Boston | Boston is surrounded by the "Greater Boston" region and is contiguously bordered by the cities and towns of Winthrop, Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, Milton, and Quincy. The Charles River separates Boston from Watertown and the majority of Cambridge, and the mass of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. To the east lie Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (which includes part of the city's territory, specifically Calf Island, Gallops Island, Great Brewster Island, Green Island, Little Brewster Island, Little Calf Island, Long Island, Lovells Island, Middle Brewster Island, Nixes Mate, Outer Brewster Island, Rainsford Island, Shag Rocks, Spectacle Island, The Graves, and Thompson Island). The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and the city of Quincy and the town of Milton. The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston proper. | What is the name of the region that surrounds Boston? | What is the name of the region that surrounds Boston? | [
"What is the name of the region that surrounds Boston?"
] | {
"text": [
"Greater Boston"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4997 | 56e13485cd28a01900c676a2 | Boston | Boston is surrounded by the "Greater Boston" region and is contiguously bordered by the cities and towns of Winthrop, Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, Milton, and Quincy. The Charles River separates Boston from Watertown and the majority of Cambridge, and the mass of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. To the east lie Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (which includes part of the city's territory, specifically Calf Island, Gallops Island, Great Brewster Island, Green Island, Little Brewster Island, Little Calf Island, Long Island, Lovells Island, Middle Brewster Island, Nixes Mate, Outer Brewster Island, Rainsford Island, Shag Rocks, Spectacle Island, The Graves, and Thompson Island). The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and the city of Quincy and the town of Milton. The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston proper. | What river seperates Boston from Charlestown? | What river seperates Boston from Charlestown? | [
"What river seperates Boston from Charlestown?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Charles River"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4998 | 56e13485cd28a01900c676a3 | Boston | Boston is surrounded by the "Greater Boston" region and is contiguously bordered by the cities and towns of Winthrop, Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, Milton, and Quincy. The Charles River separates Boston from Watertown and the majority of Cambridge, and the mass of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. To the east lie Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (which includes part of the city's territory, specifically Calf Island, Gallops Island, Great Brewster Island, Green Island, Little Brewster Island, Little Calf Island, Long Island, Lovells Island, Middle Brewster Island, Nixes Mate, Outer Brewster Island, Rainsford Island, Shag Rocks, Spectacle Island, The Graves, and Thompson Island). The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and the city of Quincy and the town of Milton. The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston proper. | What direction from Boston is Boston Harbor? | What direction from Boston is Boston Harbor? | [
"What direction from Boston is Boston Harbor?"
] | {
"text": [
"To the east"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4999 | 56e13485cd28a01900c676a4 | Boston | Boston is surrounded by the "Greater Boston" region and is contiguously bordered by the cities and towns of Winthrop, Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, Milton, and Quincy. The Charles River separates Boston from Watertown and the majority of Cambridge, and the mass of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. To the east lie Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (which includes part of the city's territory, specifically Calf Island, Gallops Island, Great Brewster Island, Green Island, Little Brewster Island, Little Calf Island, Long Island, Lovells Island, Middle Brewster Island, Nixes Mate, Outer Brewster Island, Rainsford Island, Shag Rocks, Spectacle Island, The Graves, and Thompson Island). The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and the city of Quincy and the town of Milton. The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston proper. | Calf Island and Green Island are considered part of what National Recreation Area? | Calf Island and Green Island are considered part of what National Recreation Area? | [
"Calf Island and Green Island are considered part of what National Recreation Area?"
] | {
"text": [
"Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area"
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
} |
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