gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-7700 | 56ddef9d9a695914005b96eb | Iranian_languages | The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention. | Who first used the term Iranian language? | Who first used the term Iranian language? | [
"Who first used the term Iranian language?"
] | {
"text": [
"Christian Lassen"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7701 | 56ddef9d9a695914005b96ed | Iranian_languages | The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention. | Who first used the term Irano-Aryan? | Who first used the term Irano-Aryan? | [
"Who first used the term Irano-Aryan?"
] | {
"text": [
"Robert Needham Cust"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7702 | 56ddef9d9a695914005b96ee | Iranian_languages | The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention. | When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used? | When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used? | [
"When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used?"
] | {
"text": [
"1878"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7703 | 5a18c7099aa02b0018605ebe | Iranian_languages | The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention. | When did Robert Needham Cust introduced the term Iranian? | When did Robert Needham Cust introduced the term Iranian? | [
"When did Robert Needham Cust introduced the term Iranian?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7704 | 5a18c7099aa02b0018605ebf | Iranian_languages | The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention. | What term did Christian Lassen using 1878? | What term did Christian Lassen using 1878? | [
"What term did Christian Lassen using 1878?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7705 | 5a18c7099aa02b0018605ec0 | Iranian_languages | The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention. | What did George Abraham Grierson and Christian Lassen contrast? | What did George Abraham Grierson and Christian Lassen contrast? | [
"What did George Abraham Grierson and Christian Lassen contrast?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7706 | 5a18c7099aa02b0018605ec1 | Iranian_languages | The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention. | What scholars have revived the term Irano-Aryan | What scholars have revived the term Irano-Aryan | [
"What scholars have revived the term Irano-Aryan"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7707 | 56ddf08d66d3e219004dae31 | Iranian_languages | All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC. | From where did Iranian languages originate? | From where did Iranian languages originate? | [
"From where did Iranian languages originate?"
] | {
"text": [
"Proto-Iranian"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7708 | 56ddf08d66d3e219004dae33 | Iranian_languages | All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC. | What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from? | What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from? | [
"What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Central Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7709 | 56ddf08d66d3e219004dae34 | Iranian_languages | All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC. | What society is a strong contender for the common culture speaking Indo-Iranian? | What society is a strong contender for the common culture speaking Indo-Iranian? | [
"What society is a strong contender for the common culture speaking Indo-Iranian?"
] | {
"text": [
"Andronovo"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7710 | 56ddf08d66d3e219004dae35 | Iranian_languages | All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC. | When did the Andronovo culture exist? | When did the Andronovo culture exist? | [
"When did the Andronovo culture exist?"
] | {
"text": [
"2000 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7711 | 5a18c8d69aa02b0018605ec6 | Iranian_languages | All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC. | What other language did most Iranian languages descend from? | What other language did most Iranian languages descend from? | [
"What other language did most Iranian languages descend from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7712 | 5a18c8d69aa02b0018605ec7 | Iranian_languages | All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC. | What other language besides Nuristani this proto-Iranian descent from? | What other language besides Nuristani this proto-Iranian descent from? | [
"What other language besides Nuristani this proto-Iranian descent from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7713 | 5a18c8d69aa02b0018605ec8 | Iranian_languages | All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC. | What language does Proto-Indo Iranian descent from? | What language does Proto-Indo Iranian descent from? | [
"What language does Proto-Indo Iranian descent from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7714 | 5a18c8d69aa02b0018605ec9 | Iranian_languages | All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC. | What languages are believed to have originated in central India? | What languages are believed to have originated in central India? | [
"What languages are believed to have originated in central India?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7715 | 56ddf11b66d3e219004dae3c | Iranian_languages | It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more precisely, the steppes of southern Russia to the north of the Caucasus), according to the reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European. | What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to? | What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to? | [
"What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Indo-European"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7716 | 5a18ccbd9aa02b0018605ece | Iranian_languages | It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more precisely, the steppes of southern Russia to the north of the Caucasus), according to the reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European. | What Indo-European groups belong to the Satem language family? | What Indo-European groups belong to the Satem language family? | [
"What Indo-European groups belong to the Satem language family?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7717 | 5a18ccbd9aa02b0018605ecf | Iranian_languages | It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more precisely, the steppes of southern Russia to the north of the Caucasus), according to the reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European. | What language family originated in the mountains of Russia? | What language family originated in the mountains of Russia? | [
"What language family originated in the mountains of Russia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7718 | 56ddf33166d3e219004dae56 | Iranian_languages | Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia. | Where did early Iranian people establish societies? | Where did early Iranian people establish societies? | [
"Where did early Iranian people establish societies?"
] | {
"text": [
"southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7719 | 5a18d1639aa02b0018605ed2 | Iranian_languages | Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia. | What language came sometime after the breakup of Proto-Iranian? | What language came sometime after the breakup of Proto-Iranian? | [
"What language came sometime after the breakup of Proto-Iranian?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7720 | 5a18d1639aa02b0018605ed3 | Iranian_languages | Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia. | What language broke up after the second millennium BCE? | What language broke up after the second millennium BCE? | [
"What language broke up after the second millennium BCE?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7721 | 5a18d1639aa02b0018605ed4 | Iranian_languages | Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia. | When did the middle Iranian language begin to break off? | When did the middle Iranian language begin to break off? | [
"When did the middle Iranian language begin to break off?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7722 | 56ddf3bb9a695914005b9720 | Iranian_languages | The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are: | What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers? | What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers? | [
"What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers?"
] | {
"text": [
"linguistic diversity"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7723 | 56ddf3bb9a695914005b9721 | Iranian_languages | The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are: | How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time? | How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time? | [
"How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time?"
] | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7724 | 5a18d2529aa02b0018605ed8 | Iranian_languages | The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are: | What characteristic of middle Iranian civilization is shown by the limited number of languages and speakers? | What characteristic of middle Iranian civilization is shown by the limited number of languages and speakers? | [
"What characteristic of middle Iranian civilization is shown by the limited number of languages and speakers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7725 | 5a18d2529aa02b0018605ed9 | Iranian_languages | The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are: | How many middle Iranian languages are still spoken today? | How many middle Iranian languages are still spoken today? | [
"How many middle Iranian languages are still spoken today?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7726 | 5a18d2529aa02b0018605eda | Iranian_languages | The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are: | What languages were spoken by a limited number of people? | What languages were spoken by a limited number of people? | [
"What languages were spoken by a limited number of people?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7727 | 56ddf42566d3e219004dae60 | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations. | In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form? | In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form? | [
"In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Behistun inscription"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7728 | 56ddf42566d3e219004dae61 | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations. | When was the Behistun inscription written? | When was the Behistun inscription written? | [
"When was the Behistun inscription written?"
] | {
"text": [
"520 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7729 | 56ddf42566d3e219004dae62 | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations. | During what century was the change from Old to Middle Persian well underway? | During what century was the change from Old to Middle Persian well underway? | [
"During what century was the change from Old to Middle Persian well underway?"
] | {
"text": [
"4th century BC"
],
"answer_start": [
583
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7730 | 5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605ede | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations. | What dialect was spoken in northwestern Iran | What dialect was spoken in northwestern Iran | [
"What dialect was spoken in northwestern Iran"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7731 | 5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605edf | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations. | What official purpose was Middle Persian being used for in the fourth century BC? | What official purpose was Middle Persian being used for in the fourth century BC? | [
"What official purpose was Middle Persian being used for in the fourth century BC?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7732 | 5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605ee0 | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations. | What inscription was composed in the 4th Century BC. | What inscription was composed in the 4th Century BC. | [
"What inscription was composed in the 4th Century BC."
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7733 | 5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605ee1 | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations. | In which document composed in 520 BC was old Persian grammatically incorrect? | In which document composed in 520 BC was old Persian grammatically incorrect? | [
"In which document composed in 520 BC was old Persian grammatically incorrect?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7734 | 5a18d7dd9aa02b0018605ee2 | Iranian_languages | Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations. | During what century was the change from old to middle Persian just beginning? | During what century was the change from old to middle Persian just beginning? | [
"During what century was the change from old to middle Persian just beginning?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7735 | 56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b526 | Iranian_languages | The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). | What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language? | What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language? | [
"What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language?"
] | {
"text": [
"Avestan"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7736 | 56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b527 | Iranian_languages | The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). | What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of? | What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of? | [
"What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zoroastrianism"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7737 | 56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b529 | Iranian_languages | The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). | What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan? | What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan? | [
"What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rigvedic Sanskrit"
],
"answer_start": [
707
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7738 | 56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b52a | Iranian_languages | The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). | What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan? | What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan? | [
"What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan?"
] | {
"text": [
"Old Persian"
],
"answer_start": [
802
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7739 | 5a18da649aa02b0018605ee8 | Iranian_languages | The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). | What dialect is the Avesta language from? | What dialect is the Avesta language from? | [
"What dialect is the Avesta language from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7740 | 5a18da649aa02b0018605ee9 | Iranian_languages | The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). | How many dialects of the Avesta language or there? | How many dialects of the Avesta language or there? | [
"How many dialects of the Avesta language or there?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7741 | 5a18da649aa02b0018605eea | Iranian_languages | The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). | What religion is vohu daena the contemporary name for? | What religion is vohu daena the contemporary name for? | [
"What religion is vohu daena the contemporary name for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7742 | 5a18da649aa02b0018605eeb | Iranian_languages | The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). | Why did old Persian retained its old characteristics long after the old Iranian languages | Why did old Persian retained its old characteristics long after the old Iranian languages | [
"Why did old Persian retained its old characteristics long after the old Iranian languages"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7743 | 5a18da649aa02b0018605eec | Iranian_languages | The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). | What language shows the same level of development as old Avestan | What language shows the same level of development as old Avestan | [
"What language shows the same level of development as old Avestan"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7744 | 56ddf6ac4396321400ee2513 | Iranian_languages | In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Carduchi (the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish) and Old Parthian. Additionally, the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a "Median" substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called "Scythian". | What language is Carduchi thought to have become? | What language is Carduchi thought to have become? | [
"What language is Carduchi thought to have become?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kurdish"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7745 | 56ddf6ac4396321400ee2515 | Iranian_languages | In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Carduchi (the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish) and Old Parthian. Additionally, the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a "Median" substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called "Scythian". | What language did Herodotus invent a name for? | What language did Herodotus invent a name for? | [
"What language did Herodotus invent a name for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Scythian"
],
"answer_start": [
874
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7746 | 5a18e03a9aa02b0018605ef2 | Iranian_languages | In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Carduchi (the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish) and Old Parthian. Additionally, the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a "Median" substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called "Scythian". | What language to Kurdish become? | What language to Kurdish become? | [
"What language to Kurdish become?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7747 | 5a18e03a9aa02b0018605ef3 | Iranian_languages | In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Carduchi (the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish) and Old Parthian. Additionally, the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a "Median" substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called "Scythian". | What cannot be inferred from the impact on a neighboring language? | What cannot be inferred from the impact on a neighboring language? | [
"What cannot be inferred from the impact on a neighboring language?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7748 | 5a18e03a9aa02b0018605ef4 | Iranian_languages | In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Carduchi (the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish) and Old Parthian. Additionally, the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a "Median" substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called "Scythian". | What kind of substrate is Middle Iranian? | What kind of substrate is Middle Iranian? | [
"What kind of substrate is Middle Iranian?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7749 | 5a18e03a9aa02b0018605ef5 | Iranian_languages | In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Carduchi (the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish) and Old Parthian. Additionally, the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a "Median" substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called "Scythian". | Who reported vocabulary for old Persian? | Who reported vocabulary for old Persian? | [
"Who reported vocabulary for old Persian?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7750 | 56ddf70a4396321400ee251b | Iranian_languages | Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media). | What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues? | What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues? | [
"What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues?"
] | {
"text": [
"western and eastern"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7751 | 56ddf70a4396321400ee251c | Iranian_languages | Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media). | Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian? | Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian? | [
"Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian?"
] | {
"text": [
"Old Persian"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7752 | 56ddf70a4396321400ee251d | Iranian_languages | Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media). | Which language is associated with the eastern branch of Iranian? | Which language is associated with the eastern branch of Iranian? | [
"Which language is associated with the eastern branch of Iranian?"
] | {
"text": [
"Avestan"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7753 | 5a18e2249aa02b0018605efa | Iranian_languages | Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media). | What languages are grouped into northern and southern branches? | What languages are grouped into northern and southern branches? | [
"What languages are grouped into northern and southern branches?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7754 | 5a18e2249aa02b0018605efb | Iranian_languages | Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media). | What language is associated with the Western branch of old Persian? | What language is associated with the Western branch of old Persian? | [
"What language is associated with the Western branch of old Persian?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7755 | 5a18e2249aa02b0018605efc | Iranian_languages | Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media). | What language is associated with the Eastern branch of Avestan? | What language is associated with the Eastern branch of Avestan? | [
"What language is associated with the Eastern branch of Avestan?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7756 | 5a18e2249aa02b0018605efd | Iranian_languages | Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media). | What were the centers of imperial power in Persia? | What were the centers of imperial power in Persia? | [
"What were the centers of imperial power in Persia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7757 | 56ddfdc4cffd8e1900b4b556 | Iranian_languages | Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź: | What elements of Proto-Indo-Iranian did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants? | What elements of Proto-Indo-Iranian did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants? | [
"What elements of Proto-Indo-Iranian did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants?"
] | {
"text": [
"*ć and *dź"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7758 | 56ddfdc4cffd8e1900b4b557 | Iranian_languages | Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź: | What type of letters are *ć and *dź? | What type of letters are *ć and *dź? | [
"What type of letters are *ć and *dź?"
] | {
"text": [
"first-series palatal consonants"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7759 | 5a18e2b99aa02b0018605f02 | Iranian_languages | Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź: | What Iranian dialects did not follow the Western and Eastern blocks? | What Iranian dialects did not follow the Western and Eastern blocks? | [
"What Iranian dialects did not follow the Western and Eastern blocks?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7760 | 5a18e2b99aa02b0018605f03 | Iranian_languages | Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź: | What type of valves are c and dz? | What type of valves are c and dz? | [
"What type of valves are c and dz?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7761 | 56ddfe654396321400ee2532 | Iranian_languages | As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: | What languages share a similar situation? | What languages share a similar situation? | [
"What languages share a similar situation?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nuristani languages"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7762 | 56ddfe654396321400ee2533 | Iranian_languages | As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: | What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division? | What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division? | [
"What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division?"
] | {
"text": [
"*ćw and *dźw"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7763 | 56ddfe654396321400ee2534 | Iranian_languages | As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: | What is the linguistic categorization of *ćw and *dźw? | What is the linguistic categorization of *ćw and *dźw? | [
"What is the linguistic categorization of *ćw and *dźw?"
] | {
"text": [
"consonant clusters"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7764 | 5a18e39c9aa02b0018605f06 | Iranian_languages | As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: | What is contrary to the state of affairs in the Nuristani languages? | What is contrary to the state of affairs in the Nuristani languages? | [
"What is contrary to the state of affairs in the Nuristani languages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7765 | 5a18e39c9aa02b0018605f07 | Iranian_languages | As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: | What other elements of early Iranian language support the East-West division? | What other elements of early Iranian language support the East-West division? | [
"What other elements of early Iranian language support the East-West division?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7766 | 56de03a44396321400ee2547 | Iranian_languages | It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw). | What may have also been in use at the time? | What may have also been in use at the time? | [
"What may have also been in use at the time?"
] | {
"text": [
"other distinct dialect groups"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7767 | 56de03a44396321400ee2548 | Iranian_languages | It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw). | Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed? | Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed? | [
"Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7768 | 56de03a44396321400ee2549 | Iranian_languages | It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw). | What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed? | What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed? | [
"What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed?"
] | {
"text": [
"Old Parthian"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7769 | 5a18e53d9aa02b0018605f0a | Iranian_languages | It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw). | What was not in use at the time? | What was not in use at the time? | [
"What was not in use at the time?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7770 | 5a18e53d9aa02b0018605f0b | Iranian_languages | It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw). | What is the ancestor of old Iranian? | What is the ancestor of old Iranian? | [
"What is the ancestor of old Iranian?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7771 | 5a18e53d9aa02b0018605f0c | Iranian_languages | It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw). | c parallel the development of what other two letters? | c parallel the development of what other two letters? | [
"c parallel the development of what other two letters?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7772 | 5a18e53d9aa02b0018605f0d | Iranian_languages | It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw). | Scythian was the ancestor of what other languages? | Scythian was the ancestor of what other languages? | [
"Scythian was the ancestor of what other languages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7773 | 56de03d64396321400ee254d | Iranian_languages | What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern. | When did the age of Middle Iranian come to a close? | When did the age of Middle Iranian come to a close? | [
"When did the age of Middle Iranian come to a close?"
] | {
"text": [
"9th century"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7774 | 56de03d64396321400ee254e | Iranian_languages | What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern. | What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian? | What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian? | [
"What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian?"
] | {
"text": [
"Western and Eastern"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7775 | 5a18e5eb9aa02b0018605f12 | Iranian_languages | What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern. | What era began in the ninth century? | What era began in the ninth century? | [
"What era began in the ninth century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7776 | 5a18e5eb9aa02b0018605f13 | Iranian_languages | What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern. | What language was divided into a northern and southern division? | What language was divided into a northern and southern division? | [
"What language was divided into a northern and southern division?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7777 | 56de05334396321400ee2552 | Iranian_languages | The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. | Bactrian, Sogdian, and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language? | Bactrian, Sogdian, and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language? | [
"Bactrian, Sogdian, and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eastern"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7778 | 56de05334396321400ee2553 | Iranian_languages | The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. | Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages? | Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages? | [
"Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages?"
] | {
"text": [
"Avestan"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7779 | 56de05334396321400ee2554 | Iranian_languages | The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. | Where did the the alphabets used by eastern languages come from? | Where did the the alphabets used by eastern languages come from? | [
"Where did the the alphabets used by eastern languages come from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Aramaic"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7780 | 56de05334396321400ee2555 | Iranian_languages | The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. | What did the Bactrian language use for writing? | What did the Bactrian language use for writing? | [
"What did the Bactrian language use for writing?"
] | {
"text": [
"Greek script"
],
"answer_start": [
610
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7781 | 5a18e72f9aa02b0018605f16 | Iranian_languages | The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. | What family includes party on an Old Persian? | What family includes party on an Old Persian? | [
"What family includes party on an Old Persian?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7782 | 5a18e72f9aa02b0018605f17 | Iranian_languages | The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. | What family includes Bactrain, Sogdian and old Iranian? | What family includes Bactrain, Sogdian and old Iranian? | [
"What family includes Bactrain, Sogdian and old Iranian?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7783 | 5a18e72f9aa02b0018605f18 | Iranian_languages | The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. | Where did the alphabet used by Western languages come from? | Where did the alphabet used by Western languages come from? | [
"Where did the alphabet used by Western languages come from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7784 | 5a18e72f9aa02b0018605f19 | Iranian_languages | The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. | What script was used for Persian rating? | What script was used for Persian rating? | [
"What script was used for Persian rating?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7785 | 56de058f4396321400ee255b | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script. | What is another term for Middle Persian? | What is another term for Middle Persian? | [
"What is another term for Middle Persian?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pahlavi"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7786 | 56de058f4396321400ee255c | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script. | When did Middle Persian start being u sed? | When did Middle Persian start being u sed? | [
"When did Middle Persian start being u sed?"
] | {
"text": [
"3rd century CE"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7787 | 56de058f4396321400ee255d | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script. | What are three languages employed by the Manichaeans? | What are three languages employed by the Manichaeans? | [
"What are three languages employed by the Manichaeans?"
] | {
"text": [
"Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7788 | 56de058f4396321400ee255e | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script. | What was the writing of Manichaean documents similar to? | What was the writing of Manichaean documents similar to? | [
"What was the writing of Manichaean documents similar to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Syriac script"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7789 | 5a18e8519aa02b0018605f1e | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script. | Underwood dynasty was old Persian the official language? | Underwood dynasty was old Persian the official language? | [
"Underwood dynasty was old Persian the official language?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7790 | 5a18e8519aa02b0018605f1f | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script. | What language was in use in Iran before the third century? | What language was in use in Iran before the third century? | [
"What language was in use in Iran before the third century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7791 | 5a18e8519aa02b0018605f20 | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script. | What are three spoken languages use by the Manchaeans? | What are three spoken languages use by the Manchaeans? | [
"What are three spoken languages use by the Manchaeans?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7792 | 5a18e8519aa02b0018605f21 | Iranian_languages | Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script. | Latin and Chinese writing were similar to what texts? | Latin and Chinese writing were similar to what texts? | [
"Latin and Chinese writing were similar to what texts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7793 | 56de0abc4396321400ee2563 | Iranian_languages | Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darbâr (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of Khuzestan. | The proliferation of which religion had a profound effect on the development of Iranian languages? | The proliferation of which religion had a profound effect on the development of Iranian languages? | [
"The proliferation of which religion had a profound effect on the development of Iranian languages?"
] | {
"text": [
"Islam"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7794 | 56de0abc4396321400ee2564 | Iranian_languages | Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darbâr (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of Khuzestan. | What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue? | What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue? | [
"What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dari"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7795 | 56de0abc4396321400ee2565 | Iranian_languages | Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darbâr (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of Khuzestan. | What was the first dynasty to use Dari? | What was the first dynasty to use Dari? | [
"What was the first dynasty to use Dari?"
] | {
"text": [
"Saffarid"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7796 | 56de0abc4396321400ee2566 | Iranian_languages | Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darbâr (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of Khuzestan. | When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari? | When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari? | [
"When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari?"
] | {
"text": [
"875 CE"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7797 | 56de0abc4396321400ee2567 | Iranian_languages | Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darbâr (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of Khuzestan. | What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers? | What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers? | [
"What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers?"
] | {
"text": [
"Khorasan"
],
"answer_start": [
963
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7798 | 5a18e9499aa02b0018605f26 | Iranian_languages | Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darbâr (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of Khuzestan. | What religion slowed the spread of the Iranian language? | What religion slowed the spread of the Iranian language? | [
"What religion slowed the spread of the Iranian language?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7799 | 5a18e9499aa02b0018605f27 | Iranian_languages | Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darbâr (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of Khuzestan. | What language do middle Iranian displace is the court's official language? | What language do middle Iranian displace is the court's official language? | [
"What language do middle Iranian displace is the court's official language?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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