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41.22444152832031 123 WikiText2 |
22200 Decorative Asomtavruli capital letters , მ ( m ) , ნ ( n ) and თ ( t ) , 12 – 13th century . |
95.5630111694336 25 WikiText2 |
22201 From the 11th @-@ century " limb @-@ flowery " , " limb @-@ arrowy " and " limb @-@ spotty " decorative forms of Asomtavruli are developed . The first two are found in 11th- and 12th @-@ century monuments , whereas the third one is used until the 18th century . |
51.92878341674805 63 WikiText2 |
22202 Importance was attached also to the colour of the ink itself . |
167.15774536132812 12 WikiText2 |
22203 Asomtavruli letter დ ( doni ) is often written with decoration effects of fish and birds . |
447.28851318359375 17 WikiText2 |
22204 The " Curly " decorative form of Asomtavruli is also used where the letters are wattled or intermingled on each other , or the smaller letters are written inside other letters . It was mostly used for the headlines of the manuscripts or the books , although there are compete inscriptions which were written in th... |
67.29653930664062 63 WikiText2 |
22205 The title of Gospel of Matthew in Asomtavruli " Curly " decorative form . |
992.3935546875 14 WikiText2 |
22206 = = = Handwriting of Asomtavruli = = = |
380.921630859375 9 WikiText2 |
22207 The following table shows the stroke order and direction of each Asomtavruli letter : |
387.8778381347656 14 WikiText2 |
22208 = = Nuskhuri = = |
829.8660888671875 5 WikiText2 |
22209 Nuskhuri ( Georgian : ნუსხური ) is the second Georgian script . The name nuskhuri comes from nuskha ( ნუსხა ) , meaning " inventory " or " schedule " . Nuskhuri was soon augmented with Asomtavruli illuminated capitals in religious manuscripts . The combination is called Khutsuri ( Georgian : ხუცური , " clerical ... |
18.726551055908203 74 WikiText2 |
22210 Nuskhuri first appeared in the 9th century as a graphic variant of Asomtavruli . The oldest inscription is found in the Ateni Sioni Church and dates to 835 AD . The oldest surviving Nuskhuri manuscripts date to 864 AD . Nuskhuri becomes dominant over Asomtavruli from the 10th century . |
38.353355407714844 50 WikiText2 |
22211 = = = Form of Nuskhuri letters = = = |
444.2228698730469 10 WikiText2 |
22212 Nuskhuri letters vary in height , with ascenders and descenders , and are slanted to the right . Letters have an angular shape , with a noticeable tendency to simplify the shapes they had in Asomtavruli . This enabled faster writing of manuscripts . |
150.08056640625 44 WikiText2 |
22213 → → Asomtavruli letters ო ( oni ) and ჳ ( vie ) . A ligature of these letters produced a new letter in Nuskhuri , უ uni . |
150.43299865722656 29 WikiText2 |
22214 Note : Without proper font support , you may see question marks , boxes or other symbols instead of Nuskhuri letters . |
203.454833984375 22 WikiText2 |
22215 = = = Handwriting of Nuskhuri = = = |
467.1167907714844 9 WikiText2 |
22216 The following table shows the stroke order and direction of each Nuskhuri letter : |
327.0875549316406 14 WikiText2 |
22217 = = Use of Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri today = = |
776.391845703125 10 WikiText2 |
22218 Asomtavruli is used intensively in iconography , murals , and exterior design , especially in stone engravings . Georgian linguist Akaki Shanidze made an attempt in the 1950s to introduce Asomtavruli into the Mkhedruli script as capital letters to begin sentences , as in the Latin script , but it didn 't catch o... |
68.42453002929688 84 WikiText2 |
22219 = = Mkhedruli = = |
1597.8294677734375 5 WikiText2 |
22220 Mkhedruli ( Georgian : მხედრული ) is the third and current Georgian script . Mkhedruli , literally meaning " cavalry " or " military " , derives from mkhedari ( მხედარი ) meaning " horseman " , " knight " , " warrior " and " cavalier " . |
14.59975528717041 49 WikiText2 |
22221 Like the two other scripts , Mkhedruli is purely unicameral . Mkhedruli first appears in the 10th century . The oldest Mkhedruli inscription is found in Ateni Sioni Church dating back to 982 AD . The second oldest Mkhedruli @-@ written text is found in the 11th @-@ century royal charters of King Bagrat IV of Geo... |
48.71422576904297 111 WikiText2 |
22222 Mkhedruli became more and more dominant over the two other scripts , though Khutsuri ( Nuskhuri with Asomtavruli ) was used until the 19th century . Since the 19th century , with the establishment and development of the printed Georgian fonts , Mkhedruli became universal writing Georgian outside the Church . |
142.3280487060547 51 WikiText2 |
22223 = = = Form of Mkhedruli letters = = = |
660.7117309570312 10 WikiText2 |
22224 Mkhedruli inscriptions of the 10th and 11th centuries are characterized in rounding of angular shapes of Nuskhuri letters and making the complete outlines in all of its letters . Mkhedruli letters are written in the four @-@ linear system , similar to Nuskhuri . Mkhedruli becomes more round and free in writing .... |
69.35160064697266 82 WikiText2 |
22225 Example of one of the oldest Mkhedruli @-@ written texts found in the royal charter of King Bagrat IV of Georgia , 11th century . |
305.3247375488281 27 WikiText2 |
22226 " Gurgen : King : of Kings : great @-@ grandfather : of mine : Bagrat Curopalates " |
662.0416259765625 20 WikiText2 |
22227 Coin of Queen Tamar of Georgia in Mkhedruli , 1187 AD . |
942.1846313476562 12 WikiText2 |
22228 = = = Modern Georgian alphabet = = = |
236.5912322998047 9 WikiText2 |
22229 The modern Georgian alphabet consists of 33 letters : |
327.1558837890625 9 WikiText2 |
22230 = = = Letters removed from the Georgian alphabet = = = |
159.82476806640625 12 WikiText2 |
22231 The Society for the Spreading of Literacy among Georgians , founded by Prince Ilia Chavchavadze in 1879 , discarded five letters from the Georgian alphabet that had become redundant : |
118.31304168701172 30 WikiText2 |
22232 ჱ ( he ) , sometimes called " ei " or " e @-@ merve " ( " eighth e " ) , was equivalent to ეჲ ey , as in ქრისტჱ ~ ქრისტეჲ krist 'ey ' Christ ' . |
32.1586799621582 42 WikiText2 |
22233 ჲ ( hie ) , also called iota , appeared instead of ი ( ini ) after a vowel , but came to have the same pronunciation as ი ( ini ) and was replaced by it . Thus ქრისტჱ ~ ქრისტეჲ krist 'ey " Christ " is now written ქრისტეი krist 'ei . |
15.574304580688477 54 WikiText2 |
22234 ჳ ( vie ) came to be pronounced the same as ვი vi and was replaced by that sequence , as in სხჳსი > სხვისი skhvisi " others ' " . |
34.23609924316406 31 WikiText2 |
22235 ჴ ( qari , hari ) came to be pronounced the same as ხ ( khani ) , and was replaced by it. e.g. ჴლმწიფე became ხელმწიფე " sovereign " . |
14.5043306350708 33 WikiText2 |
22236 ჵ ( hoe ) was used for the interjection hoi ! and is now spelled ჰოი . |
71.43663024902344 17 WikiText2 |
22237 All but ჵ ( hoe ) continue to be used in the Svan alphabet ; ჲ ( hie ) is used in the Mingrelian and Laz alphabets as well , for the y @-@ sound / j / . Several others were used for Abkhaz and Ossetian in the short time they were written in Mkhedruli script . |
127.8467788696289 60 WikiText2 |
22238 = = = Letters added to other alphabets = = = |
79.47124481201172 11 WikiText2 |
22239 Mkhedruli has been adapted to languages besides Georgian . Some of these alphabets retained letters obsolete in Georgian , while others required additional letters : |
190.73045349121094 25 WikiText2 |
22240 ჶ ( fi " phi " ) is used in Laz and Svan , and formerly in Ossetian and Abkhazian . It derives from the Greek letter Φ ( phi ) . |
75.0511245727539 32 WikiText2 |
22241 ჷ ( shva " schwa " ) , also called yn , is used for the schwa sound in Svan and Mingrelian , and formerly in Ossetian and Abkhazian . |
115.16545867919922 30 WikiText2 |
22242 ჸ ( elifi " alif " ) is used in for the glottal stop in Svan and Mingrelian . It is a reversed 〈 ყ 〉 ( q 'ari ) . |
138.59866333007812 31 WikiText2 |
22243 ჹ ( turned gani ) was once used for [ ɢ ] in evangelical literature in Dagestanian languages . |
353.0341491699219 19 WikiText2 |
22244 ჺ ( aini " ain " ) is occasionally used for [ ʕ ] in Bats . It derives from the Arabic letter 〈 ﻋ 〉 ( ‘ ain ) . |
124.3905029296875 31 WikiText2 |
22245 = = = Handwriting of Mkhedruli = = = |
664.0030517578125 9 WikiText2 |
22246 The following table shows the stroke order and direction of each Mkhedruli letter : |
586.559326171875 14 WikiText2 |
22247 ზ , ო , and ხ ( zeni , oni , khani ) are almost always written without the small tick at the end , while the handwritten form of ჯ ( jani ) often uses a vertical line , ( sometimes with a taller ascender , or with a diagonal cross bar ) ; even when it is written at a diagonal , the cross @-@ bar is generally sho... |
57.49208068847656 77 WikiText2 |
22248 Only four letters are x @-@ height , with neither ascenders nor descenders : ა , თ , ი , ო . |
69.92499542236328 24 WikiText2 |
22249 Thirteen have ascenders , like b or d in English : ბ , ზ , მ , ნ , პ , რ , ს , შ , ჩ , ძ , წ , ხ , ჰ |
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