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9,000 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper due to coherence a realistic quantum systems inevitably interact with the environment when quantum information is processed a which causes the loss of quantum properties a as a fundamental issue of quantum properties a quantum correlations have attracted a lot of interests in recent years a because of the importance of high dimensional systems in quantum information a in this work a we study the quantum correlations affected by the markova environment by considering the quantum correlations of quit a quit quantum systems measured by the negativity and the geometric discord a the local noise channels covered in this work includes phasing a trip a flip a trip a phase a flip a and depolarizing channels a we have also investigated the cases where the local coherence channels of two sides are identical and non a identical a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article quantum correlations a which lie in the foundations of quantum theory a have been of renewed interest during the last two decades as the field of quantum information science emerged and matured a quantum entanglement a as a kind of quantum correlations a has been playing central roles in quantum information and computation excite a the negativity is one of the best known and most popular tools of quantifying bipartite quantum entanglement a it can be computed easily for arbitrary states of a composite system of please generate the next two sentences of the article | therefore a it has received various studies excite a however a quantum entanglement does not account for all of the non a classical properties of quantum phenomenons a therefore a numerous quantifiers of quantum correlations have been further proposed to reveal the non a classical correlations that can not be fully captured by quantum entanglement excite a among the various measures |
9,001 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper within the framework of quark mass matrices with a democratic texture a the unitary rotation matrices that diagonalize the quark matrices are obtained by a specific parametrization of the cabibbo a kobayashi a mascara mixing matrix a different forms of democratic quark mass matrices are derived from slightly different parametrization a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the standard model is flawed by the large number of free parameters a for which there is at present no explanation a there is no prediction of the family replication pattern a nor of the number of families a all the families are really treated on the same footing a most of the standard model free parameters reside in of flavour space of a with six quark masses a six lepton masses a four quark mixing angles and ditto for the leptonic sector a as well as the strong up a violating parameter of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the structure of flavour space is determined by the fermion mass matrices a item by the form that the mass matrices take in the of weak interaction basis of where mixed fermion states interact weakly a in contrast to the of mass bases of a where the mass matrices are diagonal a one may wonder how one may ascribe such importance to the different bases in flavour space a considering that the information content of a matrix is contained in its matrix invariants a which in the case of a matrix are the sums and products of the eigenvalues a such as a a these expressions are invariant under permutations of the eigenvalues a which in the context of mass matrices means that they are flavour symmetric a and obviously independent of any choice of flavour space basis a |
9,002 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present simple models of particulate materials whose mechanical integrity arises from a jamming process a we argue that such media are generically fragile a a that is a they are unable to support certain types of incremental loading without plastic rearrangement a in such models a fragility is naturally linked to the marginal stability of force chain networks a granular skeletons a within the material a fragile matter exhibits novel mechanical responses that may be relevant to both jammed colloids and cohesionless assemblies of poured a rigid grains a a multiblock footnote omitted a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in this paper a we consider the relation between jamming a a kinetic process a and the laws of static mechanical equilibrium of particulate media a we describe first a simple model of jamming in a colloid a sheared between parallel plates a we assume that force chains a linear arrays of rigid particles in contact a develop along the major stress compression axis and span the sample of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the resulting jammed state can support a shear stress indefinitely a but does this by virtue of a self a organized internal structure a the force chain array a which has developed in direct response to the applied load itself a if a different load is now applied a edge if the material is sheared in some different direction a a the force chains can not sustain the load but must flow and ream in a different configuration a the model thus provides a simple example of a fragile a material one which can not support certain types of infinitesimal stress increment without plastic reorganisation a |
9,003 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper given a hyperelliptic klein surface a we construct companion klein bottles a extending our technique of companion tori already exploited by the authors in the genus case a bayard a short loops on such companion surfaces are studied in relation to the original surface so to improve a systolic inequality of promo a a a basic idea is to use length bounds for loops on a companion klein bottle a and then analyse how curves transplant to the original non a printable surface a we exploit the real structure on the printable double cover by applying the area inequality to the distance function from the real locus a of particular interest is the case of dick a surface a we also exploit an optimal systolic bound for the bus band a due to latter a supported by the israel science foundation grant 1294/06 a primary 53c23 a secondary 30f10 a 58j60 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article systolic inequalities for surfaces compare length and area a and can therefore be thought of as of opposite of isoperimetric inequalities a the study of such inequalities was initiated by cd lower in 1949 when he proved his torus inequality for a see up excite and horowitz a it al a a the systole a denoted of says of a of a space is the least length of a loop which can not be contracted to a point in the space a and is therefore a natural generalisation of the a girth a invariant of graphs of please generate the next two sentences of the article | every metric on the -dimensional torus satisfies the bound in higher dimensions a my promo a deep result excite a relying on filling invariants a exhibits a universal upper bound for the systole in terms of the total volume of an essential manifold a la ruth excite recently found an alternative proof not relying on filling invariants a and giving a generalisation of promo a inequality a see also ambrosia and kate excite a in dimension a |
9,004 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we introduce the notion of gene type bridgeland stability conditions on triangulated categories a which depends on a choice of an autoequivalence and a complex number a we conjecture the existence of gene type stability conditions on the triangulated categories of graded matrix factorizations of weighted homogeneous polynomials a such a stability condition may give a natural stability condition for landau a ginsburg a a brands a and correspond to the gene point of the stringy k moduli space of a quintic fold a the main result is to show our conjecture when the variety defined by the weighted homogeneous polynomial is a complete intersection of hyperplanes in a malawi a you manifold with dimension less than or equal to two a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the donaldson a thomas a it a invariants enumerate semistable coherent sheaves on malawi a you folds a which have drawn much attention recently excite a we are in interested in the following two problems in it theory a a find constraints among it invariants induced by autoequivalences of the derived category of coherent sheaves a edge side a thomas twists excite a a construct it type invariants counting a a brands on landau a ginsburg a la a models associated to a superpotential of please generate the next two sentences of the article | as for the former problem a there are several predictions in string theory on generating series of it invariants a edge -duality conjecture a yogurt a stronger a vara conjecture excite a excite a there seem to be mysterious constraints among it invariants behind such predictions a and we hope to reveal their origins via symmetries in the derived category a we believe that a key step toward this problem is to construct a bridgeland stability condition on the derived category excite satisfying a certain symmetric property with respect to the given autoequivalence a indeed a construction of a a weak a stability condition which is preserved under the derived dual a together with wall a crossing arguments excite a excite a play crucial roles in the proof of the rationality of the generating series of rank one it type invariants counting curves excite a excite a excite a as for the latter problem a in order to define the it type invariants a we need to fix a stability condition for a a brands on la models |
9,005 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a quantum two level system coupled to a harmonic oscillator represents a ubiquitous physical system a new experiments in circuit red and nan a electromechanical systems a news a achieve unprecedented coupling strength at large retuning between quit and oscillator a thus requiring a theoretical treatment beyond the haynes cummings model a here we present a new method for describing the quit dynamics in this regime a based on an oscillator correlation function expansion of a non a markova master equation in the polar frame a our technique yields a new numerical method as well as a succinct approximate expression for the quit dynamics a we obtain a new expression for the a stark shift and show that this enables practical and precise quit thermometry of an oscillator a the quit a oscillator model has gone by many names in many fields a owing its tenacity to the breadth of its applicability a it is the simplest non a trivial model of the interaction between light and matter a at its inception it was used to describe the interaction of an atom with a magnetic field excite a and referred to thereafter as the rabi model a in the subsequent decades it has been extensively studied in quantum optics excite and cavity red excite a physical chemists have used a a vibration a dimer a model to study the spectra of molecules excite a applying the rotating wave approximation a raw a to the rabi model yields the haynes cummings model a jim a excite a which is valid when the retuning between the quit transition frequency and the resonator frequency is negligible and the coupling between the quit and oscillator is weak excite a this is an excellent approximation in the case of cavity red where typical coupling strengths are of order a the jim can be extended to incorporate tunnelling a and has provided an adequate description of experiments for decades a but a new era of experiments are pushing beyond its boundaries in terms of both coupling and. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in this appendix we give the explicit derivation of the equations of motion a a in a psol1-eqn a pool a a a the laplace transformed equations of motion a a in a rsol1,eqn a role a a a and the bosnia correlation function a a in a boson a a a we note that parts of these derivations can be found in similar form in the literature a of a excite a a but we here give an alternate and full account in consistent notation for the benefit of the reader a at this point we make the born approximation a assuming the density matrix of system and bath are favorable a the bosnia correlation function is defined as a. a a where the subscript represents the bosnia degrees of freedom of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we substitute this into a a in a emo a a and by assuming there is no initial coherence in the system we obtain a a in a pool a a a in a pool a a a the bosnia correlation function a a in a boson a a for an oscillator with a single mode in a thermal state is defined as a a squad rhomb a -b abeta omega a a a a a a a a |
9,006 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the rare decay was studied with the e391a detector at the key 12-gev proton synchrotron a based on decays a an upper limit of was obtained for the branching fraction at 90 confidence level a we also set a limit on the invisible particles a process a the limit on the branching fraction varied from 7.0 to 4.0 for the mass of ranging from of mev/ to 200 mev/ a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in the standard electroweak theory a flavor a changing neutral current a find a processes are strongly suppressed and can only occur via higher a order effects a hence a these processes will be sensitive to unknown particles or interactions that contribute in higher a order loop diagrams a such processes are ideal places to look for signals of new physics beyond the standard model a so a a in the so of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the find decay is predominantly a up conserving process a its branching fraction is sensitive to the real part of the transition amplitude a while the related decays and sense the imaginary part and absolute value a respectively a like these decays a |
9,007 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we provide the power spectrum of small scalar perturbations propagating in an inflationary scenario within loop quantum cosmology a we consider the hybrid quantization approach applied to a friedman robertson walker peacetime with flat spatial sections coupled to a massive scalar field a we study the quantum dynamics of scalar perturbations on an effective background within this hybrid approach a we consider in our study adiabatic states of different orders a for them a we find that the hybrid quantization is in good agreement with the predictions of the dressed metric approach a we also propose an initial vacuum state for the perturbations a and compute the primordial and the anisotropy power spectrum in order to qualitatively compare with the current observations of planck mission a we find that our vacuum state is in good agreement with them a showing a suppression of the power spectrum for large scale anisotropies a we compare with other choices already studied in the literature a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the paradigm of inflation provides nowadays a simple and accurate description of many of the aspects of the universe we observe a it is able to naturally explain several questions like the particle horizon or the flatness problems of early cosmology a among others excite a remarkably a this paradigm also explains the origin of the large scale structure of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it requires a however a the quantum principles for this mechanism to work excite a then a it is one of the most favorable situations where quantum gravity phenomena can potentially be detected a |
9,008 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we use a hadron resonance gas model to calculate the quark a antiquary condensates for light a up and down a and strange quark flavors at finite temperatures and chemical potentials a at zero chemical potentials a we find that at the temperature where the light quark a antiquary condensates entirely vanish the strange quark a antiquary condensate still keeps a relatively large fraction of its value in the vacuum a this is in agreement with results obtained in lattice simulations and in chiral perturbation theory at finite temperature and zero chemical potentials a furthermore a we find that this effect slowly disappears at larger baryon chemical potential a these results might have significant consequences for our understanding of cd at finite temperatures and chemical potentials a concretely a our results imply that there might be a domain of temperatures where chiral symmetry is restored for light quarks a but still broken for strange quark that persists at small chemical potentials a this might have practical consequences for heavy ion collision experiments a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article there are many important physical systems where the strong interaction at nonzero temperature and density plays a crucial role a edge a neutron stars a heavy a ion collision experiments a and the early universe a to understand these systems a we need to better grasp the phase diagram of cd at nonzero temperature and chemical potentials a unfortunately a the most reliable techniques used at nonzero temperature and zero chemical potentials are generally not applicable at finite chemical potentials a in particular a lattice simulations suffer from the so a called sign problem of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this problem has not yet been solved explicitly a however a some recent advances have allowed the study of the high temperature and low chemical potential part of the phase diagram a |
9,009 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the solar corona a anomalously hot outer atmosphere of the sun a is traditionally described by magnetohydrodynamics a fluid a like approach a here we review some recent developments when a instead a a full kinetic description is used a it is shown that some of the main unsolved problems of solar physics a such as coronal heating and solar flare particle acceleration can be viewed in a new light when the small a scale a kinetic plasma description methods are used a a firstpage a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article solar corona a a tenuous and very hot outer part of the solar atmosphere which sits on top of other layers a photosphere a chromosphere a and the transition region a can be seen either in white light observations during the solar eclipses a because of times more flux of visible photospheric photons is otherwise outlining it a or in extreme ultra a violet and a a ray observations from space a because of atmospheric absorption of the short wavelength radiation a a excite describe the first successful observations of the green coronal line by we darkness and independently by cha a young during the total solar eclipse of august a a 1869 of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this of new of line was attributed to a new chemical element of chromium of a it was easy to make such a mistake because just a year before a 1868 a during the solar eclipse excite discovered a prominent yellow line a which could not be ascribed to any known chemical element at the time a |
9,010 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we revisit the question of the measured a unexpectedly large a heavy flavor suppression a a in nucleus a nucleus collisions at chic and compare two new theoretical approaches to theand -meson quenching a in the first model a radiative energy loss a collisional energy loss and heavy quark a resonance interactions are combined to evaluate the drag and diffusion coefficients in the quark a gluon plasma and the mixed phase a these are applied in a relativistic fokker a planck equation to simulate the heavyand -quark suppression rate and elliptic flow a in the second model a the fragmentation probability for heavy quarks and the medium a induced decay probability for heavy hadrons are derived a these are implemented in a set of coupled rate equations that describe the attenuation of the observable spectra from the collisional dissociation of heavy mesons in the up a an improved description of the non a photonic electron at chic can be obtained a in contrast to previous results a the latter approach predicts suppression of -mesons comparable to that of -mesons at transverse momenta as low as get a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the detailed suppression pattern a a and elliptic flow a a of high a transverse a momentum hadrons is an important experimental signature of the quark a gluon plasma creation in heavy ion collisions excite a jet quenching for light mesons a such as a and a at chic is well explained by radiative energy loss calculations excite a it also gives the dominant contribution to the azimuthal asymmetry of hard probes excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | in contrast a models excite with a physically reasonable set of up temperatures and densities a predict a cd heavy a quark energy loss which is too small compared to the measured suppression of single non a photonic electrons excite a therefore a it is critical to investigate new interaction mechanisms in the up that may be specific to heavy flavor excite a |
9,011 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper studies of the abundances of deuterium in different astrophysical sites are of fundamental importance to answering the question about how much deuterium was produced during big bang nucleosynthesis and what fraction of it was destroyed later a with this in mind a we used the interstellar medium absorption profile spectrograph a maps a on the offers a spas ii mission to observe at a wavelength resolution of a from a the l and l absorption features produced by interstellar atomic deuterium in the spectrum of or a a analysis indicated that at a 90% level of confidence a and the gas is at a temperature of about 6000k a in deriving these results a we created a template for the velocity profile defined by a different a i transitions recorded at a high signal a to a noise ratio a extra free parameters in the analysis allowed for the additional uncertainties that could arise from various sources of systematic error a to derive a value for a a a a we measured the l absorption features in of spectra of or in the due archive a with the objective of arriving at a more accurate a i column density than those reported by other investigators a from our measurement of a we found that a 90% confidence a a systematic errors in the derivation of h i a probably dominate over the very small formal error a but their relative value should be smaller than that for d i a a our result for a a a contrasts with the more general finding along other lines of sight that a the underabundance of a toward or a is not accompanied by an overabundance of a or of relative to a a as one might expect if the gas were subjected to more stellar processing than usual a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the relative abundances of the light elements not only substantiate the standard interpretation for big bang nucleosynthesis a bin a a reeves it al a 1973 a epstein a latimer a a scram 1976 a a but they also hold the key for our determining the universal ratio of baryons to photons a commonly designated by the parameter a boesgaard a stigma 1985 a olive it al a 1990 a smith a kwan a a malone 1993 a a there has been considerable interest in measuring the abundance of deuterium a since its production was strongly regulated by photodestruction in the radiation bath during the bin a making a a a a strong discriminant of of please generate the next two sentences of the article | deuterium is also destroyed in stars a after having passed through one or more generations of stars a diffuse gases that we can observe have probably had their deuterium abundances reduced to values below those that result from bin a |
9,012 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we compare calculations of jet quenching observables at a 2.76 ate to preliminary lac data from weak a coupling cd and strong a coupling ads a cut drag energy loss models a rigorously constrained to a 200 age chic suppression data and introducing no free parameters a the cd a based whig model simultaneously describes qualitatively the suppression of light hadrons and quantitatively the azimuthal anisotropy a over many centrality classes a of light hadrons and the suppression of mesons at lac a the drag predictions shown here qualitatively constrained to chic data compare poorly to the measured suppression of mesons a but the current experimental uncertainties are large a the double ratio of to meson should provide a robust experimental measurement to distinguish between the very different assumptions of the strength of interactions in the up produced in heavy ion collisions a item a whether a from a jet quenching standpoint a the medium is either weakly or strongly a coupled a address a department of physics a university of cape town a private bag of a rondebosch 7701 a south africa a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article since the discovery of a new phase of matter in a 200 age heavy ion collisions excite a the goal of the high energy nuclear physics community is now the quantitative determination of the properties of the quark a gluon plasma a up a a for instance a is the medium produced at chic and lac a weakly a coupled gas of the quarks and gluons of the quantum chromodynamics a cd a lagrangian or perhaps a strongly coupled fluid made up of emergent collective degrees of freedom a and how does this description change as a function of a a and centrality a high momentum particles provide the most direct probe of the soft momentum modes present in the up created in heavy ion collisions a see excite and references therein a a extracting information about the fundamental properties of the qgp. please generate the next two sentences of the article | requires a comparison between theoretical calculations and experimental data a despite its great promise a to date no one energy loss model has provided a consistent picture of the different relevant observables a such as and a as a function of particle mass a a centrality a and a |
9,013 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we compute non a perturbative the renormalization constants of composite operators for overlap fermions by using the regularization independent scheme a the scaling behavior of the renormalization constants is investigated using the data from three lattices with similar physical volumes and different lattice spacings a the approach of the renormalization constants to the continuum limit is explored a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article following previous papers excite in which we computed non a perturbative the renormalization constants of composite operators with overlap fermions in quenched cd a this paper will study the scaling behavior of the renormalization constants a we adopt the non a perturbative renormalization method which was introduced by martinelli excite a the method allows a full non a perturbative computation of the matrix elements of composite operators in the regularization independent a i a scheme excite a it is called the scheme by chetyrkin excite a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the matching between the scheme and a which is intrinsically perturbative a is computed using continuum perturbation theory a which is well behaved a the overlap fermion excite was proposed by narayanan and neuberger to evade the so called no a go a theorem excite a |
9,014 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we define the excess degree of a -polytope as a where and denote the number of vertices and edges a respectively a we first prove that the excess degree of a -polytope does not take every natural number a the smallest possible values are and a and the value only occurs when or a a on the other hand a for fixed a the number of values not taken by the excess degree is finite a subject to the restraint that if is even a then the excess degree must be even a a our study of the excess degree is then applied in three different settings a we show that polytopes with small excess a item a a behave in a similar manner to simple polytopes in terms of minkowski decomposability a each such polytope is either decomposable or a pyramid a and their duals are always decomposable a a this is no longer true when a a secondly a we characterise the decomposable -polytopes with vertices a and thirdly a we characterise all pairs for which there exists a 5-polytope with vertices and edges a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article this paper revolves around the excess degree of a -dimensional polytope a or simply -polytope a and some of its applications a we define the a excess degree a a or simply excess a of a -polytope as the sum of the excess degrees of its vertices a item here as usual denotes the a degree a of a vertex a ice the number of edges of incident with the vertex a denotes the set of vertices of a and and denote the number of vertices and edges of the polytope of please generate the next two sentences of the article | our first substantial result a in a a is the excess theorem a the smallest values of the excess degree of -polytopes are a and a clearly a polytope is simple if a and only if a its excess degree is a a note that for fixed and a the possible values of the excess are either all even or all odd a |
9,015 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the kinetics of a infiltration a in which contaminant particles a which are suspended in a flowing carrier fluid a penetrate a porous medium a the progress of the of invader of particles is impeded by their trapping on active of defender of sites which are on the surfaces of the medium a as the defenders are used up a the invader penetrates further and ultimately breaks through a we study this process in the regime where the particles are much smaller than the pores so that the permeability change due to trapping is negligible a we develop a family of microscopic models of increasing realism to determine the propagation velocity of the invasion front a as well as the shapes of the invader and defender profiles a the predictions of our model agree qualitatively with experimental results on breakthrough times and the time dependence of the invader concentration at the output a our results also provide practical guidelines for improving the design of deep bed filters in which infiltration is the primary separation mechanism a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in depth filtration a suspended particles in a fluid are removed during their passage through a porous medium a the basic dynamics of depth filtration is determined primarily by the pore structure of the filter a the particle size distribution a and by various physicochemical and hydrodynamic details a if the particle size is larger than the typical pore size a particles get stuck relatively quickly of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the permeability of the filter decreases steadily during this process and drops to zero when clogging is reached a this process is often referred to as sieving a or straining a |
9,016 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper when thermal energies are weak a two dimensional lamellar structures confined on a curved substrate display complex patterns arising from the competition between layer bending and compression in the presence of geometric constraints a we present broad design principles to engineer the geometry of the underlying substrate so that a desired lamellar pattern can be obtained by self a assembly a two distinct physical effects are identified as key factors that contribute to the interaction between the shape of the underlying surface and the resulting lamellar morphology a the first is a local ordering field for the direction of each individual layer which tends to minimize its curvature with respect to the three a dimensional embedding a the second is a non a local effect controlled by the intrinsic geometry of the surface that forces the normals to the a nearly incompressible a layers to lie on geodesics a leading to caustic formation as in optics a as a result a different surface morphologies with predominantly positive or negative gaussian curvature can act as converging or diverging lenses respectively a by combining these ingredients a as one would with different optical elements a complex lamellar morphologies can be obtained a this smectic optometry enables the manipulation of lamellar configurations for the design of novel materials a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article though many are taught that there are merely three phases of matter a a solid a liquid a a and a gas a a the understanding of broken symmetries a name a goldstone modes excite a and the anderson a highs a kibble excite mechanism allows prediction a control a and elucidation of other novel forms of matter a liquid crystalline phases interpolate between the simple forms of matter sketched above a the nematic has partially broken rotational invariance excite a the smectic phase has broken one a dimensional translation invariance excite a and the hepatic phase excite has broken two a dimensional rotational invariance of please generate the next two sentences of the article | these materials not only afford a deeper understanding of condensed matter a they a and their isotropic cousins a block copolymers excite a a are also of great technological interest a from displays to coatings a from drug delivery to hybrid materials a technological applications provide challenges for the theorist and a in particular a pose problems with imperfect boundary conditions and geometries a in this paper |
9,017 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we applied a mean a field approach associated to monte carlo simulations in order to study the spin ferromagnetic blue a cape model in the square and the linear lattice a this new technique a which we call met a my a determines the molecular field as the magnetization response of a monte carlo simulation a the resulting phase diagram is qualitatively correct a in contrast to effective a field approximations a in which the first a order line is not perpendicular to the anisotropy axis at low temperatures a thermodynamic quantities a as the entropy and the specific heat curves can be obtained so as to analyse the nature of the phase transition points a also a the possibility of using larger sizes constitutes an improvement regarding other mean a field approximations that use clusters a a pics numbers a a 64.60.ak a 64.60.fr a 68.35.rh a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in general a many a body systems with interactions are very difficult to solve exactly a a way to overcome this difficulty is by approaching the many a body problem by a one a body problem a in which a mean a field replaces the interactions affecting the body a this idea is applied to the ferromagnetic using model a see reference excite a a in the most simple mean a field approach a the nearest a neighbour interactions affecting each spin are replaced in such a way that now interacts with an effective field given by a where is the coordination number a the exchange constant a and is the thermal average of the spin of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this is the so called of weiss mean a field approach of excite a nevertheless a it neglects the spin correlations a and it leads the transition temperature as well as the values of the critical exponents away from the exact values a a for all dimensions a a |
9,018 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we propose a general framework for parameter a free identification of a class of dynamical systems a here a the propagator is approximated in terms of an arbitrary function of the state a in contrast to a polynomial or gherkin expansion used in traditional approaches a the proposed formulation relies on variational data assimilation using measurement data combined with assumptions on the smoothness of the propagator a this approach is illustrated using a generalized dynamic model describing oscillatory transients from an unstable fixed point to a stable limit cycle and arising in nonlinear stability analysis as an example a this state model comprises an evolution equation for the dominant oscillation and an algebraic manifold for the low and high a frequency components in an autonomous descriptor system a the proposed optimal model identification technique employs mode amplitudes of the transient vortex shedding in a cylinder wake flow as example measurements a the reconstruction obtained with our technique features distinct and systematic improvements over the well a known mean a field a landau a model of the hope bifurcation a the computational aspect of the identification method is thoroughly validated showing that good reconstructions can also be obtained in the absence of of accurate initial approximations a a keywords a a hydrodynamic instabilities a reduced a order models a mean a field models a variational data assimilation a adjoint a based optimization a a as subject classifications a a 93a30 a 65k10 a 76d25 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in this study we consider the problem of parameter a free identification of a class of dynamical systems a the approach we propose is derived from a general method for the reconstruction of the constitutive relations in systems described by partial differential equations a pres a which was initially introduced in excite and further developed in excite a see also excite the idea is that a given an autonomous evolution equation for some quantity a defined in a finite or infinite dimension with denoting time a a one seeks to optimally reconstruct the flux function a so that the system outputs best match a in a suitably defined sense a with the measurements available a as shown schematically in figure a fig a of a a the originality of this approach is that the function is reconstructed directly as a a continuous a object a rather than employing a truncated polynomial or other gherkin expansion a in excited please generate the next two sentences of the article | we reviewed the mathematical foundations and some computational aspects of this approach applied to the reconstruction of state a dependent transport coefficients in a class of systems described by pres a in the present investigation we adapt this method to the problem of identification of the propagator function a ^t$ a a in a finite a dimensional dynamical system with the state vector ^t in ^n$ a a to fix attention a instead of working with an abstract formulation a we will focus on a specific problem concerning a three a dimensional a a model characterized by oscillatory dynamics with a stable limit cycle a in many real a life physical problems with infinite a dimensional state spaces and evolution described by pres such systems |
9,019 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we have systematically investigated the a asia a spectra of of early type galaxies a this paper presents the global spectral properties of these systems based on a larger sample than in any previous a asia a study a the a a ray spectra were uniformly fitted by a two a component model consisting of hard a a rays from thermal emission with a temperature of about of key or from a power a law with index 1.8 a plus soft a a rays from a thin thermal plasma with temperature ranging from 0.3 to a key a the a a ray luminosities of the hard component are found to be proportional to the blue band luminosities a while those of the soft component show large scatter with no clear correlation a the metal abundances determined from the soft component are systematically lower than solar a with a mean value of about 0.3 solar a we examine the relationships between the temperature and volume emission measure a and between the gas temperature and the stellar velocity dispersion a the volume emission measures for early type galaxies plotted as a function of the gas temperature are well below the extrapolated line found in clusters of galaxies a indicating that early type galaxies are relatively gas poor compared with galaxy clusters a the ratio of the stellar kinetic energy per unit mass to the thermal energy of the hot gas per unit mass a a is less than unity a we found no systematic relationship between a a ray properties and environment a suggesting that the interaction between interstellar matter and the intracluster medium is not strong a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the a einstein a satellite discovered a a ray emitting gas halos around luminous early type galaxies a leg a format a jones a a tucker 1985 a a forcing the rejection of previous assumptions that elliptical galaxies are gas poor systems a the a a ray surface brightness distribution was found to closely follow the optical image a trinchieri a fabian a a manizales 1986 a a however the a a ray luminosity a and hence the mass of the hot gas a showed large scatter from galaxy to galaxy a leg of please generate the next two sentences of the article | manizales a fabian a a trinchieri 1987 a a the estimated cooling time of the hot gas is less than the hubble time a trinchieri it al a |
9,020 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the non a linear transformations incurred by the rays in an optical system can be suitably described by matrices to any desired order of approximation a in systems composed of uniform refractive index elements a each individual ray refraction or translation has an associated matrix and a succession of transformations correspond to the product of the respective matrices a this paper describes a general method to find the matrix coefficients for translation and surface refraction irrespective of the surface shape or the order of approximation a the choice of coordinates is unusual as the orientation of the ray is characterised by the direction cosines a rather than slopes a this is shown to greatly simplify and generalise coefficient calculation a two examples are shown in order to demonstrate the power of the method a the first is the determination of seventh order coefficients for spherical surfaces and the second is the determination of third order coefficients for a toroidal surface a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article optics a aberration a matrices a an optical system can be effectively modelled in partial approximation by a product of matrices a each representing one elementary transformation of the light rays excite a the elementary transformations are either translations of the ray in homogeneous media or the effects of surfaces separating different media a a more accurate approach implies the consideration of higher order terms but the fact that snell a law makes use of the sine function rules out the terms of even order a as a consequence a when one wants to improve on the partial approximation a one has to consider third order terms of please generate the next two sentences of the article | aberrations have already been studied extensively excite but work is still going on in order to design symbolic models of optical systems that computers can use for optimisation purposes and humans can look at to gain a better understanding of systems performance a the matrix theory has been extended to deal with higher order terms excite through the use of a vector basis that incorporates two position and two orientation coordinates as well as all their third or higher order monomials a increasing the overall dimension which becomes of for third order approximation a it is possible to apply axis symmetry to reduce the matrix dimension through the use of complex coordinates and their higher order monomials a for instance a in third order the matrices to be considered for axis a symmetric systems are excite a |
9,021 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper many asteroids in the main and trans a neptunian belts are trapped in mean motion resonances with jupiter and neptune a respectively a as a side effect a they experience accidental commensurabilities among themselves a these commensurabilities define characteristic patterns that can be used to trace the source of the observed resonant behaviour a here a we explore systematically the existence of commensurabilities between the known ethos using their heliocentric and barycentric semimajor axes a their uncertainties a and monte carlo techniques a we find that the commensurability patterns present in the known eton population resemble those found in the main and trans a neptunian belts a although based on small number statistics a such patterns can only be properly explained if most a if not all a of the known ethos are subjected to the resonant gravitational perturbations of yet undetected trans a plutonium planets a we show explicitly that some of the statistically significant commensurabilities are compatible with the planet nine hypothesis a in particular a a number of objects may be trapped in the 5:3 and 3:1 mean motion resonances with a putative planet nine with semimajor axis a a a firstpage a methods a statistical celestial mechanics super belt a general minor planets a asteroids a general oort cloud planets and satellites a general a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in trujillo a sheppard a 2014 a a the extreme trans a neptunian objects or ethos are defined as asteroids with heliocentric semimajor axis greater than 150 a and perihelion greater than of a a there are at present of known ethos a see tables a hello a and a baby a for relevant data a a they exhibit clustering in the values of their argument of perihelion a trujillo a sheppard 2014 a a longitude of the ascending node a batygin a brown 2016 a a eccentricity and inclination a de la fuentes marcos a de la fuentes marcos 2014 a 2016 a a the analysis in de la fuentes marcos a de la fuentes marcos a 2014 a has shown that the clustering in eccentricity a about 0.81 a can be due to a selection effect a but this can not be the case of the ones found in inclination a about of a a longitude of the ascending node a about 134 a a and argument of perihelion a about a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | these patterns could be induced by the gravitational perturbation from one a trujillo a sheppard 2014 a games a shares a brasher 2015 a batygin a brown 2016 a or more a de la fuentes marcos a de la fuentes marcos 2014 a de la fuentes marcos a de la fuentes marcos a gareth 2015 a a yet to be discovered a trans a plutonium planets a malhotra a vol a wang a 2016 a have pointed out that the four ethos with the longest orbital periods a see table a baby a a have simple numerical relationships between periods a |
9,022 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in the standard model a so a a lepton flavor violating a lev a highs decay is absent at normalizable level and thus it is a good probe to new physics a in this article we study a type of new physics that could lead to large lev highs decay a item a a lepton a favored dark matter a do a model which is specified by a majorca do and scalar lepton mediators a different from other similar models with similar setup a we introduce both left a handed and right a handed scalar leptons a they allow large lev highs decay and thus may explain the tentative br experimental results from the lac a in particular a we find that the stringent bound from can be naturally evaded a one reason a among others a is a large chirality violation in the mediator sector a aspects of relic density and especially radiative direct detection of the leptonic do are also investigated a stressing the difference from previous lepton a favored do models a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article after the discovery of standard model a so a highs a like boson a the next step is to measure its couplings precisely to see possible deviation from the so and thus to search for new physics a the yukawa couplings between highs boson and charged leptons that cause lepton flavor violation a lev a are of particular interest a because in the so they are absent at tree level and highly suppressed at loop levels a and thus are sensitive to new physics a as a matter of fact a in most of models that address neutrino masses and oscillations a lev is well expected and has already been observed in neutrino oscillations described by the pins matrix a moreover a although charged lepton flavor violation a club a has not been observed yet a in general those models should leave measurable signals in processes like a a etc of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a lot of efforts have been devoted to searching for club and the null results impose very strong bounds on the magnitude of lev excite a searching for lev highs decays excite receives special attention in the lac era excite a |
9,023 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a generalisation of the cassel and grub a reinhold inequalities in complex or real inner product spaces and applications for isotonic linear functional a integrals and sequences are provided a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the following result was proved by jews a cassel in 1951 a see appendix a of excite a a a t1.1let be sequences of positive real numbers and a sequence of nonnegative real numbers of please generate the next two sentences of the article | suppose that one has the inequality equality holds in a a 1.2 a a when and if one assumes that and for each then by a a 2.2 a a we may obtain grub a reinhold a inequality following unweighted cassel inequality also holds and satisfy a 1.1 a a this inequality will produce the well known play a skeg inequality excite a: and for each in excite a cup a |
9,024 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we have developed a flexible framework for constructing castro factors which allows for the introduction of terms involving arbitrary numbers of particles a the use of various three and four a body castro terms in quantum monte carlo calculations is investigated a including a four a body van der walls a like term a and anisotropic terms a we have tested these castro factors on one and two a dimensional homogeneous electron gases a the be a a a and of atoms a and the be a h a n a and h molecules a our optimized castro factors retrieve more than 90% of the fixed a node diffusion monte carlo correlation energy in variational monte carlo for each system studied a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the variational and diffusion quantum monte carlo methods a vic and dec a are zero a temperature stochastic techniques for evaluating the expectation values of time a independent operators excite a these methods are particularly well suited for calculating the ground a state energies of large assemblies of interacting quantum particles a the central object is an approximate trial wave function whose accuracy controls the computed energy and the intrinsic statistical fluctuations in the calculations of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it is therefore of particular importance to develop accurate trial wave functions a expectation values in vic are evaluated using importance a sampled monte carlo integration a in dec |
9,025 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper full a rate stock a space a time block codes a with non a vanishing determinants achieve the optimal diversity a multiplexing takeoff but incur high decoding complexity a to permit fast decoding a seiner a sari and biglieri proposed an stock structure with special or decomposition characteristics a in this paper a we adopt a simplified form of this fast a decidable code structure and present a new way to optimize the code analytically a we show that the signal constellation topology a such as am a ask a or ask a has a critical impact on the existence of non a vanishing determinants of the full a rate stock a in particular a we show for the first time that a in order for ask a stock to achieve non a vanishing determinant a an ask constellation topology with constellation points lying on square grid and ring radius needs to be used a for signal constellations with vanishing determinants a we present a methodology to analytically optimize the full a rate stock at specific constellation dimension a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article multi a output a memo a systems can be designed to provide two types of gains a transmit diversity gain and spatial multiplexing gain a the full a rate full a diversity space a time block codes a stock a in excite can achieve both for 2 memo systems a recently a a fast a decidable full a rate stock is proposed by so seiner a he sari and of biglieri a a a where with are information symbols a are design coefficients and denotes the complex conjugate a due to its code structure in a a boston a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a has additional zero entries appearing in the upper a triangular matrix after or decomposition of the equivalent channel matrix a thus making it fast a decidable a it is shown in excite that the code structure a a boston a a after optimizing for non a vanishing determinant can be rewritten with a single design coefficient a |
9,026 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a novel approach for dealing with censored competing risks regression data is proposed a this is implemented by a mixture of accelerated failure time a aft a models for a competing risks scenario within a cluster a weighted modelling a cwm a framework a specifically a we make use of the log a normal aft model here but any commonly used aft model can be utilized a the alternating expectation conditional maximization algorithm a am a is used for parameter estimation and bootstrapping for standard error estimation a finally a we present our results on some simulated and real competing risks data a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article survival techniques are useful in situations where regular regression procedures are inadequate a for instance a where the probability of survival past a certain time is of more interest than the expected time of survival a survival techniques are more appropriate a the same holds true when there are censored data a censored data may arise due to partial follow a up a until a specific time a a loss to follow a up a or a subject dropping out of a study of please generate the next two sentences of the article | attrition is quite common in medical studies where a subject is followed to a particular event of interest a in such cases a the status of these subjects with respect to the event of interest is only known up to a particular time point a |
9,027 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper with a a ray absorption spectroscopy and polarized neutron reflectometry we studied how the magnetic proximity effect at the interface between the curate high- superconductor a co a and the ferromagnet a limo a is related to the electronic and magnetic properties of the limo layers a in particular a we explored how the magnitude of the ferromagnetic cd moment on the co side depends on the strength of the antiferromagnetic a of a exchange coupling with the in moment on the limo side a we found that the cd moment remains sizeable if the of coupling with the in moments is strongly reduced or even entirely suppressed a the ferromagnetic order of the cd moments thus seems to be intrinsic to the interfacial cuo planes and related to a weakly ferromagnetic intro a planar exchange interaction a the latter is discussed in terms of the partial occupation of the cd orbitals a which occurs in the context of the so a called orbital reconstruction of the interfacial cd ions a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the physical properties of interfaces between complex oxides are of great current interest excite a a prominent example is the interface between the two band insulators and at which highly mobile carriers are confined and give rise to electronic and superconducting phenomena that can be tuned with a gate voltage excite a another interesting example involves the magnetic proximity effect a me a at the interface between the curate high- superconductor a so a a co a and ferromagnet a pm a a limo a excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | with polarized neutron reflectometry a per a it was found that a in the vicinity of the interface a the pm order of the in moments is strongly suppressed excite a this phenomenon has been discussed in terms of a a a or a a a a |
9,028 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper non a decoupling a a terms are an attractive possibility to enhance the tree a level mass of the standard model like highs boson in supersymmetric models a we discuss here for the case of a new belgian gauge group two effects usually neglected in literature a a i a the size of the additional radiative corrections to the highs mass due to the presence of the new gauge coupling a and a ii a the impact of gauge kinetic mixing a it is shown that both effects reduce to some extent the positive effect of the non a decoupling a a terms on the highs mass a corn a th-2016 a 061 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the discovery of the highs boson at the large hadron collider a lac a excite completes not only the standard model a so a of particle physics a but gives also new constraints on any extension of it a the most studied extension of the so to date is supersymmetry a busy a a see ref a excite and references therein of please generate the next two sentences of the article | however a the minimal a supersymmetric standard model a mss a is facing increasing pressure over the last few years a one of the reasons is the measured highs mass of 125 get which is not trivial to accommodate in the mss a |
9,029 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a large lepton asymmetry could be generated in the early universe by oscillations of active to sterile neutrinos with a small mixing angle a the final order of magnitude of the lepton asymmetry is mainly determined by its growth in the last stage of evolution when the mss resonance dominates the kinetic equations a in this paper we present a simple way of calculating the maximum possible lepton asymmetry which can be created a our results are in good agreement to previous calculations a furthermore a we find that the growth of asymmetry does not obey any particular power law a we find that the maximum possible asymmetry at the freeze a out of the/ ratio at strongly depends on the mass a squared difference a the asymmetry is negligible for and reaches asymptotically large values for a a -1.0 pm a 1#2 mph pht/2000 a of a. 06 in a maximum lepton asymmetry from active sterile neutrino oscillations in the early universe a a a a re burns a a a max a planck a institute for physio a werner a heisenberg a institute a a finger ring a a 80805 inches a germany a a a div a seiko a a a max a planck a institute for physio a werner a heisenberg a institute a a finger ring a a 80805 inches a germany a and a institute of nuclear research of the russian academy of sciences a with october anniversary prospect a a moscow 117312 a russia a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article neutrino oscillations between muon and tau neutrinos a which were found recently in the super a kamiokande experiment excite a prove the existence of neutrino masses a this finding does not spoil the standard big bang nucleosynthesis a bin a picture because experimentally interesting neutrino masses for all three flavors a a are small eve a in comparison to typical bin temperatures me a as for oscillations between active flavors a these do not play any role in bin because all active flavors are equally populated of please generate the next two sentences of the article | however a if sterile neutrinos exist a oscillations between active and sterile states could have significant consequences for bin a one possibility is that the total energy density of the universe is changed due to excited sterile neutrinos a together with a recent analysis of observational data excite a which claims that the effective number of neutrinos can not exceed a this effect can be used to exclude some region of the parameter plane edge for heavy sterile neutrinos excite a |
9,030 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the distribution function of the free energy fluctuations in one a dimensional directed polymers with free boundary conditions is derived by mapping the replicated problem to the -particle quantum boson system with attractive interactions a it is shown that in the thermodynamic limit this function is described by the universal tracy a wisdom distribution of the gaussian orthogonal ensemble a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article directed polymers in a quenched random potential have been the subject of intense investigations during the past two decades a see edge excite a a in the one a dimensional case we deal with an elastic string directed along the -axis within an interval a a a randomness enters the problem through a disorder potential a a a which competes against the elastic energy of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the problem is defined by the hamiltonian a -0^t a data;a a where the disorder potential a a is gaussian distributed with a zero mean and the -correlations a here the parameter describes the strength of the disorder a note that such system is equivalent to the problem of the kadar a paris a bang a khz a equation describing the growth in time of an interface in the presence of noise excite a in what follows we consider the problem in which the polymer is fixed at the origin a and it is free at a |
9,031 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the properties of the bright and energetic type in in 1997ef are investigated using a monte carlo spectrum synthesis code a analysis of the earliest spectra is used to determine the time of outburst a the changing features of the spectrum and the light curve are used to probe the ejecta and to determine their composition a verifying the results of explosion calculations a since synthetic spectra computed using our best explosion model co100 are only moderately good reproductions of the observations a the inverse approach is adopted a and a density structure is derived by demanding that it gives the best possible fit to the observed spectrum at every epoch analysed a it is found that the density structure of model co100 is adequate at intermediate velocities a 500025000 pm s a a but that a slower density decline a a is required to obtain the extensive line blending at high velocities a 2500050000 pm s a which is the characterising feature of this and other energetic type in supernovae a also a the inner a hole a in the density predicted by the model is found not to be compatible with the observed evolution of the spectrum a which reaches very low photospheric velocities at epochs of about a months a the a best fit a density distribution results in somewhat different parameters for the in a namely an ejecta mass of 9.6m a of 7.6m in co100 a and an explosion kinetic energy of a of in co100 a a this revised value of the kinetic energy brings in 1997ef closer to the value for the a prototypical a type in a supernova a in 1998bw a the abundance distribution of model co100 is found to hold well a the modified density structure is used to compute a synthetic light curve a which is found to agree very well with the observed biometric light curve around maximum a the amount of radioactive produced by the in is confirmed at 0.13m a in the context of an asymmetric explosion a a somewhat smaller kinetic energy than. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in 1997ef in ugc4107 was recognised as a peculiar and interesting object as soon as its first spectra were taken by the harvard a cha team a garnavich it al a 1997a a a a a a a the spectra displayed very broad features a quite unlike those of any other in known to date a so that it was not even clear whether what was observed was an absorption or an emission spectrum a continued observation revealed a light curve typical of a in deriving from a compact object a a in a or a in in a a but much broader than the templates for both of these classes of please generate the next two sentences of the article | later spectra showed more resolved spectral lines a clarifying that the broad features were actually very extended absorption blends a and that the in was therefore in the photospheric epoch a lines of a ii a of i and be ii were strong a and the is ii 6347 a 6371 line appeared to be comparatively weak a so the in was classified as type in a as also supported by the overall similarity with the spectra of other one in such as in 1994i a filippenko 1997 a millard it al a |
9,032 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the semi a analytic theory of tidal shocks proves to be a powerful tool to study tidal interactions of star clusters and satellite galaxies with their massive hosts a new models of the globular cluster evolution employ a combination of analytic estimates a solutions of the fokker a planck equation and direct a a body simulations a the models predict large destruction rates for the galactic globular clusters a those on the highly eccentric orbits around the galactic center are much more likely to be disrupted than the ones on nearly circular orbits a the destruction rates are largely increased near the bulge a disruption of the low a mass clusters changes the luminosity function of the globular cluster system a shifting the peak of the luminosity function to the brighter end a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article dynamical evolution of globular clusters is strongly affected by gravitational tidal shocks a when the clusters cross the disk of the galaxy they experience disk shocking a when the clusters pass near the galactic center a they experience bulge shocking a the effects of the tidal shocks depend on the density of the background stars and are especially pronounced in the inner regions of the galaxy of please generate the next two sentences of the article | tidal shocks increase the energy of random motion of stars a reduce the binding energy of the cluster a accelerate core collapse a and lead to the faster overall evolution and destruction of globular clusters a for example a switzer 1987 a weinberg 1994 a mural a weinberg 1997a a a a a a dunedin a striker 1997a a a we calculate the rate of destruction of globular clusters as a result of various physical processes a two a body relaxation a evaporation of stars through the tidal boundary a disk shocking and bulge shocking a dunedin a striker 1997a a a |
9,033 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper before a cell divides into two daughter cells a chromosomes are replicated resulting in two sister chromosomes embracing each other a each sister chromosome is bound to a separate proteins structure a called kinetochore a it a a that captures the tip of a filamentous protein a called microtubule a it a a two oppositely oriented its pull the two its attached to two sister chromosomes thereby pulling the two sisters away from each other a here we theoretically study an even simpler system a namely an isolated it coupled to a single it a this system mimics an a in a nitro a experiment where a single it a it attachment is reconstituted using purified extracts from budding yeast a our models not only account for the experimentally observed of catch a bond a like of behavior of the it a it coupling a but also make new predictions on the probability distribution of the lifetimes of the attachments a in principle a our new predictions can be tested by analysing the data collected in the a in a nitro a experiments provided the experiment is repeated sufficiently large number of times a our theory provides a deep insight into the effects of a a a size a a a a energetics a and a a a stochastic kinetics of the it a it coupling on the distribution of the lifetimes of these attachments a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article chromosomes a the genetic material of a cell a are duplicated and properly segregated before the cell divides into two daughter cells excite a each of the sister chromatids a that result from chromosome replication a is bound to a proteins structure a called kinetochore a it a that a in turn a is coupled to the plus ends of stiff polar filaments called microtubules a it a excite a the negative ends of these its are located at the poles of the fusiform structure a called mitotic spindle excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the process of chromosome segregation a called mitosis excite a is carried out in eukaryotic cells by the dynamic mitotic spindle which is self a organized from its components for this purpose a there are strong indications that molecular motors excite are located at the it a it interface a though not in all eukaryotes a a these motor proteins a which are capable of generating force by hydrolysing at a are believed to generate poleward force or anti a poleward force depending on the family to which they belong a |
9,034 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we predict heating of quasiparticles driven by order parameter oscillations in the resistive state of short superconducting microbridges a the finite relaxation time of the magnitude of the order parameter and the dependence of the spectral functions both on and the supervelocity are the origin of this effect a our result is opposite to those of aslamazov and parkin a the a eds a a fit a a of a a 1340 a 1976 a a and schmidt a scan and bingham a phys a rev a a a of a 5076 a 1980 a a where cooling of quasiparticles was found a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article we study theoretically the resistive state in short superconducting microbridges a with length a less than the coherence length a at temperatures close to the critical one a this subject was widely discussed and studied in the 70-ies of last century a for review see excite a and has regained renewed interest recently a see for example refs a interesting phenomena occurring in such a system a and which are still not completely understood a are a i a the hysteresis of current a voltage a in a characteristics at relatively low temperatures excite and ii a the foot-like a sometimes also called shoulder-like a see ref of please generate the next two sentences of the article | excite a feature in the in characteristics observed experimentally mainly in tin microbridges at low voltages and at temperatures close to excite a see also excite a a the hysteresis is usually explained by joule heating while for the foot-like structure several theories were proposed excite that are based on the idea that the quasiparticle distribution function is out of equilibrium a overcooked a as a consequence of the variation in time of the magnitude of the superconducting order parameter in the superconducting microbridge a |
9,035 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we combine a switzer a 24 observations with data from the combo-17 survey for,000 galaxies to determine how the average star formation rates a sir a have evolved for galaxy sub a populations of different stellar masses a in the determination of we consider both the ultraviolet a us a and the infrared a in a luminosities a and account for the contributions of galaxies that are individually undetected at 24 through image stacking a for all redshifts we find that higher a mass galaxies have substantially lower specific sir a/ a than lower a mass ones a however a we find the striking result that the rate of decline in cosmic sir with redshift is nearly the same for massive and low a mass galaxies a item a not a a strong function of stellar mass a this analysis confirms one version of what has been referred to as a downsizing a a namely that the epoch of major mass build a up in massive galaxies is substantially earlier than the epoch of mass build a up in low a mass galaxies a yet it shows that star formation activity is a not a becoming increasingly limited to low a mass galaxies towards the present epoch a we argue that this suggests that heating by an a powered radio jets is not the dominant mechanism responsible for the decline in cosmic sir since a which is borne out by comparison with semi a analytic models that include this effect a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a key observable statistic that describes the evolution of the galaxy population is the average sir as a function of epoch and of galaxy stellar mass a over the last decade a much progress has been made towards delineating a and in part understanding a the relationship between star formation history and stellar mass a of archaeological of studies of present a day galaxies demonstrate a strong correlation between star formation history and present a day stellar mass in the sense that the bulk of stars now in massive galaxies must have formed at earlier epochs than stars now in less massive galaxies a edge a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a a a a a a a a a a a a |
9,036 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper from the beginning of his research a the belgian physicist diederik arts has shown great creativity in inventing a number of concrete machine a models that have played an important role in the development of general mathematical and conceptual formalisms for the description of the physical reality a these models can also be used to demystify much of the strangeness in the behavior of quantum entities a by allowing to have a peek at what a going on in structural terms behind the of quantum scenes a of during a measurement a in this author a view a the importance of these machine a models a and of the approaches they have originated a have been so far seriously underappreciated by the physics community a despite their success in clarifying many challenges of quantum physics a to fill this gap a and encourage a greater number of researchers to take cognizance of the important work of so a called a geneva a brussels school a a we describe and analyse in this paper two of arts historical machine a models a whose operations are based on simple breakable elastic bands a the first one a called the a spin quantum a machine a a is able to replicate the quantum probabilities associated with the spin measurement of a spin- entity a the second one a called the a connected vessels of water model a a of which we shall present here an alternative version based on elastics a is able to violate bell a inequality a as coincidence measurements on entangled states can do a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article as is well known a albert einstein was convinced that god does it play dice with the universe a to that a niles bohr used to reply to stop telling god what a a he has to do with her a his dice a go kramer a in more recent times a added to this the following excite a of if a god plays dice a a as einstein a 1932 a has declined to believe a one would at least like a glimpse of the gaming apparatus that is in use a of having a glimpse of the apparatus means to a understand a the nature of the game that is played behind the quantum scenes a and this in turn means a to understand quantum mechanics a a something which most physicists believe is a hopeless goal a in accordance with richard feynman celebrated admonition excite a of a. a that nobody understands quantum mechanics a of but what does it mean to understand quantum mechanics a and a more generally a what does it mean to understand something in science a different a more or less sophisticated a answers are of course possible a depending on the perspective which is adopted a but the majority of scientists will certainly agree that a roughly speaking a to understand in science means to build a theory with a sufficient explanatory power a which can suitably elucidate the observed phenomena and make conformable predictions of please generate the next two sentences of the article | then a why quantum mechanics a which today has reached the level of a fully mathematized theory a and whose predictions have been confirmed experimentally to an extremely high degree of accuracy a is still considered a theory that nobody really understand a as feynman used to proclaim a again a the answer to this question will vary depending on the physicist that respond a but the majority will certainly say that although quantum theory describes and predicts with accuracy the behavior of quantum entities a the problem is that their behavior has nothing to do with that of classical macroscopic entities of our everyday experience a |
9,037 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper i a jet production is studied in collisions of quasi a real photons at centre a of a mass energies from 189 to 209 get at let a the data were collected with the opal detector a the structure of jets is investigated and differential cross sections are measured and compared to cd calculations a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a for the two regions of space indicated in the figure a a a a and for compared to the predictions of the to my generators phone and pythia a a a a figures a a a and a a a show the value of as a function of the transverse energy and pseudo a rapidity of the jet respectively a compared to the pythia prediction a a scaledwidth=47.0% a at as a function of the jet transverse energy for a a a and a a a a and as a function of the jet pseudo a rapidity for a a a and a a a a in each figure please generate the next two sentences of the article | the results obtained using the inclusive and the cone jet algorithm are shown and compared to the pythia prediction.,scaledwidth=47.0% a we have studied the production of i a jets in the collisions of two quasi a real photons at an centre a of a mass energy from 189 to 209 get a with a total integrated luminosity of collected by the opal detector at let a i a jet events are of particular interest a as the two jets can be used to estimate the fraction of the photon momentum participating in the hard interaction a which is a sensitive probe of the structure of the photon a |
9,038 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the non a linear response of infinite periodic solids to homogeneous electric fields and collective atomic displacements is discussed in the framework of density functional perturbation theory a the approach is based on the theorem applied to an electric a field a dependent energy functional a we report the expressions for the calculation of the non a linear optical susceptibilities a roman scattering efficiencies and electrolytic coefficients a different formulations of third a order energy derivatives are examined and their convergence with respect to the a k-point sampling is discussed a we apply our method to a few simple cases and compare our results to those obtained with distinct techniques a finally a we discuss the effect of a scissors correction on the to coefficients and non a linear optical susceptibilities a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article nowadays a density functional theory excite a dot a is considered as a standard method in condensed matter physics a to study electronic a structural and macroscopic properties of solids from first principles a combined with adiabatic perturbation theory a it allows a a prior a the computation of derivatives of the energy and related thermodynamic potentials up to any order a at the second order a this approach has been applied to compute linear response functions such as phonon frequencies or born effective charges with an accuracy of a few percents of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the third a order derivatives are related to non a linear properties such as phonon lifetimes a roman tensors or non a linear optical susceptibilities a the linear a response formalism has been implemented in various first a principles codes and is routinely applied to an increasing number of systems a see for example ref a a a and references therein a a |
9,039 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we expect that a a channel unitarily should materialize in hard dis reactions through screening corrections a so a indicating that the gluon distribution function is approaching saturation a it is not as yet clear what the kinematical scales are at which these effects become important a while the global dis total cross section a or a data are well reproduced by delay evolution without substantial so a there exists experimental data from hera which suggests deviations from delay predictions in the small and limits a these signatures are observed in both the fine details of provided and are small enough a as well as in the diffractive channels a in this investigation we present a detailed study of which is supported by a coupled analysis of photo and dis production a both channels are directly proportional to a and as such serve as excellent discriminators between different approaches and models a in the first phase of our investigation we have found that none of the latest editions of the parton distribution functions a grv98 a mrs a cteq5 a provides an adequate and simultaneous reproduction of logarithmic slope of at small values as well as photoproduction a details of this will be published separately excite a a we then show that taking grv98nlo as input and correcting it for so a we can reproduce the recent hera data well a the calculation depends on one parameter which is directly determined from the photoproduction forward differential slope a with this input we obtain an excellent fit to the photo and dis production data a our calculations made in the la of cd take into account the corrections implied by the real part of the production amplitude a off diagonal a skewed a gluon distributions and the fermi motion of the charm quarks within the bound harmonium system a the so are consistently calculated for both the percolation of a.. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article over the past few years we have been witness to vigorous experimental a phenomenological and theoretical investigations of the proton deep inelastic scattering a dis a structure functions and some exclusive channels with small and a these comprehensive studies aim at establishing the applicability and possible need for a re a formulation of cd a as we know it a when approaching the kinematic interface with the less understood npqcd dominated domain a the standard procedure for the cd analysis of dis on a nucleon target has been to utilize the delay evolution equations for the structure functions as the key ingredient for fixing the parton distribution functions a p.d.f a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | these p.d.f a are then used as input for the calculations of exclusive dis channels a usually executed in the color dipole approximation a |
9,040 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a swift a broadband observations of the recently discovered black hole candidate a a a ray transient a xtej1752 a 223 a obtained over the period of outburst from october 2009 to june 2010 a from a swift--uvot data we confirm the presence of an optical counterpart which displays variability correlated a in the soft state a to the a a ray emission observed by a swift--xrt a the optical counterpart also displays hysterical behaviour between the states not normally observed in the optical bands a suggesting a possible contribution from a synchrotron emitting jet to the optical emission in the rising hard state a we offer a purely phenomenological treatment of the spectra as an indication of the canonical spectral state of the source during different periods of the outburst a we find that the high energy hardness a intensity diagrams over two separate bands follows the canonical behavior a confirming the spectral states a our art timing analysis shows that in the hard state there is significant variability below mhz which is more pronounced at low energies a while during the soft state the level of variability is consistent with being minimal a these properties of xtej1752 a 223 support its candidacy as a black hole in the galactic centre region a a firstpage a a a rays a binaries a a rays a bursts binaries a close stars a individual a xtej1752 a 223 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article low mass a a ray binaries are for the majority of the time in a state of quiescence with faint or non a detected a a ray emission a though optical or near a infrared a air a counterparts may be visible due to emission from the donor star a or possibly the jet a hot spot a or outer accretion disk a they are often only discovered when they enter an active state of outburst when powered by an increased level of accretion onto the central a compact object a black hole or neutron star a there is a dramatic increase of the a a ray a optical a air and radio flux a during these outbursts the systems have been observed to go through a number of high energy spectral states before returning to a quiescent state a usually on times scales of weeks a months or even longer of please generate the next two sentences of the article | these states are a generally low intensity a power a law dominated a a hard a state followed by a usually a higher intensity a a thermal a dominant a a a soft a state which decreases in flux a via a late hard state a over time a additionally a the hard states are associated with aperiodic variability of the light curve not present in the soft state a see excite for a fuller description of the various possible states a a |
9,041 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we report the first extragalactic detection of the neutral carbon a i a fine structure line at 809 ghz a the line was observed towards my simultaneously with the line at 492 ghz a providing a precise measurement of the integrated line ratio of 0.96 a on a scale a a this ratio constrains the a i a emitting gas to have a temperature of at least of a and a density of at least a already at this minimum temperature and density a the beam averaged i a column density is large a a confirming the high i a co abundance ratio of estimated earlier from the 492 ghz line alone a we argue that the a i a emission from my most likely arises in clouds of linear size around a few pc with a density of about or slightly higher and temperatures of ask up to about 100k a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the fine structure lines of neutral atomic carbon a i a at 809.3435 ghz and at 492.1607 ghz a cooks it al a excite a kumamoto a saith excite a provide an important diagnostic tool for the physical and chemical conditions of the dense interstellar medium and contribute significantly to the energy balance of the gas a after the first detections of phillips it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | excite a a jaffa it al a excite a the rapid advance in receiver sensitivity a driven by the technological progress of superconducting mixers now reaching sensitivities of only a few times the quantum limit even at submillimeter wavelengths a has resulted in the line now being well studied in many galactic sources a |
9,042 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this work reports theoretical and experimental study of the a a ray absorption near a edge structure a lanes a at the in a a edge in a a a mas diluted magnetic semiconductors a the spectra have been calculated from the first a principles using flap including the core a hole effect a a special attention has been paid to consequences of coexistence of in impurities in substitution and tetrahedral interstitial positions a we have performed quantitative component analysis of experimental spectra collected on the a a a mas samples before a after annealing and etching a with the aim to determine the proportion of in impurity configurations a comparison of the experimental data with theoretical computations indicates that even after annealing and etching some in atoms still reside in interstitial sites a although the concentration of interstitial defects has been reduced by annealing a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article recently a the in a doped gas system has received considerable attention in view of its potential use in spintronic technology a as it combines both semiconducting a semimetallic and ferromagnetic properties in one physical system excite a the positions of in pants play a decisive role in determining the magnetic properties of a a a mas a there are three of them with a comparable energy excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the substitution in atoms a mn a occupying a sites a act as hole a producing acceptors which contribute to ferromagnetism a the in atoms in tetrahedral interstitial positions a surrounded by either as or a atoms a mn and mn a are electron a producing double donors which hinder ferromagnetic states a |
9,043 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the us a initiative a hubble space telescope a treasury survey of galactic globular clusters provides a new window into the phenomena that shape the morphological features of the horizontal branch a he a a using this large and homogeneous catalogue of us and blue photometry a we demonstrate that the he exhibits discontinuities that are remarkably consistent in color a effective temperature a a this consistency is apparent even among some of the most massive clusters hosting multiple distinct sub a populations a such as not 2808 a cen a and not 6715 a a demonstrating that these phenomena are primarily driven by atmospheric physics that is independent of the underlying population properties a however a inconsistencies arise in the metal a rich clusters not 6388 and not 6441 a where the discontinuity within the blue he a bob a distribution shifts,000 a to 2,000 a hotter a we demonstrate that this shift is likely due to a large helium enhancement in the bob stars of these clusters a which in turn affects the surface convection and evolution of such stars a our survey also increases the number of galactic globular clusters known to host blue a hook stars a also known as late hot flashers a from a to of clusters a these clusters are biased toward the bright end of the globular cluster luminosity function a confirming that blue a hook stars tend to form in the most massive clusters with significant self a enrichment a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article although globular clusters represent the best available laboratories for constraining stellar evolution models a we now know they are not simple stellar populations a evidence for complex populations are manifested in all phases of stellar evolution a on the main sequence a is a and red giant branch a rob a a high a precision photometry reveals distinct sequences that are most prominent in massive clusters such as cen a edge a anderson 1997 a begin it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | 2004 a ferraro it al a 2004 a a not 2808 a edge a danton it al a |
9,044 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper recent developments in solid state physics give a prospect to observe the parity anomaly in a a a and massive dirac systems a here we show a that the quantum anomalous hall a nah a state in orbital magnetic fields originates from the dirac mass term and induces an anomalous four a current related to the parity anomaly a this differentiates the nah from the quantum hall a the a state for the experimentally relevant case of an effective constant density a seen by the gate a a a direct signature of nah phase in magnetic fields is a long a a plateau in crbi a hgmnte quantum wells a a furthermore a we predict a new transition between the quantum spin hall a ash a and the nah state in magnetic fields a for constant effective carrier density a without magnetic impurities but driven by effective a a factors and particle a hole asymmetry a this transition can be related to the stability of edge states in the dirac mass gap of cd topological insulators a is a a even in high magnetic fields a a introduction a a condensed matter analogs of the a a a and and a a a and dirac equation a item topological insulators a to a and well semimetals a opened new directions to study high energy anomalies in the solid state lab a an anomaly in high energy physics is defined as breaking of a classical symmetry during regularization excite and a in particular a the parity anomaly is characterized by a broken parity symmetry in a quantized theory a for instance in case of the massless dirac equation in a a a and a coupled to an electromagnetic field a parity symmetry is violated if one insists on gauge a invariance excite a in solid state physics on the other hand a of parity anomaly of is often understood as generation of an anomalous four a current related to a finite mass term in the dirac equation excite a anytime when we relate to the notion of of parity anomaly of a we refer to the second definition a at first glance a chiral currents related to the. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in the main text a we discussed how the of parity anomaly of gives rise to a change in landau level counting in magnetic field and discussed how this fact is related to signatures in the magnetotransport a for this purpose a we compare the continuity equation a derived from the semiclassical equations of motion a with the continuity equation a derived from maxwell equations a and show that the nah level has a non a zero chen number but an effective zero charge carrier density a therefore a in the process of adiabatically switching on magnetic field a the nah state can be distinguished from a trivial insulator when the chemical potential is in the mass gap of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the structure of this appendix is the following a in the first part a we give an explicit derivation of the of parity anomaly of based on a semi a classical formulation a while in the second part we show how an additional topological term enters the maxwell equations a breaking of parity symmetry due to the dirac mass term is discussed in appendix by let us start from the spin a up block of the biz hamiltonian excite a with a where we have neglected the -dependence of the mass term a |
9,045 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper recent theoretical works have demonstrated the realization of fractional quantum anomalous hall states a also called fractional chen insulators a in topological flat band lattice models without an external magnetic field a such newly proposed lattice systems play a vital role to obtain a large class of fractional topological phases a here we report the exact numerical studies of edge excitations for such systems in a disk geometry loaded with hard a core bosons a which will serve as a more viable experimental probe for such topologically ordered states a we find convincing numerical evidence of a series of edge excitations characterized by the chiral luttinger liquid theory for the bosnia fractional chen insulators in both the honeycomb disk haldane model and the ago a lattice disk model a we further verify these current a carrying chiral edge states by inserting a central flux to test their compressibility a a introduction a one of the most essential and fascinating topics in condensed matter physics is to explore and classify the various states of matter a among which the integer quantum hall effect a the a excite and the fractional quantum hall effect a the a excite have long been the major focus a it is well known that a at fractional fillings a the the will emerge when interacting particles move in landau levels a los a caused by an external uniform magnetic field a on the other hand a great interest has been aroused to realize both the the and the in lattice models in the absence of an external magnetic field a an initial theoretical attempt was made by haldane excite a who proposed a prototype lattice model to achieve the the by introducing two non a trivial topological bands with chen numbers excite a haldane a model demonstrates that the the can also be attained without los a item defines the quantum anomalous hall a nah a states a the lattice version of the the without los a however a comes much latter because of its intriguing strongly correlated nature. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in the main text of this paper a we have obtained edge a state spectra for finite a size disk systems with different boson numbers a whose ground states locate at various angular momenta a also the periodicity of the energy spectra under flux insertion depends on particle numbers a which is when boson numbers satisfy with and as crime integers a we can indeed heuristically understand these numerical results in view of the generalized pauli principle which rules the boson occupancy in single a particle orbitals with particular angular momenta a and considering that many a body states are built from single a particle orbitals with particular flux periodicity please generate the next two sentences of the article | a sites and the trap potential a a a a single a particle energy spectrum a |
9,046 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we describe spin a straightforward pulsar identification using neural networks a a a high a performance machine learning solution developed to process increasingly large data outputs from pulsar surveys a spin has been cross a validated on candidates from the southern high time resolution universe a thru a survey and shown to identify every known pulsar found in the survey data while maintaining a false positive rate of 0.64% a furthermore a it ranks 99% of pulsars among the top 0.11% of candidates a and 95% among the top 0.01% a in conjunction with the peasoup pipeline excite a it has already discovered four new pulsars in a re a processing of the intermediate galactic latitude area of thru a three of which have spin periods shorter than a milliseconds a spin a ability to reduce the amount of candidates to visually inspect by up to four orders of magnitude makes it a very promising tool for future large a scale pulsar surveys a in an effort to provide a common testing ground for pulsar candidate selection tools and stimulate interest in their development a we also make publicly available the set of candidates on which spin was cross a validated a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article discovering pulsars typically involves identifying periodic signals in observational data a then reducing each of them into a set of diagnostic values and graphical representations referred to as a a candidate a modern all a sky pulsar survey such as the high time resolution universe a thru a a a a a a a produces several million such candidates a the overwhelming majority of which are either the result of human a made radio a frequency interference a fri a a or due to various forms of noise a the selection of promising candidates to be observed again for confirmation remains up to this day heavily dependent on human inspection a a very time a consuming process becoming increasingly unmanageable as surveys continue to evolve into ever larger scale operations over time of please generate the next two sentences of the article | next generation instruments such as the square kilometre array a ska a a can be expected to find 20,000 pulsars excite a but not before an estimated 200 million candidates are properly classified a if we are to conservatively assume that the fraction of pulsars to be found among them a one in ten thousand at most a is comparable to current surveys excite a this implies that a among other challenges a the problem of automated candidate selection must be decisively solved |
9,047 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this work a the salvation and electronic structure of the aqueous chloride ion solution was investigated using density functional theory a dot a based a a into a molecular dynamics a aid a a from an analysis of radial distribution functions a coordination numbers a and salvation structures a we found that exact exchange a a and non a local van der walls a vow a interactions effectively a weaken a the interactions between the cl ion and the first salvation shell a with a cd a of coordination number in excellent agreement with experiment a we found that most configurations generated with vow a inclusive hybrid dot exhibit fold coordinated distorted trigonal prism structures a which is indicative of a significantly disordered first salvation shell a by performing a series of band structure calculations on configurations generated from aid simulations with varying dot potentials a we found that the isolated ion orbital energy levels a unlike the band structure of liquid water a strongly depend on the underlying molecular structures a in addition a these orbital energy levels were also significantly affected by the dot functional employed for the electronic structure a as the fraction of was increased a the gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital of cl and the valence band maximum of liquid water steadily increased towards the experimental value a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the nature of the interaction between the hydrogen bond a he a network of liquid water and the isolated chloride ion a a member of the hofmeister series a is currently a topic under intense research due to its fundamental importance in biochemistry a atmospheric chemistry a and geological processes excite a experimentally a the interaction between the isolated chloride ion a cl a and the surrounding aqueous environment has been successfully probed by a variety of techniques excite a in particular a a a ray and neutron scattering as well as a a ray absorption measurements a have been used to investigate the salvation structure of aqueous chloride solutions a providing experimental determination of the cd a of and cd a a radial distribution functions a ref a a and a and the associated coordination number a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | item a a the number of water molecules populating the first salvation shell surrounding a given cl ion excite a in addition a the electronic structure associated with this fundamental aqueous ionic solution was studied by delay excite and winter a it al a a |
9,048 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper dipolaritons are a three a way superposition of photon a a direct exciton a and an indirect exciton that are formed in coupled quantum well microcavities a as is the case with exciton a polarities a dipolaritons have a self a interaction due to direct and exchange effects of the underlying electrons and holes a here we present a theoretical description of dipolaritons and derive simple formulas for their basic parameters a in particular a we derive the effective dipolariton a dipolariton interaction taking into account of exchange effects between the exciton a we obtain a simple relation to describe the effective interaction at low densities a we find that dipolaritons should condense under suitable conditions a described by a dissipative gross a pitaevskii equation a while the parameters for condensation are promising a we find that the level of tunability of the interactions is limited a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the observation of the condensation of exciton a polarities excite has created a large amount of interest in the last decade excite a exciton a polarity condensates display fascinating properties such as superfluity excite a vortex formation excite a and has been suggested for use in future technologies such as polaritronics a the polarity analogue of atomtronics excite a quantum simulators excite a and novel light sources excite a one recent development is the observation of dipolaritons a please generate the next two sentences of the article | bosnia quasiparticles formed in coupled double quantum wells embedded into a microgravity formed by two distributed bragg reflectors a fig a a a excite a compared to the exciton a polarity a which is a quasiparticle consisting of a superposition of a photon and an exciton a |
9,049 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper based on the first a principles electronic structure calculations a we predict that a chromium oxide k of hollandia type should be a half a metallic ferromagnet where the fermi level crosses only the majority a spin band a whereas the minority a spin band has a semiconducting gap a we show that the double a exchange mechanism is responsible for the observed saturated ferromagnetism a we discuss possible scenarios of the metal a insulator transition observed at low temperature and we argue that the formation of the incommensurate a long a wavelength density wave of skinless fermions caused by the fermi a surface nesting may be the origin of the opening of the charge gap a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article half a metallic ferromagnet excite offer a unique opportunity for studying the electronic states of strongly correlated electron systems a here a only the majority a spin electrons form the fermi surface with a mapped minority a spin band excite and can couple with excitations of the spin a and in some cases orbital a degrees of freedom of the system a the situation therefore should attract much interest a in particular a when the relevant electrons are strongly correlated a leading the system to double a exchange ferromagnetism excite and metal a insulator transition a it a a in this paper a we will show that a chromium oxide k with the hollandia a type crystal structure excite belongs to this class of materials and can provide a good opportunity for further development of the physics of strong electron correlations a the crystal structure of k a see fig of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a a belongs to a group of hollandia a type phases where one a dimensional a cd a double strings of edge a shared cro octahedra forms a cr framework of a tunnel structure a wherein a ions reside. or ions are in the mixed a talent state of cr a a a cr a a a and hence with 2.25 electrons per or ion a it has recently been reported excite that the phase transition from the pauli a paramagnetic metal to ferromagnetic metal occurs at a by lowering temperatures a where the ferromagnetic state has a full spin a polarization of of per formula unit a flu a a at low temperatures a which is a realization of saturated ferromagnetism a |
9,050 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the central dominant galaxies in galaxy clusters constitute the most massive and luminous galaxies in the universe a despite this a the formation of these brightest cluster galaxies a bags a and the impact of this on the surrounding cluster environment remain poorly understood a here we present multi a wavelength observations of the nearby poor a a ray cluster mz10451 a in which both processes can be studied in unprecedented detail a a chandra a observations of the intracluster medium a ice a in the cluster core a which harbours two optically bright early a type galaxies in the process of merging a show that the system has retained a cool core and a central metal excess a this suggests that any merger induced ice heating and mixing remain modest at this stage a tidally stripped stars seen around either galaxy likely represent an emerging intracluster light component a and the central ice abundance enhancement may have a prominent contribution from a in site a enrichment provided by these stars a the smaller of the merging galaxies shows evidence for having retained a hot gas halo a along with tentative evidence for some obscured star formation a suggesting that not all big major mergers at low redshift are completely dissipationless a both galaxies are slightly offset from the peak of the ice emission a with all three lying on an axis that roughly coincides with the large a scale elongation of the ice a our data are consistent with a picture in which central bags are built up by mergers close to the cluster core a by galaxies infilling on radial orbits aligned with the cosmological filaments feeding the cluster a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the most massive galaxies in the universe occur in rich groups and clusters a these brightest cluster galaxies a hereafter bags a often reside close to the peak of the diffuse a a ray emission from the intracluster medium a ice a excite a a and can have recessional velocities indistinguishable from the cluster mean a excite a but see also excite a a their major axis is preferentially aligned with that of the host cluster a as defined by the projected distribution of cluster galaxies a edge a excite a or the ice a a ray emission excite a an effect which seems independent of cluster richness excite a furthermore a there is a clear relationship between the stellar luminosity of central bags and the total mass and a a ray luminosity of their host cluster excite a these observations suggest that many bags reside near the center of the cluster gravitational potential a and that the formation of central bags is intimately linked to the formation and evolution of the cluster itself a as anticipated in a hierarchical structure formation scenario of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this idea is supported by results of cosmological simulations which indicate that central bags are built up through a series of mergers near the cluster core a egg a excite a a such simulations also suggest that these mergers must have been predominantly dissipationless a at least for big major mergers occurring at low redshift a edge a excite a a |
9,051 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the thermodynamic and mechanical properties of graphitic systems are strongly dependent on the shear elastic constant a using state a of a the a art density functional calculations a we provide the first complete determination of their elastic constants and exfoliation energies a we show that stacking disorientation lead to a severe lowering of of at least one order of magnitude a the lower exfoliation energy and the lower a more bending modes a suggest that flakes with random stacking should be easier to exfoliate than the ones with perfect or rhombohedral stacking a we also predict ultralow friction behaviour in turbostratic graphitic systems a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article graphitic systems are used for a wide variety of industrial applications a ranging from lubricant and refractory materials to neutron moderators in nuclear fission reactors and plasma shields in the next generation of fusion reactors a the recent realization of graphene a single graphitic layer a and the discovery of its unusual electronic properties have raised the interest on flake graphitic systems as a route to produce grapheme samples of high quality and in large scale a despite the technological and scientific importance of graphitic systems a the knowledge of their elastic properties is unexpectedly poor and new insights are needed of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the values of the elastic constants describe the mechanical behaviour and are decisive in engineering design to avoid material failure a in layered materials a they are even more important for the thermodynamic properties due to a low a lying branch of acoustic vibrations a the bending modes a predicted by lifshitz over fifty years ago a here we show that the shear elastic constant affects the mechanism of exfoliation that is relevant for the production of grapheme |
9,052 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present an algorithm that a on input of a pm a field a an integer a and a prime a constructs a -weil number corresponding to an ordinary a simple belgian variety over the field of elements that has an -rational point of order and embedding degree with respect to a we then discuss how pm a methods over can be used to explicitly construct a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article let be an belgian variety defined over a finite field a and a prime number dividing the order of the group a then the a embedding degree a of with respect to is the degree of the field extension obtained by adjoining a primitive -th root of unity to a the embedding degree is a natural notion in pairing a based cryptography a where is taken to be the jacobian of a curve defined over a in this case a is principally polarized and we have the non a degenerate a well pairing a air a -ra a on the subgroup scheme a a of -torsion points of with values in the -th roots of unity of please generate the next two sentences of the article | if contains a we also have the non a trivial a tate pairing a of a a a times a f/ra of a a a to ^/ f^^r.a a the well and tate pairings can be used to a embed a -torsion subgroups of into the multiplicative group a and thus the discrete logarithm problem in a a can be a reduced a to the same problem in excite a in pairing a based cryptographic protocols excite a |
9,053 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we report on the results from a suzuki a a a ray observations of the radio complex region called kookaburra a which includes two adjacent tel -ray sources hess j1418 a 609 and hess j1420 a 607 a the a suzuki a observation revealed a a ray diffuse emission around a middle a aged pulsar per j1420 a 6048 and a plausible pwn rabbit with elongated sizes of and a respectively a the peaks of the diffuse a a ray emission are located within the -ray excess maps obtained by h.e.s.s a and the offsets from the -ray peaks are for per j1420 a 6048 and for rabbit a the a a ray spectra of the two sources were well reproduced by absorbed power a law models with a the spectral shapes tend to become softer according to the distance from the a a ray peaks a assuming the one zone electron emission model as the first order approximation a the ambient magnetic field strengths of hess j1420 a 607 and hess j1418 a 609 can be estimated as a a a and a a respectively a the a a ray spectral and spatial properties strongly support that both tel sources are pulsar wind nebulae a in which electrons and positrons accelerated at termination shocks of the pulsar winds are losing their energies via the synchrotron radiation and inverse compton scattering as they are transported outward a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article gamma a ray emitting pulsar wind nebulae a pine a are excellent test grounds for studying pulsars relativistic winds and particle acceleration that takes place presumably at termination shocks a especially a pine which accompany the diffuse synchrotron a a ray emission show the important clues to understand the time evolution of the pine and how the accelerated particles escape from the shocks a while young pine with characteristic ages of less than of tyr are relatively well studied in the past observations with a chandra a and a xmm---newton a excite a the sample of middle aged pine remains small a the kookaburra region includes a middle aged pwn a per j1420 a 6048 a and a plausible pwn a rabbit a a making it a suitable target for the detailed study of the diffuse emission with the a suzuki a a a ray observatory of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a suzuki a a characterized by the low detector background compared to a chandra a and a hmm a newton a a is crucial for the analysis of faint and diffuse a a ray emission a |
9,054 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper moduli with flat or run a away classical potentials are generic in theories based on supersymmetry and extra dimensions a they mix between themselves and with matter fields in kinetic terms and in the nonperturbative superpotentials a as the result a interesting structure appears in the scalar potential which helps to stabilise and trap moduli and leads to multi a field inflation a the new and attractive feature of multi a inflationary setup are isocurvature perturbations which can modify in an interesting way the final spectrum of primordial fluctuations resulting from inflation a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article last year a results reported by map, seem to confirm the inflationary paradigm with the spectral index and agree with the cosmic concordance model strengthening the case for dark energy a therefore it is an actual challenge for the theory of fundamental interactions to accommodate any of the two ideas in realistic extensions of the standard model a bums a a four dimensional supergravities stemming from string theories posses field dependent couplings controlled by vets of moduli a fields which have flat or featureless classical scalar potential of please generate the next two sentences of the article | these fields interact with gravity a strength couplings and appear to be natural candidates to play the role of the inflation a in addition a they mix at the level of kinetic or potential energy with all matter a like fields present in the lagrangian a which makes them a part of the inflationary dynamics even if the designed would a be inflation is not a modulus but rather a matter field a hence a the issue of generating supersymmetric inflation is intertwined with the issue of moduli stabilisation and it is a multi a field rather than a single field phenomenon a which may lead to important consequences a |
9,055 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper droplet microfluidics has emerged as a powerful platform allowing a large number of individual reactions to be carried out in spatially distinct microcompartments a due to their small size a however a the spectroscopic characterisation of species encapsulated in such systems remains challenging a in this paper a we demonstrate the acquisition of infrared spectra from single microdroplets containing aggregation a prone proteins a to this effect a droplets are generated in a microfluidic flow a focussing device and subsequently deposited in a square array onto a one prism using a micro stamp a after drying a the solutes present in the droplets are illuminated locally by an infrared laser through the prism a and their thermal expansion upon absorption of infrared radiation is measured with an atomic force microscopy tip a granting nanoscale resolution a using this approach a we resolve structural differences in the amide bands of the spectra of monomeric and aggregated lysozyme from single microdroplets with picolitre volume a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article lab on a chip technologies offer a range of unique opportunities for preparation and manipulation of molecular species a in particular a the compartmentalisation of biomolecules into monodisperse a micrometer a sized droplets allows for quantitative a high a throughput biochemical studies such as directed evolution, screening for reagents a reaction conditions or cells, as well as for the fabrication of designer emulsions and microgels. microdroplets can also allow the study of rare events a such as nucleation a and have thus enabled studies of the nucleation step of a aggregation as well as insulin amyloid growth. with the rapid development of microfluidic technologies a the need of ultra a sensitive detection methods becomes ever more pressing a a large fraction of present a day experiments rely on optical detection, with alternative strategies including a for instance a electrochemistry, mass spectrometry or roman spectroscopy. also a infrared a in a spectroscopy techniques have been utilised to monitor the contents of microfluidic flows. here a we demonstrate an approach for performing off a line in spectroscopy on the contents of single microdroplets with sub a micrometer spatial resolution of please generate the next two sentences of the article | fourier transform infrared spectroscopy a fair a is a key method for studying conformational properties of proteins and in particular for inferring their secondary structure. exposed to in radiation a chemical bonds undergo vibrations such as stretching a bending and rotating a in the case of proteins a this leads to a spectrum characterised by a set of absorption features in the amide bands. thereby a the modes most commonly used to study the structural properties of polypeptides are the amide i a amide ii and amide iii bands a amide i arises mainly from stretching vibrations and is generally localised within 1690 a 1600 a the exact band position is determined by the backbone conformation a in other words by the secondary structure of the protein a |
9,056 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a new technique for constructing solutions of quasilinear systems of first a order partial differential equations a in particular inhomogeneous ones a a generalization of the riemann invariants method to the case of inhomogeneous hyperbolic and elliptic systems is formulated a the algebraization of these systems enables us to construct certain classes of solutions for which the matrix of derivatives of the unknown functions is expressible in terms of special orthogonal matrices a these solutions can be interpreted as nonlinear superpositions of waves a or modes a in the case of hyperbolic a or elliptic a systems a respectively a theoretical considerations are illustrated by several examples of inhomogeneous hydrodynamic a type equations which allow us to construct solitonlike solutions a bump and kinks a and multilane a mode a solutions a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article many nonlinear phenomena appearing in physics are described by first a order quasilinear systems in both their hyperbolic and elliptic regions a these systems have been mostly studied in the case of two independent variables a however a until now a no satisfactory complete theory exists for those systems a for example a with the exception of certain particular results a the existence and uniqueness theorem for solutions of initial and boundary value problems is not available in general a such exceptions include the necessary and sufficient conditions for the temporal existence of smooth solutions of hyperbolic systems admitting conservation laws excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | solutions of hyperbolic quasilinear systems do not exist for an arbitrary period of time a even for smooth conditions a they usually blow up at the end of a finite time interval a in general a the first derivatives of the solution become unbounded after a finite time a and for a time a smooth solutions no longer exist a |
9,057 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper kpd0005 a 5106 is the hottest known helium a rich white dwarf a we have identified lines in us and optical spectra and conclude that it is significantly hotter than previously thought a namely a instead of 120000 of this is a possible explanation for the observed hard a a ray emission as being of photospheric origin a concerning its evolutionary state a we suggest that kpd0005 a 5106 is not a descendant of a pg1159 star but more probably related to the the a stars and rare stars a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the hottest helium a rich white dwarfs exhibit lines of ionized helium in their optical spectra and they are classified as do white dwarfs a currently forty dos are known a the coolest one has a and the hottest one is kpd0005 a 5106 a from an analysis of optical and a hubble space telescope a for spectra a and has been derived a werner it al a 1994 a for kpd0005 a 5106 of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the sloan digital sky survey has recently revealed another do with a a hgelmeyer it al a 2006 a a in the a far ultraviolet spectroscopic explorer a a fuse a spectra of the hottest pg1159 stars a a a we have recently discovered absorption lines of a werner it al a |
9,058 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the non a classical spectral and temporal features of entangled photons offer new possibilities to investigate the interactions of exciton in photosynthetic complexes a and to target the excitation of specific states a simulations of fluorescence in the bacterial reaction center induced by entangled light demonstrate a degree of selectivity of double a exciton states which is not possible using classical stochastic light with the same power spectrum a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article apart from their evident importance in experimental tests of the foundations of quantum mechanics a entangled photons promise many applications to quantum information processing excite a secure quantum communication excite a lithography excite or metrology excite a in addition a their non a classical frequency and time correlations could also open up novel spectroscopic applications excite a entanglement a induced two a photon transparency excite and the linear scaling of two a photon induced fluorescence with the pump intensity excite constitute two basic non a classical effects observed with entangled photon pairs of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this scaling makes it possible to carry out nonlinear optical measurements with much lower light intensity compared to classical light a as we will discuss in section a lightsources a a more generally a entangled photons offer new control parameters for nonlinear spectroscopy excite a and can be used to distinguish quantum pathways of matter excite a |
9,059 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper by a a conformal string a in euclidean space is meant a closed critical curve with non a constant conformal curvatures of the conformal arclength functional a we prove that a a a the set of conformal classes of conformal strings is in a a a correspondence with the rational points of the complex domain and a a a any conformal class has a model conformal string a called a symmetrical configuration a a which is determined by three phenomenological invariants a the order of its symmetry group and its linking numbers with the two conformal circles representing the rotational axes of the symmetry group a this amounts to the quantization of closed trajectories of the contact dynamical system associated to the conformal arclength functional via griffith formalism of the calculus of variations a a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the bus geometry of space curves was mainly developed in the first half of the past century excite and later taken up starting from the early 1980 a excite a further developments of the subject as an instance of the conformal geometry of submanifolds can be found in excite and the literature therein a the subject has also received much attention for its many fields of application a including the theory of integrable systems excite a the topology and bus energy of knots excite a and the geometric approach to shape analysis and medical imaging excite a 0.1 pm let a a be a smooth curve parametrized by arclength of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the a conformal arclength a parameter of is defined a up to a constant a by where is the standard scalar product on a |
9,060 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a quadric in cuts a curve of degree a on a cubic surface in a the papers classifies the nonsingular curves cut in this way on non a singular cubic surfaces up to homeomorphism a two issues new in the study related to the first part of the with hilbert problem appear in this classification a one is the distribution of the components of the curve between the components of the non a connected cubic surface which turns out to depend on the patterns of arrangements a see theorem a a a the other is presence of positive genus among the components of the complement and genus a related restrictions a see theorems a and a a a a 6.15pt a section a a thmlemma a thmproposition a thmaddendum a thmremark a thmexample a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article let be a real algebraic cubic surface in and let be a real algebraic quadric surface in a this just means that for some homogeneous polynomials a a and a a surfaces and are given by the following equations p^3of fx-0,x-1,x-2,x-3=0a bob rq=.a a let and be the complexifications of surfaces and p^3of fx-0,x-1,x-2,x-3=0a bob cq=.a a we suppose that and are nonsingular and intersect transversely along a curve of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the intersection is a smooth curve in a its real part is a consider now the diffeomorphism type of a a a |
9,061 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the tachyon scalar field model in flat few cosmology with the scale factor behavior a we consider the spherical collapse model and investigate the effects of the tachyon scalar field on the structure formation in flat few universe a we calculate a a a a a a and a a for the tachyon scalar field model and compare the results with the results of eds model and model a a firstpage a tachyon scalar field a spherical over a densities a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the last cosmological and astrophysical data of large scale structure a the observations of type a and cosmic microwave background radiation have demonstrated that currently there is an acceleration expansion phase in the universe excite a the cosmic expansion can be well described by a negative pressure so a called dark energy a de a a the simplest candidate for de is the cosmological constant a however a the cosmological constant suffers from the fine a tuning and the cosmic coincidence problems,, a therefore a to avoid these problems a different models for dark energy have been proposed such as quintessence a a a essence a tachyon excite a phantom a quinton excite a and the quantum gravity models a as well as holographic and new geographic models, a the tachyon model as a scalar field model arises in particle physics and string theory of please generate the next two sentences of the article | thus a it can be considered as one of the potential candidates to describe the nature of the de a on the other hand a the problem of structure formation in the universe is a very important issue in theoretical cosmology a |
9,062 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a new method to extract the beam shape incorporated in the pixelized map of cab experiments a this method is based on the interplay of the amplitudes and phases of the signal and instrumental noise a by adding controlled white noise onto the map a the phases are perturbed in such a way that the beam shape manifests itself through the mean a squared value of the difference between original and perturbed phases a this method is useful in extracting preliminary antenna beam shape without time a consuming spherical harmonic computations a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the future space mission planck will be able to measure a with unprecedented angular resolution and sensitivity a the cosmic microwave background a cab a anisotropy and polarization at a frequencies in the range 30857 ghz a in combination with balloon borne experiments such as boomerang a maximal a tophet and the recently launched space mission map a these observational data will provide a unique base for investigation of the history and the large scale structure formation of the universe a the accuracy of the cosmological parameter extraction planned for the planck mission is determined by the corresponding accuracy of the systematic effects of please generate the next two sentences of the article | systematic errors can be one of the most important sources of errors for high multiple range of the power spectrum a excite a a it is well known that extraction of the information about cosmological parameters such as harmonic density a cold dark matter density a hubble constant a and so on a needs additional information about the statistical characteristics of the measured cab anisotropy signal from the sky a |
9,063 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we analyse small a amplitude oscillations of a weakly viscous electrically conducting liquid drop in a strong uniform do magnetic field a an asymptotic solution is obtained showing that the magnetic field does not affect the shape eigenmodes a which remain the spherical harmonics as in the non a magnetic case a strong magnetic field a however a constrains the liquid flow associated with the oscillations and a thus a reduces the oscillation frequencies by increasing effective inertia of the liquid a in such a field a liquid oscillates in a two a dimensional a cd a way as solid columns aligned with the field a two types of oscillations are possible a longitudinal and transversal to the field a such oscillations are weakly damped by a strong magnetic field the stronger the field a the weaker the damping a except for the asymmetric transversal and inherently cd modes a the former are overlapped because of being incompatible with the incompressibility constraint a whereas the latter are not affected at all because of being naturally invariant along the field a since the magnetic damping for all other modes decreases inversely with the square of the field strength a viscous damping may become important in a sufficiently strong magnetic field a the viscous damping is found analytically by a simple energy dissipation approach which is shown for the longitudinal modes to be equivalent to a much more complicated eigenvalue perturbation technique a this study provides a theoretical basis for the development of new measurement methods of surface tension a viscosity and the electrical conductivity of liquid metals using the oscillating drop technique in a strong superimposed do magnetic field a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article shape oscillations of levitated metal droplets can be used to measure the surface tension and viscosity of liquid metals a excite a a theoretically a the former determines the frequency a while the latter accounts for the damping rate of oscillations a in the reality a experimental measurements may be affected by several side a effects a firstly a levitated drops may be significantly spherical and the oscillations amplitudes not necessarily small a whereas the classical theories describing the oscillation frequencies a excite a and damping rates a excite a assume small a amplitude oscillations about an ideally spherical equilibrium shape of please generate the next two sentences of the article | corrections due to the drop sphericity have been calculated by excite and excite a excite find the same order correction to the damping rate resulting also from a a magnetic field a |
9,064 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a high precision calculation of charging and neutrino pair production at colliders a within the minimal supersymmetric standard model a the full one a loop and higher order red corrections are included a special care has been taken in the definition of the lagrangian input parameters a furthermore a the proper inclusion of red corrections and the separation of weak and red corrections are discussed a we show numerical results for total cross sections a as well as forward a backward and left a right asymmetries for the spa scenario as proposed in the spa project a the complete corrections are about 10% and in some cases even larger a in particular for production with sizeable higgins components a these corrections have to be taken into account in a high precision analysis a reply a pub 806/05 a hep a ph/0504109 a precise predictions for charging and neutrino pair production in annihilation a we leer a he ebert a we majerotto a cols a a a a a for all other parameters that are free of renormalization conditions a the or on a shell values can be used a the difference is of higher order for the current processes a a since we use an on a shell renormalization a the appropriate tree a level for the one a loop calculation is given in terms of on a shell parameters a on the other hand a our original input are the parameters of the spa scenario a we therefore show the corrections relative to the tree a level in the spa convention a item calculated in terms of on a shell masses and values for all couplings a using this tree a level definition a the relative corrections are the same compared with those calculated in other renormalization schemes a up to terms of higher order a for this purpose the used value at =1 tel of the fine structure constant is a in the presented numeric a we use for the charge renormalization the scheme for neutrino production and the scheme for chargino. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article we have presented in detail the calculation of radiative corrections to the pair production of charging and neutrinos within the minimal supersymmetric standard model a we discussed a possible separation of weak and red corrections a although only the sum of virtual and real bremsstrahlung corrections have physical meaning a a separation of these two contributions has its advantages a the red corrections are treated numerically by integration over the phase space with an additional photon in the final state of please generate the next two sentences of the article | quite often a cancellation between red and weak corrections occurs leading to a small total correction a furthermore a we used the structure function formalism to include higher order red corrections and to split the red corrections into a universal and a non a universal part a |
9,065 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate poisson properties of postnikov a map from the space of edge weights of a planar directed network into the grassmannian a we show that this map is poisson if the space of edge weights is equipped with a representative of a parameter family of universal quadratic poisson brackets and the grasmannian is viewed as a poisson homogeneous space of the general linear group equipped with an appropriately chosen a a matrix poisson a lie structure a we also prove that poisson brackets on the grassmannian arising in this way are compatible with the natural cluster algebra structure a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article directed planar graphs with weighted edges have been widely used in the study of totally nonnegative matrices a excite a a a reviews of the area can be found in excite a a in particular a a special kind of such graphs is a convenient tool for visualizing in the case lusting type parametrization of double brutal cells excite a each parametrization of this kind is obtained via a factorization of an element of a cell into a product of elementary factors of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the standard poisson a lie structure on reductive lie groups is induced by a very simple poisson bracket on factorization parameters a recently a postnikov used weighted directed planar graphs to parametrize cells in grassmannians excite a |
9,066 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we combine data from sass and the a alex a and a switzer a observatories to create a sample of galaxies observed homogeneously from the us to the far a in a this sample a consisting of galaxies observed spectroscopically by sass provides a multiwavelength a 0.15 a of a a view of obscured and obscured star formation in nearby a a galaxies with frs ranging from 0.01 to 100 m yr a we calculate a robust dust measure from the infrared to us ratio a ira a and explore the influence of star formation history a sch a on the dust a us color relation a item the irx- relation a a we find that the us color of galaxies are only weakly dependent on their sch as measured by the 4000 break a however a we find that the contributions of dust and sch are distinguishable when color at widely separated wavelengths a edge 0.23 a 3.6 a are introduced a we show this explicitly by recasting the irx- relation as a more general ira a sch a color relation a which we examine in different projections a we also determine simple fits to this relation a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the color of a galaxy is determined primarily by its star formation history a sch a and the amount of dust attenuation present a with significant additional contributions from metallicity and dust geometry a an empirical relation between sch a dust attenuation a and color is therefore a useful constraint on models of galaxy formation a and can aid in the interpretation of high redshift galaxy observations where measurements are difficult a here we investigate such an empirical relation a using a representative sample of galaxies observed from the ultraviolet to the infrared by a alex a a sass a and of please generate the next two sentences of the article | spitzer-. the long wavelength coverage allows us to construct simple but robust measures of dust attenuation that are relatively free of a dependence on sch a similarly a the sass spectroscopy allows us to measure sch diagnostics we use a 4000 break measure that are largely free of a dependence on dust attenuation a |
9,067 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this paper provides a precise sense in which the time map for the euler equations of an ideal fluid in a region in a or a smooth compact -manifold with boundary a is a poisson map relative to the lie a poisson bracket associated with the group of volume preserving diffeomorphism group a this is interesting and nontrivial because in valerian representation a the time maps need not be from the sobolev class to itself a where a a the idea of how this difficulty is overcome is to exploit the fact that one does have smoothness in the lagrangian representation and then carefully perform a lie a poisson reduction procedure a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article hamiltonian structures play a fundamental role in mathematical physics a it a enough to recall a few examples a classical mechanics a electrodynamics a quantum mechanics a hydrodynamics and general relativity a however a when applying the classical methods and technics of symplectic geometry to pres a one faces significant difficulties a both analytical and conceptual of please generate the next two sentences of the article | part of the problem is that symplectic forms that arise in many applications are weak symplectic forms on infinite dimensional manifolds a more importantly a often integral curves of pres are not differentiable in time in the function spaces one would normally use a in the linear case a this corresponds to the fact that the operators involved are unbounded a |
9,068 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper swarm intelligence is a very powerful technique to be used for optimization purposes a in this paper we present a new swarm intelligence algorithm a based on the bat algorithm a the bat algorithm is hybridized with differential evolution strategies a besides showing very promising results of the standard benchmark functions a this hybridization also significantly improves the original bat algorithm a a to cite paper as follows a in or a filter a do filter a a of a yang a a hybrid bat algorithm a elektrotehniki vesting a 2013 a in press a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article nature has always been an inspiration for researchers a in the past a many new nature a inspired algorithms have been developed to solve hard problems in optimization a in general a there are two main concepts developed in bio a inspired computation a a a evolutionary algorithms a a a swarm intelligence algorithms of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the evolutionary algorithms are optimization techniques excite that base on the darwin a principle of survival of the fittest excite a it states that in nature the fittest indicia a duals have greater chances to survive a |
9,069 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the chatham equations for all the higher order adv equations a the chatham equations are neither strictly hyperbolic nor genuinely nonlinear a we are interested in the solution of the chatham equations when the initial values are given by a step function a a multiblock footnote omitted a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article it is known that the solution of the adv equation has a weak limit as while the initial values are fixed a this weak limit is described by hyperbolic equations a it satisfies the burgers equation until its solution develops shocks a immediately after shock please generate the next two sentences of the article | a the weak limit is governed by the chatham equations excite where the a are given by formulae a a lambda a a a equations a a know a a form a system of hyperbolic equations a |
9,070 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the evolution of the ground a state nuclear shapes in neutron a rich or a or a and to isotopes a including both even a even and odd- nuclei a is studied within a self a consistent mean a field approximation based on the dos going interaction a neutron separation energies and charge radii are calculated and compared with available data a a correlation between a shape transition and a discontinuity in those observables is found microscopically a while in or and or isotopes the steep behavior observed in the isotopic dependence of the charge radii is a consequence of a sharp prolate a oblate transition a the smooth behavior found in to isotopes has its origin in an emergent region of triviality a 21.60.jz a 21.10.ft a 27.60.+j a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the study of the properties of unstable nuclei both theoretically and experimentally is nowadays one of the most active and fruitful research lines in nuclear physics a nuclear systems with very unusual ratios are proper candidates to get insight into the nuclear interaction and the impact that the associated dynamics might have in low a energy observables like the ground a state deformation and derived quantities like moments of inertia or vibrational excitation energies excite a the understanding of the properties of those nuclei also has important consequences in the understanding of other physical processes like stellar nucleosynthesis of heavy elements of please generate the next two sentences of the article | in particular a the neutron a rich or a or a and to isotopes with mass numbers are of special interest for various reasons a one of them is the role that these isotopes play in the nucleosynthesis of heavy nuclide in the astrophysical a process a |
9,071 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper modifications of spin a splitting dispersion relations and density of states for electrons in non a symmetric heterostructures under in a plane magnetic field are studied within the envelope function formalism a spin a orbit interactions a caused by both a slow potential and the heterojunction potentials a which are described by the boundary conditions a are taken into account a the interplay between these contributions and the magnetic field contribution to the spin a splitting term in the hamiltonian is essential when energy amount resulting from the german and spin a orbit coupling are of the same order a such modifications of the energy spectra allow us to separate the spin a orbit splitting contributions due to a slow potential and due to the heterojunctions a numerical estimates for selectively a doped heterojunction and quantum well with narrow a gap region of electron localization are performed a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article spin a orbit splitting of the energy dispersion relations for electrons in nonsymmetric quantum heterostructures has been theoretically considered during the past decades a see ref a for a review a a in bulk materials spin a orbit interaction appears both due to a slow a variable potential a related to the lattice constant a excite and due to cubic a and linear excite spin a dependent contributions to the effective hamiltonian a turning to the two a dimensional a cd a case a we can reduce the cubic contribution to a linear one after the replacement of the squared momentum by the quantized value due to confinement excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it is still more important the fact that we have to take into account an additional spin a orbit splitting of the energy spectrum due to the interaction with abrupt heterojunction potentials a see ref a and discussion in refs a a a such contribution is of a radically different kind with respect to the listed above because contributions from both sides of a slow confinement potential compensate each other excite and a therefore a the spin a splitting of cd states can not be obtained without a short a range potential contribution a to the best of our knowledge a |
9,072 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in the framework of inflationary models with non a vacuum initial states for cosmological perturbations a we study non a gaussian signatures on the cosmic microwave background a cab a radiation produced by a broken a scale a invariant model which incorporates a feature at a privileged scale in the primordial power spectrum a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the common belief that the cab is gaussian distributed can be directly traced back to the generic assumption that the quantum fluctuations of the inflation field are placed in the vacuum state excite a relaxing this assumption might lead to detectable signatures in various astrophysical tests a most interestingly in future cab and large a scale structure observations a in this note a we study cab non a gaussian signatures predicted within inflationary models with non a vacuum initial states for cosmological perturbations a the model incorporates a privileged scale a which implies the existence of a feature in the primordial power spectrum of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the model predicts a vanishing three a point correlation function for the cab temperature anisotropies excite a we here focus on the first non a vanishing moment a the cab four a point function at zero lag a namely the kurtosis a and compute its expected value for different locations of the primordial feature in the spectrum a as suggested in the literature to conform to observations of large scale structure excite a |
9,073 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper selected results of original numeric simulations of non a linear magnetostatic spin waves and microwave a frequency magnetic chaos in ferrite films are expounded a as third part of the work whose first two parts are recent arrive reprints 1204.0200 and 1204.2423 a especially we consider crucial role of parametric processes in creating the chaos and simultaneously obstacles to its synchronization a and examine some possibilities of good enough synchronization a to an extent allowing its use for direct secure communication in microwave band a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article this reprint continues reprints 1204.0200 and 1204.2423 and represents some results of numerical simulations of auto a generation magnetic a wave chaos in ferrite films a its synchronization and application to secure communication a a references like a sex a means formula a a a from section a placed in 1204.2423 a sections a a a are placed in 1204.0200 of please generate the next two sentences of the article | our main interest below is i a visual investigation of regular and chaotic non a linear magnetostatic spin wave patterns auto a generated through feedback consisting of wire inductors a antennae a a amplifier and may be filters a a ii a investigation of those conditions of the auto a generation a and properties of generated patterns a what are mostly responsible for characteristics of resulting chaotic microwave a band electric signals a voltages and currents a a in particular a their possibilities to synchronize chaotic patterns in other similar systems a ferrite film a and thus to serve for secure transmission of information a 7.1 a chaotic auto a generation in film with linear feedback a |
9,074 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper gas 1758258 is one of the few persistent hard a ray emitters a key a in the galaxy a using the asia satellite a we have obtained the first detailed data on gas 1758258 in the 110 key range a where previous observations were affected by confusion problems caused by the nearby strong source gx51 a the spectrum is well described by a power law with photon index 1.7 without strong be emission lines a a prominent soft excess a as observed with rosa when the hard a ray flux was in a lower intensity state a was not detected a however a the presence of a soft spectral component a accounting for at most of of the 0.1300 key flux a can not be excluded a the accurate measurement of interstellar absorption a pm a corresponds to an optical extinction which definitely excludes the presence of a massive companion a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the source gas 1758258 was discovered in the hard a ray a soft energy range with the sigma a grant coded mask telescope a sundae it al a gas 1758258 is of particular interest since a together with the more famous source be 1740.7 2942 a it is the only persistent hard a ray emitter a key a in the vicinity of the galactic center a goldwurm it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | both sources have peculiar radio counterparts with relativistic jets a miracle it al a 1992a a rodriguez a miracle a mart 1992 a miracle 1994 a and might be related to the 511 key line observed from the galactic center direction a boucher it al a |
9,075 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper psrb1931 a of is the first intermittent radio pulsar discovered to date a characterized by a 0.8s pulsation which turns on and off quasi a periodically every a with a duty cycle of % a we present here a ray and optical observations of psrb1931 a of performed with the a chandra a a ray observatory a and a isaac newton telescope a a respectively a simultaneous monitoring from the a odell bank observatory a showed that this intermittent pulsar was in the radio on phase during our observations a we do not find any a ray or optical counterpart to psrb1931 a of a translating into an upper limit of on the a ray luminosity a and of on the optical magnitude a if the pulsar is isolated a these limits can not constrain the dim a a ray and optical emission expected for a pulsar of that age a. 6myr a a we discuss the possibility that the quasi periodic intermittent behavior of psrb1931 a of is due to the presence of a low mass companion star or gaseous planet a tight with the pulsar in an eccentric orbit a in order to constrain the parameters of this putative binary system we re a analysed the pulsar radio timing residuals and we found that a if indeed hosted in a binary system a a psrb1931 a of should have a very low mass companion and an orbit of low inclination a a firstpage a stars a pulsars a general pulsar a individual a psrb1931 a of a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a long term radio monitoring study of the radio pulsar psrb1931 a of a stokes it al a 1985 a hobbs it al a 2004 a a revealed the peculiar intermittent behavior of this pulsar a kramer it al a psrb1931 a of is a so far a a unique system a it shows an active radio emission phase lasting between 510 days a radio on phase a hereafter a a which suddenly a in less than is a switches off a and the pulsar remains undetectable for the following 2535 days a radio off phase a hereafter a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this pattern repeats quasi a periodically a and has been monitored for the past a years a kramer it al a another peculiar property of psrb1931 a of is its spin down behavior a |
9,076 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study possible crossing of the phantom divide line in a dip a inspired braneworld scenario where scalar field and curvature quintessence are treated in a unified framework a with some specific form of and by adopting a suitable anat a we show that there are appropriate regions of the parameters space which account for late a time acceleration and admit crossing of the phantom divide line a a key words a a braneworld cosmology a dip scenario a dark energy models a late a time acceleration a a pics a a 04.50.+h a 98.80.-k a my a my a my a my a my 165 my. 65 pm a and a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article based on several astronomical evidences a our universe is currently in a period of positively accelerated expansion a a a a it is possible to interpret this late a time acceleration based on yet unknown component called dark energy in literature a see for instance a a a with a comprehensive list of references therein a a also a it has been shown that such an accelerated expansion could be the result of a modification to the einstein a hilbert action a for a recent review see a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | on the other hand a dip braneworld scenario has the capability to interpret this late a time acceleration via leakage of gravity to extra dimension in its self a accelerating branch a a a a for the first alternative a the simplest candidate for dark energy is the cosmological constant itself a |
9,077 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we consider the -body problem in with the newtonian potential a we prove that for every initial configuration and for every minimizing normalized central configuration a there exists a collision a free parabolic solution starting from and asymptotic to a this solution is a minimizer in every time interval a the proof exploits the variational structure of the problem a and it consists in finding a convergent subsequence in a family of minimizing trajectories a the hardest part is to show that this solution is parabolic and asymptotic to a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in this paper we consider positive masses in an euclidean space a submitted to a gravitational interaction a we find some interesting solutions with a given asymptotic behaviour a the equation of motion of the -body problem is written where is the mass and the position of the -th body a since these equations are invariant by translation a we can assume that the center of mass is at the origin of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a these equations are euler a lagrange equations of the lagrangian action functional a we will define it precisely in the next section a a therefore solutions of a a newt a a are critical points of the action in a set of paths with fixed ends a the simplest kind of critical points are minimal a so it is natural to search for minimizes of the lagrangian action joining two given configurations in a fixed time a |
9,078 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we show that the electromagnetically induced transparency a it a is possible in a medium exhibiting rydberg exciton and indicate the realistic parameters to perform the experiment a the calculations for a cu crystal are given which show that in this medium due to large group index one could expect slowing down a light pulse by a factor about a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article recently a a lot of attention has been directed to the subject of exciton in bulk crystals due to experimental observation of the so a called yellow exciton series in cu up to a large principal quantum number of a such exciton in copper oxide a in analogy to atomic physics a have been named rydberg exciton a by virtue of their special properties rydberg exciton are of fascination in solid state and optical physics a these objects a whose size scales as the square of the rydberg principal quantum number a are ideally suited for fundamental quantum interrogations a as well as detailed classical analysis of please generate the next two sentences of the article | one could expect that rydberg exciton would have been described a in analogy to rydberg atoms a by rydberg series of hydrogen atoms a but it turned out that this generic method of description should has been revised because diameter of such exciton is much larger then wavelength of light needed to create it excite a the observation and detailed description of rydberg exciton have opened a new field in condensed matter spectroscopy a in analogy to medium of rydberg atoms a where it has been possible to obtain a large optical nonlinearity at the single photon level and to realize a lot of quantum optics sophisticated experiments such as optical kerr effect or correlated states excite a it is expected that the medium of rydberg exciton is also fertile area a |
9,079 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper aggregation of dust through sticking collisions is the first step of planet formation a basic physical properties of the evolving dust aggregates strongly depend on the porosity of the aggregates a edge mechanical strength a thermal conductivity a gas a grain coupling time a also the outcome of further collisions depends on the porosity of the colliding aggregates a in laboratory experiments we study the growth of large aggregates of a my to a pm through continuous impacts of small dust agglomerates of 100 a size a consisting of a grains at different impact velocities a the experiments show that agglomerates grow by direct sticking as well as gravitational accretion a the latter can be regarded as suitable analog to accretion of fragments by gas drag in protoplanetary disks a experiments were carried out in the velocity range between 1.5 a a a and a a a a a with increasing impact velocities the volume filling factor of the resulting agglomerates increases from for 1.5 a a a to for a a a a a these values are independent of the target size a extrapolation of the measured velocity dependence of the volume filling factor implies that higher collision velocities will not lead to more compact aggregates a therefore a marks a degree of compaction suitable to describe structures forming at a at small collision velocities below a a a a highly porous structures with will form a for intermediate collision velocities sororities vary a depending on the disk model and resulting relative velocities a objects in protoplanetary disks up to do a size might evolve from highly porous a a to compact a a with a more complex intermediate size range of varying porosity a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article coagulation of dust particles by mutual collisions is a fundamental process occurring in protoplanetary disks a it marks the first steps of planet formation a the formation of millimetre size aggregates from micron a sized dust particles proceeds rapidly a as collision velocities in this range please generate the next two sentences of the article | are small and particles stick together easily a the growth of aggregates is indisputable excite a with increasing particle size a also the relative velocities between particles increase and velocities reach values up to of a a a for meter size bodies or even more a eventually excite a with increasing velocities collision results become more complex and compaction a fragmentation and rebound are typical outcomes excite a |
9,080 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the magnetization relaxation rate of small particles dispersed in a silica matrix has been measured from of my to a of it shows a minimum around 150 my a that can be discussed in terms of either thermal or quantum relaxation regime a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the magnetization dynamics of single a domain manometric particles at low temperature is presently a subject of intense interest a in the hope of finding evidence for quantum tunnelling of the magnetic moment through the anisotropy barrier associated with the particle excite a apart from some pioneering attempts at a study of a unique particle excite a most efforts are concentrated on macroscopic samples a in which an accurate knowledge of the effective distribution of barriers is difficult a hence hindering a clear interpretation of the results, a moreover a except in a few cases excite a the low a temperature range of the published data is often limited to pumped a he cryogenic techniques a a a which still makes an unambiguous characterization of quantum effects more difficult a in this paper a we present magnetic measurements which have been performed using a dilution refrigerator excite a that allow data to be taken down to a we have studied a sample of particles a dispersed in a silica matrix a with a typical diameter of of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the relaxation dynamics of particles has already been shown to exhibit some anomalies excite a that appear at the very end of the accessible temperature range a 1.8 a a a our present data show that the relaxation rates in our sample do indeed fail to go down to zero when the temperature is lowered to a |
9,081 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the wavelength dependence of atmospheric refraction causes differential chromatic refraction a der a a whereby objects imaged at different optical a us wavelengths are observed at slightly different positions in the plane of the detector a strong spectral features induce changes in the effective wavelengths of broad a band filters that are capable of producing significant positional offsets with respect to standard der corrections a we examine such offsets for broad a emission a line a type a a quasars from the sloan digital sky survey a sass a spanning and an airways range of 1.0 to 1.8 a these offsets are in good agreement with those predicted by convolving a composite quasar spectrum with the sass landmasses as a function of redshift and airways a this astrometry information can be used to break degeneracies in photometric redshifts of quasars a or other emission a line sources a and a for extreme cases a may be suitable for determining of astrometry redshifts of a on the sass a southern equatorial stripe a where it is possible to average many multi a epoch measurements a more than 60% of quasars have emission a line a induced astrometry offsets larger than the sass a relative astrometry errors of of a of mas a folding these astrometry offsets into photometric redshift estimates yields an improvement of of within a future multi a epoch synoptic surveys such as list and pan a stars could benefit from intentionally making observations at relatively high airways a a in order to improve their photometric redshifts for quasars a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the next generation of large a area survey facilities a edge a pan a stars a list a de a vista a st a excite a will image orders of magnitude more objects than it will be possible to obtain spectra for a as a result a robust determination of redshifts from photometric data is of crucial importance to these projects a while the distinctive of 4000 of facilitates photometric redshifts a of photo- a of a for galaxies a edge a a a a a a a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a a a the majority of quasars a a lack such a strong spectral feature at observed a frame optical wavelengths a making the determination of photometric redshifts for low- quasars more challenging a while it has been proven to be possible to determine photo- a of quasars from the changes that their emission lines induce in their broad a band photometry a edge a a a a a a a a a a a |
9,082 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we consider a two dimensional condo lattice model with exchange and hopping in which three out of four impurity spins are removed in a regular way a at the particle a hole symmetric point the model may be studied with auxiliary field quantum monte carlo methods without sign problems a to achieve the relevant energy scales on finite clusters a we introduce a simple method to reduce size effects by up to an order of magnitude in temperature a in this model a a metallic phase survives up to arbitrarily low temperatures before being disrupted by magnetic fluctuations which open a gap in the charge sector a we study the formation of the heavy a electron state with emphasis on a crossover scale defined by the maximum in the resistivity versus temperature curve a the behavior of thermodynamic properties such as specific heat as well as spin and charge uniform susceptibilities are studied as the temperature varies in a wide range across a within our accuracy compares well to the condo scale of the related single impurity problem a finally our my results are compared with mean a field approximations a a pics numbers a 71.27.+a a 71.10.-w a 71.10.fd a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article condo insulators as well as heavy fermion materials excite are believed to be described by condo lattice models with antiferromagnetic exchange and hopping a in this framework a the condo insulator a exemplified by ce a corresponds to a special band filling in which there is exactly one conduction electron per impurity spin a the origin of the charge and spin gaps is easy to understand in the limit of large where each conduction electron is trapped by an impurity spin to form a condo singlet a starting from this point there are two ways of generating metallic states which will described the heavy electron state a on one hand please generate the next two sentences of the article | a one can remove conduction electrons thus leaving uncompensated impurity spins a in the limit the problem maps onto the hubbard model where the condo singlets are represented by empty sites and the bachelor a or unscreened a spins by electrons excite a |
9,083 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper eclipses in the 14.4 day period double a lined binary is lac were observed photographically and visually early in the 20 century a but stopped some of or of years ago a this has been explained by the presence of a distant third star in the system a which has now been detected spectroscopically with a period of 679 days a the plane of the orbit of the binary is changing relative to the line of sight in response to perturbations from this third object a a recent analysis by malone it al a of all photometric material available for the system a including a re a measurement of original harvard plates a has confirmed earlier reports of changes in the depth of the eclipses as a function of time a which are due to the third star a in this paper we discuss our detailed analysis of the eclipse amplitude measurements a and extract from them information on the change in the inclination angle of the binary over the last century a our use of a much improved ephemeris for the system by torres a stefanie was found to be crucial a and prompted us to re a determine all the amplitudes from the historical data at our disposal a including the harvard material used by my a systematically lower measurements on the branches of the minimal were properly accounted for a and we made use of both a linear approximation to the time variation of the inclination angle and a more realistic model based on the theory of three a body interactions a regression of the nodes a effect a a the nodal cycle is found to be or a within which a two a eclipse seasons a occur a each lasting about 100 or a the non a eclipsing status of the system is expected to continue until the beginning of the 23 century a to appear in a the astronomical journal a a april 2001 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the cessation of eclipses in a binary star is a rare phenomenon that can most often be explained by the presence of a third object in the system inducing perturbations in the orbital elements of the inner pair a the modulation of the inclination angle to the line of sight a in particular a is the direct cause of a change in the orientation of the plane of the binary such that eventually the stars no longer block each other a light at conjunction a few examples of this phenomenon are known a among them a mus a sderhjelm 1974 a and v907 so a lacy a help a van 1999 a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | an especially interesting case is is lacerta a hip 108981 a bd a days a a a a epoch and equinox j2000 a a which stopped eclipsing around the middle of the 20 century a our knowledge about light variations in this binary when it a was a eclipsing comes entirely from visual and photographic measurements that go back more than a century a but that are unfortunately of rather poor quality a |
9,084 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this paper contains bounds for the distortion in the spherical metric a that is to say bounds for the constant of older continuity of mappings where denotes the spherical metric a the mappings considered are -quasiconformal a a and satisfy some normalizations or restrictions a all bounds are explicit and asymptotically sharp as a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in this paper we derive explicit asymptotically sharp estimates for the constant of older continuity in the spherical metric of quasiconformal a pc a mappings a these results are based on reducing the problem to the euclidean metric case a where older continuity is well a known a the paper excite provides explicit estimates with some nice properties a lemma a mfg a a that will be shown to hold for the constants in the spherical metric also a a similar a but more restricted of please generate the next two sentences of the article | result has previously appeared as lemma 4.1 of excite a cited as lemma a bone a in this paper a a this result gives an estimate for the older constant with respect to the spherical metric of planar quasiconformal mappings a which a however a is not asymptotically sharp as a |
9,085 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this paper describes joint work with odd scram and wendell werner establishing the values of the planar brownian intersection exponents from which one derives the hausdorff dimension of certain exceptional sets of planar brownian motion a in particular a we proof a conjecture of mandelbrot that the dimension of the frontier is a the proof uses a universality principle for conformably invariant measures and a new process a the stochastic lower evolution a a a introduced by scram a these ideas can be used to study other planar lattice models from statistical physics at criticality a i discuss applications to critical percolation on the triangular lattice a loop a erased random walk a and self a avoiding walk a 4.5 my a 2000 mathematics subject classification a a 60j65 a 60k35 a a keywords and phrases a a brownian motion a critical exponents a conformal invariance a stochastic lower evolution a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article of my let be a standard brownian motion taking values in and let a a denote the random set a b-r a a let a let to a of a for a we say that is a a a cut point a for a a if a a a a a a frontier point a for a a if is on the boundary of the unbounded component of a a a a a pioneer point a for a a if is on the boundary of the unbounded component of a a a item a if is a frontier point for a a a i will discuss the following result proved by odd scram a wendell werner a and myself a a theorem a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | excite a if is a standard brownian motion in a then with probability one a a a a 3/4 a a a a a a a 4/3 a a a a;= 7/4 a a a a where denotes hausdorff dimension a a mandelbrot excite first gave the conjecture for the brownian frontier a basing his conjecture on numerical simulation and then noting that simulations of the frontier resembled simulations of self a avoiding walks a |
9,086 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper is report per la prime volta in test critics complete i in manoscritto i store majorca a conservator inside ali appunti per be legion tenure alluniversit i naomi a regatta probabilmente per in seminar solo in quell university a alcuin passage del test rivelano a in form latent a una interpretation fiscal della mechanical quantistica che anticipate i multi anti lapproccio i feynman in termini i integral sui camping a indipendentemente dallas formulation mathematics sottostante and esse a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article linteresse per be legion del torso i fiscal peoria a svelte a store majorca alluniversit i naomi new 1938 a state recentemente ravvivato day ritrovamento del document moreno excite a una trascrizione feel a part i eugenio moreno deli appunti dell legion preparation gallo steps majorca a compressive i alone legion precedentemente ignore a i cut original membrane essene anti disperse a ali appunti original sony conservation a pisa a a front riprodotti anastaticamente alcuin anti or sony excite a includendovi ache alcuin folk che is volute interpreter excite excite come ali appunti preliminary per la leone successive all ventunesima a che majorca avrebbe solo be non fosse scomparso a serene in carattere of preliminary of a ossian i appunti i us personal a non consegnare direttamente ali students a via ampiamente attestation dale unusual numerous cancellature che i sony present a unanalisi atlanta de content ii volt non samba indicate che tali appunti piano state regatta per in torso i fiscal peoria a a tantomeno a preparation per la leone imediatamente successive all ventunesima of please generate the next two sentences of the article | infant a come is up constatare facilmente a tali appunti svolgono argument avanzati a nine annatto collegiate a quanta tractate a majorca belle sue ultima the legion a in cut eli area append introdotto be basic della mechanical ondulatoria a della sun interpretation statistics a que is presuppongono a invite a conoscenze che in docent non area certamente ancona forint new so torso a is sviluppano dell |
9,087 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the atlasgal 870 a continuum survey conducted with the apex telescope is the first survey covering the whole inner galactic plane a a a in submit continuum emission tracing the cold dust of dense and young star a forming regions a here a we present the overall distribution of sources within our galactic disk a the submit continuum emission is confined to a narrow range around the galactic plane a but shifted on average by. 07deg below the plane a source number counts show strong enhancements toward the galactic center a the spiral arms and toward prominent star a forming regions a comparing the distribution of atlasgal dust continuum emission to that of young intermediate to high a mass young stellar objects a sos a derived from switzer data a we find similarities as well as differences a in particular a the distribution of submit dust continuum emission is significantly more confined to the plane than the so distribution a from of 0.7 and 1.1deg a corresponding to mean physical scale heights of approximately of and pc a respectively a a while this difference may partly be caused by the large extinction from the dense submit cores a gradual dispersal of stellar distributions after their birth could also contribute to this effect a compared to other tracers of galactic structure a the atlasgal data are strongly confined to a narrow latitude strip around the galactic plane a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article since the location of our solar system is within the galactic disk a studying the galactic structure of our milky way is always a challenging problem a therefore a we can not derive such comprehensive and intuitive pictures of our disk as extragalactic studies are able to do for other spiral galaxies a edge a excite a a nevertheless a based on a diverse set of studies over all wavelengths a in the last few decades we have derived a reasonably comprehensive picture of our galactic spiral structure a for recent work a see a edge a excite a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the galactic plane has been observed in the optical a near-/mid a infrared bands a edge a excite a as well as at longer wavelengths a edge a in co or pm continuum emission a edge a excite a a however a until the arrival of the two a submm galactic plane surveys atlasgal a the apex telescope large area survey of the galaxy at 870 a a and bps a bolocam galactic plane survey a excite a no survey at a submm wavelengths existed that trace the cold dust emission stemming from dense and young star a forming regions at adequate spatial resolution a the code a cosmic background explorer a and map a wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe a data have too coarse resolution to isolate individual star a forming regions a a here a we employ the 870 a submit continuum survey atlasgal to study the general distribution of the dense dust and gas within our galactic plane a |
9,088 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in a recent study excite the stationary state of a parallel a update taser with varying system length a which can be regarded as a queueing process with excluded a volume effect a a exclusive queueing process a a exp a a was obtained a we analyse the dynamical properties of the number of particles and the position of the last particle a the system length a a using an analytical method a generating function technique a as well as a phenomenological description based on domain wall dynamics and monte carlo simulations a the system exhibits two phases corresponding to linear convergence or divergence of and a these phases can both further be subdivided into high a density and maximal a current subleases a the predictions of the domain wall theory are found to be in very good agreement quantitatively with results from monte carlo simulations in the convergent phase a on the other hand a in the divergent phase a only the prediction for agrees with simulations a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article queueing processes have been studied extensively a especially due to their practical relevance excite a however a usually the spatial structure of the queues is neglected and the particles in the queues do not interact with each other a on the other hand a the totally asymmetric simple exclusion process a taser a which has a spatial structure and excluded a volume effect a hard a core repulsion a is one of the best a studied interacting particle systems excite a nowadays the taser is a basic model for pedestrian and traffic flows excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | recently a queueing process with the excluded a volume effect a the exclusive queueing process a exp a a was introduced in excite and excite independently a where the model was formulated as continuous a time and discrete a time markov processes a respectively a this model can be rephrased as the taser on a semi a infinite chain with a new boundary condition a see fig a |
9,089 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a generalized version of the tenn a equations computing hall conductance for generalized dirac a like harper operators is derived a geometrically these equations relate chen numbers of suitable a dual a bundles naturally associated to spectral projections of the operators a address a department de mathmatiques a university de clergy a tortoise a 95302 clergy a tortoise a france a email=denittis.univ-paris13.fr address a divertimento i mathematics a university i trieste a i-34127 trieste a italy a and info a serine i trieste italy a email=landi.it a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the a integer quantum hall effect a a the a reveals a variety of surprising and attractive physical features a and has been the subject of several investigations a see excite and references therein a a in fact a a complete spectral analysis of the schrodinger operator for a single particle moving in a plane in a periodic potential and subject to an uniform orthogonal magnetic field of strength a a magnetic bloch electron a a is extremely difficult a thus the need for simpler effective models which hopefully capture a some of a the main physical features in suitable physical regimes a in the limit of a strong magnetic field of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a the the is well described by an effective harper operator a of a excite a a for this model |
9,090 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we propose a single a site addressing implementation based on the sub a wavelength localization via adiabatic passage a slap a technique a we consider a sample of ultracold neutral atoms loaded into a two a dimensional optical lattice with one atom per site a each atom is modelled by a three a level system in interaction with a pump and a stokes laser pulse a using a pump field with a node in its spatial profile a the atoms at all sites are transferred from one ground state of the system to the other via stimulated roman adiabatic passage a except the one at the position of the node that remains in the initial ground state a this technique allows for the preparation a manipulation a and detection of atoms with a spatial resolution better than the diffraction limit a which either relaxes the requirements on the optical setup used or extends the achievable spatial resolution to lattice spacings smaller than accessible to date a in comparison to techniques based on coherent population trapping a slap gives a higher addressing resolution and has additional advantages such as robustness against parameter variations a coherence of the transfer process a and the absence of photon induced recoil a additionally a the advantages of our proposal with respect to adiabatic spin a flip techniques are highlighted a analytic expressions for the achievable addressing resolution and efficiency are derived and compared to numerical simulations for atoms in state a of a the a art optical lattices a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article ultracold neutral atoms in an optical lattice with single a atom and single a site resolution constitute an ideal physical system to investigate strongly correlated quantum phases excite which a in turn a has interesting applications in quantum optics excite a quantum simulation excite and quantum information processing excite a among others a the first approaches towards single a site addressing considered the use of lattices with relatively large site separations excite a however a to have access to the regime of strongly correlated systems a typical lattice spacings well below a are needed since the tunnelling rate has to be comparable to the on site interactions a in this case a the diffraction limit imposes strong restrictions on the addressability of individual lattice sites a to overcome this limitation different techniques have been investigated of please generate the next two sentences of the article | for instance a spatially dependent electric and magnetic fields have been used to induce position dependent energy shifts on the atom excite a allowing for site a selective addressability a alternatively a a scanning electron microscopy system to remove atoms from individual sites with a focused electron beam excite has been reported a however a in this case a atoms need to be reloaded into the emptied sites after each detection event a more recently a |
9,091 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a practical implementation based on newton a method to find all roots of several families of complex polynomials of degrees up to million so that the observed complexity to find all roots is between and a measuring complexity in terms of number of newton iterations or computing time a a all computations were performed successfully on standard personal computers made in 2010/2011 a using only a single processor core a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article it has been known since gauss that every complex polynomial in a single complex variable splits into linear factors a and since ruffing and abel that there is no method based on iterated -th roots to find these factors algebraically in general a therefore a numerical approximation methods are required to find the roots of polynomials a a detail a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the color illustrate the number of iterations until a root is found to high precision a adjacent color contour lines show a single iteration a the scale is between of iterations a red a and a iterations a dark blue a a bright green stands for of iterations a |
9,092 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the notion of quantum discord introduced by olivier and sure a phys a rev a lett a of a a 017901 a 2001 a a a see also henderson and federal a of phys a a a of a a 6899 a 2001 a a a has attracted increasing attention a in recent years a as an entropic quantifier of non a classical features pertaining to the correlations exhibited by bipartite quantum systems a here we generalize the notion so as to encompass power a law a a entries a that reduce to the standard shannon entropy in the limit a and study the concomitant consequences a the ensuing a new discord a like measures we advance describe aspects of non a classically that are different from those associated with the standard quantum discord a a particular manifestation of this difference concerns a feature related to order a let stand for the standard a shannon a based discord measure and for the one a if two quantum states are such that a this order a relation does not remain invariant under a change from to a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the degree of understanding of quantum correlations a pc a underlies our current picture of nature excite a it has been recently found that there exist important manifestations of the quantumness of correlations in composite systems that are different from those of entanglement a origin a to a and that may be relevant in quantum information technologies excite a the quantifier of these non a to correlations is called the quantum discord a cd a and is based a for a bipartite system a on shannon a mutual information of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we are thus speaking of an information a theoretic a it a tool a for pure states cd does not add any pcs a but that is not the case for mixed states a |
9,093 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we discuss the strength of the trilinear highs boson coupling in technicolor a or composite a models in a model independent way a the coupling is determined as a function of a very general anat for the technicolor self a energy a and turns out to be equal or smaller than the one of the standard model highs boson depending on the dynamics of the theory a with this trilinear coupling we estimate the cross section for highs boson pair production at the lac a this measurement is quite improbable in the case of a heavy standard model highs boson a but it will be even worse when this boson is dynamically generated a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in the standard model of elementary particles the fermion and gauge boson masses are generated due to the interaction of these particles with elementary highs scalar bosons a despite its success there are some points in the model as a for instance a the enormous range of masses between the lightest and heaviest fermions and other peculiarities that could be better explained at a deeper level a the nature of the highs boson is one of the most important problems in particle physics a and there are many questions that may be answered in the near future by the lac experiments a such as a is the highs boson a if it exists at all a elementary or composite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | what are the symmetries behind the highs mechanism a among the priorities of the highs boson search at the lac experiments a is the measurement of its mass a width a spin and up eigenvalues a the measurement of the highs boson couplings and a particularly a its self a couplings will also be quite important a once they may unravel all the subtleties of the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking excite a it may be possible to measure the highs boson self a coupling at the lac in the case of a light highs boson a but this will barely be possible if the boson mass is larger than get a |
9,094 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper recently the chiral algebra of beilinson a seinfeld draws much attention in the mathematical physics of superseding theory a naively a this is a holomorphic conformal field theory with integer graded conformal dimension a whose target space not necessarily has the vanishing first chen class a this algebra has two ways of definition a one is that of markov a schechtman a vaintrob by gluing affine patches a and the other is that of kapranov a assert by gluing the formal loop space a we will use the method of markov a schechtman a vaintrob in order to compute the gerber of chiral differential operators a in this paper a we will examine the two independent ansatzes of written a a 0,2 a heterosis strings and nekrasov a generalized complex geometry are consistent in the case of a which has a affine patches and is expected to has the st pontrjagin anomaly a we also extend this direction to the case of a dimensional topic fan manifolds a topic del mezzo surfaces a of all degrees a by blowing up the generic 1,2,3 points of a these coincide with the computation of the hirzebruch riemann a rock theorem a the most notable case is the a point blowup a where the total gauge invariant anomaly vanishes a the significant future direction towards its application to the geometric langland program is also discussed in the last section a beilinson a seinfeld chiral algebras for del mezzo surfaces 1.0 pm dakota samurai a 0.5 pm a department of physics a university of tokyo a a a a a a hong a bunko a kun a tokyo 113 a 0033 a japan a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a a chiral de ram complex of beilinson and seinfeld excite is an attempt to extend conformal field theory a cut a to the case of target manifolds which do not necessarily obey the condition of the vanishing first chen class of tangent bundle a we usually exclude such a situation from our consideration since non a linear sigma model on such a target manifold contains a logarithmic divergence and hence a non a vanishing beta function a scale invariance will be lost in such a situation and one can not apply the method of cut a one way of realizing the idea of beilinson and seinfeld is to use the patchwise construction by markov a selectman a vaintrob where one considers cut defined on each coordinate patch and then considers the consistency of the theory under coordinate transformation among different patches a in the case when the manifold is covered by a say a a patches a one first considers successive transformations a in the end please generate the next two sentences of the article | one finds that under the total coordinate change the fields do not quite come back to their original values but there appears an additional term a namely a there exists an obstruction or anomaly for a consistent cut in such a system a |
9,095 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a high nor detection sensitivity is indispensable when dealing with mass and volume a limited samples a or whenever a high spatial resolution is required a the use of miniaturised of coils is a proven way to increase sensitivity a but may be impractical and is not applicable to every experimental situation a we present the use of magnetic lenses a denoted as lens lenses due to their working principle a to focus the magnetic flux of a macroscopic of coil into a smaller volume and thereby locally enhance the sensitivity of the nor experiment at the expense of the total sensitive volume a besides focusing a such lenses facilitate re a guiding or re a shaping of magnetic fields much like optical lenses do with light beams a for the first time we experimentally demonstrate the use of lens lenses in magnetic resonance and provide a compact mathematical description of the working principle a through simulations we show that optimal arrangements can be found a nos a and p.t.w contributed equally to this work a a both nuclear magnetic resonance a nor a spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging a fri a suffer from an inherently low sensitivity a the signal strength is primarily determined by the equilibrium boltzmann distribution a with energy levels of the spin states just slightly above the thermal energy a consequently a the limit of detection a old a is up to ten orders of magnitude worse compared to other analytical techniques excite a this fact severely limits the lowest detectable quantity in nor spectroscopy and the highest achievable spatial resolution in fri a both being directly proportional to the signal a to a noise ratio a sir a of the experiment a the sir a first derived by holt and richards excite a is given by excite where is a scaling factor to account for the homogeneity of the radio a frequency a of a coil employed a is the of a coil a magnetic field strength a the unit current a the coil a sensitivity a the observed sample. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article expressions are now derived for calculating the induced current within an arbitrary number of circular lens lenses made from wires and placed within the incident magnetic field generated by an external of coil a note that a by the theory of reciprocity excite a the expressions may be used in an equivalent sense to describe a situation in which a distinct volume of precessing magnetisation induces current within the lens lenses a which in turn induce current within the external of coil a that is a the lens lenses and corresponding theory are applicable to both the excitation and receive chains of a conventional nor a or fri a experiment of please generate the next two sentences of the article | consider the simple arrangement of placing a single circular lens lens coaxially at the midpoint between two elements of a helmholtz pair a faraday a law of induction states that the electromotive force a emf a a a generated in the lens is equal to the negative rate of change of magnetic flux that it encloses a lens a law states that the sense of the current induced is such that it opposes this flux a hence the minus sign in equation a a faraday a a a in the limit that the gap size between the elements connecting the outer and inner loops of the lens is zero a the flux impressed on the lens is equal to that enclosed by the outer loop minus that enclosed by the inner loop a where is the current in the helmholtz pair a is the mutual inductance between the outer loop of the lens a a and one element of the helmholtz pair a and a similar definition holds for a a a |
9,096 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we discuss a gauge fixing of gravity coupled to a scalar field in spherical symmetry such that the hamiltonian is an integral over space of a local density a in a previous paper we had presented it using ashtekar a new variables a here we study it in metric variables a we specify completely the initial a boundary value problem for ingoing gaussian pulses a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article spherically symmetric gravity coupled to a scalar field is a rich model a where one can test scenarios of black hole formation a the critical phenomena discovered by choptuik and hawking evaporation at the quantum level a for many years the full quantization of the model resisted analysis a in part due to the complicated nature of the hamiltonian structure of the system a initial attempts to study the problem were done by berger a white a nuts and moncrief excite and further developed by uncut excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the resulting complicated nature of the gauge fixed hamiltonian led led uncut to say of i present it here in the hope that someone else may be able to do something with it a of more recently a human and winkle and daghigh a kunstatter and gutenberg excite a using painted |
9,097 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in order to investigate the rheological properties of viscoelastic fluids by mesoscopic hydrodynamics methods a we develop a multi a particle collision dynamics a pc a model for a fluid of harmonic dumbbells a the algorithm consists of alternating streaming and collision steps a the advantage of the harmonic interactions is that the integration of the equations of motion in the streaming step can be performed analytically a therefore a the algorithm is computationally as efficient as the original pc algorithm for newtonian fluids a the collision step is the same as in the original pc method a all particles are confined between two solid walls moving oppositely a so that both steady and oscillatory shear flows can be investigated a attractive wall potentials are applied to obtain a nearly uniform density everywhere in the simulation box a we find that both in steady and oscillatory shear flow a a boundary layer develops near the wall a with a higher velocity gradient than in the bulk a the thickness of this layer is proportional to the average dumbbell size a we determine the zero a shear viscosities as a function of the spring constant of the dumbbells and the mean free path a for very high shear rates a a very weak of shear thickening of behavior is observed a moreover a storage and loss moduli are calculated in oscillatory shear a which show that the viscoelastic properties at low and moderate frequencies are consistent with a maxwell fluid behavior a we compare our results with a kinetic theory of dumbbells in solution a and generally find good agreement a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article it is the characteristic feature of soft matter systems that a macromolecular component of canon to micrometer size is dispersed in a solvent of much smaller molecules a the mesoscopic length scale of the dispersed component implies that crystalline phases have a very small shear modulus which roughly scales like the inverse of the third power of the structural length scale and that both crystalline and fluid phases are characterized by long structural relaxation times a soft matter systems have therefore interesting dynamical properties a because the time scale of an external perturbation can easily become comparable with the intrinsic relaxation time of the dispersed macromolecules of please generate the next two sentences of the article | one of the unique properties of soft matter is its viscoelastic behavior a due to the long structural relaxation time a the internal degrees of freedom can not relax sufficiently fast in an oscillatory shear flow a so that there is some elastic restoring force which pushes the system back to its previous state a |
9,098 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the entanglement properties of the phase transition in a two dimensional harmonic lattice a similar to the one observed in recent ion trap experiments a are discussed both a for finite number of particles and thermodynamical limit a we show that for the ground state at the critical value of the trapping potential two entanglement measures a the negativity between two neighbouring sites and the block entropy for blocks of size a a a and a a change abruptly a entanglement thus indicates quantum phase transitions in general a not only in the finite dimensional case considered in excite a finally a we consider the thermal state and compare its exact entanglement with a temperature entanglement witness introduced in excite a keywords a a harmonic lattice a quantum phase transition a entanglement a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article coupled harmonic chains with short and long range interactions are ubiquitous in science and engineering a their application to calculate the photonic heat capacity by einstein excite marks the birth of solid state physics a beyond physics a harmonic chains feature in chemistry and biology a where they are used to model behaviour of macro a molecules a such as dan excite and cell membranes excite a in the last decade harmonic systems have been revised using techniques developed in quantum information science to study correlation properties in the quantum regime and particularly at small temperatures excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | thermodynamics has been very successful in characterising of standard of phase transitions that occur at finite temperature when a macroscopic parameter a such as pressure a is changed excite a quantum phase transitions a pts a appear at zero temperature excite and are due to the change of an external parameter a such as the trapping potential of an ion trap a |
9,099 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the disk galaxy ugc8802 has high neutral gas content and a flat profile of star formation rate compared to other disk galaxies with similar stellar mass a it also shows a steep metallicity gradient a we construct a chemical evolution model to explore its growth history by assuming its disk grows gradually from continuous gas infill a which is shaped by a free parameter the infill a peak time a by adopting the recently observed molecular surface density related star formation law a we show that a late infill a peak time can naturally explain the observed high neutral gas content a while an inside a out disk formation scenario can fairly reproduce the steep oxygen abundance gradient a our results show that most of the observed features of ugc8802 can be well reproduced by simply a turning the knob a on gas inflow with one single parameter a which implies that the observed properties of gas a rich galaxies could also be modelled in a similar way a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article understanding the content and distribution of cold gas in galaxies is an important step to understand the formation and evolution of galaxies a ugc8802 is an interesting target selected from the a alex aretino sass survey a gas a excite a one interesting aspect is its cold gas content of please generate the next two sentences of the article | ugc8802 is a disk galaxy with stellar mass a while its hi mass is estimated to be as high as excite and its molecular gas mass is only about one a tenth of its hi mass excite a compared to other disk galaxies in this stellar mass range a the high neutral gas content of ugc8802 is uncommon excite a why ugc8802 has such high neutral gas fraction and how ugc8802 acquires its cold gas are still open questions excite a |
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