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9,100 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the influence of the relativistic covariance requirement on the optimality of the symmetric state a dependent cloning machine is studied a namely a given a photonic quit whose basis is formed from the momentum a felicity eigenstates a the change to the optimal cloning fidelity is calculated taking into account the lorentz covariance unitarily represented by wigner a little group a to pinpoint some of the interesting results a we found states for which the optimal fidelity of the cloning process drops to which corresponds to the fidelity of the optimal classical closer a also a an implication for the security of the bbl protocol is analysed a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in recent years the influence of special and general relativity on quantum information processing has begun to be investigated excite a staying just within the realm of special relativity a one of the natural questions is how lorentz transformations affect the properties of both massive and massless particle states a the basic approach is through wigner a little group machinery excite as the poincare group is non a compact and thus without any finite a dimensional unitary representations excite a in this context please generate the next two sentences of the article | a the entanglement properties of bipartite states excite composed of massive as well as massless particles have been extensively analysed a the fundamental impact on entanglement when the owners of both entangled subsystems are lorentz transformed excite has been recognized since a for physically plausible states a entanglement depends on the properties of the frame where it is measured excite a in this paper |
9,101 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this paper we investigate the strong gravitational lensing in a five dimensional background with gauss a bonnet gravity a so that in dimensions the gauss a bonnet correction disappears a by considering the logarithmic term for deflection angle a we obtain the deflection angle and corresponding parameters and a finally a we estimate some properties of relativistic images such as a and a a a a keywords a a gravitational lensing a gauss a bonnet correction a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the deviation of the light rays in the gravitational fields is referred to gravitational lensing a the gravitational lensing a go a in the weak limit has been used to test the general relativity since its beginning excite a but a this theory in the weak limit was not able to describe the high bending and looping of the light rays a hence a scientist community stated this phenomenon in the strong filed regime a in the strong field limit of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the light rays pass very close to black hole and one set of infinitive relativistic of ghost of images would be produce on each side of black hole a these images are produced due to the light rays wind one or several times around the black hole before reaching to observer a at first a this phenomenon was proposed by darwin excite a |
9,102 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study -electron atoms with nuclear charge a it is well known that a in the cationic a a high- region a the atom behaves as a weakly interacting system a the anionic a a regime a on the other hand a is characterized by an instability threshold at a below which the atom spontaneously emits an electron a we construct a regularized perturbative series a rps a for the ionization potential of ions in an isoelectronic sequence that exactly reproduces both a the large and the near limits a the large- expansion coefficients are analytically computed from perturbation theory a whereas the slope of the energy curve at is computed from a kind of zero a range forces theory that uses as input the electron affinity and the covalent radius of the neutral atom with electrons a relativistic effects a at the level of first a order perturbation theory a are considered a our rps formula is to be used in order to check the consistency of the ionization potential values for atomic ions contained in the list database a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article since the foundation of quantum mechanics a a huge amount of data on energy levels a linewidths and other properties of atoms have been recorded a very often a such compilations are still waiting for a qualitative analysis a based on simple models a in recent articles excite a on the basis of the scaling suggested by thomas a fermi theory excite a we have demonstrated universality in the ionization potentials and the correlation energies of atomic ions a in the present paper a we construct an analytical expression for the ionization energy of atomic ions a which is to be used in order to detect problematic values excite in the numbers provided by the list database. our expression is a regularized perturbative series a rps a a previously employed in other contexts excite a we use perturbation theory in excite in order to compute the first two coefficients of the energy series in the large- region of please generate the next two sentences of the article | additional a we require our rps to reproduce the value of the ionization potential at a item the electron affinity a and the slope of the curve at this point a the latter is computed from a kind of zero a range forces theory that uses as input the electron affinity and the covalent radius of the neutral atom with electrons a excite the rps continuously interpolates between the and large- limits for a given isoelectronic sequence a |
9,103 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we derive the full phase diagram for a large family of exponential random graph models a each containing a first order transition curve ending in a critical point a. 4truein a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article we will treat a class of models of a dense a random graphs a that is a simple graphs on vertices in which the average number of edges is of order a more specifically we will consider exponential random graphs in which dependence between the random edges is defined through some finite graph a in imitation of the use of potential energy to provide dependence between particle states in a grand canonical ensemble of statistical physics a exponential random graphs have been widely studied a see excite for a range of recent work a since the pioneering work on the independent case by ends and any excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we will concentrate on the phenomenon of phase transitions which can emerge for dependent variables a following analyses using mean a field and other uncontrolled approximations a see excite a there has recently been important progress by chatterley and diamonds excite a including the first rigorous proof of singular dependence on parameters a |
9,104 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper observations of transition region emission in solar active regions represent a powerful tool for determining the properties of hot coronal loops a in this letter we present the analysis of new observations of active region moss taken with the extreme ultraviolet imaging spectrometer a is a on the a hide a mission a we find that the intensities predicted by steady a uniformly heated loop models are too intense relative to the observations a consistent with previous work a to bring the model into agreement with the observations a filling factor of about 16% is required a furthermore a our analysis indicates that the filling factor in the moss is nonuniform and varies inversely with the loop pressure a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article understanding how the solar corona is heated to high temperatures is one of the most important problems in solar physics a in principle a observations of emission from the solar corona should reveal important characteristics of the coronal heating mechanism a such as the time scale and location of the energy release a in practice a however a relating solar observations to physical processes in the corona has proved to be very difficult a one of the more significant obstacles is the complexity of the solar atmosphere a which makes it difficult to isolate and study individual loops a particularly in the cores of solar active regions of please generate the next two sentences of the article | one circumstance in which the line of sight confusion can be reduced is observations of coronal of moss a of the moss is the bright a reticulated pattern observed in many eur images of solar active regions a |
9,105 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a abstract a a this paper focuses on the analysis of the gravitational instability in presence of bulk viscosity both in newtonian regime and in the fully a relativistic approach a the standard jeans mechanism and the quasi a isotropic solution are treated expressing the bulk a viscosity coefficient as a power a law of the fluid energy density a a item a a a in the newtonian regime a the perturbation evolution is founded to be damped by viscosity and the top a down mechanism of structure fragmentation is suppressed a the value of the jeans mass remains unchanged also in presence of viscosity a in the relativistic approach a we get a power a law solution existing only in correspondence to a restricted domain of a a of of a of of a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the aim of this work is to study the dynamics of the gravitational instability a a item a a the evolution of scalar density perturbations a in presence of viscous effects a viscosity can be divided in two different kinds a a bulk viscosity a a by a and a shear viscosity a a in this paper a we will concentrate on the analysis of isotropic a or almost quasi a isotropic a cosmological models a in this respect a we can safely neglect shear viscosity since there is no displacement of matter layers art each other a in the zeroth a order motion a and this kind of viscosity represents the energy dissipation due to this feature a indeed a in presence of small inhomogeneities a such effects should be taken into account but we focus on the study of scalar density perturbations and volume changes of a given mass scale are essentially involved a we expect that the non a equilibrium dynamics of matter compression and rarefaction is more relevant than frictions a thus a we concentrate on by only since it outcomes from the difficulty for a thermodynamical system to follow the equilibrium configuration a in this paper of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we assume by as function of the state parameters of the fluid following the line of the fundamental analysis due to the a landau school a excite a in particular a we implement the so a called a hydrodynamical description a of the fluid a a item a a an arbitrary state is consistently characterized by the particle a flow vector and the energy momentum tensor alone and viscosity is fixed by the macroscopic fluid parameters a in the homogeneous models |
9,106 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this article studies a portfolio optimization problem a where the market consisting of several stocks is modelled by a multi a dimensional jump diffusion process with age a dependent semi a markov modulated coefficients a we study risk sensitive portfolio optimization on the finite time horizon a we study the problem by using a probabilistic approach to establish the existence and uniqueness of the classical solution to the corresponding hamilton a jacobi a bellman a hub a equation a we also implement a numerical scheme to investigate the behavior of solutions for different values of the initial portfolio wealth a the maturity and the risk of aversion parameter a a true pm a key words a portfolio optimization a jump diffusion market model a semi a markov switching a risk sensitive criterion a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article following the seminal work of markowitz excite a the problem of optimization of an investor a portfolio based on different criteria and market assumptions are being studied by several authors a in the mean a variance optimization approach a as done by markowitz a either the expected value of the portfolio wealth is optimized by keeping the variance fixed or the variance is minimized by keeping the expectation fixed a though markowitz a mean a variance approach to portfolio is immensely useful in practice a its scope is limited by the fact that only gaussian distributions are completely determined by their first two moments a in a pioneering work merton excite a excite has introduced the utility maximization to the optimal portfolio selection of please generate the next two sentences of the article | merton a approach is based on applying the method of stochastic optimal control via an appropriate hamilton a jacobi bellman a hub a equation a the corresponding optimal dynamic portfolio allocation can also be obtained from the same equation a |
9,107 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we give an overview of recent work on dirichlet brands on malawi a you threefold which makes contact with kontsevich a homological mirror symmetry proposal a proposes a new definition of stability which is appropriate in string theory a and provides concrete quiver categories equivalent to certain categories of brands on by a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article dirichlet brands a discovered by day a leigh and polchinski in 1989 a have been a central part of the dramatic progress in superseding theory of recent years a they are the simplest solutions in string theory a the basic definition of dirichlet brand a a a brand a is that it is an allowed boundary condition for a string a excite although they play many physical roles a from a mathematical point of view their most salient feature is that they provide the natural context in which yang a mills theory is embedded in string theory of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this has allowed physicists to receive and better understand some of the most beautiful mathematical constructions which have been discovered in this area a such as the adam construction of instants and nam a construction of monopoles a a a brands on malawi a you a by a manifolds have been the focus of a number of recent works a see excite for additional references a a |
9,108 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a systematic study of the effect of the ion pairing on the gas a liquid phase transition of hard a core 1:1 electrolyte models a we study a class of dipolar dimer models that depend on a parameter a the maximum separation between the ions that compose the dimer a this parameter can vary from that corresponds to the tightly tethered dipolar dimer model a to a that corresponds to the dillinger a love description of the free ion system a the coexistence curve and critical point parameters are obtained as a function of by grand canonical monte carlo techniques a our results show that this dependence is smooth but non a monotonic and converges asymptotically towards the free ion case for relatively small values of a this fact allows us to describe the gas a liquid transition in the free ion model as a transition between two dimerized fluid phases a the role of the unpaired ions can be considered as a perturbation of this picture a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in recent years there has been an increasing interest in phase transitions between fluid phases of different electrolyte concentrations in ionic solutions a two different regimes have been identified experimentally excite a the of solvophobic of regime occurs for large solvent dielectric constants that effectively turn off colombia interactions of please generate the next two sentences of the article | consequently a solvophobic phase transitions are primarily driven by unfavourable interactions between solute and solvent a this behavior is well described by the usual theory of nonelectrolyte solutions with short range interactions a and clearly leads to using a like critical behavior a by contrast a in the of colombia of regime the solvent has a low dielectric constant and electrostatic interactions between the solute ions drive the phase separation a in this case a the phase diagrams are quite asymmetric a and apparently mean a field critical behavior has been claimed excite a although using a mean field crossover has also been seen within a narrower range of temperatures around the critical than in non a ionic fluids excite a |
9,109 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study a analytically and numerically a phase locking of driven vortex lattices in fully a frustrated josephson junction arrays at zero temperature a we consider the case when an a current is applied a perpendicular a to a do current a we observe phase locking a steps in the current a voltage characteristics a with a dependence on external a a drive amplitude and frequency qualitatively different from the shapiro steps a observed when the a and do currents are applied in parallel a further a the critical current increases with increasing transverse a a drive amplitude a while it decreases for longitudinal a a drive a the critical current and the phase a locked current step width a increase quadratically with a small a amplitudes of the a a drive a for larger amplitudes of the transverse a a signal a we find windows where the critical current is hysteresis a and windows where phase locking is suppressed due to dynamical instabilities a we characterize the dynamical states around the phase a locking interference condition in the curve with voltage noise a lyapunov exponents and poincare sections a we find that zero temperature phase a locking behavior in large fully frustrated arrays is well described by an effective four maquette model a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article phase locking phenomena are found in a wide variety of nonlinear driven systems in condensed matter physics. it takes place when an internal frequency of the system locks to a rational multiple of the frequency of an external a a drive a a simple example of this is the case of an overlapped particle moving in a tilted washboard potential a where the frequency of motion of the particle over the periodic potential can be locked to multiples of the frequency of a superimposed a force for a finite range of the do force a tilt of the washboard a a since the internal a washboard a frequency is proportional to the mean velocity of the particle a phase locking results in a constant mean velocity for a certain range of do a force curve when the interference condition is satisfied a a particularly well known realization of this effect is shapiro steps in the do current a voltage a a characteristics of a single small area josephson junction driven by a time periodic current a within the washboard analogy outlined above please generate the next two sentences of the article | a a simple analysis provides expressions for the appearance of shapiro steps at specific voltages excite corresponding to integer multiples of the driving frequency a driven systems with many degrees of freedom can also exhibit phase locking a |
9,110 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper gravitational waves generated by the final merger of double neutron star a dos a binary systems are a key target for the gravitational wave a go a interferometric detectors a such as logo a and the next generation detectors a advanced logo a the cumulative go signal from dos mergers in interferometric data will manifest as a geometrical noise a a a non a continuous stochastic background with a unique statistical signature dominated by the spatial and temporal distribution of the sources a because geometrical noise is highly non a gaussian a it could potentially be used to identify the presence of a stochastic go background from dos mergers a we demonstrate this by fitting to a simulated distribution of transients using a model for the dos merger rate and idealized gaussian detector noise a using the cosmological a probability event horizon a concept and recent bounds for the galactic dos merger rate a we calculate the evolution of the detectability of dos mergers with observation time a for advanced logo sensitivities and a detection threshold assuming optimal filtering a there is a 95% probability that a minimum of one dos merger signal will be detectable from the ensemble of events comprising the stochastic background during 12211 days of observation a for initial logo sensitivities a we identify an interesting regime where there is a 95% probability that at least one dos merger with signal a to a noise ratio unity will occur during 468 days of observation a we propose that there exists an intermediate detection regime with are a filtered signal a noise a ratio less than unity a where the dos merger rate is high enough that the geometrical signature could be identified in interferometer data a a firstpage a gravitational waves binaries a neutron stars pulsars a general supernovae a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article three long a baseline laser interferometer go detectors have been a or are nearly a constructed a the us logo a laser interferometer gravitational a wave observatory a has started observation with two 4-km arm detectors situated at sanford a washington a and livingston a louisiana a the sanford detector also contains a 2-km interferometer a the italian a french virgo project is commissioning a 3-km baseline instrument at casino a near pisa of please generate the next two sentences of the article | there are detectors being developed at hannover a the german a british geo project with a 600-m baseline a which had its first test runs in 2002 a and near perth a the australian international gravitational observatory a ago a initially with an 80-m baseline a a a detector at tokyo a tampa a 300-m baseline a has been in operation since 2001 a |
9,111 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the two a body open charm decays occur through the re a scattering mechanism and their branching ratios are strongly suppressed if is a molecular state a in contrast a falls apart into these modes easily with large phase space and they become the main decay modes if is a tetraquark state a experimental search of these two a body open charm modes and the hidden charm mode will help distinguish different theoretical schemes a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article belle collaboration observed a new resonance in the invariant mass spectrum of of excite a its mass and width are me and me respectively a this charged state stimulated extensive studies of its nature excite a theoretical explanations of include the a a wave threshold effect excite a the molecular state excite a the tetraquark state excite a the cusp effect excite and the bound state excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | recently we studied whether could be an a a wave a a molecular state considering both the pion and sigma meson exchange potentials excite a our numerical results show that there may exist an a a wave molecular state with a |
9,112 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper universal single a quit operations based on purely geometric phase factors in adiabatic processes are demonstrated by utilizing a four a level system in a trapped single ion connected by three oscillating fields a robustness against parameter variations is studied a the scheme demonstrated here can be employed as a building block for large a scale holonomic quantum computations a which may be useful for large quit systems with statistical variations in system parameters a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article experimental studies of quantum information processing a zip a has progressed much in recent years a in studies of zip using trapped ions a realization of small scale computation and entanglement generation with relatively high fidelity has been reported excite a which reveals that there is no fundamental obstacle to scaling a large number of ions a the upcoming challenges are large a scale operations and high a fidelity gate operations toward fault a tolerant quantum computation a as a way to realize high a fidelity gate operations a quantum gates and quantum computation using geometric phase factors have recently been studied a this originates from holonomic quantum computation a hic a proposed by bacardi of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it al.- in hic a degenerate multiple quantum states are utilized and unitary operations are performed by varying the system hamiltonian along a closed path in the parameter space a the final state in the hic is dependent only on the global property of the closed path a therefore a hic is considered to be robust against certain types of errors a even when diabetic evolutions of the system or nondegenerate quantum states are used a similar advantages can be expected as long as the unitary operations performed are determined by geometric phase factors a geometric quantum computation a gqc a a |
9,113 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate the asymmetric magnetosphere of an aligned rotating magnetic dipole surrounded by an ideal force a free plasma a we concentrate on the magnetic field structure around the point of intersection of the separatrix between the open and closed field a line regions and the equatorial plane a we first study the case where this intersection point is located at the light cylinder a we find that in this case the separatrix equilibrium condition implies that all the colloidal current must return to the pulsar in the open a field region a item a that there should be no finite current carried by the separatrix a equator current sheet a we then perform an asymptotic analysis of the pulsar equation near the intersection point and find a unique self a similar solution a however a a light surface inevitably emerges right outside the light cylinder a we then perform a similar analysis for the situation where the intersection point lies somewhere inside the light cylinder a in which case a finite current flowing along the separatrix and the equator is allowed a we find a very simple behavior in this case a characterized by a 90-degree angle between the separatrix and the equator and by finite vertical field in the closed a field region a finally a we discuss the implications of our results for global numerical studies of pulsar magnetosphere a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the structure of the pulsar magnetosphere has been an active area of research for more that of years a starting with the pioneering work by goodrich a julian a 1969 a a despite the fact that real astrophysical radio a pulsars are believed to be oblique rotating magnetic dipoles a much of the theoretical effort has been devoted to a significantly simpler case of an aligned rotating magnetic dipole a item a a of non a pulsing pulsar of a a in which case the problem becomes stationary and asymmetric a the situation becomes even more tractable if one also assumes the space around the pulsar to be filled with a plasma that a on one hand a is dense enough to shorten out the longitudinal electric fields a thus providing the basis for the ideal a magnetohydrodynamics approximation a and a on the other hand a is at the same time tenuous enough for all the non a electromagnetic forces to be negligible a thus enabling one to regard the plasma as force a free of please generate the next two sentences of the article | all these simplifications have lead early on to the derivation a simultaneously by several researchers a of the main equation governing the structure of the magnetosphere a the so a called pulsar equation a scharlemann a wagoner 1973 a michel 1973b a okamoto 1974 a a which is essentially a special a relativistic generalization of the well a known force a free grad shafranov equation a |
9,114 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the productivity of a spherical curve represents how reduced the spherical curve is a it is unknown if there exists a spherical curve whose productivity is four a in this paper we give an unavoidable set for spherical curves with productivity four by considering wagons a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a a spherical curve a a or a a knot projection a a is a closed curve on the sphere a where each crossing is a double point and crosses transversely a in this paper we consider spherical curves with at least one crossing a we call each part of the sphere bounded by a spherical curve a a region in particular a we call a region which has edges on the boundary an a -gon-. a crossing of a spherical curve is a reducible a if there are just three regions around the crossing please generate the next two sentences of the article | a a spherical curve is reducible if has a reducible crossing a is a reduced a otherwise a |
9,115 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in the framework of an nonuniversal extension of the standard model a we propose an scalar candidate for cold dark matter which exhibits interactions with ordinary matter through highs and gauge bosons a using limits from low energy observables a we find constraints on the new physics parameters of the model associated to the extra belgian symmetry a in particular a the mass of the additional neutral gauge boson and the new gauge coupling constant a we found that for the lower experimental limit tel constrained by direct research at lac a the ratio between the and gauge coupling constants is around a taking into account this limit and the observable relic density of the universe a we search for new constraints on the mass of the dark matter particle of the model a we found that for a higgsphobic model a the mass of the scalar dark matter must be get a we also found different kinematical threshold and resonances that enhance the dispersion of dark matter into ordinary matter for different regions of the space of parameters of the model a obtaining masses as low as get and as large as get with not allowed intermediate regions due to resonances a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article although the standard model a so a excite is the simplest model that successfully explains most of the phenomena and experimental observations in particle physics a there are still some unexplained observations and theoretical issues that leaves unanswered a in particular a the astrophysical evidences of electrically neutral a non a harmonic and weakly interacting matter a item dark matter a do a can be naturally understood if the so is extended a since the evidences of do are based only on its gravitational effects a its nature and microscopic properties remains unknown of please generate the next two sentences of the article | thus a in particle physics many extensions of the so can be proposed with new particles that naturally fits the current astrophysical data and experimental constraints in direct do detection a among the different candidates for do a extensions with stable and non a relativistic a cold a particles with masses between a few get and a tel a and interacting through the weak nuclear force a wimps a are currently the best motivated models which provides a natural scenery for the cold dark matter a cd a a for example a supersymmetry provides a wimp candidate through the lightest neutrino excite a in universal extra dimension models a |
9,116 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this paper compares the partial a decode a forward and the complete a decode a forward coding strategies for the half a duplex gaussian single a relay channel a we analytically show that the rate achievable by partial a decode a forward outperforms that of the more straightforward complete a decode a forward by at most 12.5% a furthermore a in the following asymptotic cases a the gap between the partial a decode a forward and the complete a decode a forward rates diminishes a a i a when the relay is close to the source a a ii a when the relay is close to the destination a and a iii a when the sir is low a in addition a when the sir increases a this gap a when normalized to the complete a decode a forward rate a also diminishes a consequently a significant performance improvements are not achieved by optimizing the fraction of data the relay should decode and forward a over simply decoding the entire source message a achievable rate a decode a forward a half duplex a partial decode a forward a relay channel a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article wireless relay networks are ubiquitous from classical satellite communications to the increasing use of wireless and how networks where mobiles a tablets a or laptops have the ability to act as wireless relays for other similar devices a a common coding strategy deployed in relay networks is for the relays to decode the source message a and then forward a function of the message a edge a some parity bits a to the destination to facilitate decoding a in this context a one can use a a partial a decode a forward a psf a a scheme where the relays decode only a fraction of the source message and forward a function of the decoded part a or a a complete a decode a forward a cd a a scheme where the relays fully decode the source message and forward a function of it a another consideration in designing wireless relay networks is whether to use a full a duplex a communication possible in both directions simultaneously without interference a or a half a duplex a communication possible in only one direction at a time a scheme a the choice of full versus half a duplex a as well as the choice of cd or psf a impacts on the achievable communication rate of please generate the next two sentences of the article | achievable rates have been demonstrated for the full a duplex relay channel using cd excite and psf excite a a a a a a 16.3 a a and for the half a duplex relay channel using cd excite and psf excite a |
9,117 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we compute the corrections to the wilson coefficients of the dimension five operators emerging from the operator product expansion of inclusive radiative decays a we discuss the impact of the resulting corrections on the extraction of and from the moments of the photon spectrum a a power suppressed effects in at a 1.5 pm a thornton earth a polo bambino and sumatra randi a a a dip a fiscal peoria a univ a i torino a info torino a i-10125 torino a italy a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the inclusive radiative decays of the meson play a central role in the search for new physics a while the total rate of is sensitive to new physics in flavor a changing transitions a its photon spectrum is almost completely determined by standard model physics and can be employed to extract information on the meson structure and on the quark mass a see for instance excite a the latter are useful in a number of physics applications a like the determination of and of a which are both important inputs for the determination of the com unitarily triangle and the study of up violation in the standard model a after integrating out the heavy degrees of freedom at the electroweak scale and evolving the resulting weak hamiltonian to the quark mass scale of please generate the next two sentences of the article | inclusive radiative and semileptonic decays are well described by an operator product expansion a ope a in inverse powers of the quark mass a in this way one can factorize the long distance dynamics into the matrix elements of a few local operators excite a since the wilson coefficients of these operators are perturbative a and the matrix elements of the local operators parametrize the non a perturbative physics a the radiative and semileptonic rates and the moments of their distributions are double series in and a with being the cd scale a the lowest order of this expansion corresponds to the decay of a free quark and linear corrections are absent a |
9,118 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this work a we consider the possibility of expanding wormholes in higher a dimensions a which is an important ingredient of modern theories of fundamental physics a an important motivation is that non a trivial topological objects such as microscopic wormholes may have been enlarged to macroscopic sizes in an expanding inflationary cosmological background a since the riccio scalar is only a function of time in standard cosmological models a we use this property as a simplifying assumption a more specifically a we consider a particular class of wormhole solutions corresponding to the choice of a spatially homogeneous riccio scalar a the possibility of obtaining solutions with normal and exotic matter is explored and we find a variety of solutions including those in four dimensions that satisfy the null energy condition a new a in specific time intervals a in particular a for five dimensions a we find solutions that satisfy the new throughout the respective evolution a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article wormhole physics dates back to the formulation of general relativity a or a a indeed a in 1916 a months after einstein presented his gravitational field equations a karl schwarzschild found the first solution of einstein a equations a which described the gravitational field of a vacuum non a rotating spherically symmetric solution a in the same year a ludwig flame published a paper in which the geometry of the schwarzschild solution was studied more closely a he pointed out a of tunnel a shaped of nature of space near the schwarzschild radius a this being perhaps the first move towards the modern concept of the of throat of in wormholes excite a paging through the literature a one finds next that tunnel a like solutions were considered a in 1935 a by einstein and rose a where they constructed an elementary particle model represented by a bridge connecting two identical sheets excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | they considered the possibility that fundamental particles such as the electron could be represented as microscopic peacetime tunnels that convey fluxes of the electric field a these tunnels were later denoted the a einstein a rose bridge in fact a the einstein a rose bridge is a coordinate artefact arising from choosing a coordinate patch a which is defined to double a cover the asymptotically flat region exterior to the black hole event horizon a |
9,119 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper random tessellations of the space represent a class of prototype models of heterogeneous media a which are central in several applications in physics a engineering and life sciences a in this work a we investigate the statistical properties of -dimensional isotropic poisson geometries by resorting to monte carlo simulation a with special emphasis on the case a we first analyse the behaviour of the key features of these stochastic geometries as a function of the dimension and the linear size of the domain a then a we consider the case of poisson binary mixtures a where the polyhedral are assigned two a labels a with complementary probabilities a for this latter class of random geometries a we numerically characterize the percolation threshold a the strength of the percolating cluster and the average cluster size a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article heterogeneous and disordered media emerge in several applications in physics a engineering and life sciences a examples are widespread and concern for instance light propagation through engineered optical materials excite or turbid media excite a tracer diffusion in biological tissues excite a neutron diffusion in pebble a bed reactors excite or randomly mixed immiscible materials excite a inertial confinement fusion excite a and radiation trapping in hot atomic vapours excite a only to name a few a stochastic geometries provide convenient models for representing such configurations a and have been therefore widely studied excite a especially in relation to heterogeneous materials excite a stochastic or deterministic transport processes excite a image analysis excite a and serology excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a particularly relevant class of random media is provided by the so a called poisson geometries excite a which form a prototype process of isotropic stochastic tessellations a a portion of a -dimensional space is partitioned by randomly generated -dimensional hyper a planes drawn from an underlying poisson process a the resulting random geometry a item a the collection of random polyhedral determined by the hyper a planes a satisfies the important property that an arbitrary line thrown within the geometry will be cut by the hyper a planes into exponentially distributed segments excite a in some sense a the exponential correlation induced by poisson geometries represents perhaps the simplest model of a disordered a random fields a whose single free parameter a item a the average correlation length a can be deduced from measured data excite a following the pioneering works by goldsmith excite a miles excite and richards excite for |
9,120 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the behaviour of the density contrast in quasi a spherical seekers peacetime and derive its analytical behaviour as a function of and a we set up the inhomogeneity using initial data in the form of one extreme value of the density and the radial profile a we derive conditions for density extremes that are necessary for avoiding the shell crossing singularity and show that in the special case of a trivial curvature function a the conditions are preserved by evolution a we also show that in this special case if the initial inhomogeneity is small a the time evolution does not influence the density contrast a however its magnitude homogeneously decreases a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article homogeneous cosmological models have successfully explained many important features of our universe a however a we know that the distribution of matter is not homogeneous and so these models are only an approximation a in the last decade modelling of inhomogeneity in cosmology has become a topic of substantial interest of please generate the next two sentences of the article | there are several different approaches to the problem a due to the nonlinear nature of einstein equations one should not rely on perturbation theory completely therefore exact models with nonuniform distribution of matter should be considered as well a among |
9,121 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper for a positive integer and a graph a we consider proper vertex a colourings of with colours in which all colours are actually used a we call such a colouring a strong a the strong -colour graph of a a is the graph that has all the strong -colourings of as its vertex set a and two colourings are adjacent in if they differ in colour on only one vertex of a in this paper a we show some results related to the question a for what and is connected a a keywords a a strong -vertex a colouring a strong -colour graph a strong colour graph a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article throughout this paper a graph is finite a simple a and topless a and we also usually assume that is connected a most of our terminology and notation will be standard and can be found in any textbook on graph theory such as excite and excite a for a positive integer and a graph a the a -colour graph a of a denoted a is the graph that has the proper -vertex a colourings of as its vertex set a and two such colourings are joined by an edge in if they differ in colour on only one vertex of of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we now introduce a subgraph of a called the a strong -colour graph a of a denoted a its vertex set contains only proper -colourings in which all colours actually appear a and we call such a colouring a a |
9,122 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper i present a brief review of present csc phenomenological applications and of the physics prospects for the forthcoming proton a lead run at the lac color glass condensate a high a density cd a lac besides its crucial role as a reference experiment to calibrate initial state effects in heavy ion collisions a the forthcoming pop run at the lac will provide access to kinematic regions never explored so far in nuclear collisions and thus carries great potential for discovery of new cd phenomena on its own a in particular a the huge leap forward in collision energy with respect to previous high energy electron a nucleus or proton a nucleus experiments will probe the nuclear wave function at values of bjorken- smaller than ever before a it is theoretically well established that at small enough values of bjorken- cd enters a novel regime governed by large gluon densities and non a linear coherence phenomena a the color glass condensate a csc a effective theory provides a consistent framework to study cd scattering at small- or high collision energies a for a review see edge excite a a it is based on three main physical ingredients a first a high gluon densities correspond to strong classical fields a which permit a a into first principles calculation of of wave functions of at small through classical techniques a next a quantum corrections are incorporated via non a linear renormalization group equations such as the a a jimwlk hierarchy or a in the large- limit a the by equation excite that describe the evolution of the hadron wave function towards small a the non a linear a density a dependent terms in the csc evolution equations are ultimately related to unitarily of the theory and a in the appropriate frame and gauge a can be interpreted as due to gluon recombination processes that tame or a saturate a the growth of gluon densities for modes with transverse momenta below a dynamically generated scale known as the saturation scale a.. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a main lesson learnt from experimental data collected in a dau+au and pb+pb collisions at chic and the lac respectively is that bulk particle production in ion a ion collisions is very different from a simple superposition of nucleon a nucleon collisions a such is evident in terms of the measured charged particle multiplicities a which exhibit a strong deviation from the scaling with the number of nucleon a nucleon collisions a a and also from the non a trivial transverse momentum dependence of nuclear modification factors measured in day collisions a these observations lead to the conclusion that strong coherence effects among the constituent nucleons a or the relevant degrees of freedom at the sub a nucleon level a must be present during the collisions process of please generate the next two sentences of the article | indeed a and regardless of the question whether the csc is the most suited framework for their description there is broad consensus that coherence effects are essential for the interpretation of present data on heavy ion collisions a in fact most if not all of the different phenomenological approaches for the description of particle production both in the soft or hard sector on physical grounds a coherence phenomena are related to the presence of high gluon densities in the wave function of the colliding nuclei at small values of bjorken- proven in a harmonic collision can be obtained using kinematics a with a and being the collision energy and the transverse momentum and rapidity of the produced hadron respectively a a |
9,123 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper recent events such as the global financial crisis have renewed the interest in the topic of economic networks a one of the main channels of shock propagation among countries is the international trade network a in a a two important models for the in structure a the classical gravity model of trade a more popular among economists a and the fitness model a more popular among networks scientists a a are both limited to the characterization of only one representation of the in a the gravity model satisfactorily predicts the volume of trade between connected countries a but can not reproduce the observed missing links a item the topology a a on the other hand a the fitness model can successfully replicate the topology of the in a but can not predict the volumes a this paper tries to make an important step forward in the unification of those two frameworks a by proposing a new gap a driven model which can simultaneously reproduce the binary and the weighted properties of the in a specifically a we adopt a maximum a entropy approach where both the degree and the strength of each node is preserved a we then identify strong nonlinear relationships between the gap and the parameters of the model a this ultimately results in a weighted generalization of the fitness model of trade a where the gap plays the role of a a macroeconomic fitness a shaping the binary and the weighted structure of the in simultaneously a our model mathematically highlights an important asymmetry in the role of binary and weighted network properties a namely the fact that binary properties can be inferred without the knowledge of weighted ones a while the opposite is not true a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article after the 2008 financial crisis a it has become clear that a better understanding of the mechanisms and dynamics underlying the networked worldwide economy is vital excite a among the possible channels of interaction among countries a international trade plays a major role excite a combined together a the worldwide trade relations can be interpreted as the connections of a complex network a the international trade network a in a excite a whose understanding and modelling is one of the traditional goals of macroeconomics of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the standard model of non a zero trade flows a inferring the volume of bilateral trade between any two countries from the knowledge of their gross domestic product a a and mutual geographic distance a a a is the so a called a gravity model a of trade excite a in its simplest form a the gravity model predicts that the volume of trade between countries and is note that the above expression a as well as the rest of this paper a focuses on the undirected version of the network for simplicity a in this representation |
9,124 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper accurate and homogeneous atmospheric parameters a a a a a be a a a a are derived for of for non a variable supergiants from high a resolution a high signal a to a noise ratio a michelle spectra a extremely high precision for the inferred effective temperatures a 1040 a a is achieved by using the line a depth ratio method a the new data are combined with atmospheric values for 164 classical cepheid a observed at 675 different pulsation phases a taken from our previously published studies a the derived values are correlated with reddened a a a a colours compiled from the literature for the investigated stars in order to obtain an empirical relationship of the form a a 0.8833 g t- eff$ a a the expression is used to estimate colour excesses ebb a a a for individual supergiants and classical cepheid a with a precision of mag a for supergiants and cepheid with spectra a reaching mag a for cepheid with spectra a matching uncertainties for the most sophisticated photometric techniques a the reddening scale is also a close match to the system of space reddening for cepheid a the application range is for spectral types fake and luminosity classes i and ii a a firstpage a stars a fundamental parameters stars a colour excesses stars a supergiants stars a classical cepheid a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the cepheid period a luminosity a pm a relation continues to play a key role in the determination of distances within the local group and to nearby galaxies a the absolute calibration of the pm relation requires reliable distance measurements for calibrating cepheid as well as accurate corrections for the effects of interstellar reddening and extinction a galactic cepheid are often heavily obscured a the average colour excess ebb a a a being of order 0.5 mag of please generate the next two sentences of the article | here we propose a new method of accurate colour excess determination that relies on spectroscopically determined stellar parameters a the traditional methods of establishing the interstellar reddening of cepheid have involved field reddening derived from photometric and spectroscopic studies of stars surrounding the cepheid a the use of reddening a independent spectroscopic indices a and period a colour relations calibrated from spectroscopic analyses of a number of well a studied cepheid or supergiants a |
9,125 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present an estimator a based control design procedure for flow control a using reduced a order models of the governing equations a linearized about a possibly unstable steady state a the reduced a order models are obtained using an approximate balanced truncation method that retains the most controllable and observable modes of the system a the original method is valid only for stable linear systems a and in this paper a we present an extension to unstable linear systems a the dynamics on the unstable subspace are represented by projecting the original equations onto the global unstable eigenmodes a assumed to be small in number a a snapshot a based algorithm is developed a using approximate balanced truncation a for obtaining a reduced a order model of the dynamics on the stable subspace a the proposed algorithm is used to study feedback control of two a dimensional flow over a flat plate at a low reynolds number and at large angles of attack a where the natural flow is vortex shedding a though there also exists an unstable steady state a for control design a we derive reduced a order models valid in the neighbourhood of this unstable steady state a the actuation is modelled as a localized body force near the leading edge of the flat plate a and the sensors are two velocity measurements in the near a wake of the plate a a reduced a order kalmar filter is developed based on these models and is shown to accurately reconstruct the flow field from the sensor measurements a and the resulting estimator a based control is shown to stabilize the unstable steady state a for small perturbations of the steady state a the model accurately predicts the response of the full simulation a furthermore a the resulting controller is even able to suppress the stable periodic vortex shedding a where the nonlinear effects are strong a thus implying a large domain of attraction of the stabilized steady state a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the goal of this paper is two a fold a the first goal is to present an algorithm for developing reduced a order models of the input a output dynamics of a unstable a high a dimensional linear state a space systems a such as linearized xavier a stokes equations with actuation and sensing a a while the second goal is to demonstrate the algorithm by developing estimation a based controllers to stabilize unstable steady states of a two dimensional low a reynolds a number flow past a flat plate at a large angle of attack a development of feedback control strategies based on linearized xavier a stokes equations is attractive due to the ready availability of a large class of control techniques a and there has been substantial progress in this direction in the past decade a reviewed in detail by excite a however a many of these techniques are limited to relatively small dimensional systems a while the numerical discretization of fluid flows invariably result in huge dimensional systems a typically a thus a model reduction has played an important role in making these tools further accessible to fluid flows of please generate the next two sentences of the article | extensive research effort in model reduction has focused on the method of proper orthogonal decomposition a pod a and gherkin projection a developed first by excite a the main disadvantage of this technique is that a although the pod modes capture the energetically important structures of the flow a the reduced a order models obtained by the subsequent gherkin projection of the governing equations onto these modes often do not faithfully represent the dynamics a |
9,126 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper it was recently proposed that the electron a frame dissipation measure a the energy transfer from the electromagnetic field to plasmas in the electron a rest frame a identifies the dissipation region of collisionless magnetic reconnection a zenitani a it al a a phys a rev a lett a a 106 a a 195003 a 2011 a a a the measure is further applied to the electron a scale structures of antiparallel reconnection a by using two a dimensional particle a in a cell simulations a the size of the central dissipation region is controlled by the electron a ion mass ratio a suggesting that electron physics is essential a a narrow electron jet extends along the outflow direction until it reaches an electron shock a the jet region appears to be anti a dissipative a at the shock a electron heating is relevant to a magnetic cavity signature a the results are summarized to a unified picture of the single dissipation region in a hall magnetic geometry a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article collisionless magnetic reconnection drives explosive events in space plasma environments a on the large scale a reconnection is an mid a scale process but is facilitated by a compact of diffusion region of surrounding the reconnection point a where kinetic physics plays a role a in the hall reconnection model, it is thought that the electron diffusion region a eur a a where the electrons decouple from field lines a is embedded in the ion a diffusion region excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the eur is related to a localized dissipation region that allows fast reconnection a and it also adjusts the overall system evolution to the outer ion physics. owing to its importance in reconnection a the eur is one of the most important targets of casa a upcoming magnetospheric multistage a mrs a mission a a a which will be the first to probe the electron a scale physics a the hall reconnection model has been recently challenged by kinetic particle a in a cell a pic a simulations that sufficiently resolve electron a scale structures a |
9,127 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we offer the hypothesis that atomic nuclei a nucleons a and atoms possess a new type of electromagnetic moment a that we call a of cycle a toroid moment of a in nuclei a this moment arises when the toroid dipole a anatole a moments are arrayed in the form of a ring a or a equivalently a when the magnetic moments of the nucleons are arranged in the form of rings which a in turn a constitute the surface of a torus a we establish theoretically that the cycle a toroid moment plays a role in the processes of the atomic shell nucleus interaction a the existence of this moment would explain known anomalies in the internal conversion coefficients for transitions in nuclei a we show also that the static cycle a toroid nuclear moment interacts locally inside the nucleus with the vortex part of the atomic electron currents and this leads to an energy shift in atomic states a for the hydrogen atom the value of this shift may be comparable in order of magnitude to the present accuracy of measurements of the lamb shift for the level a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the existence of anatole moment was theoretically predicted by zeldovich fifty years ago excite a the anatole moment arises in the system where currents or magnetic moments of particles create a ring a like closed distribution of magnetic field lines a a classic example of such distribution can be a magnetic field inside the toroidal solenoid over the surface of which colloidal currents flow of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a less trivial example is an atomic nucleus in which spins of nucleons compose a ring with forming the corresponding configuration of the magnetic field a the great interest to the anatole is related to fundamental investigations on the parity nonconservation in atomic a nuclear interactions excite a in 1997 |
9,128 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we examine the power spectrum of clusters in the press a schechter a is a theory and in a a body simulations to see how the power spectrum of clusters is related to the power spectrum of matter density fluctuations in the universe a an analytic model for the power spectrum of clusters for their given number density is presented a both for real space and redshift space a we test this model against results from a a body simulations and find that the agreement between the analytic theory and the numerical results is good for wavelengths pc a on smaller scales non a linear processes that are not considered in the linear is approximation influence the result a we also use our analytic model to study the redshift a space power spectrum of clusters in cold dark matter models with a cosmological constant a a and with a scale a invariant harrison a zeldovich initial spectrum of density fluctuations a we find that power spectra of clusters in these models are not consistent with the observed power spectra of the pm and bell a act clusters a one possible explanation for the observed power spectra of clusters is an inflationary scenario with a scalar field with the potential that has a localized stepwise feature a we use the is theory to examine the power spectrum of clusters in this model a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article clusters of galaxies are efficient tracers of the large a scale structure of the universe a a strong spatial correlation of clusters of galaxies a bacall a sonia 1983 a klein a kopylov 1983 a provided some of the first evidence for the existence of organized structure on large scales a to date a much effort has been devoted to determine the correlation function and the power spectrum of clusters of galaxies on large spatial scales a edge postman a euchre a geller 1992 a peacock a west 1992 a ernesto it al a 1993 a dalton it al a 1994 a rome it al a 1994 a croft it al a 1997 a ernesto it al a 1997a a retzlaff it al a 1998 a radios a efstathiou a dalton 1998 a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | figure a shows the power spectrum of the spatial distribution of the bell a act clusters as determined by ernesto it al a a 1999 a a and the power spectrum of the pm clusters as found by radios a efstathiou a dalton a 1998 a a for comparison a |
9,129 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper close a range photogrammetry is widely used in many industries because of the cost effectiveness and efficiency of the technique a in this research a we introduce an automated coded target detection method which can be used to enhance the efficiency of the photogrammetry a photogrammetry a coded targets a decoding a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article photogrammetry is a technique to determine the geometric properties of an object from a sequence of photographic images a which has a long history since 1950s a photogrammetry can be classified into two main categories as aerial photogrammetry and close range photogrammetry a cup a based on the camera location during the image acquisition process a in cup a the camera is closed to the subject and cd models a measurements and point clouds are the most common outputs of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this technique is used in different application areas a such as modelling and measuring buildings and large engineering structures a accident scenes inspection a mine inspection a quality controlling and film industry a industrial photogrammetry measurement techniques utilize retro a reflective coded targets a cts a encoded with a unique identifier to signalized feature points a |
9,130 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper computer simulations have been employed in recent years to evaluate the configurational entropy changes in model glass a forming liquids a we consider two methods a both of which involve the calculation of the a intro a basin a entropy as a means for obtaining the configurational entropy a the first method involves the evaluation of the intro a basin entropy from the vibrational frequencies of inherent structures a by making a harmonic approximation of the local potential energy topography a the second method employs simulations that confine the liquid within a localized region of configuration space by the imposition of constraints a apart from the choice of the constraints a no further assumptions are made a we compare the configurational entries estimated for a model liquid a binary mixture of particles interacting a via a the leonard a jones potential a for a range of temperatures a at fixed density a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article whether a thermodynamic phase transition underlies the transformation of a supercooled liquid into an amorphous solid a or a glass a a at the laboratory glass transition temperature is among the central questions addressed by numerous researchers studying the supercooled liquid and glassy states a the notion of configurational entropy has played a significant role in attempts to define and understand the thermodynamic nature of the glass transition a in recent times a there have been various attempts to determine the configurational entropy of realistic liquids analytically and by computer simulations excite a the purpose of this paper is to compare two such methods that have been studied recently a namely the evaluation of the configurational entropy a via a the analysis of local potential energy minimal or a inherent structures a a is a and by the calculation of a basin a free energies by confining the liquid within a localized region of configuration space by the imposition of constraints a these approaches a and results from their implementation a are described in the following sections of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the model liquid studied is a binary mixture of type and type particles a interacting a via a the leonard a jones a la a potential a with parameters a a a and a and a which has been extensively studied as a model glass former a results presented in sec a |
9,131 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper spheroidal components of spiral galaxies have been considered the only dynamically important component in gravitational lensing studies thus far a here we point out that including the disk component can have a significant effect a depending on the disk inclination a on a variety of lensing properties that are relevant to present studies and future surveys a as an example a we look at the multiple image system b1600 a 434 a recently identified as being lenses by a spiral galaxy a we find that including the disk component one can understand the fairly large image separation as being due to the inclination of a typical spiral a rather than the presence of a very massive halo a the fairly low magnification ratio can also be readily understood if the disk is included a we also discuss how such lenses systems might allow one to constrain parameters of spiral galaxies such as a disk to halo mass ratio a and disk mass scale length a another example we consider is the quasar multiple lensing cross section a which we find can increase many fold at high inclination for a typical spiral a finally a we discuss the changes in the gravitational lensing effects on damped lyman alpha systems a las a when disk lensing is included a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article galaxies responsible for gravitational lensing have typically been modelled as one a component systems in which the entire mass distribution of the galaxy lens a visible plus dark matter a is fairly well approximated by a singular isothermal sphere a sis a a a see edge caravan and bertelsmann 1997 a a this is probably justified for a a so galaxies where both components have a surface density fairly independent of orientation a a small ellipticity is required only to understand the presence of four a image systems a and the high central density represents the high density of the visible matter a by contrast a in spiral galaxies the disk component has a very different structure from the dark matter halo and the bulge a which results in significantly different projected surface density depending on orientation of please generate the next two sentences of the article | given that the projected surface density of the disk changes by a factor of radius a thickness between a face a on and an edge a on spiral a and that the dark and visible components are known to contribute roughly equally to the total mass within a a disk scale lengths a one would expect significant effects on lensing properties for images within a couple of optical radii a the identification of the lensing galaxy in the double image system b1600 a 434 as a nearly edge on spiral by jansen and north a 1997 a gives us a perfect example to demonstrate the importance of including the disk component in modelling lensing by spirals a however a an understanding of the lensing geometry of spirals is important for several reasons besides that of modelling observed systems a |
9,132 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper an epidemic model with births and deaths is considered on a two dimensional lattice a each individual can have global infective contacts according to the standard sir model rules or local infective contacts with its nearest neighbours a we propose a deterministic approach to this model and verified that there is a good agreement with the stochastic simulations for different situations of the disease transmission and parameters corresponding to pertussis and rubella in the prevaccine era a xes keywords a epidemics a sir a lattice a deterministic model a pair approximation a pertussis a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article mathematical modelling of infectious diseases has become an area of increasing interest in the last decades excite a the development and use of mathematical models are a powerful tool to understand the complex problem of infectious disease transmission a after the success of the simple sir compartmental model in the description of the basic and common features of the transmission process excite a the models have become more complex and specific for the different infectious diseases in order to help in the evaluation and design of control strategies excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | these complexities may include a among others a age structure of the population a immune status of the individuals a structure of the social contacts a spatial heterogeneity a etc a wherever possible a deterministic compartmental models are usually chosen because they are simple to solve numerically a the interpretation of results is direct a and the level of complexity may be increased gradually by adding new compartments a |
9,133 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we demonstrate experimentally the guiding of cold and slow nd molecules along a thin charged wire over a distance of a through an entire molecular beam apparatus a trajectory simulations confirm that both linear and quadratic high a field a seeking stark states can be efficiently guided from the beam source up to the detector a a density enhancement up to a factor a is reached for decelerated beams with velocities ranging down to mrs generated by the rotating nozzle technique a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article considerable experimental effort is directed towards creating dense samples of cold molecules for precision measurements excite a cold chemistry experiments excite a quantum information processing excite a degenerate quantum gases with dipolar interactions excite a etc a established techniques for generating velocity controlled or trapped cold molecules include the deceleration using time a varying electric excite a magnetic excite and optical fields excite and the velocity filtering of polar molecules out of an effusive source using static or time a varying electric fields excite a alternative routes to producing cold molecules have been demonstrated utilizing the kinematics in elastically or relatively colliding molecular beams excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a more general and conceptional simple approach to producing slow beams of cold molecules is translating a supersonic jet to low longitudinal velocities by means of a rapidly counter a rotating nozzle a this technique was demonstrated by gupta and hershbach excite and recently improved in our group excite a using this technique |
9,134 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a study of the a a ray properties of five galactic supernova remnants a sirs a yes of a g304.6.1 a a g311.5.3 a g346.6.2 a cab a a g348.5.1 a and g348.5.0 that were detected in the infrared by excite in an analysis of data from the galactic legacy infrared mid a plane survey extraordinaire a glimpse a that was conducted by the a switzer a space telescope a we present and analyse archival a asia a observations of yes of a g311.5.3 and g346.6.2 a archival a hmm a newton a observations of yes of a cab a and g348.5.0 and an archival a chandra a observation of cab a a all of the sirs are clearly detected in the a a ray possibly except for g348.5.0 a our study reveals that the four detected sirs all feature center a filled a a ray morphologies and that the observed emission from these sources is thermal in all cases a we argue that these sirs should be classified as mixed a morphology sirs a my sirs a a our study strengthens the correlation between my sirs and sirs interacting with molecular clouds and suggests that the origin of mixed a morphology sirs may be due to the interactions between these sirs and adjacent clouds a our a asia a analysis of g311.5.3 reveals for the first time a a ray emission from this sir a the a a ray emission is center a filled within the radio and infrared shells and thermal in nature a 0.98 key a a thus motivating its classification as an my sir a we find considerable spectral variations in the properties associated with the plasmas of the other a a ray a detected sirs a such as a possible overabundance of magnesium in the plasma of yes of a our new results also include the first detailed spatially a resolved spectroscopic study of cab a using a chandra a as well as a spectroscopic study of the discrete a a ray source chou j171428.5 a which may be a neutron star associated with cab a a finally a we also estimate such properties as electron. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article excite presented a search for infrared counterparts to galactic supernova remnants a sirs a that were sampled by the galactic legacy infrared mid a plane survey extraordinaire a glimpse a legacy survey excite a the glimpse survey imaged the inner galactic plane specifically the galactic latitude and longitude ranges of and 10 a respectively at four wavelength bands a 3.6 a 4.5 a 5.8 and 8.0 a a with the infrared array camera a iraq a excite aboard the a switzer space telescope of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the results presented by excite were very intriguing a of the of sirs known a at the time a that were sampled by glimpse a eighteen sirs were detected a many for the first time a and the infrared emission from these sources typically coincided a at least partially a with known radio structures a excite also presented simple models to generate template color in the iraq bands for the primary emission mechanisms expected from sirs a these primary emission mechanisms include the following a a i a a molecular a line color that were estimated using a three temperature component h excitation model based on numerous h lines detected toward in 443 excite a a ii a a ionized a gas line color that were estimated based on hydrogen recombination as well as the dominant fine a structure lines of iron and argon a assuming solar abundances a and a iii a interstellar medium a ism a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon a pah a color that were estimated using a spectrum of the reflection nebula not 7023 a in their analysis |
9,135 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present deep a a a via and a i--band stellar photometry of g302 and g312 a two globular star clusters in the halo of my a these data were obtained using the a hubble space telescope a a wide field a planetary camera a a we find iron abundances of = -1.85 pm 0.12 a a for g302 and = -0.56 pm 0.03 a a for g312 a consistent with spectroscopic measurements a the color magnitude diagrams for each cluster show no evidence for an intermediate a aged population of stars a or a second parameter effect in the morphology of the horizontal branch a g302 shows no evidence for a color gradient but the inner regions of g312 are bluer than the outer regions a g312 shows no evidence of ellipticity or an extended halo of unbound stars a g302 has a projected ellipticity of with the projected major axis oriented towards the center of my a g302 also shows evidence of an extended asymmetric stellar halo extending to at least twice the fitted richie king tidal radius a the amount of mass beyond the tidal radius of g302 is consistent with the stellar escape rates which have been predicted by -body simulations of globular clusters in the galactic tidal field a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article globular star clusters a gas a are pressure a supported collections of between and stars which are usually associated with galaxies a although there is evidence that some clusters of galaxies contain a population of of free of gas which are associated with the cluster potential as a whole and not any individual galaxy a west it al a 1995 a a individual galactic gas are made up of stars with a single overall chemical abundance suggesting that they formed in a single star formation event a gas typically have integrated magnitudes of making go systems visible out to redshifts of a the approximate distance to the great wall galaxies of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the shape of the go luminosity function a of a has been assumed to be universal a so the go of has been used as a distance indicator a see harris 1991 for a review a a however a recent work has suggested that the shape of the go of may depend on the metallicity of the go system a ashcan it al a |
9,136 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a in a recent publication excite we have shown using a red approach that a in the presence of a magnetic field a the quantum vacuum coupled to a chiral molecule provides a kinetic momentum directed along the magnetic field a here we explain the physical mechanisms which operate in the transfer of momentum from the vacuum to the molecule a we show that the variation of the molecular kinetic energy originates from the magnetic energy associated with the vacuum correction to the magnetization of the molecule a we carry out a semiclassical calculation of the vacuum momentum and compare the result with the red calculation a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article it is well known that the quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic a pm a field coupled to electric charges generate an observable interaction energy excite a the fluctuations which mediate the self a interaction of electrons bound to atomic nuclei give rise to the lamb shift of atomic levels a the fluctuations which mediate the interaction between nearby molecules generate van a der a walls energies a and finally the fluctuations between macroscopic dielectrics generate the kashmir energy a direct observation of these energies is possible by spectroscopy a atomic interferometry or nanomechanical means excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a less well a known is the fact that other observable quantities a functions of the pm field a can be influenced by quantum fluctuations under certain symmetry conditions a that is a when the time a space symmetries of the medium to which the fluctuations couple are compatible with the symmetries of some observable operator a the expectation value of that operator in the vacuum state of the system medium a pm field may take a non a zero value a |
9,137 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper nucleation is an activated process in which the system has to overcome a free energy barrier in order for a first a order phase transition between the metastable and the stable phases to take place a in the liquid a to a solid transition the process occurs between phases of different symmetry a and it is thus inherently a multi a dimensional process a in which all symmetries are broken at the transition a in this focus article a we consider some recent studies which highlight the multi a dimensional nature of the nucleation process a even for a single a component system a the formation of solid crystals from the metastable melt involves fluctuations of two a or more a order parameters a often associated with the decoupling of positional and orientational symmetry breaking a in other words a we need at least two order parameters to describe the free a energy of a system including its liquid and crystalline states a this decoupling occurs naturally for asymmetric particles or directional interactions a focusing here on the case of water a but we will show that it also affects spherically symmetric interacting particles a such as the hard a sphere system a we will show how the treatment of nucleation as a multi a dimensional process has shed new light on the process of polymorphic selection a on the effect of external fields on the nucleation process a and on glass a forming ability a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article during a first a order phase transition a the system has to overcome a free energy barrier in order to transform to the thermodynamically stable phase a when this process is driven only by thermal fluctuations a it is called a homogeneous nucleation more often a nucleation is facilitated by external surfaces and the corresponding process is known as a heterogeneous nucleation nucleation is an important process for its many practical applications a as it is ubiquitous in various types of technologically important materials such as metals a semiconductors a pharmaceuticals a and foods of please generate the next two sentences of the article | nucleation has been thoroughly studied a for recent reviews see for example refs a excite a a but it is still not entirely understood a due to the experimental difficulty in accessing the small size of the crystalline nuclei involved in the transition a which is of the order of of a 1000 molecules in usual conditions a a |
9,138 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate spin a dependent conductance through a quantum aharonov a boom ring containing localized electrons which interact with the propagating flow of electrons via exchange interaction of the ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic type a we analyse the conductance oscillations as a function of both the chemical potential determined by the concentration of the carriers and external magnetic field a it is demonstrated that the amplitude of the conductance oscillations in the ballistic regime is governed by the value of the non a compensated spin localized in the ring a the results are in agreement with the concept of fractional quantization of the ballistic conductance a proposed by us earlier a phys a rev a a 71,113311 a 2005 a a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article recent progress in nanotechnology has allowed to prepare quasi one a dimensional a cd a semiconductor systems containing high a mobility charge carriers a which exhibit ballistic behavior in the regime when the coherence time is longer than the characteristic time needed for an electron or a hole to pass through the structure a in this case the transport of charge carriers in such systems is of coherent nature a since the ballistic transport is not accompanied by the joule losses a the conductance of the quasi cd semiconductor systems in a single mode regime at small drain a source biases depends only on the transmission coefficient describing the elastic scattering in the ballistic region excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the latter is determined by the geometry of the system and can depend on such parameters a as the fermi energy of the carriers and external electric or magnetic fields a in some cases a the scattering becomes spin a dependent a |
9,139 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this is an attempt to construct a a classical a microscopic model of the electron which underlies quantum mechanics a an electron is modelled a not as a point particle a but as the end of an electromagnetic string a a line of flux a these lines stretch across cosmic distances a but are almost unobservable because they condense into pairs which form the ether a photons are modelled to propagate on these line pairs a which act effectively as wave guides a these line pairs are also responsible for the force of gravity which is electromagnetic in character a using our classical interpretation of an electron as a quantized electromagnetic field a we find that we achieve a natural interpretation of not only quantum mechanics a but also mass a spin a mach a principle a gravity a self interactions a newton a second law of motion a the quantization of the photon a wave a particle duality a inflation a dark energy a an jets a the pauli exclusion principle a superconductivity a and the quantum hall effects a mass generation and inflation are discussed without the use of scalar fields a we attempt to calculate newton a gravitational constant a a the mass of the electron a the spin of the electron a and the spin of the photon all in terms of planck a constant a the charge of the electron a the outer radius of a line a and the distribution of matter in the universe a the predictions of this model and the standard model are both compared to experiment a emphasizing areas where the predictions differ a this model a remaining problems are discussed a this model is a classical field theory of interacting strings which explains a large number of diverse phenomena a even though it does not discuss the strong or weak interactions a since the ether of this model is quite well determined a it might be useful in restricting the landscape of value in more complete string theories a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in the year 2000 the standard model was believed to be consistent with all known experimental facts a except the possible existence of a neutrino mass a a yet there are many aspects of the standard model which are assumed but not explained a the wave nature of matter a the quantization of the photon a a a and newton a second law of motion a in addition gravity is not usually considered to be part of the standard model a but a separate interaction a with the clear measurement of dark energy by the map collaboration. please generate the next two sentences of the article | a it became important to know what makes up the majority of our universe a the explanation apparently does not lie within the standard model a |
9,140 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this is an addition to a series of papers excite a where we develop quaternion analysis from the point of view of representation theory of the conformal lie group and its lie algebra a in this paper we develop split quaternion analogues of certain results from excite a thus we introduce a space of functions with a natural action of the lie algebra a decompose into irreducible components and find the -equivariant projectors onto each of these irreducible components a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article this is an addition to a series of papers excite a where we develop quaternion analysis from the point of view of representation theory of the conformal lie group and its lie algebra a since the paper excite serves as a starting point for this article a we highlight the most relevant results a let denote the algebra of quaternions a and then let a a be the space of polynomial functions on a we can think of as a quaternion analogue of laurent polynomials a a a there is a natural action of the lie algebra on denoted by a see lemma a rho a algebra a action a a a according to theorem a in excite a restated here as theorem a the a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a decomposes into three irreducible components a this decomposition is followed by a derivation of projectors of onto its irreducible components a and a these projectors are regarded as quaternion analogues of the cauchy a formula for the second order pole the cases of and are fairly straightforward a on the other hand a the case of |
9,141 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper most real a world networks are not isolated a in order to function fully a they are interconnected with other networks a and this interconnection influences their dynamic processes a for example a when the spread of a disease involves two species a the dynamics of the spread within each species a the contact network a differs from that of the spread between the two species a the interconnected network a a we model two generic interconnected networks using two adjacency matrices a a and a a in which a is a matrix that depicts the connectivity within each of two networks of size a and a a matrix that depicts the interconnections between the two a using an a a intertwined mean a field approximation a we determine that a critical susceptible a infected a susceptible a sis a epidemic threshold in two interconnected networks is a where the infection rate is within each of the two individual networks and in the interconnected links between the two networks and is the largest eigenvalue of the matrix a in order to determine how the epidemic threshold is dependent upon the structure of interconnected networks a we analytically derive using perturbation approximation for small and large a the lower and upper bound for any as a function of the adjacency matrix of the two individual networks a and the interconnections between the two and their largest eigenvalues a eigenvectors a we verify these approximation and boundary values for using numerical simulations a and determine how component network features affect a we note that a given two isolated networks and with principle eigenvectors and respectively a tends to be higher when nodes and with a higher eigenvector component product are interconnected a this finding suggests essential insights into ways of designing interconnected networks to be robust against epidemics a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article complex network studies have traditionally focused on single networks in which nodes represent agents and links represent the connections between agents a recent efforts have focused on complex systems that are comprised of interconnected networks a a configuration that more accurately represents real a world networks excite a real a world power grids a for example a are almost always coupled with communication networks of please generate the next two sentences of the article | power stations need communication nodes for control and communication nodes need power stations for electricity a the influence of coupled networks on cascading failures has been widely studied excite a |
9,142 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper while the pc community is working towards the development of the first exaflop computer a expected around 2020 a a after reaching the petaflop milestone in 2008 still only few pc applications are able to fully exploit the capabilities of petaflop systems a in this paper we argue that efforts for preparing pc applications for exascale should start before such systems become available a we identify challenges that need to be addressed and recommend solutions in key areas of interest a including formal modelling a static analysis and optimization a auntie analysis and optimization a and autonomic computing a furthermore a we outline a conceptual framework for porting pc applications to future exascale computing systems and propose steps for its implementation a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article exascale computing excite is expected to revolutionize computational science and engineering by providing 1000x the capabilities of currently available computing systems a while having a similar power footprint a the total performance of the 500 systems in the with top500 list a of nov 2014 a a is about 0.3 teraflops a the pc community excite is now working towards the development of the first exaflop computer a expected around 2020 a after reaching the petaflop milestone in 2008 of please generate the next two sentences of the article | however a only a few pc applications are so far able to fully exploit the capabilities of petaflop systems excite a examples of typical scalability for commonly used pc applications in our organizations are provided in table a tab a hpcapps a a as the existing pc applications are the major pc asset a it is important and challenging to increase their scalability and lifetime by making them exascale a ready before 2020 a |
9,143 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper cold fronts sharp discontinuities recently discovered by chandra in many clusters of galaxies are believed to be due to a hot gas flow over a colder gravitationally bound gas cloud a we analyse the stability of the fronts with respect to kelvin a helmholtz instability and show that an intrinsic width of the interface of the order of a few per cent of the curvature radius strongly limits the growth of perturbation a for the best studied case of a front in the cluster bell 3667 we conclude that current observational data on the width and extent of the front can be explained even in the absence of dynamically important magnetic fields a psf a of a 1#2=.99 a. 99 a 1#2#3=.31 a. 31 a. 31 a firstpage a galaxies a clusters a individual a a3667 a a a rays a galaxies a clusters a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article cold fronts were discovered as sharp features in the a a ray surface brightness distribution in chandra observations of the clusters a2142 and a3667 a markevitch it al a a 2000 a vikhlinin a markevitch a murray a 2001a a a see also markevitch it al a similar features have now been found in several other clusters a edge sun it al a a 2002 a keeper a strain a ticker a 2002 a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | unlike shocks a these features have lower gas temperature on the a a ray brighter side of the discontinuity a for that reason they are called of cold fronts of a |
9,144 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper previously measured thermopower data of penis exhibit a significant sample dependence and non a monotonous behavior in magnetic fields a in this paper we demonstrate that the measured thermopower may contain a contribution from the huge nernst coefficient of the compound a even in moderate fields of a to a correction for this effect allows to determine the intrinsic field dependence of a the observed thermopower behavior can be understood from german splitting of a a a shaped pseudogap in magnetic fields a a introduction a a the orthorhombic system penis has been classified as a condo semimetal a in which an anisotropic pseudogap opens in the density of states a dos a below approximately of a excite a various experimental probes confirm the presence of a finite quasiparticle dos at the fermi level a such as the metal a like resistivities of samples with high purity excite and the linear a in- dependence of the thermal conductivity below 0.3 a excite a magnetic fields of the order of of to along the easy magnetic axis suppress the gap formation significantly a while fields along and are less effective excite a the thermopower of penis is highly anisotropic and exhibits a significant sample dependence excite a below of a a the absolute values of are enhanced a which has been attributed to the gap formation in this temperature range excite a consequently a application of a magnetic field of a to along the easy axis has been found to induce a significant lowering of the thermopower along a a at low excite a however a the experimental data for and with are inconsistent a first measurements at 4.2 a and 1.3 a showed a lowering of in magnetic fields excite a while investigations on samples of higher purity revealed an increasing upon increasing field excite a likewise a for at 1.3 a either a monotonous decrease up to of to excite or. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a go nakamoto a it al a a a of phys a soc a jpn a a of a a 4834 a 1995 a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | |
9,145 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we develop a feature allocation model for inference on genetic tutor variation using next a generation sequencing data a specifically a we record single nucleotide variants a save a based on short reads mapped to human reference genome and characterize tutor heterogeneity by latent haplotypes defined as a scaffold of save on the same homologous genome a for multiple samples from a single tutor a assuming that each sample is composed of some sample a specific proportions of these haplotypes a we then fit the observed variant allele fractions of save for each sample and estimate the proportions of haplotypes a varying proportions of haplotypes across samples is evidence of tutor heterogeneity since it implies varying composition of cell subpopulations a taking a bayesian perspective a we proceed with a prior probability model for all relevant unknown quantities a including a in particular a a prior probability model on the binary indicators that characterize the latent haplotypes a such prior models are known as feature allocation models a specifically a we define a simplified version of the indian buffet process a one of the most traditional feature allocation models a the proposed model allows overlapping clustering of save in defining latent haplotypes a which reflects the evolutionary process of subclonal expansion in tutor samples a style a axis a general.cfg a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article we propose a feature allocation model a roderick a jordan and pitman a excite a a to describe tutor heterogeneity using next a generation sequencing a nos a data a we use a variation of the indian buffet process a imp a a excite a a the feature allocation in our model is latent of please generate the next two sentences of the article | that is a the features are not directly observed a we record point mutations as single nucleotide variants a save a a each of which is defined as a dan locus that possesses a variant sequence from that on the reference human genome a |
9,146 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper transport and magnetic studies of pbtase under pressure suggest existence of two superconducting phases with the low temperature phase boundary at spa that is defined by a very sharp a first order a phase transition a the first order phase transition line can be followed via pressure dependent resistivity measurements a and is found to be near 0.12 spa near room temperature a transmission electron microscopy and a a ray diffraction at elevated temperatures confirm that this first order phase transition is structural and occurs at ambient pressure near of the new a high temperature a high pressure phase has a similar crystal structure and slightly lower unit cell volume relative to the ambient pressure a room temperature structure a based on first a principles calculations this structure is suggested to be obtained by shifting the pm atoms from the to kickoff position without changing the positions of to and be atoms a pbtase has an exceptionally pressure sensitive a structural phase transition with a a spa near a a a this first order transition causes an a a a step a like decrease in as pressure is increased through 0.25 spa a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article although pbtase was discovered several decades ago a excite its electronic structure and physical properties have only been studied in detail over the past few years a excite structurally a pbtase can be thought of as alternating stacking of hexagonal tase and pm layers with the space group a the crystal structure of pbtase is non a centrosymmetric a excite initially a only the values of resistivity and hall coefficient at 300 a of a pressed powder pellet of pbtase and resistive onset of superconductivity at a were reported of please generate the next two sentences of the article | excite recently pbtase was identified as a topological a nodal semimetal with strong spin a orbit coupling a excite its superconducting transition temperature in polycrystalline samples excite and in single crystals excite based on thermodynamic and transport measurements was established to be of thermal conductivity and london penetration depth measurements excite suggested a homeless superconducting gap structure for this material a |
9,147 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the angular momentum mixing effects in the color superconductor with non a spherical pairing a we first clarify the concept of the angular momentum mixing with a toy model for non a relativistic and skinless fermions a then we derive the gap equation for the polar phase of dense cd by minimizing the cut free energy a the solution of the gap equation consists of all angular momentum partial waves of odd parity a the corresponding free energy is found to be lower than that reported in the literature with -wave only a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the properties of quark matter at extreme conditions have been an active research area both theoretically and experimentally a at high temperature a the quark a gluon plasmaqgp a has long been searched by colliding two nuclei at sufficiently high energy a on the other side a we expect that quark matter becomes color superconducting through a phase transition at high baryon density but low temperature a which is the typical condition inside compact stars a in a typical metallic superconductor a the electrons pair with equal chemical potential near the fermi surface of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the situation with a quark matter a however a is much more complicated a while the quark a quark interaction favor pairing between quarks of different flavors a the mass difference among a and together with the charge neutrality requirement induces a substantial mismatch among their fermi momenta at the baryon density inside a compact star and thereby reduces the available phase space for cooper pairing a a number of exotic color superconductivity phases in the presence of mismatch have been proposed in the literature a but a consensus point of view of the true ground state has not been reached a |
9,148 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper our current knowledge of the quark a gluon plasma in thermodynamical equilibrium is reviewed a the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter is discussed a with emphasis on the quark a hadron phase transition and the color a superconducting phases of quark matter a lattice cd results on the order of the phase transition a the thermodynamical functions a the heavy quark free energy a masonic spectral functions a and recent results for nonzero quark chemical potential are presented a analytic attempts to compute the thermodynamical properties of strongly interacting matter a such as perturbation theory a quasiparticle models a of hard a thermal a loop of a htl-resummed perturbation theory a the polyakov a loop model a as well as linear sigma models are discussed a finally a color a superconducting quark matter is considered in the limit of weak coupling a the gap equation and the excitation spectrum are derived a the solution of the gap equation a gap parameters in various color a superconducting phases a and critical temperatures for the transition to normal a conducting quark matter are presented a a summary of gluon and photon properties in color superconductors is given a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article quantum chromodynamics a cd a is the fundamental theory of the strong interaction a cd is an asymptotically free theory excite a item a interactions between quarks and gluons become weaker as the mutual distance decreases or as the exchanged momentum increases a consequently a at very large temperatures indoor densities a the interactions which confine quarks and gluons inside hadrons should become sufficiently weak to release them excite a the phase where quarks and gluons are confined is termed the a quark a gluon plasma a a up a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | lattice cd calculations have established the existence of such a phase of strongly interacting matter at temperatures larger than me and zero net a baryon density a depending on the number of quark flavors and the masses of the quarks a the transition between ordinary harmonic matter and the up could be a thermodynamic phase transition of first order a of second order a or simply a crossover transition a |
9,149 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a study on the variations of the luminosity function of galaxies around clusters in a numerical simulation with semi a analytic galaxies a attempting to detect these variations in the of galaxy redshift survey a we subdivide the simulation box in equal a density regions around clusters a which we assume can be achieved by selecting objects at a given normalised distance a a where is an estimate of the halo radius a from the group centre a the semi a analytic model predicts important variations in the luminosity function out to a in brief a variations in the mass function of halves around clusters a large dark a matter halves with a lead to cluster central regions that present a high abundance of bright galaxies a high values a as well as low luminosity galaxies a high a a at there is a lack of bright galaxies a which shows the depletion of galaxies in the regions surrounding clusters a minimum in and a a and a tendency to constant luminosity function parameters at larger cluster a centric distances a we take into account the observational biases present in the real data by reproducing the peculiar velocity effect on the redshifts of galaxies in the simulation box a and also by producing mock catalogues a we find that excluding from the analysis galaxies with in projection are close to the centres of the groups provides results that are qualitatively consistent with the full simulation box results a when we apply this method to mock catalogues of the of galaxy redshift survey a 2dfgrs a and the pig catalogue of groups a we find that the variations in the luminosity function are almost completely erased by the finger a of a god effect a only a lack of bright galaxies at can be marginally detected in the mock catalogues a the results from the real 2dfgrs data shows a more clear detection of a dip in and for a consistent with the semi a analytic predictions a.. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article understanding the way in which galaxies form is a key challenge facing cosmologists today a this can be approached in different ways a of which the most important can be the study of the clustering of galaxies and the bound systems defined by their spatial distribution a and the statistical measures of the properties of galaxies and how these vary with their environment a there have been several attempts to characterise galaxy properties as a function of local density excite a in particular of please generate the next two sentences of the article | studies of the variation of the luminosity function include the luminosity function of wall and void galaxies in the 2dfgrs excite a in the sass excite a and theoretical variations in the luminosity function as a function of local galaxy density excite a in this paper we concentrate on the study of the variations of the luminosity function with local density a which we characterise by the distance to the nearest group of galaxies a normalised by the group radius a |
9,150 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we propose a matrix evolution equation in -space for flavour singlet a integrated quark and gluon densities a which generalizes delay and bill equations in the relevant limits a the matrix evolution kernel is constructed so as to satisfy renormalization group constraints in both the ordered and antiordered regions of exchanged momenta a and incorporates the known no anomalous dimensions in the scheme as well as the nl bill kernel a we provide a hard cameron exponent and effective eigenvalue functions that include the -dependence a and give also the matrix of resumed delay splitting functions a the results connect smoothly with those of the single a channel approach a the novel splitting functions show summation effects delayed down to a while both entries show a shallow dip around a similarly to the single a channel results a we remark that the matrix formulation poses further constraints on the consistency of a bill framework with the scheme a which are satisfied at no a but marginally violated by small -suppressed terms at nolo a corn a pm a th/2007 a 104 a off 436/07/07 a july 2007 a a matrix formulation for small- singlet evolution a my ciafaloni a do colferai a gap a salam and am stato a a corn a department pm a the a ch-1211 geneva of a switzerland a a a divertimento i fiscal a university i firenze a 50019 pesto florentine a i a a italy a a a a info serine i firenze a 50019 pesto florentine a i a a italy a a a lathe a university pm it my curie paris a a university do diderot paris a a cars ukr 7589 a paris a france a a a department of physics a pennsylvania state university a university park a 16802 a a us a a a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article small a a cd evolution a historically based on delay excite and bill excite dynamics a has been widely investigated in the past years excite a leading to a better understanding of the two approaches just mentioned and to robust resumed predictions for the gluon density and splitting function excite a there is now a remarkable consensus excite among various summation approaches on the resulting gluon evolution kernel a and a satisfactory comparison of some of them to experimental data excite a the basic idea underlying the progress of the summation approaches just mentioned a lies in the observation excite that the bill kernel embodies an infinite number of subheading contributions which are collinear singular of please generate the next two sentences of the article | these terms are parametrically large and need to be taken into account in order to achieve consistency with the renormalization group a re a a the techniques for incorporating such terms differ in detail according to the various authors a but lead eventually to similar results a |
9,151 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we examine the v velocities and fully a fisher distances of of sci galaxies and find that their velocities contain the same discrete velocity components identified previously by tiff a after removing the discrete velocity components a the scatter remaining on the hubble plot is in good agreement with the fully a fisher distance uncertainties a although there is a as yet a no physical explanation for these discrete components a the fact that they appear to be identical to those found previously by tiff suggests that their reality needs to be taken seriously a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article excite found families of discrete velocities in normal galaxies and fitted them to a model in which they were all harmonically related to the speed of light a in his model the discrete components detected are octave a spaced sub a harmonics of a and related harmonics a and the redshift is assumed to arise from a time a dependent decay from an origin at the planck scale a his observed velocity periods can be accurately described by the relation a a a where a is the number of doublings and to defines the different families of please generate the next two sentences of the article | there can be many different families but the most common a or basic a of these make up what is referred to by excite as the to a a family of discrete values a these were found in common spiral galaxies a |
9,152 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in supersymmetric models a tree a level neutrino mass could originate from the a weak a scale a superpotential a we propose and examine a realization of that idea a which arises naturally in the framework of a spontaneously broken -symmetry a the solution to the neutrino mass problem could shed light in this framework on the possible resolution of the problem a furthermore a the suppression of the neutrino mass in comparison to the weak scale arises dynamically and need not be encoded in the superpotential a the latter mechanism operates a for example a in universal models for the soft supersymmetry breaking terms a phenomenological and cosmological implications of the model are also discussed a some of which are shown to hold more generally a we also note that future signatures could include observable enhancement of diet and multijet production rates and a correlation between the supersymmetric and neutrino spectra a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article within the framework of the standard model of the electroweak and strong interactions the neutrinos are massless to all orders in perturbation theory a however a it is widely believed a based on the interpretation of current observations a that the neutrinos are massive and light a item a a 100 eve a excite a if confirmed by future experiments a edge a the next generation of underground observatories and the long a baseline oscillation experiments a the massive neutrinos would provide an unambiguous signal of physics beyond the standard model a so a a for example a the small neutrino masses are often attributed to some sort of a see a saw mechanism involving an intermediate scale get a right a handed neutrino a or some other structure at that scale a a item a excite a the neutrino mass in that case is a signal of the physics at intermediate scales of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a different and most interesting possibility is that the neutrino mass is a signal of weak a scale physics a indeed a this could be the case within a supersymmetric framework excite as it could incorporate a new and novel a but often overlooked a mechanism for the generation of neutrino masses which was first proposed by hall and suzuki excite a |
9,153 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate the rosa a a ray properties of a see a which has been proposed to be related to supersoft a a ray binaries a during optical bright states a a see is a faint hard a a ray source a while during optical faint states a mag a a a see is a a supersoft a a a ray source a spectral fitting confirms that a see a a a ray properties during its soft a a ray state may be similar to those of supersoft a a ray binaries a although a much lower luminosity can not be excluded a it is possible to explain the different optical a a a ray states by a variable amount of extended eclipsed matter a which during the optical bright states contributes significantly to the optical flux and completely absorbed the soft a a ray component a an additional a perhaps permanent a hard a a ray component a such as a bremsstrahlung component with a 0.12.4kev luminosity of a must be present to explain the a a ray properties during the optical bright a hard a a ray state a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a see is a blue star with a mean brightness around of mag which has been shown to vary between 9.614.7 mag since its discovery in 1902 a it shows wide eclipses at a period of 051419 a a small secondary eclipse a and complex emission line behaviour a herein 1965 a a extinction estimates vary between a herein 1965 a and a vermont 1987 a implying a distance of 0.72.7 pc of please generate the next two sentences of the article | supersoft a a ray binaries a sub a see greener 1996 and references therein a van teetering 1998 a were established as a new class of accreting binaries during the early lies with rosa a temper 1991 a greener 1991 a and are thought to contain white dwarfs accreting mass at rates sufficiently high to allow stable nuclear surface burning of the accreted matter a van den level 1992 a a sub have luminosities of 10 ergs s a but their characteristic temperatures of 2040 eve imply strong attenuation by the interstellar medium a |
9,154 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the reactions of relevance for stellar evolution are difficult to measure directly in the laboratory at the small astrophysical energies a in recent years indirect reaction methods have been developed and applied to extract low a energy astrophysical a a factors a these methods require a combination of new experimental techniques and theoretical efforts a which are the subject of this review a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a fusion a a fusion cross sections can be calculated from the equation excite where is the center of mass energy a is the reduced wavelength and a the cross section is proportional to a the area of the quantum wave a each part of the wave corresponds to different impact parameters having different probabilities for fusion a as the impact parameter increases a so does the angular momentum a hence the reason for the term of please generate the next two sentences of the article | is the probability that fusion occurs at a given impact parameter a or angular momentum a sometimes a for a better visualization a or for extrapolation to low energies a one uses the concept of a astrophysical a a factor a a redefining the cross section as a a a where a with being the relative velocity a |
9,155 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper high- metal oxides are a class of materials playing an increasingly important role in modern device physics and technology a here we report theoretical investigations of the properties of structural and lattice dielectric constants of bulk amorphous metal oxides by a combined approach of classical molecular dynamics a my a a for structure evolution a and quantum mechanical first principles density function theory a dot a a for electronic structure analysis a using classical my based on the born a mayer a buckingham potential function within a melt and quench scheme a amorphous structures of high- metal oxides hf with different values of the concentration a are generated a the coordination numbers and the radial distribution functions of the structures are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data a we then calculate the lattice dielectric constants of the materials from quantum mechanical first principles a and the values averaged over an ensemble of samples agree well with the available experimental data a and are very close to the dielectric constants of their cubic form a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in the complementary metal oxide semiconductor a cos a devices a sio has been the first and only choice of gate oxide material for a long time a however a with the continued decrease in the feature size of the cos devices a sio is no longer reliable as a gate oxide due to the high tunnelling leakage current through it at small thickness a major research efforts are continuously being carried out in search for a suitable replacement of the sio as a gate material. several promising candidates are metal oxides such as hfo, zro and al, all of which have high value of dielectric constant a high- metal oxides in their amorphous a a a form are more preferable as a gate oxide over their crystalline form due to several important advantages they provide a a i a isotropic physical properties a a ii a no crystalline domain boundary which leads to less defects at the interface with the is substrate a and a iii a good compatibility with the conventional cos fabrication process a some alloy structures of these high- metal oxides are also being studied extensively and a in fact a a of based alloy material has already been in its third generation of production as a gate oxide in the semiconductor industry and further improvements of thermal stability a dielectric constant and material preparations are underway. in clear contrary to the abundance of experimental results in the literature a theoretical studies of the structure and dielectric properties of amorphous metal oxides and their alloys are quite limited of please generate the next two sentences of the article | one of the reasons is the difficulties in generating reasonable and reliable amorphous structures with the available theoretical methods a experimentally a the high- materials are deposited on silicon substrate by vapour deposition followed by annealing processes at around k. simulating the deposition process and the resulting amorphous high- material structures by molecular dynamics a my a is extremely time consuming because a |
9,156 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we find a simple criterion for the equality where and are scour a a a functions on infinitely many variables a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article scour a a a functions are very interesting analogues of the a standard a scour functions in several combinatorial and representation a theoretic contexts a examples of their analogy include the shifted ask correspondence a the shifted littlewood a richardson rule a and the character theory of representations of queer lie superalgebras a in this note we study when certain shifted littlewood a richardson coefficients a the in the language of excite a are zero or one a studying questions of the same nature please generate the next two sentences of the article | has been of interest to a number of authors a in particular a one should mention stembridge a recent classification of multiplicity a free products of scour functions excite which was generalized to a a functions in excite a the related questions as to when two ribbon scour functions are equal and when a scour function is equal to a skew scour function were answered in excite and excite a here |
9,157 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present results from a monitoring campaign performed with the a chandra a a ray observatory a of the gravitationally lenses quasars re j1131 and he 1104 a we detect significant a a ray variability in all images of both quasars a the flux variability detected in image a of re j1131 is of particular interest because of its high amplitude a a factor of of a a we interpret it as arising from microlensing since the variability is uncorrelated with that of the other images and the a a ray flux ratios show larger changes than the optical as we would expect for microlensing of the more compact a a ray emission regions a the differences between the a a ray and optical flux ratios of he 1104 are less dramatic a but there is no significant soft a a ray or dust absorption a implying the presence of a a ray microlensing in this system as well a combining the a a ray data with the optical light curves we find that the a a ray emitting region of he 1104 is compact with a half a light radius a where the gravitational radius is r a 3.6 10 pm a thus placing significant constraints on an corona models a we also find that the microlensing in he 1104 favor mass models for the lens galaxy that are dominated by dark matter a finally a we better characterize the massive foreground cluster near re j1131 a set limits on other sources of extended a a ray emission a and limit the fluxes of any central odd images to be 3050 a 3 a times fainter than the observed images a a a a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article resolving the emission regions of distant quasars is beyond the current capabilities of present a day telescopes a as direct imaging of accretion disks requires angular resolutions on the order of tens of nanoarcseconds at a a until the spatial resolution of telescopes reaches this limit a we will have to rely on indirect methods of mapping the emission regions of quasars a such methods include light a travel time arguments a reverberation mapping of the broad line region a bradford a mckee 1982 a peterson 1993 a nether a peterson 1997 a a reverberation mapping of the be k emission region a young a reynolds 2000 a a occultation measurements of the central a a ray source by orbiting compton thick clouds a risaliti it al a 2007 a a and microlensing of the continuum and line emission regions a edge a griever it al a 1988 and 1991 a schneider a sellers a falcon 1992 a gould a saudi 1997 a ago a frolic 1999 a yonehara it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | 1999 a mineshige a yonehara 1999 a charts it al a 2002a a popover it al a 2003 a blackburn it al a 2006 a poole it al a 2006 a 2007 a kochanek it al a 2007 a |
9,158 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the parameters for the newly a discovered open cluster less of are established on the basis of available photometric and spectroscopic data a in conjunction with new observations a colour excesses for spectroscopically a observed a and a a type stars near us as follow a reddening relation described by a implying a value of for the associated dust a less of has a mean reddening of see a a an intrinsic distance modulus of see a a sad a a a pc a and an estimated age of or from cams fitting of available a by a a cd a by a a a nomad a a and mass a jhk- observations of cluster stars a us as is a likely cluster member a with an inferred space reddening of and a luminosity of see a a consistent with overtone pulsation a a a as also implied by the cepheid a light curve parameters a rate of period increase a and a hipparchus a parallaxes for cluster stars a there is excellent agreement of the distance estimates for us as inferred from cluster cams fitting a its pulsation parallax derived from the infrared surface brightness technique a and a hipparchus a parallaxes a which all agree to within a few percent a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article when excite compiled a list of relatively bright stars visible in the national geographic a palomar observatory sky survey a poss a that are associated with reflection nebulosity a he noted that the distance and luminosity for one such star a the cepheid us as a might be estimated using spectroscopic and photometric observations of the nearby a a type stars he 17138 and he 17443 a which appear to illuminate a portion of the same dust complex a his discovery was very important a given the complete lack in existing surveys of galactic clusters lying within several degrees of the cepheid that might serve as distance indicators a curiously a the field of us as was not surveyed in van den berg a earlier search of the poss for previously a undetected star clusters excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the sparse group of a stars was subsequently designated as as re a and used by excite with other a a associations to map local spiral structure in the galaxy a an initial estimate for the distance to the dust complex by excite yielded a value of pc from spectroscopic distance moduli for the three a a type stars he 17327 a he 17443 a and he 17706 a and the bright a giant he 23475 a |
9,159 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate the intrinsic alignments of dark halo substructures with their host halo major a axis orientations both analytically and numerically a analytically a we derive the probability density distribution of the angles between the minor axes of the substructures and the major axes of their host halos from the physical principles a under the assumption that the substructure alignment on galaxy scale is a consequence of the tidal fields of the host halo gravitational potential a numerically a we use a sample of four cluster a scale halos and their galaxy a scale substructures from recent high a resolution a a body simulations to measure the probability density distribution a we compare the numerical distribution with the analytic prediction a and find that the two results agree with each other very well a we conclude that our analytic model provides a quantitative physical explanation for the intrinsic alignment of dark halo substructures a we also discuss the possibility of discriminating our model from the anisotropic infill scenario by testing it against very large a a body simulations in the future a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the dark halo substructure has recently come to one of the most lively topics in cosmology a although the standard cosmological paradigm based on the cold dark matter a cd a concept generically predicts the presence of the substructure inside the dark matter halos a there are many questions yet to be answered associated with the dark halo substructures a the intrinsic alignment effect of the dark halo substructure is one of those questions of please generate the next two sentences of the article | there are plenty of observational evidences that the major axes of the brightest cluster galaxies a bags a have a strong tendency to be aligned with that of their host clusters excite a the most popular theory for the big alignment is the anisotropic infill scenario based on the standard hierarchical clustering model excite a the initial density field of cd is web a like a interconnected by the primordial filaments excite a |
9,160 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper through mixing system a one can construct an asymmetry which naively seems to be a time reversal a to a odd quantity a in this article a the two processes and are used to construct the event number asymmetry a the up violation of kaon system denoted as contributes to observables and we evaluate the contribution from explicitly a the asymmetry is formulated with phase convention independent parameters which are invariant under redefinition of phase of quark fields a the overall factors of the time dependent decay rates are taken into account in this article a furthermore a we suggest conditions for the asymmetry to be a to a odd quantity a the one of such conditions arises due to the difference of overall factors which form the asymmetry a a 1/#1 0m-^0 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article time reversal a to a is a fundamental symmetry in particle physics and observation of to a asymmetry plays a crucial role to investigate the property of theoretical aspects a baba collaboration announced their result that they observed the to a asymmetry through a a meson mixing system a the idea of taking to a asymmetry is based onof please generate the next two sentences of the article | baba stated that the observation is the first evidence of to a violation in a a system a and baba observable naively seems to be to a asymmetry a however a discussion in ref. shows that baba observable slightly deviates from a to a odd quantity a in this article |
9,161 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we search for novel two a dimensional materials that can be easily exfoliated from their parent compounds a starting from 108423 unique a experimentally known three a dimensional compounds we identify a subset of 5619 that appear layered according to robust geometric and bonding criteria a high a throughput calculations using van a der a walls density a functional theory a validated against experimental structural data and calculated random a phase a approximation binding energies a allow to identify 1844 compounds that are either easily or potentially exfoliate a including all that are commonly exfoliated experimentally a in particular a the subset of 1053 easily exfoliate cases layered materials held together mostly by dispersion interactions and with binding energies in the range of few tens of mev several hundreds of entries with few atoms per primitive cell a 273 with less than a atoms a 606 with less than of a a revealing a wealth of new structural prototypes a simple ternary compounds a and a large portfolio to search for optimal electronic a optical a magnetic a topological a or chemical properties a a a two a dimensional a cd a materials provide novel opportunities to venture into largely unexplored regions of the materials properties space a on one hand a their ultimate thinness makes them extremely promising for applications in electronics a edge a for field a effect transistors a where a reduced device size is beneficial to improve performance and reduce short a channel effects between contacts. on the other hand a the physical properties of monolayers often change dramatically from those of parent cd materials a providing a new degree of freedom excite in the applications a from thermoelectric to spintronics a while also unveiling novel physics a edge a valley hall effect and composite excitations such as trios a a moreover a van a der a walls a vow a heterostructures excite have recently emerged as an additional avenue to engineer novel properties. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the computational exfoliation protocol starts from a comprehensive initial set of bulk cd crystal structures a these are extracted from databases of experimental compounds a and for this study we focused on the iced excite and cod excite a containing respectively a iced 2015.1 a and entries a cod rev a a 171462 a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | entries containing at most different species are retrieved in the form of if files excite using routines distributed within the aida platform excite a and passed through successive cod a tools filters excite to correct typical syntax errors that prevent the successful reconstruction of the intended crystal structures a see methods for more details a a entries with partial occupancies in the unit cell are then filtered out a together with if files that do not provide the explicit position of one or several atoms a can not be parsed a or are obviously wrong a |
9,162 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present near a infrared and optical observations of moderately fast few a class nova scute 2009 a v496 set a covering various phases a are a maximum a early decline and nebular a during the first of months after its discovery followed by limited observations up to 2011 april a in the initial phase the nova spectra show prominent a cyan profiles and later all the lines are seen in emission a the notable feature of the near a in spectra in the early decline phase is the rare presence of the first overtone bands of carbon monoxide a co a in emission a the in spectra show clear dust formation in the expanding ejecta at later phase about 150 days after the peak brightness a the presence of lines of elements with low ionization potentials like a and my in the early in spectra and the detection of co bands in emission and the dust formation in v496 set represents a complete expected sequence in the dust formation in nova ejecta a the light curve shows a slow rise to the maximum and a slow decline indicating a prolonged mass loss a this is corroborated by the strengthening of a cyan profiles during the first of days a the broad and single absorption components seen in many lines in the optical spectra at the time of discovery are replaced by two sharper components in the spectra taken close to the optical maximum brightness a these sharp dips seen in the a cyan absorption components of be ii and a i lines during the early decline phase show increasing outflow velocities a the onset of the nebular phase is evident from the optical spectra in 2010 march a during the nebular phase a several emission lines display saddle a like profiles a in the nebular stage a the observed fluxes of a of iii a and a lines are used to estimate the electron number densities and the mass of the ejecta a the optical spectra show that the nova is evolved in the spectral sequence a the absolute magnitude and the distance to the nova are estimated to be m a 7.0 0.2 and a a 2.9.. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article nova scute 2009 a v496 set a was discovered by nishimura on 2009 november 8.370 it at a 8.8 a nagano it al a 2009 a on two is unfiltered cd images a the low resolution spectra obtained during the period 2009 november 9.73 it to 10.08 it which showed prominent h and h emission lines with a cyan components a along with the strong be ii multiples and of i lines indicating that v496 scute is an be ii class nova near maximum light a lunar it al a 2009a a balm a party 2009 a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the optical observations by lunar it al a a 2009b a showed a post a discovery brightening for about of days before the onset of fading with maximum brightness a 7.07 around 2009 november 18.716 it a |
9,163 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the planetary nebula a in a population of my is studied via multi a fiber spectroscopy with hectospec at the met a in this paper we present the spectra of 102 one a whereas plasma diagnostic and chemical abundances were performed on the of one where the necessary diagnostic lines were measured a about 20 of the one are compatible with being type i a the rest of the sample is the progeny of an old disk stellar population a with main sequence masses m and ages t.3 gym a by studying the elemental abundances of the one in the my disk we were able to infer that a a a a there is a tight correlation between of a a and be a a a broadly excluding the evolution of oxygen a a a a the average abundances of the -elements are consistent with those of regions a indicating a negligible global enrichment in the disk of my from the epoch of the formation of the in progenitors to the present time a a a a the radial oxygen gradient across the my disk has a slope of -0.031.013 sex kpc a in agreement a within the errors a with the corresponding gradient derived from regions a our observations do not seem to imply that the metallicity gradient across the my disk has flattened considerably with time a we report also the discovery of a in with wolf a rate features a pn039 a belonging the class of late a we a stars a 1.#2 a 1#2 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the galaxy my a not 598 a is one of the closest spiral galaxies of the local group a the measured distance to my ranges from 730 pc a christian a shimmer 1987 a to 910 pc a kim it al a 2002 a a with the most recent estimates of sarajedini it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | excite and bananas it al a excite in the mid a range a |
9,164 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the origin of the ultraluminous a a ray source m82-x1 in the nearby starburst galaxy my a this a a ray source is of particular interest as it is currently the best candidate intermediate mass black hole a it is associated with a mhz quasi periodic oscillations with a relatively low a a black a body temperature a we perform detailed binary evolution calculations of 215 stars which transfer mass to a 1002000 black hole and present an empirical model for the a a ray characteristics expected for such binaries a based on the binary evolution calculations and the assumption in our simulations we conclude that the most likely candidate for the bright a a ray source m82-x1 is a of a of star near the end of its main a sequence or slightly evolved a which transfers mass to a black hole a we expect the system to be in the high a soft state a in that case the binary will not be visible as a source of gravitational wave radiation a but other transient a a ray binaries with lower mass donors way be rather bright sources of gravitational wave radiation a a firstpage a black hole physics binaries a close galaxies a individual a my a a ray a binaries a a rays a individual m82-x1 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article black holes in the universe have either masses less than about of m a grosz 2003 a a or masses exceeding about a see normandy a richstone a 1995 a for some exceptions see fillipenko a to 2003 a greene a to 2004 a a the first category of black holes are typically the member of a binary system in a normal galactic environment a the other type of supermassive black holes can be very bright in a a but always live in the nuclei of galaxies a the discovery of bright a a ray sources which are not in the nuclei of galaxies has led to the suggestion that these sources may hide black holes a with a mass intermediate between of and a we call them intermediate mass black holes a inch a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | bright non a nuclear a a ray sources have been known to exist since the 1980s a watson a stranger a griffith 1984 a a recently with the advent of chandra and hmm these sources have attracted considerably more attention a the conventional definition of an ultraluminous a a ray source is ergs a a a but for the purpose of this paper we consider only luminosities of ergs a a as true lux a this definition corresponds to the eddington luminosity of an accreting compact object of about of times the chandrasekhar mass a the brightest galactic a a ray binary a gas 1915 a 105 a occasionally reaches ergs a a a and should then a according to the earlier definition be classified as a lux a |
9,165 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper it is well known that a straight name a got string is an exact solution of the equations of motion when its end moves in a circular orbit a in this paper we investigate the shape of a confining relativistic string for a general motion of its end a we determine analytically the shape of the curved string to leading order in deviation from straightness a and show that it reduces to an expected non a relativistic result a we also demonstrate numerically that in realistic meson models this deviation is always small a we further find that the angular momentum and energy are the same as for the straight string a but that the curved string has a small radial momentum not present in a straight string a our results justify the common assumption of straight strings usually made in hadron models a psf 6.5 in 8.5 in 0.0 in -20 it a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article for some time flux tube models excite and wilson loop expansion calculations excite have been used to understand hadron states a the usual assumption is that the color field can be taken to lie on straight lines connecting the quarks a this of straight line of or of rigid of flux configuration is in the spirit of an adiabatic or born a oppenheimer approximation that is assumed to hold at least for slowly moving quarks of please generate the next two sentences of the article | nesterenko excite points out that this adiabatic approximation can not be valid if the quark has angular acceleration a the argument is based on a classic theorem of ruled surfaces a |
9,166 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the speed of growth for a particular stochastic growth model introduced by borodin and ferrari in excite a which belongs to the khz anisotropic universality class a was computed using multi a time correlations a the model was recently generalized by toninelli in excite and for this generalization the stationary measure is known but the time correlations are unknown a in this note a we obtain algebraic and combinatorial proofs for the expression of the speed of growth from the prescribed dynamics a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article this note considers a stochastic growth model in the a khz anisotropic class a in a this model was introduced in excite and studied in depth for a specific initial condition a the case considered here a this model describes the evolution of particles subject to an a interlacing property the model can also be thought of as a two a dimensional a stochastically growing interface a a or as a a random lozenge tiling model another tiling model which shares similar features of the dynamical perspective is a domino tilings of the aztec diamond a using a the shuffling algorithm a a see excite a for please generate the next two sentences of the article | the model considered in this paper a the evolution of the interface a under hydrodynamic scaling a grows deterministically according to a de a at the microscopic level in the bulk a the specified boundary conditions of the system are a forgotten a a in the bulk of the system one sees an invariant measure which depends only on the normal direction of the macroscopic surface excite a from the lozenge tiling perspective a |
9,167 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper digital planetariums can provide a broader range of educational experiences than the more classical planetariums that use star a balls a this is because of their ability to project images a content from current research and the cd distribution of the stars and galaxies a while there are hundreds of planetariums in the country the reason that few of these are full digital is the cost a in collaboration with microsoft research a mar a we have developed a way to digitize existing planetariums for approximately a 40,000 using software freely available a we describe here how off the shelf equipment a together with mar a worldwide telescope client can provide a rich and truly interactive experience a this will enable students and the public to pan though multi a wavelength full a sky scientific data sets a explore cd visualizations of our solar system a including trajectories of millions of minor planets a a near a by stars a and the sass galaxy catalogue a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the meter diameter planetarium at the university of washington a us a is primarily used for formal education as a part of our introductory astronomy classes a graduate students also organize and coordinate informal educational presentations to k-12 students and astronomy clubs as well as programs for the general public a with an mss star a ball projector and three via projectors a the range of content of the presentations was limited by the lack of visualizations or at least constrained by the canned videos available a worldwide telescope a wet a as a full dome digital projection system effectively eliminates the lack of visualizations a and with this software available to students and presenters every user can create their own tours and presentations a removing the constraints of are a made media a we present our methods to digitize the us planetarium on a tight budget item a a 40,000 total a a 10,000 for computers and a 30,000 for projectors a a in section a pro of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we discuss our choice of projectors and the need for conversion lenses and mounts a in section a comp a we explain the decisions involved in choosing the computer system a with the projectors and computers nominally set up a we explain the alignment procedure in section a align a and in section a conc a we conclude by describing the expected integration of this digital dome within the educational curriculum a |
9,168 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we report on the development of the first integrated mid a infrared a far a infrared and terahertz optical hall effect instrument a covering an ultra wide spectral range from a to 7000 a 0.1210 the or 0.4870 me a a the instrument comprises four sub a systems a where the magneto a cryostat a transfer sub a system enables the usage of the magneto a cryostat sub a system with the mid a infrared ellipsometer sub a system a and the far a infrared a terahertz ellipsometer sub a system a both ellipsometer sub a systems can be used as variable angle a of a incidence spectroscopic ellipsometers in reflection or transmission mode a and are equipped with multiple light sources and detectors a the ellipsometer sub a systems are operated in polarizer a sample a rotating a analyser configuration granting access to the upper left block of the normalized mueller matrix a the closed cycle magneto a cryostat sub a system provides sample temperatures between room temperature and 1.4 a and magnetic fields up to a to a enabling the detection of transverse and longitudinal magnetic field a induced birefringence a we discuss theoretical background and practical realization of the integrated mid a infrared a far a infrared and terahertz optical hall effect instrument a as well as acquisition of optical hall effect data and the corresponding model analysis procedures a exemplary a epitaxial grapheme grown on 6--h---sic a a tellurium doped bulk gas sample and an alan a gan high electron mobility transistor structure are investigated a the selected experimental datasets display the full spectral a magnetic field and temperature range of the instrument and demonstrate data analysis strategies a effects from free charge carriers in two dimensional confinement and in a volume material a as well as quantum mechanical effects a inter a landau a level transitions a are observed and discussed exemplary a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the optical hall effect a the a is a physical phenomenon a which describes transverse and longitudinal magnetic field a induced birefringence a caused by the non a reciprocal magneto a optic response of electric charge carriers a the term the is used in analogy to the classic a electrical hall effect a since the electrical hall effect and certain cases of the observation can be explained by extensions of the classic dude model for the transport of electrons in matter a metals. for the the a dude a classic model is extended by a magnetic field and frequency dependency a describing the electron a momentum under the influence of the lorentz force a as a result an antisymmetric contribution is added to the dielectric tensor a whose sign depends on the type of the free charge carrier a electron a hole a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the non a vanishing off a diagonal elements of the dielectric tensor reflect the magneto a optic birefringence a which lead to conversion of a p--polarized into a |
9,169 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper utilizing an appropriate anat to the wave function a we reproduce the exact bound a state solutions of the radial schrodinger equation to various exactly solvable septic enharmonic oscillator and confining perturbed coulomb models in -dimensions a we show that the perturbed coulomb problem with eigenvalue can be transformed to a septic enharmonic oscillator problem with eigenvalue we also check the explicit relevance of these two related problems in higher a space dimensions a it is shown that exact solutions of these potentials exist when their coupling parameters with appearing in the wave equation satisfy certain constraints a keywords a septic enharmonic oscillator problem a perturbed coulomb problem a bound states a wave functions a schrodinger equation pics number a 03.65.-w a 03.65.fd a 03.65.ge a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the solution of the fundamental dynamical equations is an interesting phenomenon because of its importance in quantum a field theory a molecular physics a solid a state and statistical physics a to obtain the exact -state solutions of the schrodinger equation a be a to various quantum mechanical problems are possible only for few potentials and hence approximation methods are used to obtain their solutions a according to the schrodinger formulation of quantum mechanics a a total wave function provides implicitly all relevant information about the behaviour of a physical system a hence if it is exactly solvable for a given potential a the wave function can describe such a system completely a until now please generate the next two sentences of the article | a many efforts have been made to solve the stationary be with a septic enharmonic oscillator and perturbed coulomb potentials in one to three dimensions through the hill determinant matrix method a a a a a a the study of the be with these potentials provides us with insight into the physical problem under consideration a |
9,170 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the photoionization properties of the c versus c molecule in a spherical belgium frame of density functional method a two different approximations to the exchange a correlation a pc a functional are used a a i a the gunners a lundqvist parametrization a phys a rev a a a of a a 4274 a 1976 a a with an explicit correction for the electron self a interaction a sic a and a ii a a gradient a dependent augmentation of a i a by using the van leeuwen and barents model potential a phys a rev a a a of a a 2421 a 1994 a a a in lieu of sic a to implicitly restore electrons asymptotic properties a ground state results from the two schemes for both molecules show differences in the shapes of mean a field potentials and bound a level properties a the choice of a pc scheme also significantly alters the dipole single a photoionization cross sections obtained by an a abinitio a method that incorporates linear a response dynamical correlations a differences in the structures and ionization responses between c and c uncover the effect of molecular size on the underlying physics a analysis indicates that the collective plasmin resonances with the gradient a based pc a option produce results noticeably closer to the experimental data available for c a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article fullerene molecules are a highly stable form of nanoscopic carbon allotropic that can exist at room temperature a therefore a they are routinely attractive candidates for spectroscopic studies in understanding aspects of fundamental physics both in their vapour and condensed matter phases a technologically also a fullerene hold the prospect of exciting applications in solid state quantum computations excite a improving the superconducting ability of materials excite a biomedical fields excite a contrast a enhancement research for magnetic resonance imaging a fri a a and improving organic photovoltaic devices excite a therefore a investigations of the response of these materials to radiations are valuable a one direction of these studies is to understand the collective response of fullerene electrons to relatively low a energy photons a in an infinite system like graphite a the incoming oscillatory electric field induces plane a wave type plasma oscillations in the electron cloud within the system a translational symmetry a this can only quantize a surface plasmin quasi a particle a but not the longitudinal a compressional a volume plasmin a since light is a transverse wave of please generate the next two sentences of the article | but when the medium has a boundary a the broken translational symmetry enables the plasma wave to reflect and induce other even modes of oscillations a including the volume quantization a in particular a for finite systems with boundaries in all directions a such as fullerene and metallic nanoclusters a photospectroscopy reveals multiple plasmas that were measured excite a |
9,171 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a abstract a we consider the multiple scattering of a scalar wave in a disordered medium with a weak nonlinearity of kerr type a the perturbation theory a developed to calculate the temporal autocorrelation function of scattered wave a fails at short correlation times a a self a consistent calculation shows that for nonlinearities exceeding a certain threshold value a the multiple a scattering speckle pattern becomes unstable and exhibits spontaneous fluctuations even in the absence of scatterer motion a the instability is due to a distributed feedback in the system of coherent wave a nonlinear disordered medium of a the feedback is provided by the multiple scattering a the development of instability is independent of the sign of nonlinearity a a a pm a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article scattering of waves in disordered media has proved to be a nontrivial topic possessing intriguing and still not completely understood features. accordingly to the strength of disorder a one observes a variety of propagation regimes ranging from ballistic transport a through single scattering and wave diffusion a to the anderson localization a in this paper we are interested in the regime of wave diffusion a corresponding to a relatively strong disorder a which is a however a still largely insufficient to bring the system to the localization transition a a where is a wave number in the medium a and is a mean free path a a it is well a known a that multiple scattering of coherent wave in a disordered medium results in a complicated spatial intensity distribution known as a of speckle pattern of of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the speckle pattern is highly irregular and appears random to the eye a it is now well established that the speckle pattern exhibits large intensity fluctuations a originating from the interference of partial waves arriving at with completely randomized phases a here |
9,172 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we describe the design and performance of the solar tower atmospheric cherenkov effect experiment detector in its initial configuration a stacee-32 a a stacey is a new ground a based gamma ray detector using the atmospheric cherenkov technique a in stacey a the heliostats of a solar energy research array are used to collect and focus the cherenkov photons produced in gamma a ray induced air showers a the large cherenkov photon collection area of stacey results in a gamma a ray energy threshold below that of previous detectors a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article this paper describes the initial configuration of stacey a a new ground a based gamma a ray detector a before addressing the detector itself we provide a brief summary of the current experimental situation in gamma a ray astronomy and show the motivation for stacey and similar detectors a gamma a ray astronomy has recently become a very exciting area of research a during the lifetime of casa a compton gamma ray observatory a gro a from april a 1991 to may a 2000 and following the construction of ground based detectors during the 1990 a a the field experienced rapid growth of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the amount and quality of data increased and theoretical understanding of the related astrophysics improved greatly a two instruments that were aboard the gro are of special interest to high energy astrophysics a |
9,173 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we find a new relation among right a handed dean twists in the mapping class group of a -holed torus for a this relation induces an elliptic lefschetz pencil structure on the four a manifold with base points and twelve singular fiber a by blowing up the base points we get an elliptic lefschetz vibration on the complex elliptic surface with twelve singular fiber and disjoint sections a more importantly we can locate these sections in a kirby diagram of the induced elliptic lefschetz vibration a the -th power of our relation gives an explicit description for disjoint sections of the induced elliptic vibration on the complex elliptic surface for a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article it is well a known that two generic cubic and in intersect each other in nine points a by constructing the corresponding a pencil a of curves in co a a one can define a map a blowing up at one can extend to a lefschetz vibration whose generic fiber is an elliptic curve a our aim in this paper is to describe this construction in terms of differential topology of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it turns out that many manifold topologies were curious about such a construction a a for instance this was posed explicitly as a question in excite a a |
9,174 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the impact of central clearing of over a the a counter a oct a transactions on counterparts exposures in a market with oct transactions across several asset classes with heterogeneous characteristics a the impact of introducing a central counterparts a cup a on expected interdealer exposure is determined by the takeoff between multilateral netting across dealers on one hand and bilateral netting across asset classes on the other hand a we find this takeoff to be sensitive to assumptions on heterogeneity of asset classes in terms of a riskiness a of the asset class as well as correlation of exposures across asset classes a in particular a while an analysis assuming independent a homogeneous exposures suggests that central clearing is efficient only if one has an unrealistically high number of participants a the opposite conclusion is reached if differences in riskiness and correlation across asset classes are realistically taken into account a we argue that empirically plausible specifications of model parameters lead to the conclusion that central clearing does reduce interdealer exposures a the gain from multilateral netting in a cup overweight the loss of netting across asset classes in bilateral netting agreements a when a cup exists for interest rate derivatives a adding a cup for credit derivatives is shown to decrease overall exposures a these findings are shown to be robust to the statistical assumptions of the model as well as the choice of risk measure used to quantify exposures a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article over a the a counter a oct a derivatives represent a sizable fraction of financial transactions worldwide a encompassing a wide variety of contracts and asset classes a figure a notionals-fig a depicts the development in the oct derivatives markets for different asset classes since 1998 a although the increase in nationals has stopped since the peak of the financial crisis the overall growth is impressive a the contraction in some oct derivatives asset classes since the beginning of the crisis please generate the next two sentences of the article | is clearly seen from table a notionals.table a a which shows gross notional values in different asset classes as of june 2007 and june 2010 a a color asset class a 2007 a 2010 a commodity a 8,255 a 3,273 a equity linked a 9,518 a 6,868 a foreign exchange a 57,604 a 62,933 a interest rate a 381,357 a 478,093 a credit derivatives a 51,095 a 31,416 a other a of a of a total a 507,907 a 582,655 a a notionals.table a most bilateral oct contracts involve exchange of collateral between counterparts a to mitigate counterparts risk a |
9,175 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the hybrid n=1/n=2 supersymmetric model predicts scalar gluons a gluons a as busy partners of the dirac gluing a their strikingly distinct phenomenology at the corn large hadron collider is discussed a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article among many propositions for the physics beyond the standard model a so a a supersymmetry a busy a is generally considered most elegant and respected a it can accommodate or explain some of the outstanding problems of the so a in fact this is the only mathematically consistent us completion of the so that stabilizes the gap between electroweak and planck scales a it provides the gauge coupling unification a radiative electroweak symmetry breaking a a candidate for dark matter a do a a offers new ideas on the matter a antimatter asymmetry etc of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the simplest not supersymmetric extension calls for each so particle a particle that differs in spin by half a unit a the lagrangian must be supplemented by busy breaking terms that keep unseen superpartners out of the current experimental reach while retaining all goodies of the model a renormalizability and perturbative stable hierarchy of scales a with ever improving experimental constraints on busy breaking parameters a mainly from flavor and highs physics a |
9,176 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this paper a we consider the problem of constellation design for a visible light communication a vic a system using red a green a blue light a emitting diodes a rob led a a and propose a method termed do a informative joint color a frequency modulation a sci a com a a this method jointly utilizes available diversity resources including different optical wavelengths a multiple baseball subcarriers a and adaptive do a bias a constellation is designed in a high dimensional space a where the compact sphere packing advantage over lower dimensional counterparts is utilized a taking into account multiple practical illumination constraints a a non a convex optimization problem is formulated a seeking the least error rate with a fixed spectral efficiency a the proposed scheme is compared with a decoupled scheme a where constellation is designed separately for each led a notable gains for sci a com are observed through simulations where balanced a unbalanced and very unbalanced color illuminations are considered a a constellation design a visible light communication a do a informative a joint color a frequency a in a do a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article to satisfy the increasingly higher data rate demands a visible light communication a vic a has drawn tremendous interest from both industry and academia as a promising complement to traditional radio frequency communication a rec a that suffers from spectrum saturation excite a the maturing of led manufacturing techniques during the recent decade largely boosts the trend of replacing traditional lighting systems with led alternatives for both indoor and outdoor illumination purposes a and the resulting infrastructures are ready for deployment of vic a it is a low a cost technology where one can use the simple intensity modulation and direct detection a in a do a techniques of please generate the next two sentences of the article | in addition a one can enjoy a bunch of additional advantages such as eye a safety a high security and causing no electromagnetic inference a vic is both unique from and similar to rec a with regard to the uniqueness of vic |
9,177 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we report on the first far in detection of h a using the a infrared space observatory a a in the line of sight toward sir by in the galactic center a the transition at =126.853 a connecting the ground level of of a h a 1 a with the the 2 level at 113 a a is observed in absorption against the continuum emission of the cold dust of the source a the line is broad a with a total absorption covering 350 pm s a item a similar to that observed in the fundamental transitions of h a of and cd at a 119 and 149 a respectively a for the physical conditions of the different absorbing clouds the h column density ranges from a to 5 a item a near an order of magnitude below the upper limits obtained from ground based submillimeter telescopes a the derived h abundance is of a few 10 a which agrees with chemical models predictions for a gas at a kinetic temperature of of a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the h molecular ion is a key molecule for the gas phase chemistry in interstellar clouds a herbs a klemperer 1973 a watson 1973 a a produced by the fast reaction of h with h a it reacts with almost all neutral atoms and molecules a and thus it is the precursor of a large number of complex neutral and ionic molecular species a initially suggested to be present in molecular clouds by martin it al a a 1961 a a there is a long history behind the search for this crucial molecule a due to its lack of permanent dipole moment a h must be observed in the near in through its to a vibrational transitions a oka 1980 a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the first searches only provided upper limits to the h column density a debacle a oka 1989 a black it al a a however a h has been finally detected toward gl2136 and the whoa clouds a debacle a oka 1996 a a |
9,178 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a model of gravity based on spontaneous lorentz symmetry breaking a we start from a model with spontaneously broken symmetries for a massless tensor with a linear kinetic term and a nonderivative potential a which is shown to be equivalent to linearized general relativity a with the name a goldstone a no a bosons playing the role of the gravitons a we apply a bootstrap procedure to the model based on the principle of consistent coupling to the total energy energy a momentum tensor a demanding consistent application of the bootstrap to the potential term severely restricts the form of the latter a nevertheless a suitable potentials exists that permit stable value a it is shown that the resulting model is equivalent a at low energy a to general relativity in a fixed gauge a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article masslessness often arises as a consequence of the existence of a symmetry a in quantum electrodynamics the masslessness of the photon is normally attributed to gauge invariance a or symmetry under local changes of phase a in quantum chromodynamics a the theory of the strong interaction a masslessness of the gluons is likewise attributed to a gauge invariance a albeit a nonlinear one a in general relativity please generate the next two sentences of the article | a the masslessness of gravitons can be traced to symmetry under active diffeomorphisms a no diffeomorphism a invariant mass term exists a in some circumstances a however a there exists an alternative reason why a field might be massless a |
9,179 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the narrow a line region a nor a of six seyfert and six seyfert galaxies by means of spatially resolved optical spectroscopy and photoionization modelling a from spatially resolved spectral diagnostics a we find a transition between the an a excited nor and the surrounding star a forming regions a allowing us to determine the nor size independent of stellar contamination a cloudy photoionization models show that the observed transition represents a true difference in ionization source and can not be explained by variations of physical parameters a the electron density and ionization parameter decrease with radius indicating that the nor is photoionized by the central source only a the velocity field suggests a disk nor gas distribution a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the narrow a line region a nor a in active galactic nuclei a ages a is ideally suited to study the central region through its various emission lines a it has the great advantage over the broad a line region a bar a to be spatially resolvable a at least for nearby ages a since the nor is affected by various parameters such as the energy input from the central engine a the existence of a nuclear torus a radio jets a and star formation a it accesses a number of key questions of an physics a a a a hereafter a a a narrow a band imaging is commonly used to study the news of active galaxies a especially seyfert a edge mulches it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | 1996a a face it al a 1998 a a for sos a this method was first applied by excite using an hot emission a line imaging survey of seven radio a quiet pm sos with z.5 a including seven seyfert a they discovered a relation between nor size and a a luminosity a |
9,180 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in evolutionary game theory a an important measure of a mutant trait a strategy a is its ability to invade and take over an otherwise a monomorphic population a typically a one quantifies the success of a mutant strategy via the probability that a randomly occurring mutant will fixate in the population a however a in a structured population a this fixation probability may depend on where the mutant arises a moreover a the fixation probability is just one quantity by which one can measure the success of a mutant a fixation a time a a for instance a is another a we define a notion of homogeneity for evolutionary games that captures what it means for two single a mutant states a item two configurations of a single mutant in an otherwise a monomorphic population a to be evolutionarily equivalent a in the sense that a all a measures of evolutionary success are the same for both configurations a using asymmetric games a we argue that the term homogeneous a should apply to the evolutionary process as a whole rather than to just the population structure a for evolutionary matrix games in graph a structured populations a we give precise conditions under which the resulting process is homogeneous a finally a we show that asymmetric matrix games can be reduced to symmetric games if the population structure possesses a sufficient degree of symmetry a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article one of the most basic models of evolution in finite populations is the moran process excite a in the moran process a a population consisting of two types a a mutant type and a wild type a is continually updated via a birth a death process until only one type remains a the mutant and wild types are distinguished by only their reproductive fitness a which is assumed to be an intrinsic property of a player a a mutant type has fitness relative to the wild type a whose fitness relative to itself is a a and in each step of the process an individual is selected for reproduction with probability proportional to fitness of please generate the next two sentences of the article | reproduction is clonal a and the offspring of a reproducing individual replaces another member of the population who is chosen for death uniformly at random a eventually a this population will end up in one of the monomorphic absorbing states a all mutant type or all wild type a in this context a a fundamental metric of the success of the mutant type is its ability to invade and replace a population of wild a type individuals excite a in a population of size a |
9,181 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present flames a giraffe integral field spectroscopy of of galaxies in the massive cluster bell 1689 at a a 0.183 a conducting an analysis similar to that of atlas a we extend the baseline of the kinematic morphology a density relation by an order of magnitude in projected density and show that it is possible to use existing instruments to identify slow and fast rotators beyond the local universe a we find slow rotators with a distribution in magnitude similar to those in the virgo cluster a the overall slow rotator fraction of our bell 1689 sample is a the same as in virgo using our selection criteria a this suggests that the fraction of slow rotators in a cluster is not strongly dependent on its density a however a within bell 1689 a we find that the fraction of slow rotators increases towards the centre a as was also found in the virgo cluster a a firstpage a galaxies a kinematics and dynamics a galaxies a clusters a individual a bell 1689 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article early type galaxies a eggs a a despite having masses and luminosities that span several orders of magnitude a obey a number of tight phenomenological laws a these a collectively known as of scaling relations of a include the color a magnitude diagram a cd a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a a a a a a a a a the color- and excite relations and the fundamental plane excite a with their remarkably small scatter a |
9,182 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper stabilizing a pulling interferometer at a manometric level is the key issue to obtain deep null depths a the parsee breadboard has been designed to study and optimize the operation of a phased pulling bench in the most realistic disturbing environment of a space mission a this presentation focuses on the current results of the parsee bench a in terms of metrology a we phased at 0.33 no rms for the piston and of mas rms for the tip a tilt a 0.14% of the airy disk a a a linear quadratic gaussian a log a control coupled with an unsupervised vibration identification allows us to maintain that level of correction a even with characteristic vibrations of pulling interferometry space missions a these performances a with an accurate design and alignment of the bench a currently lead to a polychromatic polarised null depth of stabilized at on the a a spectral band a 37% bandwidth a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in spectrometry is a powerful method to characterize the hundreds of exoplanets discovered by indirect methods a and ultimately to search for life on telluric ones a as it allows to evidence atmospheric signatures of interest a h a co a ch a. a boosted by the thermal emission of the planet a the main challenge is to isolate the planet from its parent nearby star a one of the very few possible methods is spaceborne pulling interferometry a allowing implementing very efficient coronagraph at the diffraction limit a within this framework a several space projects such as darwin a the a excite a fksi or pegase a have been proposed in the past years of please generate the next two sentences of the article | most of them are based on a free a flying concept to create hectometric pupils with an acceptable launch mass a but the price to pay is to very precisely position and stabilize the spacecrafts relatively to each other and also with respect to an inertial direction a in order to achieve a deep and stable extinction of the star a |
9,183 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we summarize some predictions from the model of supermassive object with magnetic monopoles which match up with recent astronomical observations quantitatively a they may be the signals for existence of magnetic monopoles in the supermassive objects a such as one at the galactic center a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article most of physicists believe that the existence of magnetic monopoles had been ruled out by experiments a however a experiments only indicated that the flux of magnetic monopoles on the earth is too low to be observed a in the primordial universe a the electromagnetic interaction between magnetic monopoles and plasma is so strong such that magnetic monopoles might store up in the center of quasars and active galactic nuclei a an a during the collapsing process of the original giant nebulae a including at the collapsed core of the galactic center a go a a due to the rubato a allan a re a effect. please generate the next two sentences of the article | a magnetic monopoles may catalyse nucleon decay and is invoked as the energy source of quasars and an a the model of supermassive object with magnetic monopoles a some a excite a presented by one a up a of the authors a gave five predictions a some of which match up with the recent astronomical observations quantitatively a |
9,184 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we have performed deep imaging of a diverse sample of of low surface brightness galaxies a legs a in the optical and the near a infrared a using stellar population synthesis models a we find that it is possible to place constraints on the ratio of young to old stars a which we parameters in terms of the average age of the galaxy a a as well as the metallicity of the galaxy a using optical and near a infrared colours a legs have a wide range of morphologies and stellar populations a ranging from older a high metallicity earlier types to much younger and lower metallicity late type galaxies a despite this wide range of star formation histories a we find that colour gradients are common in legs a these are most naturally interpreted as gradients in mean stellar age a with the outer regions of legs having younger ages than their inner regions a in an attempt to understand what drives the differences in long stellar populations a we compare long average ages and metallicities with their physical parameters a strong correlations are seen between a long a star formation history and its band surface brightness a band absolute magnitude and gas fraction a these correlations are consistent with a scenario in which the star formation history of a long primarily correlates with its surface density and its metallicity correlates both with its mass and surface density a galaxies a spiral galaxies a stellar content galaxies a evolution galaxies a general galaxies a fundamental parameters galaxies a photometry a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article there has been much recent debate on the star formation histories a she a of low surface brightness disc galaxies a legs a galaxies with band central surface brightnesses fainter than 22.5 magarcsec a a the best studied legs are blue in the optical and the near a infrared a near a in a excite a indicating a young mean stellar age indoor low metallicity a their measured region metallicities are low a at around or below solar abundance excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | morphologically a the best studied legs have discs a but little spiral structure excite a the current massive star formation rates a frs a in legs are an order of magnitude lower than those of high surface brightness a hub a galaxies excite a observations show that legs have high gas mass fractions a sometimes even approaching unity excite a as |
9,185 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this contribution summarizes the main experimental results presented at the 2009 quark matter conference concerning single and lepton production in proton and heavy ion collisions at high energy a the lepton invariant mass spectrum has been measured over a range that extends from the mass to the mass a and for various collision energies at spa a fermilab a hera and chic a this paper focuses on the various contributions a photons a low mass vector mesons a open and hidden heavy flavors a to this spectrum and discuss their implications on our understanding of the matter formed in heavy ion collisions a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article single and lepton probes in heavy ion collisions are of particular interest since such probes a once produced a are largely unaffected by the surrounding cd medium a they carry valuable information on the particle from which they originate and allow one to assess the properties of the medium formed in the early instants of the collision a the following contributions to the lepton invariant mass spectrum are discussed here a together with what one might learn from their measurement about the properties of the medium formed in the collision a a low mass leptons originating from vector meson leptonic decay a a and a provide insight on the properties of these mesons in the high temperature expanding fireball produced immediately after the collision a where chiral symmetry may be a at least partially a restored excite a a a significant fraction of the virtual and direct photons produced at low a get a a a in heavy ion collisions originates from the thermal black a body radiation of the created fireball excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | measuring these photons therefore allows one to quantify the temperature of the fireball a a open heavy flavors a because of their high mass a allow one to study in a medium energy loss mechanisms in addition to what can be learned from light quarks excite a a heavy quarkonia are of interest because of additional mechanisms that are predicted to occur in the presence of a up and that would affect the production of these bound states excite a fig a a low-mass-vector-mesons a a left a shows the correlated simmons invariant mass distribution at the vacuum mass a measured by the name experiment in semi a central infin collisions excite a |
9,186 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the problem of weakly correlated electrons on a square lattice is formulated in terms of one a loop renormalization group a starting from the action for the entire brillouin zone a and not with a low a energy effective action a we reduce successively the cutoff about the fermi surface and follow the renormalization of the coupling as a function of three energy a momenta a we calculate the intrinsic scale where the renormalization group flow crosses over from the regime a a where the electron a electron a a a a a and electron a hole a a a a a terms are equally important to the regime a a where only the a a a term plays a role a in the low energy regime only the pairing interaction is marginally relevant a containing contributions from all renormalization group steps of the regime a after diagonalization of a we identify its most attractive eigenvalue a at low filling a corresponds to the representation a symmetry a a while near half filling the strongest attraction occurs in the representation a symmetry a a in the direction of the van hove singularities a the order parameter shows peaks with increasing strength as one approaches half filling a using the form of pairing and the structure of the renormalization group equations in the low energy regime a we give our interpretation of ares experiments trying to determine the symmetry of the order parameter in the bi2212 high- compound a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article an immense number of recent experiments on high superconductors aims at a determination of the form of the bus gap function in momentum space. josephson junction experiments, measurements of the london penetration depth, and of the cd nor relaxation rate excite are consistent with a -gap a particularly interesting are the ares data which provide rather precise information about the detailed angular dependence of the amplitude of the gap function a the experiments on the bi2212 compound show that the order parameter is maximal along the direction excite and that its amplitude in the direction seems to attain a nonzero value at a new critical temperature below of please generate the next two sentences of the article | excite the symmetry of the gap function is generally considered to be a sign of a pairing interaction of electronic origin a implying the absence of the standard photonic mechanism for superconductivity a the idea of a superconducting state induced by fluctuations of purely electronic origin in systems of electrons with coulomb repulsion is originally due to john and luttinger excite for the case of the three dimensional electron gas a |
9,187 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the stir a cd camera on the a hubble space telescope a hot a a was used to take deep optical images near the key main a sequence star eridanus in an attempt to find an optical counterpart of the dust ring previously imaged by sub a my observations a upper limits for the optical brightness of the dust ring are determined and discussed in the context of the scattered starlight expected from plausible dust models a we find that a even if the dust is smoothly distributed in symmetrical rings a the optical surface brightness of the dust a as measured with the a hst-/stis cd clear aperture at of a from the star a can not be brighter than about of stmag/" a this upper limit excludes some solid grain models for the dust ring that can fit the in and sub a my data a magnitudes and positions for discrete objects between 12.5 of to of a from fri are reported a most if not all of these objects are likely to be background stars and galaxies a based on observations made with the casa a sea hubble space telescope a obtained at the space telescope science institute a which is operated by the association of universities for research in astronomy a inc a a under casa contract as a a 26555 a these observations are associated with proposal go-09037 a also the space telescope science institute a and the institute for astrophysics and computational science at the catholic university of america a also eureka scientific a 2452 delmer street a suite 100 a oakland a a 94602 a 3017 member of space telescope imaging spectrograph investigation definition team a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a substantial fraction a % a of main a sequence stars show evidence for excess in or sub a my flux due to thermal emission from dust located at distances of of a or more from the stars a item a locations comparable to that of the super belt in our own solar system a this was first discovered using iras observations a edge a human it al a 1984 a 1985 a gillette a human 1983 a a and subsequently a observations with the james clarke maxwell telescope a submillimeter common a user bolometer array a jct a scuba a have directly imaged the dust distribution in a few of these systems a holland it al a 1998 a a including fri a greaves it al 1998 a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | eridanus is a key main a sequence star at a distance of about 3.2 pc a it is believed to be a relatively young system a gym a song it al a |
9,188 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper recently a there are two hints arising from physics beyond the standard model a one is a possible energy loss mechanism due to emission of very weakly interacting light particles from white dwarf stars a with a coupling strength a and another is the high energy positrons observed by the pamela satellite experiment a we construct a supersymmetric flipped a such a model a a with appropriate additional symmetries a a u1 gauge$u11 global zip a a a such that these are explained by a very light a electrophilic a axiom of mass 0.5 me from the spontaneously broken u1 and two component cold dark matters from parity a we show that in the flipped a such a there exists a basic mechanism for allowing excess positrons through the charged such a singlet leptons a but not allowing anti a proton excess due to the absence of the such a singlet quarks a we show the discovery potential of the charged such a singlet at the lac experiments by observing the electron and positron spectrum a with these symmetries a we also comment on the mass hierarchy between the top and bottom quarks a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the most looked a for particles on earth at the present time are axioms excite and weakly interacting massive particleswimps a excite a recently a hints on these particles have been reported from outer space sources a the of year old integral data excite gives the 511 key line of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the white dwarf cooling has been suggested by the emission of very weakly interacting light particlesvwlp a a mass less than eve a with a very small coupling strength to electron a a excite a at present a this white dwarf bound can be considered just as an upper bound a but in this paper we adopt a bold assumption that their best fit corresponds to the existence of a help a more recently a the remarkable observation of high energy positron excess in the satellite pamela data excite hints heavy a 100 get of tel a cold dark mattercdm a particles excite a |
9,189 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the main result of the paper is a new representation of the well lagrangian a massless dirac lagrangian a a as the dynamical variable we use the frame a item an orthonormal tetrad of convector fields a we write down a simple lagrangian wedge product of axial torsion with a nightlife element of the frame and show that variation of the resulting action with respect to the frame produces the well equation a the advantage of our approach is that it does not require the use of spinous a pauli matrices or variant differentiation a the only geometric concepts we use are those of a metric a differential form a wedge product and exterior derivative a our result assigns a variational meaning to the tetrad representation of the well equation suggested by of by griffith and re a sewing a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article throughout this paper we work on a manifold equipped with prescribed lorentzian metric a the accepted mathematical model for a neutrino field is the following linear partial differential equation on know as the a well equation a a the corresponding lagrangian is here a a are pauli matrices a is the unknown senior field a and is the variant derivative with respect to the levi a civil connection a where are christoffel symbols uniquely determined by the metric a the purpose of our paper is to give an alternative representation of the well equation a a well a equation a a and the well lagrangian a a well a lagrangian a a a to this end a we follow excite in introducing instead of the senior field a different unknown the so a called of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a frame is a quartet of real convector fields a a satisfying the constraint where a in other words a the frame is a field of orthonormal bases with orthonormality understood in the lorentzian sense a we define an affine connection and corresponding variant derivative from the conditions a read giving a system of linear algebraic equations for the unknown connection coefficients a |
9,190 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we observed the first known very high energy a the a -ray emitting unidentified source a tel j2032 a 4130 a for of hours with the magic telescope a the source was detected with a significance of 5.6 a the flux a position a and angular extension are compatible with the previous ones measured by the hera telescope system five years ago a the integral flux amounts to a 4.5.3.35 pm s above a tel a the source energy spectrum a obtained with the lowest energy threshold to date a is compatible with a single power law with a hard photon index of =-2.0.3.2 a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the tel source j2032 a 4130 a amazonian it al a 2002 a was the first unidentified very high energy a the a -ray source a and also the first discovered extended tel source a likely to be galactic a intensive observational campaigns at different wavelengths have been carried out on tel j2032 a 4130 a butt it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a 2003 a presented an analysis of the co a hi a and infrared emissions a together with first observations by a chandra a a a sec a and a reanalysis of la data a these observations showed that the tel source region is positionally coincident with an outlying group of stars a from the cygnus obj core a a although they failed to identify a counterpart a |
9,191 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we introduce and implement two novel ideas for modelling lenses quasars a the first idea is to require different lenses to agree about a this means that some models for one lens can be ruled out by data on a different lens a we explain using two worked examples a one example models 1115 a 080 a 1608 a 656 a time a delay quads a and 1933 a 503 a a prospective time a delay system a all together a yielding time a delay predictions for the third lens and a 90%-confidence estimate of gym a a assuming a the other example models the time a delay doubles 1520 a 530 a 1600 a 434 a 1830 a 211 a and 2149 a 275 a which gives gym a a a our second idea is to write the whole modelling software as a highly interactive java applet a which can be used both for coarse a grained results inside a browser and for fine a grained results on a workstation a several obstacles come up in trying to implement a numerically a intensive method thus a but we overcome them a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article some aspects of modelling lenses quasars are much as they were just after the discovery of the first double quasar 0957 a 561 a in one of the earliest lens a modelling papers a excite are concerned with some now a very a familiar issues a the effect on image positions of both the main lensing galaxy and other galaxies a the time delays predicted by the models a the non a uniqueness of the models despite the adequacy of the data a and the desirability of supplementary data about the lens a such as velocity dispersions or a a rays a but other aspects of the subject these days would have been unimaginable in 1981 a the first double quasar has been joined by dozens of others a the castles survey compilation excite currently lists of secure multiple a image galaxy a lens systems a with image positions measured to the mas level a even more precisely if there are compact radio sources a and please generate the next two sentences of the article | the time delay for 0957 a 561 a for which young it alps preliminary estimate was about a years a is now measured as excite a along with time a delay measurements for eight other systems a these excellent data demand new a more automatic a and more portable software tools for modelling the lenses a |
9,192 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper quiescent prominences are thin slabs of cold a dense plasma embedded in the much hotter and rarer solar corona a although their global shape is rather irregular a they are often characterised by an internal structure consisting of a large number of thin a parallel threads piled together a prominences often display periodic disturbances mostly observed in the doppler displacement of spectral lines and with an amplitude typically of the order of or smaller than of pm s a a value which seems to be much smaller than the characteristic speeds of the prominence plasma a namely the allen and sound velocities a a two particular features of these small amplitude prominence oscillations is that they seem to damp in a few periods and that they seem not to affect the whole prominence structure a in addition a in high spatial resolution observations a in which threads can be discerned a small amplitude oscillations appear to be clearly associated to these fine structure constituents a prominence seismology tries to bring together the results from these observations a edge periods a wavelengths a damping times a and their theoretical modelling a by means of the magnetohydrodynamics theory a to gain insight into physical properties of prominences that can not be derived from direct observation a in this paper we discuss works that have not been described in previous reviews a namely the first seismological application to solar prominences and theoretical advances on the attenuation of prominence oscillations a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the solar corona is often populated by peculiar objects a dense clouds of cold plasma inexplicably floating tens of thousands of kilometres above the photosphere a such objects are routinely seen during solar eclipses a when they can be easily distinguished by their red glow a but they can also be unveiled with the help of filters a such as h a devised to observe the chromosphere a fig a a fig a a a to put it in simple words a these objects a usually called prominences or filaments a are like chunks of chromosphere gas defying the downward pull of gravity and staying in a place higher than the one that apparently corresponds to their large density of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this is not the only enigma around solar prominences a in contrast with the my temperature of the surrounding corona a prominences remain at a comparatively cool 10,000 a a which prompts one to ask what prevents the mechanisms that heat the corona from also raising the temperature of prominences and consequently dispersing them a other pieces of the prominence puzzle concern their beginning and end a first a one may wonder not just how prominences form but also why they are born in an adverse environment a |
9,193 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we propose a new method for determination of the rotation velocity of the galactic spiral density waves a correspondingly a the coronation radius a a in our galaxy by means of statistical analysis of radial oxygen distribution in the galactic disc derived over cepheid a the coronation resonance happens to be located at pc a depending on the rate of gas infill on to the galactic disc a the statistical error being pc a simultaneously a the constant for the rate of oxygen synthesis in the galactic disc was determined a we also argue in favour of a very short time a scale formation of the galactic disc a namely a gym a this scenario enables to solve the problem of the lack of intergalactic gas infill a a firstpage a galaxy a fundamental parameters galaxy a abundances galaxies a spiral galaxies a star formation a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article it is recognized that the coronation resonance where the rotation velocities of galactic matter and density waves a responsible for spiral arms coincide a plays an important role in the galactic evolution and the value of the coronation radius is one of the fundamental galactic parameters a in literature one can find several methods of this quantity deriving in our galaxy a for instance a by means of analysis of arms geometry a stellar or open clusters kinematics a hi and his emissions a edge a lin it al a 1969 a marochnik it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | 1972 a mishurov a zoning 1999 a line it al a 2001 a fernandez it al a 2001 a dias a line 2005 a etc a a a in the present paper a |
9,194 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper following the recent theoretical interpretation of grab 090618 and grab 101023 a we here interpret grab 970828 in terms of a double episode emission a the first episode a observed in the first of a of the emission a is interpreted as the photo a black a hole emission a the second episode a observed after t a of a a as a canonical gamma ray burst a the transition between the two episodes marks the black hole formation a the characteristics of the real grab a in the second episode a are an energy of erg a a baryon load of and a bulk lorentz factor at transparency of a the clear analogy with grab 090618 would require also in grab 970828 the presence of a possible supernova a we also infer that the grab exploded in an environment with a large average particle density part/ and dense clouds characterized by typical dimensions of pm and a such an environment is in line with the observed large column density absorption a which might have darkened both the supernova emission and the grab optical afterglow a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article grab 970828 is one of the first grabs with an observed afterglow excite and a determined redshift of =0.9578 from the identification of its host galaxy excite a this source is still presenting today a after of years from its observations a an extremely rich problematic in the identification of its astrophysical nature a the a a ray afterglow was discovered by the asia satellite 1.17 days after the grab trigger excite and the data showed the presence of a feature around a key a maybe associated to a radiative recombination edge of a he or he a like ionized iron excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | particularly interesting was also a variable and large intrinsic absorption column which was found from the asia a the absence of an optical afterglow excite a the large intrinsic absorption column detected in the a a ray data excite and the contemporary detection in radio a wavelengths of the grab afterglow a imply a very large value for the circus a burst medium a com a a this variable absorption might be an indication of a strong inhomogeneous com distribution a excite described the presence of an evolving thermal component in the first of a of the emission of grab 970828 a as observed by the base detector on board the compton gamma ray telescope excite a |
9,195 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper condensates of atoms with spins can have vertices of several types a these are related to the symmetry group of the atoms ground state a we discuss how a when a condensate is placed in a small magnetic field that breaks the spin symmetry a these vertices may form bound states a using symmetry classification of vortex a charge and rough estimates for vortex interactions a one can show that some configurations that are stable at zero temperature can decay at finite temperatures by crossing over energy barriers a our focus is cyclic spin a condensates a which have tetrahedral symmetry a in an image of a nematic liquid crystal by polarized light a one can identify topological defects of various topological charges a see ref a excite a a bose condensates a see the books a are starting to provide another context for studying topological defects a in the texture formed by the phase a and a spin of a senior condensate a a see also excite for reviews of the theory and experimental techniques being applied to senior condensates a a a topological defect in the a phase a a of a superfluid a is a quantized vortex a the discontinuity in the phase as the defect is encircled must be for an integer a and the circulation of the vortex is then a in a single a component superfluid a multiply quantized vertices a a are usually not stable a the widely known explanation is that the energy of a vortex is proportional to a thus a doubly quantized vortex a a can lower its energy by splitting into two singly quantized vertices a similar arguments can be formulated for multicomponent condensates a but we will find that some vertices in these condensates can be very long a lived in spite of having large energies a our predictions are about condensates of atoms with spin in which the rotational symmetry has been weakly disrupted by a small parameter a such as the interaction between the spins and the magnetic field a a we focus on the -. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article vertices are simplest to understand for an interaction energy that has a single manifold a a of ground states and no hierarchy a the order parameter must move into far away from any spin texture a vertices are classified by the topology of the circuit traced out in by the order parameter on a large circle containing a vortex or set of vertices a although there are many ways to add wiggles to a given circuit a only the topological structure is important a leading to a discrete set of possible vortex charges of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a fig a iron a shows how a circuit may be tangled with holes in the space a as a vortex evolves a such a circuit can evolve only into other circuits that are tangled in the same way a thus the vortex charge is conserved a |
9,196 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the spin polarization and its associated spin a hall current due to electric a dipole a induced spin resonance in disordered two a dimensional electron systems a we show that the disorder induced damping of the resonant spin polarization can be strongly reduced by an optimal field configuration that exploits the interference between rash and dresselhaus spin a orbit interaction a this leads to a striking enhancement of the spin susceptibility while the spin a hall current vanishes at the same time a we give an interpretation of the spin current in geometrical terms which are associated with the trajectories the polarization describes in spin space a the ability to coherently control the spin of charge carriers in semiconductor nanostructures is the main focus of spintronics a band a structure and confinement effects in these systems lead to a strong spin a orbit interaction a so a offering the possibility to efficiently access the charge carrier spin via the control of its orbital motion a a versatile and efficient scheme of spin control is electric dipole induced spin resonance a edsr where electric radio frequency a of a fields give rise to internal fields coupling to the spin a choosing an adequate configuration of the electric of fields and a static magnetic field defining a quantization axis for the spin a arbitrary spin rotations can be realized a this is analogous to standard paramagnetic spin resonance techniques a has the advantage a however a that it can be integrated in gated nanostructures thereby avoiding magnetic of coils a in a two a dimensional electron gas a deg a with pure rash so the amount of spin polarization which can be achieved by eds is severely limited by disorder a similar limitations are found for pure dresselhaus so a however a if both dresselhaus and rash so are present interference between the two so mechanisms can occur and qualitatively new behavior emerges a such as anisotropy in spin. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article for a a and the functions and are given by a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a and and of please generate the next two sentences of the article | |
9,197 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the us a in mixing in the model on a non a commutative a no a space leads to new predictions in perturbation theory a including hatred rock type approximations a among them there is a changed phase diagram and an unusual behavior of the correlation functions a in particular this mixing leads to a deformation of the dispersion relation a we present numerical results for these effects in with two no coordinates a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article field theories defined on a no geometry are highly fashionable a in particular because they arise from a low energy limit of string theory excite a a no space may be defined by the non commutativity of some of its coordinates a i- a,=a i theta,.a a for a review of no field theories a see ref a the extension of actions of commutative field theories to their no counterparts can be realized by replacing all products between fields by the a star product a in the no model this replacement leads to the action,,a a where only the interaction term requires the star product a in perturbation please generate the next two sentences of the article | theory the one loop contribution to the a i two point function splits into two parts coming from the planar and the non planar graphs a the planar terms are proportional to their a us divergent a commutative counterparts excite a in the case of the non planar graphs the momentum cut off |
9,198 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this paper we propose a new inexact dual decomposition algorithm for solving separable convex optimization problems a this algorithm is a combination of three techniques a dual lagrangian decomposition a smoothing and excessive gap a the algorithm requires only one primal step and two dual steps at each iteration and allows one to solve the subproblem of each component exactly and in parallel a moreover a the algorithmic parameters are updated automatically without any tuning strategy as in augmented lagrangian approaches a we analyse the convergence of the algorithm and estimate its worst a case complexity a numerical examples are implemented to verify the theoretical results a example.eps save neath of of move of 220 into 220 220 into 220 of into closepath a setlinewidth save of stray fill restore stroke restore a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article many practical optimization problems must be addressed within the framework of large a scale structured convex optimization and need to be solved in a parallel and distributed manner a such problems may appear in many fields of science and engineering a edge graph theory a networks a transportation a distributed model predictive control a distributed estimation and multistage stochastic optimization a see edge excite and the references quoted therein a solving large a scale optimization problems is still a challenge in many applications excite due to the limitations of computational devices and computer systems of please generate the next two sentences of the article | recently a thanks to the development of parallel and distributed computer systems a many large a scale problems have been solved by using the framework of decomposition a however a methods and algorithms for solving this type of problems a which can be performed in a parallel or distributed manner a are still limited excite a in this paper |
9,199 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper along the line of thoughts of berry and robnik a the limiting gap distribution function of classically integrable quantum systems is derived in the limit of infinitely many independent components a the limiting gap distribution function is characterized by a single monotonically increasing function of the level spacing a and the corresponding level spacing distribution is classified into three cases a a i a poissonian if a a ii a poissonian for large a but possibly not for small if a and a iii a sub a poissonian if a this implies that even when the energy a level distributions of individual components are statistically independent a non a poissonian level spacing distributions are possible a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article an important property of quantum a classical correspondence appears in the statistical property of energy levels of bounded quantum systems in the semiclassical limit a universal behavior are found in the statistics of a unfolded a energy levels at a given interval a which are the sequence of numbers uniquely determined by the energy levels using the mean level density obtained from the thomas a fermi rule a it is widely known that a for quantum systems whose classical counterparts are integrable a those systems will be referred to as classically integrable systems a a the distribution of nearest a neighbour level spacing is characterized by the poisson a exponential a distribution a while for quantum systems whose classical counterparts are strongly chaotic a the quanta level statistics are well characterized by the random matrix theory which gives level a spacing distribution obeying the wigner distribution of please generate the next two sentences of the article | level statistics for the integrable quantum systems has been theoretically studied by berry a tabor a sinai a molchanov a minami a bleher a connors and keating a and marklof a and have been the subject of many numerical investigations a still its mechanism is not well understood a the appearance of the poisson distributions is now widely admitted as a universal phenomenon in generic integrable quantum systems a |
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