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9,600 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we compute next a to a next a to a leading order cd corrections to the gluon a induced production cross section of highs boson pairs in the large top quark mass limit using the soft a virtual approximation a in the limit of infinitely a heavy top quark we confirm the results in the literature a we add two more expansion terms in the inverse top quark mass to the result a since the expansion converges poorly a we try to improve on it by factoring the exact leading order cross section a we discuss two ways of doing that and conclude that the finite top quark mass effects shift the cross section at most by about 10% at next a to a leading order and by about of at next a to a next a to a leading order a pics numbers a 14.80.bn a 12.38.bx a 14.65.ha a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in the coming years a one of the main tasks in particle physics is the understanding of the mechanism of the electroweak symmetry breaking a after the experimental determination of the highs boson mass a the highs potential is fully fixed in the standard model a however a it is very important to independently measure the self a coupling of the highs boson a which can be obtained from studying the production of highs boson pairs a since the corresponding cross section is times smaller than the one for single highs boson production a highs boson pair production poses a challenging problem for the lac a even after the luminosity upgrade around 2020 of please generate the next two sentences of the article | there are a number of phenomenological analyses which investigate the possibility to extract the self coupling from cross section measurements a first studies have been performed more than of years ago excite a |
9,601 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in nuclear and particle physics one is often faced with problems where perturbation theory is not applicable a an example of this is the description of bound states a therefore a an exact solution of field theory to all orders is an unavoidable and interesting problem a path integrals provide a framework for exact solutions in field theory a in this talk i will present an economical method of evaluating path integrals using the feynman a schwinger representation a for a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the basic idea in the feynman a schwinger representation is to replace path integrals over quantum fields with path integrals over particle trajectories a the step of going from field configurations to particle trajectories dramatically reduces the number of degrees of freedom a in this talk we present analytic and numerical applications of feynman a schwinger representation excite to nonperturbative problems the first application is the calculation of body propagator in massive scalar red of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the second application involves the calculation of body bound state masses in scalar interaction a massive scalar red in a a a dimension is a simple interaction that enables one to obtain a fully analytical result for the dressed and bound state masses within the for approach a in a a a dimension |
9,602 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate the location and nature of the para a ferry transition of interacting electrons in dispersionless bands using the example of the hubbard model on the task lattice a this case can be analysed as a geometric site a percolation problem where different configurations appear with nontrivial weights a we provide a complete exact solution for the cd case and develop a numerical algorithm for the cd case a in two dimensions the paramagnetic phase persists beyond the uncorrelated percolation point a and the grand a canonical transition is via a first a order jump to an a unsaturated a ferromagnetic phase a a introduction.-the interplay of the coulomb interaction with the pauli principle was already recognized by heisenberg excite to give rise to a ferromagnetic exchange interaction a also encoded in hand a rule about aligned spins in a partially filled shell a for a many a body system of correlated electrons with a flat band a when the interaction energy completely dominates over the kinetic energy a the ferromagnetic instability is one of the few problems for which exact results are available a albeit for a restricted range of fillings excite a flat band systems are receiving a great deal of attention right now a in particular with the view of realizing new many a body phases there a see excite and references therein a a in this context a the possibility of ferromagnetism as a many a body instability is also being considered excite a it is therefore timely to provide a detailed study of the phase diagram and the critical properties of this form of magnetism a we analyse a flat a band ferromagnet with an on a site hubbard interaction of strength a for a any state involving electrons occupying the flat band only is trivially a ground state a crucially a this degeneracy is only partially lifted when a repulsive is switched on a first a since the flat band permits well a localized real a space electronic wave functions a at low density electrons can. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article these can be most transparently studied by considering the hubbard model a which describes electrons hopping on a lattice which interact with each other via an on a site repulsion a the hubbard hamiltonian reads in standard notations a let us consider the task lattice excite a fig a a fights a a as a representative for a cd system with a dispersionless a flat a band of please generate the next two sentences of the article | task a lattice decoration excite can be performed in arbitrary dimension a and also for other lattices a a this allows a direct comparison of cd and cd a for the lowest a energy one a electron band to be completely dispersionless a the two relevant hopping integrals obey the relation a where is the coordination number of the underlying lattice a |
9,603 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we find that multidimensional determinants of hyperdeterminants of a related to entanglement measures a the so a called concurrence or tangle for the a or a quits a respectively a a are derived from a duality between entangled states and separable states a by means of the hyperdeterminant and its singularities a the single copy of multipartite pure entangled states is classified into an onion structure of every closed subset a similar to that by the local rank in the bipartite case a this reveals how equivalent multipartite entangled classes are partially ordered under local actions a in particular a the generic entangled class of the maximal dimension a distinguished as the nonzero hyperdeterminant a does not include the maximally entangled states in bell a inequalities in general a edge a in the quits a a contrary to the widely known bipartite or -qubit cases a it suggests that not only are they never locally interconvertible with the majority of multipartite entangled states a but they would have no grounds for the canonical -partite entangled states a our classification is also useful for the mixed states a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article entanglement is the quantum correlation exhibiting confocal a inseparable a properties a it is supposed to be never strengthened a on average a by local operations and classical communication a lock a a in particular a entanglement in of please generate the next two sentences of the article | multi--parties is of fundamental interest in quantum many a body theory excite a and makes quantum information processing a zip a a edge a distillation protocol a more efficient than that relying on entanglement only in a two--parties excite a here a we classify and characterize the multipartite entanglement which has yet to be understood a compared with the bipartite one a for the single copy of bipartite pure states on a |
9,604 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we use distributed computing tools to provide a new perspective on the behavior of cooperative biological ensembles a we introduce the a ants nearby treasure search a ants a a problem a a generalization of the classical cow a path problem excite a which is relevant for collective foraging in animal groups a in the ants problem a identical a probabilistic a agents a initially placed at some central location a collectively search for a treasure in the two a dimensional plane a the treasure is placed at a target location by an adversary and the goal is to find it as fast as possible as a function of both and a where is the distance between the central location and the target a this is biologically motivated by cooperative a central place foraging a such as performed by ants around their nest a in this type of search there is a strong preference to locate nearby food sources before those that are further away a we focus on trying to find what can be achieved if communication is limited or altogether absent a indeed a to avoid overlaps agents must be highly dispersed making communication difficult a furthermore a if the agents do not commence the search in synchrony a then even initial communication is problematic a this holds a in particular a with respect to the question of whether the agents can communicate and conclude their total number a a it turns out that the knowledge of by the individual agents is crucial for performance a indeed a it is a straightforward observation that the time required for finding the treasure is a and we show in this paper that this bound can be matched if the agents have knowledge of up to some constant approximation a we present a tight bound for the competitive penalty that must be paid a in the running time a if the agents have no information about a specifically a this bound is slightly more than logarithmic in the number of agents a in addition a we give a lower bound for the. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the universality of search behavior is reflected in multitudes of studies in different fields including control systems a distributed computing and biology a we use tools from distributed computing to study a biologically inspired scenario in which a group of agents a initially located at one central location a cooperatively search for treasures in the plane a the goal of the search is to locate nearby treasures as fast as possible and at a rate that scales well with the number of participating agents a a variety of animal species search for food around a central location that serves the search a initial point a final destination or both excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this central location could be a food storage area a a nest where offspring are reared or simply a sheltered or familiar environment a central place foraging holds a strong preference to locating nearby food sources before those that are further away a |
9,605 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we review the basic properties of the haldane phase in spin heisenberg antiferromagnetic chains a including its persistence in quasi a one a dimensional geometries a using large a scale numerical simulations a we map out the phase diagram for a realistic model applicable to experimental haldane compounds a we also investigate the effect of different chain coupling geometries and confirm a general mean field universality of the critical coupling times the coordination number of the lattice a inspired by the recent development of characterization of symmetry protected topological states a of which the haldane phase of spin heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain is a preeminent example a we provide direct evidence that the quasi a one a dimensional haldane phase is indeed a non a trivial symmetry protected topological state a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article low dimensional interacting spin systems have long been a laboratory for the discovery of novel quantum states of matter a enhanced quantum fluctuations due to reduced dimensionality enable the appearance of multiple quantum phases with unique characteristics driven by the interplay between strong interactions a external a edge a pressure and magnetic field a and internal a edge a crystal field effects a potentials and lattice geometry that are suppressed in higher dimensions a the relative simplicity of the microscopic models facilitates the development of exact analytical solutions in many cases and powerful field theoretic and computational approaches in others providing greater insight into the emergence of these complex phases and their physical properties a concurrent rapid advances in the synthesis and characterization of low a dimensional quantum magnets have kept the study of these systems one of the most active frontiers in condensed matter physics a see landed and turnbull for a recent pedagogical review a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | one of the most remarkable results in the study of quantum spin models one that substantially enhanced our understanding of long range order in quantum many body systems is the pioneering work by haldane. by studying the non a linear sigma model in a a a a a dimensions a haldane conjectured that the ground state of the one a dimensional a cd a heisenberg antiferromagnet a harm a has hapless excitations for half a odd integer spins a whereas that for integer spins is separated from all excited states by a finite spin gap a haldane gap a a haldane a conjecture has inspired numerous theoretical studies of integer spins in low dimensions a primarily spins where the haldane phase is most robust a |
9,606 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this paper attempts multi a label classification by extending the idea of independent binary classification models for each output label a and exploring how the inherent correlation between output labels can be used to improve predictions a logistic regression a naive bayes a random forest a and sam models were constructed a with sam giving the best results a an improvement of 12.9% over binary models was achieved for hold out cross validation by augmenting with pairwise correlation probabilities of the labels a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article multi a label classification is the set of classification problems where the output vector has a variable length a the average number of labels per review varies across datasets a and in general is a function of the semantics of the text rather than the syntax a the learning algorithm needs to estimate the number of labels and make the correct predictions of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a previously multi a label classification problems were solved using problem transformation techniques a converting the problem into binary classification problems per output label a a or by adapting the algorithm to directly perform multi a label classification excite a this paper extracts correlation information between labels and factors the joint probabilities into the model a a given large datasets of product reviews from amazon and twitter and manually labelled multi a label classifications for each a ground truth a a the algorithm aims to predict all classifications for a review excite a |
9,607 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a known a sticky a hard a sphere a model a defined starting from a hard a sphere a yukawa potential and taking the limit of infinite amplitude and vanishing range with their product remaining constant a is shown to be ill a defined a this is because its hamiltonian a which we call she a leads to an a exact a second viral coefficient which a diverges a a unlike that of baxter a original model a she a a this deficiency has never been observed so far a since the linearization implicit in the a mean spherical approximation a a mesa a a within which the model is analytically solvable a partly a masks a such a pathology a to overcome this drawback and retain some useful features of she a we propose both a new model a she a and a new closure a a modified mesa a a a whose combination yields an analytic solution formally identical with the shs2-msa one a this mapping allows to recover many results derived from she a after a re a interpretation within a correct framework a possible developments are finally indicated a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in a seminal series of papers excite baxter first introduced the concept of the so a called a sticky hard sphere a a she a models a as the simplest a albeit crude a modernization for real fluids of spherical particles with a strong surface adhesion a in baxter a original formulation excite and its extension to the multi a component case excite a both hereafter referred to as she model a the pair potential contains a in addition to a hard sphere a is a repulsion a a infinitely deep and narrow attractive square a well a obtained according to a particular limiting procedure a baxter a a sticky limit a a that keeps the second viral coefficient finite baxter a although this model appears rather pathological at first sight a it includes a number of interesting features which justify its wide popularity of please generate the next two sentences of the article | first a the einstein a ernie a of a integral equation of the statistical a mechanical theory of fluids can be analytically solved for it within the a versus a device a a by a approximation and the solution exhibits a gas a liquid transition excite a second a baxter a model has already proven to be appropriate for describing some properties of colloidal suspensions a micelles a microemulsions and protein solutions with short a range interactions as well as some aspects of adsorption a flocculation and percolation phenomena a solvent a mediated forces a ionic mixtures a solutions with a small degree of size polydispersity and fluids of chain a like molecules a for an illustrative a albeit not exhaustive a list of references a see excite a a |
9,608 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate scalar and tensor fields in the brand model solution for the cd space a time with standing gravitational waves in the bulk and show that even in the case of increasing warp factor there exist normalizable zero modes localized on the brand a 0.3 pm pics numbers a 04.50.-h a 11.25.-w a 11.27.+d 0.5 pm a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the scenario where our world is associated with a brand embedded in a higher dimensional space a time with non a factorizable geometry excite has attracted a lot of interest with the aim of solving several open questions in modern physics a most of these models were realized as time independent field configurations a however a there have appeared several braneworld models that assumed time a dependent metrics and fields excite a here we consider the braneworld scenario with non a stationary metric coefficients recently proposed in excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the braneworld is generated by cd standing gravitational waves coupled to a phantom a like scalar field in the bulk a a key requirement for realizing the braneworld idea is that the various bulk fields be localized on the brand a for reasons of economy and avoidance of charge universality obstruction |
9,609 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the status of conventional baryon flux a tubes and hybrid baryons is reviewed a recent surprises are that a model prediction indicates that hybrid baryons are very weakly produced in glue a rich decays a and an analysis of electro a production data concludes that the roper resonance is not a hybrid baryon a the baryon decay flux a tube overlap has been calculated in the flux a tube model a and is discussed here a the behavior of the overlap follows nave expectations a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article comprehensive reviews on baryon flux a tubes and hybrid baryons are available a excite here developments since the last review in 2002 are summarized a a baryon flux a tube a a the consensus in quenched lattice cd is that the baryon potential at sufficient distances is best described by the sum of a coulomb a a a shaped confinement a and constant term of please generate the next two sentences of the article | excite this statement is independent of the lattice operator a and hence physical a excite the difference with belgian projected full lattice cd is small a |
9,610 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper is a electric pointiep a is the pm a at which the potential is measured to be zero a the occurrence of sep has been understood due to the neutralization of surface charge density a cd a at the solid a liquid interface a in this work a we use the potential trap model to study the sources of the surface charge density at various pc and pm a by taking the water a silica system as an example a it is revealed that in the case of a the cd is mainly originated from the dissociation of water molecules a and the bulk ions trapped at the interface can dominate the cd when a due to the mass action law a the dissociation of water molecules is suppressed at the pm close to sep a leading to a zero surface charge density a in this way a zero potential is obtained at the sep a it has also been obtained that the increase of the salt concentration in the water can decrease the potential a but increase the surface charge density a pics numbers a a 47.57.jd a 47.56.+r a 68.08.-p a 66.10.ed a 73.25.+i a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article electrokineticsek a in fluid is a classical subject defined as the study on the interaction of ions with the solid interface a and the dynamics of ions in fluid under external fields excite a the roots of the elk study are very broad and can be stemmed from various disciplines for decades a such as chemistry a biology a physics a and material sciences a with the development of nan technologies a the structure scale used to confine liquid can be narrowed from micro to nan a the increase of the surface a to a volume ratio in low dimensional structures leads to new elk behavior excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | those new elk phenomena can be applied to molecular manipulation a drug mixing a and electro a osmosis a etc a which stimulates the elk study experiencing a strong revival excite a a it is well known that the ions at the liquid a solid interface attract counter ions to form electric double layersedl a in liquid excite a as an example of water at a |
9,611 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a first a principles study of model domain walls a dos a in prototypic ferroelectric pbtio a at high temperature the do structure is somewhat trivial a with atoms occupying high a symmetry positions a however a upon cooling the do undergoes a symmetry a breaking transition characterized by a giant dielectric anomaly and the onset of a large and switchable polarization a our results thus corroborate previous arguments for the occurrence of ferric orders at structural dos a providing a detailed atomistic picture of a temperature a driven do a confined transformation a beyond its relevance to the field of ferroelectric a our results highlight the interest of these dos in the broader areas of low a dimensional physics and phase transitions in strongly a fluctuating systems a the structural domain walls a dos a occurring in ferroelectric a be a and ferroelastic a is a materials have become a focus of attention a recent studies show that the dos can present a variety of properties a from conductive excite and optical excite to magnetic excite a that differ from those of the neighbouring domains a which suggests that they could be the active element in nan a technological applications excite a elucidating the do behavior poses major experimental challenges a and the origin of most of the newly discovered effects remains unclear a in fact a we still lack a detailed structural and dynamical picture of the dos a and in many cases we can only speculate about the structure property relationships at work within them a hence a there is a pressing need for predictive theoretical studies tackling the dos at an atomistic level and at the relevant conditions of temperature a etc a the do structure a and even the possible occurrence of do a confined ferric orders a have been discussed theoretically for decades a usually in the framework of continuum ginsburg a landau or phenomenological model theories excite a materials with competing structural instabilities have been a focus. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in the following we describe the simulation methods employed as well as various technicalities pertaining to the calculation of some quantities a we also comment on the determination and quantitative accuracy of the temperature at which the domain wall a confined ferroelectric transition takes place a and on previous first a principles literature on the dos in pbtio a for most simulations we used the first a principles model for to described in ref a a where it is labeled of of of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this model can be viewed as a taylor series of the energy a around the ideal cubic perovskite structure a as a function of all possible atomic distortions and strains a the series was truncated at eth order and only pairwise interaction terms were included a |
9,612 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we find that the density dependence of the glass transition temperature of leonard a jones a la a and weeks a chandler a andersen a wac a systems can be predicted from properties of the zero a temperature a a glasses a below a crossover density a la and wac glasses show different structures a leading to different vibrational properties and consequently making la glasses more stable with higher glass transition temperatures than wac ones a above a structural and vibrational quantities of the glasses show scaling collapse a from scaling relations and dimensional analysis a we predict a density scaling of the glass transition temperature a in excellent agreement with simulation results a we also propose an empirical expression of the glass transition temperature using structural and vibrational properties of the glasses a which works well over a wide range of densities a according to the theory of liquids a repulsive particle interaction determines the structure of dense liquids a while attraction acts as a perturbation excite a the perturbative role of attraction has been questioned by recent simulations and experiments through the fact that a glass former with attraction can exhibit slower dynamics and consequently have a higher glass transition temperature than that with purely repulsive interaction even though their structures are similar excite a recent theoretical approaches such as the mode coupling theory have failed to explain such nonperturbative effects of attraction from the liquid side above the glass transition temperature excite a alternatively a some dynamical behavior of supercooled liquids excite can be viewed from the glass side a for instance a recent studies have shown that the heterogeneous dynamics of supercooled liquids and the glass transition temperature to a great extent reflect the quasi a localized nature of low a frequency normal modes of vibration of the zero a temperature a a glasses excite a can we also. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article #1fig a s a a a pair distribution function of particles a a a a density of vibrational states a and a a a participation ratio of the wac glasses generated from equilibrated states at different initial temperatures a the density is of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the legend shows the values of the initial temperatures.,scaledwidth=45.0% a a a a intermediate scattering function for a particles of wac liquids with a the density is a from the left to the right a |
9,613 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the magnetic field dependence of the magnetisation a a and the temperature dependence of the a susceptibility a a of cepd single crystals with are analysed within the frame of the quantum griffith phase scenario a which predicts and with a all is and is data follow the predicted power a law behaviour a the parameter a extracted from a is very sensitive to the re content and varies systematically with from -0.1 to 0.4 a the value of a derived from measurements on a cepd single crystal a seems to be rather constant a a in a broad range of temperatures between 0.05 and a a and fields up to about of to all observed signatures and the values are thus compatible with the quantum griffith scenario a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article cen and by a based -electron condo a lattice a al a systems have shown the most drastic forms of non a fermi a liquid a nil a behaviour excite a in these heavy a fermion a of a materials a the ground state sensitively depends on the balance between two competing interactions a which are both determined by the strength of the -conduction electron hybridisation a whereas the condo interaction leads to a screening of the local moments below a condo temperature a resulting in a paramagnetic a pm a ground state with itinerant -electrons a the indirect exchange coupling a key interaction a can mediate long a range magnetic ordering excite a a one of the explanations for such nil phenomena is the presence of a quantum critical point a up a at a particular a if the transition temperature of the long a range magnetic order is continuously shifted to zero by an external parameter a edge pressure a magnetic field or chemical substitution a a order quantum phase transition a opt a takes place at and a to which a up is associated a here of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the typical length and time scales of order parameter fluctuations diverge when approaching the transition point a these fluctuations are believed to be responsible for the observed nil corrections to the al prediction for the heat capacity a magnetic susceptibility a electrical resistivity etc a |
9,614 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we report our experience of the optimization of the lattice cd codes for the new operon cluster at desk hamburg a including benchmarks a details of the optimization using use a use instructions and the effective use of prefect instructions are discussed a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article lattice cd is a powerful method to study quantum chromodynamics a cd a in a nonperturbative way a in lattice cd a a path integral is directly evaluated on a discrete space a time lattice by means of the monte carlo method a as computer technology advances pc clusters can also be used for lattice cd simulations as well as a number of commercial supercomputers of please generate the next two sentences of the article | since lattice cd simulations demand huge computer power a it is very important to optimize the simulation codes so as to exploit the full potential of the processor a thus we optimize the hot spots of the codes such as the operation of a dirac operator to a senior a referred as hereafter a and linear algebra of spinous a edge a a scalar product of two spinous a a norm square of a senior a a add two spinous with a constant factor and assign the result to one of the source spinous in the simulation a a senior is defined as a vector with of complex components on each grid point a site a of the lattice a and a gauge field is defined as a complex matrix on a link a which connects nearest neighbour sites a |
9,615 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper recent studies show the importance of the star formation feedback in changing the energetic and structure of galaxies a dissecting the physics of the feedback is hence crucial to understand the evolution of galaxies a full polarization radio continuum surveys can be ideally performed to trace not only star formation but also the energetic components of the interstellar medium a ism a a the magnetic fields and cosmic ray electrons a using the ska precursors a we investigate the effect of the massive star formation on the ism energy balance in nearby galaxies a our multi a scale and multi a frequency surveys show that cosmic rays are injected in star forming regions and lose energy propagating away from their birth place a due to the star formation feedback a cosmic ray electron population becomes younger and more energetic a star formation also amplifies the turbulent magnetic field inserting a high pressure which is important in energy balance in the ism and structure formation in the host galaxy a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article to understand the evolution and appearance of galaxies it is crucial to study the ism a star formation interplay in galaxies a most of our information about the ism relates to its massive component a the gas and its various phases a its interplay with star formation can be addressed through the famous kennicutt a schmidt relation a schmidt 1959 a kennicutt 1998 a between the rate of star formation and the gas density of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the herschel and switzer space telescopes have made major breakthroughs in this area a by mapping the emission from dust and the gas content of galaxies a however a not much is known about the connection of star formation and the most energetic ism components a the cosmic rays and magnetic fields a and their role in structure formation in galaxies a as an extinction a free tracer of star formation |
9,616 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this paper a we propose two subspace a projection a based preceding schemes a namely a full a projection a fps and partial a projection a pp-based preceding a for a cognitive radio multiple a input multiple a output a or a memo a network to mitigate its interference to a primary time a division a depleting a add a system a the proposed preceding schemes are capable of estimating interference channels between or and primary networks a and incorporating the interference from the primary to the or system into or preceding via a novel sensing approach a then a the or performance and resulting interference of the proposed preceding schemes are analysed and evaluated a by fully projecting the or transmission onto a null space of the interference channels a the up a based preceding scheme can effectively avoid interfering the primary system with boosted or throughput a while a the up a based scheme is able to further improve the or throughput by partially projecting its transmission onto the null space a a a a index terms a a cognitive radio a interference mitigation a memo a preceding a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a cognitive radio a or a system may coexist with a primary network on an either interference a free or interference a tolerant basis excite a for the former case a the or system only exploits the unused spectra of the primary network a while a for the latter case a the or system is allowed to share the spectra assigned to primary network under the condition that it must not impose detrimental interference on the primary network a therefore a the interference from the or network to the primary system should be carefully managed and cancelled in order to protect the operation of the primary system a various interference mitigation a i a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | techniques applicable to or networks have been reported in excite a as for multiple a antenna or networks a transmit beamforming a for single a data a stream transmission a or preceding a for multiple a data a stream transmission a is an effective approach to proactively cancel interference from or transmitters to the primary network a on one hand a it steers the or transmission to avoid interfering with the primary network a on the other hand a it exploits the diversity or the multiplexing gain of the multiple a antenna or system to enhance the reliability or efficiency of the or system a |
9,617 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this work introduces microloan compactness forms a maps a as a new tool to study oscillations and concentrations in -bounded sequences of functions a decisively a maps retain information about the location a value distribution a and direction of oscillations and concentrations a thus extending at the same time the theories of a generalized a young measures and a a measures a in -spaces oscillations and concentrations precisely discriminate between weak and strong compactness a and thus maps allow one to quantify the difference in compactness a the definition of maps involves a fourier variable a whereby also differential constraints on the functions in the sequence can be investigated easily a distinct advantage over young measure theory a furthermore a pointwise restrictions are reflected in the of as well a paving the way for applications to tartar a framework of compensated compactness a consequently a we establish a new weak a to a strong compactness theorem in a of geometric of way a after developing several aspects of the abstract theory a we consider three applications a for lamination microstructure a the hierarchy of oscillations is reflected in the of a the directional information retained in an of is harnessed in the relaxation theory for anisotropic integral functional a finally a we indicate how the theory pertains to the study of propagation of singularities in certain systems of pres a the proofs combine measure theory a young measures a and harmonic analysis a mac a 2010 a a 28b05 a primary a a 35b05 a 35a27 a 49j45 a 35l67 a keywords a microloan compactness form a of a oscillation a concentration a microloan analysis a relaxation a microstructure a laminate a compensated compactness a hyperbolic system a propagation of singularities a date a a version 3.0 a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article one of the major challenges in the analysis of nonlinear pres is to understand oscillations and concentrations in weakly converging sequences of functions since these phenomena distinguish weak from strong convergence in -spaces a in its most simple form a this observation is already expressed in vital a classical convergence theorem a by which a norm a bounded a non a oscillating a contained in the requirement of convergence in measure a a non a concentrating a equiintegrable a sequence is seen to converge strongly a this connection between of abstract of compactness and of concrete of oscillation and concentration effects also supports the view that questions of compactness have a of physical of meaning and should be studied for their own sake a of a excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | another motivation for such a study is that often sequences of interest are constrained by a linear differential constraint a curl a freeness for a sequence of gradients for instance a indoor pointwise constraints a then a compensated compactness theory a see for example excite a considers whether these additional restrictions allow one to improve weak to strong compactness a in fact a in this vein a the term of compensated compactness of should probably be replaced by of compactness by compensation of a which is also closer to the french original of compact par compensation of a a but we here stick to the more conventional terminology a at the heart of this investigation |
9,618 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the dynamics of dislocation assemblies in deforming crystals indicate the emergence of collective phenomena a intermittent fluctuations and strain avalanches a in polycrystalline materials a the understanding of plastic deformation mechanisms depends on grasping the role of grain boundaries on dislocation motion a here the interaction of dislocations and elastic a low angle grain boundaries is studied in the framework of a discrete dislocation representation a we allow grain boundaries to deform under the effect of dislocation stress fields and compare the effect of such a perturbation to the case of rigid grain boundaries a we are able to determine a both analytically and numerically a corrections to dislocation stress fields acting on neighbouring grains a as mediated by grain boundary deformation a finally a we discuss conclusions and consequences for the avalanche statistics a as observed in polycrystalline samples a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article recent advances in experimental techniques have allowed the redefinition of the once supposedly well a understood problem of crystal plasticity a in spite of the traditional picture of a smooth fluid a like motion a acoustic emission a a a measurements on deforming ice crystals excite as well as more recent compression tests on metallic specimens excite have during the last decade made it clear that plastic deformation of crystalline materials proceeds as a heterogeneous and intermittent adjustment to applied external drives a such intermittency in plastic deformation had been for long observed excite and dismissed as considered unworthy of serious consideration a the recent discoveries challenge this picture since that heterogeneity appears to take over through the emergence of a burst a like scale a free behavior of please generate the next two sentences of the article | plastic deformation is found to develop through strain avalanches a characterized by power law distributed sizes and energy emissions a slip motion is found to follow fractal patterns excite and deformed specimens exhibit self a affine surfaces excite a |
9,619 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we construct open book structures on moment a angle manifolds and give a new construction of examples of contact manifolds in arbitrarily large dimensions a a key words a a open book decomposition a moment a angle manifolds a contact structures a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the topology of generic intersections of quadrics in of the form a where a has been studied for many years a for they are diffeomorphic to a triple product of spheres or to the connected sum of sphere products a excite a excite a a for this is no longer the case a excite a excite a but there are large families of them which are again connected sums of spheres products a excite a a a let a the generic condition a known as a weak hyperbolicity a and equivalent to regularity a is the following a a a if has or fewer elements then the origin is not in the convex hull of the with a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a a crucial aspect of these varieties is that they admit natural group actions a all of them admit actions a |
9,620 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper fluorine a a abundances are derived in a sample of a bulge red giants in blade a window a these giants span a factor of of in metallicity and this is the first study to define the behavior of with metallicity in the bulge a the bulge results show an increase in of a of with increasing oxygen a this trend overlaps what is found in the disk at comparable metallicities a with the most oxygen a rich bulge target extending the disk trend a the increase in of a of in the disk arises from synthesis in both asymptotic giant branch a age a stars and metal a rich wolf a rate a or a stars through stellar winds a the lack of an a a process enhancement in the most fluorine a rich bulge giant in this study a suggests that or stars represented a larger contribution than age stars to production in the bulge when compared to the disk a if this result for fluorine is combined with the previously published overall decline in the of a my abundance ratios in metal a rich bulge stars a it suggests that or winds played a role in shaping chemical evolution in the bulge a one star in this study exhibits a very low value of of a of while having a large of a abundance a this chemical mixture can be understood if this star formed from gas that was enriched by metal a poor core a collapse supernovae and may indicate that chemical evolution in the bulge was inhomogeneous a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article understanding how chemical evolution has proceeded in the galactic bulge can provide clues for models of bulge formation and evolution a it is not known a for example a whether the milky way bulge was formed rapidly in a single collapse or via secular dynamical evolution driven by the disk a certain elemental abundance ratios can be used to infer timescales for chemical enrichment within a particular stellar population of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the most studied of these ratios involves comparing the abundances of the so a called -elements a such as of a my a or a a a which are produced via massive a star core a collapse supernovae of type ii a snip a a to abundances of iron a which is produced in in a a probing elemental species that are created in other astrophysical sites a such as age stars or or stars a can add further constraints to bulge formation scenarios a |
9,621 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate the effects of the addition of are a main sequence evolution to star cluster simulations a we allowed stars to follow are a main sequence tracks that begin at the deuterium burning birthing and end at the zero age main sequence a we compared our simulations to ones in which the stars began their lives at the zero age main sequence a and also investigated the effects of particular choices for initial binary orbital parameters a we find that the inclusion of the are a main sequence phase results in a slightly higher core concentration a lower binary fraction a and fewer hard binary systems a in general a the global properties of star clusters remain almost unchanged a but the properties of the binary star population in the cluster can be dramatically modified by the correct treatment of the are a main sequence stage a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article over the past two decades a dynamical simulations of star clusters have become much more realistic a this realism takes the form of an increasingly complex treatment of individual stars in the cluster a for years a dynamical models only considered stars as single equal a mass points a the introduction of a mass function into dynamical models quickly necessitated some treatment of stellar evolution of please generate the next two sentences of the article | high mass stars have much shorter lifetimes than low mass stars a mass loss from high mass stars can remove a significant fraction of the mass from the cluster a and very high mass stars can completely dominate the dynamical evolution of the cores of clusters excite a binary stars also have a substantial impact on the cluster dynamics a by acting as energy sinks or sources a |
9,622 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper ground state of the quantum jan a teller model with broken rotational symmetry was investigated by the variational approach in two cases a a lattice and a local ones a both cases differ by the way of accounting for the nonlinearity hidden in the reflection a symmetric hamiltonian a in spite of that the ground state energy in both cases shows the same features a there appear two regions of model parameters governing the ground state a the region of dominating selftrapping modified by the quantum effects and the region of dominating phonon a assisted tunnelling a antiselftrapping a a in the local case a i a the effect of quantum fluctuations and anharmonicity due to the two a mode correlations is up to two orders larger than contributions due to the reflection effects of two a center wave function a a ii a the variational results for the ground state energy were compared with exact numerical results a the coincidence is the better the more far away from the transition region at the e symmetry where the variational approach fails a a ground state of quantum jan a teller model a a a selftrapping is correlated phonon a assisted a a tunnelling a eva majernkov a and so shpyrko of theoretical physics a palace university a to a of a listopadu of a cz-77207 olomouc a czech republic of physics a slovak academy of sciences a dbravsk cesta a sk-84 228 bratislava a slovak republic a list of content a a a introduction a a extended a lattice a generalized jan a teller model a a ground state of the lattice model a a ground state of the local model a a discussion of the numerical results a a quantum fluctuations in the local model a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article jan a teller model as a prototype model for phonon removal of degeneracy of electron levels in complex molecules excite was investigated mainly in its rotational symmetric e local version with electron coupling to two degenerate intramolecular phonon modes a one antisymmetric and one symmetric against reflection.importance of focusing on the lattice version of the model increased due to it a based structural phase transitions in some recently discovered high- superconductors and manganese a based perovskites excite a excite a for the reflection symmetric two a level electron a phonon models with linear coupling to one phonon mode a exciton a dimer a shore it al a excite introduced variational wave function in a form of linear combination of the harmonic oscillator wave functions related with two levels a two asymmetric minimal of effective polar potential turn coupled by a variational parameter respecting its anharmonism by assuming two a center variational phonon wave function of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this approach was shown to yield the lowest ground state energy for the two a level models excite a excite a the peculiarities due to reflection phenomena are also expected in the case of linear coupling with two phonon modes a |
9,623 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the current status of the theory of particle acceleration at relativistic shocks is presented a and a few possible scenarios for ultra a high a energy cosmic ray production at such shocks are briefly discussed a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article relativistic shock waves are widely thought to generate energetic particles producing high a energy emission in many astrophysical sources a the example of such sources can be hot spots in radio galaxies a jets in blazers and in galactic microquasars a a gamma a ray burst sources a and pulsar winds a it is also believed that high a energy cosmic rays have their origin in astrophysical environments in which relativistic shocks occur of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the aim of this paper is to present the current status of cosmic ray acceleration theory at relativistic shock waves and to briefly review and comment on the models proposed for ultra a high a energy cosmic ray production at such shocks a the basic acceleration mechanism discussed in the context of cosmic ray production at shocks is the first a order fermi process a |
9,624 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present the essential findings of the screening theory of the integer quantum hall effect a the a considering a quantum point contact a pc a a our approach is to solve the poisson and the schrodinger equations self a consistently a taking into account electron interactions a within a hatred type approximation for a two dimensional electron gas a deg a subject to high perpendicular magnetic fields a the coulomb interaction between the electrons separates deg into two co a existing regions a namely quasi a metallic compressible and quasi a insulating incompressible regions a which exhibit peculiar screening and transport properties a in the presence of an external current a we show that this current is confined into the incompressible regions where the drift velocity is finite a in particular a we investigate the distribution of these incompressible strips and their relation with the quantum hall plateaus considering a quasi cd constriction a item a pc a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the increasing amount of interest in quantum information processing attracted many experimentalists and theoreticians to investigate the transport properties of low dimensional charge systems a beyond interest to build quantum computational units a item a a bits a and the calculation algorithms which are supposed to be used by these units a the coherency of the information processing a or in other words information transport a is an essential challenge a since some of the proposed units are defined on the deg a the information carriers are naturally the electrons a in the absence of an external magnetic field a the well a known and well a defined lander channels excite are the best candidates for coherent transport a these channels are by definition ballistic and cd of please generate the next two sentences of the article | they are formed due to the size quantization of the system under investigation a a similar non a interacting single particle picture commonly used to describe the transport a also in the presence of an external magnetic field a is the so a called lander a biker edge states a la a is a excite a |
9,625 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study a non local version of the sine a gordon model connected to a many a body system with backward and umklapp scattering processes a using renormalization group methods we derive the flow equations for the couplings and show how non locality affects the gap in the spectrum of charge a density excitations a we compare our results with previous predictions obtained through the self a consistent harmonic approximation a carlos my nan and mariano of salvay a institute de africa la plata a department de africa a faculty de ciencias exacts a universidad national de la plata a cd of a 1900 la plata a argentina a a a consent national de investigations cientficas a tonics a argentina a a a keywords a a field theory a non local a renormalization group a pics a a 11.10.lm a 05.30.fk a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in general a quantum field theories have been built in the context of local models a however a there exist physical situations that lead to non local interactions in a straightforward way a let us mention a for instance a wheeler and feynman a description of charged particles excite a string theories with non local vertices excite a and non local kinetic terms that appear when colonizing fermions in a a a a a dimensions excite excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | as we shall see a several recently considered non local field theories are related to the study of electronic systems in one spatial dimension a cd a excite excite a indeed a in recent years the physics of cd systems of strongly correlated particles has become a very interesting subject since one can take advantage of the simplicity of the models at hand and a at the same time a expect to make contact with experiments a |
9,626 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the first generation of stars a commonly known as population iii a are expected to form in low a mass protogalaxies in which molecular hydrogen is the dominant coolant a radiation from these stars will rapidly build up an extragalactic ultraviolet background capable of photodissociating a and it is widely believed that this background will suppress further star formation in low a mass systems a however a star formation will also produce an extragalactic a a ray background a this a a ray background a by increasing the fractional ionization of protogalactic gas a promotes formation and reduces the effectiveness of ultraviolet feedback a in this paper a we examine which of these backgrounds has the dominant effect a using a simple model for the growth of the us and a a ray backgrounds a together with a detailed one a dimensional model of protogalactic chemical evolution a we examine the effects of the a a ray backgrounds produced by a number of likely source models a we show that in several cases a the resulting a a ray background is strong enough to offset us photodissociation in large -cooled protogalaxies a on the other hand a small protogalaxies a those with viral temperatures a remain dominated by the us background in all of the models we examine a we also briefly investigate the effects of the a a ray background upon the thermal and chemical evolution of the diffuse ign a cosmology a theory galaxies a formation molecular processes radiative transfer a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in cosmological models based on cold dark matter a cd a a the first stars are believed to form within small protogalaxies a with viral temperatures excite a cooling within these protogalaxies is dominated by molecular hydrogen a a which forms via the gas a phase reactions and even in the absence of dust a although the fractional abundance of that forms in this way is small a it is sufficient to allow for effective cooling and the formation of stars excite a as soon as massive stars form a however a they immediately begin to photoionize and photodissociate this of please generate the next two sentences of the article | photoionization requires photons with energies greater than a which are strongly absorbed by neutral hydrogen a and is only of importance within regions a photodissociation a by contrast a occurs through the absorption of photons in the lyman a werner band system excite a with energies in the range a |
9,627 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper elliptic flow of thermal photons has a great potential to explore the early time dynamics and evolution of quark gluon plasma a dependent temporal contours for photon spectra and elliptic flow from quark matter and harmonic phases a as well as the integrated results show gradual build a up of flow with time and relative contributions from different phases to that very clearly a unlike hadrons a photon flow is quite sensitive to the initial thermalization time a and its value can be estimated with the experimental determination of a photons a elliptic flow a time evolution a etc a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the observation of large anisotropic flow or in particular elliptic flow of different harmonic species at the relativistic heavy ion collider a chic a at brookhaven national lab a new york a provides a strong confirmation of the formation of up a photons are known to probe the properties of up in a relatively clean manner compared to hadrons a unlike hadrons a photons are emitted from every stage of the expanding system and also carry undistorted information from the production point to the detector a elliptic flow is known to provide information about early thermalization and collectivity in the hot and dense matter of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the flow parameter is quantified as the and fourier co a efficient of the particle distribution in the transverse momentum plane as a at mid a rapidity and for collisions of same type of nuclei only even cosine terms survive in the series below a a a a we have shown that elliptic flow of thermal photons for get aura collisions at chic a using ideal hydrodynamic model a reflects the anisotropies of the early harmonic phase at large values of transverse momentum excite a in a recent calculation of photon a considering prompt and jet photons along with thermal a a it is shown that the thermal dominates over others for get excite a for thermal photons along with contributions from pm and he a |
9,628 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper photoluminescence measurements were carried out on be -doped gas a al heterostructure at 1.6 a in magnetic fields a a up to a to luminescence originating from recombination of a two a dimensional electron gas a deg a and photo excited holes localized on be acceptors was analysed a the degree of circular polarization a a of the luminescence from fully occupied landau levels was determined as a function of and the deg concentration a a at constant a decreased with the increase of a two mechanisms of the dependence are discussed a a a the stark effect on a photo excited hole bound to be acceptor and a a the in a plane anisotropy of the intensity of optical transitions a a quantitative analysis shows that the influence of the stark effect on is negligible in the present experiment a we propose that the dependence results from the symmetry of conduction band electron wavefunctions and we give qualitative arguments supporting this interpretation a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article let us consider a gas a always heterostructure a the point symmetry group of the constituent semiconductors is a but the presence of the interface reduces the symmetry of the heterostructure to a lowering the symmetry has important consequences on optical properties a leading to an anisotropy in the a 001 a plane a this anisotropy is of the current interest and is studied both experimentally and theoretically of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the landmark experiments were carried out by jusserand a excite a wok a it al a a |
9,629 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper sources of error fields were indirectly inferred in a stellarator by reconciling computed and numerical flux surfaces a sources considered so far include the displacements and tilts of the four circular coils featured in the simple cut stellarator a the flux surfaces were measured by means of an electron beam and fluorescent rod a and were computed by means of a bit a savant field a line tracing code a if the ideal coil locations and orientations are used in the computation a agreement with measurements is poor a discrepancies are ascribed to errors in the positioning and orientation of the in a vessel interlocked coils a to that end a an iterative numerical method was developed a a newton a raphson algorithm searches for the coils displacements and tilts that minimize the discrepancy between the measured and computed flux surfaces a this method was verified by misplacing and tilting the coils in a numerical model of cut a calculating the flux surfaces that they generated a and testing the algorithm a ability to deduce the coils displacements and tilts a subsequently a the numerical method was applied to the experimental data a arriving at a set of coil displacements whose resulting field errors exhibited significantly improved agreement with the experimental results a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article error fields a eds a have been and are the subject of intense study in tokamaks excite where relative errors as small as or even are known to affect stability a cause disruptions a and degrade confinement and plasma rotation a error fields are obviously also very important in modern transport a optimized stellarator excite a whose performances rely on carefully optimized cd magnetic fields a the specially shaped coils that generate such fields are numerically optimized and a typically a are built and positioned with very high precision of please generate the next two sentences of the article | in other words a errors are minimized at the construction stage a vacuum fields are then experimentally characterized by a standard technique involving an electron beam and a fluorescent rod excite a |
9,630 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present an innovative technique which allows the simultaneous measurement of the dielectric constant of a material at many frequencies a spanning a four orders of magnitude range chosen between he and he a the sensitivity and accuracy are comparable to those obtained using standard single frequency techniques a the technique is based on three new and simple features a a a the precise real time correction of the amplification of a current amplifier a a a the specific shape of the excitation signal and its frequency spectrum a and a a the precise synchronization between the generation of the excitation signal and the acquisition of the dielectric response signal a this technique is useful in the case of relatively fast dynamical measurements when the knowledge of the time evolution of the dielectric constant is needed a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article dielectric spectroscopy has provided many information to the investigation of complex materials a and especially to the field of glass transition phenomenon a glass a forming systems a during the last decades a this technique gives direct access to the polarization of molecular dipoles allowing the study of relaxation processes a it can probe the molecular structure and dynamics of several materials like liquids a polymer composites a colloids a porous materials a or ferroelectric crystals excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it covers a wide range of frequency a typically from to he a going up to he with coaxial techniques excite a dielectric liquids of small molecules like the glass a forming glycerol excite or glass a forming polymers excite have been extensively studied a |
9,631 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper observations of structure in circumstellar debris discs provide circumstantial evidence for the presence of massive planets at large a several tens of a a orbital radii a where the timescale for planet formation via core accretion is prohibitively long a here a we investigate whether a population of distant planets can be produced via outward migration subsequent to formation in the inner disc a two possibilities for significant outward migration are identified a first a cores that form early at radii can be carried to larger radii via gravitational interaction with the gaseous disc a this process is efficient if there is strong mass loss from the disc either within a cluster or due to photoevaporation from a star more massive than the sun but does not require the extremely destructive environment found a for example a in the core of the orion nebula a we find that a depending upon the disc model a gas disc migration can yield massive planets a several jupiter masses a at radii of around of a of a a second a interactions within multiple planet systems can drive the outer planet into a large a normally highly eccentric orbit a a series of scattering experiments suggests that this process is most efficient for lower mass planets within systems of unequal mass ratio a this mechanism is a good candidate for explaining the origin of relatively low mass giant planets in eccentric orbits at large radii a accretion a accretion discs stars a formation stars a are a main a sequence planetary systems a protoplanetary discs planets and satellites a formation a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article with one exception a knack it al a 2003 a a all confirmed extrasolar planets have been discovered by the doppler velocity technique a the selection effects inherent to radial velocity surveys a cumming a marcy a butler 1999 a favor the detection of planets at small orbital radii a to date a about half of the known planets have semi a major axis a a while the most distant a of inc a a lies at a from its parent star of indirect evidence a however a suggests that there could be a sizable population of massive planets at much greater radii of please generate the next two sentences of the article | recent observations of dusty debris around vega have been interpreted as suggesting the presence of a planet of a few jupiter masses with a winner it al a further a simulations modelling circumstellar dust discs suggest a planet lies at a distance of a from epsilon eridanus a czerny it al a |
9,632 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper recent studies have indicated that the emission of gravitational waves at the merger of two black holes gives a kick to the final black hole a if the supermassive black hole at the center of a disk galaxy is kicked but the velocity is not large enough to escape from the host galaxy a it will fall back onto the the disk and accrete the interstellar medium in the disk a we study the a a ray emission from the black holes with masses of recoiled from the galactic center with velocities of a we find that their luminosities can reach a when they pass the patrons in the disk a while the a a ray luminosities are comparable to those of ultra a luminous a a ray sources a us a observed in disk galaxies a us observed so far do not seem to be such supermassive black holes a static studies could constrain the probability of merger and recoil of supermassive black holes a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article recently a studies in numerical general relativity have shown that merged binary black holes can have a large recoil velocity through anisotropic emission of gravitational waves a edge a a a a a a a a a a the maximum velocity would reach a although the actual distribution of kick velocities is very uncertain of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the discovery of such recoiled black holes is important for studies about the growth of black holes as well as the general relativity a supermassive black holes a a at the center of disk galaxies would be kicked through this mechanism a |
9,633 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper for a polytope we define the a flag polynomial a a a polynomial in commuting variables related to the well a known flag vector and describe how to express the the flag polynomial of the minkowski sum of standard implies in a direct and canonical way in terms of the a -th master polytope a where a the flag polynomial facilitates many direct computations a to demonstrate this we provide two examples a we first derive a formula for the -polynomial and the maximum number of -dimensional faces of the minkowski sum of two implies a we then compute the maximum discrepancy between the number of -chains of faces of a minkowski sum of two implies and the number of such chains of faces of a simple polytope of the same dimension and on the same number of vertices a a 2010 mac a a 05a15 a 05a16 a 52b05 a 52b11 a a keywords a a polytope a minkowski sum a master polytope a flag polynomial a -polynomial a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article for a polytope of dimension a the a face vector a of is given by where is the number of -dimensional faces of a it is an ongoing investigation to describe the face vectors for -dimensional convex polytopes a the case are the only cases where this description is complete a a nice theorem by steinmetz excite states that an integer vector is a face vector for a three dimensional polytope if and only if a i a we have the euler relation a a ii a and a iii a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | moreover a the first inequality is tight if and only if is simplicity a the second one is tight if and only if is simple a the only linear equation satisfied by the entries of the face vector is the euler a poincare relation a that holds for all polytopes of dimension a for higher dimensions |
9,634 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper it is meaningful to detect outliers in traffic data for traffic management a however a this is a massive task for people from large a scale database to distinguish outliers a in this paper a we present two methods a kernel smoothing nave bayes a no a method and gaussian mixture model a gym a method to automatically detect any hardware errors as well as abnormal traffic events in traffic data collected at a four a arm junction in hong kong a traffic data was recorded in a video format a and converted to spatial a temporal a st a traffic signals by statistics a the st signals are then projected to a two a dimensional a cd a a a a y-coordinate plane by principal component analysis a pc a for dimension reduction a we assume that inner data are normal distributed a as such a the no and gym methods are successfully applied in of a outlier detection a for traffic data a the kernel smooth no method assumes the existence of kernel distributions in traffic data and uses bayes theorem to perform of a in contrast a the gym method believes the traffic data is formed by the mixture of gaussian distributions and exploits confidence region for of a this paper would address the modelling of each method and evaluate their respective performances a experimental results show that the no algorithm with triangle kernel and gym method achieve up to a 93.78% a and a 94.50% a accuracies a respectively a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article it is desired that most events to be safe a stable or rather predictable a identifying an unusual event is a typical and vital topic in different fields a such as intrusion detection in caber security a fraud detection for credit cards a insurance or health care and fault detection in safety critical systems excite a we may call this unusual event as outlier or abnormality which is different from a usual event of please generate the next two sentences of the article | outlier is usually minor in a group of events a data while inner is the majority a of refers to detect any abnormal element in data which is not consistent with an expected behavior excite a |
9,635 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we have identified 469 doublet systems having in 252 keck a hires and uses a vat quasar spectra over the redshift range a using the largest sample yet of 188 weak systems a a a we calculate their absorber redshift path density a a we find clear evidence of evolution a with peaking at a and that the product of the absorber number density and cross section decreases linearly with increasing redshift a weak absorbers seem to vanish above a if the absorbers are ionized by the us background a we estimate number densities of per mpc for spherical geometries and per mpc for more sheetlike geometries a we also find that toward intrinsically faint versus bright quasars differs significantly for weak and strong a a absorbers a for weak absorption a toward bright quasars is higher than toward faint quasars a of at low redshift a a and a at high redshift a a a for strong absorption the trend reverses a with toward faint quasars being higher than toward bright quasars a also of at low redshift and a at high redshift a a we explore scenarios in which beam size is proportional to quasar luminosity and varies with absorber and quasar redshifts a these do not explain a dependence on quasar luminosity a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article quasar absorption line systems are an extremely useful means of statistically constraining the various scenarios of metal enrichment a inflow and outflow a ionization conditions a kinematics a and gas structure within galaxies and the ign a various absorption line studies have concluded that these systems are cosmological distributed excite a and numerous subsequent studies have identified specific galaxies associated with absorption a see a a a a a a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a a a a a a a a a a a a |
9,636 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper physical systems with a large scattering length have universal properties independent of the details of the interaction at short distances a such systems can be realized in experiments with cold atoms close to a meshach resonance a they also occur in many other areas of physics such as nuclear and particle physics a the universal properties include a geometric spectrum of three a body bound states a so a called asimov states a and log a periodic dependence of low a energy observables on the physical parameters of the system a this behavior is characteristic of a renormalization group limit cycle a we discuss universality in the three and four a body sectors and give an overview of applications in cold atoms a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the effective field theory a eft a approach provides a powerful framework that exploits the separation of scales in physical systems a only low a energy a or long a range a degrees of freedom are included explicitly a with the rest parametrized in terms of the most general local a contact a interactions a this procedure exploits the fact that a low a energy probe of momentum can not resolve structures on scales smaller than a in this talk a a using renormalization a the influence of short a distance physics on low a energy observables is captured in a small number of low a energy constants of please generate the next two sentences of the article | thus a the eft describes universal low a energy physics independent of detailed assumptions about the short a distance dynamics a all physical observables can be described in a controlled expansion in powers of a where is the characteristic low a energy length scale of the system a |
9,637 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the potentials in the nonrelativistic a relativistic a nucleon a nucleon a in a schrodinger equation are related by a quadratic equation a that equation is numerically solved a thus providing phase equivalent a potentials related for instance to the high precision in potentials a which are adjusted to in phase shift and mixing parameters in a nonrelativistic schrodinger equation a the relativistic in potentials embedded in a three a nucleon a in a system for total in momenta different from zero are also constructed in a numerically precise manner a they enter into the relativistic interacting in mass operator a which is needed for relativistic in calculations for bound and scattering states a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article traditionally the a semi a phenomenological high precision two a nucleon a nnpotentials ave excite a cd bonn excite and nim i a ii excite go together with the nonrelativistic operator for the kinetic energy in the in c.m.system a nevertheless a as is well known a this nonrelativistic schrodinger equation can be related to an underlying relativistic in schrodinger equation by a simple algebraic step, a applying to a a a a a from the left one obtains which can be identically rewritten into a a a a a if one defines with of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a we use in order to distinguish the momentum operator from the number a a therefore adjusting in a a a a a to the in phase shift and mixing parameters from a phase shift analysis and relating the com a momentum to the lorentz invariant lab energy via a a relation identically valid for relativistic and nonrelativistic kinematics a one has in fact solved a relativistic equation a |
9,638 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present observations from the small array of the arcminute microkelvin image a ami a of eight high a a ray luminosity galaxy cluster systems selected from the local cluster substructure survey a locus a sample a we detect the sundae a zeldovich a so a effect in seven of these clusters a with the assumptions that galaxy clusters are isothermal a have a density profile described by a spherical -model and obey the theoretical a a to relation a we are able to derive cluster parameters at from our so data a with the additional assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium we are able to derive parameters at a we present posterior probability distributions for cluster parameters such as mass a radius and temperature a a a combining our sample with that of ami consortium a rodriguez a gonzalez it al a a 2011 a and using large a radius a a ray temperature estimates a a from a chandra a and a suzuki a observations a we find that there is reasonable correspondence between and values at low a but that for clusters with above around key the correspondence breaks down with exceeding a we stress that this finding is based on just ten clusters a cosmology a observations a sundae a zeldovich galaxies a clusters a a ray cosmic microwave background galaxies a clusters a individual a bell 586 a bell 611 a bell 773 a bell 781 a bell 1413 a bell 1758 a zw1454.8 a 2233 and rxj1720 a 2638 a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the local cluster substructure survey a locus see smith it al a 2003 a 2005 a sample of clusters contains 164 clusters with redshifts between 0.142 and 0.295 a the locus aims to measure the relationship between the structure of galaxy clusters and the evolution of the hot gas and galaxies that inhabit them using gravitational lensing data and other observations spanning the electromagnetic spectrum from the radio to a a ray a example locus analysis papers relevant to this work are excite and excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we have imaged a subset of locus in the sundae a zeldovich a so a excite a effect with the arcminute microkelvin image a ami a see edge excite a centred at of ghz a the so signal arises from the inverse compton scattering of cosmic microwave background a cab a photons by the hot cluster plasma a see edge excite and excite a a with a surface brightness that is independent of redshift and dependencies on plasma density and temperature that are different to those for edge a a ray bremsstrahlung emission a |
9,639 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the offline processing of the data collected by the belle detector has been recently upgraded to cope with the excellent performance of the kerb accelerator a the 127 fb of data a 120 to on tape a collected between autumn 2003 and summer 2004 has been processed in a months a thanks to the high speed and stability of the new a distributed processing scheme a we present here this new processing scheme and its performance a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the belle experiment excite a located on the kerb excite asymmetric a energy collider a is primarily devoted to the study of up violation in the meson system a kerb has shown a very stable operation with increasing luminosity over the years a it has turned to so a called of continuous injection mode of last january a thus allowing a gain in the integrated luminosity of about 30% a in this mode a the beam particle losses are compensated by continuously injecting beam from the linear accelerator a without interruption of data taking a kerb has reached a world record peak luminosity of and an integrated luminosity of about a fb per day a in the meanwhile of please generate the next two sentences of the article | belle has accumulated a total integrated luminosity of 290 fb a about 275 million meson pairs a a among which 127 fb was collected between october 2003 and july 2004 a side run a a belle data acquisition and processing figures a |
9,640 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper full counting statistics of electron transport is a powerful diagnostic tool for probing the nature of quantum transport beyond what is obtainable from the average current or conductance measurement alone a in particular a the non a markova dynamics of quantum dot molecule plays an important role in the nonequilibrium electron tunnelling processes a it is thus necessary to understand the non a markova full counting statistics in a quantum dot molecule a here we study the non a markova full counting statistics in two typical quantum dot molecules a namely a serially coupled and side a coupled double quantum dots with high quantum coherence in a certain parameter regime a we demonstrate that the non a markova effect manifests itself through the quantum coherence of the quantum dot molecule system a and has a significant impact on the full counting statistics in the high quantum a coherent quantum dot molecule system a which depends on the coupling of the quantum dot molecule system with the source and drain electrodes a the results indicated that the influence of the non a markova effect on the full counting statistics of electron transport a which should be considered in a high quantum a coherent quantum dot molecule system a can provide a better understanding of electron transport through quantum dot molecules a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article full counting statistics a pcs a of electron transport through mesoscopic system has attracted considerable attention both experimentally and theoretically because it can provide a deeper insight into the nature of electron transport mechanisms a which can not be obtained from the average current blaster a lazaro a gustavsson a fujiwara a flint a fricke01,ubbelohde a fricke02,maisi a for instance a the shot noise measurements can be used to probe the dynamical in an open double quantum dots a ads a excite a the coherent coupling between serially coupled ads excite a the evolution of the condo effect in a cd excite a and the conduction channels of quantum conductors excite a in particular a shot noise characteristics can provide information about the feature of the pseudospin condo effect in a laterally coupled double ads excite a the spin accumulations in a electron reservoir excite a and the charge rationalization in the quantum hall edge milletari a in addition a the degree of entanglement of two electrons in the double ads excite a the phasing rate in a closed cd excite a the internal level structure of single molecule magnet xuejap10,xuepla11 can be characterized by the super a poissonian shot noise a on the other hand of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the quantum coherence in coupled cd system a which is characterized by the off a diagonal elements of the reduced density matrix of the cd system within the framework of the density matrix theory a plays an important role in the electron tunnelling processes and has a significant influence on electron transport gurvitz a braun a lunch a djuric01,djuric02,harbola a petersen a beckmann a aarau a schultz a schiller a in particular a theoretical studies have demonstrated that the high a order cumulate a edge a the shot noise a the skewness a are more sensitive to the quantum coherence than the average current in the different types of cd systems excite and the quantum coherence information in a side a coupled double cd system can be extracted from the high a order current cumulate excite a |
9,641 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we describe a procedure for mapping a self a consistent mean a field theory a also known as density functional theory a into a shell model hamiltonian that includes quadrupole a quadrupole and monopole pairing interactions in a truncated space a we test our method in the deformed -shell nuclei a my and a starting from the hatred a rock plus bus approximation of the us shell model interaction a a similar procedure is then followed using the sly skype energy density functional in the particle a hole channel plus a zero a range density a dependent force in the pairing channel a using the ground a state solution of this density functional theory at the hatred a rock plus bus level a an effective shell model hamiltonian is constructed a we use this mapped hamiltonian to extract quadrupole and pairing correlation energies beyond the mean field approximation a the rescaling of the mass quadrupole operator in the truncated shell model space is found to be almost independent of the coupling strength used in the pairing channel of the underlying mean a field theory a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article one of the major challenges in nuclear many a body theory is to develop a microscopic and systematic approach that would account for the most relevant correlations in the description of nuclear properties a most existing methods can be divided into two major classes a the self a consistent mean field a some a approximation excite a also known as density functional theory a dot a a and the configuration a interaction shell model a ism a approach excite a some theories are often cast in terms of an energy density functional that is minimized to obtain the ground a state solution of the system a there please generate the next two sentences of the article | exist parametrization of this energy density functional that are valid globally through the table of nuclei a such parametrization are usually based on the zero a range skype force excite or on the going interaction excite a |
9,642 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper inter a differential methods a currently exploited in calculus a provide an inexhaustible source of tools to be applied to a wide class of problems a involving the theory of special functions and other subjects a the use of integral transforms of the bored type and the associated formalism is shown to be a very effective mean a constituting a solid bridge between umbral and operational methods a we merge these different points of view to obtain new and efficient analytical techniques for the derivation of integrals of special functions and the summation of associated generating functions as well a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article operational methods a developed within the context of the fractional derivative formalism excite a have opened new possibilities in the application of calculus a even classical problems a with well a known solutions a may acquire a different flavor if viewed from such a perspective a this a if properly pursued a may allow for further progress a disclosing new avenues of study and generalizations a as it is well known a the operation of integration is the inverse of that of derivation of please generate the next two sentences of the article | such a statement by itself does not enable any means to establish of practical of rules to handle integrals and derivatives on the same footing a an almost natural environment for this specific assertion are the technicalities associated with the formalism of a real order a derivatives a item not necessarily positive a a in which the distinction between integrals and derivatives becomes superfluous a |
9,643 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper most current astronomical adaptive optics a to a systems rely on the availability of a bright star to measure the distortion of the incoming wavefront a replacing the guide star with an artificial laser beacon alleviates this dependency on bright stars and therefore increases sky coverage a but it does not eliminate another serious problem for to observations a this is the issue of psf variation with time and field position near the guide star a in fact a because a natural guide star is still necessary for correction of the low a order phase error a characterization of laser guide star a los a to psf spatial variation is more complicated than for a natural guide star alone a we discuss six methods for characterizing los to psf variation that can potentially improve the determination of the psf away from the laser spot a that is a off a axis a calibration images of dense star fields are used to determine the change in psf variation with field position a this is augmented by to system telemetry and simple computer simulations to determine a more accurate off a axis psf a we report on tests of the methods using the laser to system on the lick observatory shane telescope a we observed with offsets typical of separations between dim science targets and the nearest suitably bright tip a tilt guide star a up to of a if the tip a tilt guide star is used as the psf reference a the predicted street ratio within an a radius of the los can be more than a factor of two too high a due to not taking into account the field dependent anisoplanatism a a better result may be obtained by an improved empirical approach a repositioning the tip a tilt guide star to compensate for the additional a offset a this would result in a 27% relative error in street ratio a a simple gaussian model of psf variation can reduce the error in the prediction to % a some further improvement may by obtained semianalytically a by using telemetry from the to system a 14% error a plus a more sophisticated theoretical. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article an introduction to the problem of characterizing the psf of a natural guide star a nos a adaptive optics a to a system is given in excite a hereafter referred to as paper i a a in an nos observation a bright star is used to guide the to system while the telescope is pointed at a scientific target which is typically of a of away a and perhaps as distant as a a because the performance of the to system degrades for fainter guide stars a correction is poorer as signal a to a noise a a a a a on the wavefront sensor a was a decreases a any subsequent calibration observation must use a guide star of similar brightness a even so a the delivered correction depends directly on quickly changing seeing conditions a measured by the fried parameter a and is therefore not likely to be the same during the two observations a further aggravating this please generate the next two sentences of the article | a the spatial dependence of the phase error is dependent on the distribution of turbulence strength along the line of sight a given by the profile a where is height a a and thus psf anisoplanatism can be strong and change with time a therefore a calibration measurement done with the same offset but at a later time may provide little information about the psf at the scientific target a in paper i we discussed a method which may improve the determination of the to off a axis psf a |
9,644 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper two searches for new phenomena involving top quarks are presented a a search for a top partner in events with large missing transverse momentum a and a search for resonances in proton a proton collisions at a center a of a mass energy of a tel a the measurements are based on of and 200 of data collected with the atlas detector at the lac in 2010 and 2011 a respectively a no evidence for a signal is observed a the first limits from the lac are established on the mass of a top partner a excluding a mass of 275 get for a neutral particle mass less than of get and a mass of 300 get for a neutral particle mass less than of get a using the reconstructed mass spectrum a limits are set on the production cross a section times branching ratio to for narrow and wide resonances a for narrow models a the observed 95% cal a limits range from approximately of pm to 3.2 pm for masses going from 500 get to 1300 get a in randall a sundry models a kaluga a klein gluons with masses below 650 get are excluded at 95% cal a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the standard model of particle physics is believed to be an effective theory valid up to energies close to a tel a however a no new physics beyond the standard model a so a has been observed yet a and it is critical to explore a wide range of possible signatures a a promising avenue lies in final states that involve the heaviest of the particles presumed to be elementary a the top quark of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this document describes two searches for new phenomena involving top quarks using the atlas detector excite at the corn large hadron collider a lac a a the first search is carried out for a pair a produced exotic top partner a a a decaying to a top a antipope pair and two stable a neutral weakly a interacting particles a a which in some models may be its own anti a particle a excite a in most models a the has typical quark a like quantum numbers a and is produced through annihilation and gluon fusion a |
9,645 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the high a redshift radio a loud quasar pcs 2126 is found to have a large number of red galaxies in close apparent proximity a we use the gemini multi a object spectrograph a mos a on gemini south to obtain optical spectra for a large fraction of these sources a we show that there is a group of galaxies at a coincident with a metal a line absorption system seen in the quasar a optical spectrum a the multiplexing capabilities of mos also allow us to measure redshifts of many foreground galaxies in the field surrounding the quasar a the galaxy group has five confirmed members a and a further four fainter galaxies are possibly associated a all confirmed members exhibit early a type galaxy spectra a a rare situation for a absorbing system a we discuss the relationship of this group to the absorbing gas a and the possibility of gravitational lensing of the quasar due to the intervening galaxies a a firstpage a quasars a individual a pcs 2126 quasars a absorption lines galaxies a general gravitational lensing a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article quasars located at high redshifts provide excellent probes of the intervening universe a as their light travels through the universe a it is partially absorbed by neutral hydrogen or metals such as magnesium an effect detectable in the quasars optical and us spectra a these absorption lines provide an effective way of probing the evolution of metal a bearing gas over a large range of redshifts a as the sensitivity to absorption is largely independent of redshift a depending only on the background source a surface brightness of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the absorption systems in particular are most likely associated with foreground galaxies excite a based on the velocity structure within the systems a the clustering properties of the absorbers a and the presence of metals that have most likely been produced locally a when identified a most of these galaxies appear to be spirals a edge a a a a |
9,646 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a theoretical study on polarities in highly doped semiconductor microcavities a in particular a we focus on a cavity mode that is resonant with the absorption threshold a a fermi edge a a a in agreement with experimental results a the strong light a matter coupling is maintained under very high doping within our ladder diagram approximation a while the lower polarity is qualitatively unaltered a it acquires a finite lifetime due to relaxation of the valence band hole if the electron density exceeds a certain critical value a on the other hand the upper polarity has a finite lifetime for all densities a because it lies in the electron a hole continuum where no bound state exists a our calculations show that a narrow upper polarity quasiparticle still exists as a result from the interplay between light a matter coupling and final state coulomb interaction a microgravity polarities are bosnia quasiparticles that appear in a semiconductor microgravity with an embedded quantum well a of a when the cavity is tuned to an exciton transition in the of a in the last decade they have emerged as quasiparticles with many favorable properties for studying quantum optics and many a body physics in integrated photonic structures a bose a einstein condensation of polarities and their superfluid properties have been investigated in detail both experimentally and theoretically excite a in these studies a the tunability of the polarity properties is often exploited a for example a the number of quantum wells is varied to change the rabi frequency a etching a strain and surface acoustic waves have been used to create potentials for the polarities a a tuning parameter that has received relatively little attention is the introduction of charges in the of that interact with the polarities a in the case of low charge concentration a ionic bound states exist and a ionic polarity is observed excite a an experiment with high density modulation doping was performed by gabby a it al a.. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in this section we derive the expression for the matter hamiltonian a a a used in the article a with the assumption of a frequency a independent final state coulomb interaction a from the ladder diagrams in fig a a a a bethe a salter equation for the electron a hole bubble can be found along the lines of ref a this integral equation for the vertex factor is given by the solution of this equation yields the photon polarization by the following relation where for simplicity we have set the photon momentum equal to zero of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the function is given by the matsuyama summation over the internal fermion frequency of the electron and hole propagators a defined in fig a a a because we consider a zero photon momentum a only electrons and holes with opposite momentum contribute a |
9,647 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study a stable a solution a like solution in the linear -model where the chiral fields are coupled to a single massless nonstrange quark a we investigate a possibility that this solution represents the constituent quark of george and manor a we show that its properties are indeed consistent with nucleon observables a furthermore a we derive chiral meson exchange potentials between such objects which are similar to recently used potentials in the constituent quark models a and a pics a a 12.39.fe a 14.65.bt a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the successes of the nonrelativistic constituent quark models stimulate the study of the microscopic structure of the constituent quark a such a structure can not only influence predictions for many observables of the nucleon but also offer a possibility to derive an important part of the effective interaction between constituent quarks a the idea that the constituent quark is represented by a current quark surrounded by a chiral field a stems from george and manor excite and has been further elaborated by chen and i excite a and by baumgartner a printer a knigsmann and pooh excite in order to account for the parton counting in deep inelastic scattering a related to the flavour asymmetry of sea quarks as given by the gottfried sum a and to strangeness and spin content of the nucleon a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we offer an explicit candidate for such a constituent quark a a solution a like solution of a coherent state of pions and -mesons around a massless quark in the linear -model a the choice of a masonic rather than gluon description of the structure of the constituent quark is based on the experience that the scale for chiral symmetry breaking and emergence of chiral goldstone bosons appears at lower energies than the confinement scale where gluons dominate a |
9,648 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present near a infrared spectroscopy for a complete sample of of ultraluminous infrared galaxies at a resolution of a most of the wavelength range from 1.802.20 a in the rest frame is covered a including the pa and br hydrogen recombination lines a and the molecular hydrogen vibration a rotation of see a and see a lines a other species a such as he i a a be ii a a and a is i a appear in the spectra as well a in addition to a number of weaker molecular hydrogen lines a nuclear extractions for each of the individual galaxies are presented here a along with spectra of secondary nuclei a where available a the pa emission is seen to be highly concentrated on the nuclei a typically with very little emission extending beyond a radius of a pc a this survey was carried out primarily to search for signatures of active nuclei via velocity a broadened hydrogen recombination or the presence of the a is i a coronal line a these signatures are rare in the present sample a occurring in only two of the of galaxies a the extinction to the hydrogen recombination lines is investigated via the pa line ratio a it is found that visual extinctions to the nuclei in excess of of magnitudes are relatively common among rulings a and that visual extinctions greater than of mag are necessary to conceal a so emitting half the total biometric luminosity a the ionized hydrogen regions in many rulings are sufficiently obscured that dust a enshrouded active galactic nuclei would remain hidden at a a at the current level of sensitivity a the vibration a rotation lines of molecular hydrogen appear to be predominantly thermal in origin a with effective temperatures generally around 2200 of the relative nuclear velocities between double nucleus rulings are investigated a through which it is inferred that the maximum projected velocity difference is pm s a this figure is lower than the velocities predicted by physical models of strong. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article understanding the nature of the ultimate power source in ultraluminous infrared galaxies a rulings a has been a primary driver for numerous scientific investigations ever since the discovery in the 1980 a that rulings represent the most luminous class of galaxies in the local universe a with total power outputs comparable to those of quasars a characterizing the source of power is of fundamental importance in understanding the composition and evolution of normal galaxies a rulings are found to share the common trait that virtually all have recently or are currently experiencing major encounters with other galaxies excite a encounters like these may play a significant role in the process of building normal galaxies a with the discovery of faint sources at sub a millimetre wavelengths having characteristic spectral energy distributions like that typically found in rulings a edge a arp 220 a and redshifts a the importance of understanding these systems and their role in the evolution of normal galaxies has been heightened of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the present survey was designed to look for near a infrared spectral signatures of obscured active galactic nuclei a an a in rulings a either by the presence of velocity a broadened pa emission or by the appearance of the high excitation a coronal line a a summary of the conclusions of this survey a along with a median using near a infrared spectrum a are presented in excite a |
9,649 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper segmenting images of low quality or with missing data is a challenging problem a integrating statistical prior information about the shapes to be segmented can improve the segmentation results significantly a most shape a based segmentation algorithms optimize an energy functional and find a point estimate for the object to be segmented a this does not provide a measure of the degree of confidence in that result a neither does it provide a picture of other probable solutions based on the data and the priors a with a statistical view a addressing these issues would involve the problem of characterizing the posterior densities of the shapes of the objects to be segmented a for such characterization a we propose a markov chain monte carlo a mac a sampling a based image segmentation algorithm that uses statistical shape priors a in addition to better characterization of the statistical structure of the problem a such an approach would also have the potential to address issues with getting stuck at local optima a suffered by existing shape a based segmentation methods a our approach is able to characterize the posterior probability density in the space of shapes through its samples a and to return multiple solutions a potentially from different modes of a multimodal probability density a which would be encountered a edge a in segmenting objects from multiple shape classes a we present promising results on a variety of data sets a we also provide an extension for segmenting shapes of objects with parts that can go through independent shape variations a this extension involves the use of local shape priors on object parts and provides robustness to limitations in shape training data size a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article prior knowledge about the shapes to be segmented is required for segmentation of images involving limited and low quality data a in many applications a object shapes come from multiple classes a item a the prior shape density is multimodal a a and the algorithm does not know the class of the object in the scene a for example a in the problem of segmenting objects in a natural scene a edge a cars a planes a trees a etc a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a a segmentation algorithm should contain a training set of objects from different classes a another example of a multimodal density is the shape density of multiple handwritten digits a edge a in an optical character segmentation and recognition problem a in this paper a we consider segmentation problems that involve limited and challenging image data together with complex and potentially multimodal shape prior densities a a cols a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a |
9,650 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this brief comment a we consider the exact a deterministic a and nonasymptotic transformation of multiple copies of pure states under lock a it was conjectured in quant a ph/0103131 that a if copies of can be transformed to copies of a the same holds for all a we present counterexamples to the above conjecture a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article we consider pure bipartite states shared by alice and bob a let and be the labels of their respective quantum systems a each with dimensions a suppose alice and bob want to transform a state to another state of please generate the next two sentences of the article | they each have complete classical descriptions of the states a but they can only perform local quantum operations and classical communication a lock a excite a the transformation can be performed under many scenarios a the final state can be exactly or approximately the desired output a and the transformation can work deterministically or with certain probability a |
9,651 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we report new detections of the hotshots in cygnus a at 4.5 and 8.0 microns with the a switzer space telescope together with detailed published radio observations and synchrotron self a compton modelling of previous a a ray detections a we reconstruct the underlying electron energy spectra of the two brightest hotshots a a and a a a the low a energy portion of the electron distributions have flat power a law slopes a a up to the break energy which corresponds almost exactly to the mass ratio between protons and electrons a we argue that these features are most likely intrinsic rather than due to absorption effects a beyond the break a the electron spectra continue to higher energies with very steep slopes a thus a there is no evidence for the a canonical a see slope expected in st order fermi a type shocks within the whole observable electron energy range a we discuss the significance of these observations and the insight offered into high a energy particle acceleration processes in mildly relativistic shocks a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article cygnus a is the nearest example a =0.056 a of a powerful fanaroff a riley type a ii radio galaxy a as such a it contains some of the brightest radio hotshots to study these classical a working surfaces a of relativistic jets a margrave a ryle 1974 a bradford a fees 1974 a a although the hotshots are well a studied at radio and a a ray wavelengths a a a a cygnus a is viewed through the galactic plane a making them difficult to study at optical wavelengths a 1.26 mag of extinction at a a band a meisenheimer it al a additionally a it is well known that bright foreground stars lie in the direction of cygnus a a and this has also hindered optical studies of the hotshots a to circumvent these obstacles please generate the next two sentences of the article | a we obtained new a switzer space telescope a images a figure a a resulting in successful mid a infrared detections of the hotshots a |
9,652 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate the tuning behavior of a novel type of single a frequency optical synthesizers by phase comparison of the output signals of two identical devices a we achieve phase a stable and cycle slip free frequency tuning over 28.1 ghz with a maximum zero a to a peak phase deviation of of mad a in contrast to previous implementations of single a frequency optical synthesizers a no comb line order switching is needed when tuned over more than one comb line spacing range of the employed frequency comb a a single a frequency optical synthesizer a sos a is the analog of an electrical synthesizer in the optical domain a it provides a single a frequency optical field whose frequency and phase can be arbitrarily adjusted within a certain spectral range and resolution while it is related to a reference signal in a phase a coherent fashion a in an ideal case it combines the best of two worlds in a tunable way a item the spectral resolution of narrow linewidth frequency stabilized lasers with the broad spectral coverage of frequency combs a a such an sos has applications in basic research edge in precision spectroscopy excite a frequency metrology and quantum optics but could also enable the development or improvement of a number of useful practical devices in optical metrology like high resolution optical spectrum or vector analysers a phase stable cd the a synthesizers excite a high resolution a high dynamic range optical frequency domain refractometers based on frequency scanning a optical coherence tomography excite or traceable range finders and laser trackers a a the invention of frequency combs excite a which consist of a broadband fixed frequency grid with well a defined frequency and phase relations between the individual comb lines a has enabled the most sophisticated sos approaches up to date excite a these implementations are based on phase a locking of a single a frequency of clean a up of laser to an individual comb line of a frequency comb and subsequent tuning of the repetition. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article we gratefully acknowledge project management support by pm leaching a the work was funded by the german ministry of economics and technology a him projects kf2303709 and kf2806204 a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | |
9,653 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study a mixture of one a dimensional bosons and skinless fermions at incommensurate filling using phenomenological colonization and green a functions techniques a we derive the relation between the parameters of the microscopic hamiltonian and macroscopic observables a galilean invariance results in extra constraints for the current current interactions a we obtain the exact exponents for the various response functions a and show that superfluid fluctuations are enhanced by the effective boson a fermion density a density interaction and suppressed by the effective boson a fermion current a current interaction a in the case of a colonized model with purely density a density interaction a when the effective boson a fermion density a density interaction is weak enough a the superfluid exponent of the bosons has a non a monotonous variation with the ratio of the fermion velocity to the boson velocity a by contrast a density a wave exponent and the exponent for fermion superfluity are monotonous functions of the velocity ratio a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the recent development of atom trapping technologies excite has led to the opening of new research fields of many a body physics a in particular a the possibility of controlling to a large degree the shape of the trapping potential has permitted the experimental realization of nearly isolated low dimensional interacting boson systems excite a and the observation of the bosnia mott insulator excite a moreover a the use of fan a meshach resonances excite allows experimentalist to control interaction strength in the low dimensional atomic gases excite a this has permitted the observation of the girardeau excite feminization of one a dimensional bosons with strongly repulsive interactions excite a from the theoretical point of view a fermions as well as bosons with repulsive interactions in one dimension are in the toyonaka a luttinger liquid state excite a the colonization technique excite allows the description of their low a energy physics in terms of collective phonon a like modes as well as the computation of the various correlation functions of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it is found that in the toyonaka a luttinger liquid state at zero temperature a only quasi a long range order a whether superfluid or density wave a can be obtained a with correlation functions decaying as power laws a the exponent of the power law being a rational function of the toyonaka a luttinger parameter a this parameter depends on interaction a in the case of bosons with contact interaction |
9,654 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper self a assembly materials are traditionally designed so that molecular or mesh a scale components form a single kind of large structure a here a we propose a scheme to create multifarious assembly mixtures a a which self a assemble many different large structures from a set of shared components a we show that the number of multifarious structures stored in the solution of components increases rapidly with the number of different types of components a yet a each stored structure can be retrieved by tuning only a few parameters a the number of which is only weakly dependent on the size of the assembled structure a implications for artificial and biological self a assembly are discussed a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a classical example of self a assembly is crystallization a at low temperatures the crystalline phase is typically stable a and thus grows spontaneously from solution through homogeneous nucleation a if several competing crystalline phases are allowed by microscopic interactions a the efficient production of a desired phase often requires heterogeneous nucleation from a seed of this phase a with precise annealing protocols excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | more complex microscopic interactions may lead to a glassy phase with many competing structures a however a it is generally impossible to control local compositions or microscopic interactions to obtain a particular structure a recently a there has been a dramatic change in macromolecular and colloidal assembly techniques a made possible by the use of copolymers a such as dan a to create a large variety of inter a component interactions a |
9,655 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in two previous papers a i introduced superspreader a is a epidemic models a offered some theoretical discussion of prevention issues a and fitted some models to data sets derived from published accounts of the ongoing mars epidemic a concluding that a pandemic is likely a a continuing on this theme a here i discuss prediction a whether a in a disease outbreak driven by superspreader events a a rigorous decision point meaning a declaration that a pandemic is imminent can be defined a i show that all sources of prediction bias contribute to generating false negatives a item a discounting the chance of a pandemic when it is looming or has already started a a nevertheless a the statistical difficulties can be overcome by improved data gathering and use of known techniques that decrease bias a one peculiarity of the is epidemic is that the prediction can sometimes be made long before the actual pandemic onset a generating lead time to alert the medical community and the public a thus modelling is useful to overcome a false sense of security arising from the long of kindling times of characteristic of is epidemics and certain political a psychological factors a as well as improve the public health response a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article again i avoid the standard journal format a the only prerequisites for reading the main text of this paper are some familiarity with common statistical terms or phrases such as of bias of and of maximum a likelihood estimation a of which i assume most readers will recall from a college statistics course or will look up on wikipedia a i will relegate the statistical heavy a lifting to an appendix of please generate the next two sentences of the article | perhaps the single most important contribution a mathematical modeller can make for public health would be to invent a tool that could predict the occurrence of a deadly world a wide pandemic of an infectious disease a as is well a known a most such diseases derive from zoonosis transmission events a meaning from an animal host in which the disease organism is endemic a or is currently causing an epizootic a to humans a a examples include plague a influenza a ebola a his a cars a and mars a when a pathogen jumps species there is a likely requirement of certain genetic modifications before it can cause efficient transmission in the new host population a |
9,656 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we measured the electrical resistivity from of up to 900k on high quality single crystals of lu a a clear thermal hysteresis was found at the onset of the charge density wave a cd a a evidencing the first order nature of the transition a when tantalum is included in the compound a the cd is destroyed and the superconducting critical temperature is enhanced a finally a we present specific heat and magnetic penetration depth in the eisner state a we show that the superconducting properties are very close to a weak coupling bus superconductor a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in many strongly correlated electronic systems a superconductivity seems to be linked to the vicinity of an electronic or magnetic instability with a characteristic phase diagram a currently a there is a growing interest on the systems where this electronic instability is a charge density wave a superconductivity and cd share the electron a phonon interaction in terms of microscopical mechanism a these kind of competitions were also revived with the recent and quasi a systematic observation of a superconducting pocket at the border of the cd in the dichalcogenides a 1,2 a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | these superconductors can show deviations from the weak coupling bus theory a which raises the question of the interplay between the two orders a the cd opens a gap on parts of the fermi surface and can be at the origin of the modification of the superconducting gap structure a |
9,657 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the two a body bound and scattering states of two particles in a one dimensional optical lattice in the presence of a coherent coupling between two internal atomic levels a due to the interplay between periodic potential a interactions and coherent coupling a the internal structure of the bound states depends on their center of mass momentum a this phenomenon corresponds to an effective momentum a dependent magnetic field for the dimer pseudo a spin a which could be observed in a chirping of the precession frequency during bloch oscillations a the essence of this effect can be easily interpreted in terms of an effective bound state hamiltonian a moreover for indistinguishable bosons a the two a body eigenstates can present simultaneously attractive and repulsive bound a state nature or even bound and scattering properties a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in the recent years it has been demonstrated that ultracold atoms loaded in optical lattices provide an ideal realization of lattice hamiltonian excite a the control of the system parameters a in particular of the ratio between interactions and kinetic energy a has allowed the experimental achievement of the most famous mott insulator to superfluid phase transition in 2002 excite a from there on a the number of implementations of hubbard a like models using cold gases in optical lattices has undergone an incredible growth a see a edge a excite a a it is now possible to mimic single and multi a species bose and fermi a hubbard models a extended hubbard models by using dipolar gases excite a and spin chain models excite a more recently a hubbard models characterised by non a trivial topology a synthetic magnetic field a artificial gauges excite a or synthetic dimensions excite have been realized of please generate the next two sentences of the article | most of the theoretical studies on lattice hamiltonian regard many a body or single particle properties a especially in the case of non trivial topology a on the other hand a lattice hamiltonian show interesting features also as far as the few body physics is concerned a indeed a |
9,658 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we derive the equations that describe adsorption of diffusing particles onto a surface followed by additional surface kinetic steps before being transported across the interface a multistage surface kinetics occurs during membrane protein insertion a cell signaling a and the infection of cells by virus particles a for example a viral entry into healthy cells is possible only after a series of receptor and receptor binding events occur at the cellular surface a we couple the diffusion of particles in the bulk phase with the multistage surface kinetics and derive an effective a inter a differential boundary condition that contains a memory kernel embodying the delay induced by the surface reactions a this boundary condition takes the form of a singular perturbation problem in the limit where particle a surface interactions are short a ranged a moreover a depending on the surface kinetics a the delay kernel induces a nonmonotonic a transient replenishment of the bulk particle concentration near the interface a the approach generalizes that of ward and today excite and diamante and alderman excite to include surface kinetics a giving rise to qualitatively new behavior a our analysis suggests a simple scheme by which stochastic surface reactions may be coupled to deterministic bulk diffusion a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the kinetics of surface particle adsorption and of transport through interfaces play a key role in surfactant phenomena excite a membrane biology and cell signaling excite a marine layer oceanography excite a and other biological and chemical processes a particle adsorption may fundamentally alter the physical and chemical properties of the interface a and it is crucial to understand both equilibrium and dynamical properties of the adsorbed layers excite a in the seminal work of ward and today excite a a bulk phase acting as a reservoir of particles is physically limited by an empty surface onto which the particles can adsorb of please generate the next two sentences of the article | particles are assumed to lower their free energy with respect to the bulk phase by irreversibly and instantaneously adsorbing onto the interface a under these conditions a the total concentration of adsorbed particles may be estimated in relation to measurable interfacial properties a such as the dynamic surface tension a |
9,659 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this paper describes a novel approach to medical diagnosis based on the up theory of computing and cognition a the main attractions of this approach are a a format for representing diseases that is simple and intuitive a an ability to cope with errors and uncertainties in diagnostic information a the simplicity of storing statistical information as frequencies of occurrence of diseases a a method for evaluating alternative diagnostic hypotheses that yields true probabilities a and a framework that should facilitate unsupervised learning of medical knowledge and the integration of medical diagnosis with other a applications a a keywords a a medical diagnosis a information compression a multiple alignment a up theory a pattern recognition a causal reasoning a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the problem of providing computational support for medical diagnosis has been approached from many directions including logical reasoning a fuzzy logic a set theory a rough set theory a if a then rules a bayesian networks a classical parametric and non a parametric statistics a artificial neural networks a case a based reasoning a support vector machines a perceptions a possibility theory a and more a as well as various aggregations or combinations of methods excite a this paper describes a novel approach to diagnosis based on the up theory of computing and cognition a described below a a the main attractions of this approach are a a a format for representing diseases that is simple and intuitive a a an ability to cope with errors and uncertainties in diagnostic information a a the simplicity of storing statistical information as frequencies rather than conditional probabilities a a a method for evaluating alternative diagnostic hypotheses that yields true probabilities a a a framework that should facilitate unsupervised learning of medical knowledge and the integration of medical diagnosis with other a applications of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a it must be stressed that the primary purpose of this paper is conceptual a a to describe an approach to medical diagnosis that is significantly different from the main alternatives and with potential advantages compared with those alternatives a although a prototype of the proposed new system exists a it is not yet a shrink a wrapped software system that is ready for immediate application a like any other diagnostic system a the up system must be equipped with a body of relevant knowledge and the creation of such a body of knowledge a by automatic learning or by a knowledge elicitation a from experts a is a major undertaking in its own right a |
9,660 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the appearance of eruptive space plasma processes a edge a in eruptive flares as observed in the solar atmosphere a is usually assumed to be caused by magnetic reconnection a the process of magnetic reconnection is often connected with singular points of the magnetic field a we therefore analyse the system of stationary resistive a non a ideal magnetohydrodynamics a mid a in the vicinity of singular points of flow and field to determine the boundary between reconnection solutions and non a connective solutions a we find conditions to enable the plasma to cross the magnetic separatrices also inside the current sheet a close to the current maximum a the results provide us with the topological and geometrical skeleton of the resistive mid fields a we therefore have to perform a local analysis of almost all non a ideal mid solutions without a specific non a deafness a we use taylor expansions of the magnetic field a the velocity field and all other physical quantities a including the non a deafness a and with the method of a comparison of the coefficients a the non a linear resistive mid system is solved analytically a in the vicinity of a stagnation point a it is reasonable to assume that the density is constant a we find that the electric field has to be zero and that the non a ideal term a resistivity has to depend on the spatial coordinates and can not be constant a otherwise it has to be zero everywhere a it turns out that not every non a ideal flow is a connective flow and that pure resistive a non a ideal mid only allows for such reconnection a like solutions a even if the non a deafness is localized to the region around the magnetic null point a it is necessary that the flow close to the magnetic a a point is also of a a point type to guarantee positive dissipation of energy and annihilation of magnetic flux a if the non a deafness has only a one a dimensional a sheet a like structure a only one separatrix line can be crossed by the plasma flow a similar to reconnective. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article magnetic reconnection is thought to be a process a being responsible for many eruptive plasma phenomena in space plasmas and astrophysical plasmas a like geomagnetic substorms or eruptive flares a although magnetic reconnection in two dimensions a cd a is fairly well understood a edge a see the comments in a it would be interesting to have more detailed information about the topological and geometrical structure of flow and field lines in the vicinity of the singular points of plasma flow and magnetic field a classical reconnection scenarios a see or sweet a parker model a see a edge a a propose a magnetic null point and a stagnation point flow into the diffusion region a item the stagnation point is inside this diffusion region a where the first to analyse the case of incompressible cd mid with constant resistivity of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it turned out that either the magnetic field must be of higher order in the spatial variables and or that there is no stagnation point flow a but a shear flow a therefore their result is a that the classical hyperbolic stagnation point flow needs higher order terms a concerning the spatial variables a and a a |
9,661 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper let be a two a sided standard brownian motion a an a unbiased shift a of is a random time a which is a measurable function of a such that is a brownian motion independent of a we characterise unbiased shifts in terms of allocation rules balancing additive functional of a for any probability distribution on we construct a stopping time with the above properties such that has distribution a in particular a we show that if we travel in time according to the clock of local time we always see a two a sided brownian motion a a crucial ingredient of our approach is a new theorem on the existence of allocation rules balancing jointly stationary diffuse random measures on a we also study moment and minimality properties of unbiased shifts a a 2000 mathematics subject classification a a 60j65 a 60g57 a 60g55 a a key words and phrases a a brownian motion a local time a unbiased shift a allocation rule a palm measure a random measure a skorokhod embedding a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article let be a two a sided standard brownian motion in having a if is a stopping time with respect to the filtration a then the shifted process is a one a sided brownian motion independent of a however a the two a sided shifted process need not be a two a sided brownian motion of please generate the next two sentences of the article | moreover a the example of a fixed time shows that even if it is a it need not be independent of a we call a random time an a unbiased shift a a of a two a sided brownian motion a if is a measurable function of and is a two a sided brownian motion a independent of a |
9,662 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we report optical and near a infrared spectra of the central star of the radio source g79.29 a 0.46 a a candidate luminous blue variable a the spectra contain numerous narrow a from 100 kms a emission lines of which the low a lying hydrogen lines are the strongest a and resemble spectra of other love a and be a supergiants a a few prominent infrared lines are unidentified a the terminal wind speed is determined from h to be 110 kms a the strength of h implies the presence of a very dense wind a extended emission from h and a ii a was detected but appears to be associated with the cygnus a region rather than the radio source a both diffuse interstellar bands and interstellar absorption lines are present in the optical spectrum of the central star a suggesting that there are both diffuse and molecular cloud components to the extinction and implying a minimum distance of a pc and minimum luminosity of for the star a the new spectra and their analysis indicate a low excitation a dense a and slowly expanding wind and support the love classification a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article many gaps exist in the understanding of the post a main sequence evolution of the most massive a m a stars a due in large part to the small number of such stars identified as being in this evolutionary phase a it is known that during part of the post a main sequence phase a identified as the luminous blue variable a lbs a stage a cont 1984 a a these stars lose a large amount of mass in a short time interval a edge chios a madder 1986 a a the identifying characteristics of an lbs in addition to its blue color are a a a a mass loss rate of a m a a a a a a low wind velocity of no more than a few hundred kms a a a a photometric variations of up to a magnitudes on time a scales ranging from months to decades a and a a a the presence of a circumstellar a and sometimes bipolar a nebula a not a clamping 1997 a a less than a dozen confirmed lbs are known in our galaxy a however a in recent years a number of lbs candidates a love a a have been found of please generate the next two sentences of the article | candidates generally have both of the first two characteristics listed above and one of the other two a for reviews see not a lamers 1997 a a one recently discovered love is the central star of the radio shell g79.29 a 0.46 a highs it al a 1994 a hereafter hwy a and waters it al a |
9,663 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate the limits on the highs mass in variations of split supersymmetry a where the boundary value of the highs quartic coupling at the busy breaking scale a a is allowed to deviate from its value in the minimal model of armani a named and dimopoulos a we show that it is possible for to be negative and use vacuum stability to put a lower bound on this coupling a and hence on the mass of the physical highs a we also use the requirement of perturbativity of all couplings up to the cutoff to determine an upper limit for the highs mass in models which are further modified by additional matter content a for get we find get get if the new matter is not coupled to any standard model field a and get get if it has yukawa couplings to the highs a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the quest for a natural way to break electroweak symmetry has long been the central motivation for constructing theories for physics beyond the standard model a so a at the tel scale a however a the same logic applied to the even more severe fine a tuning problem associated with the cosmological constant would have predicted new physics near eve a which we have no evidence for a this suggests the possibility that our notions of naturalness are misleading a and that other fine a tuning mechanisms may be at work in nature a eliminating the use of naturalness as a guiding principle for model a building allows for some drastic changes to particle physics lore of please generate the next two sentences of the article | armani a named and dimopoulos have recently argued for a theory with of split of supersymmetry excite a also excite a a in this model the of structure of excite and of atomic of excite principles were used to explain the smallness of us sensitive parameters a namely the cosmological constant and the highs vacuum expectation value a |
9,664 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a new optical colorimetric catalogue for the small magellanic cloud a sec a a it contains a total of 7207 stars a located in the northeast a be a and wing sections of the sec and part of the magellanic bridge a this new catalogue is a significant improvement compared to previous colorimetric catalogue for the sec a we used it to study the sky a projected interstellar magnetic field structure of the sec a three trends were observed for the ordered magnetic field direction at position angles a pas a of a a a a a a and a a a our results suggest the existence of an ordered magnetic field aligned with the magellanic bridge direction and sec a bar in the be region a which have pas roughly at and a respectively a however a the overall magnetic field structure is fairly complex a the trends at and may be correlated with the sec a bimodal structure a observed in cepheid distances and hi velocities a we derived a value of a for the ordered sky a projected magnetic field a and a for the turbulent magnetic field a this estimate of is significantly larger a by a factor of a than the line of sight field derived from faraday rotation observations a suggesting that most of the ordered field component is on the plane of the sky a a turbulent magnetic field stronger than the ordered field agrees with observed estimates for other irregular and spiral galaxies a for the sec the ratio is closer to what is observed for our galaxy than other irregular dwarf galaxies a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the small magellanic cloud a sec a and the large magellanic cloud a lac a are gas rich irregular galaxies and satellites of the milky way a my a a given the proximity to the galaxy and their high galactic latitude a the magellanic clouds a pcs a are perfect laboratories for extragalactic studies a since the light emitted from them is not much attenuated by the dust present in the galactic disk a these objects are highly studied a motivated by the fact that a through understanding them a we can also better comprehend a for instance a galaxy evolution from high redshifts to now a the structure of irregular dwarf galaxies a the interstellar medium a ism a content at the external parts of huge spiral galaxies a star formation at low metalicity environments a dwarf galaxies in interaction a and the relation of satellite galaxies with their hosts a the pcs are low metalicity galaxies and for the lac and sec a respectively excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this peculiarity makes their ism particularly different from the one of our galaxy a among the major differences a we can point out the high gas a to a dust ratio excite and the submit excess emission excite a the sec consists of two main features a bar and wing a |
9,665 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper genetic switch systems with mutual repression of two transcription factors are studied using deterministic methods a rate equations a and stochastic methods a the master equation and monte carlo simulations a a these systems exhibit disability a namely two stable states such that spontaneous transitions between them are rare a induced transitions may take place as a result of an external stimulus a we study several variants of the genetic switch and examine the effects of cooperative binding a exclusive binding a protein a protein interactions and degradation of bound repressor a we identify the range of parameters in which disability takes place a enabling the system to function as a switch a numerous studies have concluded that cooperative binding is a necessary condition for the emergence of disability in these systems a we show that a suitable combination of network structure and stochastic effects gives rise to disability even without cooperative binding a the average time between spontaneous transitions is evaluated as a function of the biological parameters a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article recent advances in quantitative measurements of gene expression at the single a cell level excite have brought new insight on the importance of stochastic fluctuations in genetic circuits excite a the role of fluctuations is enhanced due to the discrete nature of the transcription factors and their binding sites a which may appear in low copy numbers excite a as a result a populations of genetically identical cells may show significant variability of please generate the next two sentences of the article | stochastic behavior may invoke oscillations excite and patio a temporal patterns excite a which are unaccounted for by macroscopic chemical rate equations a genetic circuits with feedback mechanisms may exhibit disability a namely a two distinct stable states which can be switched by an external signal excite a |
9,666 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present an analysis of two strongly lenses galaxies at and for which multi a band photometric and spectroscopic observations are available a for one source the data include recent hot and switzer observations a using an see fitting technique considering a number of parameters a various libraries of empirical and theoretical template spectra a variable extinction and extinction laws a we attempt to constrain the properties of their stellar populations a age a star formation history a mass a and their intrinsic ly emission a the following main results are obtained for the individual galaxies a a a triple arc in bell 2218 a probable galaxy a a the most likely redshift of this source is 6.07.2 taking into account both our photometric determination and lensing considerations a see fits indicate generally a low extinction a a but do not strongly constrain the star formation a of a history a best fits have typical ages of a to 400 my a a reasonable maximum age of a 250650 a my a a interval a can be estimated a however a the apparent 4000 break observed recently from combination of iraq a switzer and hot observations a can also equally well be reproduced with the template of a young a of my a burst where strong restframe optical emission lines enhance the 3.6 and 4.5 fluxes a the estimated sir is typically a for a salter if from a a 100 a in agreement with previous estimates a the unknowns on the age and star formation history could easily explain the apparent absence of ly in this galaxy a a a bell 370 him a a a the available ly and continuum observations indicate basically two possible solutions a a a a young burst or ongoing constant of with non a negligible extinction or a a a composite young a of old of stellar population a in the first case one obtains a best fit a or 0.51.8 at a a level a in consequence we obtain sir 1141 a higher than earlier. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article little is known about the stellar properties a extinction a and the expected intrinsic ly emission of distant a high redshift galaxies a indeed a although it has in the recent past become possible through various techniques to detect already sizeable numbers of galaxies at a see edge the reviews of taniguchi it al a 2003 and spinal 2004 a the information available on these objects remains generally scant of please generate the next two sentences of the article | for example a in many cases the galaxies are just detected in two photometric bands and ly line emission a when present a serves to determine the spectroscopic redshift a edge brewer 2004 a dickinson 2004 a bunker 2004 a a then the photometry is basically used to estimate the star formation rate a sir a assuming standard conversion factors between the us restframe light and the sir a and nothing is known about the extinction a and the properties of the stellar population a such as age a detailed star formation histories etc a a at higher redshift a a even less information is generally available a but see a recent study of eyes 2005 on two galaxies observed with hot and switzer a a |
9,667 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we report radio observations of two stripped a envelope supernovae a one a a 2010o and 2010p a which exploded within a few days of each other in the luminous infrared galaxy arp299 a whilst sn2010o remains undetected at radio frequencies a sn2010p was detected a with an astrometry accuracy better than mill arise in position a in its optically thin phase in epochs ranging from to after its explosion date a indicating a very slow radio evolution and a strong interaction of the in ejecta with the circumstellar medium a our late a time radio observations toward sn2010p probe the dense circumstellar envelope of this in a and imply a v-wind a a a 10,,km,s^-1 a a a a a a a a a a 3.0$5.1 a with a ghz peak luminosity of on day after explosion a this is consistent with a type ii classification for sn2010p a making it the most distant and most slowly evolving type ii radio in detected to date a a firstpage a supernovae a general supernovae a individual a sn2010o supernovae a individual a sn2010p a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article core a collapse supernovae a case a are the signposts of recent massive star formation a since much of the massive star formation is embedded in dust a a substantial fraction of the case in the universe will remain hidden in optical searches excite a this is particularly true in the case of star formation taking place in the dusty environments of luminous a a a a a a and ultra a luminous a a infrared a in a galaxies a lings and rulings a respectively a a which dominates the star formation rate density at a edge a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | in many lings a the bulk of star formation occurs within their circumnuclear regions a a a so that the need for high a resolution observations becomes crucial in the detection and study of case therein a the synergy between high resolution radio and near a infrared a air a a k--band a where the extinction is of times lower than in the optical a observations is currently being used to help build a complete picture of the supernova a in a activity in dusty starbursts and lings a |
9,668 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this paper we propose and study a spatial diffusion model for the control of anthracnose disease in a bounded domain a the model is a generalization of the one previously developed in excite a we use the model to simulate two different types of control strategies against anthracnose disease a strategies that employ chemical fungicides are modelled using a continuous control function a while strategies that rely on cultivation practices a such as pruning and removal of mummified fruits a are modelled with a control function which is discrete in time a though not in space a a under weak smoothness conditions on parameters we demonstrate the well a posedness of the model by verifying existence and uniqueness of the solution for given initial conditions a we also show that the set a a is positively invariant a we first study control by pulse strategy only a then analyse the simultaneous use of continuous and pulse strategies a in each case we specify a cost functional to be minimized a and we demonstrate the existence of optimal control strategies that can be evaluated numerically using the gradient method presented in excite a we discuss the results of numerical simulations both for a spatially a averaged version of the model and for the full model a a keywords a anthracnose modelling a nonlinear systems a impulsive de a optimal control a a as classification a 49j20 a 49j15 a 92d30 a 92d40 a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article anthracnose is a phytopathology which attacks several commercial tropical crops such as coffee a the anthracnose of coffee is known under the name coffee berry disease a cd a and its pathogen is the a colletotrichum a a kahawae a a an ascomycetes fungus a the literature on anthracnose pathosystem is extensive excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | there have been several attempts to model the spread of cd and to identify efficient control strategies excite a possible control methods include genetic methods excite a biological control excite a chemical control excite and cultivation practices excite a |
9,669 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we discuss the role plasma injection plays in the formation of outflows in kerr peacetime a using a model for the double flow established in the polar region of a rotating black hole a we study the interplay between the different processes that can power the outflow a in particular a we find two types of flows with distinct properties that depend on the rate at which energy is deposited in the magnetosphere a we discuss the implications of this result for gamma ray bursts outflows a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article accreting black holes are thought to power the relativistic jets that form in active galactic nuclei a ages a a microquasars a and gamma a ray bursts a grabs a a a plausible production mechanism for those jets is magnetic extraction of the spin energy of a kerr black hole a a key feature of this process is a double trans a magnetosonic plasma flow which is launched from a stagnation radius located between the inner and outer light surfaces a and sustained by a plasma source in the magnetosphere a in general a there is a range of plasma injection rates within which the bradford a znajek a by a process can be activated a it has to be sufficiently high to provide the charge density required to establish an mid flow a but low enough to avoid overloading of magnetic field lines that leads to a shutdown of the by process of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the nature of the plasma source in most of the relativistic systems mentioned above is not well understood yet a in ages the problem seems to be how to inject enough charged particles on open magnetic field lines a |
9,670 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate the connection between radix representations for and self a affine tilings of a we apply our results to show that haar a like multivariate wavelets exist for all dilation matrices that are suffice only large a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article we investigate the connections between radix representations for a self a affine tilings of a and haar a like scaling functions for multiresolution analyses and associated wavelet sets a in a separate paper a we investigate the idea a also introduced by long excite a of radix representations for vectors in a or general point lattices a a nondegenerate matrix a excite a we wish to consider expanding matrices which preserve a without loss of generality please generate the next two sentences of the article | a we may assume a a matrix which preserves must have integer entries a |
9,671 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the problem of the time required for a diffusing molecule a within a large bounded domain a to first locate a small target is prevalent in biological modelling a here we study this problem for a small spherical target a we develop uniform in time asymptotic expansions in the target radius of the solution to the corresponding diffusion equation a our approach is based on combining expansions of a long a time approximation of the solution a involving the first eigenvalue and eigenfunction of the laplacian a with expansions of a short a time correction calculated by pseudopotential approximation a these expansions allow the calculation of corresponding expansions of the first passage time density for the diffusing molecule to find the target a we demonstrate the accuracy of our method in approximating the first passage time density and related statistics for the spherically symmetric problem where the domain is a large concentric sphere about a small target entered at the origin a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article diffusion of a molecule to a spherical trap is a classical problem important in chemical kinetics a in an unbounded domain a the problem reduces to the smoluchowski theory of reaction kinetics a in the context of biological processes a intracellular transport of biomolecules and chemical reactions occur within closed domains with complex geometries excite a as a first passage time problem a this is closely related to the narrow escape problem a where a diffusing molecule escapes a closed domain through a small opening on the boundary a and the long time behavior has been studied using matched asymptotic excite a there are many examples of this type of first passage time problem in biological modelling a including transport of receptors on the plasma membrane of a dendrite excite a intracellular virus trafficking excite a molecular motor transport excite a binding of a transcription factor to a segment of dan within a nucleus excite a and export of newly transcribed mana through nuclear pores excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | consider a bounded domain a containing a small a absorbing spherical trap a a with radius entered at a we denote by the exterior boundary surface to a and by the exterior boundary to a |
9,672 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we combine iraq plateau de sure interferometer and a herschel a pics and spire measurements to study the dust and gas contents of high a redshift star forming galaxies a we present new observations for a sample of of lenses galaxies at a which allow us to directly probe the cold ism of normal star a forming galaxies with stellar masses of a a regime otherwise not a yet a accessible by individual detections in a herschel a and molecular gas studies a the lenses galaxies are combined with reference samples of sub a millimetre and normal star a forming galaxies with similar far a infrared photometry to study the gas and dust properties of galaxies in the sfr--redshift parameter space a the mean gas depletion timescale of main sequence galaxies at is measured to be only a a factor of a a shorter than at a a a in agreement with a scaling a the mean gas mass fraction at is a 44% after incompleteness correction a a suggesting a flattening or even a reversal of the trend of increasing gas fractions with redshift recently observed up to a the depletion timescale and gas fractions of the normal star a forming galaxies can be explained under the equilibrium model a for galaxy evolution a in which the gas reservoir of galaxies is the primary driver of the redshift evolution of specific star formation rates a due to their high star formation efficiencies and low metallicities a the lenses galaxies have warm dust despite being located on the star formation main sequence a at fixed metallicity a they also have a gas a to a dust ratio 1.7 times larger than observed locally when using the same standard techniques a suggesting that applying the local calibration of the -metallicity relation to infer the molecular gas mass of high redshift galaxies may lead to systematic differences with co a based estimates a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article most star a forming galaxies follow a relation between their stellar masses and star formation rates that has been well characterized up to a edge a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a a a a a a the very existence and tightness of this relation suggests that these galaxies live in a state of equilibrium where their ability to form stars is regulated by the availability of gas and the amount of material they return to the circus a galactic medium through outflows a edge a a a a |
9,673 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present deep near a infrared a a and band imaging of a field around a a massive cluster at a the observations were carried out with the isaac instrument at the so very large telescope a vat a as part of the faint infrared extragalactic survey a fires a a the total integration time amounts to 25.9 a in a 24.4 a in a and 26.5 a in band a divided nearly equally between four paintings covering a the total limiting a magnitudes for point sources from the shallowest to the deepest pointing are a a and a the effective spatial resolution of the added images has a a and in a a and a respectively a we complemented the isaac data with deep optical imaging using existing hubble space telescope wfpc2 mosaics through the f606w and f814w filters and additional a a and band observations we obtained with the vat for instrument a we constructed a -band limited multicolour source catalogue down to a for point sources a a the catalogue contains 1858 objects a of which 1663 have eight a band photometry a we describe the observations a data reduction a source detection a and photometric measurements method a we also present the number counts a colour distributions a and photometric redshifts of the catalogue sources a we find that our -band counts at the faint end a with slope a lie at the flatter end of published counts in other deep fields and are consistent with those we derived previously in the hubble deep field south a of a a a a the other fires field a spectroscopic redshifts are available for sources in the field a comparison between the and show very good agreement a with a the field observations complement our of a a data set with nearly five times larger area at brighter. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article deep imaging surveys for high redshift studies have a in recent years a been carried out over an increasing range of wavelengths from the a a ray to the radio regimes a an important motivation is the recognition that surveys at any given wavelength range may provide an incomplete and biased census of high redshift galaxy populations a moreover a a multi a wavelength approach is highly desirable to assess the nature of and establish links between high redshift samples selected at various wavelengths a and to constrain the properties of their stars and gas contents as indicators of their evolutionary state of please generate the next two sentences of the article | deep surveys at near a infrared wavelengths a air a a have emerged as an important way to investigate the high redshift universe a see a edge a excite for a review a and references therein a a air observations allow one to access the rest a frame optical light of galaxies at a |
9,674 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the estimate of free energy changes based on bennett a acceptance ratio method is examined in several limiting cases and compared with other estimates based on the jarzynski equality and on the crooks relation a while the absolute amount of dissipated work a defined as the surplus of average work over the free energy difference a limits the practical applicability of jarzynski a and crooks methods a the reliability of bennett a approach is restricted by the difference of the dissipated works in the forward and the backward process a we illustrate these points by considering a gaussian chain and a hairpin chain which both are extended during the forward and accordingly compressed during the backward protocol a the reliability of the crooks relation predominantly depends on the sample size a for the jarzynski estimator the slowness of the work protocol is crucial a and the bennett method is shown to give precise estimates irrespective of the pulling speed and sample size as long as the dissipated works are the same for the forward and the backward process as it is the case for gaussian work distributions a with an increasing dissipated work difference the bennett estimator also acquires a bias which increases roughly in proportion to this difference a a substantial simplification of the bennett estimator is provided by the 1/2-formula which expresses the free energy difference by the algebraic average of the jarzynski estimates for the forward and the backward processes a it agrees with the bennett estimate in all cases when the jarzynski and the crooks estimates fail to give reliable results a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in studying the thermodynamic state of a physical system a the free energy is a quantity of fundamental importance a it describes the equilibrium properties of systems that may exchange energy with their environments a formally a it is related to the internal energy a a by a legendre transform a where is the temperature and the entropy of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the free energy is a state function and hence a for any process connecting two equilibrium states a the respective change of the free energy a solely depends on the final and initial states without regard to the particular process connecting them a in contrast a the work done on the system and the heat exchanged with the environment are process a dependent a yet a their sum yielding the change in internal energy a a does not depend on the details of the path connecting the final with the initial state a |
9,675 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study a -dimensional kaluga a klein cosmology with a robertson a walker type metric having two scale factors and a corresponding to -dimensional internal space and dimensional universe a respectively a by introducing an exotic matter in the form of perfect fluid with an special equation of state a as the space a time part of the higher dimensional energy a momentum tensor a a four dimensional effective decaying cosmological term appears as with a playing the role of an evolving dark energy in the universe a by taking a which has some interesting implications in reconciling observations with inflationary models and is consistent with quantum tunnelling a the resulting einstein a field equations yield the exponential solutions for the scale factors and a these exponential behavior may account for the dynamical compactification of extra dimensions and the accelerating expansion of the dimensional universe in terms of hubble parameter a a the acceleration of the universe may be explained by the negative pressure of the exotic matter a it is shown that the rate of compactification of higher dimensions as well as expansion of dimensional universe depends on the dimension a a we then obtain the corresponding wheeler a dewitt equation and find the general exact solutions in -dimensions a a good correspondence between the solutions of classical einstein a equations and the solutions of quantum wheeler a dewitt equation in any dimension a a is obtained based on hartley a point of view concerning the classical limits of quantum cosmology a -0.75 in a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article cosmological models with a cosmological term are currently serious candidates to describe the dynamics of our four dimensional universe a the history of cosmological term dates back to einstein a and its original role was to allow static homogeneous solutions to einstein a equations in the presence of matter which turned out to be unnecessary when the expansion of the universe was discovered a however a particle physicists then realized that the non a vanishing cosmological constant can be interpreted as a measure of the energy density of the vacuum which turned out to be the sum of a number of apparently disjoint contributions of quantum fields a in fact a a dynamical characteristic for the vacuum energy density a cosmological term a was attributed by quantum field theorists since the developments in particle physics and inflationary scenarios a according to modern quantum field theory please generate the next two sentences of the article | a the structure of a vacuum turns out to be interrelated with some spontaneous symmetry a breaking effects through the condensation of quantum a scalar a fields a this phenomenon gives rise to a non a vanishing vacuum energy density of the form a |
9,676 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a new class of black hole solutions with a minimally coupled scalar field in the presence of a negative cosmological constant a we consider an one a parameter family of self a interaction potentials parametrized by a dimensionless parameter a when a we recover the conformably invariant solution of the martinez a broncos a janelle a mhz a black hole a a non a vanishing signals the departure from conformal invariance a thermodynamically a there is a critical temperature at vanishing black hole mass a where a higher a order phase transition occurs a as in the case of the mhz black hole a additionally a we obtain a branch of hairy solutions which undergo a first a order phase transition at a second critical temperature which depends on and it is higher than the mhz critical temperature a as a this second critical temperature diverges a a a theodore kolyvaris a a a george koutsoumbas a a a a eleftherios papantonopoulos a a department of physics a national technical university of athens a a zografou campus or 157 of a athens a greece a department of physics and astronomy a the university of tennessee a a knoxville a to 37996 a 1200 a us a a a mail address a teokolyv.ntua.gr a a a mail address a kutsubas.ntua.gr a a a mail address a lpapa.ntua.gr a a a mail address a siopsis.edu a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article four a dimensional black hole solutions of einstein gravity coupled to a scalar field have been an avenue of intense research for many years a questions pertaining to their existence a uniqueness and stability were seeking answers over these years a the kerr a newman solutions of four a dimensional asymptotically flat black holes coupled to an electromagnetic field or in vacuum a imposed very stringent conditions on their existence in the form of no a hair a theorems a in the case of a minimally coupled scalar field in asymptotically flat spacetime. please generate the next two sentences of the article | the no a hair theorems were proven imposing conditions on the form of the self a interaction potential excite a these theorems were also generalized to non a minimally coupled scalar fields excite a for asymptotically flat peacetime a a four a dimensional black hole coupled to a scalar field with a zero self a interaction potential |
9,677 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present results from an analytic calculation of thermal meson spectral functions in the infinite temperature a free field a limit a we compare spectral functions for various lattice fermion formulations used at present in studies of in a medium properties of hadrons based on the maximum entropy method a mem a a in particular a we will present a new calculation of spectral functions performed with extended quark sources a by a to 2003/28 a bel a nt-03/29 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the modification of in a medium properties of mesons is one of the crucial concepts explored in experimental studies of hot and dense matter in created in heavy ion collisions a it is the hope that the creation of a dense matter and eventually also the quark gluon plasma can be unambiguously demonstrated through the study of modifications generated in the spectrum of heavy a -suppression a as well as light quark bound states a shift of the -meson mass a resonance broadening a thermal lepton enhancement a of a a lattice calculations can contribute to the theoretical discussion of these burning experimental questions through the calculation of thermal spectral functions a which control the structure of hadron correlation functions at finite temperature of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the reconstruction of spectral functions from hadron correlation functions calculated on the lattice at finite temperature is based on a statistical tool a the maximum entropy method a mem a excite which has been explored and tested over recent years a we will discuss here results of an analytic calculation a which becomes feasible in the infinite temperature limit which corresponds to a free fermion theory a |
9,678 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this work presents a reduced test to search for non a gaussian signals in the cmdr to power spectrum of recent cmdr data a map a akbar and chi data sets a assuming a mixed density field including adiabatic and isocurvature fluctuations a we assume a skew positive mixed model with adiabatic inflation perturbations plus additional isocurvature perturbations possibly produced by topological defects a the joint probability distribution used in this context is a weighted combination of gaussian and non a gaussian random fields a results from simulations of cmdr temperature for the mixed field show a distinct signature in cab power spectrum for very small deviations a 0.1% a from a pure gaussian field a and can be used as a direct test for the nature of primordial fluctuations a a reduced test applied on the most recent cmdr observations reveals that an isocurvature fluctuations field is not ruled out and indeed permits a very good description for a flat geometry -cdm universe a 1.5 a rather than the simple inflationary standard model with 2.3 a this result may looks is particular discrepant with the reduced of 1.07 obtained with the same model in serge it al a a 2003 a for temperature only a however a our work is restricted to a region of the parameter space that does not include the best fit model for to only of serge it al a a 2003 a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the new generation of cosmic microwave background radiation a cmdr a experiments has opened a new era in astrophysics a the precision cosmology era a recent observations a especially those of map a wilkinson anisotropy microwave probe a a akbar a arcminute cosmology bolometer array receiver a and chi a cosmic background image a a brought a new light to cmdr fluctuations studies in large a intermediate and small scales a this new generation of experiments made possible the characterization of the power spectrum of temperature fluctuations up to the third acoustic peak a hinshwaw it al a 2003. please generate the next two sentences of the article | a pearson it al a 2002 a duo it al a 2004 a a indeed a the combination of cmdr and large scale structure a less a data allows cosmologists to constrain cosmological parameters for a given set of scenarios and also determine the nature of the primordial fluctuations a since cmdr carries the intrinsic statistical properties of cosmological perturbations a it is considered the most powerful tool to investigate the nature of cosmic structure a the most accepted model for structure formation assumes initial quantum fluctuations created during inflation and amplified by gravitational effects a the standard inflation model predicts an adiabatic uncorrelated random field with a nearly flat a scale a invariant spectrum on scales larger than a a 2 a ruth 1981 a slope a bond a bardeen 1981 a bardeen a reinhardt a turner 1983 a a |
9,679 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we combine newly measured rotation velocities a velocity dispersions a and stellar masses to construct stellar mass fully a fisher relations a m a for 544 galaxies with strong emission lines at from the all wavelength extended growth strip international survey a aegis a and the deep extragalactic evolutionary probe a survey a deep a a the conventional m using only rotation velocity a a shows large scatter a sex in velocity a a the scatter and residuals are correlated with morphology in the sense that disturbed a compact a and major merger galaxies have lower velocities for their masses a we construct an m using the kinematic estimator which is defined as and accounts for disordered or non a circular motions through the gas velocity dispersion a a a the new m a termed/m a is remarkably tight over with no detectable evolution of its intercept or slope with redshift a the average best fit relation has 0.47 sex scatter in stellar mass a corresponding to a magnitudes a a assuming a constant mass a to a light ratio a interestingly a the/m is consistent with the absorption a line based stellar mass fiber a jackson relation for nearby elliptical galaxies in terms of slope and intercept a which might suggest a physical connection between the two relations a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the fully a fisher relation a tar a between the luminosity of galaxies and their rotation velocity is a fundamental scaling relation that constrains galaxy formation and evolution models a edge a a a a a a and references therein a a recent local studies focus on stellar or harmonic masses a edge a a a a a a a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a a a a a a a a a which are easier to model than luminosity a |
9,680 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper interactions between a protein and a ligand are often accompanied by a redistribution of the population of thermally accessible conformations a this dynamic response of the protein a functional energy landscape enables a protein to modulate binding affinities and control binding sensitivity to ligand concentration a in this paper a we investigate the structural origins of binding affinity and allosteric cooperatively of binding two ca to each domain of calmodulin a cam a through simulations of a simple coarse a grained model a in this model a the protein a conformational transitions between open and closed conformational ensembles are simulated explicitly and ligand binding and unbinding is treated implicitly within the grand canonical ensemble a ligand binding is cooperative because the binding sites are coupled through a shift in the dominant conformational ensemble upon binding a the classic mood a woman a change model of allometry with appropriate binding free energy to the open and closed ensembles accurately describes the simulated binding thermodynamics a the simulations predict that the two domains of cam have distinct binding affinity and cooperatively a in particular a a a terminal domain binds ca higher affinity and greater cooperatively than the a a terminal domain a from a structural point of view a the affinity of an individual binding loop depends sensitively on the loop a structural compatibility with the ligand in the bound ensemble a as well as the conformational flexibility of the binding site in the unbound ensemble a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article conformational dynamics is essential for a protein a ability to exhibit allometry a the coupling between two distant binding sites is frequently accomplished by a conformational change between a of closed of a apo a to an of open of a hold a conformation upon ligation. although the end point conformations often give valuable insight into protein function a a detailed description of the allosteric mechanism for a particular protein requires one to consider a broader conformational ensemble a the landscape theory of binding acknowledges that a folded protein is inherently dynamic and explores the thermally accessible conformational states in its native basin. this conformational ensemble comprises the protein a of functional landscape". while only a small subset of the states comprising the folding energy landscape a the functional landscape determines how a protein responds to the changes in its local environment such as ligand interactions a due to the heterogeneous nature of the conformational ensemble of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a ligand preferentially stabilizes some conformations more than others a causing the protein a thermal population to redistribute to a ligated ensemble which in general has distinct equilibrium properties. the ensemble nature of allometry accommodates a rich and diverse set of regulatory strategies and provides a general framework to understand binding thermodynamics and kinetics of specific proteins. even simple landscapes with a small number of well defined basins separated by kinetic barriers can have subtle binding mechanisms because they depend on ligand interactions to short a lived transient states a experimental progress on this challenging kinetics problem has appeared only very recently. in principle a affinities of metastable states can also be obtained from thermodynamic binding measurements a although such analysis may not always be practical a in this paper |
9,681 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper wireless sensor networks a wins a consist of numerous sensors which send sensed data to base station a energy conservation is an important issue for sensor nodes as they have limited power a many routing protocols have been proposed earlier for energy efficiency of both homogeneous and heterogeneous environments a we can prolong our stability and network lifetime by reducing our energy consumption a in this research paper a we propose a protocol designed for the characteristics of a reactive homogeneous wins a here a hybrid energy efficient reactive a protocol a in here a cluster headache a selection is based on the ratio of residual energy of node and average energy of network a moreover a to conserve more energy a we introduce hard threshold a it a and soft threshold a st a a finally a simulations show that our protocol has not only prolonged the network lifetime but also significantly increased stability period a wireless a sensor a networks a energy a hybrid a cluster a reactive a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article it all a a a a introduced the first hierarchical clustering algorithm for wins a called leach a it is one of the most popular protocols in wins a the main idea is to form clusters of the sensor nodes of please generate the next two sentences of the article | leach outperforms classical clustering algorithm by using adaptive clustering and rotating chs a this saves energy as transmission will only be performed on that specific cd rather than all the nodes a |
9,682 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we report the discovery of a probable large scale structure composed of many galaxy clumps around the known twin clusters at and in the lynx region a our analysis is based on deep a panoramic a and multi a colour imaging a 26.4.1 a in -bands with the supreme a cam on the 8.2 a subaru telescope a this unique a deep and wide a field imaging data a set allows us for the first time to map out the galaxy distribution in the highest redshift supercluster known a we apply a photometric redshift technique to extract plausible cluster members at down to =26.15 a 5 a corresponding to at this redshift a from the and distribution of these photometrically selected galaxies a we newly identify seven candidates of galaxy groups or clusters where the surface density of red galaxies is significantly high a a a in addition to the two known clusters a these candidates show clear red colour a magnitude sequences consistent with a passive evolution model a which suggests the existence of additional high density regions around the lynx superclusters a a firstpage a galaxies a clusters a individual a raj 0848.6 a 4453 a raj 0848.9 a 4452 a galaxies a evolution galaxies a formation cosmology a large a scale structure of universe a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article superclusters are the largest systems of galaxies a composed of multiple clusters of galaxies a extending over of a of pc a edge a bacall a sonia 1984 a postman a geller a euchre 1988 a quinton it al a 1995 a small it al a 1998 a a according to the a a body simulations which successfully reproduce the observed filamentary structures at the local universe a edge a peacock it al of please generate the next two sentences of the article | 2001 a a clusters of galaxies at are still in the process of formation a edge a moore it al a therefore a clusters of galaxies at this cosmological distance a especially superclusters a are important sites where we can directly see the process of structure formation and evolution and mass assembly to cluster cores a despite the importance in the cosmological context |
9,683 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper although dust content is usually assumed to depend uniquely on metallicity a recent observations of two extremely metal a poor dwarf galaxies have suggested that this may not always be true a at a similar oxygen abundance of % a the dust a to a gas and dust a to a stellar mass ratios in sbs0335 and izw18differ by a factor of a of according to including molecular gas or excluding it a here we investigate a possible reason for this dramatic difference through models based on a semi a analytical formulation of chemical evolution including dust a results suggest that the greater dust mass in sbs0335 is due to the more efficient grain growth allowed by the high density in the cold interstellar medium a ism a a observationally inferred to be almost of times higher than in izw18 a our models are able to explain the difference in dust masses a suggesting that efficient dust formation and dust content in galaxies a including those with the highest measured redshifts a depend sensitively on the ism density a rather than only on metallicity a a firstpage a ism a abundances ism a evolution galaxies a starburst galaxies a dwarf galaxies a evolution galaxies a individual a sbs0335 a 052 galaxies a individual a izw18 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the dust content in galaxies is intimately linked to their evolutionary history a nevertheless a the mass of the dust in the interstellar medium a ism a a and its ratio with the gas mass a dust a to a gas ratio a der a a are critical parameters for establishing the evolutionary state of a galaxy a however a the complex interplay between dust destruction and dust formation mechanisms a edge a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a a a a a a a a a a a a |
9,684 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we explore the effects of different boundary conditions and coupling schemes on the response of a particle detector undergoing uniform acceleration in optical cavities a we analyse the thermalization properties of the accelerated detector via non a perturbative calculations a we prove non a perturbative that if the switching process is smooth enough a the detector thermalizes to the uncut temperature regardless of the boundary conditions and the form of the coupling considered a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the interaction between matter and the gravitational field has evaded a complete quantum description since the first attempts to formulate a quantum theory of gravity more than of years ago a lacking a satisfactory quantum description of the gravitational interaction a quantum field theory in curved spacetimes a which links general relativity with quantum field theory a is thus far the most satisfactory framework to describe the interaction of quantum fields with the space a time curvature a as of today none of its predictions has been experimentally confirmed beyond analogue gravity excite a and bringing those effects within experimental reach is a matter of great interest excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | one of the chief predictions of quantum field theory a aft a in curved spacetimes is the well a known uncut effect excite a it dictates that a detector with constant acceleration in free space a in which the field is in the minkowski vacuum a will experience a response equivalent to its submersion into a heat bath with a temperature proportional to its acceleration a |
9,685 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper low multiple amplitudes in the cosmic microwave background cab radiation can be explained by selection rules from the underlying multiply a connected homology a we apply a multiple analysis to the harmonic bases and introduce point symmetry a we give explicit results for two cubic spherical manifolds and lowest polynomial degrees a and derive three new spherical manifolds a address a institute for theoretische physio der university bingen a a germany a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article cosmology deals with the large a scale structure of the universe a a global description of this structure employs an averaging and smoothing of all the objects of astrophysics from solar systems to galaxies and clusters of galaxies a the result is a fluid model of the cosmos governed by gravitation a as it was proposed by einstein excite a see excite up of please generate the next two sentences of the article | 160 a 164 and excite up a 704 a 710 a |
9,686 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study a class of holomorphic matrix models a the integrals are taken over middle dimensional cycles in the space of complex square matrices a as the size of the matrices tends to infinity a the distribution of eigenvalues is given by a measure with support on a collection of arcs in the complex planes a we show that the arcs are level sets of the imaginary part of a hyperelliptic integral connecting branch points a a department of mathematics a eth zurich a a 8092 zurich a switzerland a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article according to dijkgraaf and vara excite a the effective gumball superpotential of supersymmetric gauge theory has an asymptotic expansion given by the planar part of the topological expansion of a matrix model a to give the effective potential for various value of the gauge theory a dijkgraaf and vara propose a formula obtained by saddle point expansion of the matrix integral around different critical points a the filling fractions a item a the fraction of the eigenvalues sitting close to each of the critical points of the potential are the parameters selecting the value a in this paper we give a way to define non a perturbative a item a beyond the saddle point expansion a the matrix integrals of please generate the next two sentences of the article | different integrals are integrals over different cycles in the space of normal matrices a in the case of generic polynomial potentials it is possible to construct a cycle for each of the critical points a so that all effective potentials considered by dijkgraaf and vara arise in the asymptotic expansion of our integrals a |
9,687 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the alpha magnetic spectrometer a as a to be installed on the international space station a is a will measure charged cosmic ray spectra of elements up to iron a in the rigidity range from go to to a for at least three years a as is a large angular spectrometer composed of different subdetectors a including a proximity focusing ring imaging cherenkov a rich a detector a this will be equipped with a mixed radiator made of aerosol and sodium fluoride a nav a a a lateral conical mirror and a detection plane made of 680 photomultiplier coupled to light guides a the rich detector allows measurements of particle a electric charge up to iron a and particle a velocity a two possible methods for reconstructing the cerenkov angle and the electric charge with the rich will be discussed a a rich prototype consisting of a detection matrix with of photomultiplier a a segment of a conical mirror and samples of the radiator materials was built and its performance was evaluated using ion beam data a results from the last test beam performed with ion fragments resulting from the collision of a 158gev a a a nucleon primary beam of indium ions a corn spa a on a lead target are reported a the large amount of collected data allowed to test and characterize different aerosol samples and the nav radiator a in addition a the reflectivity of the mirror was evaluated a the data analysis confirms the design goals a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the alpha magnetic spectrometer excite a as a is a particle detector to be installed in the international space station a is a for at least three years a the spectrometer will be able to measure the rigidity a a a the charge a a a the velocity a a and the energy a a of cosmic rays from some me up to within a geometrical acceptance of. 5m.sr a shows a schematic view of the as spectrometer a at both ends of the as spectrometer please generate the next two sentences of the article | exist the transition radiation detector a try a a top a and the electromagnetic calorimeter a cal a a bottom a a both will provide as with capability to discriminate between leptons and hadrons a additionally the calorimeter will trigger and detect photons a |
9,688 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper it was recently proposed that metal a rich white dwarfs a was a accrete their metals from compact debris disks found to exist around more than a dozen of them a at the same time a elemental abundances measured in atmospheres of some was imply vigorous metal accretion at rates up to a s a far in excess of what can be supplied solely by pointing a robertson drag acting on such debris disks a to explain this observation we propose a model a in which rapid transport of metals from the disk onto the we naturally results from interaction between this particulate disk and spatially coexisting disk of metallic gas a the latter is fed by evaporation of debris particles at the sublimation radius located at several tens of we radii a because of pressure support gaseous disk orbits we slower than particulate disk a resultant azimuthal drift between them at speed a s causes aerodynamic drag on the disk of solids and drives inward migration of its constituent particles a upon reaching the sublimation radius particles evaporate a enhancing the density of metallic gaseous disk and leading to positive feedback a under favorable circumstances a low viscosity in the disk of metallic gas and efficient aerodynamic coupling between the disks a system evolves in a runaway fashion a destroying debris disk on time scale of or a and giving rise to high metal accretion rates up to a s a in agreement with observations a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article recent detections of near a infrared excesses around a number of metal a rich white dwarfs a we a imply existence of warm circumstellar material reprocessing stellar radiation a zuckerman a berlin 1987 a graham 1990 a farsi 2010 a a spectral modelling suggests that this material resides in an extended a compact a optically thick and geometrically thin disk a jura 2003 a jura 2007 a a similar to the saturn a rings a buzz 2010 a a disks have inner edges at several tens of the we radii a roughly consistent with being set by particle sublimation at these locations of please generate the next two sentences of the article | their outer radii lie close to the roche radius of the we r a supporting the suggestion by jura a 2003 a that such compact debris disks are produced by tidal disruption of asteroid a like bodies scattered into low a periastron orbits by gravitational perturbations of massive planets a which have survived the age phase of stellar evolution a availability of large reservoir of high a a elements in the form of debris disk in the immediate vicinity of some was naturally led to the suggestion a jura 2003 a that metal enrichment of these stars is caused by accretion from such disks a |
9,689 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper using the recently developed bloch a state tomography technique a the quasimomentum -dependent bloch states of a two a band tight a binding model with two sublattices can be mapped out a we show that a if we prepare the initial bloch state as the lower a band eigenstate of a topologically trivial haldane hamiltonian a and then quench the haldane hamiltonian to a the time a dependent azimuthal phase supports two types of vertices a the first type of vertices are static a with the corresponding bloch vectors pointing to the north pole a a a the second type of vertices are dynamical a with the corresponding bloch vectors pointing to the south pole a a a in the space a the linking number between the trajectories of these two types of vertices equals exactly to the chen number of the lower band of a which provides an alternative method to directly map out the topological phase boundaries of the haldane model a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article topological insulators have attracted a lot of interests due to their novel properties and potential applications excite a one of the prototype of topological insulators is the haldane model of chen insulators excite a which describes skinless fermions hopping on a cd honeycomb lattice a within a staggered magnetic field a with the shaking a lattice technique excite a the haldane model has been realized directly in a recent cold atom experiment excite a and the topological phase diagram is investigated using the bloch oscillation method a it is worth mentioning that a although the haldane model is realized in the cold atom setup a the topological ground state for this system is generally hard a if not impossible a to be reached of please generate the next two sentences of the article | as the system is generally prepared in a topologically trivial state before the shaking is applied a by driving the system crossing the phase boundary to the topological phase a excitations are inevitable as the band gap closes at the phase boundary and adiabaticity could not be maintained a the idea of a quantum quench a which starts with the ground state of a topologically trivial hamiltonian supplemented by the evolution of a topologically trivial a nontrivial hamiltonian a provides an alterative way to studying the properties of the haldane model a and haldane a like topological models a excite a |
9,690 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the quark a gluon plasma a up a is the cd phase of matter expected to be formed at small proper a times in the collision of heavy a ions at high energy a experimental observations seem to favor a strongly coupled cd plasma with the hydrodynamic properties of a quasi a perfect fluid a a item a rapid thermalization a or isotropization a and small viscosity a the theoretical investigation of such properties is not obvious a due to the the strong coupling a the gauge a gravity correspondence provides a stimulating framework to explore the strong coupling regime of gauge theories using the dual string description a after a brief introduction to gauge a gravity duality a and among various existing studies a we focus on challenging problems of up hydrodynamics a such as viscosity and thermalization a in terms of gravitational duals of both the static and relativistically evolving plasma a we show how a black hole geometry arises naturally from the dual properties of a nearly perfect fluid and explore the lessons and prospects one may draw for actual heavy ion collisions from the gauge a gravity duality approach a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the formation of a up a quark gluon plasma a is expected to be realized in high a energy heavy a ion collisions a a edge a at chic and soon at the lac a one of the main tools for the description of such a formation is the relevance of relativistic hydrodynamic equations in some intermediate stage of the collisions a see fig.qgp a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a he a the problem of the hydrodynamic description is the uneasiness of the relation with the underlying fundamental theory a indeed a the experimental observations seem to indicate an almost perfect a fluid behaviour with small shear viscosity a which naturally leads to consider a theory at strong coupling and thus within the yet unknown nonperturbative regime of cd |
9,691 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a numerical analysis of a one a dimensional hamiltonian system a composed by classical localized heisenberg rotators on a ring a is presented a a distance between rotators at sites and is introduced a such that the corresponding two a body interaction decays with as a power a law a a a a the index controls the range of the interactions a in such a way that one recovers both the fully a coupled a item a mean a field limit a and nearest a neighbour a interaction models in the particular limits and a respectively a the dynamics of the model is investigated for energies below its critical value a a a with initial conditions corresponding to zero magnetization a the presence of quasi a stationary states a less a a whose durations increase for increasing values of a is verified for values of in the range a like the ones found for the similar model of by rotators a moreover a for a given energy a our numerical analysis indicates that a where the exponent decreases for increasing in the range a and particularly a our results suggest that as a the growth of with could be interpreted as a breakdown of periodicity a which is shown herein to occur for any value of in this interval a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article classical spin models have called the attention of statistical a mechanics and magnetism researchers throughout many years excite a many techniques have been used in their study a both analytical and numerical a in such a way that a reasonable knowledge of their equilibrium thermodynamics has been achieved a and specially a of their critical properties a among those models a one could mention the classical spin models a which present the by a a and heisenberg a a as particular cases of please generate the next two sentences of the article | an interesting formulation of a -vector classical model comes when one adds a kinetic term to its hamiltonian a item a the spin variables may be interpreted as classical rotators a see a edge a refs a excite a a so that the terminology of inertial model of is currently used a |
9,692 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this letter considers the problem of signal denoting using a sparse tight a frame analysis prior a the norm has been extensively used as a regularized to promote sparsity a however a it tends to under a estimate non a zero values of the underlying signal a to more accurately estimate non a zero values a we propose the use of a non a convex regularized a chosen so as to ensure convexity of the objective function a the convexity of the objective function is ensured by constraining the parameter of the non a convex penalty a we use adam to obtain a solution and show how to guarantee that adam converges to the global optimum of the objective function a we illustrate the proposed method for cd and cd signal denoting a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article standard technique for estimating sparse signals is through the formulation of an inverse problem with the norm as convex proxy for sparsity a in particular a consider the problem of estimating a signal from a noisy observation a represents awn a we assume the underlying signal to be sparse with respect to an overcomplete tight frame a a which satisfies the tight frame condition a item a an analysis a prior a we formulate the signal denoting problem as a ali,a a where are the regularization parameters a and is a non a smooth sparsity inducing penalty function a the parameters control the non a convexity of in case it is non a convex of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the analysis prior is used in image processing and computer vision applications excite a commonly a the norm is used to induce sparsity a item a excite a in that case a problem is strictly convex and the global optimum can be reliably obtained a |
9,693 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we revisit the theory of tunnel a coupled atomic quasicondensates in double a well elongated traps at finite temperatures a using the functional integral approach a we calculate the relative phase correlation function beyond the harmonic limit of small fluctuations of the relative phase and its conjugate relative a density variable a we show that the thermal fluctuations of the relative phase between the two quasicondensates decrease the frequency of josephson oscillations and even wash out these oscillations for small values of the tunnel coupling a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article systems of ultracold bosnia atoms in two parallel atomic waveguides mutually coupled via quantum tunnelling a so a called extended bosnia josephson junctions a have been a subject of intensive theoretical excite and experimental excite studies a the finite spatial extension of these systems provides much richer physics compared to the case of a point a like bosnia josephson junction excite a the novel features arise due to the enhanced role of noise and correlations in low a dimensional ultracold atomic systems a before discussing the effects of tunnelling of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we recall the basic properties of a bosnia system in an isolated waveguide excite a this system is effectively one a dimensional a cd a a if the interaction energy per atom a we assume interatomic repulsion characterized by the effective cd coupling strength a and the temperature are well below the spacing between the discrete energy levels of the potential of tight radial confinement a in this case |
9,694 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we aim to understand the role of coulomb interactions as well as of different equations of state on the disappearance of transverse flow for various asymmetric reactions leading to same total mass a for the present study a the total mass of the system is kept constant a a 152 a and asymmetry of the reaction is varied between 0.2 and 0.7 a we find that the contribution of mean a field at low incident energies is more for nearly symmetric systems a while the trend is opposite at higher incident energies a the coulomb interactions as well as different equations of state are found to affect the balance energy significantly for larger asymmetric reactions a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the heavy a ion physics has attracted much attention during the last three decades excite a the behavior of nuclear matter under the extreme conditions of temperature a density a angular momentum etc a a is a very important aspect of heavy a ion physics a one of the important quantity which has been used extensively to study this hot and dense nuclear matter is the collective transverse in a plane flow excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this quantity has a beauty of vanishing at a certain incident energy a this energy is dubbed as balance energy a a or the energy of vanishing flow a eve a excite a |
9,695 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper evidence of signatures associated with cryptographic modes of operation is established a motivated by some analogies between cryptographic and dynamical systems a in particular with chaos theory a we propose an algorithm based on lyapunov exponents of discrete dynamical systems to estimate the divergence among ciphertexts as the encryption algorithm is applied iteratively a the results allow to distinguish among six modes of operation a namely eco a csc a of a cab a ctr and pc using de a idea a tea and tea block ciphers of of bits a as well as as a rcd a wolfish a seed a serpent and camellia block ciphers of 128 bits a furthermore a the proposed methodology enables a classification of modes of operation of cryptographic systems according to their strength a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the propagation and continuous flow of information are of utter importance for the development of stable economies throughout the world as they are a prerequisite for successful business transactions a short and long a range communication a and so on excite a often this information has to be encrypted in such a way that it can be safely transferred between the sender and recipient without allowing others to read the information that is present in such an encrypted message excite a on the other hand a malicious persons and organizations a but also governmental organizations a are continuously striving to break the key with which messages were encrypted because this might enable them to get those pieces of information that are needed to achieve their criminal a protective a or other goals excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it is probably due to the impact of turing a success in breaking the enigma that humanity became aware of the importance of cryptography in general a and the vulnerability of ciphers more in particular excite a since this major breakthrough a the functioning of the industrial a financial and public sector has become strongly dependent on the advances of cryptography a for instance a while the availability of worldwide networks has enabled rapid dissemination of information a it has also stimulated cryptographic innovations because a significant share of this information may only be available to a few parties a in this manner a technological progress during the last decades has increased the need for secured communication and transactions a information shielding a and so on excite a in the last few decades a modern cryptography replaced mechanical schemes with new computing models a |
9,696 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we prove that every countable cylindrically hyperbolic group admits a highly transitive action with finite kernel a this theorem uniformly generalizes many previously known results and allows us to answer a question of marion and glasses on the existence of highly transitive faithful actions of mapping class groups a it also implies that in various geometric and algebraic settings a the transitivity degree of an infinite group can only take two values a namely and a here by a transitivity degree a of a group we mean the supreme of transitivity degrees of its faithful permutation representations a further a for any countable group admitting a highly transitive faithful action a we prove the following dichotomy a either contains a normal subgroup isomorphic to the infinite alternating group or resembles a free product from the model theoretic point of view a we apply this theorem to obtain new results about universal theory and mixed identities of cylindrically hyperbolic groups a finally a we discuss some open problems a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article recall that an action of a group on a set is a -transitive a if and for any two -tuples of distinct elements of a and a there exists such that for a the a transitivity degree a of a countable group a denoted a is the supreme of all such that admits a -transitive faithful action a for finite groups of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this notion is classical and fairly well understood a it is easy to see that a a and it is a consequence of the classification of finite simple groups that any finite group other than or has a |
9,697 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present comprehensive cluster membership and photometry of the prototypical old a metal a rich galactic star cluster not 6791 a the proper a motion catalogue contains 58,901 objects down to a limited to a circular area of radius 30 a the highest precision of the proper motions is 0.08 mas yr a our proper motions confirm cluster membership of all main and also some rare constituents of not 6791 a the total number of probable cluster members down to a a is a corresponding to a new findings include an extended horizontal branch in this cluster a the angular radius of not 6791 is at least 15 a the effective radius is while the tidal radius is a a the luminosity function of the cluster peaks at. 5 and then steadily declines toward fainter magnitudes a our data provide evidence that differential reddening may not be ignored in not 6791 a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article not 6791 is an extreme galactic star cluster with an old age of gym excite a a high metallicity a be a h=.30 excite a and an unusual orbit that periodically brings it close to the bulge of the milky way excite a excite was the first to provide an estimate for the total mass of not 6791 a down to a confirmed by excite a it is widely acknowledged that not 6791 is one of the most massive old open clusters in our galaxy a as indicated by the discovery of several extremely blue subdwarfs excite and the presence of a prominent red clump a morphology of the color a magnitude diagram a cd a for not 6791 is complex of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the proposed enhanced mass loss along the red giant branch a rob a appears to explain the presence of hot subdwarfs and the abnormally young 2.4 gym white dwarf cooling age excite a recently a excite reported that the cd in the inner part of not 6791 a a is somewhat different from that in its outer part a a a |
9,698 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a scheme with gold cone a capillary is proposed to improve the protons acceleration and involved problems are investigated by using the two a dimensional particle a in a cell simulations a it is demonstrated that the cone a capillary can efficiently guide and collimated the protons to a longer distance and lead to a better beam quality with a dense density a monoenergetic peak energy a spatial remittance with divergence angle and diameter a the enhancement is mainly attributed to the focusing effect by the transverse electric field generated by the cone as well as the capillary a which can prevent greatly the protons from expanding in the transverse direction a comparable to without the capillary a the protons energy spectra have a stable monoenergetic peak and divergence angle near to in longer time a besides a the efficiency of acceleration depending on the capillary length is explored a and the optimal capillary length is also achieved a such a target may be benefit to many applications such as ions fast ignition in inertial fusion a proton therapy in medicine and so on a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article with the wide application a the charged particles acceleration based on the laser a plasma interaction have been rapidly concerned by many simulations and experiments excite a in recent years a the proton acceleration generated by an ultraintense laser irradiating a solid target has been investigated extensively due to the potential applications in ions fast ignition a i a of inertial confinement fusion a if a excite a compact proton sources for cancer therapy excite a laboratory astrophysics excite and so on a for instance a the i by proton beams to transport a few of meters to the dense core usually requires a high beam quality excite a however a the coupling efficiency from laser to protons is too low to achieve the enough ignition energy a therefore a how to gain a high quality beam with high energy a low energy spread and small size is a challenge topic currently a in the past years please generate the next two sentences of the article | a several acceleration schemes have been proposed and studied for obtaining higher quality proton beams by many researchers a according to the parameters variety of the laser and targets a the acceleration approaches are usually classified into target normal sheath acceleration a test a excite a breakout afterburner acceleration a boa a excite a shock wave acceleration excite a and radiation pressure acceleration a spa a excite a etc of the test a which has been studied rapidly and implemented in the experiments a is that protons can be accelerated to high energy through the electrostatic sheath field created by the hot electrons expanding into vacuum at the rear side of the target a nevertheless a the practical application is limited because of the obtained protons possessing a large divergence a large energy spread and low number density a moreover a in order to obtain a dense and monoenergetic beam a the spa is proposed to efficiently accelerate the protons a |
9,699 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper link homology has been an active area of research for knot theorists since its introduction by minor in the 1950s a we introduce a new equivalence relation on spatial graphs called component homology a which reduces to link homology in the classical case a unlike previous attempts at generalizing link homology to spatial graphs a our new relation allows analogues of some standard link homology results and invariants a in particular we can define a type of minor group for a spatial graph under component homology a and this group determines whether or not the spatial graph is splittable a more surprisingly a we will also show that whether the spatial graph is splittable up to component homology depends only on the link homology class of the links contained within it a numerical invariants of the relation will also be produced a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article where knot theory studies embeddings of circles into a spatial graph theory studies embeddings of arbitrary graphs a let be a finite abstract graph a let be an embedding of into the -sphere of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we will call a a spatial embedding of a or simply a a spatial graphic since it is the map that matters in this construction a we will often refer to as a spatial embedding a |
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