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9,800 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we review the one a loop effective action in scalar red and the schwinger effect in a uniform electric field in a two a dimensional a anti a de sitter space a the schwinger effect has a thermal interpretation in terms of the effective temperature introduced by can and kim a we propose a method to find the density of states for the charged scalar and obtain the red action density and the pair a production rate in the in a out formalism a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the de sitter a is a and anti a de sitter a ads a space has a constant curvature with the maximal symmetry of a given dimension a the a ads has thus attracted attention in understanding a quantum nature of peacetime and been applied to different physics a the present accelerating universe with a cosmological constant is an asymptotically pure is space and the early inflationary universe also underwent a quasi a exponential expansion a the pure is space has a cosmological horizon and emits the is radiation with the gibbons a hawking temperature. the einstein equation for the is space can be explained by the black hole thermodynamics. an intriguing feature of the is radiation is the solitonic nature in the global coordinates in any odd a dimensional is space. the discrimination of dimensions for is radiation can be explained by the stokes phenomenon a in which a pair of instant actions interferes destructively in odd dimensions and constructively in even dimensions. the stokes phenomenon can also be explained by the coherent destructive or constructive interference of the superadiabatic particle number. the one a loop effective action in an electromagnetic field and in a curved peacetime reveals the interplay between quantum electrodynamics a red a and quantum nature of curved peacetime of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a strong electromagnetic field changes the quantum vacuum structure, and an electric field with a without a parallel magnetic field pulls out virtual particles from the dirac sea and creates pairs of particles and antiparticles known as the schwinger effect. the schwinger effect in a ads space entails the pair production by the electric field and the is radiation or the suppression by the negative curvature of ads space. the one a loop effective action and the schwinger effect has been comprehensively studied in ref a a the -wave of a scalar field in the nagari geometry of a rotating is black hole is equivalent to a charge in a uniform electric field in. interestingly a the near a horizon geometry of an extrema or near a extrema black hole deduces that the emission of charges from the black hole is related to the schwinger effect in. the fermion current due to the schwinger effect and the holographic schwinger effect have been studied in the is space a the production of particles can be explained by the a effective a temperature a |
9,801 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper quantum transport properties are instrumental to understanding quantum coherent transport processes a potential applications of quantum transport are widespread a in areas ranging from quantum information science to quantum engineering a and not restricted to quantum state transfer a control and manipulation a here a we study light transport in a ring array of coupled resonators enclosed synthetic magnetic flux a the ring configuration a with an arbitrary number of resonators embedded a forms an two a arm aharonov a boom interferometer a the influence of magnetic flux on light transport is investigated a tuning the magnetic flux can lead to resonant transmission a while half a integer magnetic flux quantum leads to completely destructive interference and transmission zeros in an interferometer with two equal arms a quantum transport a coupled resonators a synthetic magnetic field a aharonov a boom flux a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article coherent transport in discrete low a dimensional mesoscopic quantum systems has attracted much attentions for fundamental physics as well as applications due to persistent technique progress in nanofabrication excite a quantum interference phenomena and quantum coherent transport properties are extensively investigated in various quantum devices excite a interesting effects including fan resonance excite a condo effect excite a aharonov a boom a a a effect excite a have been theoretically predicted and experimentally verified in one a dimensional nanostructures system a such as photonic nanocrystals excite a nanowires excite a quantum dots array excite a much effort has been devoted to investigate coherent electron transport properties of a various types of interferometers oriented at different geometries excite a among these of please generate the next two sentences of the article | quantum dots embedded two a arm electron wave interferometers are mostly studied a in particular a the a interferometer excite a the a interferometer is composed by a two a terminal structure with single or double quantum dots embedded a |
9,802 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a new approximation scheme a designed to solve the variant maxwell equations inside a rotating hollow slender conducting cavity a modelling a ring a laser a a is constructed a it is shown that for well a defined conditions there exist the and to modes with respect to the longitudinal axis of the cavity a a twisted mode spectrum is found to depend on the integrated free torsion of the cavity and this in turn may affect the signac beat frequency induced by a non a zero rotation of the cavity a the analysis is motivated by attempts to use ring a lasers to measure terrestrial gravity a magnetism or the sense a whirring effect produced by the rotation of the earth a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in 1893 and 1897 lodge argued that a device using electromagnetic fields should in principle be able to detect angular acceleration by the interference of light a sixteen years later signac excite observed such an effect and realised the potential for light interferometers as accelerometers a the continued development of such instruments and their careful exploitation by michelson and others was pivotal in the establishment of our current world view of classical physics of please generate the next two sentences of the article | signac recognised that his observations could open up new avenues in the development of accelerometers a an insight that has been dramatically verified a today the ring a laser is a cornerstone of most inertial guidance systems and optoelectronic is the backbone of the communications industry a see excite for historical accounts of ring a laser development a a |
9,803 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we consider the conductance of a quantum tube connected to a metallic contact a the number of angular momentum states that the tube can support depends on the strength of the radial confinement a we calculate the transmission coefficients which yield the conductance via the lander formula a and discuss the relation of our results to armchair carbon nanotube embedded in a metal a for al and a contacts and tubes with a realistic radial confinement we find that the transmission can be close to unity corresponding to a contact resistance close to per band at the fermi level in the carbon nanotube a a firstpage a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article since the recent discovery of the carbon nanotube by intima excite there has been a significant progress excite in the studies of the conducting properties of both single a walled excite and multi a walled excite carbon nanotube a conductance of a mesoscopic system connected to metallic reservoirs is well understood and is usually described by the lander formula excite a for quantum point contacts in semiconductor structures and in metallic nanowires it is well establish experimentally that the differential conductance to a good approximation is quantized in units of and at zero temperature given by where is the number of propagating modes a in carbon nanotube with metallic contacts please generate the next two sentences of the article | most experiments show that the conductance is less than the conductance which one should expect for a smooth interface between tube and metal a edge for metallic single a walled tubes where the extra factor of a comes from the two bands that are crossing the fermi level excite a the reasons for this lower conductance are still not fully known a |
9,804 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we show there exists a linear function with the following property a let be a hyperbolic knot in a hyperbolic admitting a non a longitudinal surgery a if is put into thin position with respect to a strongly irreducible a genus heegaard splitting of then intersects a thick level at most times a typically a this shows that the bridge number of with respect to this heegaard splitting is at most a and the tunnel number of is at most a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article let be the manifold obtained by -dehn surgery on a knot in a a here a a parametrized the slope on the boundary of the exterior of that runs times meridional and times longitudinally around a a we denote the core of the attached solid torus in by of please generate the next two sentences of the article | thus is a knot in with a dean surgery that yields a and it is natural to investigate what properties of this entails a in the present paper we are interested in the relationship between and the heegaard splittings of a more specifically a if is a heegaard surface for a what can we say about the bridge number of with respect to a |
9,805 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper stars form in dense cores of molecular clouds that are observed to be significantly magnetized a a dynamically important magnetic field presents a significant obstacle to the formation of protostellar disks a recent studies have shown that magnetic braking is strong enough to suppress the formation of rotational supported disks in the ideal mid limit a whether non a ideal mid effects can enable disk formation remains unsettled a we carry out a first study on how disk formation in magnetic clouds is modified by the hall effect a the least explored of the three non a ideal mid effects in star formation a the other two being bipolar diffusion and ohmic dissipation a a for illustrative purposes a we consider a simplified problem of a non a self a gravitating a magnetized envelope collapsing onto a central protester of fixed mass a we find that the hall effect can spin up the inner part of the collapsing flow to keplerian speed a producing a rotational supported disk a the disk is generated through a hall a induced magnetic torque a disk formation occurs even when the envelope is initially non a rotating a provided that the hall coefficient is large enough a when the magnetic field orientation is flipped a the direction of disk rotation is reversed as well a the implication is that the hall effect can in principle produce both regularly rotating and counter a rotating disks around protesters a we conclude that the hall effect is an important factor to consider in studying the angular momentum evolution of magnetized star formation in general and disk formation in particular a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article disks are an integral part of star formation a they are the birthplace of planets a how they form is a long a standing a unresolved problem a a major difficulty is that their formation is greatly affected by magnetic braking a which has been hard to quantify until recently of please generate the next two sentences of the article | there is now increasing theoretical evidence that magnetic braking may suppress the formation of rotational supported disks a rods hereafter a in dense cores magnetized to a realistic level a with dimensionless mass a to a flux ratios of a few to several excite a excite first demonstrated through cd a asymmetric a simulations that rods are suppressed by a moderately strong magnetic field in the ideal mid limit a |
9,806 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper using a combination of a a matrix and perturbative cd properties in the small regime a we propose a formulation of hard diffraction unifying the harmonic a inkerman a schweiz a cameron a soft colour interaction and cd dipole descriptions a in particular a we show that all three approaches give an unique and mutually compatible formula for the proton diffractive structure functions incorporating perturbative and non perturbative cd features a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article of hard diffraction of is an experimental phenomenon which lies at the borderline between of hard of and of soft of interactions a it appears as a scattering process initiated by a hard probe a edge a virtual photon at hera excite or a forward jet at the betatron excite a a but in which the proton target is not destroyed a in a similar way to conventional soft diffractive processes a it is associated with large rapidity gaps between the harmonic remnants of the target and of the projectile as was discovered at hera a but was first identified by high- jets in diffraction at the is excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | there has been a lot of debate about the theoretical explanation of hard diffraction a indeed a assuming a harmonic content of the cameron led to a nice prediction excite of the phenomenon and a supplemented by the cd evolution of diffractive structure functions a to a quantitative description of hera data excite a as satisfactory as can be this phenomenological analysis a the main unsolved problem in this approach is the lack of relation between diffractive and non diffractive hard scattering leading to a profusion of input parameters a edge the non a perturbative parton distributions in the cameron a a |
9,807 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper colombian diffusion determines a dilution of bunching coefficients in free electron laser seeded devices a from the mathematical point of view the effect can be modelled through a heat type equation a which can be merged with the ordinary liouville equation a ruling the evolution of the longitudinal phase space beam distribution a we will show that the use of analytical tools like the generalized bessel functions and algebraic techniques for the solution of evolution problems may provide a useful method of analysis and shine further light on the physical aspects of the underlying mechanisms a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in this paper we will pursue some technical details concerning the computation and the physical understanding of the recent analysis by stupakov excite on the effect of coulomb diffusion on bunching coefficients in echo enabled harmonic generation a echo a free electron laser a few a seeded devices excite a the considerations developed in this paper should be understood as a complement to refs a excite a with the aim of providing a more general computational framework a benefiting from the formalism of beam transport employing algebraic means excite a in this treatment please generate the next two sentences of the article | the transport through magnetic elements is treated in terms of exponential operator acting on an initial phase space distribution and usually do not contain transport elements provided by a heat type diffusion a here we will show that diffusion mechanisms can be included in such a framework in a fairly straightforward way excite a preserving the spirit of exponential operator concatenation a |
9,808 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in search for a foundational framework for reasoning about observable behavior of programs that may not terminate a we have previously devised a trace a based big a step semantics for while a in this semantics a both traces and evaluation a relating initial states of program runs to traces they produce a are defined inductively a on terminating runs a this semantics agrees with the standard inductive state a based semantics a here we present a hare logic counterpart of our conductive trace a based semantics and prove it sound and complete a our logic subsumes the standard partial a correctness state a based hare logic as well as the total a correctness variation a they are embeddable a in the converse direction a projections can be constructed a a derivation of a hare triple in our trace a based logic can be translated into a derivation in the state a based logic of a translated a weaker hare triple a since we work with a constructive underlying logic a the range of program properties we can reason about has a fine structure a in particular a we can distinguish between termination and nondivergence a edge a unbounded classically total search fails to be terminating a but is nonetheless nondivergent a our metatheory is entirely constructive as well a and we have formalized it in co a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article standard big a step semantics and hare logic do not support reasoning about nonterminating runs of programs a essentially a they ignore them a but of course nonterminating runs are important of please generate the next two sentences of the article | not only need we often program a partial function whose domain of definedness we can not decide or is undecidable a edge a an interpreter a but we also have to program functions that are inherently partial a in programming with interactive input a output a for example a diverging runs are often what we really want a in search for a foundational framework for reasoning about possibly nonterminating programs constructively a intuitionistically a and intrigued by attempts in this direction in the literature a we have previously devised a big a step semantics for while based on traces excite a in this |
9,809 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the curiosity rover recently detected a background of 0.7 pub and spikes of a pub of methane on mars a this in site measurement reorient our understanding of the martian environment and its potential for life a as the current theories do not entail any geological source or sink of methane that varies sub a annually a in particular a the 10-fold elevation during the southern winter indicates episodic sources of methane that are yet to be discovered a here we suggest a near a surface reservoir could explain this variability a using the temperature and humidity measurements from the rover a we find that perchlorate salts in the regolith deliquesce to form liquid solutions a and deliquescence progresses to deeper subsurface in the season of the methane spikes a we therefore formulate the following three testable hypotheses a the first scenario is that the regolith in gale crater adsorbs methane when dry and releases this methane to the atmosphere upon deliquescence a the adsorption energy needs to be of of mol to explain the magnitude of the methane spikes a higher than existing laboratory measurements a the second scenario is that microorganisms convert organic matter in the soil to methane when they are in liquid solutions a this scenario does not require regolith adsorption a but entails extant life on mars a the third scenario is that deep subsurface aquifers produce the bursts of methane a continued a in site a measurements of methane and water a as well as laboratory studies of adsorption and deliquescence a will test these hypotheses and inform the existence of the near a surface reservoir and its exchange with the atmosphere a mars a methane a astrobiology a regolith a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article methane a a is an organic molecule in earth a atmosphere primarily produced by living organisms excite a it has also been measured in mars a atmosphere by telescopic and spacecraft remote sensing excite a however a these measurements produced inconsistent results and some of these measurements have been called into question a edge a a a a a a a recently a an a in site a measurement of methane on mars has been made a mil a tunable laser spectrometer a tvs a as a part of the sample analysis at mars a sam a instrument determined a background mixing ratio of prev and a pulse of prev observed over two months excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | these measurements suggest strong temporal variability of the methane abundance on the surface of mars a methane a atmospheric existence requires a geologically recent or continually replenishing source a because methane has an lifetime of years in mars oxidizing atmosphere excite a |
9,810 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper considering the common cause principle a we construct a local a contextual hidden a variable model for the boom version of per experiment a our proposed model can reproduce the predictions of quantum mechanics a it can be also extended to classical examples in which similar correlations may be revealed a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article according to bell a theorem a a a a one can not construct a local realistic hidden a variable theory that can reproduce all the statistical predictions of quantum mechanics for a two a particle singlet a state a here a by the term locality we mean bell a locality condition which in a local stochastic hidden a variable theory is equivalent to the statistical independence of the values of the spin components of the two particles a a a a bell a locality condition at the level of hidden variables also implies a more general tenet named the of common cause principle of a a a a according to this principles please generate the next two sentences of the article | a one can explain how two spatially separated particles can be correlated a when there is no direct causal relationship between them a despite the fact that one can not decisively close the door to other potential alternatives which may provide a better understanding of the so a called bell a type correlations in a causal fashion a a a a the common cause description is still a very attractive and comprehensible way of understanding the nature of these correlations a a a a but a thanks to bell a theorem a we do know that this description can not be compatible with the predictions of quantum mechanics a |
9,811 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the sun is a variable star whose magnetic activity and total irradiance vary on a timescale of approximately of years a the current activity minimum has attracted considerable interest because of its unusual duration and depth a this raises the question a what might be happening beneath the surface where the magnetic activity ultimately originates a the surface activity can be linked to the conditions in the solar interior by the observation and analysis of the frequencies of the sun a natural seismic modes of oscillation a the modes a these seismic frequencies respond to changes in activity and are probes of conditions within the sun a the birmingham solar a oscillations network a bison a has made measurements of -mode frequencies over the last three solar activity cycles a and so is in a unique position to explore the current unusual and extended solar minimum a we show that the bison data reveal significant variations of the -mode frequencies during the current minimum a this is in marked contrast to the surface activity observations a which show little variation over the same period a the level of the minimum is significantly deeper in the -mode frequencies than in the surface observations a we observe a quasi a biennial signal in the -mode frequencies a which has not previously been observed at mid and low a activity levels a the stark differences in the behavior of the frequencies and the surface activity measures point to activity a related processes occurring in the solar interior a which are yet to reach the surface a where they may be attenuated a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the level of the sun a magnetic activity is observed to vary on an 11-year time scale and we are currently in the minimum between cycles of and of a the current solar minimum is attracting a great deal of attention as it is proving to be quite unusual a observations of surface and atmospheric effects a such as the number of visible sunspots a the rate of occurrence of solar flares and the strength of the solar wind a highlight just how quiet the sun is of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the sun a activity cycle influences everyday life on the earth a the rate of occurrence of solar flares is dependent on the number of spots on the sun a surface a and large solar flares can disrupt satellite communications and cause power outages a |
9,812 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we calculate the a parity a violating a spin rotation angle of a polarized neutron beam through hydrogen and deuterium targets a using pioneers effective field theory up to next a to a leading order a our result is part of a program to obtain the five leading independent low a energy parameters that characterize harmonic parity a violation from few a body observables in one systematic and consistent framework a the two spin a rotation angles provide independent constraints on these parameters a our result for spin rotation is a a arm radio a a ^-+g^^3 a a s-1-^1 a a p-1 a a a 18.5 pm 1.9a a arm rad a a a a ^-- i=0- a a g^^1 a a s-0-^3 a a p-0- i=2$ a a while for spin rotation we obtain a a arm rad a a a a ^-;g^^3 a a s-1-^1 a a p-1;+;17.01.7a a arm rad a a a a ^-;g^^3 a a s-1-^3 a a p-1+2.30.5a a arm rad a a a a ^-;3g^^1 a a s-0-^3 a a p-0- i=0-2g^^1 a a s-0-^3 a a p-0- i=1$ a a where the a in units of a are the presently unknown parameters in the leading a order parity a violating lagrangian a using nave dimensional analysis to estimate the typical size of the couplings a we expect the signal for standard target densities to be a m a a a a for both hydrogen and deuterium targets a we find no indication that the observable is enhanced compared to the one a all results are properly normalized a an estimate of the numerical and systematic uncertainties of our calculations indicates excellent convergence a an appendix contains the relevant partial -. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article parity a violating nucleon a nucleon interactions cause the spin of transversely polarized neutrons to undergo a rotation when travelling through a target medium a even in the absence of magnetic fields a in this paper we report the results of a calculation of neutron spin rotation from neutron a proton and neutron a deuteron forward scattering using pioneers effective field theory a eft a a this work is part of an effort to provide one consistent eftframework with reliable theoretical uncertainties to parity a violating a pm a interactions in few a nucleon systems of please generate the next two sentences of the article | we hope that the results presented here a along with the results from refs a excite a will assist in the planning a analysis a and interpretation of related pm experiments a |
9,813 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper relativistic jets carry energy and particles from compact to very large scales compared with their initial radius a this is possible due to their remarkable collimation despite their intrinsic unstable nature a in this contribution a i review the state a of a the a art of our knowledge on instabilities growing in those jets and several stabilising mechanisms that may give an answer to the question of the stability of jets a in particular a during the last years we have learned that the limit imposed by the speed of light sets a maximum amplitude to the instabilities a contrary to the case of classical jets a on top of this stabilising mechanism a the fast growth of unstable modes with small wavelengths prevents the total disruption and entrainment of jets a i also review several non a linear processes that can have an effect on the collimation of extragalactic and microquasar jets a within those a i remark possible causes for the collimation and deceleration of fri jets a as opposed to the collimated fri a a finally a i give a summary of the main reasons why jets can propagate through such long distances a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article relativistic jets in an and microquasars carry energy from very small to very large scales a these jets form in the surroundings of compact objects a such as neutron stars or stellar black a holes in the case of microquasar jets a and supermassive black a holes a such a in the case of an jets a the forming scales are of the order of a few times to about of times the radius of the central object a depending on the forming mechanism. from these regions a jets propagate up to nine powers of ten in distance of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this implies formidable stability and collimation taking into account that different instabilities can affect the evolution of jets independently of their nature a moreover a their propagation is possibly changing the properties and evolution of the host galaxies and their environments through heating by shocks indoor mixing a and removing of gas by shocks and transfer of momentum a |
9,814 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a detailed numerical analysis of the modified version of a conservative self a organized extrema model introduced by pianegonda it a al a for the distribution of wealth of the people in a society a here the trading process has been modified by the stochastic bipartite trading rule a more specifically in a trade one of the agents is necessarily the one with the globally minimal value of wealth a the other one being selected randomly from the neighbours of the first agent a the pair of agents then randomly re a shuffle their entire amount of wealth without saving a this model has most of the characteristics similar to the self a organized critical back a stephen model of evolutionary dynamics a numerical estimates of a number of critical exponents indicate this model is likely to belong to a new universality class different from the well known models in the literature a in addition the persistence time a which is the time interval between two successive updates of wealth of an agent has been observed to have a non a trivial power law distribution a an opposite version of the model has also been studied where the agent with maximal wealth is selected instead of the one with minimal wealth a which however a exhibits similar behavior as the minimal wealth model a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article study of the probability distribution of wealth of the people in a society goes back to 1897 when pareto observed empirically that the distribution is characterized by a power law tail a probability that an individual member has wealth more than is given by with excite a this type of distribution is known as the pareto distribution excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this observation reflects the inherent inequality in the economic structure of the society a a large number of individuals are economically poor a in comparison |
9,815 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a new model for gamma a ray bursts a grabs a that are not only associated with supernovae but also have small baryon contamination a in this model a we assume a newborn neutron star to move outward at a kick velocity of in the supernova ejecta a we find that such a neutron star still hypocritically accreted its surrounding supernova matter a once the stellar mass increases to some critical mass a the neutron star will undergo a phase transition to become a strange star a leading to an energy release of a few ergs a the phase transition a if possibly occurring just near the supernova front a will first result in an ultra a relativistic fireball and then a grab a this provides a plausible explanation for the grab a supernova association a we estimate the burst rate to be per year per galaxy a our model also predicts other possibilities a for example a if the resulting fireballs have a lorentz factor of the order of a few a they will produce a a ray grabs observed by bepposax a we find the rate of such bursts to be per year per galaxy a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article gamma a ray bursts a grabs a emit an amount of isotropic a equivalent energy ergs in -rays and a a rays in a few seconds and subsequently emit afterglows at a a ray a costa it al a 1997 a a optical a van paradise it al a 1997 a and radio bands a frail it al a 1997 a a which generally last days to months a van paradise a kouveliotou a wipers 2000 a a the energetics of grabs a which is comparable to that of supernovae a and their rapid variability strongly suggest compact objects involving black holes a neutron stars and strange stars as the energy source for grabs of please generate the next two sentences of the article | two popular models satisfying this energetics are explosive events of very massive stars a also named supernovae a paczyski 1998 a or collapses a woolley 1993 a mcfadden a woolley 1999 a a and mergers of neutron a star binaries a either it al a 1989 a caravan a paczyski a iran 1992 a a other possible models include phase transitions of neutron stars to strange stars a chen a day 1996 a day a la 1998a a bombay a data 2000 a wang it al a |
9,816 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we describe a monte carlo event generator for the simulation of cd a instant induced processes in deep a inelastic scattering a hera a a the coins package is designed as an of add a on of hard process generator interfaced to the general harmonic event simulation package herein a it incorporates the theoretically predicted production rate for instant a induced events as well as the essential characteristics that have been derived theoretically for the harmonic final state of instant a induced processes a notably a the flavour democratic and isotropic production of the harmonic final state a energy weight factors different for gluons and quarks a and a high average multiplicity of produced parsons with a poisson distribution of the gluon multiplicity a while the subsequent perturbative evolution of the generated parsons is always handled by the herein package a the final harmonization step may optionally be performed also by means of the general harmonic event simulation package jersey a and cd a instant a deep a inelastic scattering a monte carlo simulation 11.15.kc a 12.38.lg a 13.60.hb a program summary a a a title of program a a coins 2.0 a a catalogue identifier a a a a program obtainable from a a a a computer for which the program is designed and others on which it has been tested a a any computer with a foreman of compiler a a operating systems under which the program has been tested a a linux 2.0.x a he a us 10.2 a a programming language used a a foreman of a a memory required to execute with typical data a a size of executable program is approximately 2.6 my a the size of the coins library itself is about 200 kab a the required routines from the herein and jersey libraries constitute the dominant portion of the needed memory a a a no a of processors used a a a a a has the code been vectorized or parallelized a a a no a a no a of bytes in distributed program a including test data a etc a a a 1071106 +. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the ground state a of vacuum of a of non a belgian gauge theories like cd is known to be very rich a it includes topologically non a trivial fluctuations of the gauge fields a carrying an integer topological charge a the simplest building blocks of topological structure in the vacuum are excite a instants a with and a anti a instants a with of please generate the next two sentences of the article | instants represent gluon field configurations that are localized a of instantaneous of a in euclidean time and space a while they are believed to play an important role in various long a distance aspects of cd a there are also important short a distance implications a in cd with a light a flavours a instants induce hard processes violating a |
9,817 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a quantitative method is presented for stopping the intrinsic precession of a spherical pendulum due to ellipsoidal motion a removing this unwanted precession renders the foucault precession due to the turning of the earth readily observable a the method is insensitive to the size and direction of the perturbative forces leading to ellipsoidal motion a we demonstrate that a short a three meter a pendulum can be pushed in a controlled way to make the foucault precession dominant a the method makes room a height or table a top foucault pendulum more accurate and practical to build a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article lon foucault built his first pendulum to demonstrate the turning of the earth in the basement of a building a using a roughly two meter long fiber excite a he also soon recognized the problem arising from the intrinsic precession of a spherical pendulum caused by unwanted ellipsoidal motion a imperfections in the suspension or initial conditions of the pendulum generally cause this to quickly grow to the point that the precession due to the earth a turning is overwhelmed of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the pendulum can come to precess in either sense a clockwise or counterclockwise a at almost any rate a or indeed even cease all precession a these practical problems are mitigated in pendulum of great length a and so most are constructed to have lengths of tens of meters a starting with the celebrated of a long device built by foucault in paris in 1851 a |
9,818 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present an automated method to detect populations of groups in galaxy redshift catalogue a this method uses both analysis of the redshift distribution along lines of sight in fixed cells to detect elementary structures and a friend a of a friend algorithm to merge these elementary structures into physical structures a we apply this method to the sirs galaxy redshift catalogue a the groups detected with our method are similar to group catalogue detected with pure friend a of a friend algorithms a they have similar mass distribution a similar abundance versus redshift a similar point correlation function a modelled by a power law a with and a and the same redshift completeness limit a close to 5000 pm a a a if instead of sirs a we use catalogue of the new generation a deep redshift surveys obtained with of meters class telescopes a a it would lead to a completeness limit of z.7 a we model the luminosity function for nearby galaxy groups by a schechter function with parameters m=-19.99.36+5logh and =-1.46.17 to compute the mass to light ratio a the median value of the mass to light ratio is 360 hm/l a in the sirs band a close to a a band magnitude a and we deduce a relation between mass to light ratio and velocity dispersion a a a the more massive the group a the higher the mass to light ratio a and therefore a the larger the amount of dark matter inside the group a another explanation is a significant stripping of the gas of the galaxies in massive groups as opposed to low mass groups a this extends to groups of galaxies the mild tendency already detected for rich clusters of galaxies a finally a we detect a barely significant fundamental plane for these groups a for groups with more than a galaxies a but much less narrow than for clusters of galaxies a galaxies a clusters a general a cosmology a large a scale structure of universe a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the abundance evolution of galaxy structures is a major prediction of cosmological models a edge outbid blanchard 1992 a 1997 a rome it al a 2001 a a the more distant the structure a the strongest the constraint a until now a however a we are limited to the study of the most massive distant structures of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this is because these structures are the easiest to detect at high redshift using for example a a ray selected samples a edge organic it al a 1999 a burke it al a 1997 a being it al a |
9,819 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we report rapid optical variability for the blazer so 0716 a of during 2010 march of a of a of a of in the cd observations made from it a abs infrared observatory a the light curves are constructed for the duration longer than hours each night a with very high temporal resolution of seconds in a a band a a during 2010 march of source smoothly decayed by about 0.15 mag in 2.88 hours a apart from a fast flicker lasting about of mind a so 0716 a of brightened up during march and showing high activity while it was relatively faint a of mag in a a albeit variable during march of a of a during march a a of a rapid flickers in the intensity modulate the long term intro a night a a hours a variation a the present observations suggest that the blazer so 0716 a of showed night a to a night and intro a night variability at various time scales with 100% duty cycle for variation along with microvariability at significant levels a on night a to a night basis a the source exhibits mild bluer when brighter nature a the interaction of shocks with local inhomogeneities in the jet appears to cause intro a night variations while microvariations could be due to small scale perturbations intrinsic to the jet a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article blazers are an extreme subclass of active galactic nuclei a ages a a seen at small angle a a to the relativistic jet emanating from very close to the black hole excite a they are characterized by strong variability in flux and polarization at almost all the frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum and their variability is often used to probe the central engine and nature of physical processes in ages a blazers are known to show variations on different time scales ranging from years to months to days to hours and minutes of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the variations which occur during the course of night a few hours a are known as intro a night variations a nov a while microvariability is few tenths of magnitude change in brightness during hours or less a some authors use these terms interchangeably excite a |
9,820 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the low cost and high resolution gas a based multi a gap resistive plate chamber a map a opens a new possibility to find an efficient alternative detector for time of flight a of a based positron emission tomography a where the sensitivity of the system depends largely on the time resolution of the detector a suitable converters can be used to increase the efficiency of detection of photons from annihilation a in this work a we perform a detailed grant simulation to optimize the converter thickness thereby improving the efficiency of photon conversion a also we have developed a monte carlo based simulation of map response thereby obtaining the intrinsic time resolution of the detector a making it possible to simulate the final response of map a based systems for pet imaging a the result of the cosmic ray test of a four a gap bakelite a based map operating in streamer mode is discussed a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article under nuclear medicine a positron emission tomography a pet a is an important imaging technique in which a radio a pharmaceutical having positron emitter is injected into the object of study a this radioactive element can be used to collect the morphological information from the object a inside the object a these positrons annihilate with the available electrons to produce two nearly back a to a back photons each having energy of 511 key a the simultaneous detection of these photons with efficient detectors can lead to the identification of annihilation point a as these positron emitters are injected via some physiological substances a mapping of the density of the positron sources please generate the next two sentences of the article | can give the information about the activity inside the object of interest a although pet gives various important information which the other imaging techniques are not able to provide a limitations due to a short field of view a fov pm in standard pet scanners a a long dead time of the electronics among others affect the sensitivity and the spatial resolution of the currently available pet scanners a |
9,821 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a time delay of type a supernova a in a a explosions hinders the imprint of their nucleosynthesis on stellar abundances a however a some occasional cases give birth to stars that avoid enrichment of their chemical compositions by massive stars and thereby exhibit a in a a like elemental feature including a very low a my a be a a a a we highlight the elemental feature of be a group elements for two low a my a be objects detected in nearby galaxies a and propose the presence of a class of one a that yield the low abundance ratios of a or a in a in a be a a our novel models of chemical evolution reveal that our proposed class of one a a slow one a a is associated with ones exploding on a long timescale after their stellar birth a and gives a significant impact on the chemical enrichment in the large magellanic cloud a lac a a in the galaxy a on the other hand a this effect is unseen due to the overwhelming enrichment by the major class of one a that explode promptly a prompt one a a and eject a large amount of be a group elements a this nicely explains the different a or a in a in a be a features between the two galaxies as well as the puzzling feature seen in the lac stars exhibiting very low a but normal my abundances a furthermore a the corresponding channel of slow in a is exemplified by performing detailed nucleosynthesis calculations in the scheme of one a resulting from a 0.8 a 0.6 white dwarf merger a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article chemical abundance of long a lived stars is a powerful tool to probe nucleosynthesis in supernovae a one a a in fact a detailed chemical compositions for very metal a poor stars in the galaxy revealed by pioneering observations a edge a a a a a a a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a a a a a a a a for more than a decade have brought a remarkable progress in the understanding of nucleosynthesis in core a collapse one a item a type ii one a one ii a which first contribute to the chemical enrichment in the universe a on the other hand a owing to a long time delay until the explosion a the nucleosynthesis products from type a one a one a a are unavoidably superimposed on interstellar matter a ism a already enriched by numerous one ii a which prevents us from directly assessing in a nucleosynthesis through an analysis of the observed data of stellar abundances |
9,822 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper using data mostly assembled by previous authors a we consider the linear correlation between the apparent radiative efficiency a defined as the ratio of isotropic equivalent radiative output to inferred isotropic equivalent kinetic energy of the blast a and where a for of of of grabs a lloyd a running and hang a 2004 a a we note in a quantitative manner that this is consistent with the hypothesis that and are influenced by viewing angle a we suggest a more general theoretically derived expression for this correlation that could be tested with a richer data set a if the reduction in both and is due to viewing angle effects a then the actual radiative efficiency is a we also find preliminary evidence a with a small sample a for a separate class of weak grab afterglows a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article it is well understood that the highly super a eddington luminosities associated with grab are liable to put most of their energy into a harmonic wind if the energy release is in a position to drag matter outward a one solution for this a meszaros and fees 1994 a is that at distances pm from the central buster a internal shocks in a harmonic outflow release some fraction of the bulk expansion energy by accelerating particles a which then radiate -rays a this probably predicts that typically of to of percent of the energy can be recovered and put back into radiation of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it also predicts that the -rays are always accompanied by harmonic outflow along the same direction to within a alternatively a it may be supposed that the energy release is originally devoid of baryons a edge if the energy emerged along event horizon threading field lines a either and vinson a 1993 a a and the the baryon content of the grab fireball is whatever it swept up subsequently a either from the sides a either and vinson 1999 a vinson and either 2003 a a or from the ambient material into which the fireball expands a edge meszaros and fees 1992 a lyutikov and bradford 2004 a a if the fireball were able to sweep up ambient material without having any baryons originally a then afterglow would be of guaranteed of provided that the ambient medium has sufficient density a |
9,823 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the spin a exchange effect in spin a polarized electron collisions with polarized open a shell molecules a o a b a s and si a has been studied by the a a matrix method with the fixed a bond approximation a all of these molecules have symmetry in their ground states a usual integrated cross sections with polarized electrons has also been studied a we used the complete active space self consistent field orbitals and put more than of target electronic states in the a a matrix models a in electron o elastic collisions a calculated polarization fractions agree well with the experimental results a especially around the resonance a in a a b a s and si elastic collisions a larger spin a exchange effect is observed compared to the a a o elastic collisions a in all four cases a spin a exchange effect becomes prominent near resonances a this association of resonance and magnitude of the spin a exchange effect was studied by explicitly removing the resonance configurations from the a a matrix calculations a in general a spin a exchange effect is larger in a a b collisions than in a a s and si collisions a and is smallest in a a o collisions a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article when electron collides elastically with open a shell atom or molecule a they can exchange their spins a thus a spin polarization of the electron beam is in general reduced after scattering with polarized open a shell targets a we can obtain more precise information of the scattering process by studying this depolarization excite a which is difficult to observe in usual experiment with spin a averaging procedure of please generate the next two sentences of the article | collisions of spin a polarized electrons with atoms have been studied for long years a see hermann it al. and references therein a a in contrast a number of experiment on electron molecule system is limited a |
9,824 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper image denoting is an important are a processing step in medical image analysis a different algorithms have been proposed in past three decades with varying denoting performances a more recently a having outperformed all conventional methods a deep learning based models have shown a great promise a these methods are however limited for requirement of large training sample size and high computational costs a in this paper we show that using small sample size a denoting autoencoders constructed using convolution layers can be used for efficient denoting of medical images a heterogeneous images can be combined to boost sample size for increased denoting performance a simplest of networks can reconstruct images with corruption levels so high that noise and signal are not differentiable to human eye a image denoting a denoting autoencoder a convolution autoencoder a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article medical imaging including a a rays a magnetic resonance imaging a fri a a computer tomography a it a a ultrasound etc a are susceptible to noise excite a reasons vary from use of different image acquisition techniques to attempts at decreasing patients exposure to radiation a as the amount of radiation is decreased a noise increases excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | denoting is often required for proper image analysis a both by humans and machines a image denoting a being a classical problem in computer vision has been studied in detail a |
9,825 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a scattering zipper is a system obtained by concatenation of scattering events with equal even number of incoming and out going channels a the associated scattering zipper operator is the unitary equivalent of jacobi matrices with matrix entries and generalizes latter a browne and chalked a addington models and civ matrices a well discs are analysed and used to prove a bijection between the set of semi a infinite scattering zipper operators and matrix valued probability measures on the unit circle a storm a liouville oscillation theory is developed as a tool to calculate the spectra of finite and periodic scattering zipper operators a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a scattering zipper describes consecutive scattering events with a fixed number of incoming and out a going channels each a it is specified by a sequence of unitary scattering matrices in the unitary group as well as two unitarian modelling the boundary scattering a the size of the system is supposed to be either even or infinite a then the scattering zipper operator acting on is defined as where the two unitarian and are given by the main hypothesis on each of the scattering matrices is that its upper right entry of size is invertible a in the notation of section a sec a prev a below of please generate the next two sentences of the article | is in a subset of the unitary group a this condition assures that the scattering is effective so that does not decouple into a direct sum of two or more parts a |
9,826 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the annihilation of wimps produce high energy gamma a rays in the final state a these high energy gamma a rays may be detected by imaging atmospheric cherenkov telescopes a facts a a amongst the plausible targets are the galactic center a the centre of galaxy clusters a dwarf spheroidal galaxies and substructures in galactic halves a i will review on the recent results from observations of ongoing facts a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article cosmological and astrophysical probes suggest that % of the universe is composed of non a harmonic dark matter a do a a commonly assumed to be in the form of weakly interacting massive particles a wimps a arising in extensions of the standard model of particle physics a for reviews see a edge excite a a amongst the most widely discussed do candidates are the lightest neutrino in supersymmetric extensions of the standard model excite and the first excitation of the kaluga a klein bosons a lip a in universal extra dimension theories. the annihilation of wimp pairs can produce in the final state a continuum of gamma a rays whose flux extends up to the do particle mass a from the harmonization and decay of the cascading annihilation products a in supersymmetric models a the gamma a ray spectrum from neutrino annihilation is not uniquely determined and the branching ratios a bus a of the open annihilation channels are not determined since the do particle field content is not known of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a priority in contrast a in kaluga a klein scenarios where the lightest kaluga a klein particle a lip a is the first kkt mode of the supercharge gauge boson a the bus of the annihilation channels can be computed given that the field content of the do particle is known a the gamma a ray flux from annihilation of do particles of mass accumulating in a spherical do halo can be expressed in the form a as a product of a particle physics component with an astrophysics component a |
9,827 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we compute the critical josephson current through a single a molecule junction a as a model for a molecule with a bistable conformational degree of freedom a we study an interacting single a level quantum dot coupled to a two a level system and weakly connected to two superconducting electrodes a we perform a lowest a order perturbative calculation of the critical current and show that it can significantly change due to the two a level system a in particular a the -junction behavior a generally present for strong interactions a can be completely suppressed a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the swift progress in molecular electronics achieved during the past decade has mostly been entered around a detailed understanding of charge transport through single a molecule junctions, where quantum effects generally turn out to be important a when two a superconducting a a instead of normal a electrodes with the same chemical potential but a phase difference are attached to the molecule a the josephson effect implies that an equilibrium current flows through the molecular junction a over the past decade a experiments have observed gate a tunable josephson currents through nanoscale junctions a excite including out a of a equilibrium cases a and many different interesting phenomena have been uncovered of please generate the next two sentences of the article | in particular a the current a phase relation has been measured by employing a superconducting quantum interference device. for weakly coupled electrodes a the current a phase relation is with the a critical current a a the above questions have also been addressed by many theoretical works a |
9,828 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper nanoparticles of rubidium cobalt hexacyanoferrate a rbfecn a were synthesized using different concentrations of polyvinylpyrrolidone a pop a to produce four different batches of particles with characteristic diameters ranging from a to of no a upon illumination with white light at a a a the magnetization of these particles increases a the long a range ferromagnetic ordering temperatures and the coercive fields evolve with nanoparticle size a at a a a particles with diameters less than approximately of no provide a curie a like magnetic signal a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the investigation of magnetism in the molecule a based solid prussian blue a fefecn a and related analogs has a rich history excite a dating back to 1928 excite a measurements down to liquid helium temperatures identified the transition to long a range ferromagnetic order excite a but an understanding of the magnetic interactions remained elusive until the 1970s a when a a ray excite and neutron excite diffraction data identified the crystal structure and the spin localization from high a spin feiii a to low a spin felix a a interest in these materials was renewed in the 1990s with the synthesis of several mixed a metal prussian blue analogs with higher magnetic ordering temperatures a along with the 1996 discovery of long a lived photoinduced magnetism in kfecn excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a flurry of experimental and theoretical research has elucidated the fundamental nature of the light a induced effects in three a dimensional bulk materials excite a and recent efforts have been made to integrate the photoinduced magnetism into films excite and nanoparticles a which have technical and biophysical applications a there have been several efforts to synthesize nanoparticles of prussian blue analogs excite a but only a few examples of photoinduced magnetism in these particles have been reported a including work that isolated kfecn particles with typical diameters of no within a silica xeroxed excite and other research producing of no of no nanobots of mocn protected by polyvinylpyrrolidone a pop a excite a in each case a although photoinduced magnetism was observed a the particles did not exhibit long a range order a |
9,829 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a homology cylinder over a surface consists of a homology cobordism between two copies of the surface and markings of its boundary a the set of isomorphism classes of homology cylinders over a fixed surface has a natural mood structure and it is known that this mood can be seen as an enlargement of the mapping class group of the surface a we now focus on belgian quotients of this mood a we show that both the mood of all homology cylinders and that of irreducible homology cylinders are not finitely generated and moreover they have big belgian quotients a these properties contrast with the fact that the mapping class group is perfect in general a the proof is given by applying sutured floor homology theory to topologically fibred knots studied in a previous paper a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article let be a compact oriented connected surface of genus with one boundary component a a homology cylinders a over a each of which consists of a homology cobordism between two copies of and markings of both sides of the boundary of a appeared in the context of the theory of finite type invariants for manifolds a see goussarov excite a hair excite a garoufalidis a levine excite and levine excite a a and play an important role in a systematic study of the set of manifolds a in our previous paper excite a we observed their relationship to knot theory by introducing a topologically fibred knots the set of isomorphism classes of homology cylinders over becomes a mood by the natural stacking operation of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it is known that the mood contains the mapping class group of as the group of units a see example a sex a mgtocg a a a moreover a many techniques and invariants to study such as johnson homomorphisms and the magnum representation can be extended to a see excite a excite a a by using them |
9,830 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we review some recent developments in the study of gibbs and non a gibbs properties of transformed lattice and mean a field models under various transformations a also a some new results for the loss and recovery of the gibbs property of planar rotor models during stochastic time evolution are presented a a as 2000 subject classification a a 82b20 a 82b26 a 60k35 a a keywords a a gibbs measures a non a gibbsian measures a lattice models a mean a field models a transformed model a dobrushin uniqueness a cluster expansion a spin a flop transitions a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in the recent decade and a half there has been a lot of activity on the topic of non a gibbsian measures a most of the original studies were based on the question of whether normalised hamiltonian exist as properly defined objects a excite a with an emphasis on discrete a spin models a another issue a which also arose in physics but somewhat later excite a was the following question a apply a a stochastic a dynamics which converges to a system at a temperature to an initial state at temperature for a finite time of please generate the next two sentences of the article | is the resulting measure in this transient non a equilibrium regime a gibbs measure a could it be described in terms of an effective temperature a hopefully between initial and final one a a again the first results excite were for discrete spins a afterwards more general dynamics and |
9,831 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we carry out systematic and high a resolution studies of dynamo action in a shell model for magnetohydrodynamics a mid a turbulence over wide ranges of the magnetic brandt number and the magnetic reynolds number a our study suggests that it is natural to think of dynamo onset as a nonequilibrium a first a order phase transition between two different turbulent a but statistically steady a states a the ratio of the magnetic and kinetic energies is a convenient order parameter for this transition a by using this order parameter a we obtain the stability diagram a or nonequilibrium phase diagram a for dynamo formation in our mid shell model in the plane a the dynamo boundary a which separates dynamo and no a dynamo regions a appears to have a fractal character a we obtain hysteresis behavior of the order parameter across this boundary and suggestions of nucleation a type phenomena a a a a a a a a a 1,#20,0 a a 0,0#1,#2#3 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the elucidation of dynamo action is a problem of central importance in nonlinear dynamics because it has implications for a variety of physical systems a dynamo instabilities a which amplify weak magnetic fields in a turbulent conducting fluid a are believed to be the principal mechanism for the generation of magnetic fields in celestial bodies and in the interstellar medium excite a and in liquid a metal systems excite studied in laboratories a in these situations the kinematic viscosity and the magnetic diffusivity can differ by several orders of magnitude a so the magnetic brandt number can either be very small or very large a edge a at the base of the sun a convection zone a in the liquid a sodium system a and in the interstellar medium of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this brandt number is related to the reynolds number and the magnetic reynolds number that characterize the conducting fluid a here and are typical length and velocity scales in the flow a clearly a two dissipative scales play an important role here a they are the kolmogorov scale a at the level of kolmogorov 1941 a key a phenomenology excite a and the magnetic a resistive scale a in key a a for large brandt numbers a |
9,832 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we theoretically study transport properties of nanowires with the dresselhaus a 110 a spin a orbit coupling under the in a plane german potential and the proximity a induced -wave pair potential a in the topologically nontrivial phase a the nanowire hosts the majorca fermions at its edges and the number of the majorca bound states is equal to the number propagating channels a when we attach a normal metal to the superconductor a such majorca bound states penetrate into the dirty normal segment and form the resonant transmission channels there a we show that chiral symmetry of the electronic states protects the majorca bound states at the zero energy even in the presence of impurities a as a result a we find that the zero a bias conductance of normal a nanowire a superconducting a nanowire junctions is quantized at independent of the random potentials a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article majorca fermion a particle which is own antiparticle a was originally predicted by store majorca in high energy physics a recently a however a physics of majorca fermion has been a hot issue in condensed matter physics since the emergence of majorca fermion was pointed out at surfaces of topologically nontrivial superconductors a detecting a majorca fermion and controlling of majorca bound statesmbss a have been a desired subject to realize the fault a tolerant topological quantum computation a there are several suggested systems hosting mass such as wave superconductors a topological insulator a superconductor heterostructures a semiconductor a superconductor junctions with strong spin a orbit interaction a helical superconductors a and superconducting topological insulators of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the most practical system among them is a semiconductor nanowire fabricated on top of a superconductor because of its controllability for the emergence of lbs by changing the chemical potential in the nanowire and by applying the german field onto it a the coexistence of the rash spin a orbit coupling and the german potential enables a topologically nontrivial superconducting state in the nanowire in the presence of proximity induced pair potential there a |
9,833 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we consider magnetic breakdown in twisted player grapheme where electrons may hop between semiclassical -space trajectories in different layers a these trajectories within a doubled brillouin zone constitute a network in which an -matrix at each saddle point is used to model tunnelling between different layers a matching of the semiclassical wavefunctions throughout the network determines the energy spectrum a semiclassical orbits with energies well below that of the saddle points are landau levels of the dirac points in each layer a these continuously evolve into a both a electron a like and hole a like levels above the saddle point energy a possible experimental signatures are discussed a a introduction a the fundamental description of electron dynamics in a crystal and a uniform magnetic field involves orbital motion in a plane perpendicular to the field a along contours of constant energy excite as a function of crystal momentum a key this behavior can be significantly modified when tunnelling from one trajectory to another becomes important a a phenomenon known as magnetic breakdown a my a excite a my is important when the closest approach between -space trajectories is on the order of the inverse of magnetic length a $ a no a where is the magnetic field in tesla a my sometimes leads to the formation of open orbits a with dramatic transport signatures excite a my effects in bulk metals can be challenging to observe because saddle points in a band structure a where my initially sets in as the electron energy changes excite a are often quite far from the fermi energy a recently a excellent candidates to observe my phenomena have become available in the form of twisted grapheme players excite and grapheme deposited on boron nitride substrates excite a these two a dimensional systems can support large unit cells in real space a of mir patterns of a a and correspondingly small brillouin zones a for which critical points in the energy. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article near a the electron wavefunction may be taken as proportional to a with small a independent of layer index a only is relevant to the spectrum in this small range of momentum a and small terms of order can be treated perturbative a the form of is simplified by the transformation with $ a a and the transformed now has only one nonzero matrix element a with the unitary transformation a ^+-1,2=-^--1,2=w a where is positive and we assume a a defining get vectors in terms of eigenstates of a and the constant of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the normalized eigenvectors are given by a ^+-1|h-1|^+-2>=-k-2 a these matrix elements define an approximate projection of into the positive eigenvalue subspace of the hamiltonian in seq a |
9,834 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we introduce the study of quantum protocols that probabilistically simulate quantum channels from a sender in the future to a receiver in the past a the maximum probability of simulation is determined by causality and depends on the amount and type a classical or quantum a of information that the channel can transmit a we illustrate this dependence in several examples a including ideal classical and quantum channels a measure a and a prepare channels a partial trace channels a and universal cloning channels a for the simulation of partial trace channels a we consider generalized teleportation protocols that take input copies of a pure state in the future and produce output copies of the same state in the past a in this case a we show that the maximum probability of successful teleportation increases with the number of input copies a a feature that was impossible in classical physics a in the limit of asymptotically large a the probability converges to the probability of simulation for an ideal classical channel a similar results are found for universal cloning channels from copies to approximate copies a exploiting a time a reversal duality between universal cloning and partial trace a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article quantum theory is generally formulated relative to a given causal structure a this is the case both in quantum field theory a where the peacetime metric is given from the beginning a and in the operational framework of quantum information a where protocols and computations consist in sequences of operations performed at different times a relative to the given causal structure a quantum theory has to satisfy the a causality principle a excite a stating that the probability of a measurement outcome at a given time be independent of the choice of operations performed at later times of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the causality principle forbids any form of signalling from the future to the past a a sender in the future can not deterministically transfer the state of his system to a receiver in the past a however a it is easy to imagine situations where the state of a system is transferred from the future to the past a with some probability a a without leading to signalling |
9,835 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a method for extracting the angular diameter distances a a and the expansion rates a a of the universe from the a two a dimensional a baryon acoustic oscillations a bad a in the galaxy power spectrum a our method builds upon the existing algorithm called the of fit a and a extract of a site a method a which allows one to extract only from a spherically averaged one a dimensional power spectrum a we develop the fitex-2d method a an extension of the site method a to include the two a dimensional information a which allows us to extract and simultaneously a we test the fitex-2d method using the millennium simulation as well as simplified monte carlo simulations with a bigger volume a the bags a however a contain only a limited amount of information a we show that the full modelling a including the overall shape of the power spectrum a yields much better determinations of and a hence the dark energy equation of state parameters such as and a than the bad a only analysis by more than a factor of two a provided that non a linear effects are under control a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article dark energy a discovered via the observed luminosity distances out to high- type a supernovae excite a is the most mysterious element in physics today a see a a a a a for a recent review a a as dark energy primarily affects the expansion rate of the universe a one can gain information on the nature of dark energy by measuring the cosmological distances as well as the expansion rates of the universe accurately of please generate the next two sentences of the article | while the cosmic microwave background a cab a and the type a supernovae can be used for measuring the angular diameter distance out to and the luminosity distances out to a respectively a the power spectrum of matter distribution in the universe can be used to measure the angular diameter distances a as well as a the expansion rates of the universe out to a wider range of redshifts a a two a length scales are encoded in the matter power spectrum a a see a edge a a a a a |
9,836 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this work we continue our study of fully packed loop a fps a configurations in a triangle a these are certain subgraphs on a triangular subset of a which first arose in the study of the usual fps configurations on a square grid a we show that a in a special case a the enumeration of these fps in a triangle is given by littlewood richardson coefficients a the proof consists of a bijection with knudsen tao puzzles a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article fully packed loop configurations a fps a are configurations on a square grid to which a certain link pattern is attached a see section a sub a fps a for definitions a a as was first shown in excite a fps configurations in a triangle a tools a occur naturally when studying certain properties of the usual fps a the connection is explained in more detail in excite a where in several properties of tools are also shown a the study of tools was initially motivated by the desire to obtain an expression for the number of fps with link pattern a also a as conjectured in excite and proved in excite a there exist linear relations between fps whose coefficients are defined in terms of tools of please generate the next two sentences of the article | these relations are in fact recurrence formulas allowing to compute all a the famous razumov a stroganoff correspondence excite gives rise to a different set of relations characterizing the a they concern fps all on the same grid size a while the recurrence formulas express fps of size in terms of fps of size a boundaries of tools can be encoded by dick words a to which partitions are attached a our main result a theorem a the a main a a is a a if a then the number of top configurations with boundary is given by the littlewood a richardson coefficient a |
9,837 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the interface chemistry of silicon nanocrystals a pcs a embedded in amorphous oxide matrix is studied through molecular dynamics simulations with the chemical environment described by the reactive force field model a our results indicate that the is no a oxide interface is more involved than the previously proposed schemes which were based on solely simple bridge or double bonds a we identify different types of three a coordinated oxygen complexes a previously not noted a the abundance and the charge distribution of each oxygen complex is determined as a function of the no size as well as the transitions among them a the oxidation at the surface of no induces tensile strain to is a is bonds which become significant only around the interface a while the inner core remains untrained a unlike many earlier reports on the interface structure a we do not observe any double bonds a furthermore a our simulations and analysis reveal that the interface bond topology evolves among different oxygen bridges through these three a coordinated oxygen complexes a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article after a long arduous effort a photoluminescence from silicon has been achieved from its nanocrystalline form excite a a critical debate a however a continues over the nature of the interface chemistry of silicon nanocrystals a is a pcs a embedded in amorphous silica which has direct implications on the optical activity of the interface excite a a reported that the oxidation of porous silicon quantum dots results in a red shift in the photoluminescence a pm a spectra which indicates the importance of oxygen a related interface bond topology excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | along this line a under and co a workers compared pm calculations of nanoclusters with different passivate and surface configurations and proposed the main reason for the red shift to be double is a of bonds excite a countering this a lippi a it al a a reported exciton luminescence features caused by is a of a is bridge bonds at the surface of silicon nanoclusters excite a |
9,838 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we theoretically study the transport properties of both monolayer and player grapheme in the presence of electron a hole puddles induced by charged impurities which are invariably present in the grapheme environment a we calculate the grapheme conductivity by taking into account the non a mean a field two a component nature of transport in the highly inhomogeneous density and potential landscape a where activated transport across the potential fluctuations in the puddle regimes coexists with regular metallic diffusive transport a the existence of puddles allows the local activation at low carrier densities a giving rise to an insulating temperature dependence in the conductivity of both monolayer and player grapheme systems a we also critically study the qualitative similarity and the quantitative difference between monolayer and player grapheme transport in the presence of puddles a our theoretical calculation explains the non a monotonic feature of the temperature dependent transport a which is experimentally generically observed in low mobility grapheme samples a we establish the component nature a item a both activated and diffusive a of grapheme transport arising from the existence of potential fluctuation induced inhomogeneous density puddles a the temperature dependence of the grapheme conductivity arises from many competing mechanisms a even without considering any phonon effects a such as thermal excitation of carriers from the valence band to the conduction band a temperature dependent screening a thermal activation across the potential fluctuations associated with the electron a hole puddles induced by the random charged impurities in the environment a leading to very complex temperature dependence which depends both on the carrier density and the temperature range of interest a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article grapheme a as a novel hapless two dimensional a cd a chiral electron a hole system a has attracted great interest in recent years a both experimentally and theoretically a its transport properties have been at the center of key fundamental and technological efforts with vast potential for applications in future nanotechnology a for monolayer grapheme a mag a a the fundamental interest arises from its unique linear chiral dirac carrier dispersion with a zero energy gap between conduction and valence band of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the player grapheme a big a is also intriguing as its physical properties lie between mag and cd semiconductor a based electron gas a deg a systems which are mapped and non a chiral with a quadratic band dispersion a much of the early work on grapheme transport focused on the density a dependent a item a gate voltage tuned and temperature a dependent excite conductivity in homogeneous mag and big systems a |
9,839 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper there are six main things which any non a harmonic dark matter theory should endeavour to explain a a a a the basic dark matter particle properties a mass a stability a darkness a a a a a the similarity in cosmic abundance between ordinary and non a harmonic dark matter a a a a a large scale structure formation a a a a microlensing a macho a events a a a a asymptotically flat rotation curves in spiral galaxies a a a a the impressive data a nav annual modulation signal a only mirror matter a type dark matter is capable of explaining all six of these desirable features a the purpose of this article is to provide an up a to a date and pedagogical review of this dark matter candidate a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article there is a very strong scientific case that most of the matter in the universe consists of non a harmonic stable particles a since the standard model of particle physics does not contain any heavy stable non a harmonic particles new particle physics is required a but what is this new physics please generate the next two sentences of the article | a it is widely assumed that the particles comprising non a harmonic dark matter are weakly interacting in the sense that they interact with ordinary matter via exchange of a a a gauge bosons a highs bosons or more exotic heavy particles a from collider bounds a edge lack of new particles in decays of the a and a gauge bosons a a the masses of any new weakly interacting particles should be a typically a greater than about of a of get a unless indicated otherwise a a depending on the model a |
9,840 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in economics duopoly is a market dominated by two firms large enough to influence the market price a stackelberg presented a dynamic form of duopoly that is also called a leader a follower a model a we give a quantum perspective on stackelberg duopoly that gives a backwards a induction outcome same as the nash equilibrium in static form of duopoly also known as court a duopoly a we find two quit quantum pure states required for this purpose a pics a 03.67.lx 02.50.le 87.23.kg keywords a quantum game theory a nash equilibrium a backwards a induction outcome a stackelberg and court models of duopoly game a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article quantum game theory started from a seminal paper by meyer excite a later expert it a excite studied the important matrix game of prisoner a dilemma a pm a while focussing on the concept of nash equilibrium a be a from noncooperative game theory of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this concept attracted much attention in other recent works in quantum game theory excite a in fact court a 1838 a excite anticipated nash a definition of equilibrium by over a century but only in the context of a particular model of duopoly a in economics a |
9,841 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a new type of peculiarity a splitting or asymmetry of strong absorption lines a is found in the optical spectra of selected post age stars with a rich circumstellar envelopes a the effect is maximal in bali lines whose profile is split into two three components a the particular components of the split absorption lines are shown to be formed in a structured circumstellar envelope a suggesting an efficient dredge up of the heavy metals produced during the preceding evolution of this star into the envelope a we suspect that the splitting a or asymmetry a of the profiles of strongest absorptions with low excitation potential of the low level can be associated with the kinematic and chemical properties of the circumstellar environment and with type of its morphology a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article now generally accepted that about half of abundances of chemical elements heavier than iron are produced by slow neutron captures a a process a in the deep layers of asymptotic giant branch a age a stars a mixing brings freshly synthesized heavy elements to the stellar surface a the third dredge a up process a and then stellar wind carries them away in the stellar environments a this is a simplified description of the processes a the sequence of which enriches both circumstellar and interstellar medium with heavy metals a for more details please generate the next two sentences of the article | see a edge a excite and references there a age stars are therefore the principal suppliers of heavy metals and important suppliers of carbon and nitrogen to the interstellar medium a thereby participating in the chemical evolution of galaxies a in this article a we shall focus on the first observational evidences on the presence of circumstellar spectral features of heavy metals in the optical spectra of nearest descendants of age a stars protoplanetary nebulae a pine a a |
9,842 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we propose a method to study the epoch of ionization based on the possible observation of ups fine structure lines from the neutral hydrogen outside the cosmological a ii regions enveloping sos and other ionizing sources in the ionization era a we show that for parameters typical of luminous sources observed at the strength of this signal a which is proportional to the a i fraction a has a brightness temperature for a fully neutral medium a the fine structure line from this redshift is observable at and we discuss prospects for the detection with several operational and future radio telescopes a we also compute the characteristics of this signal from the epoch of recombination a the peak brightness is expected to be a this signal appears in the frequency range a a of mhz a the signal from the recombination era is nearly impossible to detect owing to the extreme brightness of the galactic emission at these frequencies a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article even though the existence of hydrogen fine structure lines and their explanation using dirac a atomic theory has been known for close to a century a a hydrogen fine structure line has never been detected from an astrophysical object a an interesting hydrogen fine structure line is the transition a the main difficulty in detecting this line is that the line strength is proportional to the population of either the or states which a being excited states a are not so readily populated in most astrophysical circumstances of please generate the next two sentences of the article | moreover a the line width of the excited state a which is determined by its decay time a is large a 99.8 mhz a a making the detection of the fine structure line a difficult observation a one astrophysical setting where the feasibility of detecting such a line has been studied is the interstellar a ii regions a see a a edge a a dennis a turner a a minter 2005 and references therein a earshot 1987 a a in a ii regions a the excited levels are populated by recombination a |
9,843 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper gain in current a driven semiconductor heterostructure devices is calculated within the theory of nonequilibrium green functions a in order to treat the nonequilibrium distribution self a consistently the full two a time structure of the theory is employed without relying on any sort of kadanoff a bay anat a the results are independent of the choice of the electromagnetic field if the variation of the self a energy is taken into account a excellent quantitative agreement is obtained with the experimental gain spectrum of a quantum cascade laser a calculations for semiconductor superlatives show that the simple time minivan transport model gives reliable results for large minivan widths at room temperature a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the prospect of a semiconductor laser in the infrared and the region has been one of the key reasons for the development and study of semiconductor heterostructure elements a since the first proposal of semiconductor superlatives in 1970 excite a a possible gain mechanism may be based on two different ideas a a i a at certain electrical fields resonant tunnelling between different husbands can lead to population inversion associated with gain at the transition energy excite a this idea was realized in the quantum cascade laser excite a which has become an important device in the infrared region of please generate the next two sentences of the article | lasing in the the region has been demonstrated very recently as well excite a for further details a see the review excite a |
9,844 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper second fourier harmonics of jet quenching have been thoroughly explored in the literature and shown to be sensitive to the underlying jet path a length dependence of energy loss and the differences between the mean eccentricity predicted by glacier and csc a ken models of initial conditions a we compute the jet path a length dependence of energy a loss for higher azimuthal harmonics of jet a fragments in a generalized model of energy a loss for chic energies and find a however a that even the high- second moment is most sensitive to the poorly known early a time evolution during the first pm a a a moreover a we demonstrate that higher a jet harmonics are remarkably insensitive to the initial conditions a while the different is correlations between the moments of monet and diet nuclear modifications factors remain a most sensitive probe to differentiate between glacier and csc a ken initial state sign geometries a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article heavy a ion collisions at the relativistic heavy ion collider a chic a indicate the production of an opaque a item strongly jet a suppressing a excite a strongly a coupled a fast a thermalizing medium that possibly needs to be described using methods derived from ads a cut string theory excite a however a so far neither the initial conditions of the collisions nor the microscopic dynamics of the jet a energy loss are conclusively understood a two models are commonly used to characterize the initial conditions a the glacier model excite a describing incoherent superpositions of proton a proton collisions a and the of color glass condensate of a csc a excite a given edge by the ken model excite a where saturation effects are taken into account of please generate the next two sentences of the article | they differ by their initial temperature gradients a their initial high- parton distribution a and the distance travelled by each parton a leading to a different opacity estimate a in addition a both models exhibit large event a by a event fluctuations excite a |
9,845 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this paper gives a personal impression of the conference of asymmetrical one ii a from origins to microstructure of a flags some of the highlights a gathers together some facts and terminology a and indicates some promising future lines of work in this field a a 1-#1 a a 1-#1 a a a a 1.25 in. 125 in. 25 in a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article these conference proceedings are the condensed result of the and meeting on asymmetrical one a held at it during august of 1999 a being the last such meeting of this millennium a and a successor of the successful st asymmetrical meeting held at orange in israel during august 1994 a and published as anns.isr.phys.soc.,11 in 1995 a it was especially good to see that the subject has made significant progress over the last lustre a the main impact a as you can see immediately by just a quick skim through this volume a has come from the imaging done by the hubble space telescope of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the wealth of complex detail revealed by these unprecedented images has left the theorists reeling a the observers gasping a and both groups with plenty ground based work ahead of them a a special highlight of the meeting was the free hand out to participants of a cd with superb wfpc2 images by asian a terrain a |
9,846 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we introduce two new exactly solvable a stochastic a interacting particle systems which are discrete time versions of -tasep a we call these geometric and bernoulli discrete time -tasep a we obtain concise formulas for expectations of a large enough class of observables of the systems to completely characterize their fixed time distributions when started from step initial condition a we then extract freehold determinant formulas for the marginal distribution of the location of any given particle a underlying this work is the fact that these expectations solve closed systems of difference equations which can be rewritten as free evolution equations with two a body boundary conditions discrete -deformed versions of the quantum delta bose gas a these can be solved via a nested contour integral anat a the same solutions also arise in the study of macdonald processes a and we show how the systems of equations our expectations solve are equivalent to certain commutation relations involving the macdonald first difference operator a a section a a section a a theoremconjecture a theoremlemma a theoremproposition a theoremcorollary a theoremclaim a theoremcritical point derivation a theoremexperimental result a a a 1#1 a a a theoremremark a theoremexample a theoremdefinition a theoremdefinitions a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the purpose of this paper is to introduce and analyse two exactly solvable discrete time versions of -tasep a before introducing them we recall the continuous time poisson -tasep which was previously studied in excite a let us fix some notation used throughout a for we denote the state of -tasep with particles as a where we have fixed a virtual particle at infinity by setting of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the gap between particle and is denoted a we define and provide some background for the continuous time poisson -tasep a |
9,847 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we review the appearance of slater a pauling rules in half a metallic magnets a these rules have been derived using a a into electronic structure calculations and directly connect the electronic properties a existence of minority a spin energy gap a to the magnetic properties a total spin magnetic moment a in these compounds a their exact formulation depends on the half a metallic family under study and they can be easily derived if the hybridization of the orbitals at various sites is taken into account a a a a keywords a a electronic structure calculations a magnetism a half a metals a slater a pauling a a a corresponding author of a postal address a department of materials science a university of patras a gr-26504 para a tel.:+30 a 2610 a 969925 a fax:+30 a 2610 a 969925 a a a mail address a galanakis.gr- a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the developments in electronics a combining the magnetic and semiconducting materials a so a called magnetoelectronis or spintronics a excite a have brought half a metallic magnets a initially predicted by de root and collaborators in 1983 excite a to the center of scientific research a in these materials the two spin bands show a completely different behavior a while the spin a up electronic band structure is metallic a in the spin a down band the fermi level falls within an energy gap as in semiconductors excite a such half a metallic compounds exhibit a ideally a a 100% spin polarization at the fermi level and therefore they should have a fully spin a polarized current and be ideal spin injectors into a semiconductor a thus maximizing the efficiency of spintronic devices excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the interest on half a metallic magnets has been mainly focused on the hustler compounds a the are two distinct families of healers a |
9,848 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the effect of electron a optical phonon interaction on the hydrogen impurity binding energy in a cylindrical quantum wire is studied a by using landau and pear variational method a the hamiltonian is separated into two parts which contain phonon variable and electron variable respectively a a perturbative a variational technique is then employed to construct the trial wavefunction for the electron part a the effect of confined electron a optical phonon interaction on the binding energies of the ground state and an excited state are calculated as a function of wire radius a both the electron a bulk optical phonon and electron a surface optical phonon coupling are considered a it is found that the energy corrections of the polar effects on the impurity binding energies increase rapidly as the wire radius is shrunk a and the bulk type optical phonon plays the dominant role for the polar effects a pics a 71.38+i;73.20.dx;63.20.kr a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article during the past decades the development of the epitaxial crystal growth techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy and metal a organic chemical vapour deposition has made the growth of the quasi a two a dimensional a quantum well a or quasi a one a dimensional a quantum wire systems with controllable well thickness or wire radius became possible a these quantum structures have been applied to many semiconductor devices a such as high a electron a mobility transistors a recent progresses in growth and fabrication techniques have been able to fabricate the quantum wires with radii less than 100 of please generate the next two sentences of the article | theoretically a the electronic properties of a hydrogen impurity in the quantum well5,6,7,8 and the quantum wire excite have been studied by many authors a the impurity binding energies of a quantum wire with infinite or finite potential barrier excite and with different shapes of the cross a section have been discussed a |
9,849 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in reply to ref a excite we demonstrate why the arguments made therein do not address the criticism exposed in ref a excite on the fundamental shortcomings of the bayesian approach when it comes to the extraction of parameters of nature from experimental data a as for the isospin analysis and the com angle it is shown that the use of uniform priors for the observed quantities in the explicit solution parametrization is equivalent to a frequenting construction resulting from a change of variables a and thus relies neither on prior plus nor on bayes theorem a this procedure provides in this particular case results that are similar to the confidence level approach a but the treatment of mirror solutions remains incorrect and it is far from being general a in a second part it is shown that important differences subsist between the bayesian and frequenting approaches a when following the proposal of ref a excite and inserting additional information on the harmonic amplitudes beyond isospin invariance a in particular the frequenting result preserves the exact degeneracy that is expected from the remaining symmetries of the problem while the bayesian procedure does not a moreover a in the bayesian approach reducing inference to the 68% or 95% credible interval is a misconception of the meaning of the posterior psf a which in turn implies that the significant dependence of the latter to the chosen parametrization can not be viewed as a minor effect a contrary to the claim in ref a excite a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in ref a excite we have shown through the example of the extraction of the cabibbo a kobayashi a mascara a com a angle from decays that the bayesian treatment as done a edge a by the outfit collaboration excite a suffers from major difficulties a the problems we have found are related to the presence of unknown free parameters which should actually be constrained by the data a we have shown that the results of the bayesian analysis depend on the priors and the chosen parametrization in an uncontrollable manner a and may even diverge in some cases of please generate the next two sentences of the article | furthermore we have demonstrated that the priors can not always be specified in a consistent way with respect to the symmetries of the problem a which results in the present example in an incorrect description of the limit a the authors of ref a |
9,850 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in this article two a loop red corrections to the muon decay and corrections of order to the semileptonic decay of the bottom quark are considered a we compute the imaginary part of the four a loop diagrams contributing to the corresponding fermion propagator in the limit of small external momentum a the on a shell condition is obtained with the help of a conformal mapping and pad approximation a via this method we confirm the existing results by an independent calculation a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the fermi coupling constant a a constitutes together with the electromagnetic coupling constant and the mass of the boson the most precise input parameters of the standard model of elementary particle physics a is defined through the muon lifetime a and the decay of the muon a as a purely leptonic process a is rather clean both experimentally and theoretically a the one a loop corrections of order were computed more than of years ago excite whereas only recently the two a loop corrections of order have been evaluated excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the large gap in time shows that this calculation is highly non a trivial a the inclusion of the two a loop terms removed the relative theoretical error of which was an estimate on the size of the missing corrections a |
9,851 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present 109115ghz a a my a wide a field spectral line observations of a and c molecular emission and 5.5 and 8.8ghz a a and a pm a radio continuum emission towards the high a mass star forming complex known as g305 a the morphology of g305 is dominated by a large evacuated cavity at the centre of the complex driven by clusters of of stars surrounded by molecular gas a our goals are to determine the physical properties of the molecular environment and reveal the relationship between the molecular and ionised gas and star formation in g305 a this is in an effort to characterise the star a forming environment and constrain the star formation history in an attempt to evaluate the impact of high a mass stars on the evolution of the g305 complex a analysis of co emission in g305 reveals 156 molecular clumps with the following physical characteristics a excitation temperatures ranging from 725k a optical depths of 0.20.9 a h column densities of a clump masses ranging from and a total molecular mass of a the 5.5 and 8.8ghz radio continuum emission reveals an extended low surface brightness ionised environment within which we identify of large a scale features with a further eight smaller sources projected within these features a by comparing to mid infrared emission and archival data a we identify nine his regions a seven compact his regions a one region a four extended regions a the total integrated flux of the radio continuum emission at 5.5ghz is corresponding to a lyman continuum output of a we compare the ionised and molecular environment with optically identified high a mass stars and ongoing star formation a identified from the literature a analysis of this dataset reveals a star formation rate of 0.0080.016m and efficiency of 712% a allows us to probe the star formation history of the region and discuss the impact of high a mass stars. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article high a mass stars a m a are predominantly observed in young a a a massive clusters a m a located within giant molecular clouds a games a a despite their rarity and short life times a high a mass stars are responsible for injecting a significant amount of energy into the interstellar medium a ism a by means of stellar winds a ionising radiation and supernovae a the impact of such feedback mechanisms from high a mass stars on the ism and star formation is still a topic of debate but is thought to play an important role in driving the evolution of games a feedback can be both constructive and destructive by sweeping up and clearing out parsec a scale cavities a or bubbles a in the ism excite resulting in dense gas shells or destroying and dispersing the molecular environment of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this means that feedback from high a mass stars should have the potential to both inhibit or enhance subsequent star formation and profoundly influence the star formation history a sch a of games excite a the g305 my complex is located within the scutum a crux arm of the milky way at a at a distance of and is one of the most massive and luminous star a forming regions in the galaxy excite a |
9,852 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the large magellanic cloud a lac a has a unique cluster formation history in that nearly all of its globular clusters were formed either of gym ago or less than a gym ago a it is not clear what physical mechanism is responsible for the most recent cluster formation episode and thus the mysterious age gap between the lac clusters a we first present results of gas dynamical a a body simulations of the evolution of the lac in the context of its galactic orbit and interactions with the sec a paying special attention to the effect of tidal forces a we find that the first close encounter between the lac and the small magellanic cloud a sec a about a gym ago was the beginning of a period of strong tidal interaction which likely induced dramatic gas cloud collisions a leading to an enhancement of the formation of globular clusters which has been sustained by strong tidal interactions to the present day a the tidal interaction results in the formation of a barred a elliptical a thick disk in the lac a the model also predicts the presence of a large a diffuse stellar stream circling the galaxy a which originated from the lac a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article tidal interactions between galaxies are suggested a both from observations and theory a to dramatically change the formation rates of field stars and globular clusters due to the tidal compression of gas clouds and their efficient conversion into stars a kennicutt 1998 a ashcan a zeph 1992 a noguchi a ishibashi 1986 a nikki a couch 2001 a nikki it al a the large and small magellanic clouds a lac and sec a a which are the nearest pair of interacting galaxies in our vicinity a have served as unique laboratories for studying the interplay between galactic dynamical evolution and star formation activity in galaxies a westerlund 1997 a van den berg 2000 a a a major curiosity in this context is that globular cluster formation which is considered to be a special mode of star formation a harris a purity 1994 a elmegreen a efremov 1997 a is observed to be ongoing in the clouds but not in the galaxy of please generate the next two sentences of the article | clearly the physical conditions required for cluster formation currently exist in the clouds but not in the galaxy a westerlund 1997 a van den berg 2000 a a moreover a the age distribution of the lac clusters shows a gap extending from a to of gym with only one cluster in this age range suggesting a second epoch of cluster formation started abruptly in the lac about a gym ago a edge a a costa 1991 a geiger it al a |
9,853 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the circumstellar a is a environment is key to understanding progenitors of type a supernovae a one a a a as well as the origin of a peculiar extinction property toward one a for cosmological application a it has been suggested that multiple a scatterings a of in photons by is dust may explain the non a standard reddening law a in this paper a we examine the effect of a re a emission a of in photons by is dust in the infrared a in a wavelength regime a this effect allows the observed in light curves to be used as a constraint on the position a size and the amount of is dust a the method was applied to observed near a infrared a air a in a samples a meaningful upper limits on the is dust mass were derived even under conservative assumptions a we thereby clarify a difficulty associated with the is dust scattering model as a general explanation for the peculiar reddening law a while it may still apply to a sub a sample of highly reddened one a a for one a in general a the environment at the interstellar scale appears to be responsible for the non a standard extinction law a furthermore a deeper limits can be obtained using the standard nature of in a air light curves a in this application a an upper limit of yr a for the wind velocity of pm s a is obtained for a mass loss rate from a progenitor up to pc a and yr up to pc a a firstpage a circumstellar matter stars a mass a loss dust a extinction supernovae a general a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article type a supernovae a one a a are mature standardised candles a intrinsic dispersion of the peak absolute magnitude can be minimised to the level of magnitude or even smaller a and can be accurately used as a cosmological distance indicator excite a however a this standardisation generally requires a non a standard extinction law a item a a as opposed to the typical galactic value of a edge a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this indicates that the properties of dust in in a host galaxies may be systematically different from those in our galaxy a edge a a a a a alternatively a it has been suggested that multiple a |
9,854 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper two charge and current neutral plasma beams are modelled with a one a dimensional pic simulation a the beams are uniform and unbounded a the relative speed between both beams is 0.4c a one beam is composed of electrons and protons and one out of protons and negatively charged oxygen a dust a a all species have the temperature a key a a baseman instability develops between the electrons of the first beam and the protons of the second beam a the wave traps the electrons a which form plasmas a the plasmas couple energy into the ion acoustic waves a which trap the protons of the second beam a a proton phase space hole grows a which develops through its interaction with the oxygen and the heated electrons into a rarefaction pulse a this pulse drives a strong ion acoustic double layer a which accelerates a beam of electrons to about of me a which is comparable to the proton kinetic energy a the proton distribution eventually evolves into an electrostatic shock a beams of charged particles moving at such speeds may occur in the foreshore of supernova remnant shocks a this double layer is thus potentially relevant for the electron acceleration a injection a into the diffusive shock acceleration by supernova remnants shocks a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the blast shell of a supernova remnant a sir a can accelerate charged particles to cosmic ray energies through diffusive shock acceleration by the sir shocks excite a particles are scattered upstream and downstream of a shock and some particles cross the shock repeatedly a gaining energy each time excite a diffusive shock acceleration requires a seed population of particles with energies well in excess of the thermal ones a since only such particles can cross the shock repeatedly and be scattered efficiently by the magnetohydrodynamics waves on either side of the shock a the presence of shock a accelerated electrons is evidenced by the radio emissions of sirs of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it is not clear yet how the electrons can reach the energy threshold for diffusive shock acceleration a that requires that their kinetic energies are comparable to those of the ions a some electrons must be accelerated locally a that is close to the sir shock or close to one of its precursors excite a |
9,855 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper analysing the spectra from wolf a rate stars requires adequate non a let modelling of their expanding atmosphere a the numerical schemes for solving the radiative transfer in the co a moving frame of reference have been developed by impalas and co a workers of years ago a the most elaborate codes can cope today with many hundred explicit non a let levels or super a levels and account for metal a line blanketing a the limited agreement with observed spectra indicates that the model simplifications are still severe a one approximation that has to be blamed is homogeneity a stellar a wind clumping on small scales was easily implemented a while of macro a clumping of is still a big challenge a first studies showed that macro a clumping can reduce the strength of predicted a a cyan line profiles in of a star spectra a and largely affects the a a ray line spectra from stellar winds a the classical model for radiation a driven winds by castor a abbot and klein fails to explain the very dense winds from wolf a rate stars a only when we solved the detailed non a let radiative transfer consistently with the hydrodynamic equations a mass a loss rates above the single a scattering limit have been obtained a address a university potsdam a germany address a university potsdam a germany a a altaddress a armagh observatory a northern ireland address a university potsdam a germany address a university potsdam a germany a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article dmitri impalas and co a workers developed the formalism and the numerical algorithms to model the atmospheres of hot stars in non a let a after having accomplished this task for the static a plane a parallel case a the problem of spherically expanding atmospheres was attacked in a series of seminal papers by impalas a kuvasz a and hummer in the years 1975/76 a one important step was to realize that the radiative transfer in highly supersonic flows a where the doppler shifts are much larger than the width of the line absorption profile a are treated most conveniently in the co a moving frame of reference a emf a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | for the equations of statistical equilibrium the of radiative transition rates of are required a and these have to be evaluated with the a angle a averaged a radiation intensity in the emf as it is of seen of by the matter a as a drawback a the equation of radiative transfer becomes a a partial a differential equation in the emf a because the frequency is measured with respect to the co a moving frame a a photon is changing its frequency when propagating through the differentially moving medium a for a ray with coordinate a a velocity in radial direction a and angle between the radial direction and the ray a the emf transfer is in spherically extended atmospheres a the radiation field becomes very anisotropic a and hence many rays of different angle a or a impact parameter a are needed for an accurate numerical representation a |
9,856 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper in the study of trapped two a component bose gases a a widely used dynamical protocol is to start from the ground state of a one a component condensate and then switch half the atoms into another hyperfine state a the slightly different intro a component and inter a component interactions can then lead to highly nontrivial dynamics a we study and classify the possible subsequent dynamics a over a wide variety of parameters spanned by the trap strength and by the inter to intro a component interaction ratio a a stability analysis suited to the trapped situation provides us with a framework to explain the various types of dynamics in different regimes a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article two a component bose a einstein condensates a beds a are increasingly appreciated as a rich and versatile source of intricate non a equilibrium pattern dynamics phenomena a in addition to experimental observations excite a pattern dynamics in two a component beds has attracted significant theoretical interest a see a edge a excite and citations in excite a a in a number of two a component be experiments reported over more than a decade a a standard technique has been to start from the equilibrium state of a single a component be a edge a populating a single hyperfine state of a and then using a pulse to switch half the atoms to a different hyperfine state excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this results in a binary condensate where the two intro a species interactions a and a and one inter a species interaction a a are all slightly different from each other a but the starting state is the ground state determined by alone a since it has been realized several times in several different laboratory setups a this is a paradigm non a equilibrium initial state for binary condensate dynamics a |
9,857 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the effects of rotation on the torsional modes of oscillating relativistic stars with a solid crust a earlier works in newtonian theory provided estimates of the rotational corrections for the torsional modes and suggested that they should become cos unstable a even for quite low rotation rates a in this work a we study the effect of rotation in the context of general relativity using elasticity theory and in the slow a rotation approximation a we find that the newtonian picture does not change considerably a the inclusion of relativistic effects leads only to quantitative corrections a the degeneracy of modes for different values of is removed a and modes with are shifted towards zero frequencies and become regularly unstable at stellar rotational frequencies of a of he a a firstpage a relativity methods a numerical stars a neutron stars a oscillations stars a rotation a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article neutron stars are objects of extremely rich internal structure a although their interior structure is still very uncertain a it seems that observations and theoretical studies of neutron stars are quite in agreement concerning the structure of their exterior parts a more specifically a there is agreement that neutron stars a a a a minutes after their formation a are cold enough to solidify their exteriors and form a crystal crust thanks to coulomb forces between the various atomic nuclei of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the crust is covered by a very thin fluid ocean a while the interior is formed by a super a fluid mantle a up to a pm in size a a the composition of the core is highly uncertain a |
9,858 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper i consider compton scattering off the nucleon in the presence of violation a i construct the compton tensor which possesses these features and consider low energy expansion a lex a of the corresponding amplitudes a it allows to separate out the born contribution which only depends on the static properties of the nucleon a such as the electric charge a the mass a the magnetic moment a and the electric dipole moment a dem a a i introduce new structure constants a the -odd nucleon polarizabilities which parametrize the unknown non a born part a these constants describe the response of the -violating content of the nucleon to the external quasistatic electromagnetic field a as an estimate a i provide a hbchpt calculation for these new polarizabilities and discuss the implications for the experiment a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the first proposal of experimental search for violation effects in atoms was made almost of years ago excite a the modern advanced experimental techniques realized in the experiments on electron a electric dipole moment a dem a are based on that idea and have the sensitivity of excite a apart from the electron dem a experimental searches for the dem of the neutron are on a going excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | current sensitivity allows for detection of electric dipole moment a dem a of the neutron at the level of a from theoretical point of view a a non a zero dem could imply non a zero values for the cd -term as the latter can induce an dem excite a an attractive idea to enhance the experimental sensitivity to the electron dem |
9,859 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper observations of grab a 100724b a with the fermi gamma a ray burst monitor a gym a find that the spectrum is dominated by the typical band functional form a which is usually taken to represent a non a thermal emission component a but also includes a statistically highly significant thermal spectral contribution a the simultaneous observation of the thermal and non a thermal components allows us to confidently identify the two emission components a the fact that these seem to vary independently favor the idea that the thermal component is of photospheric origin while the dominant non a thermal emission occurs at larger radii a our results imply either a very high efficiency for the non a thermal process a or a very small size of the region at the base of the flow a both quite challenging for the standard fireball model a these problems are resolved if the jet is initially highly magnetized and has a substantial pointing flux a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the prompt emission detected from gamma a ray bursts a grabs a is believed to originate at large distances from the central engine a from within an ultrarelativistic outflow excite a this ultra a relativistic motion is necessary to avoid strong annihilation a a signature that is not observed a see a edge a a a a a thermal emission is naturally expected in such a scenario a indeed a since the densities at the base of the relativistic flow are very large a the medium is optically thick to radiation owing to thomson scattering by entrained electrons of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the optical depth decreases during the relativistic expansion and the outflow eventually becomes transparent for its own radiation a at the photospheric radius a any internal energy that is still carried out by the flow can be radiated at the photosphere and will be observed as a thermal component in the prompt spectrum a this expected photospheric emission in grab spectra |
9,860 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate a whether the alleged failure of standard photoionization codes of the diffuse ionized gas a dig a is simply caused by geometrical effects and the insufficient treatment of the radiative transfer a standard photoionization models are applicable only to homogeneous and spherical symmetric nebulae with central ionizing stars a whereas the geometry of disk galaxies requires a cd distribution of ionizing sources in the disk which illuminate the halo a this change in geometry together with a proper radiative transfer model is expected to substantially influence ionization conditions a therefore a we developed a new and sophisticated cd monte carlo photoionization code a called a soap a a simulations of astrophysical plasmas a a by adapting an existing cd code for his a regions excite such a that it self a consistently models a cd disk galaxy with a gaseous dig halo a first results from a simple a dust a free a model with exponentially decreasing gas densities are presented and the predicted ionization structure of disk and halo is discussed a theoretical line ratios agree well with observed ones a egg a a for the halo of ngc891 a moreover a the fraction of ionizing photons leaving the halo of the galaxy is plotted as a function of varying gas densities a this quantity will be of particular importance for forthcoming studies a because rough estimates indicate that about of ionizing photons escape from the halo and contribute to the ionization of the ign a given the relatively large number density of normal spiral galaxies a of a stars could have a much stronger impact on the ionization of the ign than an or sos a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article various observational and theoretical studies have been carried out which aimed at the investigation of possible ionization mechanisms of the diffuse ionized gas a dig a also called interstellar froth excite a in the milky way a edge a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a a a a a a a a as well as in external galaxies a edge a a a a a |
9,861 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the radial structure of the continuous spectrum of shear allen waves is calculated in this paper within the separatrix of a magnetic island a geometrical effects due to the noncircularity of the flux surface a cross section are retained to all orders a on the other hand a we keep only curvature effects responsible for the beta a induced gap in the low a frequency part of the continuous spectrum a modes with different felicity from that of the magnetic island are considered a the main result is that a inside a magnetic island a there is a continuous spectrum very similar to that of toyama plasmas a where a generalized safety factor can be defined and where a wide frequency gap is formed a analogous to the ellipticity induced allen eigenmode gap in tokamaks a the presence of this gap is due to the strong eccentricity of the island cross section a the importance of the existence of such a gap is recognized in potentially hosting magnetic a island induced allen eigenmodes a mike a a due to the frequency dependence of the shear allen wave continuum on the magnetic a island size a the possibility of utilizing mike frequency scaling as a novel magnetic a island diagnostic is also discussed a a pics a 52.55.tn a 52.35.bj a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article shear allen waves a saw a are electromagnetic plasma waves propagating as transverse waves along the magnetic field a with the characteristic allen velocity a is the magnetic field and the mass density of the plasma a a in fusion plasmas a fast ions in the me energy range have velocities comparable with the typical allen speed a in addition a saw group velocity is directed along the magnetic field line and a therefore a fast ions can stay in resonance and effectively exchange energy with the wave excite a saw in a nonuniform equilibrium experience collisionless dissipation a a continuum damping a excite a a due to singular structures that are formed where the saw continuum is resonantly excited a in tokamaks a the magnetic field intensity varies along the field line of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this creates gaps in the saw continuous spectrum excite due to translational symmetry breaking a analogous to electrons travelling in a periodic lattice excite a two types of collective shear allen instabilities exist in toyama plasmas a energetic a particle continuum modes a pm a excite a with frequency determined by fast particle characteristic motions a and discrete allen eigenmodes a a a a with a frequency inside saw continuum gaps excite a |
9,862 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper using molecular dynamics simulations we investigate the ability of an analytical three a dimensional double well in reproducing static and dynamic anomalies found experimentally in liquid water a we find anomalous behavior in the stable region of the phase diagram if the outer minimum is deeper than the inner minimum a in the case of a deeper inner minimum a anomalous behavior is also present but inside the unstable region a core a softened potential a diffusion a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the prediction of structural a dynamic and thermodynamic properties and the phase behavior of fluids based solely on the shape of the intermolecular interaction potential is an important goal in the study of liquids and in the understanding of the peculiarities of the liquid state a the simplicity of this surmise has not only theoretical interest but also practical consequences a in spite of these motivations and precepts of developing a much better molecular a level picture of the liquid matter a this goal is far from being achieved a although for some simple potential the use of integral equations in the form of hypernetted a chain approximation can give an estimate of the phase stability excite a the mathematical complexity of the interaction potentials used even for simple liquid does not allow an analytical approach of please generate the next two sentences of the article | despite of this a some progress can be made choosing only liquids that share the same type of structure a for instance a a tetrahedral local structure a the most familiar tetrahedral liquid is water not only due to its abundance but also because of the occurrence of some remarkable features such as the presence of structural a dynamic or thermodynamic anomalies a |
9,863 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we derive new limits on light stops from gibson resonance searches in the a a a and channels from the first run of the lac a if the two a body decays of the light stop are mildly suppressed or kinematically forbidden a stoponium bound states will form in collisions and subsequently decay via the pair annihilation of the constituent stops to gibson final states a yielding striking resonance signatures a remarkably a we find that stoponium searches are highly complementary to direct collider searches and indirect probes of light stops such as highs coupling measurements a using an empirical quarkonia potential model and including the first two -wave stoponium states a we find that in the decoupling limit get is excluded for a any a value of the stop mixing angle and heavy stop mass by the combination of the latest resonance searches and the indirect constraints a the searches are the most complementary to the indirect constraints a probing the stop of blind spot of parameter region in which the trilinear coupling is small a interestingly a we also find that the searches give a stronger constraint a get a if the stop is primarily left a handed a for a scenario with a bin asp and stop also a several gaps in the direct collider searches for stops can unambiguously be filled with the next run of the lac a for a stop asp decaying through an a a parity violating coupling a the stoponium searches can fill the gap 100 get get in the direct searches for couplings a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article light stops are a quintessential feature of a natural supersymmetric theory excite a being responsible for the cancellation of the dominant highs mass quadratic divergence coming from the top quark a however a after run a of the lac the possible existence of light stops has been strongly constrained by a suite of dedicated searches by atlas and cams excite a for instance a in a simplified scenario containing a neutrino as the lightest supersymmetric particle a asp a and the stop as the next a to a lightest supersymmetric particle a also a a with a few gaps and caveats a stop masses as high as get and asp masses as high as get have been excluded excite a still a as is always the case with direct searches a the limits depend strongly on the spectrum and decays of the stops a and there remain open windows in which a light stop can hide from lac searches a examples include compressed excite or stealth excite stops and a a parity violating stop decays excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it is therefore critical to continue to develop new strategies to directly search for light stops excite a another opportunity to probe light stops is presented when the stop is long lived a which naturally occurs in a number of motivated scenarios a |
9,864 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper the production of photometric light curves from astronomical images is a very time a consuming task a taking several hours or even days a larger data sets improve the resolution of the light curve a however a the time requirement scales with data volume a the data analysis is often made more difficult by factors such as a lack of suitable calibration sources and the need to correct for variations in observing conditions from one image to another a often these variations are unpredictable and corrections are based on experience and intuition a the high efficiency image detection a identification a heidi a pipeline software rapidly processes sets of astronomical images a taking only a few minutes a heidi automatically selects multiple sources for calibrating the images using a selection algorithm that provides a reliable means of correcting for variations between images in a time series a the algorithm takes into account that some sources may intrinsically vary on short time scales and excludes these from being used as calibration sources a heidi processes a set of images from an entire night of observation a analyses the variations in brightness of the target objects and produces a light curve all in a matter of minutes a heidi has been tested on three different time series of of images each of asteroid 939 siberia and has produced consistent high quality photometric light curves in a fraction of the usual processing time a the software can also be used for other transient sources a edge gamma a ray burst optical afterglows a gaia transient candidates a heidi is implemented in the programming language python and processes time series astronomical images in fits format with minimal user interaction a heidi processes up to 1000 images per run in the standard configuration a this limit can be easily increased a with the only real limit being system capacity a edge disk space a memory a heidi is not telescope a dependent and will process images even in the case that no telescope. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the process of analysing a time series of astronomical images to measure the variations in brightness of an object over time and to calibrate those variations against reference sources is a very time a consuming task a an accurate understanding of the variation in brightness of an object over time a item its photometric light curve a allows modelling of key characteristics of the object a edge the shape of an asteroid a the type of a supernova or gamma a ray burst optical afterglow a a the measurement process often varies only little depending on the type of object a whether it is an asteroid tumbling through space a a supernova or the rapidly fading optical afterglow from a gamma a ray burst of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the process usually involves examining the images in the time series for at least one suitable reference source in order to calibrate the brightness a some processes require the reference sources to have particular characteristics a edge a specific spectral class or magnitude a |
9,865 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper infrared a in a blocking filters are crucial for controlling the radiative loading on cryogenic systems and for optimizing the sensitivity of biometric detectors in the far a in a we present a new in filter approach based on a combination of patterned frequency selective structures on silicon and a thin a of thick a absorptive composite based on powdered reststrahlen absorbing materials a for a 300 a blackbody a this combination reflects % of the incoming light and blocks a 99.8% of the total power with negligible thermal gradients and excellent low frequency transmission a this allows for a reduction in the in thermal loading to negligible levels in a single cold filter a these composite filters are fabricated on silicon substrates which provide excellent thermal transport laterally through the filter and ensure that the entire area of the absorptive filter stays near the bath temperature a a metamaterial antireflection coating cut into these substrates reduces in a band reflections to below of a and the in a band absorption of the powder mix is below of for signal bands below 750 ghz a this type of filter can be directly incorporated into silicon refractive optical elements a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a a section a a in blocking filters are critical for optimizing bolometer a based receivers in the millimetre and submillimeter spectral region a in these bands a the in power emitted from the telescope and surroundings a typically 250 a 300 a for ground and balloon a based instruments a is much brighter than the sky background a it is therefore crucial to control this out a of a band power of please generate the next two sentences of the article | filters serve to substantially reduce what would be a dominant source of noise and minimize the radiative loading on the cryogenic system a in addition a the filters must not significantly radiate a reflect a or scatter in the band of interest a |
9,866 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we classify a possibly noncommutative a algebras of low rank over a domain a we first review results for algebras of rank a and for finite a dimensional division algebras over a these results motivate us to consider which algebras possess a standard involution a our main result is that algebras of rank a are either commutative or possess a standard involution a thanks to my supportive parents barry and mara a comments and encouragement from my fellow master a degree students have been invaluable a particularly eric roma a mike plug a jared krogsrud a sam schiavone a brian lang a andy reagan a and jonathan godot a i could not have completed this work without the background and skills i developed in my coursework a especially in the algebra and real analysis sequences taught by professors john right and jonathan sands a respectively a thank you to the members of the committee and to my advisor professor john right a without whose guidance a tireless editing a and infectious energy this thesis would not exist a thanks above all to my beloved wife a andrea a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in a vector space we enjoy the ability to combine vectors by addition and to scale by elements of a field a but we can not a in general a multiply vectors a if we upgrade a our space to permit multiplication a subject to a few restrictions a a we obtain an algebra a generalizing from vector spaces to free modules over a domain a we make the following definition of please generate the next two sentences of the article | let be a domain a with a a --algebra a is an associative ring a with a equipped with an embedding of into the center of that is free as an -module a |
9,867 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we have developed an automatic search procedure to identify low a energy spectral features in grabs a we have searched 133,000 spectra from 117 bright bursts and have identified of candidate features with significances ranging from our threshold of 5e to 1e a several of the candidates have been examined in detail a including some with data from more than one base spectroscopy detector a the evidence for spectral features appears good a however a the features have not conclusively been shown to be narrow lines a a a a 1=1=0pt a 2=2=0pt a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article narrow a low a energy a key a spectral lines in grabs have been reported using the data of several instruments a edge a see review excite a a based on these reports a the base team expected lines to be easy to find and looked for them manually excite a the reality was different a lines were not obvious in burst spectra a in order to be sure that the manual search had not missed any lines a we implemented a comprehensive a automatic computer search excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | bursts with at least one spectrum with a normed signal a to a noise ratio a sir a excite near of key above 5.0 are searched a for each burst a we form spectra from each individual spectral record a every pair a triple a etc a the spectra so formed overlap in many cases a once a burst is selected for the search a spectra are searched regardless of the presence of burst flux low sir spectra serve as controls a |
9,868 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we show how the two a band nature of superconductivity in noncentrosymmetric compounds leads to a variety of novel nonuniform superconducting states induced by a magnetic field a at low fields a a two a band helical state is realized a with a distinctly non a bus quasiparticle spectrum a at high fields a the superconducting state becomes unstable towards the formation of a lattice of topological phase solutions a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the recent revival of interest in the properties of two a band a or a more generally a multilane a superconductors has been largely stimulated by the discovery of superconductivity in mgb a ref a a a other candidates for multilane superconductivity include nickel borocarbides a ref a a a nbse a ref a a a cecoin a ref a a a and also the iron a based high a temperature superconductors a see ref a for a review a these discoveries have shown that multilane superconductivity a which is characterized by a significant difference in the order parameter magnitudes indoor phases in different bands a might be a much more common phenomenon than it was previously thought of please generate the next two sentences of the article | one important class of multilane superconductors is noncentrosymmetric compounds with a strong spin a orbit a so a coupling of conduction electrons with the lattice a since the discovery of superconductivity in cept a ref a a a the list of noncentrosymmetric superconductors has grown to include dozens of materials a such as air a ref a a a cerhsi a ref a a a ceirsi a ref a a a y a ref a a a lipd,pt a ref a a a and many others a in noncentrosymmetric crystals a the bloch bands are split by the so coupling and the cooper pairing of electrons from different bands is suppressed a resulting in an effectively two a band picture of superconductivity a |
9,869 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present an agent a based model inspired by the evolutionary minority game a egg a a albeit strongly adapted to the case of competition for limited resources in ecology a the agents in this game become able a after some time a to predict the a a prior a best option as a result of an evolution a driven learning process a we show that a self a segregated social structure can emerge from this process a item a extreme learning strategies are always favoured while intermediate learning strategies tend to die out a this result may contribute to understanding some levels of organization and cooperative behaviour in ecological and social systems a we use the ideas and results reported here to discuss an issue of current interest in ecology a the misgivings in egg laying observed for some species of bird as a consequence of their slower rate of adaptation to climate change in comparison with that shown by their prey a our model supports the hypothesis that habitat a specific constraints could explain why different populations are adapting differently to this situation a in agreement with recent experiments a a and evolutionary learning a climate change a limited resources a predator a prey a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article minority games a chalet and hang a 1998 a a and more recently evolutionary minority games a egg a a johnson it a al a a 1999a a johnson it a al a a 2000 a de cara it of please generate the next two sentences of the article | al a a 2000 a johnson it a al a a 2003 a hod and dakar a 2002 a hod a 2003 a syst a who it a |
9,870 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a second epoch of observations of the of ghz class i methanol maser line toward the star forming region omc-2 a the observations were carried out with the very large array a and constitute one of the first successful german effect detections with the new wider correlation a comparing to the result of our earlier epoch of data for this region a we find that the intensity of the maser increased by 50% a but the magnetic field value has stayed the same a within the errors a this suggests that the methanol maser may be tracing the large a scale magnetic field that is not affected by the bulk gas motions or turbulence on smaller scales that is causing the change in maser intensity a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the ability to carry out high angular resolution observations of several types of masers has increased tremendously due to the availability of interferometers at several different frequencies a for example a of ghz methanol maser observations are now routine with the karl go jansen very large array a la a a edge a excite and excite a since masers allow for the observation of magnetic fields at high angular resolution via the german effect a there has often been speculation on whether they trace the large a scale magnetic field or only the field within the small a scale environments in which such masers form a excite a excite a excite a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | since the observation of magnetic fields is challenging in general a edge a excite a a the ability to measure the large a scale magnetic field with masers would prove to be invaluable a especially because magnetic fields play such an important role in the process of star formation a edge a excite a excite a a at a distance of 450 pc a excite a a the orion molecular cloud a a omc-2 a is considered one of the nearest intermediate a mass star forming regions a edge a excite a a this region is located at an angular distance of 12 northeast of the trapezium of cluster a and along with omc-3 a it is part of a single long filament in orion a excite a a in 2011 a we reported the discovery of the german effect in the of ghz class i ch maser line toward omc-2 a excite a a in this paper a we report follow a up observations on the german effect of this methanol maser line a |
9,871 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate the impact of starspots on the evolution of late a type stars during the are a main sequence a are a is a a we find that heavy spot coverage increases the radii of stars by a a 10% a consistent with inflation factors in eclipsing binary systems a and suppresses the rate of are a is lithium depletion a leading to a dispersion in zero a age is i abundance a comparable to observed spreads a if a range of spot properties exist within clusters from a a of my a this concordance with data implies that spots induce a range of radii at fixed mass during the are a is a these spots decrease the luminosity and of stars a leading to a displacement on the or diagram a this displacement causes isochrone derived masses and ages to be systematically under a estimated a and can lead to the spurious appearance of an age spread in a co a evil population a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article despite recent improvements in stellar modelling a several notable discrepancies remain between theoretical predictions of low mass stellar properties and high precision measurements from techniques such as eclipsing binary a be a analysis and interferometry a one such discrepancy is the inflated radius problem a where young a low a mass stellar radii are observed to be larger by % than theoretical predictions a a second discrepancy is between the observed lithium patterns of young clusters such as the pleiades a which host abundance dispersions in excess of an order a of a magnitude at fixed a and standard model theoretical predictions a which anticipate no dispersion at fixed of please generate the next two sentences of the article | notably a the most i rich stars in the pleiades are also the most rapidly rotating a the opposite sense of the correlation expected from rotational mixing a in two recent papers a we suggested that if some mechanism induced inflated radii in rapidly rotating a low a mass stars during the are a is a then the i destruction rate in the inflated stars would be suppressed a and one could explain both the inflated radius problem and the i a rotation correlation in the pleiades a with a single mechanism a a a a a a |
9,872 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study the problem of conjunctive query evaluation over sets of queries a this problem is formulated here as the relational homomorphism problem over a set of structures a wherein each instance must be a pair of structures such that the first structure is an element of a we present a comprehensive complexity classification of these problems a which strongly links graph a theoretic properties of to the complexity of the corresponding homomorphism problem a in particular a we define a binary relation on graph classes and completely describe the resulting hierarchy given by this relation a this binary relation is defined in terms of a notion which we call graph deconstruction and which is a variant of the well a known notion of tree decomposition a we then use this graph hierarchy to infer a complexity hierarchy of homomorphism problems which is comprehensive up to a computationally very weak notion of reduction a namely a a parametrized form of quantifier a free reductions a we obtain a significantly refined complexity classification of homomorphism problems a as well as a unifying a modular a and conceptually clean treatment of existing complexity classifications a we also present and develop the theory of pebble games which solve the homomorphism problems where the cores of the structures in have bounded tree depth a as a fruit of this development a we characterize the homomorphism problems solvable in logarithmic space a we also use our framework to classify the complexity of model checking existential sentences having bounded quantifier rank a a section a a theoremconjecture a theoremcorollary a theoremexample a theoremexamples a theoremproposition a theoremproposition a theoremlemma a theoremdefinition a theoremremark a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a conjunctive queries a are basic and heavily studied database queries a and can be viewed logically as formulas consisting of a sequence of existentially quantified variables a followed by a conjunction of atomic formulas a since the 1977 article of chandra and merlin excite a complexity a theoretic aspects of conjunctive queries have been a research subject of persistent and enduring interest which continues to the present day a as discussed and evidenced a for example a by the works excite a a in this article a we study a conjunctive query evaluation a a which is the problem of evaluating a conjunctive query on a relational structure a conjunctive query evaluation is indeed equivalent to a number of well a known problems a including the homomorphism problem on relational structures a the constraint satisfaction problem a and conjunctive query containment excite of please generate the next two sentences of the article | that this problem appears in many equivalent guises attests to its fundamental a primal nature a and this problem has correspondingly been approached and studied from a wide variety of perspectives and motivations a as has been eloquently articulated in the literature a the employment of classical complexity notions such as polynomial a time tractability to grade the complexity of conjunctive query evaluation is not totally satisfactory a a typical scenario for example a in the database context is the evaluation of a relatively short query on a relatively large structure a |
9,873 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper radical a ion pairs and their reactions have triggered the study of quantum effects in biological systems a this is because they exhibit a number of effects best understood within quantum information science a and at the same time are central in understanding the avian magnetic compass and the spin transport dynamics in photosynthetic reaction center a here we address radical a pair reactions from the perspective of quantum metrology a since the coherent spin motion of radical a pairs is effected by an external magnetic field a these spin a dependent reactions essentially realize a biochemical magnetometer a using the quantum fisher information a we find the fundamental quantum limits to the magnetic sensitivity of radical a pair magnetometers a we then explore how well the usual measurement scheme considered in radical a pair reactions a the measurement of reaction yields a approaches the fundamental limits a in doing so a we find the optimal hyperfine interaction hamiltonian that leads to the best magnetic sensitivity as obtained from reaction yields a this is still an order of magnitude smaller than the absolute quantum limit a finally a we demonstrate that with a realistic quantum reaction control reminding of ramsey interferometry a here presented as a quantum circuit involving the spin a exchange interaction and a recently proposed molecular switch a we can approach the fundamental quantum limit within a factor of a a this work opens the application of well a advanced quantum metrology methods to biological systems a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the quantum dynamics of the radical a pair mechanism excite a underlying the avian magnetic compass excite and spin transport in photosynthetic reaction center excite a have recently attracted the attention of the quantum physics community excite a since it was shown excite that radical a pairs offer an ideal system to study quantum coherence effects and explore quantum information processing in a complex biochemical setting a radical a pair reactions consist of a coherent spin motion in a multi a spin system embedded in a biomolecule a interrupted by an electron transfer that results in the spin a dependent charge recombination of the radical a ion a pair and the termination of the reaction a it is known that the coherent spin motion as well as the measurable reaction yields in radical a pair reactions are also influenced by the external magnetic field through the unpaired electrons german interaction of please generate the next two sentences of the article | hence radical a pair reactions are no different than other quantum systems used to measure a classical parameter a as for example are the well a developed atomic magnetometers excite using edge alkali vapours excite or nitrogen vacancy center excite a central in these studies have been the fundamental measurement precision limits set by the quantum dynamics of the system under consideration a |
9,874 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper -detected nor a -nmr a has been used to study vortex lattice disorder near the surface of the high- superconductor yba a co a a the magnetic field distribution from the vortex lattice was detected by implanting a low energy beam of highly polarized into a thin overlay of silver on optimally doped a twinned and detained co samples a the resonance in a broadens significantly below the transition temperature as expected from the emerging field lines of the vortex lattice in co a however a the lineshape is more symmetric and the dependence on the applied magnetic field is much weaker than expected from an ideal vortex lattice a indicating that the vortex density varies across the face of the sample a likely due to pinning at twin boundaries a at low temperatures the broadening from such disorder does not scale with the superfluid density a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the vortex state of curate superconductors is of central importance in understanding high- superconductivity a hts a a one the most well studied quantities is the internal magnetic field distribution associated with the vortex lattice a vl. as discussed below a several methods can be used to measure a which depends on the london penetration depth a the coherence length, and a to a lesser extent a the internal structure of the vortices, and non a linear and non a local effects. the form of has a distinctive asymmetric shape due to the spatial magnetic inhomogeneity characteristic of an ordered two a dimensional a cd a lattice of vertices a one basic feature in is a prominent high field tail associated with the vortex cores a which depends on the magnitude of of please generate the next two sentences of the article | there is also a saddle point in the local field profile located between two vertices a this gives rise to a van hove singularity or sharp peak in below the average field a |
9,875 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we describe a method to compute thermodynamic quantities in the harmonic approximation for identical bosons and fermions in an external confining field a we use the canonical partition function where only energies and their degeneracies enter a the number of states of given energy and symmetry is found by separating the center of mass motion a and counting the remaining states of given symmetry and excitation energy of the relative motion a the oscillator frequencies that enter the harmonic hamiltonian can be derived from realistic model parameters and the method corresponds to an effective interaction approach based on harmonic interactions a to demonstrate the method a we apply it to systems in two dimensions a numerical calculations are compared to a brute force method that is considerably more computationally intensive a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the many a body problem can not be solved exactly for realistic interactions and systems a numerous approximations have been formulated and applied over the years a one of the problems is that many particles require a large hilbert space to allow for the many possible correlations of please generate the next two sentences of the article | in fact a the space typically grows exponentially with the particle number a the necessary reduction of the hilbert space to obtain a tractable problem has to be accompanied by a corresponding transformation of the interaction which in turn has to be used in the smaller space a |
9,876 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we used methods of bayesian statistical inference and the principle of maximum entropy to analytically continue imaginary a time green a function generated in quantum monte carlo simulations to obtain the real a time green a functions a for test problems a we considered chains of harmonic and enharmonic oscillators whose properties we simulated by a hybrid path a integral quantum monte carlo method a from the imaginary a time displacement a displacement green a function a we first obtained its spectral density a for harmonic oscillators a we demonstrated the peaks of this function were in the correct position and their area satisfied a sum rule a additionally a as a function of wavenumber a the peak positions followed the correct dispersion relation a for a double a well oscillator a we demonstrated the peak location correctly predicted the tunnel splitting a transforming the spectral densities to real a time green a functions a we conclude that we can predict the real a time dynamics for length of times corresponding to a to of times the natural period of the model a the length of time was limited by an overbroadening of the peaks in the spectral density caused by the simulation algorithm a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article one of the goals for doing computer simulations is the production of information useful in the interpretation and design of experiments a notwithstanding important issues regarding hamiltonian selection and parametrization a the interface of simulations with experiment is particularly challenging for quantum systems a the current monte carlo algorithms a whether they impose quantum particle statistics constraints or not a are performed either in real a time or in imaginary a time a euclidean time a a in real a time a the propagator for a system a described by a hamiltonian a oscillates wildly at long a times a analytically a these rapid oscillations self a cancel a but a monte carlo process a as it is typically used a has difficulty achieving this cancellation a as a consequence a modifications of the basic algorithms have been proposed to extend the simulations as long as possible in the real a time domain excite a with these new algorithms of please generate the next two sentences of the article | simulations typically produce dynamics extending to a to a times the natural periods of the systems a in imaginary a time a the propagator is diffusive and the rapid oscillations are avoided a correlations functions a however a are now a function of imaginary a time a and such functions do not easily convey the actual dynamics of the system a in principle a real a time correlation a green a a functions can be obtained from the imaginary a time ones by the process of analytic continuation a in practice a this process is difficult because it is ill a posed and because the monte carlo data is incomplete and noisy a |
9,877 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper low a energy electron collisions with o molecules are studied using the fixed a bond a a matrix method a in addition to the o ground state a integrated cross sections are calculated for electron collisions with the and excited states of o molecules a of target electronic states of o are included in the model within a valence configuration interaction representations of the target states a elastic cross sections for the and excited states are similar to the cross sections for the ground state a as in case of excitation from the state a the o resonance makes the dominant contribution to excitation cross sections from the and states a the magnitude of excitation cross sections from the state to the state is about of time larger than the corresponding cross sections from the to the state a for this transition a our cross section at 4.5 eve agrees well with the available experimental value a these results should be important for models of plasma discharge chemistry which often requires cross sections between the excited electronic states of o a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article an understanding of electron collision processes with oxygen molecules is important because of its role in chemistry of electrical discharge and the upper atmosphere a in recent attempts to an operate electrical discharge oxygen a iodine laser a a population inversion of iodine atoms was achieved by a near resonant energy transfer via the process a in contrast to the traditional liquid chemistry singlet oxygen generator excite a recent studies excite utilize flowing electric discharges where electron collisions with o excited electronic states can be important excite a in such conditions of please generate the next two sentences of the article | even highly excited metastable states of o a a a may play roles excite a in addition to the lower o and excited states a however a most previous work has concentrated on electron collisions with the o ground state a so our knowledge of electron impact transitions from the o and excited states is limited a the past experimental and theoretical works concerning electron o a a collisions were summarized by bringer and hickman excite a |
9,878 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a pixel detector with a cd diamond sensor has been studied in a 180 get a a pion beam a the charge collection properties of the diamond sensor were studied as a function of the track position a which was measured with a silicon microstrip telescope a non a uniformities were observed on a length scale comparable to the diamond crystallites size a in some regions of the sensor a the charge drift appears to have a component parallel to the sensor surface a item a normal to the applied electric field a resulting in systematic residuals between the track position and the hits position as large as of a a a numerical simulation of the charge drift in polycrystalline diamond was developed to compute the signal induced on the electrodes by the electrons and holes released by the passing particles a the simulation takes into account the crystallite structure a non a uniform trapping across the sensor a diffusion and polarization effects a it is in qualitative agreement with the data a additional lateral electric field components result from the non a uniform trapping of charges in the bulk a these provide a good explanation for the large residuals observed a a a a a a diamond pixel detector a non a uniform charge collection 29.40.wk a 29.40.gx a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article in the last decade the quality of chemical vapour deposited a cd a diamond for particle detectors has greatly improved a and the use of this material has become a potentially attractive option for vertex detectors at high luminosity colliders a such as the lac after the proposed luminosity upgrade excite a promising to provide the radiation resistance needed for the challenging particle fluxes expected a diamond detectors are believed to be more radiation a hard than silicon excite a even after radiation exposures in excess of they can be operated at room temperature without significant leakage current of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a loss in the charge signal of about 40% was observed with pion a proton radiation of excite a with neutrons a loss of 30% was observed at a fluency of excite a |
9,879 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we explore the computation of high a harmonic generation spectra by means of gaussian basis sets in approaches propagating the time a dependent schrodinger equation a we investigate the efficiency of gaussian functions specifically designed for the description of the continuum proposed by kaufman a it al a a a of phys a a a of a a 2223 a 1989 a a a we assess the range of applicability of this approach by studying the hydrogen atom a item the simplest atom for which of exact of calculations on a grid can be performed a we notably study the effect of increasing the basis set cardinal number a the number of diffuse basis functions a and the number of gaussian pseudo a continuum basis functions for various laser parameters a our results show that the latter significantly improve the description of the low a lying continuum states a and provide a satisfactory agreement with grid calculations for laser wavelengths a 800 and 1064 no a the kaufman continuum functions therefore appear as a promising way of constructing gaussian basis sets for studying molecular electron dynamics in strong laser fields using time a dependent quantum a chemistry approaches a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article high a harmonic generation a hug a is a highly nonlinear optical phenomenon excite of increasing interest because it can provide coherent xiv and soft a a ray radiation with attosecond a a a durations a this property offers the opportunity to investigate unexplored research areas in atoms and molecules with unprecedented time resolution excite a the hug optical spectrum has a distinctive shape a a rapid decrease of the intensity for the low a order harmonics consistent with perturbation theory a followed by a broad plateau region where the harmonic intensity remains almost constant a and then an abrupt cutoff a beyond which almost no harmonics are observed of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the hug process can be understood by means of semi a classical pictures a such as the celebrated three a step model excite a a i a an electron escapes from the nuclei through tunnel ionization associated with the strong laser field a a ii a it is accelerated away by the laser field until the sign of the field changes a a iii a whereupon the electron is accelerated back to the nucleus a where it may emit a photon as it recombine to the ground state a a key quantity emerging from the model is the maximum energy the field can provide to the electron a a where is the ionization potential and is the ponderomotive energy excite a |
9,880 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we report our measurement of the rate of change of period with time a a for the 215s periodicity in the pulsating white dwarf a 117b15a a the most stable optical clock known a after of years of observations a we have finally obtained a 4 measurement a taking into account the proper a motion effect of a we obtain a rate of change of period with time of a this value is consistent with the cooling rate in our white dwarf models only for cores of a or a a of a with the refinement of the models a the observed rate of period change can be used to accurately measure the ratio of a a of in the core of the white dwarf a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article is a pulsating white dwarf with a hydrogen atmosphere a a day a also called a zzz yeti star excite a these stars show multi a periodic non a radial -mode pulsations that can be used to measure their internal properties and rate of evolution a excite found the star was variable a and excite studied its light curve a finding a simultaneous pulsations of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the dominant mode has a period of 215 a a a fractional amplitude of of emma a mill a modulation amplitude a 1/1.086 mill magnitude a a and is stable in amplitude and phase a the other smaller pulsation modes vary in amplitude from night to night excite a suggesting the presence of unresolved components a because the days appear to be normal stars except for their variability excite a item a an evolutionary stage in the cooling of all white dwarfs a it is likely that the day structural properties are representative of a all a a white dwarfs a |
9,881 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we propose a quantum optics experiment where a single two a mode gaussian entangled state is used for realizing the paradigm of an amendable gaussian channel recently presented in phys a rev a a a a of a a 062307 a 2013 a a depending on the choice of the experimental parameters the entanglement of the probe state is preserved or not and the relative map belongs or not to the class of entanglement breaking channels a the scheme has been optimized to be as simple as possible a it requires only a single active non a linear operation followed by four passive beam a splitters a the effects of losses a detection inefficiencies and statistical errors are also taken into account a proving the feasibility of the experiment with current realistic resources a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article coherence embodies the detrimental effects of noise on any quantum system whose coherence a in its widest sense a is smeared causing the loss of information of the initial state excite a this represents a focal point in quantum information theory excite as it limits both the attainable fidelity and the variety of accessible protocols excite a in particular a entanglement excite represents a fundamental resource in quantum computation excite and thus it should be protected against dechorence a in this regard of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the most undesirablefamily of quantum processes is given by the so a called entanglement breaking a be a maps excite a under whose action any entanglement initially installed between the system and an external ancilla is completely lost a these are maps acting on one component of an entangled pair leaving unperturbed the other a a amendable channels a strongly related to be maps excite a |
9,882 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we report the discovery of a quasi a periodic oscillation a apo a in data obtained with the ross a a ray timing explorer of the dipping and eclipsing low a mass a a ray binary exp 0748676 a the apo had a frequency between 0.58 and 2.44 he changing on time scales of a few days a an rms amplitude between of and 12% a and was detected in the persistent emission a during dips and during type i a a ray bursts a during one observation a when the count rate was a factor a to a higher than otherwise a the apo was not detected a the strength of the apo did not significantly depend on photon energy a and is consistent with being the same in the persistent emission a both during and outside the dips a and during type i a a ray bursts a frequency shifts were observed during three of the four a a ray bursts a we argue that the apo is produced by the same mechanism as the apo recently found by joker it al a a 1999 a in of 132362 a although the exact mechanism is not clear a it is most likely related to the high inclination of both systems a an orbiting structure in the accretion disc that modulates the radiation from the central source seems the most promising mechanism a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the low a mass a a ray binary a lab a exp 0748676 was discovered with a exist a by parma it al a it showed periodic eclipses a irregular intensity dips a and type i a a ray bursts a parma it al a 1986 a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the eclipses a due to obscuration of the central a a ray source by the companion star a occurred at a period of 3.82 or a from the eclipse duration an inclination of 75 to 82 was derived a |
9,883 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we consider flux dynamics in a stack of inductively coupled long josephson junctions connected capacitive to a common resonant cavity at one of the boundaries a we study a through theoretical and numerical analysis a the possibility for the cavity to induce a transition from the energetically favored state of spatially separated shuttling fluxes in the different junctions to a high velocity a high energy state of identical flux modes a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the emission from intrinsic josephson junctions of the rocco type has received much attention recently a several experiments have been reported excite a in which the radiation emitted from rocco single crystals were observed a however in most cases the detected power is rather small a or the frequency is rather low a or the emitted radiation is detected indirectly on an on a chip detector of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it has also been demonstrated that rocco can be considered a josephson junction with a josephson effect even at frequencies as high as a the excite a recently a very convincing experiment was reported excite and it has attracted much focus and renewed experimental efforts a |
9,884 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a quantum simulator based on ultracold optically trapped atoms for simulating the physics of atoms and molecules in ultrashort intense laser fields is introduced a the slowing down by about of orders of magnitude allows to watch in slow motion the tunnelling and collision processes that form the heart of attosecond science a the extreme flexibility of the simulator promises a deeper understanding of strong a field physics a especially for many a body systems beyond the reach of classical computers a the quantum simulator can experimentally straightforwardly be realized and is shown to recover the ionization characteristics of atoms in the different regimes of laser a matter interaction a in his renowned lecture a of simulating physics with computers of excite richard pm feynman suggested the use of quantum simulators a item precisely controllable quantum systems a to simulate other quantum systems that can not be described theoretically due to their exponentially growing hilbert space a for instance a the mott a insulator to superfluid phase transition in condensed a matter systems excite was predicted excite to be observable with ultracold atoms in an optical lattice and then successfully demonstrated excite a also the highs mechanism excite a high temperature superconductivity excite a or a zitterbewegung a excite a to name just a few a were successfully investigated by quantum simulation a moreover a the quantum simulation of electrons in crystalline solids exposed to laser fields excite has been proposed a strong a field physics has contributed considerably to the understanding of the light a matter interaction a the progress leading to pulses on the attosecond timescale excite has even raised visions of real a time imaging of molecular processes excite and orbital tomography excite a yet a attosecond many a body physics is challenging a an exact investigation on classical computers beyond the single a active a electron approximation becomes prohibitively complex for many. and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the proposed experimental realization of the quantum simulator is based on the extension of an existing experiment a in the experiment excite a the potential of a tight optical dipole trap is populated with a degenerate fermi gas consisting of atoms in two hyperfine states a by applying a magnetic a field gradient and varying the trap depth the atoms tunnel out of the trap in a fully controlled way a ending up with a defined number of particles in a determined quantum state of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the experimental dipole trap is described in good approximation by a gaussian a beam potential which results in a quasi cd confinement with an aspect ratio of about 1:10 a the beam profile in the longitudinal direction is approximately given by the lorentz potential squad. a a here a is a modulation factor which allows to vary the trap depth in the experiment a see excite a is the potential depth a the boltzmann constant a the rayleigh length with a laser wavelength of no a in the experiment a |
9,885 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present three analogues of stern a diatomic sequence a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article stern a diatomic sequence is a particularly well studied sequence a see a edge a excite a excite a excite and references therein a as well as excite a a the first section is devoted to showing that this sequence is a interesting in particular a we shall look at the following properties of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a is a bijection between the positive natural numbers and the positive rational numbers a a extends to a continuous strictly increasing function on a a known as of conway a box function of a it a inverse is a minkowski a question a mark function a a a it shares a number of similarities to the fibonacci sequence a in particular a it has a bidet type formula a of in the remaining three sections are devoted to three analogues of stern a sequence a a we replace addition by another binary operation a in particular a we define where a |
9,886 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate the core mass distribution a cd a resulting from numerical models of turbulent fragmentation of molecular clouds a in particular we study its dependence on the sonic root a mean a square mach number a we analyse simulations with ranging from a to of to show that a as increases a the number of cores increases as well while their average mass decreases a this stems from the fact that high a mach number flows produce many and strong shocks on intermediate to small spatial scales a leading to a highly a fragmented density structure a we also show that the cd from purely turbulent fragmentation does not follow a single power a law a but it may be described by a function that changes continuously its shape a probably more similar to a log a normal function a the cd in supersonic turbulent flows does not have a universal slope a and as consequence a cast some doubt on attempts to directly relate the cd to a universal initial mass function a a a 1#1i"13i a 1 a 1 a 110 a 110 a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article an isothermal supersonic shock with a mach number creates density enhancements of a where and are the densities of the post and are a shocked gas a edge a switzer 1978 a a since molecular clouds are turbulent and supersonic a it can be expected that their internal density structure is a at first order a item a neglecting gravitational or thermal fragmentation a a a direct consequence of the fragmentation by the chaotic a supersonic velocity field a see a edge a the reviews by vazquez a semadeni it al a 2000 a mac low a lessen 2004 a scale and elmegreen 2004 and references therein a a a process which has been called a turbulent fragmentation thus a it is reasonable to expect that supersonic turbulence plays a crucial role in determining the mass distribution of dense cores a in fact a the gravoturbulent scenario of star formation suggests that the cores are formed by compressible turbulent motions inside molecular clouds and that some of those cores may become gravitationally unstable and form stars a while others will disperse in the ambient medium a sarah 1973 a hunter a fleck 1982 a elmegreen 1993 a ballesteros a parades a vazquez a semadeni a scale 1999 a lessen it a al a 2000 a pagan it al a 2001 a pagan a norland 2002 a hereafter pn02 a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | on the other hand a the mass distribution of young stars follows a well a known distribution called the initial mass function a if a a for stellar masses it shows a power a law behavior a with slope a salter 1955 a scale 1998 a group 2002 a carrier 2003 a a |
9,887 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present the first detections of the 3 a water ice and 3.4 a amorphous hydrocarbon a has a absorption features in rulings a these are based on deep rest a frame 28 a a switzer a is spectra of of sources selected for their appreciable silicate absorption a the has a to a silicate ratio for our sources is typically higher by a factor of of than that observed in the milky way a this has a excess a suggests compact nuclei with steep temperature gradients as opposed to predominantly host obscuration a beside the above molecular absorption features a we detect the 3.3 a pah emission feature in one of our sources with three more individual spectra showing evidence for it a stacking analysis suggests that water ice a hydrocarbons a and pah are likely present in the bulk of this sample even when not individually detected a the most unexpected result of our study is the lack of clear detections of the 4.67 a co gas absorption feature a only three of the sources show tentative signs of this feature and at significantly lower levels than has been observed in local rulings a overall a we find that the closest local analogs to our sources a in terms of 34 a color a has a to a silicate and ice a to a silicate ratios a as well as low pah equivalent widths are sources dominated by deeply obscured nuclei a such sources form only a small fraction of rulings locally and are commonly believed to be dominated by buried an a our sample suggests that a in absolute number a such buried an are at least an order of magnitude more common at than today a the presence of pah suggests that significant levels of star a formation are present even if the obscured an typically dominate the power budget a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article of the most exciting recent discoveries in astronomy is the strong evolution and co a evolution of both the star a formation rate density a and black hole number density from to today a see edge a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | particularly interesting are composite or transition objects where quasars co a exist with powerful starbursts a see edge a a a a a a a a a a |
9,888 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper this paper presents a new approach to studying galactic structures a they are considered as the low a frequency normal modes in a disc of orbits precessing at different angular speeds a such a concept is an adequate alternative to the commonly used approach of treating the disc as a set of individual stars rotating at near a circular orbits around the centre a the problem of determining the normal modes is reduced to a simple integral equation in the form of the classical even a value problem a where the even a value is directly equal to the pattern speed of the mode a a an examination of the general properties of the basic integral equation shows that two types of solutions exist a bar a like and spiral a the numerical solutions of both types are obtained a the characteristic pattern speeds are of the order of the mean orbit precession speed a although for the bar a modes can markedly exceed the maximum precessing speed of orbits a it is shown that the bar a mode grows due to the immediate action of its gravitational field on the stars at the resonance regions a as for the spiral mode a its excitation is probably due to the inner sindbad resonance that can promote mode growth a a firstpage a keywords a galaxies a structure a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article a disc galaxy is primarily a set of stars which rotate around the centre at near a circular orbits at the angular velocity a the observed spiral and bar a like structures are customarily treated as perturbations in such a differentially rotating disc a thus a one might expect that the typical pattern speeds of these structures a a should be of the order of some average star angular velocity a a in reality please generate the next two sentences of the article | a however a the pattern speeds are of the order of the characteristic precession speed of star orbits a a which is only a small fraction of a recall that for near a circular orbits a where is the tricyclic frequency a according to linden a bell a 1979 a a if stars involved in the formation of the structures satisfy the inequality then each star orbit as a whole a but not the individual stars a participates in the perturbations a consequently a for studying such structures a it is more reasonable to use the model of the disc of star orbits precessing with different speeds than the commonly used concept of the differentially rotating disc of individual stars a |
9,889 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we will discuss the relevant conditions to observe a critical tunnelling current a new of phys a of a 045018 a 2008 a a in electron a double layer systems at a total filling factor of one and find they are related to the effective layer separation and the temperature a our studies suggest that the intensity of the critical tunnelling behavior is also directly linked to the area of the sample a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article under large perpendicular magnetic fields the motion of charged carriers in two a dimensional electron systems a ides a is confined to small cyclotron orbitals a this confinement suppresses the kinetic energy of the electrons but on the other hand amplifies their coulomb interactions a in single layers these coulomb correlations can lead to the emergence of fractional quantum hall states of please generate the next two sentences of the article | two individual but closely a spaced ides may also exhibit a correlated state a however a the underlying physics is now also influenced by the coulomb interactions between the two systems a when the electron densities in both layers are identical and the individual filling factors are close to 1/2 a item a a a the system may spontaneously develop interlaken phase coherence a provided the distance between the layers is sufficiently small a this led to the prediction of josephson a type phenomena in player systems excite nearly of years ago a |
9,890 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper an independent result for the two loop fermion contributions to the muon lifetime in the standard model is obtained a deviations are found with respect to excite a which result in a shift of the boson mass by approximately me over the range of highs boson masses from 100 get to a tel a supplied with the bosnia contributions from excite a this shift a due to the complete electroweak contributions a varies from me to me a additionally a a new test of the matching procedure defining the fermi constant is presented a which uses fermion masses as infrared regulators a and a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the muon lifetime is one of the key observables of today a particle physics a not only is it measured very precisely a since the current experimental error is of ppm excite a but can be described to competing accuracy within the standard model a giving rise to a strong correlation between the masses of the heavy gauge bosons a as a low energy process a the decay is expected to be governed by an effective interaction involving only the electron a muon and their respective neutrinos a the dynamics of the system should be corrected mostly by red a whereas the electroweak interactions determine solely the size of the coupling constant of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the history of the calculation of the electroweak corrections a in which we are interested here a is rather long a it started in the early eighties with the one loop contributions excite a |
9,891 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we study a myers effect a for a bunch of -branes with superstrings moving in one direction along the brands a we show that the a blown a up a configuration is the helical -brane a which is self a supported from collapse by the axial momentum flow a the tilting angle of the helix is determined by the number of -branes a the radius of the helix is stabilized to a certain value depending on the number of -branes and the momentum carried by superstrings a this is actually to a dual version of the supertube recently found as the a blown a up a configuration of a bunch of superstrings carrying -brane charge a it is found that the helical configuration preserves one quarter of the supersymmetry of vacuum a a 1#2#3nucl a phys a a by a a a a a a a a 1#2#3phys a lett a a by a a a a a a a a 1#2#3phys a rev a lett.#1 a a a a a a a a 1#2#3phys a rev a a do a a a a a a a a 1#2#3ann a phys a a a a a a a a a a a a 1#2#3phys a rep a a a a a a a a a a a a 1#2#3rev a mod a phys a a a a a a 1#2#3comm a match a phys a a a a a a a a a a a a 1#2#3mod a a lett a a a a a a a a a a a a 1#2#3class a quantum gray a a a a a a a a a a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article -branes interacting with higher form or a fields a -form for example a become -branes a which was first suggested by empyrean excite and nontrivial interactions were explicitly obtained by myers excite a in the presence of magnetic or a fields a these interactions are caused by the motion of the brands a with the motion in compact space a thus carrying angular momentum a a the higher dimensional brand increases its size a since the size is bounded in the compact space a the angular momentum is also bounded of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this fact possibly explains the stringy exclusion principle in the dual gravity setup excite a recently mates and townsend showed that this angular momentum can be given in a different guise excite a in some special setup of tubular -brane |
9,892 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper spin fluctuation is presumed to be one of the key properties in understanding the microscopic origin of heavy a fermion a like behavior in the class of transition a metal compounds a including liv a yscmn a and ymn a in this review a we demonstrate by our recent study of muon spin rotation a relaxation that the temperature a a dependence of the longitudinal spin relaxation rate a a in these compounds exhibits a common trend of levelling off to a constant value a a a below a characteristic temperature a a this is in marked contrast to the behavior predicted for normal metals from the korringa relation a a where the spin fluctuation rate a a in the pauli paramagnetic state is given as a constant a a a a with being the density of states at the fermi energy a a thus a the observed behavior of implies that the spin fluctuation rate becomes linearly dependent on temperature a a suggesting that heavy quasiparticles develop in a manner satisfying at lower temperatures a determined by the electronic dispersion a a considering that the theory of spin correlation for intersecting hubbard chains as a model of pyrochlore lattice predicts a our finding strongly indicates the crucial role of bands which preserve the one a dimensional character at low energies due to the geometrical frustration specific to the undistorted pyrochlore lattice a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article geometrical frustration in electronic degrees of freedom such as spin a charge a and orbit a which is often realized in the stages of highly symmetric crystals a has been one of the major topics in the field of condensed matter physics a in particular a the heavy fermion a of a behavior in y a yscmn and liv excite has attracted broad interest a where such a local electronic correlation specific to the highly symmetric pyrochlore structure may be of direct relevance to the formation of the heavy quasiparticle a up a state a however a despite decades of studies a the microscopic mechanism by which the local correlation is transformed into the heavy up mass of itinerant -electrons in these compounds still remains controversial a in general a the development of heavy ups accompanies narrowing of the effective band width a a or an increase in the density of states a dos a at the fermi energy a a a it is thus expected from a naive consideration based on heisenberg a uncertainty principle that the of behavior should manifest itself in the spin dynamics as reduction of the spin fluctuation rate a a because these quantities are mutually linked by the following relation a since the effective up mass is directly connected to the dos via the relation ^2/3$ a for a three a dimensional a cd a fermi gas a studies on the spin fluctuation with particular emphasis on relatively low energies should provide valuable information on the mechanism of heavy up formation a as a probe of spin fluctuation a muon spin rotation a a has a unique frequency window with high sensitivity for s a filling the gap between those covered by nuclear magnetic resonance a nor a and neutron scattering of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this provides promising perspectives for the study of -electron of a like compounds a here a we establish that the longitudinal spin relaxation rate a a in the above a mentioned compounds exhibits a common feature that it asymptotically becomes independent of temperature upon cooling below a crossover temperature of of this a within the framework of fermion ups a means that the spin fluctuation rate becomes linearly dependent on temperature a a which is in marked contrast to ordinary metals a where is independent of as determined by the dos at the fermi level a |
9,893 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper remarkable research activities and major advances have been occurred over the past decade in multiuse multiple a input multiple a output a my a memo a systems a several transmission technologies and preceding techniques have been developed in order to exploit the spatial dimension so that simultaneous transmission of independent data streams reuse the same radio resources a the achievable performance of such techniques heavily depends on the channel characteristics of the selected users a the amount of channel knowledge a and how efficiently interference is mitigated a in systems where the total number of receivers is larger than the number of total transmit antennas a user selection becomes a key approach to benefit from multiuse diversity and achieve full multiplexing gain a the overall performance of my a memo systems is a complex joint multi a objective optimization problem since many variables and parameters have to be optimized a including the number of users a the number of antennas a spatial signaling a rate and power allocation a and transmission technique a the objective of this literature survey is to provide a comprehensive overview of the various methodologies used to approach the aforementioned joint optimization task in the downing of my a memo communication systems a downing transmission a multi a user memo a preceding a resource allocation a spatial multiplexing a user scheduling a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article wireless systems require fundamental and crisp understanding of design principles and control mechanisms to efficiently manage network resources a resource allocation policies lie at the heart of wireless communication networks a since they aim at guaranteeing the required quality of service a los a at the user level a while ensuring efficient and optimized operation at the network level to maximize operators revenue a resource allocation management in wireless communications may include a wide spectrum of network functionalities a such as scheduling a transmission rate control a power control a bandwidth reservation a call admission control a transmitter assignment a and handover excite a in this survey of please generate the next two sentences of the article | a resource allocation policy is defined by the following components a a i a a a multiple access technique and a scheduling component that distributes resources among users subject to individual los requirements a a ii a a a signaling strategy that allows simultaneous transmission of independent data streams to the scheduled users a and a iii a a rate allocation and power control that guarantee los and harness potential interference a a fig a my a memo a layered a tasks a illustrates these components and the interconnection between them a |
9,894 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present the results of a search for variable stars in the faint sparse globular cluster of a we have found two variable stars a an so the variable a of a and a a una eclipsing binary a of a a we have applied period a luminosity and period a color a luminosity relations to the variables to obtain their distance moduli a of seems to be a blue straggler belonging to of a based on its distance modulus and location on the cd a of is probably located behind the cluster a in the milky way halo a we also present and color magnitude diagrams of of a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article we present the results of a search for variable stars in the faint sparse globular cluster of a located at a a the cluster was discovered on the so a schmidt survey of the southern sky by lamberts a 1976 a a the first photometry of the cluster was presented by van den berg a dimers a tunnel a 1980 a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | numerous candidates for blue stragglers were identified a the photoelectric photometry of forget a tarot a 1983 a confirmed this finding a a subsequent study by lesser it al a |
9,895 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we present a measurement of the microlensing optical depth toward the galactic bulge based on a years of the ogle a ii survey a we consider only bright sources in the extended red clump giant a reg a region of the color a magnitude diagram a in of bulge fields covering deg between and a using a sample of of events we find at a taking into account the measured gradient along the galactic latitude a 10^-6$ a a this value is consistent with previous measurements using reg sources and recent theoretical predictions a we determine the microlensing parameters and select events using a model light curve that allows for flux blending a photometric quality delivered by difference image analysis a did a combined with the 1.3 median seeing of the ogle a ii images are sufficient to constrain and reject the majority of strong blends a we find that % of the ogle a ii events which appear to have reg sources are actually due to much fainter stars blended with a bright companion a we show explicitly that model fits without blending result in similar estimates through partial cancellation of contributions from higher detection efficiency a underestimated time a scales and larger number of selected events a the near cancellation of the optical depth bias and the fact that microlensing event selection based on models without blending discriminates against blends have been utilized by previous analyses based on reg sources a the latter approach a however a leads to biased time a scale distributions and event rates a consequently a microlensing studies should carefully consider source confusion effects even for bright stars a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article following the suggestion of excite and excite several teams have carried out microlensing surveys toward the galactic bulge a go a a to date a well over microlensing events in the go have been detected by those groups a ogle a excite a a moa a excite a a macho a excite a and eros a excite a a thousands of detections are expected in the upcoming years from moa and ogle a iii a it is now well understood that these observations are useful for studying the structure a kinematics and dynamics of the galaxy a and the stellar mass function a as the event rate and time a scale distributions are related to the masses and velocities of lens objects of please generate the next two sentences of the article | the magnification of a microlensing event is described by a excite a where is the projected separation of the source and lens in units of the einstein radius which is given by where is the lens mass a is the normalized lens distance and and are the observer a lens and the observer a source distances a the time variation of is where a a and are a respectively a the minimum impact parameter in units of a the time of maximum magnification a the event time a scale and the transverse velocity of the lens relative to the line of sight toward the source star a from light curve alone a one can determine the values of a and a but not the values of a or a |
9,896 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we investigate the excited states of the quasi a one a dimensional quantum antiferromagnets on hexagonal lattices a including the longitudinal modes based on the mignon a density waves a a model hamiltonian with a uniaxial single a ion anisotropy is first studied by a spin a wave theory based on the one a boson method a the ground state thus obtained is employed for the study of the longitudinal modes a the full energy spectra of both the transverse modes a item a magnets a and the longitudinal modes are obtained as functions of the nearest a neighbour coupling and the anisotropy constants a we have found two longitudinal modes due to the non a collinear nature of the triangular antiferromagnetic order a similar to that of the phenomenological field theory approach by affect a the excitation energy gaps due to the anisotropy and the energy gaps of the longitudinal modes without anisotropy are then investigated a we then compare our results for the longitudinal energy gaps at the magnetic wavevectors with the experimental results for several antiferromagnetic compounds with both integer and non a integer spin quantum numbers a and we find good agreement after the higher a order contributions are included in our calculations a pics numbers a a 75.10.jm a 75.30.ds a 75.50.ee a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article the excitations of the quasi a one a dimensional a cd a heisenberg antiferromagnets systems have been studied extensively since haldane predicted an energy gap in the excitation spectra of the isotropic a integer--spin heisenberg chains in 1983 excite a now it is well established that there is an energy gap separating the singlet ground state from the triplet lowest a energy a excitation states for the a integer--spin heisenberg chains a contrast to the hapless excitation states of the a half a odd a integer--spin heisenberg systems excite a this theoretical prediction has been confirmed by buyers of please generate the next two sentences of the article | it al a excite in the inelastic a neutron a scattering experiments on the quasi-1d antiferromangetic compound csnicl a some subsequent experimental investigations excite and numerical calculations excite also support haldane a prediction a at very low temperature a |
9,897 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper we determine and examine the star a formation rates of of well known a local blue compact dwarf a cd a galaxies based on their 1.4ghz and 60 a luminosities a we find that in cases for which both radio and far a infrared luminosities are available a the resulting star a formation rates agree extremely well with one another a we determine that the star a formation rates of the cd galaxies in our sample span nearly five orders of magnitude a from approximately a few times 10 to several times 10 a with a median sir of about 0.3 a we discuss trends of metallicity a primarily oxygen abundance a with star a formation rate a and explore the connections between sir and galaxy mass estimates a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article blue compact dwarf a cd a galaxies provide evidence that isolated a small a low a metallicity galaxies may experience vigorous star formation in the present epoch a challenging our current understanding of galaxy formation a the very nature of bids remains puzzling in spite of thirty years of research since they were first recognized as an interesting class of galaxy excite a for instance a it is still debated whether some primeval a bids are perhaps in the process of undergoing their very first starburst a or whether bids undergo several episodic starbursts separated by long quiescent intervals a what triggers the star formation in bids a and whether starburst a induced supernova a driven winds can cause the transformation of bids into one of the other known types of dwarf galaxy a a a a a a for a recent review a of please generate the next two sentences of the article | while star a formation rates a frs a are central to discussions of the evolution of bids a there are surprisingly few quantitative frs for bids available in the literature a the earliest and most quoted quantitative frs are based on direct measures of the ultraviolet luminosity of massive stars in formation a |
9,898 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper a summary is given on the experimental bounds for the couplings and masses of scalar and vector leptoquarks associated to the first fermion generation a we investigate to which extent an interpretation of the recently reported excess of events in the large and range at hera in terms of single leptoquark production is compatible with other experimental results a desk 97032 a hep a ph/9703287 a march a a 1997 a of phys a a a a a 1997 a a in print a a on the expectations for leptoquarks a a a johannes blmlein a a a platanenallee a a d15735 heathen a germany a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article one of the remarkable properties of the standard model is the cancellation of the triangle anomalies a which is implied by the relation between the electromagnetic and the left and righthanded weak charges of the leptons and quarks for each fermion family a this relation is of fundamental importance a because it renders the standard model normalizable a although not being enforced by every possible scenario a it might be a dynamical consequence of an as yet unknown underlying theory a in many extensions of the standard model new bosons a the leptoquarks a which carry both lepton and baryon number a are predicted of please generate the next two sentences of the article | this applies both to grand unified theories excite as well as models based on compositeness excite or technicolor excite a whereas in grand unified theories leptoquarks emerge as gauge bosons with masses in the range of and couplings which do not conserve baryon a a a and lepton a a a number a other approaches contain also leptoquarks with by and a a conserving couplings a |
9,899 | suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper since the discovery of the first double neutron star a dos a system in 1975 by pulse and taylor a there are currently a confirmed dos in our galaxy a for every system a the masses of both neutron stars a the orbital semi a major axis and eccentricity are measured a and proper motion is known for half of the systems a using the orbital parameters and kinematic information a if available a as constraints for a all system a a a we investigate the immediate progenitor mass of the second a born neutron star and the magnitude of the supernova kick it received at birth a with the primary goal to understand the core collapse mechanism leading to neutron star formation a compared to earlier studies a we use a novel method to address the uncertainty related to the unknown radial velocity of the observed systems a for per b1534 a of and per b1913 a of a the kick magnitudes are 150 a 270 pm a a and 190 a 450 pm a a a with 95% confidence a respectively a and the progenitor masses of the and born neutron stars are 1.3 a 3.4 m and 1.4 a 5.0 m a 95% a a respectively a these suggest that the and born neutron star was formed by an iron core collapse supernova in both systems a for per j0737 a 3039 a on the other hand a the kick magnitude is only a a 120 pm a a a 95% a a and the progenitor mass of the and born neutron star is 1.3 a 1.9 m a 95% a a because of the relatively low progenitor mass and kick magnitude a the formation of the and born neutron star in per j0737 a 3039 is potentially connected to an electron capture supernova of a massive white dwarf a for the remaining a galactic dos a the kick magnitude ranges from several tens to several hundreds of pm a a a and the progenitor mass of the and formed neutron star can be as low as. 5 m a or as high as m a therefore in these systems a it is not clear which type of supernova is more likely to form the and neutron star a a a a a and you have already written the first three sentences of the full article over the years a computation modelling and hydrodynamic calculations of supernova explosions due to core a collapse of massive stars have improved our theoretical understanding of how compact objects form a at present a two types of supernovae are actively discussed in the literature a a i a after iron is synthesized within a massive star a the core completes its final nuclear burning state a it then becomes degenerate and keeps growing in mass due to silicon shell burning outside the core of please generate the next two sentences of the article | eventually a it crosses the chandrasekhar mass limit and ensues collapse a when the core reaches nuclear density a it bounces back and explodes the star as a supernova a |
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