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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
7c6b9a830d14afc299cc008ac70e01e4402124e0	several applications of this technology have proven successful	several applications of this technology have proven successful and have increased vehicle performance. the application range is wide and includes the huge t 282b from liebherr which is considered the world largest truck. this earth-hauling truck is driven by an electric propulsion system composed by two independent ele...	wikipedia
e5643992b72feeb8daa7cd578dd16fbf24c4fdbc	the classical automobile drivetrain is composed by a	the classical automobile drivetrain is composed by a single internal combustion engine providing torque to one or more driving wheels. the most common solution is to use a mechanical device to distribute torque to the wheels. this mechanical differential allows different wheel speeds when cornering. with the emergence ...	wikipedia
e7fb94f89003654f9089f1a7f1583ae49625c8e4	in automotive engineering the electronic differential is a	in automotive engineering the electronic differential is a form of differential, which provides the required torque for each driving wheel and allows different wheel speeds. it is used in place of the mechanical differential in multi-drive systems. when cornering, the inner and outer wheels rotate at different speeds, ...	wikipedia
3694079361ad3d06f7bcc0ef81546c8f740b36b3	electrodeless plasma excitation methods include helicon plasma sources,	electrodeless plasma excitation methods include helicon plasma sources, inductively coupled plasmas, and surface-wave-sustained discharges. electrodeless high-frequency discharges (hf) have two important advantages over plasmas using electrodes, like capacitively coupled plasmas that are of great interest for contempor...	wikipedia
0c22c433a4ca239c4345654c02182e4689662f59	daniel oro received his biology degree from the	daniel oro received his biology degree from the university of barcelona in 1986, and his doctorate in biology from the same university in 1996. after his phd, he completed post-doc research stays at cefe- cnrs (montpellier) and university of glasgow (uk). during 2000-2016, he served as professor at imedea csic - univer...	wikipedia
3d9858fc74ba9931e3b8907705efb4e75d768f2d	donald r. taft (born november 1886) was an	donald r. taft (born november 1886) was an american criminologist. he contributed to modern criminal law, and wrote many books in the field of criminology. criminology. a cultural interpretation. is one of them from 1950.	wikipedia
e959ec8bbbed786a01b824262090389e0c5a1493	the chirk viaduct is a grade ii* listed	the chirk viaduct is a grade ii* listed railway viaduct over the river ceiriog between england and wales. the viaduct carries the shrewsbury–chester line from the welsh town of chirk in historic denbighshire from the north to the english village of chirk bank in weston rhyn, shropshire to the south. chirk aqueduct lies...	wikipedia
0d2e3cdf030d3b7183dd029fe036ac14f6f3088e	the viaduct contains rock-faced ashlar stone with yellow	the viaduct contains rock-faced ashlar stone with yellow engineering brick to soffits of its central section. it stands at 30 metres (98 ft) high above the river, with its central section consisting of ten 13.7-metre (45 ft) elliptical semicircular arches between pedimented abutments, and built in 1848. the central arc...	wikipedia
eb5447aeb39c8c332d7ce0b5ab977b74185ae598	the viaduct, along with the cefn viaduct to	the viaduct, along with the cefn viaduct to the north, were built for the shrewsbury and chester railway to address the demand for increasing rail freight transport demand between wrexham, chester and shrewsbury which were not being met by the existing canal system. the railway line became part of the great western rai...	wikipedia
8a0f84b863f88dc7806590d26d9d1108f876e5b7	the viaduct was designed by henry robertson, chief	the viaduct was designed by henry robertson, chief engineer of the shrewsbury and chester railway, to carry the railway line across the meadows of the vale of ceiriog between chirk and chirk bank partly in both wales and england. the england–wales border bisects the structure at an approximately 45° angle from south-we...	wikipedia
3af03889c65b234a3ca76f05ba2e34f6d0329cdc	the chirk viaduct (welsh: traphont y waun) is	the chirk viaduct (welsh: traphont y waun) is a grade ii* listed railway viaduct over the river ceiriog between england and wales. the viaduct carries the shrewsbury–chester line from the welsh town of chirk in historic denbighshire from the north to the english village of chirk bank in weston rhyn, shropshire to the s...	wikipedia
7c84e8860f06a8da1840a5d1435b565c07737c05	regarding safety concern, platinum cannot be absorbed by	regarding safety concern, platinum cannot be absorbed by the body. platinum has widely been used in numerous kinds of medical implants, such as dental alloys, aneurysm coils, medical device electrodes, coronary stents and catheters. allergy of platinum metal in human has rarely been reported. only platinum compounds wh...	wikipedia
f685d7133c2a05ae84d3a32bf8ad14f54777d36c	besides the effect surface energy, it is also	besides the effect surface energy, it is also speculated that the antimicrobial and antiviral properties of platinum would involve the following aspects. same as other antimicrobial and antiviral metal ions, such as silver, gold, and copper platinum ion is also positively charged. based on the chemical characteristics,...	wikipedia
8fb16639cbc467303b6ca87740a48f4e50dc6ba9	generally, it is not a simple process to	generally, it is not a simple process to turn an inert precious metal directly into its water-soluble ionic state. material under high energy treatment would gain certain amount of energy according to energy storage effect. therefore, when inert metal directly turns into its ionic water-soluble state under high energy ...	wikipedia
29ae9cc404f38ba6c6663caf050076f11a56ac0b	silver, platinum and gold are best known precious	silver, platinum and gold are best known precious metals. however, from a more comprehensive and chemistry point of view, they should be described as inert metals. inert metals are very stable. they are difficult to participate directly in ordinary acid-base reactions and turn into metal compounds. therefore, they can ...	wikipedia
20539f37232259a07dd0bfc2dce188beee26e0af	the core technique was the usage of a	the core technique was the usage of a bridge-type heterogeneous chelation architecture to capture metal in a stable water-soluble state. surprisingly, platinum ion in this particular multi-phase bridged chelated state is amazingly stable. chelated platinum solution is in the form of high energy dielectric aqueous solut...	wikipedia
97aa4a920646d3ddc730ff2c157fe0f44119b4f7	although the concept and practical use of metal	although the concept and practical use of metal chelation is common, chelation of inert metals, such as platinum, has been rarely reported and the yield was extremely low. to produce chelated platinum solution, tetraammonium edta, nta, dtpa or hedta type chelating agent was mixed with platinum or platinum chemical comp...	wikipedia
fad9943f7b65c1c094595266632f215ea3716a61	christian møller was a danish chemist and physicist	christian møller was a danish chemist and physicist who made fundamental contributions to the theory of relativity, theory of gravitation and quantum chemistry. he is known for møller–plesset perturbation theory and møller scattering. his suggestion in 1938 to otto frisch that the newly discovered process of nuclear fi...	wikipedia
6958f94dbe0adb3d9989f5f4ac54d1e8cd6723cf	in 1935, møller was the first to write	in 1935, møller was the first to write a paper in collaboration with chandrasekhar to criticise eddington's theory. they wrote "we are quite unable to follow arguments." they also proceeded to refute eddington's follow up paper showing contradictions in his theory.	wikipedia
d12feeba10aa5a95dfe63a3149303105b2beca5a	subrahmanyan chandrasekhar came up with his theory of	subrahmanyan chandrasekhar came up with his theory of the chandrasekhar limit for the maximum stable mass of a star, in 1930. this calculation was in opposition to sir arthur eddington theories about stars. eddington mocked chandrasekhar various times and frequently campaigned against chandrasekhar during conferences.	wikipedia
267bd8496e13940c57fd5118d57b10b4e3db614d	in 1961, møller showed that a tetrad description	in 1961, møller showed that a tetrad description of gravitational fields allows a more rational treatment of the energy–momentum complex than in a theory based on the metric tensor alone. the advantage of using tetrads as gravitational variables was connected with the fact that this allowed to construct expressions for...	wikipedia
f1d1acd10e81e4d1e94e94671bf7f39a4794830b	his suggestion in 1938 to otto frisch that	his suggestion in 1938 to otto frisch that the newly discovered process of nuclear fission might create surplus energy, led frisch to conceive of the concept of the nuclear chain reaction, leading to the frisch–peierls memorandum, which kick-started the development of nuclear energy through the maud committee and the m...	wikipedia
5a7a905aca188867b95ad47558c0fe83b9905d7a	christian møller (22 december 1904 in hundslev, als	christian møller (22 december 1904 in hundslev, als – 14 january 1980 in ordrup) was a danish chemist and physicist who made fundamental contributions to the theory of relativity, theory of gravitation and quantum chemistry. he is known for møller–plesset perturbation theory and møller scattering.	wikipedia
cef90634821daf2fb72f08576c7c5bbb4cd5f5a3	he married arstella may thorton on september 2,	he married arstella may thorton on september 2, 1915. they had four children together: dean t. chandler (1917), helen marie chandler (1920), ruth annette chandler (1922), and beverly jane chandler (1925).	wikipedia
d49c178e448cd0329ddd987c783b52833c305db5	in 1945 chandler was among the founding faculty	in 1945 chandler was among the founding faculty of the new racially integrated roosevelt college (now roosevelt university). other pioneers at the school included sociologist st. clair drake, modern dancer sybil shearer, and sociologist rose hum lee. chandler taught there for twenty years.	wikipedia
461f4e2ed8c2574e0f58395de7e9a80e44f7db62	after completing his ph.d., he worked in the	after completing his ph.d., he worked in the dye firm of dicks, david and heller company until 1921. then he worked at the pharmaceutical manufacturer abbott laboratories. in 1924 chandler left abbott to become a consulting chemist in lake county, illinois.	wikipedia
52582d9e7e31980c21042b8247910e40db41983c	after completing high school, chandler attended teachers' college	after completing high school, chandler attended teachers' college of howard university where he received his a.b. in education in 1913. he then went to clark university and obtained his m.s. in chemistry in 1914. his master thesis was titled on the dynamics of ester hydrolosis by acids. he completed his ph.d. in chemis...	wikipedia
8fc2498e94500b3364810ae944d68aa7fe4fb04b	chandler was the first of eight children born	chandler was the first of eight children born to annie m. (née onley) (1861–1909) and henry wilkins chandler (1852–1938) in ocala, florida. chandler's mother was a teacher from new york, and chandler's father was the first black graduate of bates college in maine who was an early african american lawyer, florida state ...	wikipedia
5db4bf491f14c86f10789d9a524b0a91efb97ac2	edward marion augustus chandler (april 10, 1887 –	edward marion augustus chandler (april 10, 1887 – march 22, 1973) was the second african american to receive a ph.d. in chemistry while studying at university of illinois at urbana–champaign and was a founding faculty member at roosevelt university in chicago.	wikipedia
42befffcd740e5672071e80288ff76f56f379812	in geometry, circle packing is the study of	in geometry, circle packing is the study of the arrangement of circles on a given surface such that no overlapping occurs and so that no circle can be enlarged without creating an overlap. the associated packing density, η, of an arrangement is the proportion of the surface covered by the circles. generalisations can b...	wikipedia
43d3f6866f7279c3c97b13debc73dcf782109a8b	circle packing has become an essential tool in	circle packing has become an essential tool in origami design, as each appendage on an origami figure requires a circle of paper. robert j. lang has used the mathematics of circle packing to develop computer programs that aid in the design of complex origami figures.	wikipedia
6a7b674062b2a646658ebbaf4a6fb0b90a89b4a0	quadrature amplitude modulation is based on packing circles	quadrature amplitude modulation is based on packing circles into circles within a phase-amplitude space. a modem transmits data as a series of points in a two-dimensional phase-amplitude plane. the spacing between the points determines the noise tolerance of the transmission, while the circumscribing circle diameter de...	wikipedia
a4ef78af8eaffecfaadc6e974de4b268b7cba49f	there are also a range of problems which	there are also a range of problems which permit the sizes of the circles to be non-uniform. one such extension is to find the maximum possible density of a system with two specific sizes of circle (a binary system). only nine particular radius ratios permit compact packing, which is when every pair of circles in contac...	wikipedia
bdb4de21ba910575f62788b5e011996d0375506c	packing circles in simple bounded shapes is a	packing circles in simple bounded shapes is a common type of problem in recreational mathematics. the influence of the container walls is important, and hexagonal packing is generally not optimal for small numbers of circles. specific problems of this type that have been studied include:	wikipedia
7dbe7a99e75d4529d5c6c0f0c77c2a3cdd99181e	a related problem is to determine the lowest-energy	a related problem is to determine the lowest-energy arrangement of identically interacting points that are constrained to lie within a given surface. the thomson problem deals with the lowest energy distribution of identical electric charges on the surface of a sphere. the tammes problem is a generalisation of this, de...	wikipedia
b991681ef3b9e385e68113693cb92a8ad44367d1	there are eleven circle packings based on the	there are eleven circle packings based on the eleven uniform tilings of the plane. in these packings, every circle can be mapped to every other circle by reflections and rotations. the hexagonal gaps can be filled by one circle and the dodecagonal gaps can be filled with seven circles, creating 3-uniform packings. the ...	wikipedia
fe94639be0dba696f8c4023a0e33eccd83c497a2	while the circle has a relatively low maximum	while the circle has a relatively low maximum packing density, it does not have the lowest possible, even among centrally-symmetric convex shapes: the smoothed octagon has a packing density of about 0.902414, the smallest known for centrally-symmetric convex shapes and conjectured to be the smallest possible. (packing ...	wikipedia
2967f7744e89b1953383ff7be195be4b9c0b3daf	in 1890, axel thue published a proof that	in 1890, axel thue published a proof that this same density is optimal among all packings, not just lattice packings, but his proof was considered by some to be incomplete. the first rigorous proof is attributed to lászló fejes tóth in 1942.	wikipedia
fc7e1e62a915b24673a2aafaf4047812e6d8dfb1	in the two-dimensional euclidean plane, joseph louis lagrange	in the two-dimensional euclidean plane, joseph louis lagrange proved in 1773 that the highest-density lattice packing of circles is the hexagonal packing arrangement, in which the centres of the circles are arranged in a hexagonal lattice (staggered rows, like a honeycomb), and each circle is surrounded by six other ci...	wikipedia
4161cf06ed268ad39bc3b2727f61438be733069f	in geometry, circle packing is the study of	in geometry, circle packing is the study of the arrangement of circles (of equal or varying sizes) on a given surface such that no overlapping occurs and so that no circle can be enlarged without creating an overlap. the associated packing density, η, of an arrangement is the proportion of the surface covered by the ci...	wikipedia