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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
83c99c78887a4c7bb161bb03a7ae6eada5d3dc44	after the war, in 1945, he set up	after the war, in 1945, he set up a company called almin ltd (associated light metal industries) which brought together a group of companies mostly concerned with the production and processing of aluminium and magnesium alloys. he wanted almin to have research facilities but he recognised that almin's r&d needs alone w...	wikipedia
ee9dbd8b5f3d5a2159cd1a6d914e900e1ad13c83	fulmer research institute was founded in 1945 by	fulmer research institute was founded in 1945 by col w c (dev) devereux and incorporated in 1946. he had been a pioneer in the use of light metal alloys in aero engines and, in the second world war, he had an important role in the uk ministry of aircraft production, organizing the assembly in britain of american aircra...	wikipedia
ab6906ba5366b12e5e5e253ab5d069791c87e845	fulmer research institute was founded in 1945 as	fulmer research institute was founded in 1945 as a uk contract research and development organization specializing in materials technology and related areas of physics and chemistry. it was modelled on american contract research companies such as battelle memorial institute and the mellon institute of industrial researc...	wikipedia
eb683a50f4825100f61fac8e005d9062609931f4	daniel kjell rydmark is a swedish former professional	daniel kjell rydmark is a swedish former professional ice hockey player. he played during his career for vik västerås hk, färjestads bk, malmö if redhawks, and phoenix roadrunners. he won three swedish championships during his career-one with färjestads in 1988 and two with malmö in 1992 and 1994. the los angeles kings...	wikipedia
0b08a7521761c11a357fd3e816907ce721a615f0	daniel kjell rydmark (born february 23, 1970) is	daniel kjell rydmark (born february 23, 1970) is a swedish former professional ice hockey player. he played during his career for vik västerås hk, färjestads bk, malmö if redhawks, and phoenix roadrunners. he won three swedish championships during his career-one with färjestads in 1988 and two with malmö in 1992 and 19...	wikipedia
e9e300c6c0ae294c42ef6aa164e16d7cf6ae3c5e	in a typical efmri, after every trial the	in a typical efmri, after every trial the hemodynamic response is allowed to return to baseline. in rapid event-related fmri, trials are randomized and the hrf is deconvolved afterwards. in order for this to be possible, every possible combination of trial sequences must be used and the inter-trial intervals jittered s...	wikipedia
259638f5fe8147c745e88e63ccea0a30d75d3dfc	the hemodynamic response is the basis for the	the hemodynamic response is the basis for the bold (blood oxygen level dependent) contrast in fmri. the hemodynamic response occurs within seconds of the presented stimuli, but it is essential to space out the events in order to ensure that the response being measured is from the event that was presented and not from a...	wikipedia
2e9fca25d1e7b3640f31182432ddf808eb3f8b67	in order to function, neurons require energy which	in order to function, neurons require energy which is supplied by blood flow. although it is not completely understood, the hemodynamic response has been correlated with neuronal activity, that is, as the activity level increases, the amount of blood used by neurons increases. this response takes several seconds to com...	wikipedia
6dd2cdc58ce337d3dee7198d82a7f550e0c88113	next, a push for the improvement of temporal	next, a push for the improvement of temporal resolution of fmri studies led to the development of event-related designs, which according to peterson, was inherited from erp research in electrophysiology, but it was discovered that this averaging did not apply very well to the hemodynamic response because the response f...	wikipedia
87758b607f1f4fe26361ccd35e44032c055f6a88	these discoveries served as inspiration for future brain	these discoveries served as inspiration for future brain mapping advancements. this allowed researchers to develop more complex types of experiments, going beyond observing the effects of single types of trials. when fmri was developed one of its major limitations was the inability to randomize trials, but the event re...	wikipedia
18a30ad58e9f3424f2053a4be9a4603a74d79352	the first mri studies employed the use of	the first mri studies employed the use of "exogenous paramagnetic tracers to map changes in cerebral blood volume ", which allowed for the assessment of brain activity over several minutes. this changed with two advancements to mri, the rapidness of mri techniques were increased to 1.5 tesla by the end of the 1980s, wh...	wikipedia
9616fd94af91c0a18b7897f589b2df67716576dd	positron emission tomography (pet), was the most frequently	positron emission tomography (pet), was the most frequently used brain mapping technique before the development of fmri. there are a number of advantages that are presented in comparison to pet. according to d'esposito, they include that fmri "does not require an injection of radioisotope into participants and is other...	wikipedia
dd2e8e251ce07d35c455367d717910456b002e86	each trial can be composed of one experimentally	each trial can be composed of one experimentally controlled (such as the presentation of a word or picture) or a participant mediated "event" (such as a motor response). within each trial, there are a number of events such as the presentation of a stimulus, delay period, and response. if the experiment is properly set ...	wikipedia
89102f1f1c70b136c688739ceea1c57f0c11401f	efmri attempts to model the change in fmri	efmri attempts to model the change in fmri signal in response to neural events associated with behavioral trials. according to d'esposito, "event-related fmri has the potential to address a number of cognitive psychology questions with a degree of inferential and statistical power not previously available."	wikipedia
eb02531a00e43c74c8cf2d15e57d8a25d8670a47	within fmri methodology, there are two different ways	within fmri methodology, there are two different ways that are typically employed to present stimuli. one method is a block related design, in which two or more different conditions are alternated in order to determine the differences between the two conditions, or a control may be included in the presentation occurrin...	wikipedia
4552753ad3f4b0ca059c9b240f23832370ea5e42	gnowsys is a specification for a generic distributed	gnowsys is a specification for a generic distributed network based memory/knowledge management. it is developed as an application for developing and maintaining semantic web content. it is written in python. it is implemented as a django app. the gnowsys project was launched by nagarjuna g. in 2001, while he was workin...	wikipedia
e13080727d43112350438be358acdaaccec149fd	every node in the database keeps the neighbourhood	every node in the database keeps the neighbourhood information, such as its super-class, sub-class, instance-of, and other relations, in which the object has a role, in the form of predicates. this feature makes computation of drawing graphs and inferences, on the one hand, and dependency and navigation paths on the ot...	wikipedia
56a5b4b312ce235c20643696db6278a9a7a6000b	‘system’, ‘encapsulated class’, ‘program’, and ‘process’, are other	‘system’, ‘encapsulated class’, ‘program’, and ‘process’, are other base classes for complex structures, which can be combined iteratively to produce more complex systems. the component class ‘system’ is to store in the knowledge base a set of propositions composed into ontologies, axiomatic systems, complex systems li...	wikipedia
3a7925bd7df9be3d4fb46ab94db0eff1d974b37c	this group consists of ‘relation’, and ‘relation type’	this group consists of ‘relation’, and ‘relation type’ for expressing declarative knowledge, and ‘function’ and ‘function type’ for expressing procedural knowledge. this group is to express qualitative and quantitative relations among the various instances stored in the knowledge base. while instantiating the predicate...	wikipedia
eaa717111b9780064da1abb2be2542ad2bbf3ee3	‘object’, ‘object type’ for declarative knowledge, ‘event’, ‘event	‘object’, ‘object type’ for declarative knowledge, ‘event’, ‘event type’, for temporal objects, and ‘meta types’ for expressing upper ontology. theobjects in this group are essentially any thing about which the knowledge engineer intends to express and store in the knowledge base, i.e., they are the objects of discours...	wikipedia
b9f6768c6a3f6abe39db30ba76d6b64efae395b0	the kernel is designed to provide support to	the kernel is designed to provide support to persistently store highly granular nodes of knowledge representation like terms, predicates and very complex propositional systems like arguments, rules, axiomatic systems, loosely held paragraphs, and more complex structured and consistent compositions. all the component cl...	wikipedia
11f327432ca2b097ba7e977fb8ca036ebbec2304	the application can be used for web-based knowledge	the application can be used for web-based knowledge representation and content management projects, for developing structured knowledge bases, as a collaborative authoring tool, suitable for making electronic glossaries, dictionaries and encyclopedias, for managing large web sites or links, developing an online catalog...	wikipedia
dd9e416e89241f2484ed208dd96fe2d747f974d2	gnowsys (gnowledge networking and organizing system) is a	gnowsys (gnowledge networking and organizing system) is a specification for a generic distributed network based memory/ knowledge management. it is developed as an application for developing and maintaining semantic web content. it is written in python. it is implemented as a django app. the gnowsys project was launche...	wikipedia
905863587d9396038fe030322644eed728a3b6b4	in mathematics, a commutation theorem for traces explicitly	in mathematics, a commutation theorem for traces explicitly identifies the commutant of a specific von neumann algebra acting on a hilbert space in the presence of a trace. the first such result was proved by francis joseph murray and john von neumann in the 1930s and applies to the von neumann algebra generated by a d...	wikipedia
e4b70ef417997c35c1f712943270f98511ca6519	the space of all bounded elements b {\displaystyle	the space of all bounded elements b {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {b}}} forms a hilbert algebra containing a {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {a}}} as a dense *-subalgebra. it is said to be completed or full because any element in h bounded relative to b {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {b}}} must actually already lie in b {\displaystyl...	wikipedia
608c6e4c3318e59965597410f970a65cd7a0a5f6	an element of x in h is said	an element of x in h is said to be bounded (relative to a {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {a}}}) if the map a → xa of a {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {a}}} into h extends to a bounded operator on h, denoted by λ(x). in this case it is straightforward to prove that:	wikipedia
52a4c0c4ffdf5e7f3c66b759401cb757eb63703d	let h be the hilbert space completion of	let h be the hilbert space completion of a {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {a}}} with respect to the inner product and let j denote the extension of the involution to a conjugate-linear involution of h. define a representation λ and an anti-representation ρ of a {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {a}}} on itself by left and right mul...	wikipedia
f47e55e5855115bb9b2c2c453b8b2f9afbbeea34	the theory of hilbert algebras was introduced by	the theory of hilbert algebras was introduced by godement (under the name "unitary algebras"), segal and dixmier to formalize the classical method of defining the trace for trace class operators starting from hilbert–schmidt operators. applications in the representation theory of groups naturally lead to examples of hi...	wikipedia
2241b40c39367699c4528b179fb3db69be4de36d	one of the most important cases of the	one of the most important cases of the group–measure space construction is when Γ is the group of integers z, i.e. the case of a single invertiblemeasurable transformation t. here t must preserve the probability measure μ. semifinite traces are required to handle the case when t (or more generally Γ) only preserves an ...	wikipedia
54d1c36449f2c69aa85e08604db0b64fb49bd9c6	an orthogonal direct sum for the real part	an orthogonal direct sum for the real part of the inner product. this is just the real orthogonal decomposition for the ±1 eigenspaces of j.on the other hand for a in m and b in m', the inner product (ab Ω, Ω) is real, because ab is self-adjoint. hence k is unaltered if m is replaced by m '.	wikipedia
fea0aaf353b9a161690e3fd8d10c79ea5ceeb049	the vector Ω is called a cyclic-separating trace	the vector Ω is called a cyclic-separating trace vector. it is called a trace vector because the last condition means that the matrix coefficient corresponding to Ω defines a tracial state on m. it is called cyclic since Ω generates h as a topological m -module. it is called separatingbecause if a Ω = 0 for a in m, the...	wikipedia
f932c18c1178bc75b63f4401a4ab8e34078a176c	it was not until the late 1960s, prompted	it was not until the late 1960s, prompted partly by results in algebraic quantum field theory and quantum statistical mechanics due to the school of rudolf haag, that the more general non-tracial tomita–takesaki theory was developed, heralding a new era in the theory of von neumann algebras.	wikipedia
b915e1c94560c6dd9b33bb7a773507572de00e70	another important application is in the theory of	another important application is in the theory of unitary representations of unimodular locally compact groups, where the theory has been applied to the regular representation and other closely related representations. in particular this framework led to an abstract version of the plancherel theorem for unimodular loca...	wikipedia
52b9a3ff4379e002b5d652bc7fadb64fc323007e	the first such result was proved by francis	the first such result was proved by francis joseph murray and john von neumann in the 1930s and applies to the von neumann algebra generated by a discrete group or by the dynamical system associated with a measurable transformation preserving a probability measure.	wikipedia
be79d1a6c7440c216ad42123c58166e3dde2467a	daniel pomarède is a staff scientist at the	daniel pomarède is a staff scientist at the institute of research into the fundamental laws of the universe, cea paris-saclay university. he co-discovered laniakea, our home supercluster of galaxies, and ho'oleilana, a spherical shell-like structure 1 billion light-years in diameter found in the distribution of galaxie...	wikipedia
4d1ccb38bbbf0ba4d2f79c420490b3393eb0f0b7	cosmography studies published in scientific journals offer maps	cosmography studies published in scientific journals offer maps not only in the form of standard figures, but also in the form of extensive videos and interactive visualizations. intended primarily for the specialists in the field of cosmology, these video maps turned out to be of interest to the general public.	wikipedia
e4bc92182bdaac886488b7441272b3a73b79342f	in 1999, he completed his ph.d. in particle	in 1999, he completed his ph.d. in particle physics and cosmology at the laboratoire de physique nucléaire des hautes energies at ecole polytechnique with a thesis on the search for cosmological antimatter in tev cosmic rays, using the 10m imaging atmospheric cerenkov telescope at the f.l. whipple observatory in arizon...	wikipedia
a6eba42a5adf4dfb6c26461c4c9ba685f93d0c27	he served overseas as a national service scientific	he served overseas as a national service scientific cooperant at brookhaven national laboratory in new york and got a master of science degree from the university of south carolina, contributing to the preparation and analysis of nuclear physics experiments on the spin structure of the nucleon.	wikipedia
a47b45ebdc17bbc1987f66cb7c47bdec3df6a337	daniel pomarède graduated from the interuniversity magister degree	daniel pomarède graduated from the interuniversity magister degree in physics of the ecole normale supérieure de paris and paris universities (1991-1994), training in diverse research projects: experimental atomic physics in the group led by marie-anne bouchiat at kastler–brossel laboratory, waveguide optics at the las...	wikipedia
0a6b16871a811ce91000c3043bcd481fe452a9b6	daniel pomarède (born october 3, 1971) is a	daniel pomarède (born october 3, 1971) is a staff scientist at the institute of research into the fundamental laws of the universe, cea paris-saclay university. he co-discovered laniakea, our home supercluster of galaxies, and ho'oleilana, a spherical shell-like structure 1 billion light-years in diameter found in the ...	wikipedia