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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
acca67c23e8f9af532494b391cc4bdbea000f6a0	the 1970–71 season was paris saint-germain 's 1st	the 1970–71 season was paris saint-germain 's 1st season in existence. psg mainly played their home league games at the stade jean-bouin in paris, but occasionally at the stade municipal georges lefèvre in saint-germain-en-laye as well, registering an average attendance of 3,018 spectators per match. the club was presi...	wikipedia
4b22796bec7c3316c52ca1c4dd5977df4ea94091	from 14 march 2015, with the opening of	from 14 march 2015, with the opening of the hokuriku shinkansen extension from nagano to kanazawa, local passenger operations over sections of the shinetsu main line and hokuriku main line running roughly parallel to the new shinkansen line were reassigned to third-sector railway operating companies. from this date, ku...	wikipedia
8093eea341e7f678dc3355928d32f651e9b7f811	the station opened on 1 may 1888 as	the station opened on 1 may 1888 as kashiwabara station (柏原駅). it was renamed kurohime on 1 october 1968. with the privatization of japanese national railways (jnr) on 1 april 1987, the station came under the control of east japan railway company (jr east).	wikipedia
913656e963129be358e63618512f5ed77605090a	kurohime station (黒姫駅, kurohime-eki) is a railway station	kurohime station (黒姫駅, kurohime-eki) is a railway station on the shinano railway kita-shinano line in kashiwabara in the town of shinano, nagano, japan, operated by the third-sector railway operator shinano railway.	wikipedia
eed3c6388a1d440aafd3243a099cf9d90c6b61bb	medibuntu was a community-maintained repository of debian packages	medibuntu was a community-maintained repository of debian packages that could not be included in the ubuntu distribution for legal reasons. reasons for non-inclusion include copyright, license or patent restrictions, or geographical variations in legislation, such as: patentability of software, algorithms, formats and ...	wikipedia
e2ab980da09c7567a8889538ef8a8abd056caa12	offense which packages may cause to users that	offense which packages may cause to users that would make them unsuitable for ubuntu's universe repository much free software and non-free software is affected by such restrictions somewhere in the world, thus preventing its inclusion into ubuntu. medibuntu packaged and distributed such software. downloading, using, di...	wikipedia
5541431ec8d1b791b6ff212b17b47672ab5ecf09	much free software and non-free software is affected	much free software and non-free software is affected by such restrictions somewhere in the world, thus preventing its inclusion into ubuntu. medibuntu packaged and distributed such software. downloading, using, distributing or otherwise dealing with software from medibuntu was possibly illegal depending on the user's j...	wikipedia
294991d2e8c1573c85a22a273331d6eb25965d22	marion isabel newbigin was a scottish geographer, biologist	marion isabel newbigin was a scottish geographer, biologist and academic author. she was noted for her book animal geography, a key work in the field of animal geography/zoogeography, and as editor of the scottish geographical magazine.	wikipedia
0395ed446a2c6f9a221e9d18160f5bee45353038	in 1902, she was employed as editor of	in 1902, she was employed as editor of the scottish geographical magazine and held the position for 32 years until her death in 1934. during her time as editor she helped shape geography as a new and developing academic discipline of geography. she used her platform amply write popular articles on various aspects of ge...	wikipedia
548e7fcf719c3fe5c7ac7c7d3e9e71541fbc75e1	after completing her degrees in london, newbigin returned	after completing her degrees in london, newbigin returned to edinburgh, where she took up her mentor thomson's position as lecturer of biology and zoology at the school of medicine for women. she was highly regarded by her students and those who saw her public lectures. she continued to lecture at various institutions,...	wikipedia
a86c4880d6b3c23682c5b4a27498328a4d67527a	while a student in london, newbigin began conducting	while a student in london, newbigin began conducting research, based at the laboratories of the royal college of physicians. her research was wide ranging and included the colouration of plants and animals, especially marine species. her findings were published in journal articles, which she authored individually or wi...	wikipedia
72aa37a68f61eac04dd460e1a15f7f3bca38f4d4	newbigin was born at alnwick, northumberland the daughter	newbigin was born at alnwick, northumberland the daughter of local pharmacist james lesslie newbigin. she had four sisters and three brothers. she and all of her sisters were ardent feminists, and two of them also had academic careers. universities in scotland did not admit women, so she took courses at the edinburgh a...	wikipedia
64a71631c6716bf3337b8e02032f70fe3a3c1164	marion isabel newbigin (1869 – 20 july 1934)	marion isabel newbigin (1869 – 20 july 1934) was a scottish geographer, biologist and academic author. she was noted for her book animal geography, a key work in the field of animal geography / zoogeography, and as editor of the scottish geographical magazine.	wikipedia
988cdd9e2237afea14b602a159ffb8f763e87c23	(+)-larreatricin hydroxylase is an enzyme with systematic name	(+)-larreatricin hydroxylase is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-larreatricin:oxygen 3'-hydroxylase. this enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction this enzyme is isolated from the plant larrea tridentata and can be produced recombinantly.	wikipedia
5485d766252652ed30932d796f5d562eee553983	(+)-larreatricin hydroxylase (ec 1.14.99.47) is an enzyme with	(+)-larreatricin hydroxylase (ec 1.14.99.47) is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-larreatricin:oxygen 3'-hydroxylase. this enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction	wikipedia
3bba649f4d4f725307fbda2e4bfdbbadff144e46	his research interests have focussed on the motion	his research interests have focussed on the motion of electrons in nanostructures in the presence of strong electric fields. publications include spatial mapping of the electronic wavefunction in semiconducting quantum dots, the quantum chaotic dynamics of electrons, and the properties of electronic devices in which el...	wikipedia
3d9354b242a3e79e7ad40fb93a82708c4704aa39	following a research lectureship at christ church, oxford	following a research lectureship at christ church, oxford from 1972 to 1974, and a miller fellowship at the university of california, berkeley, he was appointed to a lectureship in physics at the university of nottingham, uk in 1976, where he has been a professor of physics since 1984.	wikipedia
52f8cbc2b1ad288df556eeef726a9e6bd76bee59	laurence eaves was born in pentre, in the	laurence eaves was born in pentre, in the rhondda valley, wales in 1948 and was educated at rhondda county grammar school, porth, and at corpus christi college, oxford, where he took firsts in physics and mathematics moderations and in physics final honours. he gained his dphil at the clarendon laboratory, oxford, work...	wikipedia
fdadf4567a5c8dbfca04456409c562723631139b	in machine learning, manifold regularization is a technique	in machine learning, manifold regularization is a technique for using the shape of a dataset to constrain the functions that should be learned on that dataset. in many machine learning problems, the data to be learned do not cover the entire input space. for example, a facial recognition system may not need to classify...	wikipedia
87f6e33f187c181517fe35385762df11684d240b	α {\displaystyle \alpha } can be found by	α {\displaystyle \alpha } can be found by writing the problem as a linear program and solving the dual problem. again letting k {\displaystyle k} be the kernel matrix and j {\displaystyle j} be the block matrix {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}i_{\ell }&0\\0&0_{u}\end{bmatrix}}}, the solution can be shown to be	wikipedia
82701033cd4708c964846a33b5e2aa43d3bf69ec	support vector machines (svms) are a family of	support vector machines (svms) are a family of algorithms often used for classifying data into two or more groups, or classes. intuitively, an svm draws a boundary between classes so that the closest labeled examples to the boundary are as far away as possible. this can be directly expressed as a linear program, but it...	wikipedia
32c97098e6f9c4e6e0ae764b2abedffcb9fe33bd	and this yields an expression for the vector	and this yields an expression for the vector α ∗ {\displaystyle \alpha ^{*}}. letting k {\displaystyle k} be the kernel matrix as above, y {\displaystyle y} be the vector of data labels, and j {\displaystyle j} be the (ℓ + u) × (ℓ + u) {\displaystyle (\ell +u)\times (\ell +u)} block matrix {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatri...	wikipedia
8331eeb60c5f1b94ea85b83138b8d339f71d55f3	where k {\displaystyle k} is defined to be	where k {\displaystyle k} is defined to be the kernel matrix, with k i j = k (x i, x j) {\displaystyle k_{ij}=k(x_{i},x_{j})}, and y {\displaystyle y} is the vector of data labels.	wikipedia
9d2ba3166c92d744250828cc332e753362b2445c	regularized least squares (rls) is a family of	regularized least squares (rls) is a family of regression algorithms: algorithms that predict a value y = f (x) {\displaystyle y=f(x)} for its inputs x {\displaystyle x}, with the goal that the predicted values should be close to the true labels for the data. in particular, rls is designed to minimize the mean squared ...	wikipedia
ab714fe829d4bb8520a4b89099e4ccd189f73362	manifold regularization can extend a variety of algorithms	manifold regularization can extend a variety of algorithms that can be expressed using tikhonov regularization, by choosing an appropriate loss function v {\displaystyle v} and hypothesis space h {\displaystyle {\mathcal {h}}}. two commonly used examples are the families of support vector machines and regularized least...	wikipedia
41a1515062a2387fe75628906180f96a741c5738	the idea beyond graph-laplacian is to use neighbors	the idea beyond graph-laplacian is to use neighbors to estimate laplacian. this method is akin local averaging methods, that are known to scale poorly in high-dimensional problem.indeed, graph laplacian is known to suffer from the curse of dimensionality. luckily, it is possible to leverage expected smoothness of the f...	wikipedia
405e94f9350e40399982d7cdc2a7e457894aae0f	as with other kernel methods, h {\displaystyle {\mathcal	as with other kernel methods, h {\displaystyle {\mathcal {h}}} may be an infinite-dimensional space, so if the regularization expression cannot be solved explicitly, it is impossible to search the entire space for a solution. instead, a representer theorem shows that under certain conditions on the choice of the norm ‖...	wikipedia
f4e65f5aa3b369187e42ec7a4b3ba8d91d018dfb	as the number of data points ℓ +	as the number of data points ℓ + u {\displaystyle \ell +u} increases, this empirical definition of ‖ f ‖ i 2 {\displaystyle \left\\|f\right\\|_{i}^{2}} converges to the definition when p x {\displaystyle {\mathcal {p}}_{x}} is known.	wikipedia
987157e0fa5bca9e6e30f83aec4d29403f6cce32	when the distances between input points are interpreted	when the distances between input points are interpreted as a graph, then the laplacian matrix of the graph can help to estimate the marginal distribution. suppose that the input data include ℓ {\displaystyle \ell } labeled examples (pairs of an input x {\displaystyle x} and a label y {\displaystyle y}) and u {\displays...	wikipedia
a4a1721e8b1cccce787813c5f91e89938f25a44a	there are many possible choices for the intrinsic	there are many possible choices for the intrinsic regularizer ‖ f ‖ i {\displaystyle \left\\|f\right\\|_{i}}. many natural choices involve the gradient on the manifold ∇ m {\displaystyle \nabla _{m}}, which can provide a measure of how smooth a target function is. a smooth function should change slowly where the input da...	wikipedia
7e61eddcd8f4132ab38c7e88bdeaf93bf0548d8a	manifold regularization adds a second regularization term, the	manifold regularization adds a second regularization term, the intrinsic regularizer, to the ambient regularizer used in standard tikhonov regularization. under the manifold assumption in machine learning, the data in question do not come from the entire input space x {\displaystyle x}, but instead from a nonlinear man...	wikipedia
b62de89234b60a0ad64d57a5d012b5c1c595c555	formally, given a set of labeled training data	formally, given a set of labeled training data (x 1, y 1), …, (x ℓ, y ℓ) {\displaystyle (x_{1},y_{1}),\ldots,(x_{\ell },y_{\ell })} with x i ∈ x, y i ∈ y {\displaystyle x_{i}\in x,y_{i}\in y} and a loss function v {\displaystyle v}, a learning algorithm using tikhonov regularization will attempt to solve the expression	wikipedia
8546d7813810334e67b2454c56e1ec229649f9c4	manifold regularization is a type of regularization, a	manifold regularization is a type of regularization, a family of techniques that reduces overfitting and ensures that a problem is well-posed by penalizing complex solutions. in particular, manifold regularization extends the technique of tikhonov regularization as applied to reproducing kernel hilbert spaces (rkhss). ...	wikipedia
fdadf4567a5c8dbfca04456409c562723631139b	in machine learning, manifold regularization is a technique	in machine learning, manifold regularization is a technique for using the shape of a dataset to constrain the functions that should be learned on that dataset. in many machine learning problems, the data to be learned do not cover the entire input space. for example, a facial recognition system may not need to classify...	wikipedia
7867ee4a0cf35c418b7e9e1220afb5424219cece	liblzg is a compression library for performing lossless	liblzg is a compression library for performing lossless data compression. it implements an algorithm that is a variation of the lz77 algorithm, called the lzg algorithm, with the primary focus of providing a very simple and fast decoding method. one of the key features of the algorithm is that it requires no memory dur...	wikipedia
baabfdec306b5e2fb6909f9641db36a0f5ca189c	the liblzg library compensates for this by using	the liblzg library compensates for this by using a plain 1:1 copy mode if the encoder identifies that the compressed data will be larger than the original uncompressed data. hence, in practice, the maximum data growth is 0% (plus the size of the data header, which is 16 bytes).	wikipedia
9261b2d4c2d3bee4e55665cd42d7a648df93f9f1	as the marker symbols are chosen as the	as the marker symbols are chosen as the four least common symbols in the uncompressed data stream (with a probability of at most 1 256 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{256}}} each), and a single occurrence of a marker symbol requires two bytes to encode, the compressed data may grow by at most 4 256 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {4...	wikipedia
33bd14e811541fe6aed02e6dadec5dad22854fb8	any symbol that is not a marker byte	any symbol that is not a marker byte is considered a literal byte, and will be copied as is to the decompressed data buffer. however, if the decoder encounters any of the four marker bytes, it will decode a length-distance pair that is used as a back reference into the previously decompressed data.	wikipedia
bff805df7a28463a1691c1bc5e37bcedefb19e1b	if a duplicate series of bytes (a repeated	if a duplicate series of bytes (a repeated string) is spotted in the uncompressed data stream, then a back- reference is inserted, linking to the previous location of that identical string instead. an encoded match to an earlier string consists of a length (3–128 bytes) and a distance (1–526,341 bytes). the level of co...	wikipedia
7867ee4a0cf35c418b7e9e1220afb5424219cece	liblzg is a compression library for performing lossless	liblzg is a compression library for performing lossless data compression. it implements an algorithm that is a variation of the lz77 algorithm, called the lzg algorithm, with the primary focus of providing a very simple and fast decoding method. one of the key features of the algorithm is that it requires no memory dur...	wikipedia