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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
0981e063cd8e4fd5695ee431174757851fc2c24a	"quadrature" is a historical mathematical term that means	"quadrature" is a historical mathematical term that means calculating area. quadrature problems have served as one of the main sources of mathematical analysis. mathematicians of ancient greece, according to the pythagorean doctrine, understood calculation of area as the process of constructing geometrically a square h...	wikipedia
35a6d34ca236fab35651416286e6b516228f4bfa	numerical integration has roots in the geometrical problem	numerical integration has roots in the geometrical problem of finding a square with the same area as a given plane figure (quadrature or squaring), as in the quadrature of the circle.the term is also sometimes used to describe the numerical solution of differential equations.	wikipedia
8c8a42a45376a063776fbc2e7aa0b726fd6d1731	in analysis, numerical integration comprises a broad family	in analysis, numerical integration comprises a broad family of algorithms for calculating the numerical value of a definite integral.the term numerical quadrature (often abbreviated to quadrature) is more or less a synonym for "numerical integration", especially as applied to one-dimensional integrals. some authors ref...	wikipedia
749e2bb81bd29bc051642fa77cb4b964001afb04	nikos k. logothetis is a greek biologist and	nikos k. logothetis is a greek biologist and neuroscientist. logothetis studies visual perception and object recognition; he is well-known for his work demonstrating that bold fmri data is related to neuronal activity. logothetis directed the department of physiology of cognitive processes at the max planck institute f...	wikipedia
8ee800377a1e8c967018b48ba67730d29fabeec8	influenced by continued skepticism and lack of support	influenced by continued skepticism and lack of support for animal research in germany, logothetis announced in 2020 that he would move his department to the international center for primate brain research in shanghai and co-direct the center with chinese neuroscientist mu-ming poo by late 2020 or early 2021.	wikipedia
1b3770115f1c86bd83b50e2d24565b442d22abbf	logothetis garnered significant support from members of the	logothetis garnered significant support from members of the scientific community who criticized the mps's decision to impose sanctions on logothetis before a verdict had been reached regarding the alleged misconduct. the society for neuroscience (sfn) and federation of european neuroscience societies (fens) issued a jo...	wikipedia
ab784bee2a489b6d1aed9da00f8c374209829118	formal charges were brought against logothetis and two	formal charges were brought against logothetis and two staff members in august 2017 for allegedly delaying euthanasia to sick animals. on 20 february 2018, the tübingen district court issued all three scientists a "penalty order," consisting of a fine and a sentence that would be automatically transformed into a convic...	wikipedia
283144f76461a79b8f89f57acc203e5ac4da1043	in 2014, a german television station aired footage	in 2014, a german television station aired footage recorded in logothetis's lab by an undercover representative of the german animal welfare federation documenting violence and harm to animals that might attain the legal definition of a regulation violation for primates. logothetis announced in response that he would n...	wikipedia
e12c20e979482ff9d71918494e3ab32b3193c7e7	logothetis has made significant discoveries, such as finding	logothetis has made significant discoveries, such as finding out that the blood-oxygen-level dependent (bold) response is connected to brain activity at a neuronal level. these findings are essential for correct interpretation of measurements with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri).	wikipedia
ecd33d8fba01520424d51875c7eb2bf82c9b613e	according to logothetis, in order to understand a	according to logothetis, in order to understand a system, a description of it is necessary at all levels. as a result, intracortical cell recording and also modeling and imaging is conducted at all levels in his department. therefore, in addition to functional magnetic resonance imaging, 'in vivo' spectroscopy is also ...	wikipedia
2c94c3c64cb30fb0aacb42f9af91d661c0745631	logothetis received bs degrees in music and mathematics	logothetis received bs degrees in music and mathematics from the university of athens, and biology from the aristotle university of thessaloniki. he completed his doctoral work at the ludwig maximilian university of munich with ernst pöppel and received a phd in human neurobiology in 1985. logothetis then worked as a p...	wikipedia
e397ad969e228507ee25368a092134d3bafc7b84	nikos k. logothetis (greek: Νίκος Λογοθέτης; born 5	nikos k. logothetis (greek: Νίκος Λογοθέτης; born 5 november 1950 in istanbul, turkey) is a greek biologist and neuroscientist. logothetis studies visual perception and object recognition; he is well-known for his work demonstrating that bold fmri data is related to neuronal activity. logothetis directed the department...	wikipedia
20450fc7d0624297656326f4d0a6a251e8bfa223	wright moved into coaching after retirement and worked	wright moved into coaching after retirement and worked as under-20s manager at scottish lowland football league club bsc glasgow until june 2017, when he joined his former kilmarnock coach alan robertson at new south of scotland league side bonnyton thistle. in may 2021 both robertson and wright left the club.	wikipedia
a1783cfaf01211bc8977a58e92e5c46f7ec145b1	it was in the mid-to-late 1990s, however, that	it was in the mid-to-late 1990s, however, that wright was at the peak of his career in the scottish premier division, firstly with st johnstone and then kilmarnock. he was transferred from hibs to st johnstone for £275,000, and from st johnstone to kilmarnock for £340,000, becoming both clubs' record buys.	wikipedia
04a832c48de545fc6fa38eec9b1e1dadd8c11a27	born in east kilbride, south lanarkshire, wright's professional	born in east kilbride, south lanarkshire, wright's professional career began with aberdeen in 1983. he won the scottish youth cup as a trainee, alongside david robertson, joe miller and stevie gray. however the competition for a striking place at pittodrie was tough and he was never able to hold down a regular spot in ...	wikipedia
199c9085a8e0a2487c8122cb20f81dcd65b2aa6c	a molecular beam is produced by allowing a	a molecular beam is produced by allowing a gas at higher pressure to expand through a small orifice into a chamber at lower pressure to form a beam of particles moving at approximately equal velocities, with very few collisions between the particles. molecular beams are useful for fabricating thin films in molecular be...	wikipedia
b2b417c33d956014aa3c23a6f6a405a304173a03	in 1939 isidor rabi invented a molecular beam	in 1939 isidor rabi invented a molecular beam magnetic resonance method in which two magnets placed one after the other create an inhomogeneous magnetic field. the method was used to measure the magnetic moment of several lithium isotopes with molecular beams of licl, lif and dilithium. this method is a predecessor of ...	wikipedia
ee57ae40c134230ee2a46a094df88be3b4ab944b	when the 1922 stern-gerlach paper appeared is caused	when the 1922 stern-gerlach paper appeared is caused a sensation: they claimed to have experimentally demonstrated "space quantization": clear evidence of quantum effects at a time when classical models were still considered viable. the initial quantum explanation of the measurement -- as an observation of orbital angu...	wikipedia
209c981959b6d3ae02a27a1c658ada319dc6a2db	in 1921, hartmut kallmann and fritz reiche wrote	in 1921, hartmut kallmann and fritz reiche wrote about the deflection of beams of polar molecules in an inhomogeneous electric field, with an ultimate aim of measuring their dipole moments.seeing the page proofs for the kallman and reiche work prompted otto stern at the university of hamburg and university of frankfurt...	wikipedia
f11c7f36e4b98e6796d7310c3df56bd3305e8325	a molecular beam is produced by allowing a	a molecular beam is produced by allowing a gas at higher pressure to expand through a small orifice into a chamber at lower pressure to form a beam of particles (atoms, free radicals, molecules or ions) moving at approximately equal velocities, with very few collisions between the particles. molecular beams are useful ...	wikipedia
f5dcc5ee4c413edeebe134839f87c96533511600	in probability and statistics, the parabolic fractal distribution	in probability and statistics, the parabolic fractal distribution is a type of discrete probability distribution in which the logarithm of the frequency or size of entities in a population is a quadratic polynomial of the logarithm of the rank. this can markedly improve the fit over a simple power-law relationship. in ...	wikipedia
4f4d43db37989b4182c973314698dc4c676dccfc	in probability and statistics, the parabolic fractal distribution	between himself and the next-richest of his subjects. that specific effect may apply to corporate sizes, where the largest businesses use their wealth to buy up smaller rivals. absent intent, the king effect may occur as a result of some persistent growth advantage due to scale, or to some unique advantage. larger cit...	wikipedia
394ee99526e152f71ce48b78bb50cefa612ea789	lille, 1.15m a fitting algorithm would process pairs	lille, 1.15m a fitting algorithm would process pairs {(1,12.09), (2,2.12), (3,1.72), (4,1.20), (5,1.15)} and find the parameters for the best parabolic fit through those points. to test for the king effect we just exclude the first pair, and find parabolic parameters that fit the remainder of the points. so for france ...	wikipedia
f2d72932f9d84878de0802dae926bfdb00dc693d	fit the four points {(2,2.12), (3,1.72), (4,1.20), (5,1.15)}.	fit the four points {(2,2.12), (3,1.72), (4,1.20), (5,1.15)}. then we can use those parameters to estimate the size of cities ranked [1,k] and determine if they are king effect members or normal members. by comparison, zipf's law fits a line through the points. a parabola will fit better, but far from the vertex the pa...	wikipedia
cd34259dad2f4163c41fc866535acaeae937445c	alternatively, it is possible to force the fitted	alternatively, it is possible to force the fitted parabola to have its vertex at the rank 1 position. in that case, it is not certain the parabola will fit better (have less error) than a straight line; and the choice might be made between the two based on which has the least error.	wikipedia
82104faa2722115f7231926cc95de959bc38887f	by comparison, zipf's law fits a line through	by comparison, zipf's law fits a line through the points (also using the log of the rank and log of the value). a parabola (with one more parameter) will fit better, but far from the vertex the parabola is also nearly linear. thus, although it is a judgment call for the statistician, if the fitted parameters put the ve...	wikipedia
1c15a7839b51450586374b2b0059a145fab9c03c	a fitting algorithm would process pairs {(1,12.09), (2,2.12),	a fitting algorithm would process pairs {(1,12.09), (2,2.12), (3,1.72), (4,1.20), (5,1.15)} and find the parameters for the best parabolic fit through those points. to test for the king effect we just exclude the first pair (or first 'k' pairs), and find parabolic parameters that fit the remainder of the points. so for...	wikipedia
8779e267f76c3c6aa81f9b5f4056f38a866a8c47	to test for the king effect, the distribution	to test for the king effect, the distribution must be fitted excluding the 'k' top-ranked items, but without assigning new rank numbers to the remaining members of the population. for example, in france the ranks are (as of 2010):	wikipedia
4423c52b52353b3132ebc424a7e6c584047460af	in a number of applications, there is a	in a number of applications, there is a so-called king effect where the top-ranked item(s) have a significantly greater frequency or size than the model predicts on the basis of the other items. the laherrère/deheuvels paper shows the example of paris, when sorting the sizes of towns in france. when the paper was writt...	wikipedia
fa27f25a046aecb7a34d17ca28cf150572c4bf1c	in the laherrère/deheuvels paper below, examples include galaxy	in the laherrère/deheuvels paper below, examples include galaxy sizes (ordered by luminosity), towns (in the usa, france, and world), spoken languages (by number of speakers) in the world, and oil fields in the world (by size). they also mention utility for this distribution in fitting seismic events (no example). the ...	wikipedia
bb4fcbed7d8c706183901aa8f04c4f09c5695731	in probability and statistics, the parabolic fractal distribution	in probability and statistics, the parabolic fractal distribution is a type of discrete probability distribution in which the logarithm of the frequency or size of entities in a population is a quadratic polynomial of the logarithm of the rank (with the largest example having rank 1). this can markedly improve the fit ...	wikipedia
baf6544525c139ebf67c0f8c9eeb975a363a7c5f	the military bishopric of argentina is a military	the military bishopric of argentina is a military ordinariate of the roman catholic church that provides religious services to catholics serving in the argentine armed forces. it is exempt, i.e. immediately subject to the holy see and its roman congregation for bishops, and usually not combined with another see. its pa...	wikipedia
21c7e5e66dc28f114a3af23cc8cc4c08a7035bfc	it was created as the military vicariate of	it was created as the military vicariate of argentina on 8 july 1957, and elevated to the military ordinariate of argentina on 21 july 1986. it remains known as obispado castrense (army bishopric), as in several hispanophone countries.	wikipedia
04dbcadb95cc3ef5d2098e20d77efefe93bc260f	as per 2014, it provides pastoral care to	as per 2014, it provides pastoral care to roman catholics serving in the argentine armed forces, paramilitary national gendarmerie and naval prefecture of argentina in 4 parishes and 237 missions with 195 priests (178 diocesan, 17 religious), 1 deacon, 29 lay religious (17 brothers, 12 sisters) and 8 seminarians.	wikipedia
4de3489afd82e0ca91b96284bceffa3f547770cb	its patron saint is our lady of luján	its patron saint is our lady of luján and the episcopal seat is located at the (also marian) cathedral of the star of the sea (catedral stella maris) in buenos aires, national capital of argentina.	wikipedia
5bfd26d4e7b7022139c2b0b18d3d0b37c81e047d	the military bishopric of argentina (spanish: obispado castrense	the military bishopric of argentina (spanish: obispado castrense de argentina) is a military ordinariate (special diocese) of the roman catholic church that provides religious services to catholics serving in the argentine armed forces.	wikipedia
03fe13157cae11292bf1f80f22328e48de05b446	the 2020–21 wycombe wanderers football club season was	the 2020–21 wycombe wanderers football club season was the club's 134th season in existence and the club's first season in the second division of english football. in addition to the domestic league, wycombe participated in this season's editions of the fa cup and the efl cup.	wikipedia
370f04dffc6aac633b680126ada5d8c758901d51	wycombe wanderers' first pre-season friendly was announced on	wycombe wanderers' first pre-season friendly was announced on 14 august 2020, playing west ham united on 25 august 2020. a second pre-season friendly was announced on 21 august 2020 against southampton under-23s, played that day. a third friendly against aston villa for 29 august 2020 was confirmed via the club's twitt...	wikipedia
03fe13157cae11292bf1f80f22328e48de05b446	the 2020–21 wycombe wanderers football club season was	the 2020–21 wycombe wanderers football club season was the club's 134th season in existence and the club's first season in the second division of english football. in addition to the domestic league, wycombe participated in this season's editions of the fa cup and the efl cup.	wikipedia
79f321656bbba10e503a4bfb966d8948593a61e8	the 2010–11 caribbean twenty20 season was the second	the 2010–11 caribbean twenty20 season was the second season of the caribbean twenty20, a domestic twenty20 tournament administrated by the west indies cricket board. the season began on 10 january 2011, six months after the 2010 tournament, and concluded with the final on 23 january. the tournament was moved to be cons...	wikipedia