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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
e6ed83bceb1e7b10e58edf1272ebe684aeb8600d	newly developed and offered undergraduate programs across the	newly developed and offered undergraduate programs across the united states, often coupled to the chemical engineering program, allow students to achieve a b.s. degree. according to abet (accreditation board for engineering and technology), biomolecular engineering curricula "must provide thorough grounding in the basi...	wikipedia
a1a0fc29efa52df6bac6898de1f802b146214cb9	chemical engineering is the processing of raw materials	chemical engineering is the processing of raw materials into chemical products. it involves preparation of raw materials to produce reactants, the chemical reaction of these reactants under controlled conditions, the separation of products, the recycle of byproducts, and the disposal of wastes. each step involves certa...	wikipedia
1464f4852d3fc1c44c9062b5f4613685c3fedfb9	bioelectrical engineering involves the electrical fields generated by	bioelectrical engineering involves the electrical fields generated by living cells or organisms. examples include the electric potential developed between muscles or nerves of the body. this discipline requires knowledge in the fields of electricity and biology to understand and utilize these concepts to improve or bet...	wikipedia
4d5447d4abea220b3efab158892efbbba97b8628	scaling up a process involves using data from	scaling up a process involves using data from an experimental-scale operation (model or pilot plant) for the design of a large (scaled-up) unit, of commercial size. scaling up is a crucial part of commercializing a process. for example, insulin produced by genetically modified escherichia coli bacteria was initialized ...	wikipedia
3c7415434e6c713fbbc76e162e857a7f34be23e8	biomolecular engineering is an extensive discipline with applications	biomolecular engineering is an extensive discipline with applications in many different industries and fields. as such, it is difficult to pinpoint a general perspective on the biomolecular engineering profession. the biotechnology industry, however, provides an adequate representation. the biotechnology industry, or b...	wikipedia
304d02c23cee91ef16e7d4d2c618b8e0ee7fa64e	another biomolecular engineering technique that is used in	another biomolecular engineering technique that is used in elisa development is the bioconjugation of an enzyme to either an antibody or antigen depending on the type of elisa. there is much to consider in this enzyme bioconjugation such as avoiding interference with the active site of the enzyme as well as the antibod...	wikipedia
da08b91cae9cb26ecfc5290c685485cde3799e6c	although there are three different types of solid	although there are three different types of solid state enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, all three types begin with the bioimmobilization of either an antibody or antigen to a surface. this bioimmobilization is the first instance of biomolecular engineering that can be seen in elisa implementation. this step can be ...	wikipedia
77ba89138fbe1cede618701063977a08a0f2aafc	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is an assay that utilizes	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is an assay that utilizes the principle of antibody - antigen recognition to test for the presence of certain substances. the three main types of elisa tests which are indirect elisa, sandwich elisa, and competitive elisa all rely on the fact that antibodies have an affinity for only o...	wikipedia
6c3a4a1d3adcdb61e9ffbd7b6e5ef53f61e69080	furthermore, as the dna primer is created certain	furthermore, as the dna primer is created certain functional groups of nucleotides to be added to the growing primer require blocking to prevent undesired side reactions. this blocking of functional groups as well as the subsequent de-blocking of the groups, coupling of subsequent nucleotides, and eventual cleaving fro...	wikipedia
80d4e9bf9c74965e0232098e5f09ba4d7abb4c67	a number of biomolecular engineering strategies have played	a number of biomolecular engineering strategies have played a very important role in the development and practice of pcr. for instance a crucial step in ensuring the accurate replication of the desired dna fragment is the creation of the correct dna primer. the most common method of primer synthesis is by the phosphora...	wikipedia
e169c28d51f5d479d87dffb13b4c9a0cd5d6e5d1	the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is a scientific	the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is a scientific technique that is used to replicate a piece of a dna molecule by several orders of magnitude. pcr implements a cycle of repeated heated and cooling known as thermal cycling along with the addition of dna primers and dna polymerases to selectively replicate the dna fra...	wikipedia
15ebaaa1c8b70ea6f9a7ca6745d78119c4f847bf	because immobilization restricts the biomolecule, care must be	because immobilization restricts the biomolecule, care must be given to ensure that functionality is not entirely lost. variables to consider are ph, temperature, solvent choice, ionic strength, orientation of active sites due to conjugation. for enzymes, the conjugation will lower the kinetic rate due to a change in t...	wikipedia
4527ad8aff90c79d46df252d67299d5c25b44862	bio-immobilization and bio-conjugation is the purposeful manipulation of	bio-immobilization and bio-conjugation is the purposeful manipulation of a biomolecule's mobility by chemical or physical means to obtain a desired property. immobilization of biomolecules allows exploiting characteristics of the molecule under controlled environments. for example, the immobilization of glucose oxidase...	wikipedia
f8be0ab033b076e16c29b5c20051c30a83bc8e67	site-directed mutagenesis can be helpful for many different	site-directed mutagenesis can be helpful for many different reasons. a single base-pair replacement will change the codon, potentially replacing an amino acid in a protein. mutagenesis can help determine the function of proteins and the roles of specific amino acids. if an amino acid near the active site is mutated, th...	wikipedia
58baa7de733a114fcdb5c9c541d1892dc23b8126	site directed mutagenesis is a valuable technique that	site directed mutagenesis is a valuable technique that allows for the replacement of a single base in an oligonucleotide or gene. the basics of this technique involve the preparation of a primer that will be a complementary strand to a wild type bacterial plasmid. this primer will have a base pair mismatch at the site ...	wikipedia
957bc98255c6f200c111f30106ac69e269f81f1b	site-directed mutagenesis is a technique that has been	site-directed mutagenesis is a technique that has been around since the 1970s. the early days of research in this field yielded discoveries about the potential of certain chemicals such as bisulfite and aminopurine to change certain bases in a gene. this research continued, and other processes were developed to create ...	wikipedia
5cccabbcaa6e03b8d33962a91acc07428ebb1c4c	recombinant dna can be engineered for a wide	recombinant dna can be engineered for a wide variety of purposes. the techniques utilized allow for specific modification of genes making it possible to modify any biomolecule. it can be engineered for laboratory purposes, where it can be used to analyze genes in a given organism. in the pharmaceutical industry, protei...	wikipedia
5bf244bf09a33478408d8835bf549f77a6fff3ef	advances in genetic engineering have made the modification	advances in genetic engineering have made the modification of genes in microbes quite efficient allowing constructs to be made in about a weeks worth of time. it has also made it possible to modify the organism's genome itself. specifically, use of the genes from the bacteriophage lambda are used in recombination. this...	wikipedia
9c10295478d02d3663a12e5acab2355e6a203f72	the traditional method for creating recombinant dna typically	the traditional method for creating recombinant dna typically involves the use of plasmids in the host bacteria. the plasmid contains a genetic sequence corresponding to the recognition site of a restriction endonuclease, such as ecor1. after foreign dna fragments, which have also been cut with the same restriction end...	wikipedia
d2e8155a7d30e97810866fb300a19718466a00b9	recombinant dna are dna biomolecules that contain genetic	recombinant dna are dna biomolecules that contain genetic sequences that are not native to the organism's genome. using recombinant techniques, it is possible to insert, delete, or alter a dna sequence precisely without depending on the location of restriction sites. recombinant dna is used for a wide range of applicat...	wikipedia
7165245562b3a24f6b16fde7cdcaf4ea18f87c78	lipids are biomolecules that are made up of	lipids are biomolecules that are made up of glycerol derivatives bonded with fatty acid chains. glycerol is a simple polyol that has a formula of c h (oh). fatty acids are long carbon chains that have a carboxylic acid group at the end. the carbon chains can be either saturated with hydrogen; every carbon bond is occup...	wikipedia
487964e7bdca4fad8d8928dd0fc605fcd16dabe5	nucleic acids are macromolecules that consist of dna	nucleic acids are macromolecules that consist of dna and rna which are biopolymers consisting of chains of biomolecules. these two molecules are the genetic code and template that make life possible. manipulation of these molecules and structures causes major changes in function and expression of other macromolecules. ...	wikipedia
540a6a876e3df40d8165c65ae7726bc3cf38cb55	cellulose is a polysaccharide made up of beta	cellulose is a polysaccharide made up of beta 1-4 linkages between repeat glucose monomers. it is the most abundant source of sugar in nature and is a major part of the paper industry. starch is also a polysaccharide made up of glucose monomers; however, they are connected via an alpha 1-4 linkage instead of beta. star...	wikipedia
5103a07893c77a3ae5d26ccfa775456ebb0de64d	carbohydrates are another important biomolecule. these are polymers,	carbohydrates are another important biomolecule. these are polymers, called polysaccharides, which are made up of chains of simple sugars connected via glycosidic bonds. these monosaccharides consist of a five to six carbon ring that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - typically in a 1:2:1 ratio, respectively. comm...	wikipedia
dcfc9cd23257d666555854930a6b28b7166dc1ad	the tertiary structure of proteins deal with their	the tertiary structure of proteins deal with their folding process and how the overall molecule is arranged. finally, a quaternary structure is a group of tertiary proteins coming together and binding.with all of these levels, proteins have a wide variety of places in which they can be manipulated and adjusted. techniq...	wikipedia
5959f6af3be99e0921962b56ed61c4cbd8730bdf	proteins are polymers that are made up of	proteins are polymers that are made up of amino acid chains linked with peptide bonds. they have four distinct levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. primary structure refers to the amino acid backbone sequence. secondary structure focuses on minor conformations that develop as a result of t...	wikipedia
70a00421737e2e9114f0f34c725e00d174017825	biomolecular engineering deals with the manipulation of many	biomolecular engineering deals with the manipulation of many key biomolecules. these include, but are not limited to, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids. these molecules are the basic building blocks of life and by controlling, creating, and manipulating their form and function there are many new avenue...	wikipedia
a888b1da83287307e64f0538427b6d4bbdadac82	bio-inspired technologies of the future can help explain	bio-inspired technologies of the future can help explain biomolecular engineering. looking at the moore's law "prediction", in the future quantum and biology-based processors are "big" technologies. with the use of biomolecular engineering, the way our processors work can be manipulated in order to function in the same...	wikipedia
b4fe19d176e04364b00cb16aa1db4a3bf9ff8bd2	during world war ii, the need for large	during world war ii, the need for large quantities of penicillin of acceptable quality brought together chemical engineers and microbiologists to focus on penicillin production. this created the right conditions to start a chain of reactions that lead to the creation of the field of biomolecular engineering. biomolecul...	wikipedia
83a34ac7871fb8bfa5c022a27b2bddd6f2b3fca9	biomolecular engineers purposefully manipulate carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids	biomolecular engineers purposefully manipulate carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids within the framework of the relation between their structure (see: nucleic acid structure, carbohydrate chemistry, protein structure,), function (see: protein function) and properties and in relation to applicability to suc...	wikipedia
971d2b2681914d754b7530d4c7a81be9e4f498e6	biomolecular engineering is the application of engineering principles	biomolecular engineering is the application of engineering principles and practices to the purposeful manipulation of molecules of biological origin. biomolecular engineers integrate knowledge of biological processes with the core knowledge of chemical engineering in order to focus on molecular level solutions to issue...	wikipedia
25f3dde14c94e79ca018cad3cd860ecbc9b693be	in enzymology, an allantoinase is an enzyme that	in enzymology, an allantoinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (s)-allantoin and h2o, whereas its product is allantoate. this enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in cyclic a...	wikipedia
97cb50ad6ae3a45ec280fed5122c6fc389b25ab9	this enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases,	this enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in cyclic amides. the systematic name of this enzyme class is (s)-allantoin amidohydrolase. this enzyme participates in purine metabolism.	wikipedia
38520632d1505dfcdbdab1f8d454c337244f529e	allantoicase is an enzyme that in humans is	allantoicase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the allc gene. allantoicase catalyzes the chemical reaction thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are allantoate and h2o, whereas its two products are (s)-ureidoglycolate and urea. this enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen b...	wikipedia
3c83a0c323daa34e37c082c08710c948a976c22a	the structure of allantoicase is best described as	the structure of allantoicase is best described as being composed of two repeats (the allantoicase repeats: ar1 and ar2), which are connected by a flexible linker. the crystal structure, resolved at 2.4a resolution, reveals that ar1 has a very similar fold to ar2, both repeats being jelly-roll motifs, composed of four-...	wikipedia
c8956132263819c027aaf20d74328b17b05b27fb	this enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases,	this enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in linear amidines. the systematic name of this enzyme class is allantoate amidinohydrolase. this enzyme participates in purine metabolism by facilitating the utilization of purines as secondary...	wikipedia
c6260ddd731cb502188c05b9fbd82cfab6a67060	a biomolecular gradient is established by a difference	a biomolecular gradient is established by a difference in the concentration of molecules in a biological system such as individual cells, groups of cells, or an entire organism. a biomolecular gradient can exist intracellularly or extracellularly. the purposes of such gradients in biological systems vary, but include c...	wikipedia
9dcc7b59cf57fbee79ebff2c97bd4c0100f645fd	in a similar way, biomolecular gradients can function	in a similar way, biomolecular gradients can function as signal antagonists that have the potential to drastically affect the cell's characteristics and in turn, the organism's response. this includes allowing the cell to distinguish its orientation or shift the barrier of cell differentiation in a group of cells. for ...	wikipedia
279725f2649a1bd22a62cd9f752dd913d5db27b3	biomolecular gradients have been shown to facilitate the	biomolecular gradients have been shown to facilitate the invasion of cancer cells into different types of tissues in the body. cancer metastasis is thought to be directly coupled to growth factor gradients that facilitate chemotaxis of cancer promoter factors. these chemoattractants promote tumour angiogenesis, namely ...	wikipedia
b059f050272b2af41f996afe16fc6e2294680a9b	cells themselves can create biomolecular gradients by releasing	cells themselves can create biomolecular gradients by releasing signaling molecules that diffuse outwardly. these gradients are critical for cellular identity and cell relocation. similarly, the gradients produced by cells may influence cellular fate by their temporal and spatial characteristics. in certain organisms, ...	wikipedia