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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
509c076cdf13391f5a4f3cfc09905280e9e5ead8	the study of decoherence as a proper subject	the study of decoherence as a proper subject began in 1970, with h. dieter zeh 's paper "on the interpretation of measurement in quantum theory". zeh regarded the wavefunction as a physical entity, rather than a calculational device or a compendium of statistical information (as is typical for copenhagen-type interpret...	wikipedia
5ab07e760fcbbfbe50119026c69a9d9e81141c18	the significance of decoherence was further highlighted in	the significance of decoherence was further highlighted in 1970 by the german physicist h. dieter zeh, and it has been a subject of active research since the 1980s. decoherence has been developed into a complete framework, but there is controversy as to whether it solves the measurement problem, as the founders of deco...	wikipedia
13f5af290a82b8387611f0fb32133c3ec410d89b	although he did not use the term, the	although he did not use the term, the concept of quantum decoherence was first introduced in 1951 by the american physicist david bohm, who called it the "destruction of interference in the process of measurement". bohm later used decoherence to handle the measurement process in the de broglie-bohm interpretation of qu...	wikipedia
157aa177f598e917fedcb8de55796a8e7a2a3322	the philosophical views of werner heisenberg and niels	the philosophical views of werner heisenberg and niels bohr have often been grouped together as the " copenhagen interpretation ", despite significant divergences between them on important points. in 1955, heisenberg suggested that the interaction of a system with its surrounding environment would eliminate quantum int...	wikipedia
22d6ed3290e2cb8c4d8819bf6eb03182d9df3ddc	with respect to the measurement problem, decoherence provides	with respect to the measurement problem, decoherence provides an explanation for the transition of the system to a mixture of states that seem to correspond to those states observers perceive. moreover, observation indicates that this mixture looks like a proper quantum ensemble in a measurement situation, as the measu...	wikipedia
352779aadd698c73d4a03eafe48d17118c7bd6c6	decoherence has been used to understand the possibility	decoherence has been used to understand the possibility of the collapse of the wave function in quantum mechanics. decoherence does not generate actual wave-function collapse. it only provides a framework for apparent wave-function collapse, as the quantum nature of the system "leaks" into the environment. that is, com...	wikipedia
f04e68b67ac52ae022dd35104e5902aa7db451f5	an interpretation of quantum mechanics is an attempt	an interpretation of quantum mechanics is an attempt to explain how the mathematical theory of quantum physics might correspond to experienced reality. decoherence calculations can be done in any interpretation of quantum mechanics, since those calculations are an application of the standard mathematical tools of quant...	wikipedia
ec219ddd5aa1ba0d72f5e3c2cdbb6f115682bd65	decoherence can be viewed as the loss of	decoherence can be viewed as the loss of information from a system into the environment (often modeled as a heat bath), since every system is loosely coupled with the energetic state of its surroundings. viewed in isolation, the system's dynamics are non- unitary (although the combined system plus environment evolves i...	wikipedia
5057324717fdd3c26e1ecaa199e6ca6c5deaaf1d	if a quantum system were perfectly isolated, it	if a quantum system were perfectly isolated, it would maintain coherence indefinitely, but it would be impossible to manipulate or investigate it. if it is not perfectly isolated, for example during a measurement, coherence is shared with the environment and appears to be lost with time ─ a process called quantum decoh...	wikipedia
e0ea991c421a79d9682ff549c7c132841e91c18b	in quantum mechanics, particles such as electrons are	in quantum mechanics, particles such as electrons are described by a wave function, a mathematical representation of the quantum state of a system; a probabilistic interpretation of the wave function is used to explain various quantum effects. as long as there exists a definite phase relation between different states, ...	wikipedia
c5d6d720fbfbc540d84ef4f736bf558a835ea915	quantum decoherence is the loss of quantum coherence.	quantum decoherence is the loss of quantum coherence. quantum decoherence has been studied to understand how quantum systems convert to systems which can be explained by classical mechanics. beginning out of attempts to extend the understanding of quantum mechanics, the theory has developed in several directions and ex...	wikipedia
470cd06745720ac7db03cea85dba1b8db277cf18	perry a. frey is professor emeritus of biochemistry	perry a. frey is professor emeritus of biochemistry at the university of wisconsin–madison. he was elected to the national academy of sciences in 1998. research in his laboratory centered on the elucidation of enzymatic reaction mechanisms.	wikipedia
c749dd3385eb2405536aa0840ceeee492779aca2	during the time between his undergraduate and graduate	during the time between his undergraduate and graduate studies, frey worked for the public health service. after earning his ph.d., he worked as a postdoctoral fellow for enzymologist frank westheimer at harvard university. frey then secured a faculty position in the chemistry department at the ohio state university. h...	wikipedia
4cb66219edb401716f18903f58224fb33b213bf3	frey was born in plain city, ohio in	frey was born in plain city, ohio in 1935. he served in the military for two years before attending ohio state university, where he earned his b.s. degree in chemistry in 1959. frey earned his ph.d. in biochemistry from brandeis university in 1968.	wikipedia
c9c3f0e959fcbc4c0eeb0c12273e51ec2302f364	perry a. frey (born 1935) is professor emeritus	perry a. frey (born 1935) is professor emeritus of biochemistry at the university of wisconsin–madison. he was elected to the national academy of sciences in 1998. research in his laboratory centered on the elucidation of enzymatic reaction mechanisms.	wikipedia
e935f5631500acf3469e2ba1b256ea2c9aa634b5	prior to the 2014–15 season, bell returned to	prior to the 2014–15 season, bell returned to north america and accepted a try-out invitation to attend the anaheim ducks training camp. he was reassigned to the ducks ahl affiliate, the norfolk admirals to begin the year. bell produced 23 points in 47 games from the blueline with the admirals before he was traded for ...	wikipedia
0b6bc309098f329aaca2634c33fd1c6386768022	for the 2012–13 season, bell signed a one-year	for the 2012–13 season, bell signed a one-year contract to play for the frölunda indians in the swedish hockey league. after an unproductive campaign with the indians, he returned to ehc biel for the 2013–14 season. in 2013, bell was selected to play for team canada for the third time at the spengler cup. team canada w...	wikipedia
e7eeec969887ce468ec058f60ae3e92aaf32cc86	on august 3, 2011, bell signed a contract	on august 3, 2011, bell signed a contract with the new york rangers. he appeared in a solitary game with the rangers during the 2011–12 season, but primarily spent his time with the connecticut whale of the ahl.	wikipedia
f14be5873e01a25ff2187857753442a6595ad5d9	on may 19, 2010, bell signed a one-year	on may 19, 2010, bell signed a one-year contract with the russian team avangard omsk of the kontinental hockey league. after a single game with omsk, despite recording 2 assists, bell signed with swiss national league team ehc biel. he played for the rest of the season with ehc biel, recording 2 goals and 11 points in ...	wikipedia
ca3b631afd29e2efc4142f780698264a1844baae	on july 11, 2008, bell signed as a	on july 11, 2008, bell signed as a free agent with the ottawa senators to a one-year contract. during the 2008–09 season he played in a career-high 53 games with the senators, contributing 21 points. an unrestricted free agent following the season, on july 31, 2009, bell signed with the st. louis blues on a one-year co...	wikipedia
9637999a1e5eac4eb286479a89c658ce782da62d	on february 27, 2007, bell was traded by	on february 27, 2007, bell was traded by the leafs to the phoenix coyotes at the trade deadline along with a second round draft pick in for yanic perreault and a fifth round draft pick. he finished the season with the coyotes, compiling one goal and six assists in 44 games. phoenix re-signed bell as a restricted free a...	wikipedia
6b0481269ecb868ddc9ef3936693e2568c3501cd	bell was drafted in the third round, 65th	bell was drafted in the third round, 65th overall, of the 2001 nhl entry draft by the toronto maple leafs. bell signed with the maple leafs in march 2003. he was assigned to the team's american hockey league affiliate, the st. john's maple leafs. in 2003, bell was selected to play for team canada at the spengler cup, w...	wikipedia
80091ea8d8105be3cfe3045e32c71afae38c3881	bell attended st. pius x high school in	bell attended st. pius x high school in ottawa. bell played in the cjhl for the ottawa jr. senators. bell then moved on to the ontario hockey league (ohl) with the ottawa 67's where in four ohl seasons, he scored 32 goals and 171 points in 238 total games. in 2002–03, his final season with the 67's, he was named the te...	wikipedia
80ec7983d32fad8f4558df5f2718badb3c67882e	brendan bell (born march 31, 1983) is a	brendan bell (born march 31, 1983) is a canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. bell was selected by the toronto maple leafs in the 3rd round (65th overall) of the 2001 nhl entry draft.	wikipedia
11651d8619303bde8e3d81a626d2b81ac6fa4160	ference was offered a 1-year deal from anyang	ference was offered a 1-year deal from anyang halla of asia league ice hockey in summer of 2008, but did not sign as his wife was pregnant. ference retired from professional hockey in 2008, returned to calgary, and began a new career as a firefighter in 2009.	wikipedia
4e76900931337b0561ffeb36ceabe1a338d44c7c	after a year and half with the coyotes,	after a year and half with the coyotes, and the lock-out year of 2004–2005 spent in france, ference was traded to the new jersey devils on november 25, 2005, for pascal rheaume, ray schultz and steven spencer. he was on the move again at the end of the season, signing a one-year contract as an unrestricted free agent o...	wikipedia
c7ed55fba7160069f6108ecc8e298f87fb54ef08	before ever playing a game for the canucks,	before ever playing a game for the canucks, ference was traded on january 17, 1999, along with pavel bure, bret hedican and third-round selection in the 2000 nhl entry draft (robert fried) to the florida panthers for dave gagner, ed jovanovski, mike brown, kevin weekes and a first-round selection in the 2000 nhl entry ...	wikipedia
716305a33993328ec87ce7047d6b6db4fd455f81	born in calgary, alberta, ference played junior hockey	born in calgary, alberta, ference played junior hockey with the spokane chiefs, and tri-city americans of the western hockey league. ference was drafted in the first round, 10th overall, of the 1997 nhl entry draft by the vancouver canucks.	wikipedia
a055f5353c967d95297588fac5cba4c4429cb583	the storfjord bridge is a proposed suspension bridge	the storfjord bridge is a proposed suspension bridge that would span the storfjorden in sunnmøre, norway. if built, it would be 3,600 metres (11,800 ft) long and have a main span of 2,300 metres (7,500 ft). this would make it the longest spanned bridge in the world, easily surpassing the 1915 Çanakkale bridge, which ha...	wikipedia
da1d2a49f5d213006d0b2761b99a2aabd07880b9	the crossing would establish a fixed link for	the crossing would establish a fixed link for sykkylven municipality and stranda municipality towards Ålesund municipality. the service is currently operated by the Ørsneset–magerholm ferry on national road 60, which had an average daily traffic of 1967 cars and 175 in 2009, making it the fifth-most trafficked ferry se...	wikipedia
8fa4025d22f958083ebdd9a742a7f872c5063a1a	in a report made by aas-jakobsen, two crossings	in a report made by aas-jakobsen, two crossings were discussed, one slightly in-fjord from the ferry and one which would cross to Ørskog municipality. the bridge would have a single main cable and a split bridge beam. the cable would run down the centre of the bridge, with the lanes on each side of an open area with cr...	wikipedia
6185d5e668675f494a92e08175455c64d07e7ec8	the storfjord bridge (norwegian: storfjordbrua) is a proposed	the storfjord bridge (norwegian: storfjordbrua) is a proposed suspension bridge that would span the storfjorden in sunnmøre, norway. if built, it would be 3,600 metres (11,800 ft) long and have a main span of 2,300 metres (7,500 ft). this would make it the longest spanned bridge in the world, easily surpassing the 1915...	wikipedia
066aedd71854e5be1fd576ef4914e33faf2eeb90	alexander ivanovich korolyuk is a russian former professional	alexander ivanovich korolyuk is a russian former professional ice hockey winger who played in the national hockey league (nhl) with the san jose sharks before playing the remainder of his career in the kontinental hockey league (khl). korolyuk was drafted in the sixth round, 141st overall, by the san jose sharks in the...	wikipedia
67e42ab8660234dd96c0ba8002c33c93e9bb0a56	korolyuk continued his playing career in the kontinental	korolyuk continued his playing career in the kontinental hockey league, playing for hc vityaz, atlant mytishchi, ska st. petersburg, lokomotiv yaroslavl, neftekhimik nizhnekamsk, metallurg magnitogorsk and hc yugra.	wikipedia
1166c22032ce9bb0fb59b39cd35a904b47bf6320	that would be his final season in the	that would be his final season in the nhl, however, as korolyuk returned to russia during the 2004–05 nhl lockout. on 1 october 2006, his rights were traded to the new jersey devils, along with jim fahey, for vladimir malakhov and a first-round draft pick. later that season, korolyuk became interested in an nhl return ...	wikipedia
3264b7fc01090bf0a24ee3613d2a2320ea4209d3	while playing in russia, sutter was fired, paving	while playing in russia, sutter was fired, paving the way for his return to the sharks in 2003–04. playing primarily on the second line with alyn mccauley and nils ekman, korolyuk posted a career-high 37 points.	wikipedia
aeb40aca794fcfbed7c9ce1685a09598f9b4e5a1	three years later, he jumped to the nhl,	three years later, he jumped to the nhl, making the opening night roster for the sharks. however, he spent the majority of that season playing in the american hockey league. differences with then-head coach darryl sutter caused korolyuk to be a contract hold-out at the start of the 2000–01 nhl season. he would eventual...	wikipedia
ee1a94e27a3672f11062d250bdb5a4f9a5c63c83	alexander ivanovich korolyuk (russian: Александр Иванович Королюк, born	alexander ivanovich korolyuk (russian: Александр Иванович Королюк, born january 15, 1976) is a russian former professional ice hockey winger who played in the national hockey league (nhl) with the san jose sharks before playing the remainder of his career in the kontinental hockey league (khl).	wikipedia
70aa104b06ab811ce38069eaf0ef417d3224dba6	submarine groundwater discharge (sgd) is a hydrological process	submarine groundwater discharge (sgd) is a hydrological process which commonly occurs in coastal areas. it is described as submarine inflow of fresh-, and brackish groundwater from land into the sea. submarine groundwater discharge is controlled by several forcing mechanisms, which cause a hydraulic gradient between la...	wikipedia
a91c01549b86a1da956bd9fbafaa7ca34849237a	according to schlüter et al. (2004) chloride pore	according to schlüter et al. (2004) chloride pore water profiles can be used to investigate submarine groundwater discharge. chloride can be used as a conservative tracer, as it is enriched in seawater and depleted in groundwater. three different shapes of chloride pore water profiles reflect three different transport ...	wikipedia