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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
0a58a28e2afad427ae7ff886b7bd4f920098e525	after the louisiana purchase in 1803, it became	after the louisiana purchase in 1803, it became the plan of the u.s. government to force native american tribes from the eastern united states into the great plains region. the eastern part of present-day oklahoma was part of this loosely defined region known as the indian territory.	wikipedia
5b6f468528969d8a26b6b0a36675175c65e7c97b	the diocese of tulsa also called the diocese	the diocese of tulsa also called the diocese of tulsa and eastern oklahoma (latin: dioecesis tulsensis) is a latin church diocese of the catholic church in the eastern part of oklahoma in the united states. it is a suffragan diocese of the metropolitan archdiocese of oklahoma city.	wikipedia
69e81196061a86811aab119ad6d7b166ed0de58c	includes all competitions. the list is sorted by	includes all competitions. the list is sorted by squad number when total clean sheets are equal. numbers in parentheses represent games where both goalkeepers participated and both kept a clean sheet; the number in parentheses is awarded to the goalkeeper who was substituted on, whilst a full clean sheet is awarded to ...	wikipedia
cac84651293ae7b1e58b2468951a3913d7cac3ae	teos-10 is the international standard for the use	teos-10 is the international standard for the use and calculation of the thermodynamic properties of seawater, humid air and ice. it supersedes the former standard eos-80. teos-10 is used by oceanographers and climate scientists to calculate and model properties of the oceans such as heat content in an internationally ...	wikipedia
f11ad4d06b4c6630dace8b276fe51ea9e4e9f07d	teos-10 was derived using absolute pressure p while	teos-10 was derived using absolute pressure p while eos-80 used the pressure relative to the sea surface 𝑝. they can be converted by: p /pa = 101325 + 10000 ∙ 𝑝 /dbar (see atmospheric pressure).	wikipedia
33f8dfb2c0d2f74a3c916b1ff128f7b80b5507d5	in teos-10 the current standard for temperature scales,	in teos-10 the current standard for temperature scales, its-90 (international temperature scale of 1990) is used, while eos-80 used the ipts-68 (international practical temperature of 1968). in the sia-library of teos-10 implementations to convert outdated into current scales are included.	wikipedia
a7592ac24f4f2e35d37a35809940158adaf230b6	eos-80 consisted of separate equations for density, sound	eos-80 consisted of separate equations for density, sound speed, freezing temperature and heat capacity but did not provide expressions for entropy or chemical potentials. therefore, it was not a complete and consistent description of the thermodynamic properties of seawater. inconsistencies in eos-80 appear for exampl...	wikipedia
30145b60e433d7ec75cedf9526dcfd183b7bef0c	eos-80 (equation of state of seawater -1980) uses	eos-80 (equation of state of seawater -1980) uses practical salinity measured on the pss-78 (practical salinity scale of 1978) scale that itself is based on measurements of temperature, pressure and electrical conductivity. thus, eos-80 did not account for different chemical compositions of seawater.	wikipedia
e003f1a338cf4f71e059906b954fb82675c95826	in addition to the gsw oceanographic toolbox, the	in addition to the gsw oceanographic toolbox, the seawater-ice-air (sia) library is available for fortran and vba (for the use in excel), and covers the thermodynamic properties of seawater, ice and (moist) air. in contrast to the gsw toolbox, the sia-library exclusively uses basic si-units.	wikipedia
555000bf333b1d1975d1019b3ca7256bb1ad7754	teos-10 includes the gibbs seawater (gsw) oceanographic toolbox	teos-10 includes the gibbs seawater (gsw) oceanographic toolbox which is available as open source software in matlab, fortran, python, c, c++, r, julia and php. while teos-10 is generally expressed in basic si-units, the gsw package uses input and output data in commonly used oceanographic units (such as g/kg for absol...	wikipedia
5ef1fff6bc1f3d677ec26c35f816626ff9125d5d	the handling of salinity was one of the	the handling of salinity was one of the novelties in teos-10. it defines the relationship between reference salinity and practical salinity, chlorinity or absolute salinity and accounts for the different chemical compositions by adding a regionally variable 𝛿 s a (see figure). teos-10 is valid for vienna standard mean...	wikipedia
fbfde5287c6ceeecde559602899bed4e15fb3ea9	additionally, teos-10 covers derived properties, for example the	additionally, teos-10 covers derived properties, for example the potential temperature and conservative temperature, the buoyancy frequency, the planetary vorticity and the montgomery and cunningham geostrophic streamfunctions. a complete list of featured properties can be found in the teos-10 manual.	wikipedia
8acd871fc5d691e6fb584a387a769201aa028b47	teos-10 covers all thermodynamic properties of liquid water,	teos-10 covers all thermodynamic properties of liquid water, seawater, ice, water vapour and humid air within their particular ranges of validity as well as their mutual equilibrium composites such as sea ice or cloudy (wet and icy) air.	wikipedia
c633984c97511df5aefaf3aa911cdfa967f069d5	the thermodynamic potential functions are determined by a	the thermodynamic potential functions are determined by a set of adjustable parameters which are tuned to fit experimental data and theoretical laws of physics like the ideal gas equation. since absolute energy and entropy cannot be directly measured, arbitrary reference states for liquid water, seawater and dry air in...	wikipedia
7c07996c76afd3fe44c5af0049ae525019706b72	teos-10 is based on thermodynamic potentials. fluids like	teos-10 is based on thermodynamic potentials. fluids like humid air and liquid water in teos-10 are therefore described by the helmholtz energy f(m,t,v)=f(m,t,m/ρ) or the specific helmholtz-energy f(t,ρ)=f(m,t,m/ρ)/m. the helmholtz energy has a unique value across phase boundaries. for the calculation of the thermodyna...	wikipedia
b36a60053706cacd5795d4e667d27792ec3c2552	teos-10 was developed by the scor(scientific committee on	teos-10 was developed by the scor(scientific committee on oceanic research) / iapso(international association for the physical sciences of the oceans) working group 127 which was chaired by trevor mcdougall. it has been approved as the official description of the thermodynamic properties of seawater, humid air and ice ...	wikipedia
e1d94db4422fe21ff11a6e488a5f9e01790cfbd5	teos-10 (thermodynamic equation of seawater - 2010) is	teos-10 (thermodynamic equation of seawater - 2010) is the international standard for the use and calculation of the thermodynamic properties of seawater, humid air and ice. it supersedes the former standard eos-80 (equation of state of seawater 1980). teos-10 is used by oceanographers and climate scientists to calcula...	wikipedia
6d4499e333ebd01386b06e3d88b1c36012daae12	the c with bar, also known as barred	the c with bar, also known as barred c, is a modified letter of the latin alphabet, formed from c with the addition of a bar. it was used in the final version of the unified northern alphabet, approved in 1932, for saami, selkup, khanty, evenki, even, nanai, udege, chukchi, koryak and nivkh languages to denote the soun...	wikipedia
266af82ef1ac4c9a71c05d28345efb12b1160c6b	the united states federal geographic data committee uses	the united states federal geographic data committee uses the capital barred c to represent the cambrian period in geologic history. in phonetic transcription, the lowercase barred c may denote a voiceless palatal fricative (ipa:), and in 1963, it was proposed as a symbol for a voiceless flat postalveolar fricative by w...	wikipedia
41e1b4b9f9cec717d5836aee8e1ff6c0681edcd6	the c with bar (majuscule: Ꞓ, minuscule: ꞓ),	the c with bar (majuscule: Ꞓ, minuscule: ꞓ), also known as barred c, is a modified letter of the latin alphabet, formed from c with the addition of a bar. it was used in the final version of the unified northern alphabet, approved in 1932, for saami, selkup, khanty, evenki, even, nanai, udege, chukchi, koryak and nivkh...	wikipedia
7f8d9a24fd29b813b4cf1d1fc3ec25358e076329	the catecholamines are a group of neurotransmitters composed	the catecholamines are a group of neurotransmitters composed of the endogenous substances dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and adrenaline (epinephrine), as well as numerous artificially synthesized compounds such as isoprenaline - an anti-bradycardiac medication. their investigation constitutes a major chapter...	wikipedia
42c1639cd0cc570269134d5fd7e13b7acb61f1c9	earl wilbur sutherland won the 1971 nobel prize	earl wilbur sutherland won the 1971 nobel prize in physiology or medicine ″for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones″, in particular the discovery of cyclic adenosine monophosphate as second messenger in the action of catecholamines at β-adrenoceptors and of glucagon at glucagon receptors,...	wikipedia
655a0e35f62d01db694f43f6f5430f827e9328ca	in 1986, the first gene coding for a	in 1986, the first gene coding for a catecholamine receptor, the β -adrenoceptor from hamster lung, was cloned by a group of sixteen scientists, among them robert lefkowitz and brian kobilka of duke university in durham, north carolina. genes for all mammalian catecholamine receptors have now been cloned, for the nine ...	wikipedia
cc0d0e6e40e021317e1467ed366a9f25900f6f14	even before dopamine was identified as the third	even before dopamine was identified as the third catecholamine transmitter, blaschko suspected it might possess receptors of its own, since peter holtz and his group in 1942 had found that small doses of dopamine lowered the blood pressure of rabbits and guinea pigs, whereas adrenaline always increased the blood pressu...	wikipedia
c053a6d0946400914375653dcfa2451809cd8b4c	after premonitions for example in the work of	after premonitions for example in the work of the portuguese pharmacologist serafim guimarães, α-adrenoceptor subclassification came in 1971 with the discovery of the self-regulation of noradrenaline release through α-adrenoceptors on noradrenergic synaptic terminals, presynaptic α- autoreceptors. their existence was i...	wikipedia
16cdcb607b9f180b78ed067c11107b94a8f4368e	dichloroisoprenaline was the first beta blocker; it retains	dichloroisoprenaline was the first beta blocker; it retains some intrinsic activity. pronethalol followed in 1962 and propranolol in 1964, both invented by james black and his colleagues at imperial chemical industries pharmaceuticals in england. in 1967, β-adrenoceptors were subdivided into β and β, and a third β type...	wikipedia
6fd7e47a2866c203458cb2aa5af5f0a12a7ebdef	the α,β-terminology initially was slow to spread. this	the α,β-terminology initially was slow to spread. this changed with two publications in 1958. in the first, from lilly research laboratories, dichloroisoprenaline selectively blocked some smooth muscle inhibitory effects of adrenaline and isoprenaline; in the second, it blocked cardiac excitatory effects of adrenaline ...	wikipedia
e19a571073f4a536455ed37c0195a86fb82372a8	in retrospect, although ahlquist was right in his	in retrospect, although ahlquist was right in his ″one transmitter – two receptors″ postulate, he erred in the identification of the transmitter with adrenaline. there is an additional qualification. for many responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation, the atp co-stored with noradrenaline () is a cotransmitter. it acts...	wikipedia
81229e9f783985129d74cd985a53d3ca5408f95a	the haze surrounding the receptors was thus blown	the haze surrounding the receptors was thus blown away. yet, perhaps because ahlquist dismissed cannon and rosenblueth rather harshly, his manuscript was rejected by the journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics and only in a second submission accepted by the american journal of physiology.	wikipedia
b9a954f31b1ea72b166e5ec24c59b28615b65c4e	ahlquist was head of the department of pharmacology	ahlquist was head of the department of pharmacology of the university of georgia school of medicine, now georgia regents university. in 1948 he saw what had escaped dale in 1906. “the adrenotropic receptors have been considered to be of two classes, those whose action results in excitation and those whose action result...	wikipedia
1dc0cf69df012245d56deca217c2dba8c53749c6	catecholamine receptors persisted in this wavering state for	catecholamine receptors persisted in this wavering state for more than forty years. additional blocking agents were found such as tolazoline in switzerland and phenoxybenzamine in the united states, but like the ergot alkaloids they blocked only the smooth muscle excitatory receptors. additional agonists also were synt...	wikipedia
45860d9ab51f748b4556ace2b8de40d542d1c145	research on the catecholamines was interwoven with research	research on the catecholamines was interwoven with research on their receptors. in 1904, dale became head of the wellcome physiological research laboratory in london and started research on ergot extracts. the relevance of his communication in 1906 ″on some physiological actions of ergot″ lies less in the effects of th...	wikipedia
60655d12d6bdc463d2495a38fdda3a57a535181d	with the advent of molecular genetics, the three	with the advent of molecular genetics, the three transport mechanisms have been traced to the proteins and their genes since 1990. they now consist of the plasma membrane noradrenaline transporter (nat or net), the classical uptake, and the analogous dopamine transporter (dat); the plasma membrane extraneuronal monoami...	wikipedia
21a5f803ab58da573db1c34f75840ef18a1eacea	acetylcholine, once released, is degraded in the extracellular	acetylcholine, once released, is degraded in the extracellular space by acetylcholinesterase, which faces that space. in the case the catecholamines, however, the enzymes of degradation monoamine oxidase and catechol-o-methyl transferase, like the enzymes of synthesis, are intracellular. not metabolism but uptake throu...	wikipedia
635205a2d977f4aac59a015218aeb85ceb126f6d	acetylcholine, once released, is degraded in the extracellular	cambridge found that other cells also took up catecholamines. he called uptake into noradrenergic neurons, which were cocaine-sensitive, uptake and uptake into other cells, which were cocaine-resistant, uptake. with the reserpine-sensitive uptake from the cytoplasm into the storage vesicles there were thus three catec...	wikipedia
2f118a22c1aac0fc1024f8f96b9498d13c5e4f78	catecholamines are synthesized inside cells and sequestered in	catecholamines are synthesized inside cells and sequestered in intracellular vesicles. this was first shown by blaschko and arnold welch (1908–2003) in oxford and by hillarp and his group in lund for the adrenal medulla and later for sympathetic nerves and the brain. in addition the vesicles contained adenosine triphos...	wikipedia
991d490594f139943164d4b7040b469548575f94	in 1970, von euler and axelrod were two	in 1970, von euler and axelrod were two of three winners of the nobel prize in physiology or medicine, “for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation”, and in 2000 carlsson was one of three winners who got the prize “for th...	wikipedia
84bca4942e71fcc6549287e0fe6df503dcfd20d9	as noradrenaline is an intermediate on the path	as noradrenaline is an intermediate on the path to adrenaline, dopamine is on the path to noradrenaline (and hence adrenaline.) in 1957 dopamine was identified in the human brain by researcher katharine montagu. in 1958/59 arvid carlsson and his group in the pharmacology department of the university of lund, including ...	wikipedia
b11d4dc9a7ba98d30f8a148cb740bd4ff17c4ceb	the next step led to the central nervous	the next step led to the central nervous system. it was taken by marthe vogt, a refugee from germany who at that time worked with john henry gaddum in the institute of pharmacology of the university of edinburgh. ″the presence of noradrenaline and adrenaline in the brain has been demonstrated by von euler (1946) and ho...	wikipedia
512755453daa134c6f5fe321a8c84d624130748b	remembering his and barger's structure-activity analysis of 1910,	remembering his and barger's structure-activity analysis of 1910, dale wrote in 1953: “doubtless i ought to have seen that nor-adrenaline might be the main transmitter – that elliott’s theory might be right in principle and faulty only in this detail. … it is easy, of course, to be wise in the light of facts recently d...	wikipedia