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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
28aecbf31f5c900df6b81b806f7a678f7d740223	roethlisberger's final work was the elusive phenomena: an	roethlisberger's final work was the elusive phenomena: an autobiographical account of my work in the field of organizational behavior at the harvard business school, published in 1977. the book combined an autobiographical account of his career with reflections and new insights.	wikipedia
d3b97031f53101b875d670b3fd3e15ec6ceee479	in 1968, roethlisberger published man-in-organization, a collection of	in 1968, roethlisberger published man-in-organization, a collection of essays spanning 1928–1968. the essays, directed at social scientists, showcased his curiosity and in-depth exploration of various aspects of human behavior in organizations.	wikipedia
afa713b34875dc66717c50d993c24de579815ab2	in 1941, roethlisberger and american sociologist, william john	in 1941, roethlisberger and american sociologist, william john dickson, published the book management and morale, which examined the significance of personnel management, leadership, and their effects on worker morale. aligning with his earlier work, roethlisberger continued emphasizing the importance of relationships ...	wikipedia
347094dfbd4b4a8f79f001b3b14294f51ac2633b	after the hawthorne studies, fritz j. roethlisberger's continued	after the hawthorne studies, fritz j. roethlisberger's continued to study organizational behavior, particularly human relations, at harvard business school. his focus remained on improving worker-manager relationships, advocating for a human-centric approach to organizational studies.	wikipedia
dc8436bc8531f4eba2f9ac1e132d1dd873b612bf	in 1937, roethlisberger published the first comprehensive findings	in 1937, roethlisberger published the first comprehensive findings of the hawthorne experiments. he also authored management and the worker using these findings in 1939. the book was voted the tenth most influential management book of the 20th century in a poll of the fellows of the academy of management.	wikipedia
d2d81f4c4c5075ee3f41401c93111478e308acf3	the hawthorne studies revealed insights that challenged traditional	the hawthorne studies revealed insights that challenged traditional principles in organizational behavior. roethlisberger's role was critical, spending extensive time at the factories and observing various results. the studies shifted from a focus on physical factors to a social psychological approach.	wikipedia
2c1a541f1a547df34b03df03c057b6c2ce315c69	the hawthorne studies marked a turning point in	the hawthorne studies marked a turning point in organizational behavior research. these studies, conducted at hawthorne works, a telephone equipment factory in cicero, illinois, from 1924 to 1933, aimed to improve worker conditions and understand the dynamic relationships between managers and workers. roethlisberger, a...	wikipedia
45d406ed41afb54b3ad1f9e1609eda60a65bd960	roethlisberger held the following positions at harvard business	roethlisberger held the following positions at harvard business school: instructor of industrial research, 1927–1930; assistant professor of industrial research, 1930–1938; associate professor of industrial research, 1938–1946; wallace brett donham professor of human relations, 1950–1974.	wikipedia
c2061c5ce9cd118c5da97eb49ecc606449a6f149	upon completing his studies, roethlisberger began working with	upon completing his studies, roethlisberger began working with elton mayo, a professor at harvard business school. roethlisberger joined mayo in studying human behavior, becoming mayo's assistant in the department of industrial research. this marked the beginning of roethlisberger's exploration of organizational behavi...	wikipedia
c4024096403dcae31037de0416deb30dbdfd7f78	fritz j. roethlisberger was born in 1898 in	fritz j. roethlisberger was born in 1898 in new york city. he earned a ba in engineering at columbia university in 1921, supplementing this degree with a bs in engineering administration from mit in 1923. soon after, he shifted to philosophy studies at harvard, where he earned an m.a. in 1925.	wikipedia
155f40d67551eb597a201cb136b63e37ae09b310	a distinct layer based on temperature within a	a distinct layer based on temperature within a large body of fluid with a high gradient of distinct temperature differences associated with depth. in the ocean, the thermocline divides the upper mixed layer from the calm deep water below. depending largely on season, latitude, and turbulent mixing by wind, thermoclines...	wikipedia
723ee0b2356a279438501c77d0912340cbb094c4	the thermal boundary between the troposphere (lower atmosphere)	the thermal boundary between the troposphere (lower atmosphere) and the stratosphere (upper atmosphere) is a thermocline. temperature generally decreases with altitude, but the heat from the day's exposure to sun is released at night, which can create a warm region at ground with colder air above. this is known as an i...	wikipedia
35ad9a0105d841c7e57582115014498106ad4233	waves can occur on the thermocline, causing the	waves can occur on the thermocline, causing the depth of the thermocline as measured at a single location to oscillate (usually as a form of seiche). alternately, the waves may be induced by flow over a raised bottom, producing a thermocline wave which does not change with time, but varies in depth as one moves into or...	wikipedia
e40a3d571bb2036657976835861e97e9f4a65070	as the temperature continues to drop, the water	as the temperature continues to drop, the water on the surface may get cold enough to freeze and the lake/ocean begins to ice over. a new thermocline develops where the densest water (4 °c (39 °f)) sinks to the bottom, and the less dense water (water that is approaching the freezing point) rises to the top. once this n...	wikipedia
3a686f5f475ba9965b576e4b83323268d485df29	one result of this stability is that as	one result of this stability is that as the summer wears on, there is less and less oxygen below the thermocline as the water below the thermocline never circulates to the surface and organisms in the water deplete the available oxygen. as winter approaches, the temperature of the surface water will drop as nighttime c...	wikipedia
c264196f1fa6588e12177aecd75c71ab9256727e	thermoclines can also be observed in lakes. in	thermoclines can also be observed in lakes. in colder climates, this leads to a phenomenon called stratification. during the summer, warm water, which is less dense, will sit on top of colder, denser, deeper water with a thermocline separating them. the warm layer is called the epilimnion and the cold layer is called t...	wikipedia
85b9cc2b90b3ebb6f34d286109fc5547925fea93	in the northern hemisphere, the maximum temperatures at	in the northern hemisphere, the maximum temperatures at the surface occur through august and september and minimum temperatures occur through february and march with total heat content being lowest in march. this is when the seasonal thermocline starts to build back up after being broken down through the colder months.	wikipedia
96e4e62f570a00cdcc51bdbe0306dda7865ef67a	the thermocline in the ocean can vary in	the thermocline in the ocean can vary in depth and strength seasonally. this is particularly noticeable in mid-latitudes with a thicker mixed layer in the winter and thinner mixed layer in summer. the cooler winter temperatures cause the thermocline to drop to further depths and warmed summer temperatures bring the the...	wikipedia
c22305bff970b71c49b95725b4cbd971263a0d74	in scuba diving, a thermocline where water drops	in scuba diving, a thermocline where water drops in temperature by a few degrees celsius quite suddenly can sometimes be observed between two bodies of water, for example where colder upwelling water runs into a surface layer of warmer water. it gives the water an appearance of wrinkled glass, the kind often used in ba...	wikipedia
a9140670427cd389156696618c5969c0664d4403	in the open ocean, the thermocline is characterized	in the open ocean, the thermocline is characterized by a negative sound speed gradient, making the thermocline important in submarine warfare because it can reflect active sonar and other acoustic signals. this stems from a discontinuity in the acoustic impedance of water created by the sudden change in density.	wikipedia
bf800cec3c4844773ef9b880aa00be4b93ddb987	the thermocline varies in depth. it is semi-permanent	the thermocline varies in depth. it is semi-permanent in the tropics, variable in temperate regions and shallow to nonexistent in the polar regions, where the water column is cold from the surface to the bottom. a layer of sea ice will act as an insulation blanket. the first accurate global measurements were made durin...	wikipedia
e9275efd4cb8e559e2ee0bfb29f13a90cf1d2da8	most of the heat energy of the sunlight	most of the heat energy of the sunlight that strikes the earth is absorbed in the first few centimeters at the ocean's surface, which heats during the day and cools at night as heat energy is lost to space by radiation. waves mix the water near the surface layer and distribute heat to deeper water such that the tempera...	wikipedia
a7243b96f0eb18c798d7adf78b18a3fd33cdf4f1	depending largely on season, latitude, and turbulent mixing	depending largely on season, latitude, and turbulent mixing by wind, thermoclines may be a semi-permanent feature of the body of water in which they occur, or they may form temporarily in response to phenomena such as the radiative heating/cooling of surface water during the day/night. factors that affect the depth and...	wikipedia
a9b3473813c2cff6c0166c495e62b2fb11af2019	a thermocline (also known as the thermal layer	a thermocline (also known as the thermal layer or the metalimnion in lakes) isa distinct layer based on temperature within a large body of fluid (e.g. water, as in an ocean or lake; or air, e.g. an atmosphere) with a high gradient of distinct temperature differences associated with depth. in the ocean, the thermocline ...	wikipedia
8ca208efb37df3c55654f7d81a3c34521f0cb63d	the laserwriter is a laser printer with built-in	the laserwriter is a laser printer with built-in postscript interpreter sold by apple, inc. from 1985 to 1988. it was one of the first laser printers available to the mass market. in combination with wysiwyg publishing software like pagemaker that operated on top of the graphical user interface of macintosh computers, ...	wikipedia
3049042f9fcb3c26ef28cb4ae24be8906de94787	in 1988, to address the need for both	in 1988, to address the need for both an affordable printer and a professional printer, the laserwriter ii was designed to allow for complete replacement of the computer circuit board that operates the printer. across all the different models, the print engine was the same.	wikipedia
4c741b0e705311d7ef1e997e200a889475c64ca2	building on the success of the original laserwriter,	building on the success of the original laserwriter, apple developed many further models. later laserwriters offered faster printing, higher resolutions, ethernet connectivity, and eventually color output in the color laserwriter. to compete, many other laser printer manufacturers licensed adobe postscript for inclusio...	wikipedia
4e48e968e837e5c0aa8ad1d8e1e92325ba6cf627	at this point, apple's laserwriters were employing generic	at this point, apple's laserwriters were employing generic non-parity ram, whereas hp's laserjets, especially the ones which offered a plug-in postscript interpreter card, required special parity-type ps/2 ram modules with a "presence detect" function according to ibm specs.	wikipedia
9d28c55a4fc2e1a884f5c3efd7439a2fb0d0e7ba	in most cases, such ram was fixed in	in most cases, such ram was fixed in size and was soldered to the logic board. in late postscript level 1, and in early postscript level 2, the ram size was made variable and was generally extensible, through plug-in dimms, beyond the 2.0 to 2.5 mb minimum (0.5 to 1.0 mb for instructions, depending upon postscript vers...	wikipedia
76c58a92218748329d0dfa865905760d3fc9b826	in the same time-frame as apple's laserwriter, adobe	in the same time-frame as apple's laserwriter, adobe was licensing the very same version of postscript to apple's potential competitors (apple's postscript licensing terms were non-exclusive); however, all non-apple licensees of postscript generally employed one of adobe's postscript "reference models" (atlas, redstone...	wikipedia
f021237ecf9f1205412b9afc4e5fe5f0446b9bf0	apple's rip was of its own design, and	apple's rip was of its own design, and was implemented using few ics, including pals for most combinatorial logic; with the subsystem timing dram refreshing, and rasterization functions being implemented in very few medium-scale-integration pals. apple's competitors (i.e., qms, nec, and others) generally used a variati...	wikipedia
7e157990a0608238ad8d610842ea5971e1db7010	the laserwriter was also the first peripheral to	the laserwriter was also the first peripheral to use the localtalk connector and apple's unified round appletalk connector family, which allowed any variety of mechanical networking systems to be plugged into the ports on the computers or printers. a common solution was the 3rd party phonenet which used conventional te...	wikipedia
85e232dc25c2bf438308d35640d21e14e00aab85	the laserwriter was the first major printer designed	the laserwriter was the first major printer designed by apple to use the new snow white design language created by frog design. it also continued a departure from the beige color that characterized the apple and macintosh products to that time by using the same brighter, creamy off-white color first introduced with the...	wikipedia
bffc9eb937469d604725f5291382b500f79563e2	since the cost of a laserwriter was several	since the cost of a laserwriter was several times that of a dot-matrix impact printer, some means to share the printer with several macs was desired. lans were complex and expensive, so apple developed its own networking scheme, localtalk. based on the appletalk protocol stack, localtalk connected the laserwriter to th...	wikipedia
1a58e3f4ad23b5c62de888eb742090dcfea4386d	at introduction, the laserwriter had the most processing	at introduction, the laserwriter had the most processing power in apple's product line — more than the 8 mhz macintosh. as a result, the laserwriter was also one of apple's most expensive offerings. for implementation purposes, the laserwriter employed a small number of medium-scale-integration monolithic memories pals...	wikipedia
ef571765e86ae629d1566ba8acd097ccf79b18ff	the laserwriter used the same canon cx printing	the laserwriter used the same canon cx printing engine as the hp laserjet, and as a consequence early laserwriters and laserjets shared the same toner cartridges and paper trays. postscript is a complete programming language that has to be run in a suitable interpreter and then sent to a software rasterizer program, al...	wikipedia
14bf166bda9c2733b694d7b73fc4d103bce4ba53	while competing printers and their associated control languages	while competing printers and their associated control languages offered some of the capabilities of postscript, they were limited in their ability to reproduce free-form layouts (as a desktop publishing application might produce), use outline fonts, or offer the level of detail and control over the page layout. hp's ow...	wikipedia
5099d8c0ff7855645192360909688786bf218b62	the combination of the laserwriter, postscript, pagemaker and	the combination of the laserwriter, postscript, pagemaker and the mac's gui and built-in appletalk networking would ultimately transform the landscape of computer desktop publishing. at the time, apple planned to release a suite of appletalk products as part of the macintosh office, with the laserwriter being only the ...	wikipedia
17e25e46291d5c3a7bef26b2ac8c9179e9fb69c2	the laserwriter was announced at apple's annual shareholder	the laserwriter was announced at apple's annual shareholder meeting on january 23, 1985, the same day aldus announced pagemaker. shipments began in march 1985 at the retail price of us$6,995, significantly more than the hp model. however, the laserwriter featured appletalk support that allowed the printer to be shared ...	wikipedia
bcbfc8827b2e3adae60036098721aa90839b6910	at about the same time, jonathan seybold (john	at about the same time, jonathan seybold (john w. seybold 's son) introduced paul brainerd to apple, where he learned of apple's laser printer efforts and saw the potential for a new program using the mac's gui to produce postscript output for the new printer. arranging his own funding through a venture capital firm, b...	wikipedia