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3d4cc32fe3a4b4399c989e79c8bb75e9b52a95a2 | the book follows lieutenant nicholas lord ramage and | the book follows lieutenant nicholas lord ramage and his experiences commanding the cutter hms kathleen. dispatched by commodore horatio nelson to carry messages to gibraltar while transporting the italians refugees rescued in ramage. during the voyage, the marchesa and ramage exchange rings through a faked shooting co... | wikipedia |
d66c9212aaddc17f614a14f82565e27ee073865b | ramage and the drum beat, later republished as | ramage and the drum beat, later republished as ramage and the drumbeat and as drumbeat is an historical novel by dudley pope, set during 1796 and 1797 amongst the naval warfare of the french revolutionary wars. it is the second of the ramage novels, following on from ramage. during the book, ramage becomes an integral ... | wikipedia |
c4906e9e9525011aa66bccaaea7e905137cb2ae0 | paul richard mara is an american former professional | paul richard mara is an american former professional ice hockey defenceman, and current head coach of the boston pride in the phf. he was selected 7th overall by the tampa bay lightning in the 1997 nhl entry draft, and went on to play 12 seasons in the national hockey league. | wikipedia |
ddec064f1c2db640880efc66595d2a71cc34f220 | mara was a member of the 1996–97, 1997–98, | mara was a member of the 1996–97, 1997–98, and 1998–99 united states world junior championship teams. he also played for the united states at the 2004 world championships in prague, czech republic. | wikipedia |
a841747f22ee698a2745024c2ee0ad1c91c44398 | mara was born in ridgewood, new jersey and | mara was born in ridgewood, new jersey and despite his birthplace, he is of no relation to the family of wellington mara, who were known for their ownership of the nfl 's new york giants. mara was raised in belmont, massachusetts. | wikipedia |
b46b54232d58f00fd45842d0a953b091bb41a5b4 | mara was the assistant coach of the 2018 | mara was the assistant coach of the 2018 olympic united states women's national ice hockey team. on may 30, 2018, mara was named head coach of the phf's (formerly nwhl) boston pride. he is currently the head coach with the most wins in phf history, and one of only two coaches to win more than 30 games. mara became the ... | wikipedia |
400d768e077cd58d79ce6902c879e08f8c0f7400 | on september 16, 2010, mara signed with the | on september 16, 2010, mara signed with the anaheim ducks for one year at $750,000. after appearing in 33 games with the ducks to start the 2010–11 season, on february 16, 2011, mara was traded by the ducks to the montreal canadiens in exchange for a 2012 5th round draft pick. he took a brief break from hockey during t... | wikipedia |
8113ba9dd8ebc0ebd42a7602c94a3eebbe42cb42 | on february 27, 2007, mara was traded to | on february 27, 2007, mara was traded to the new york rangers for aaron ward. on july 4, 2008, mara re-signed with the rangers for one year at $1.95 million. | wikipedia |
4f4b3476a4e46af1998a99e39bd1eba7491798e5 | mara was drafted in the first round, 7th | mara was drafted in the first round, 7th overall, in the 1997 nhl entry draft by the tampa bay lightning. he spent two seasons between the lightning and their ihl affiliate team the detroit vipers before being traded to the phoenix coyotes in 2001. he played 81 games with the coyotes in 2003-04. during the 2004 nhl loc... | wikipedia |
2c9d6ff7ff9e754b86fff30d281a5479e1e9d50b | after playing two seasons of high school level | after playing two seasons of high school level hockey in massachusetts for belmont hill school paul mara joined the sudbury wolves of the ontario hockey league for the 1996–97 season. as part of a three team trade with the windsor spitfires mara was traded to the plymouth whalers on december 16, 1997. in reflecting on ... | wikipedia |
8572bcdad69c33129e652ca21e3756ff9ffbe799 | petteri wirtanen is a finnish professional ice hockey | petteri wirtanen is a finnish professional ice hockey forward currently playing with hc tps in the liiga. wirtanen was selected 172nd overall in the 6th round of the 2006 nhl entry draft by the anaheim ducks. | wikipedia |
37034ddd14a57558e633081a2e46640f6f0fcfa9 | after stints with hc donbass and hc fribourg-gottéron, | after stints with hc donbass and hc fribourg-gottéron, wirtanen returned to the khl in signing an initial two-year contract with finnish club, jokerit, on november 14, 2014. | wikipedia |
d8bd23b6b911df7315c23facce40015f178ae15a | at the conclusion of his rookie contract, wirtanen | at the conclusion of his rookie contract, wirtanen opted to return to finland in signing a multi-year contract with hifk on july 28, 2009. he helped hifk capture the finnish liiga title, his second, in 2011. | wikipedia |
296799bfa914d8bbb93cc83c7df79c18df4df517 | wirtanen spent his first full north american season | wirtanen spent his first full north american season with the ducks' american hockey league affiliate, the portland pirates for the 2006–07 campaign. he recorded 7 goals and 18 points in 67 games. in the following season he made his nhl debut for the ducks on october 17, 2007. appearing in just 3 games for 1 goal. | wikipedia |
9e7bde496d2bc86be5c3bb32e6a54be0f58e3493 | wirtanen played as a youth within hpk. he | wirtanen played as a youth within hpk. he made his professional debut with the club at the sm-liiga level during the 2004–05 season. in the following season he became a finnish champion with hpk in 2006. he was signed to a three-year, entry-level contract with the anaheim ducks on july 27, 2006. | wikipedia |
9b3ab66175a8744f330c20c8254ca1d99ed69d00 | petteri wirtanen (born may 28, 1986) is a | petteri wirtanen (born may 28, 1986) is a finnish professional ice hockey forward currently playing with hc tps in the liiga. wirtanen was selected 172nd overall in the 6th round of the 2006 nhl entry draft by the anaheim ducks. | wikipedia |
5b38139c37d20757c8e2d96704bda13409774dde | everton sousa soares, usually known as just everton | everton sousa soares, usually known as just everton or everton cebolinha, is a brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for campeonato brasileiro série a club flamengo and the brazil national team. | wikipedia |
9dae393c1189e3400d174164921e8643d0dc6e21 | everton got the nickname cebola (onion in portuguese) | everton got the nickname cebola (onion in portuguese) from his grêmio teammate pará, however, with the arrival of uruguayan new transfer cristian rodríguez, who's also known as cebolla, everton came to be called cebolinha in reference to the cartoon character jimmy five (cebolinha in brazil), of monica's gang. | wikipedia |
e44d4d8cfe7f45463ea9fd31577e6237f23a02c5 | in the 2019 copa américa final on 7 | in the 2019 copa américa final on 7 july, at the maracanã stadium, everton scored the opening goal in an eventual 3–1 win over peru, and was named man of the match; he also finished the tournament as the top scorer with 3 goals, alongside peru's paolo guerrero, but won the golden boot award due to having played fewer m... | wikipedia |
573237faec84de353f48c51774c927b6490e54ec | in may 2019, he was included in brazil's | in may 2019, he was included in brazil's 23-man squad for the 2019 copa américa on home soil. he scored his first ever international goal in brazil's opening game of the tournament, netting the final goal in a 3–0 win against bolivia on 15 june. seven days later, everton scored his second international goal against per... | wikipedia |
236437d8caec5e06c358330ea6a385200c637b05 | on 17 august 2018, everton was called up | on 17 august 2018, everton was called up by coach tite for friendly matches against united states, and el salvador. thus, everton was in the first list of brazil after the 2018 fifa world cup. | wikipedia |
27ce09290f9e8ab696a50083e31f4bc4d98bea89 | on 15 august 2016, everton renewed his contract | on 15 august 2016, everton renewed his contract with grêmio until 2020. on 23 november, in the first leg of the 2016 copa do brasil finals, he came on as a late substitute for douglas and scored the 3rd goal in a 3–1 away win against atlético mineiro; he was a starter in the second leg, a 1–1 home draw which granted th... | wikipedia |
4b2377a19f81a7ce56f1823023e94fc86d07111b | everton made his série a debut on 20 | everton made his série a debut on 20 april 2014, replacing pará in a 1–0 away loss against athletico paranaense. rarely used during the tournament, he started to feature more regularly during the 2015 campaign, scoring his first goal in the top tier on 6 september in a 2–1 home success over goiás. | wikipedia |
91e47085d7c9d7b5b4c14a21e4a018ad1b1b2fe0 | promoted to the main squad by enderson moreira | promoted to the main squad by enderson moreira ahead of the 2014 season, everton made his first team debut on 19 january of that year, coming on as a second-half substitute for yuri mamute in a 1–0 campeonato gaúcho away loss against são josé-pa. his first goal came on four days later, as he scored the first goal in a ... | wikipedia |
3a2106ac03771b2cd730f558956cb78b79172c54 | everton was born in maracanaú, ceará, and joined | everton was born in maracanaú, ceará, and joined grêmio 's youth setup in 2012, from fortaleza. initially on loan, he signed a permanent contract in october 2013, whilst also being linked to manchester city in the process. | wikipedia |
acb6e72e4150c1628d0afa554db8ea42f37e1f77 | everton sousa soares (born 22 march 1996), usually | everton sousa soares (born 22 march 1996), usually known as just everton (brazilian portuguese:) or everton cebolinha (" jimmy five " in portuguese), is a brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for campeonato brasileiro série a club flamengo and the brazil national team. | wikipedia |
ebe12adcbb412a5757677defa1b2df925089cb6c | the tony award for best performance by a | the tony award for best performance by a leading actor in a musical is an honor presented at the tony awards, a ceremony established in 1947 as the antoinette perry awards for excellence in theatre, to actors for quality leading roles in a musical play, whether a new production or a revival. the awards are named after ... | wikipedia |
f463841460ce19701c136bb2028fd6e4649975ca | † – most of the leading male characters | † – most of the leading male characters in little me are played by the same actor, but the actual roles vary. in the original 1962 broadway production and the 1998 revival, sid caesar and martin short (respectively) played noble eggleston, amos pinchley, val du val, fred poitrine, otto schnitzler, and prince cherney. c... | wikipedia |
b7717241020c1959a0792d9e0ee78b75f99dc6a9 | nine actors hold the record for having the | nine actors hold the record for having the most wins in this category, with a total of two. john cullum, brian d'arcy james and raul julia are tied with the most nominations, with a total of four. pseudolus in a funny thing happened on the way to the forum is the character to take the award the most times, winning thre... | wikipedia |
7b9f1437f5f9e4535bf90f2cdf74329a05f69de0 | the award was originally called the tony award | the award was originally called the tony award for actors—musical. it was first presented to paul hartman at the 2nd tony awards for his portrayal of various characters in angel in the wings. before 1956, nominees' names were not made public; the change was made by the awards committee to "have a greater impact on thea... | wikipedia |
22f2c3ed2892f9b4bb8447bc4daed6f34440d4ba | the tony award for best performance by a | the tony award for best performance by a leading actor in a musical is an honor presented at the tony awards, a ceremony established in 1947 as the antoinette perry awards for excellence in theatre, to actors for quality leading roles in a musical play, whether a new production or a revival. the awards are named after ... | wikipedia |
69e81196061a86811aab119ad6d7b166ed0de58c | includes all competitions. the list is sorted by | includes all competitions. the list is sorted by squad number when total clean sheets are equal. numbers in parentheses represent games where both goalkeepers participated and both kept a clean sheet; the number in parentheses is awarded to the goalkeeper who was substituted on, whilst a full clean sheet is awarded to ... | wikipedia |
f9ce0fa00895338ff5a728ecba8040843af4648c | ryan winterton is a canadian professional ice hockey | ryan winterton is a canadian professional ice hockey centre for the coachella valley firebirds of the american hockey league (ahl) as a prospect under contract to the seattle kraken of the national hockey league (nhl). he was selected sixty-seventh overall by the kraken in the 2021 nhl entry draft. | wikipedia |
06f01629c5ce57bec3659b5a445d6f49c1d92cd0 | following the signing of the contract, winterton participated | following the signing of the contract, winterton participated in the kraken's training camp ahead of the 2023–24 season. he was cut from training camp on september 29 and re-assigned to their american hockey league (ahl) affiliate, the coachella valley firebirds, to start the season. winterton made his professional deb... | wikipedia |
5465c4ed875205c0a39a9f3a854dbc3d2f1887ba | following the draft, winterton was expected to participate | following the draft, winterton was expected to participate in the kraken's training camp before returning to the bulldogs for the 2021–22 season. however, he suffered a shoulder injury during the bulldogs 2021 preseason camp and subsequently missed the first half of the ohl season. he was originally expected to miss a ... | wikipedia |
dfc48e55b83a9694d60246375745555d05a4e54c | due to covid-19 playing restrictions, the ohl did | due to covid-19 playing restrictions, the ohl did not resume play for the 2020–21 season and winterton missed his sophomore year with the bulldogs. during the play pause, winterton play in 5-on-5 and 3-on-3 scrimmages organized by his agent and various coaches. although he did not play in the ohl, winterton was selecte... | wikipedia |
74ff0a8314c98c46e568216541d823efd9369320 | winterton debuted with the bulldogs during the shortened | winterton debuted with the bulldogs during the shortened 2019–20 season. in his ohl debut on september 30, he scored the game-winning goal to lift the bulldogs to a 4–3 win over the sarnia sting. by mid-october, he had added one goal and one assist through nine games and was added to the team's power-play and penalty k... | wikipedia |
b8fc43d4d875a49d202588626d27c80fa818b803 | although he was born in markham, winterton began | although he was born in markham, winterton began his ice hockey career in whitby, ontario with the whitby wildcats in the ontario minor hockey association (omha). in the 2018–19 season, winterton amassed 38 goals and 34 assists through 36 games and helped the wildcats qualify for the omha championship. during the tourn... | wikipedia |
eba130eb323254ee6c4681f6da492cd261d9dd22 | winterton was born on september 4, 2003, in | winterton was born on september 4, 2003, in markham, ontario, canada, to parents lesley and garth winterton. his older brother jacob also plays ice hockey and most recently played for the university of guelph. | wikipedia |
3e2a7bb559817268b4b0e274dc54e406a4605a6e | ryan winterton (born september 4, 2003) is a | ryan winterton (born september 4, 2003) is a canadian professional ice hockey centre for the coachella valley firebirds of the american hockey league (ahl) as a prospect under contract to the seattle kraken of the national hockey league (nhl). he was selected sixty-seventh overall by the kraken in the 2021 nhl entry dr... | wikipedia |
0c5e7438a87af6725b6ae1b7457778ea91b5b983 | kraskovsky made his kontinental hockey league (khl) debut | kraskovsky made his kontinental hockey league (khl) debut playing with lokomotiv yaroslavl during the 2013–14 khl season. on june 26, 2014, kraskovsky was drafted in the 6th round of the 2014 nhl entry draft (164th overall) by the winnipeg jets of the national hockey league | wikipedia |
784762f7e2a4a7b81638f2d8daeb9aa685b1a5b5 | pavel dmitrievich kraskovsky (russian: Павел Дмитриевич Красковский; born | pavel dmitrievich kraskovsky (russian: Павел Дмитриевич Красковский; born september 11, 1996) is a russian professional ice hockey player. he is currently playing with lokomotiv yaroslavl of the kontinental hockey league (khl). | wikipedia |
cb498c09f9c8de273a94235064ccc756157fcc5f | yuen ren chao, also known as zhao yuanren, | yuen ren chao, also known as zhao yuanren, was a chinese-american linguist, educator, scholar, poet, and composer, who contributed to the modern study of chinese phonology and grammar. chao was born and raised in china, then attended university in the united states, where he earned degrees from cornell university and h... | wikipedia |
c95e2e9e2120b1a8103ef0392c9b50cd2026ae39 | late in his life, chao was invited by | late in his life, chao was invited by deng xiaoping to return to china in 1981. previously at the invitation of premier zhou enlai, he and his wife returned to china in 1973 for the first time since the 1940s. after his wife died in march 1981 he visited china again between may and june. he died in cambridge, massachus... | wikipedia |
65b1652547c0b050ce4e4da33516b7e6ff040ea2 | both chao and his wife yang were known | both chao and his wife yang were known for their good senses of humor, he particularly for his love of subtle jokes and language puns: they published a family history entitled, life with chaos: the autobiography of a chinese family. their first daughter rulan chao pian (1922–2013) was professor of east asian studies an... | wikipedia |
5c632fa49799636ddedafa1813e7c4eeefee945d | yang buwei published how to cook and eat | yang buwei published how to cook and eat in chinese in 1946, and the book went through many editions. their daughter rulan wrote the english text and mr. chao developmentally edited the text based on mrs. chao's developed recipes, as well as her experiences gathering recipes in various areas of china. among the three o... | wikipedia |
d112ce630a976f3c76729ce1c2dc9dd8e4845687 | in 1920, he married the physician yang buwei. | in 1920, he married the physician yang buwei. the ceremony was simple, as opposed to traditional weddings, attended only by hu shih and one other friend. hu's account of it in the newspapers made the couple a model of modern marriage for china's new culture generation. | wikipedia |
69a80c2c2b475cbbac4d1d4f4b1cc3ddc9d81181 | chao also wrote " lion-eating poet in the | chao also wrote " lion-eating poet in the stone den ", a chinese text consisting of 92 characters, each with the syllable shi in modern standard chinese, only varying by tone. when written out using chinese characters the text can be understood, but it is incomprehensible when read out aloud in standard chinese, and th... | wikipedia |
796d1ffc01db427f610c2b15f4fcdffb6f25d667 | chao invented the general chinese phonetic system to | chao invented the general chinese phonetic system to represent the pronunciations of all major varieties of chinese simultaneously. it is not specifically a romanization system, but two alternate systems: one uses chinese characters phonetically as a syllabary, and the other is an alphabetic romanization system with si... | wikipedia |
dfafeaa9d83c5f0fc295b947be5318268d583b17 | he is the author of one of the | he is the author of one of the most important standard modern works on chinese grammar, a grammar of spoken chinese, which was translated into chinese separately by lü shuxiang in 1979 and by ting pang-hsin in 1980. it was an expansion of the grammar chapters in his earlier textbooks, mandarin primer and cantonese prim... | wikipedia |
785c04c7a2e2849eb11efa5c0fd4e9974457c0e3 | in 1938, he left for the us and | in 1938, he left for the us and resided there afterwards. in 1945, he served as president of the linguistic society of america, and in 1966 a special issue of the society's journal language was dedicated to him. in 1954, he became an american citizen. in the 1950s he was among the first members of the society for gener... | wikipedia |
9489457a848e710d1132302bef5072faacf9219d | he began to conduct linguistic fieldwork throughout china | he began to conduct linguistic fieldwork throughout china for the institute of history and philology of academia sinica from 1928 onwards. during this period of time, he collaborated with luo changpei, another leading chinese linguist of his generation, to translate bernhard karlgren 's Études sur la phonologie chinois... | wikipedia |
74951321f01c4734715585315e096c51ebc935db | in 1920, chao returned to china and taught | in 1920, chao returned to china and taught mathematics at tsinghua university. the next year, he returned to the united states to teach at harvard university. in 1925, he again returned to china, teaching at tsinghua, and in 1926 began a survey of the wu dialects. while at tsinghua, chao was considered one of the 'four... | wikipedia |
58a395099bdb6490034cb4340e4233424b931caa | already in college his interests had turned to | already in college his interests had turned to music and languages. he spoke german and french fluently and some japanese, and he had a reading knowledge of ancient greek and latin. he was bertrand russell 's interpreter during russell's visit to china in 1920. in my linguistic autobiography, chao wrote of his ability ... | wikipedia |
49ea3a5d5a1bb78518baa9220392b5f53d208d98 | chao was born in tianjin in 1892, though | chao was born in tianjin in 1892, though his family's ancestral home was in changzhou, jiangsu. in 1910, chao went to the united states with a boxer indemnity scholarship to study mathematics and physics at cornell university, where he was a classmate and lifelong friend of hu shih (1891–1962), the leader of the new cu... | wikipedia |
723b9f9850f174a434b4b11d5b3b05351a7104f5 | yuen ren chao (3 november 1892 – 25 | yuen ren chao (3 november 1892 – 25 february 1982), also known as zhao yuanren, was a chinese-american linguist, educator, scholar, poet, and composer, who contributed to the modern study of chinese phonology and grammar. chao was born and raised in china, then attended university in the united states, where he earned ... | wikipedia |
f2e0f4ad75122b2d08b29176c9e2f75616547d79 | the institute of physics of the chinese academy | the institute of physics of the chinese academy of sciences was the result of a merger, after the communist took control of the mainland china in 1949, between the institute of physics of academia sinica (iopas) founded in shanghai in 1928 and the institute of physics of national academy of peiping (iopnap) founded in ... | wikipedia |
f4b552366d53576a73b29e58c3e0eb4788271f69 | the institute of physics of the chinese academy | under iopcas. they are the national lab for superconductivity established in 1991, the state key laboratory of magnetism opened in 1990 and the state key laboratory of surface physics founded in 1987. in addition, a series of cas key labs in the fields such as optical physics, extreme conditions physics, electron micr... | wikipedia |
2d85886a17a11349af76f066a147619ee06f6df8 | the iopcas established partnership with institutions and universities | the iopcas established partnership with institutions and universities of over 30 countries, such as stanford university, university of california, berkeley, the royal society of london, centre national de la recherche scientifique, max planck society, japan society for the promotion of science, among many others. by 20... | wikipedia |
58dc03d0befbcc4f02d9752660932f8049711ca6 | three chinese state key laboratories are now under | three chinese state key laboratories are now under iopcas. they are the national lab for superconductivity established in 1991, the state key laboratory of magnetism opened in 1990 and the state key laboratory of surface physics founded in 1987. in addition, a series of cas key labs in the fields such as optical physic... | wikipedia |
080757d646b409279cfd77d64e55fb38041b5148 | besides yan jici and wu ta-you, several chinese | besides yan jici and wu ta-you, several chinese prominent scientists have also worked at iopcas or one of its predecessors, wu youxun, chung-yao chao, qian sanqiang, among others. | wikipedia |
e77494f11d35ba042fc11bbb36c2cc9bb98b4c48 | by the end of 2017, the iopcas counted | by the end of 2017, the iopcas counted 346 of scientific research, 127 of technical support, with research activities on condensed matter physics, optical physics, atomic and molecular physics, plasma physics, soft matter physics, and condensed matter theory and computation physics. 14 academicians of the chinese acade... | wikipedia |
340efbf80af84040fb118b7e8b133b3a39aaeb78 | claiming the same root, a partnership agreement between | claiming the same root, a partnership agreement between the iopcas in mainland china and iopas in taiwan was signed by their directors during the celebration of their 80th anniversary of foundation amid a warming trend in cross-strait relations of the time. however, in 2018, the two iops celebrated their 90th anniversa... | wikipedia |
79b34e1eea3dbbf457fef137e0c081266275889e | the institute of physics of the chinese academy | the institute of physics of the chinese academy of sciences (iopcas chinese: 中国科学院物理研究所) was the result of a merger, after the communist took control of the mainland china in 1949, between the institute of physics of academia sinica (iopas) founded in shanghai in 1928 and the institute of physics of national academy of... | wikipedia |
1a924699e47bef120b346b32da67a6dbaad88b53 | thus, the larger the optical depth, the smaller | thus, the larger the optical depth, the smaller the amount of transmitted radiant power through the material. spectral optical depth or spectral optical thickness is the natural logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted spectral radiant power through a material. optical depth is dimensionless, and in particular... | wikipedia |
df71594289c4bfc9fcaa1d871d49ddaf0f6c26c6 | in astronomy, the photosphere of a star is | in astronomy, the photosphere of a star is defined as the surface where its optical depth is 2/3. this means that each photon emitted at the photosphere suffers an average of less than one scattering before it reaches the observer. at the temperature at optical depth 2/3, the energy emitted by the star (the original de... | wikipedia |
3803dbd22913b4555ae4d359e1e6281328de55be | the optical depth with respect to the height | the optical depth with respect to the height within the atmosphere is given by τ (z) = k a w 1 ρ 0 h e − z / h {\displaystyle \tau (z)=k_{\text{a}}w_{1}\rho _{0}he^{-z/h}} and it follows that the total atmospheric optical depth is given by τ (0) = k a w 1 ρ 0 h {\displaystyle \tau (0)=k_{\text{a}}w_{1}\rho _{0}h} | wikipedia |
87152f460032b7ba6f355721460e05196f0dc703 | in atmospheric sciences, one often refers to the | in atmospheric sciences, one often refers to the optical depth of the atmosphere as corresponding to the vertical path from earth's surface to outer space; at other times the optical path is from the observer's altitude to outer space. the optical depth for a slant path is τ = mτ ′, where τ′ refers to a vertical path, ... | wikipedia |
afc0ce5e6d58046d10988820b7b22b6ca5bed0d9 | in atomic physics, the spectral optical depth of | in atomic physics, the spectral optical depth of a cloud of atoms can be calculated from the quantum-mechanical properties of the atoms. it is given by τ ν = d 2 n ν 2 c ℏ ε 0 σ γ {\displaystyle \tau _{\nu }={\frac {d^{2}n\nu }{2\mathrm {c} \hbar \varepsilon _{0}\sigma \gamma }}} where | wikipedia |
d58df303d41a9fc57d09a9f62c2f7db8c7187586 | and if n {\displaystyle n} is uniform along | and if n {\displaystyle n} is uniform along the path, i.e., n (z) ≡ n {\displaystyle n(z)\equiv n}, the relation becomes: τ = σ n l {\displaystyle \tau =\sigma nl} | wikipedia |
d270d8313f2596a8c8b8e44cd5495c52e92ba972 | sometimes the relation is given using the attenuation | sometimes the relation is given using the attenuation cross section of the material, that is its attenuation coefficient divided by its number density: τ = ∫ 0 l σ n (z) d z, {\displaystyle \tau =\int _{0}^{l}\sigma n(z)\,\mathrm {d} z,} where | wikipedia |
dec98fc956dbfa1932813d5f0b45b7718dedfc48 | optical depth of a material is also related | optical depth of a material is also related to its attenuation coefficient by: τ = ∫ 0 l α (z) d z, {\displaystyle \tau =\int _{0}^{l}\alpha (z)\,\mathrm {d} z,} where | wikipedia |
67151ff397897b1ff2a2ccd4358569bacc79f4f5 | and according to the beer–lambert law, t = | and according to the beer–lambert law, t = e − τ, {\displaystyle t=e^{-\tau },} so: a t t = 1 − e − τ + e ≈ τ + e ≈ τ, if τ ≪ 1 and e ≪ τ. {\displaystyle att=1-e^{-\tau }+e\approx \tau +e\approx \tau,\quad {\text{if}}\ \tau \ll 1\ {\text{and}}\ e\ll \tau.} | wikipedia |
bd3b83f9b4acbfe0287113a831e4a2c87bea8aba | optical depth measures the attenuation of the transmitted | optical depth measures the attenuation of the transmitted radiant power in a material. attenuation can be caused by absorption, but also reflection, scattering, and other physical processes. optical depth of a material is approximately equal to its attenuation when both the absorbance is much less than 1 and the emitta... | wikipedia |
e8831a231950682663fe75dfedfae9d50eba10d9 | spectral absorbance is related to spectral optical depth | spectral absorbance is related to spectral optical depth by: τ ν = a ν ln 10, {\displaystyle \tau _{\nu }=a_{\nu }\ln 10,} τ λ = a λ ln 10, {\displaystyle \tau _{\lambda }=a_{\lambda }\ln 10,} where | wikipedia |
2879def09bf6ada10f9d87737a60e8d7c31708d5 | spectral optical depth in frequency and spectral optical | spectral optical depth in frequency and spectral optical depth in wavelength of a material, denoted τ ν {\displaystyle \tau _{\nu }} and τ λ {\displaystyle \tau _{\lambda }} respectively, are given by: τ ν = ln (Φ e, ν i Φ e, ν t) = − ln t ν {\displaystyle \tau _{\nu }=\ln \!\left({\frac {\phi _{\mathrm {e},\nu }^{\mat... | wikipedia |
5cfde1ad6815b0872dfa45224b6c87acc293ba13 | optical depth of a material, denoted τ {\textstyle | optical depth of a material, denoted τ {\textstyle \tau }, is given by: τ = ln (Φ e i Φ e t) = − ln t {\displaystyle \tau =\ln \!\left({\frac {\phi _{\mathrm {e} }^{\mathrm {i} }}{\phi _{\mathrm {e} }^{\mathrm {t} }}}\right)=-\ln t} where | wikipedia |
9b557a48b853b074822f69f1795441ef5e4c1a86 | in chemistry, a closely related quantity called " | in chemistry, a closely related quantity called " absorbance " or "decadic absorbance" is used instead of optical depth: the common logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a material. it is the optical depth divided by log (10), because of the different logarithm bases used. | wikipedia |
2445504dbe261886bfd890155488fd6ae8fe4d72 | in physics, optical depth or optical thickness is | in physics, optical depth or optical thickness is the natural logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a material.thus, the larger the optical depth, the smaller the amount of transmitted radiant power through the material. spectral optical depth or spectral optical thickness is the natur... | wikipedia |
87df23bc7b1a366295aca7d77df3a1b3488c518f | clarence weathers is a former professional american football | clarence weathers is a former professional american football wide receiver in the national football league (nfl). weathers played nine seasons for the new england patriots (1983–1984), the cleveland browns (1985–1988), the indianapolis colts (1989), the kansas city chiefs (1989), and the green bay packers (1990–1991). ... | wikipedia |
26e8cad483019e077e4d91eaeee7ca80a22cfc20 | clarence weathers (born january 10, 1962, in greenville, | clarence weathers (born january 10, 1962, in greenville, south carolina) is a former professional american football wide receiver in the national football league (nfl). weathers played nine seasons for the new england patriots (1983–1984), the cleveland browns (1985–1988), the indianapolis colts (1989), the kansas city... | wikipedia |
b89425a0765b6da6c557aec3d966fc6aee66fa82 | drug eluting implants encompass a wide range of | drug eluting implants encompass a wide range of bioactive implants that can be placed in or near a tissue to provide a controlled, sustained or on demand release of drug while overcoming barriers associated with traditional oral and intravenous drug administration, such as limited bioavailability, metabolism, and toxic... | wikipedia |
280df322bb3b2ea52b5b45ceda2b6e16014a348b | the field of drug eluting implants is expanding | the field of drug eluting implants is expanding to encompass treatment and management methods for a variety of treatments. in the future, possibilities exist to manufacture 'smart' drug eluting implants fitted with sensors that can provide feedback-controlled drug delivery in patients suffering from abnormalities such ... | wikipedia |
38748fb7c14c38f6352b1a3ab3f979dc183e3626 | foreign bodies implanted into the body can elicit | foreign bodies implanted into the body can elicit immune responses. medically implanted drug eluting devices can induce an inflammatory response as well as being rejected by the body which can cause chronic inflammation. anti-inflammatory drugs can be administered alongside the implantation of a drug eluting device to ... | wikipedia |
50517349790aadebe21d435d0ec4e63aab8f4e65 | there are issues that can arise with the | there are issues that can arise with the local and targeted method of drug eluting implants. one of the largest obstacles that the field of drug eluting implants faces is the mechanism of drug loading and reloading of non-biodegradable implants. the development of drugs that can travel from systemic circulation to a sp... | wikipedia |
c98f3a89e51f88d01231c307c14a32e4b6f25b14 | the introduction of a drug eluting implant to | the introduction of a drug eluting implant to a local tissue can provide targeted and sustained dosing of drug and prevent systemic metabolism, a common obstacle seen in orally delivered medications. this can reduce dosage which can in turn reduce treatment cost. lower drug concentrations delivered via local depots can... | wikipedia |
700d66582c6d3ae6595d5895b6fa3e2fe23edee3 | drug eluting implants aim to improve efficacy of | drug eluting implants aim to improve efficacy of drug delivery by overcoming issues commonly associated with traditional systemic administration of drugs such as metabolism, toxicity, and an inability to maintain a certain concentration of drug in the circulation. to overcome these issues, patients are usually administ... | wikipedia |
4a7466170279f77fe36af1b74e570b721d25e7ab | normally, once drug is loaded into a delivery | normally, once drug is loaded into a delivery system, there is no non-invasive way to refill once drug levels in the system are depleted. developments in drug delivery refilling have shown potential through chemically modified drug-loaded hydrogels that, once in the body, are able to translocate to a specific local dru... | wikipedia |
3c4482b295affbd73d4b993098c4c5d70ea29121 | the loading of a drug onto a matrix | the loading of a drug onto a matrix can be either incorporated into the drug at the time of manufacture or performed after the printing of an implant is complete. drugs integrated at the point of manufacture through blending with polymeric materials are generally able to withstand preparation conditions which can exclu... | wikipedia |
12eead5efd17b2b73dadfb86c9e19b5f65437fcd | metals however are susceptible to erosion and infection | metals however are susceptible to erosion and infection and lack biological activity. when metals are used as an implant as opposed to a permanent mechanical fixture, problems can arise when contacting associated bone and releasing drug to target tissues such as static stresses that can lead to bone loss at the site of... | wikipedia |
13faa92062fba37db2c813f66eaffaa3c057d1a1 | metals such as titanium are highly biocompatible and | metals such as titanium are highly biocompatible and therefore commonly used in osteopathic medicine in the manufacturing of artificial joints. these joints are often coated in polymeric, or ceramic material embedded with drugs for prevention of infection and rejection, and to reduce inflammatory responses that are com... | wikipedia |
1107bab60f9cd17b5a98ecbebe839b5688a49d03 | ceramic implants can be classified as bio-inert and | ceramic implants can be classified as bio-inert and include materials such as aluminum, zirconia, and certain carbon and silicon derivatives which are not biodegradable. bioactive ceramic implants are biodegradable substances that include calcium phosphates, and a variety of oxidised minerals that mimic natural bone pr... | wikipedia |
de0e4f9cbc8473d45b6082f26fa938e2465fcac4 | in relation to biomedical implant manufacturing, the term | in relation to biomedical implant manufacturing, the term 'ceramic' can be used to encompass a wide variety of non-metallic substances that can be utilised in drug eluting implants due to their biocompatible properties such as resistance to corrosion and shear, low electrical conductance ability, and high melting tempe... | wikipedia |
3b01056fcd2f054cbf80cc42ccdfd310f2a13430 | polymers can be used to create monolithic drug | polymers can be used to create monolithic drug delivery systems in which a drug is released in a rate-controlled polymer matrix, reservoir drug delivery systems containing a drug-filled core that releases drug in a manner dependent on the surrounding polymer, and hydrogels that can release drugs controlled by a variety... | wikipedia |
b991401f0f995cd91ae2dbca63d0fc3ca7518f7e | common degradable polymer materials used in drug eluting | common degradable polymer materials used in drug eluting implants include poly e-caprolactone (pcl), polylactic-co-glycolic acid (plga) and poly-l-lactic acid (plla), while non-degradable polymer materials include silicones commonly used in plastic surgery, urethanes and acrylates, and are more likely to be used in the... | wikipedia |
d43094d6541b129970a9ef5a0cb70fe6fefd2cd7 | 3d printing involves the production of a 3-dimensional | 3d printing involves the production of a 3-dimensional object through the layering of material. there are a variety of 3d printing techniques, all of which come with their own advantages and disadvantages which should be considered when creating an individualized implant. the production of these drug eluting implants t... | wikipedia |
f3cfed208c8c7cd4bafba425a05575f72b5dbc4a | the structure of the implant is individualized and | the structure of the implant is individualized and designed to conform to the shape of the tissue that is being treated. the implant contains a reservoir that elutes a drug dependent on the mechanism of release. this mechanism be in the form of a matrix coating of the implant or a reservoir within the implant. designs ... | wikipedia |
fa70a43440e0131e2539446b8f7e124851c17072 | current treatment for oncological conditions include chemotherapy, radiation | current treatment for oncological conditions include chemotherapy, radiation and surgery. drug eluting implants have shown potential in the treatment of cancer through adjuvant chemotherapy that has shown to suppress tumor formation locally, overcoming side effects associated with systemic chemotherapy treatment and re... | wikipedia |
b3df1a1f037a1e3507083ae1e564c98775388476 | the treatment of orthopedic conditions has proved to | the treatment of orthopedic conditions has proved to be a large target area for drug eluting implants. current uses for this method drug delivery include bone and joint implants that can release drugs at the joint replacement sites to prevent infection and anti-inflammatory responses. | wikipedia |
f8cb1b4b69727aee6663b5ad2b641b7a6a04d6b9 | common gynecological implants that elute contraceptive medication can | common gynecological implants that elute contraceptive medication can be inserted subcutaneously or into the uterus. non-invasive drug eluting ring implants that can be inserted into the vagina and release therapeutic doses of contraceptive, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic drugs to increase compliance of contraceptive... | wikipedia |
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