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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
fd42fe261065d8443f34b235fa3802cf16fc60eb	gamma rays produced by stars of fewer than	gamma rays produced by stars of fewer than 100 or so solar masses are not energetic enough to produce electron-positron pairs. some of these stars will undergo supernovae of a different type at the end of their lives, but the causative mechanisms do not involve pair-instability.	wikipedia
84476634b742ed81fd7b1a898d1f65d903121d10	for a star to undergo pair-instability supernova, the	for a star to undergo pair-instability supernova, the increased creation of positron/electron pairs by gamma ray collisions must reduce outward pressure enough for inward gravitational pressure to overwhelm it. high rotational speed and/or metallicity can prevent this. stars with these characteristics still contract as...	wikipedia
3d15ea8f05f6e01e7902c1726f0b43170a621a87	as temperatures and gamma ray energies increase, more	as temperatures and gamma ray energies increase, more and more gamma ray energy is absorbed in creating electron–positron pairs. this reduction in gamma ray energy density reduces the radiation pressure that resists gravitational collapse and supports the outer layers of the star. the star contracts, compressing and he...	wikipedia
8669a2486d2618c84dd88da27fbfc5e00e2878a3	at the very high density of a large	at the very high density of a large stellar core, pair production and annihilation occur rapidly. gamma rays, electrons, and positrons are overall held in thermal equilibrium, ensuring the star's core remains stable. by random fluctuation, the sudden heating and compression of the core can generate gamma rays energetic...	wikipedia
a30e4090559b19b517b2c34310e169ac21044161	gamma rays with sufficiently high energy can interact	gamma rays with sufficiently high energy can interact with nuclei, electrons, or one another. one of those interactions is to form pairs of particles, such as electron-positron pairs, and these pairs can also meet and annihilate each other to create gamma rays again, all in accordance with albert einstein 's mass-energ...	wikipedia
8309876eafac2b8dc6787ee900a25d94f2884ce9	in very massive, hot stars with interior temperatures	in very massive, hot stars with interior temperatures above about 300 000 000 k (3 × 10 k), photons produced in the stellar core are primarily in the form of very high-energy gamma rays. the pressure from these gamma rays fleeing outward from the core helps to hold up the upper layers of the star against the inward pul...	wikipedia
adc17a3e4962f7509fa24c12b0932f7c8f6e9cef	photons given off by a body in thermal	photons given off by a body in thermal equilibrium have a black-body spectrum with an energy density proportional to the fourth power of the temperature, as described by the stefan–boltzmann law. wien's law states that the wavelength of maximum emission from a black body is inversely proportional to its temperature. eq...	wikipedia
6eac1fdd93a647d18560b90b64a71174bf92153e	a pair-instability supernova is a type of supernova	a pair-instability supernova is a type of supernova predicted to occur when pair production, the production of free electrons and positrons in the collision between atomic nuclei and energetic gamma rays, temporarily reduces the internal radiation pressure supporting a supermassive star 's core against gravitational co...	wikipedia
3b3c0a9406c2431c75e6ee73a8924ad697e36cf5	mackenzie entwistle is a canadian professional ice hockey	mackenzie entwistle is a canadian professional ice hockey player for the florida panthers of the national hockey league (nhl). he was selected by the arizona coyotes in the third round, 69th overall, of the 2017 nhl entry draft.	wikipedia
b9961b9259164fbc81b30788bef4795ed69af513	after five seasons within the blackhawks organization, entwistle	after five seasons within the blackhawks organization, entwistle left as a free agent and was signed to a one-year, two-way contract with the reigning stanley cup champions, the florida panthers, on july 2, 2024.	wikipedia
65f835d5ec28170da39cb622c2fce07c69f79539	drafted by the arizona coyotes in 2017, he	drafted by the arizona coyotes in 2017, he was acquired by the chicago blackhawks along with marcus kruger, jordan maletta, andrew campbell and a fifth-round pick in 2019 to trade on july 12, 2018, in exchange for marian hossa, vinnie hinostroza, jordan oesterle and a third-round pick. he was signed to a three-year, en...	wikipedia
0be34ec66e056d08382d96f1065e114b887773ce	entwistle was born on july 14, 1999, in	entwistle was born on july 14, 1999, in georgetown, ontario to parents margeret and dave entwistle. both of his parents were athletes growing up; his mother played volleyball while his father represented ontario in rugby. as his father dave is of english descent, he grew up playing soccer as well as lacrosse and ice ho...	wikipedia
d862efc169c02d8466a1a0bb2fcc38d65b535b64	mackenzie entwistle (born july 14, 1999) is a	mackenzie entwistle (born july 14, 1999) is a canadian professional ice hockey player for the florida panthers of the national hockey league (nhl). he was selected by the arizona coyotes in the third round, 69th overall, of the 2017 nhl entry draft.	wikipedia
1f59c723c324734b331c03a4ace36bc7b43a5f83	meryem cennet Çal, also known as meryem Çal	meryem cennet Çal, also known as meryem Çal or cennet Çal, is a germany-born turkish footballer, who plays as a midfielder for beşiktaş j.k. in the turkish women's super league, and the turkey women's national team. she was also a member of the germany women's u-19 team. she had played in germany and switzerland before...	wikipedia
7534af52462ae0fab20e5b9ca3251dfc08137d49	Çal was admitted to the turkey women's team,	Çal was admitted to the turkey women's team, and debuten on 14 july 2023 in the friendly match against estonia. she took part in three matches at the 2023–24 uefa women's nations league c. she scoredone goal in the match against lithuania at the 2023–24 uefa women's nations league c.	wikipedia
0129ce144cf7ce3399e6c2c9d967eeea6098c927	Çal started her career in germany at vfl	Çal started her career in germany at vfl sindelfingen in the 2016–17 2. frauen-bundesliga and the 2016–17 dfb-pokal frauen. she continued to play for the team at the 2017–18 2. frauen-bundesliga and the 2017–18 dfb-pokal frauen. she capped 33 times in total for vfl sindelfingen.	wikipedia
7e2995bb27445ff05dc0d7441ab500d784be2690	meryem cennet Çal (born 12 july 2000), also	meryem cennet Çal (born 12 july 2000), also known as meryem Çal or cennet Çal, is a germany-born turkish footballer, who plays as a midfielder for beşiktaş j.k. in the turkish women's super league, and the turkey women's national team. she was also a member of the germany women's u-19 team. she had played in germany an...	wikipedia
fceaafb84dabe8de91bfed3e4735889b319f5684	the 2000–01 season is the fifth in the	the 2000–01 season is the fifth in the history of the glasgow warriors as a professional side. during this season the young professional side competed as glasgow caledonians; the last time they would use that name. the 2000–01 season saw glasgow caledonians compete in the competitions: the welsh-scottish league and the...	wikipedia
9ce0987d4b81c0fef82c4f3131ca9edbdacc17b9	a player's nationality shown is taken from the	a player's nationality shown is taken from the nationality at the highest honour for the national side obtained; or if never capped internationally their place of birth. senior caps take precedence over junior caps or place of birth; junior caps take precedence over place of birth. a player's nationality at debut may b...	wikipedia
41648f0e69242a3a17941ee05805ee50247c6553	glasgow caledonians:t hayes; j craig, r shepherd (i	glasgow caledonians:t hayes; j craig, r shepherd (i jardine 2–3), j stuart, r reid; m mckenzie, g beveridge (f stott 71); a watt, g scott (g bulloch 54), w anderson (g mcilwham 40), c stewart (d burns 40), j white, g simpson (d hilton 54–64), d macfadyen (g flockhart 17), j petrie. munster: d crotty; j o'neill (p brack...	wikipedia
38cc6cb53604997c1f8413e6ff7c92414cbe1b4b	northampton saints: m tucker; c moir, a bateman,	northampton saints: m tucker; c moir, a bateman, m allen, l martin; p grayson, d malone; g pagel, s thompson, m scelzo, t rodber, o brouzet, g seely, b pountney, p lam. substitutes used – m stewart, s brotherstone, j phillips, r hunter, a rennick, j bamhall, s webster, i vass, m soden, t kirk. glasgow caledonians: t ha...	wikipedia
62c04ccf4d7bcab331f3f77c7816d24991d99c1a	glasgow caledonians: r.shepherd; j.craig, j.stuart, i.jardine, i. mcinroy;	glasgow caledonians: r.shepherd; j.craig, j.stuart, i.jardine, i. mcinroy; m.mckenzie, f.stott; a.watt, g.scott, w.anderson, d.burns, c.stewart (s.griffiths 59), r.reid, d.macfadyen (g.flockhart 54) j.petrie. replacements (not used): matt mcgrandles craig chalmers graeme beveridge david hilton gordon bulloch	wikipedia
ab530f2f23a9050b752746189c0e501ac66c84f5	glasgow caledonians:craig sangster; james craig, matt mcgrandles, rowen	glasgow caledonians:craig sangster; james craig, matt mcgrandles, rowen shepherd (captain), ian mcinroy; mark mckenzie, fraser stott; david hilton, gordon bulloch, lee harrison, colin stewart, steven griffiths, martin waite, roland reid, donnie macfadyen. replacements – jon stuart for james craig (13 minutes), alan wat...	wikipedia
d54a7649be73e37a6eeb1c36ab2cb3b3876c8d7c	glasgow caledonians:15 rowen shepherd 14 james craig 13	glasgow caledonians:15 rowen shepherd 14 james craig 13 jon stuart 12 ian jardine 11 ian mcinroy 10 craig chalmers 9 graeme beveridge 1 david hilton 2 gavin scott 3 willie anderson 4 darren burns 5 steve griffiths 6 martin waite 8 jon petrie 7 gareth flockhart replacements: craig sangster matt mcgrandles fraser stott r...	wikipedia
24bc184d3e71ab348ecddf0bd84c9b3667687293	p burke, a reid, a mckay (all ayr),	p burke, a reid, a mckay (all ayr), m gallacher, f hamilton, s martin, j nellany (all high school of glasgow), g hutton, c miller (both glasgow academy), s forrest, g lindsay, s male (all cambuslang), d mitchell (hillhead/jordanhill), d monaghan, p nicol (both whitecraigs), d naismith, s rushforth (both kelvinside acad...	wikipedia
c922a48f10592941605a9b5233c239c15e927cd4	in the university, miles was associate dean for	in the university, miles was associate dean for graduate education in the faculty of engineering and physical sciences from 2008 to 2011. he has supervised several phd students via the doctoral training centre, the first of its kind in the uk.	wikipedia
34a7cf8d1c714cec9be8d89a181dad2bd212c40e	miles research has been funded by the engineering	miles research has been funded by the engineering and physical sciences research council., european union and insic. he has been involved in obtaining grant funding in excess of £3 million of which £1.6 million is in grants or awards for which he was the principal applicant. miles is also a member of one of the groups ...	wikipedia
7ae506f0cc818d3f0556655e51c3e17e886835cd	his research interests are in magnetic materials for	his research interests are in magnetic materials for data storage purposes, including micromagnetic modelling of thin magnetic films for hard disks. he is involved in the information storage industry consortium (insic) extremely high density recording (ehdr) programme, determining the architecture and design of future ...	wikipedia
bd56b14e06707d1590bd459a2c73fbc0c081c3fe	miles has worked at the meteorological office modelling	miles has worked at the meteorological office modelling the formation of storm clouds and completed research in novel anaesthetic delivery systems for boc medishield, now datex ohmeda. since 1987 he has worked in department of electrical and electronic engineering, manchester school of engineering and the school of com...	wikipedia
7aecfb4ce53d07339c5e961bce16f0c9d6c2c139	miles graduated with a first class honours degree	miles graduated with a first class honours degree in physics from the university of liverpool in 1980. following this he completed a master of science in computational physics from the university of salford in 1987 and phd in electrical and electronic engineering from the university of manchester in 1990.	wikipedia
77359da22aed163c18b32ef98007879d71b23274	james john miles (born 1959) is a retired	james john miles (born 1959) is a retired professor of computer engineering in the school of computer science at the university of manchester where he previously was head of the school and a member of the nano engineering & storage technology research group (nest).	wikipedia
c88e0c9d0ac706b4c55d564642c2249aa827484b	lainez received his second call-up to the senior	lainez received his second call-up to the senior national team, and made his debut on 8 december 2021 in a friendly match against chile, coming in as a substitute in the 83rd minute for sebastián córdova.	wikipedia
135bb4c70423abd8601b55b06bc9492db8de95a2	lainez was included in the roster to be	lainez was included in the roster to be part of the 2015 concacaf u-20 championship. on 8 may 2015, he was also included to form part of the final roster that will participate in the 2015 fifa u-20 world cup. in mexico's third group match against serbia, lainez played the last 35 minutes in the team's 2–0 loss.	wikipedia
7320a653495f313bbe37c674819abfa59c4f8f17	lainez was scouted at a young age and	lainez was scouted at a young age and joined pachuca 's youth academy in 2011. on 19 august 2015, under manager diego alonso, lainez made his competitive debut with pachuca in the copa mx group stage match against ascenso mx club venados playing 85 mins in the 4–1 win.	wikipedia
51baa06eb0f1a8bb141f0d761ac5ea31cc5760de	steven marc zeitels is the eugene b. casey	steven marc zeitels is the eugene b. casey professor of laryngeal surgery at harvard medical school and the director of massachusetts general hospital (mgh) center for laryngeal surgery and voice rehabilitation. he specializes in diseases and disorders of the throat, voice, airway, and larynx. his contributions to voic...	wikipedia
ffc4f29ebfd21fa821b85251dcc8e76a099d904a	while in chile lecturing as a guest of	while in chile lecturing as a guest of the chilean society of otolaryngology in 2001 he met maria nuria hananias, a chilean otolaryngological surgeon. married in 2003, they have two children, a boy and a girl.	wikipedia
6a6b925c5b46f0fee7c7dee5623a4e81c82bbebc	larry page, the founder of google, described his	larry page, the founder of google, described his difficulties with vocal nerve injury and has been a supporter of zeitels and the voice health institute. zeitels conceived and directs the voice restoration research program, which is a collaborative effort of investigators at harvard and mgh, as well as robert langer at...	wikipedia
268b35ae9c7c10db3cbb379c846b146dc9c7e385	zeitels has done performed surgery on many performing	zeitels has done performed surgery on many performing vocalists. julie andrews serves as the honorary chairwoman of the vhi advisory board. she, as well as steven tyler, roger daltrey, christina perri, denyce graves, lionel richie and joe buck, has collaborated with zeitels to advance the cause of restoring lost voices...	wikipedia
d5fd6015613433283138e1a728a73916ebf692fe	zeitels is regarded as a prolific surgical innovator	zeitels is regarded as a prolific surgical innovator having designed numerous new voice restoration procedures (phonosurgery) and surgical instruments, and holds six patents for these innovations. he is widely acknowledged for pioneering novel laser applications to treat dysplasia and cancer as well as laryngeal papill...	wikipedia
31e02497da220f6dfde1d122e900e25ccebee3c9	zeitels grew up in new rochelle, new york.	zeitels grew up in new rochelle, new york. his father and mother, an orthodontist and elementary school teacher, pressed him to take up a career in medicine. at the age of 17, zeitels was selected to be in the 1st class of boston university trustee scholars, an experimental educational program for gifted teens as well ...	wikipedia