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0258f0031718bc1920cf813cb5b3d8a59b0d5b49 | radiation pressure is mechanical pressure exerted upon a | radiation pressure is mechanical pressure exerted upon a surface due to the exchange of momentum between the object and the electromagnetic field. this includes the momentum of light or electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength that is absorbed, reflected, or otherwise emitted by matter on any scale. the associated f... | wikipedia |
36e42582213c53d56fb3ed5f8e6dc4f0e06b7f38 | radiation pressure is mechanical pressure exerted upon a | exchange of momentum. due to the law of conservation of momentum, any change in the total momentum of the waves or photons must involve an equal and opposite change in the momentum of the matter it interacted with, as is illustrated in the accompanying figure for the case of light being perfectly reflected by a surfac... | wikipedia |
7101a8d93e47937cab0c75128530758189f9f13c | an other active research area of laser–matter interaction | an other active research area of laser–matter interaction is the radiation pressure acceleration of ions or protons from thin–foil targets. high ion energy beams can be generated for medical applications (for example in ion beam therapy) by the radiation pressure of short laser pulses on ultra-thin foils. | wikipedia |
3361c557e7b690149ce83a561853325d29dc0993 | opposite to exciting or amplifying motion, light can | opposite to exciting or amplifying motion, light can also damp the motion of objects. laser cooling is a method of cooling materials very close to absolute zero by converting some of material's motional energy into light. kinetic energy and thermal energy of the material are synonyms here, because they represent the en... | wikipedia |
6f6518e0ad4699e386276b1907d53eefffbc7a66 | the reflection of a laser pulse from the | the reflection of a laser pulse from the surface of an elastic solid can give rise to various types of elastic waves that propagate inside the solid or liquid. in other words, the light can excite and/or amplify motion of, and in, materials. this is the subject of study in the field of optomechanics. the weakest waves ... | wikipedia |
b6941fdf2194889620e7e347c0977a8abe922ec6 | pressure: p = f a ≈ 10 − | pressure: p = f a ≈ 10 − 10 n 10 − 12 m 2 = 100 pa. {\displaystyle p={\frac {f}{a}}\approx {\frac {10^{-10}{\text{ n}}}{10^{-12}{\text{ m}}^{2}}}=100{\text{ pa}}.} | wikipedia |
b14651fcc823f3e2c41c6823d190218e1fead309 | force: f = p c = 30 mw | force: f = p c = 30 mw 299792458 m/s ≈ 10 − 10 n, {\displaystyle f={\frac {p}{c}}={\frac {30{\text{ mw}}}{299792458{\text{ m/s}}}}\approx 10^{-10}{\text{ n}},} | wikipedia |
6c63222fdbe3e5ddcabee94bf0057c091f09c209 | area: a = π (λ 2) 2 ≈ | area: a = π (λ 2) 2 ≈ 10 − 12 m 2, {\displaystyle a=\pi \left({\frac {\lambda }{2}}\right)^{2}\approx 10^{-12}{\text{ m}}^{2},} | wikipedia |
555cb865b429c92dc3b70315ea1cf2ca4bbe9eed | lasers can be used as a source of | lasers can be used as a source of monochromatic light with wavelength λ {\displaystyle \lambda }. with a set of lenses, one can focus the laser beam to a point that is λ {\displaystyle \lambda } in diameter (or r = λ / 2 {\displaystyle r=\lambda /2}). | wikipedia |
6d9e7b06e173452315ab4376356170c3a926c1f7 | solar radiation pressure strongly affects comet tails. solar | solar radiation pressure strongly affects comet tails. solar heating causes gases to be released from the comet nucleus, which also carry away dust grains. radiation pressure and solar wind then drive the dust and gases away from the sun's direction. the gases form a generally straight tail, while slower moving dust pa... | wikipedia |
5b3de85b2585c2deef2df1601197ba54c4c89ad8 | in stellar interiors the temperatures are very high. | in stellar interiors the temperatures are very high. stellar models predict a temperature of 15 mk in the center of the sun, and at the cores of supergiant stars the temperature may exceed 1 gk. as the radiation pressure scales as the fourth power of the temperature, it becomes important at these high temperatures. in ... | wikipedia |
29e411262f74e2be6733b6aaddeff5308a496fc9 | planetary systems are generally believed to form as | planetary systems are generally believed to form as part of the same process that results in star formation. a protoplanetary disk forms by gravitational collapse of a molecular cloud, called a solar nebula, and then evolves into a planetary system by collisions and gravitational capture. radiation pressure can clear a... | wikipedia |
edd254ea2cfc8bddad39c8c5652a8c3670fc6646 | star formation is the process by which dense | star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space collapse to form stars. as a branch of astronomy, star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium and giant molecular clouds (gmc) as precursors to the star formation process, and the study of protostars and ... | wikipedia |
d16a0a47b0eca0b1d6329a06b355122d5f399262 | many open clusters are inherently unstable, with a | many open clusters are inherently unstable, with a small enough mass that the escape velocity of the system is lower than the average velocity of the constituent stars. these clusters will rapidly disperse within a few million years. in many cases, the stripping away of the gas from which the cluster formed by the radi... | wikipedia |
1242860b359134981d7c6a87bb42ac8a8458f37e | the gravitational compression of clouds of dust and | the gravitational compression of clouds of dust and gases is strongly influenced by radiation pressure, especially when the condensations lead to star births. the larger young stars forming within the compressed clouds emit intense levels of radiation that shift the clouds, causing either dispersion or condensations in... | wikipedia |
5eff4b441ffec84244e2b59fba1936851e87153e | the process of galaxy formation and evolution began | the process of galaxy formation and evolution began early in the history of the cosmos. observations of the early universe strongly suggest that objects grew from bottom-up (i.e., smaller objects merging to form larger ones). as stars are thereby formed and become sources of electromagnetic radiation, radiation pressur... | wikipedia |
ab976356f0234fc4ed5220ae19c6147d0b06da39 | a sail reflects about 90% of the incident | a sail reflects about 90% of the incident radiation. the 10% that is absorbed is radiated away from both surfaces, with the proportion emitted from the unlit surface depending on the thermal conductivity of the sail. a sail has curvature, surface irregularities, and other minor factors that affect its performance. | wikipedia |
33073955fbe5179838ea57828e88346d9ec67f34 | solar sailing, an experimental method of spacecraft propulsion, | solar sailing, an experimental method of spacecraft propulsion, uses radiation pressure from the sun as a motive force. the idea of interplanetary travel by light was mentioned by jules verne in his 1865 novel from the earth to the moon. | wikipedia |
51a37f6fc3d6a2b5d89a8c00cf069e2d45ae2bfd | as a consequence of light pressure, einstein in | as a consequence of light pressure, einstein in 1909 predicted the existence of "radiation friction", which would oppose the movement of matter. he wrote: "radiation will exert pressure on both sides of the plate. the forces of pressure exerted on the two sides are equal if the plate is at rest. however, if it is in mo... | wikipedia |
b9d79ae73818a1ed4e822f7c844f305be31bfe12 | because the ratio of surface area to volume | because the ratio of surface area to volume (and thus mass) increases with decreasing particle size, dusty (micrometre -size) particles are susceptible to radiation pressure even in the outer solar system. for example, the evolution of the outer rings of saturn is significantly influenced by radiation pressure. | wikipedia |
a16cb59104b0907253c1897efff2d8bf76a0a56a | while rather small in comparison to other forces, | while rather small in comparison to other forces, the radiation pressure force is inexorable. over long periods of time, the net effect of the force is substantial. such feeble pressures can produce marked effects upon minute particles like gas ions and electrons, and are essential in the theory of electron emission fr... | wikipedia |
bbc06969b1314adf26d07bcd61a458fc3366752e | the poynting–robertson effect applies to grain-size particles. from | the poynting–robertson effect applies to grain-size particles. from the perspective of a grain of dust circling the sun, the sun's radiation appears to be coming from a slightly forward direction (aberration of light). therefore, the absorption of this radiation leads to a force with a component against the direction o... | wikipedia |
fb0d5027799370bce98bbf7af574cd6443e904e7 | the yarkovsky effect affects the translation of a | the yarkovsky effect affects the translation of a small body. it results from a face leaving solar exposure being at a higher temperature than a face approaching solar exposure. the radiation emitted from the warmer face is more intense than that of the opposite face, resulting in a net force on the body that affects i... | wikipedia |
68ada3e29c062f3deabc7ba242c6b7742f603f54 | at any particular time, some facets are exposed | at any particular time, some facets are exposed to the sun, and some are in shadow. each surface exposed to the sun is reflecting, absorbing, and emitting radiation. facets in shadow are emitting radiation. the summation of pressures across all of the facets defines the net force and torque on the body. these can be ca... | wikipedia |
7365077332586a1488384a675f2fad0a38cc2dec | the radiation pressure results in forces and torques | the radiation pressure results in forces and torques on the bodies that can change their translational and rotational motions. translational changes affect the orbits of the bodies. rotational rates may increase or decrease. loosely aggregated bodies may break apart under high rotation rates. dust grains can either lea... | wikipedia |
d30dfd98e63c803103bce25788ca687b0041886a | solar radiation pressure affects bodies throughout much of | solar radiation pressure affects bodies throughout much of the solar system. small bodies are more affected than large ones because of their lower mass relative to their surface area. spacecraft are affected along with natural bodies (comets, asteroids, dust grains, gas molecules). | wikipedia |
bb03276060f83f0252e88d660381807e9a88a290 | note that unlike the case of an absorbing | note that unlike the case of an absorbing material, the resulting force on a reflecting body is given exactly by this pressure acting normal to the surface, with the tangential forces from the incident and reflecting waves canceling each other. in practice, materials are neither totally reflecting nor totally absorbing... | wikipedia |
c083c5cf806cfe75a345965db1b7a90e7fff1c3c | finally, considering not an absorbing but a perfectly | finally, considering not an absorbing but a perfectly reflecting surface, the pressure is doubled due to the reflected wave, resulting in: p = 2 g sc c r 2 cos 2 α. {\displaystyle p=2{\frac {g_{\text{sc}}}{cr^{2}}}\cos ^{2}\alpha.} | wikipedia |
6354d6857151a68189f1eadfbef95e356fef5859 | the solar constant is defined for the sun's | the solar constant is defined for the sun's radiation at the distance to the earth, also known as one astronomical unit (au). consequently, at a distance of r astronomical units (r thus being dimensionless), applying the inverse-square law, we would find: p = g sc c r 2 cos 2 α. {\displaystyle p={\frac {g_{\text{sc}}}{... | wikipedia |
17130f7afed06297983907416570afa62c5ba310 | note, however, that in order to account for | note, however, that in order to account for the net effect of solar radiation on a spacecraft for instance, one would need to consider the total force (in the direction away from the sun) given by the preceding equation, rather than just the component normal to the surface that we identify as "pressure". | wikipedia |
ff7c5cdcb81f70edce1ef6857626db04a9d967da | to find the component of this force normal | to find the component of this force normal to the surface, another cosine factor must be applied resulting in a pressure p on the surface of: p = f cos α a = g sc c cos 2 α. {\displaystyle p={\frac {f\cos \alpha }{a}}={\frac {g_{\text{sc}}}{c}}\cos ^{2}\alpha.} | wikipedia |
94264719765b14d3fd55eaa9d9c221a103416697 | this result is in pascals, equivalent to n/m | this result is in pascals, equivalent to n/m (newtons per square meter). for a sheet at an angle α to the sun, the effective area a of a sheet is reduced by a geometrical factor resulting in a force in the direction of the sunlight of: f = g sc c (a cos α). {\displaystyle f={\frac {g_{\text{sc}}}{c}}(a\cos \alpha).} | wikipedia |
8f4d60b6e8397f45bb7e8eec898e8bd5bf4f5350 | solar radiation pressure at the earth's distance from | solar radiation pressure at the earth's distance from the sun, may be calculated by dividing the solar constant g (above) by the speed of light c. for an absorbing sheet facing the sun, this is simply: p = g sc c ≈ 4.5 ⋅ 10 − 6 pa = 4.5 μ pa. {\displaystyle p={\frac {g_{\text{sc}}}{c}}\approx 4.5\cdot 10^{-6}~{\text{pa... | wikipedia |
ccc4e831f1ff69e90c34a0803cc916a6df4a358e | momentary or hours long solar pressures can indeed | momentary or hours long solar pressures can indeed escalate due to release of solar flares and coronal mass ejections, but effects remain essentially immeasureable in relation to earth's orbit. however these pressures persist over eons, such that cumulatively having produced a measureable movement on the earth-moon sys... | wikipedia |
cc7f07c5c9c3172068141cbb9bf8c93e70f94301 | all stars have a spectral energy distribution that | all stars have a spectral energy distribution that depends on their surface temperature. the distribution is approximately that of black-body radiation. this distribution must be taken into account when calculating the radiation pressure or identifying reflector materials for optimizing a solar sail, for instance. | wikipedia |
204fb9a1206e10b0fc2dce79dc0fd188f48886b7 | solar radiation pressure is due to the sun's | solar radiation pressure is due to the sun's radiation at closer distances, thus especially within the solar system. (the radiation pressure of sunlight on earth is very small: it is equivalent to that exerted by the weight of about a milligram on an area of 1 square metre, or 10 μn/m.) while it acts on all objects, it... | wikipedia |
c29f19cbb77f39345017f94b532c3ab649e81607 | by using stefan–boltzmann law, this can be expressed | by using stefan–boltzmann law, this can be expressed as p compress = u 3 = 4 σ 3 c t 4, {\displaystyle p_{\text{compress}}={\frac {u}{3}}={\frac {4\sigma }{3c}}t^{4},} where σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is the stefan–boltzmann constant. | wikipedia |
adc4494639faaea9497f1e61193993e5a55f1f2b | this can also be shown in the specific | this can also be shown in the specific case of the pressure exerted on surfaces of a body in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings, at a temperature t: the body will be surrounded by a uniform radiation field described by the planck black-body radiation law and will experience a compressive pressure due to that imp... | wikipedia |
6bf8c7347280f5f566974b0004d8ecb98da5e5d2 | in general, the pressure of electromagnetic waves can | in general, the pressure of electromagnetic waves can be obtained from the vanishing of the trace of the electromagnetic stress tensor: since this trace equals 3 p − u, we get p = u 3, {\displaystyle p={\frac {u}{3}},} where u is the radiation energy per unit volume. | wikipedia |
0e469ddd99a006096b930022138d57ed7ea2acf4 | the radiation pressure again can be seen as | the radiation pressure again can be seen as the transfer of each photon's momentum to the opaque surface, plus the momentum due to a (possible) recoil photon for a (partially) reflecting surface. since an incident wave of irradiance i over an area a has a power of i a, this implies a flux of i / e photons per second pe... | wikipedia |
3a6b2e96c749cfa7a5b9f9262578ff78e7878411 | electromagnetic radiation can be viewed in terms of | electromagnetic radiation can be viewed in terms of particles rather than waves; these particles are known as photons. photons do not have a rest-mass; however, photons are never at rest (they move at the speed of light) and acquire a momentum nonetheless which is given by: p = h λ = e p c, {\displaystyle p={\dfrac {h}... | wikipedia |
50f0555d325eedc616c24e468833226b68c33a36 | the emission can be from black-body radiation or | the emission can be from black-body radiation or any other radiative mechanism. since all materials emit black-body radiation (unless they are totally reflective or at absolute zero), this source for radiation pressure is ubiquitous but usually tiny. however, because black-body radiation increases rapidly with temperat... | wikipedia |
f09d527298bd0ffa8e3df205cf0c8fad9cb6b66c | just as a wave reflected from a body | just as a wave reflected from a body contributes to the net radiation pressure experienced, a body that emits radiation of its own (rather than reflected) obtains a radiation pressure again given by the irradiance of that emission in the direction normal to the surface i: p emitted = i e c {\displaystyle p_{\text{emitt... | wikipedia |
7564d3052d163fc7207ceeccd8f553a00c8245b9 | for a partially reflective surface, the second term | for a partially reflective surface, the second term must be multiplied by the reflectivity (also known as reflection coefficient of intensity), so that the increase is less than double. for a diffusely reflective surface, the details of the reflection and geometry must be taken into account, again resulting in an incre... | wikipedia |
2eac027deaa79fb16d6c67f634030793f0ae7303 | p net = p incident + p emitted | p net = p incident + p emitted = 2 i f c {\displaystyle p_{\text{net}}=p_{\text{incident}}+p_{\text{emitted}}=2{\frac {i_{f}}{c}}} | wikipedia |
20df39f36c0a461fab7c4e87e8c6fe86a06aff53 | the above treatment for an incident wave accounts | the above treatment for an incident wave accounts for the radiation pressure experienced by a black (totally absorbing) body. if the wave is specularly reflected, then the recoil due to the reflected wave will further contribute to the radiation pressure. in the case of a perfect reflector, this pressure will be identi... | wikipedia |
f3db7c2bf895b0a7f72eb9c1f3e0cb9b1c391b25 | the momentum from the incident wave is in | the momentum from the incident wave is in the same direction of that wave. but only the component of that momentum normal to the surface contributes to the pressure on the surface, as given above. the component of that force tangent to the surface is not called pressure. | wikipedia |
5703cf5ce47327366f85c3d309834a84d7ac5aff | if the surface is planar at an angle | if the surface is planar at an angle α to the incident wave, the intensity across the surface will be geometrically reduced by the cosine of that angle and the component of the radiation force against the surface will also be reduced by the cosine of α, resulting in a pressure: p incident = i f c cos 2 α {\displaystyle... | wikipedia |
77577ab480125d06e8a0ff5cc3c563eb50c58fe9 | consider the momentum transferred to a perfectly absorbing | consider the momentum transferred to a perfectly absorbing (black) surface. the energy flux (irradiance) of a plane wave is calculated using the poynting vector s = e × h {\displaystyle \mathbf {s} =\mathbf {e} \times \mathbf {h} }, which is the cross product of the electric field vector e and the magnetic field 's aux... | wikipedia |
9d307f4a0c6e75805a0f44ce00ad23d368c92129 | radiation pressure can be viewed as a consequence | radiation pressure can be viewed as a consequence of the conservation of momentum given the momentum attributed to electromagnetic radiation. that momentum can be equally well calculated on the basis of electromagnetic theory or from the combined momenta of a stream of photons, giving identical results as is shown belo... | wikipedia |
519f0dbd78ae71a424203abbb53a79629d34f8fc | the assertion that light, as electromagnetic radiation, has | the assertion that light, as electromagnetic radiation, has the property of momentum and thus exerts a pressure upon any surface that is exposed to it was published by james clerk maxwell in 1862, and proven experimentally by russian physicist pyotr lebedev in 1900 and by ernest fox nichols and gordon ferrie hull in 19... | wikipedia |
435c071b7b6a663422dfe1c3b8b29ec6e84ba4bb | radiation pressure can equally well be accounted for | radiation pressure can equally well be accounted for by considering the momentum of a classical electromagnetic field or in terms of the momenta of photons, particles of light. the interaction of electromagnetic waves or photons with matter may involve an exchange of momentum. due to the law of conservation of momentum... | wikipedia |
469787acf0baf32f65ac8cb6a473b3d623d2ea23 | radiation pressure forces are the bedrock of laser | radiation pressure forces are the bedrock of laser technology and the branches of science that rely heavily on lasers and other optical technologies. that includes, but is not limited to, biomicroscopy (where light is used to irradiate and observe microbes, cells, and molecules), quantum optics, and optomechanics (wher... | wikipedia |
91d1cae6a78767fee2b3513b8ba71298e3ad5127 | the forces generated by radiation pressure are generally | the forces generated by radiation pressure are generally too small to be noticed under everyday circumstances; however, they are important in some physical processes and technologies. this particularly includes objects in outer space, where it is usually the main force acting on objects besides gravity, and where the n... | wikipedia |
b78f202df9b9a5774a1bd98e6b4e1a0cf0db35ce | radiation pressure (also known as light pressure) is | radiation pressure (also known as light pressure) is mechanical pressure exerted upon a surface due to the exchange of momentum between the object and the electromagnetic field. this includes the momentum of light or electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength that is absorbed, reflected, or otherwise emitted (e.g. bla... | wikipedia |
a9fc9c3021f7d2eab176b5ed2162c11ca0b6ec37 | the legacy of gao's work has also been | the legacy of gao's work has also been associated with his entrepreneurial effort to initiate the technology transfer and commercialization of the dataflow r&d results for real world applications through eti (et international inc.). eti is a company started in 2000 as a university of delaware spinoff with gao as its co... | wikipedia |
ce0dd619c95132b7cdb9edec1b1399b6df6b3ea8 | gao has devoted a majority of his research | gao has devoted a majority of his research and academic careers in carrying on the legacy of the mit dataflow model research that he has participated in, and contributed to, during his ph.d. project under prof. jack. b. dennis and arvind. the legacy of gao's own research is to show that the fundamental value of the dat... | wikipedia |
f954b95c9737835efbf7c76a8106e1112999745d | gao has begun his research career in the | gao has begun his research career in the west as a junior faculty member at mcgill university in 1987—at a time that the computer science community has a widespread doubt on the future of parallel computing in general and dataflow model of parallel computation in particular. | wikipedia |
ada57dc8b07263712e0c7cc58872322bc16894ef | born in tianjin in 1945 and brought up | born in tianjin in 1945 and brought up in a prominent physician family in china, gao has received a strict education from early childhood both in traditional knowledge of chinese history and culture, as well as in western science and english. gao has shown his strong interest and curiosity in science subjects, and rece... | wikipedia |
66dd775f798b22ad6d1233bdbce25f207bf9529c | guang r. gao (1945 – 12 september 2021) | guang r. gao (1945 – 12 september 2021) was a computer scientist and a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the university of delaware. gao was a founder and chief scientist of eti (et international inc., newark, delaware). | wikipedia |
a32b659d002a5a7c9c0c372838ffdfd75cbfc21d | in logic, mathematics and linguistics, and is the | in logic, mathematics and linguistics, and is the truth-functional operator of conjunction or logical conjunction. the logical connective of this operator is typically represented as ∧ or & or k (prefix) or × or ⋅ in which ∧ is the most modern and widely used. the and of a set of operands is true if and only if all of ... | wikipedia |
910eb3f3a58247c91aba6e4576e9fd84cf73ecb9 | the word "and" can also imply a partition | the word "and" can also imply a partition of a thing into parts, as "the american flag is red, white, and blue." here, it is not meant that the flag is at once red, white, and blue, but rather that it has a part of each color. | wikipedia |
e95dcf91d23235e320c6ea030ce75fef0d0e6ccd | english "and" has properties not captured by logical | english "and" has properties not captured by logical conjunction. for example, "and" sometimes implies order having the sense of "then". for example, "they got married and had a child" in common discourse means that the marriage came before the child. | wikipedia |
94746a9e1f05c0fd0fd79be268bebebab45592bf | the membership of an element of an intersection | the membership of an element of an intersection set in set theory is defined in terms of a logical conjunction: x ∈ a ∩ b {\displaystyle x\in a\cap b} if and only if (x ∈ a) ∧ (x ∈ b) {\displaystyle (x\in a)\wedge (x\in b)}. through this correspondence, set-theoretic intersection shares several properties with logical ... | wikipedia |
a8f32b092df91d1ad934a4222f30f5796d3dde96 | this can be used to select part of | this can be used to select part of a bitstring using a bit mask. for example, 1001 1 101 and 0000 1 000 = 0000 1 000 extracts the fourth bit of an 8-bit bitstring. | wikipedia |
4c75f58bed270f1efe066db7e60a70bea9d25733 | in high-level computer programming and digital electronics, logical | in high-level computer programming and digital electronics, logical conjunction is commonly represented by an infix operator, usually as a keyword such as " and ", an algebraic multiplication, or the ampersand symbol & (sometimes doubled as in &&). many languages also provide short-circuit control structures correspond... | wikipedia |
8822cb57e9408edf012eacf145c3b65fec7a760b | the conjunctive identity is true, which is to | the conjunctive identity is true, which is to say that and-ing an expression with true will never change the value of the expression. in keeping with the concept of vacuous truth, when conjunction is defined as an operator or function of arbitrary arity, the empty conjunction (and-ing over an empty set of operands) is ... | wikipedia |
5c9a729e4daebfd0a3c52ee67f45cac174b60ffb | and is usually denoted by an infix operator: | and is usually denoted by an infix operator: in mathematics and logic, it is denoted by ∧ {\displaystyle \wedge } (unicode u+2227 ∧ logical and), & {\displaystyle \&} or × {\displaystyle \times }; in electronics, ⋅ {\displaystyle \cdot }; and in programming languages, &, & &, or and. in jan Łukasiewicz 's prefix notati... | wikipedia |
e84f70997f7169b4ba464ad2b9916c71a330773f | the and of a set of operands is | the and of a set of operands is true if and only if all of its operands are true, i.e., a ∧ b {\displaystyle a\land b} is true if and only if a {\displaystyle a} is true and b {\displaystyle b} is true. | wikipedia |
85203d0edec2bb54c9894762ef17759b10a74aa5 | in logic, mathematics and linguistics, and (∧ {\displaystyle | in logic, mathematics and linguistics, and (∧ {\displaystyle \wedge }) is the truth-functional operator of conjunction or logical conjunction. the logical connective of this operator is typically represented as ∧ {\displaystyle \wedge } or & {\displaystyle \&} or k {\displaystyle k} (prefix) or × {\displaystyle \times ... | wikipedia |
2a80086f1b5fff210e3aaf0a6d1f53a7b94c8fa0 | james s. nolan was an american professional basketball | james s. nolan was an american professional basketball player. nolan was selected in the second round of the 1949 baa draft by the philadelphia warriors. he played for the warriors for five games in the 1949–50 nba season and recorded totals of eight points and four assists. he played college basketball and football at... | wikipedia |
12232b5d463e0773cf71e737c38b73bc4c06a171 | james s. nolan (june 9, 1927 – april | james s. nolan (june 9, 1927 – april 19, 1983) was an american professional basketball player. nolan was selected in the second round of the 1949 baa draft by the philadelphia warriors. he played for the warriors for five games in the 1949–50 nba season and recorded totals of eight points and four assists. he played co... | wikipedia |
dd83cea8b53d39cee2f7ad55d668c3ab026e8bb9 | james jack seminoff was an american professional basketball | james jack seminoff was an american professional basketball player. a 6'2" guard / forward from the university of southern california, seminoff earned first-team all-pcc in 1943. he played four seasons (1946–1950) in the basketball association of america as a member of the chicago stags and boston celtics. he averaged ... | wikipedia |
be72e9d5b442644000cbedd6b818d9515d457f11 | a 6'2" guard / forward from the university | a 6'2" guard / forward from the university of southern california, seminoff earned first-team all-pcc in 1943. he played four seasons (1946–1950) in the basketball association of america as a member of the chicago stags and boston celtics. he averaged 6.5 points per game in his career. | wikipedia |
8469f143dfdf6f1b3e55811a6984f9558562c938 | tennis news awards the tennis industry's annual "person | tennis news awards the tennis industry's annual "person of the year" award. the award was started in 2005 and is named the bellamy after its first recipient steve bellamy the founder of the tennis channel. the award is announced the first week of the year in bob larson's daily tennis news and is presented in march duri... | wikipedia |
c6d8d59e140c873306fa339bc5aa6c21920e4bcc | daily tennis is the daily emailed tipsheet that | daily tennis is the daily emailed tipsheet that goes out to the tennis industry insiders. juniortennisnews.com is the main source of tennis news for junior tennis players in the us. college news is an emailed daily newsletter to college coaches and players and tennis celebs is a weekly emailed newsletter highlighting c... | wikipedia |
94bda51b61b4fce7b761f11d8edb2109eb4daeb8 | bob larson's tennis news, based in minneapolis, minnesota, | bob larson's tennis news, based in minneapolis, minnesota, has been owned and operated since 1974 by bob larson and reports daily and hourly on the state of the game, the pro players and the industry. tennis news features no editorial only hard news. larson spends all day on the phone with tennis industry insiders and ... | wikipedia |
5c09bb843c1021e57d810f5393d03b9d7d5a53a2 | james k. darrow was an american basketball player. | james k. darrow was an american basketball player. he was born in akron, ohio. a 5'10" (178 cm), 170 lb (77 kg) guard, darrow starred at bowling green state university. he was drafted by the st. louis hawks of the national basketball association and played five games with them during the 1961–62 nba season, scoring twe... | wikipedia |
8361483519e02022209d83b1f589c1caf9b3262d | james k. darrow (september 25, 1937 – june | james k. darrow (september 25, 1937 – june 8, 1987) was an american basketball player. he was born in akron, ohio. a 5'10" (178 cm), 170 lb (77 kg) guard, darrow starred at bowling green state university. he was drafted by the st. louis hawks of the national basketball association and played five games with them during... | wikipedia |
eb8051871265251adaff38d7bf8dce6f9d3795c6 | samsung display co., ltd (korean: 삼성디스플레이) is a | samsung display co., ltd (korean: 삼성디스플레이) is a manufacturer of oled and qd-oled panels, and former manufacturer of liquid crystal displays (lcds). display markets include smartphones, tvs, laptops, computer monitors, smartwatches, virtual reality, handheld game consoles, and automotive applications. headquartered in s... | wikipedia |
23867a3ecc375b548dba890a2b504a7fddd716de | samsung display corporation was established on april 1, | samsung display corporation was established on april 1, 2012. the company launched on july 1 by merging s-lcd corporation and samsung mobile display (samsung's oled manufacturing division), becoming the world's largest display company. samsung display ended its manufacturing of lcd panels in june 2022, becoming a manuf... | wikipedia |
b28da3c46e2cb5ef6baf3627ba91f989484d155e | the company was established as s-lcd corporation in | the company was established as s-lcd corporation in april 2004 in chungcheongnam-do as a joint venture between samsung electronics (51% share) and sony corporation (49% share) to manufacture amorphous tft lcd panels. as of april 2008 the company reported a monthly production capacity of 150,000 lcd panels, including 50... | wikipedia |
e475aa8e623e50763198a1bd310c23e5c3fea6b5 | headquartered in south korea, samsung display has production | headquartered in south korea, samsung display has production plants in china, vietnam, and india, and operates sales offices in six countries. samsung display enabled the first mass-production of oled and quantum dot displays and aims to develop next-generation technology such as slidable, rollable and stretchable pane... | wikipedia |
8fe51a995eecb746635871e1d3f3349ebce94a40 | samsung display co., ltd (korean: 삼성디스플레이) is a | samsung display co., ltd (korean: 삼성디스플레이) is a manufacturer of oled and qd-oled panels, and former manufacturer of liquid crystal displays (lcds). display markets include smartphones, tvs, laptops, computer monitors, smartwatches, virtual reality, handheld game consoles, and automotive applications. | wikipedia |
427cc37f17f50c43e1054a9dc874d26f820d3349 | thembinkosi "nyoso" lorch is a south african professional | thembinkosi "nyoso" lorch is a south african professional soccer player who plays as an attacking midfielder for mamelodi sundowns and the south african national team. he is named the south african player of the season and players' player of the season in 2019.' | wikipedia |
2056d04b7345c4256adb122c7f32bfa917c8a914 | in the early morning of 7 september 2020, | in the early morning of 7 september 2020, lorch was arrested for allegedly assaulting his then-girlfriend, nokuphiwa mathithibala. this came after she had opened a case of assault against him at midrand police station indicating that lorch had strangled her after she had asked about his whereabouts. in january 2021, th... | wikipedia |
d89ad8c55a430fecf6d58d99f6ae115d4922db7f | thembinkosi lorch is famous for being one of | thembinkosi lorch is famous for being one of the most skilled south african footballers today. he is best known for his striking skills, which have gained him a lot of fans and popularity. he is a left winger who also plays right winger and attacking midfielder. | wikipedia |
54b5c1371c253e697da7f68dc09a6d2d43d70d7f | thembinkosi lorch nicknamed "nyoso" started his career at | thembinkosi lorch nicknamed "nyoso" started his career at katlehong young stars based at qwa-qwa before joining maluti fet college fc. and after a game against jomo cosmos, got a call from screamer tshabalala who told him that pirates was interested in him. his first psl game was against free state stars, playing for c... | wikipedia |
b2e1ca8c38cacd8276dd026c15a239d2ed0f1a6d | thembinkosi "nyoso" lorch (born 22 july 1993) is | thembinkosi "nyoso" lorch (born 22 july 1993) is a south african professional soccer player who plays as an attacking midfielder for mamelodi sundowns and the south african national team. he is named the south african player of the season and players' player of the season in 2019. ' | wikipedia |
c99eb6bf62ef13c6d9b857239ed6db4bfa3477e4 | the adiabatic theorem is a concept in quantum | the adiabatic theorem is a concept in quantum mechanics. its original form, due to max born and vladimir fock (1928), was stated as follows: in simpler terms, a quantum mechanical system subjected to gradually changing external conditions adapts its functional form, but when subjected to rapidly varying conditions ther... | wikipedia |
77ea6f99d1fd3bdd322164137ee1ab0d3cfe9d10 | comparison of the initial conditions used with the | comparison of the initial conditions used with the values of the state amplitudes following the transition can yield the diabatic transition probability. in particular, for a two-state system: p d = | c 2 a (t 1) | 2 {\displaystyle p_{d}=|c_{2}^{a}(t_{1})|^{2}} for a system that began with | c 1 a (t 0) | 2 = 1 {\displ... | wikipedia |
5f793fd42f9287eb6aa7b71a43deedde9c17e015 | where c _ a (t) {\displaystyle {\underline {c}}^{a}(t)} | where c _ a (t) {\displaystyle {\underline {c}}^{a}(t)} is a vector containing the adiabatic state amplitudes, h a (t) {\displaystyle \mathbf {h} _{a}(t)} is the time-dependent adiabatic hamiltonian, and the overdot represents a time derivative. | wikipedia |
8e87420d2f015dd0f76a1de012088a6a3e6ad8e2 | i ℏ c _ ˙ a (t) = | i ℏ c _ ˙ a (t) = h a (t) c _ a (t), {\displaystyle i\hbar {\dot {\underline {c}}}^{a}(t)=\mathbf {h} _{a}(t){\underline {c}}^{a}(t),} | wikipedia |
181fe9eb3b381009c2fef47ffd3a9a7e8e82f2bf | for a transition involving a nonlinear change in | for a transition involving a nonlinear change in perturbation variable or time-dependent coupling between the diabatic states, the equations of motion for the system dynamics cannot be solved analytically. the diabatic transition probability can still be obtained using one of the wide varieties of numerical solution al... | wikipedia |
e34c07850a75f725011b80e008afd97c21496ed4 | p d = e − 2 π Γ | p d = e − 2 π Γ Γ = a 2 / ℏ | ∂ ∂ t (e 2 − e 1) | = a 2 / ℏ | d q d t ∂ ∂ q (e 2 − e 1) | = a 2 ℏ | α | {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}p_{\rm {d}}&=e^{-2\pi \gamma }\\\gamma &={a^{2}/\hbar \over \left|{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}(e_{2}-e_{1})\right|}={a^{2}/\hbar \over \left|{\frac {dq}{dt}}{\frac {\partial }{\parti... | wikipedia |
9f46b85b791ad59c4c079aea1c51874e25c2ccc3 | the key figure of merit in this approach | the key figure of merit in this approach is the landau–zener velocity: v lz = ∂ ∂ t | e 2 − e 1 | ∂ ∂ q | e 2 − e 1 | ≈ d q d t, {\displaystyle v_{\text{lz}}={{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|e_{2}-e_{1}| \over {\frac {\partial }{\partial q}}|e_{2}-e_{1}|}\approx {\frac {dq}{dt}},} where q {\displaystyle q} is the pertu... | wikipedia |
0222ba9db06567c6ea1bc0c05016fca4d68cc257 | in 1932 an analytic solution to the problem | in 1932 an analytic solution to the problem of calculating adiabatic transition probabilities was published separately by lev landau and clarence zener, for the special case of a linearly changing perturbation in which the time-varying component does not couple the relevant states (hence the coupling in the diabatic ha... | wikipedia |
4555524b88937634da578efb9f292b96b1915b60 | if the system is initially in an eigenstate | if the system is initially in an eigenstate of h ^ (t 0) {\displaystyle {\hat {h}}(t_{0})}, after a period τ {\displaystyle \tau } it will have passed into the corresponding eigenstate of h ^ (t 1) {\displaystyle {\hat {h}}(t_{1})}. | wikipedia |
5decb114d72a460fd59b8470ea8f5ed5e527a6bd | the sudden approximation is valid when ζ ≪ | the sudden approximation is valid when ζ ≪ 1 {\displaystyle \zeta \ll 1} (the probability of finding the system in a state other than that in which is started approaches zero), thus the validity condition is given by | wikipedia |
480ec547762549ea0d1e69c19e45880c92b46314 | to determine the validity of the adiabatic approximation | to determine the validity of the adiabatic approximation for a given process, one can calculate the probability of finding the system in a state other than that in which it started. using bra–ket notation and using the definition | 0 ⟩ ≡ | ψ (t 0) ⟩ {\displaystyle |0\rangle \equiv |\psi (t_{0})\rangle }, we have: | wikipedia |
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