Split (1)

train · 485k rows

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.

id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
f459bef64545af72ad8cca98bab65e96b7082198	the following discussion presumes some familiarity with the	^ ′ = Π ^ i {\textstyle {\hat {\rho }}'={\hat {\pi }}_{i}}. thus the probability for obtaining outcome d j {\displaystyle d_{j}} for the second measurement conditioned on obtaining outcome h i {\displaystyle h_{i}} for the sic measurement is p (d j ∣ h i) {\displaystyle p(d_{j}\mid h_{i})}.	wikipedia
3749717d285f91a0dd0c83a7be9461105f20e2f4	the most extensively explored qbist reformulation of quantum	the most extensively explored qbist reformulation of quantum theory involves the use of sic-povms to rewrite quantum states (either pure or mixed) as a set of probabilities defined over the outcomes of a "bureau of standards" measurement. that is, if one expresses a density matrix as a probability distribution over the...	wikipedia
5cef1b333b13de2d23ab8a1c8259ab368bd7098f	one topic prominent in the reconstruction effort is	one topic prominent in the reconstruction effort is the set of mathematical structures known as symmetric, informationally-complete, positive operator-valued measures (sic-povms). qbist foundational research stimulated interest in these structures, which now have applications in quantum theory outside of foundational s...	wikipedia
6a1dcd58d2e843714d2bc0ec0887c39ee487eef5	adherents of several interpretations of quantum mechanics, qbism	adherents of several interpretations of quantum mechanics, qbism included, have been motivated to reconstruct quantum theory. the goal of these research efforts has been to identify a new set of axioms or postulates from which the mathematical structure of quantum theory can be derived, in the hope that with such a ref...	wikipedia
a97aaf5c795e1ed9fc2d1ce740e5395036eaab07	conceptual concerns about the interpretation of quantum mechanics	conceptual concerns about the interpretation of quantum mechanics and the meaning of probability have motivated technical work. a quantum version of the de finetti theorem, introduced by caves, fuchs, and schack (independently reproving a result found using different means by størmer) to provide a bayesian understandin...	wikipedia
a714c3056e1f504179800c1f9a4ddcda306afc16	qbism should be distinguished from other applications of	qbism should be distinguished from other applications of bayesian inference in quantum physics, and from quantum analogues of bayesian inference. for example, some in the field of computer science have introduced a kind of quantum bayesian network, which they argue could have applications in "medical diagnosis, monitor...	wikipedia
fbf10b55cbb55ddd18f1a7d35696f7ef04f656b2	comparisons have also been made between qbism and	comparisons have also been made between qbism and the relational quantum mechanics (rqm) espoused by carlo rovelli and others. in both qbism and rqm, quantum states are not intrinsic properties of physical systems. both qbism and rqm deny the existence of an absolute, universal wavefunction. furthermore, both qbism and...	wikipedia
9e5f663fde05053e2cf17fa323d5d60c3c5135a1	r. f. streater argued that "he first quantum	r. f. streater argued that "he first quantum bayesian was von neumann ", basing that claim on von neumann's textbook the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics. blake stacey disagrees, arguing that the views expressed in that book on the nature of quantum states and the interpretation of probability are not comp...	wikipedia
abd69fb9848ba2c61883441c937c949a146cf7ee	zeilinger and brukner have also proposed an interpretation	zeilinger and brukner have also proposed an interpretation of quantum mechanics in which "information" is a fundamental concept, and in which quantum states are epistemic quantities. unlike qbism, the brukner–zeilinger interpretation treats some probabilities as objectively fixed. in the brukner–zeilinger interpretatio...	wikipedia
4ed4db4877b63decdd3b9ed22de89afdcc720f26	leifer and spekkens propose a way of treating	leifer and spekkens propose a way of treating quantum probabilities as bayesian probabilities, thereby considering quantum states as epistemic, which they state is "closely aligned in its philosophical starting point" with qbism. however, they remain deliberately agnostic about what physical properties or entities quan...	wikipedia
0ff3f869853483ee505e20112c5c2859138eb600	if a quantum state is a state of	if a quantum state is a state of knowledge, and it is not knowledge of local and noncontextual hidden variables, then what is it knowledge about? we do not at present have a good answer to this question. we shall therefore remain completely agnostic about the nature of the reality to which the knowledge represented by ...	wikipedia
c6e71423b7a551fa1cbe687fd018836d23c2bfda	approaches to quantum theory, like qbism, which treat	approaches to quantum theory, like qbism, which treat quantum states as expressions of information, knowledge, belief, or expectation are called "epistemic" interpretations. these approaches differ from each other in what they consider quantum states to be information or expectations "about", as well as in the technica...	wikipedia
ed858fd1fc8d3052cbede1afe639316417899f0c	qbism takes probabilities to be personal judgments of	qbism takes probabilities to be personal judgments of the individual agent who is using quantum mechanics. this contrasts with older copenhagen-type views, which hold that probabilities are given by quantum states that are in turn fixed by objective facts about preparation procedures. qbism considers a measurement to b...	wikipedia
9d910e25de7c43f95f3109707f4d864deaa35313	the views of many physicists (bohr, heisenberg, rosenfeld,	the views of many physicists (bohr, heisenberg, rosenfeld, von weizsäcker, peres, etc.) are often grouped together as the " copenhagen interpretation " of quantum mechanics. several authors have deprecated this terminology, claiming that it is historically misleading and obscures differences between physicists that are...	wikipedia
6cdb0b2004b87ac6d31e90e78049b880c3fcd14f	the philosophy literature has also discussed qbism from	the philosophy literature has also discussed qbism from the viewpoints of structural realism and of phenomenology. ballentine argues that "the initial assumption of qbism is not valid" because the inferential probability of bayesian theory used by qbism is not applicable to quantum mechanics.	wikipedia
03423351a7de35523bc2fa71a834962f953e9704	popularized or semi-popularized media coverage of qbism has	popularized or semi-popularized media coverage of qbism has appeared in new scientist, scientific american, nature, science news, the fqxi community, the frankfurter allgemeine zeitung, quanta magazine, aeon, discover, nautilus quarterly, and big think. in 2018, two popular-science books about the interpretation of qua...	wikipedia
997331c96c0c0514e6c44e6083021fac189c9f52	certain authors find qbism internally self-consistent, but do	certain authors find qbism internally self-consistent, but do not subscribe to the interpretation. for example, marchildon finds qbism well-defined in a way that, to him, many-worlds interpretations are not, but he ultimately prefers a bohmian interpretation. similarly, schlosshauer and claringbold state that qbism is ...	wikipedia
c5aa2f3b98f87dce6f6a685ed3f30a1d67a3f2c1	some assert that there may be inconsistencies; for	some assert that there may be inconsistencies; for example, stairs argues that when a probability assignment equals one, it cannot be a degree of belief as qbists say. further, while also raising concerns about the treatment of probability-one assignments, timpson suggests that qbism may result in a reduction of explan...	wikipedia
addc3abce5bba9a01385196b10e777018bd3cbe1	reactions to the qbist interpretation have ranged from	reactions to the qbist interpretation have ranged from enthusiastic to strongly negative. some who have criticized qbism claim that it fails to meet the goal of resolving paradoxes in quantum theory. bacciagaluppi argues that qbism's treatment of measurement outcomes does not ultimately resolve the issue of nonlocality...	wikipedia
86e0df683fc47f003b82abfc967670701efadb06	according to qbism, quantum theory is a tool	according to qbism, quantum theory is a tool which an agent may use to help manage their expectations, more like probability theory than a conventional physical theory. quantum theory, qbism claims, is fundamentally a guide for decision making which has been shaped by some aspects of physical reality. chief among the t...	wikipedia
e86ff8511115569ef53473346bb586c97aea89d0	prior to the 2010 article, the term "quantum	prior to the 2010 article, the term "quantum bayesianism" was used to describe the developments which have since led to qbism in its present form. however, as noted above, qbism subscribes to a particular kind of bayesianism which does not suit everyone who might apply bayesian reasoning to quantum theory (see, for exa...	wikipedia
f0fe0acecc1c0a19ed6b7201eada29c65d8cfae9	christopher fuchs introduced the term "qbism" and outlined	christopher fuchs introduced the term "qbism" and outlined the interpretation in more or less its present form in 2010, carrying further and demanding consistency of ideas broached earlier, notably in publications from 2002. several subsequent works have expanded and elaborated upon these foundations, notably a reviews...	wikipedia
cd48929215f3bb229cb400e552092e9da36e5739	according to qbists, the advantages of adopting this	according to qbists, the advantages of adopting this view of probability are twofold. first, for qbists the role of quantum states, such as the wavefunctions of particles, is to efficiently encode probabilities; so quantum states are ultimately degrees of belief themselves. (if one considers any single measurement that...	wikipedia
a904665be17c4559fcbd85e590d0c6ac177600bf	there are many interpretations of probability theory. broadly	there are many interpretations of probability theory. broadly speaking, these interpretations fall into one of three categories: those which assert that a probability is an objective property of reality (the propensity school), those who assert that probability is an objective property of the measuring process (frequen...	wikipedia
daf8b13632db46022bd5ac46275058c8d2f14541	e. t. jaynes, a promoter of the use	e. t. jaynes, a promoter of the use of bayesian probability in statistical physics, once suggested that quantum theory is " peculiar mixture describing in part realities of nature, in part incomplete human information about nature—all scrambled up by heisenberg and bohr into an omelette that nobody has seen how to unsc...	wikipedia
d81f9b583f7ffc3a0d0ed61a523c40ebab81bca8	in addition to presenting an interpretation of the	in addition to presenting an interpretation of the existing mathematical structure of quantum theory, some qbists have advocated a research program of reconstructing quantum theory from basic physical principles whose qbist character is manifest. the ultimate goal of this research is to identify what aspects of the ont...	wikipedia
f625cd470fa1c64e05c85a5200d50cda2126d5ac	more generally, any work that uses a bayesian	more generally, any work that uses a bayesian or personalist (a.k.a. "subjective") treatment of the probabilities that appear in quantum theory is also sometimes called quantum bayesian. qbism, in particular, has been referred to as "the radical bayesian interpretation".	wikipedia
20310b5130ebef7578a1f2db9e6724d536d64c64	this interpretation is distinguished by its use of	this interpretation is distinguished by its use of a subjective bayesian account of probabilities to understand the quantum mechanical born rule as a normative addition to good decision-making. rooted in the prior work of carlton caves, christopher fuchs, and rüdiger schack during the early 2000s, qbism itself is prima...	wikipedia
d9b45a17411701a98bad09774e7afa5d66d572df	in physics and the philosophy of physics, quantum	in physics and the philosophy of physics, quantum bayesianism is a collection of related approaches to the interpretation of quantum mechanics, the most prominent of which is qbism (pronounced "cubism"). qbism is an interpretation that takes an agent's actions and experiences as the central concerns of the theory. qbis...	wikipedia
1e82cb76c10803482e78c7e7594776c229ed93e1	alexandra mousavizadeh is a danish economist and ceo	alexandra mousavizadeh is a danish economist and ceo of evident. prior to june 2022 she was a partner at tortoise media in london and creator of the responsibility100 index and the global ai index. she specializes in index creation, using data to build benchmarks that rank nations, companies and other entities on key s...	wikipedia
83a81784605ce0edf2353b6c2a59ac835c3d2213	mousavizadeh has been appointed as a specialist judge	mousavizadeh has been appointed as a specialist judge for the world data visualization prize, in partnership with the world government summit. mousavizadeh's analysis has featured in a number of publications, including the wall street journal, the financial times, the moscow times, euromoney, and enca.	wikipedia
755e9cd5911132aa80117af6b2d18866981bd9ea	mousavizadeh is currently the founder and ceo of	mousavizadeh is currently the founder and ceo of evident which is launching the evident ai index in january 2023. the evident ai index is the first public ranking of the largest companies in the world on their maturity in developing and using artificial intelligence. the evident ai index uses public data sources rather...	wikipedia
22f4a1319debfd83d2b2575ce8c3d3bd67383a2b	mousavizadeh and her team published the global ai	mousavizadeh and her team published the global ai index in december 2019. it was presented at the world economic forum in december 2020. the index will draw on a range of primary data to measure the capacity for artificial intelligence – specifically through the processes of innovation, investment and implementation – ...	wikipedia
7c3b642c20eb3a8e2d37780e0cc5a7d1fab01111	mousavizadeh published the responsibility100 index, in its first	mousavizadeh published the responsibility100 index, in its first beta edition in september 2019; the index ranks the companies of the ftse 100 on there csr contributions; with reference to the un sustainable development goals. the index has already been recognised by a range of the companies and other non-governmental ...	wikipedia
1ba06a68d363b7e4ccb56998fb260e02dfaf6e02	mousavizadeh was a partner at tortoise media, from	mousavizadeh was a partner at tortoise media, from 2018 until 2022 and director of the tortoise intelligence team. tortoise media is a journalistic platform, founded by james harding, the former director of bbc news, katie vanneck-smith, the former president of the wall street journal and matthew barzun, obama's former...	wikipedia
f437fe2bdcd83e342e00881716aa622544ab8d76	before joining the legatum institute, mousavizadeh was ceo	before joining the legatum institute, mousavizadeh was ceo of arc ratings, an emerging market-based ratings agency. arc ratings was established in 2013 by a consortium of five domestic credit rating agencies operating in asia, africa, europe and south america, with substantial cumulative resources, including over 10,00...	wikipedia
f938fab8fec0a3fdaf4c4d1d4042e75e4e028eda	mousavizadeh acted as director of the legatum prosperity	mousavizadeh acted as director of the legatum prosperity index; an annual ranking developed by the legatum institute, a division of the private investment firm legatum. the ranking is based on a variety of factors including wealth, economic growth, education, health, personal well-being, and quality of life. in the 201...	wikipedia
55ef43abd5d7c265c34b6a85c757384322cead30	mousavizadeh then worked for moody's for 10 years.	mousavizadeh then worked for moody's for 10 years. based in new york, she covered emerging and frontier markets for the sovereign risk team. she then moved to morgan stanley in london as head of country risk management for emea, before returning to moody's as assistant vice president for the africa sovereign ratings po...	wikipedia
f20211580e4194cbda451f0d9910d1ac5cbaf58a	mousavizadeh began her career at the danish ministry	mousavizadeh began her career at the danish ministry of foreign affairs, in the department for humanitarian and development funding. after this role, she was a visiting research scholar at the center for strategic and international studies in washington, dc.	wikipedia
5676e5289900cacea84ba261fd89c7a29be76fe9	she was educated in denmark, and down house	she was educated in denmark, and down house boarding school in berkshire, england before to returning to denmark to attend n. zahle's school in copenhagen. from 1989 to 1994 she attended the university of copenhagen, graduating with an ma in economics.	wikipedia