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e71765ff8e706e09ec6946aa147e849c6f6ce637 | british television rights holders itv acted as the | british television rights holders itv acted as the host broadcaster for the tournament, with s4c also broadcasting matches in the welsh language. with coverage shown in 209 countries, to an audience of 3.1 billion viewers. in australia, the event was broadcast by seven network. | wikipedia |
c7238fd7c0063b9516348bc03b308b1e5f4a1649 | the semi-finals, which were both played at twickenham | the semi-finals, which were both played at twickenham stadium, produced two of the most dramatic matches of the tournament, with australia beating south africa 27–21 in extra-time after normal time ended with the scores locked at 18-18. the second semi-final between favourites new zealand and underdogs france was an al... | wikipedia |
f73ee4bfea4a734330bcdc4b3ab270c5b4f89df9 | the winners from the quarter-final play-offs, who had | the winners from the quarter-final play-offs, who had played in mid-week, joined the pool winners, who had enjoyed a week long rest, in the quarter-finals. england, hosts wales and scotland were all knocked out, and france, who beat argentina, were the only team left from the northern hemisphere. | wikipedia |
e0c5886810ff3150853915e619e965c7139b1c3c | the quarter-final play-offs were three one-off knock-out matches | the quarter-final play-offs were three one-off knock-out matches between the runners-up of each pool and the best third-placed side from all five pools to decide the remaining three places in the quarter-finals. the matches were played in mid-week between the completion of the pool stage and the start of the quarter-fi... | wikipedia |
e9427a137d871a5daba47d37fc64659726636ba4 | the tournament began on 1 october 1999 in | the tournament began on 1 october 1999 in the newly built millennium stadium in cardiff, with wales beating argentina in a hard-fought game 23–18 to get their campaign off to a positive start. the pool stage of the tournament played out as was widely expected with the tri nations teams of new zealand (who inflected a m... | wikipedia |
a7da4f2a521de85378382be0bf4a028f913ba23c | the five pool runners-up and the best third-placed | the five pool runners-up and the best third-placed team from the pool stage (which was argentina) contested the quarter-final play-offs in three one-off matches that decided the remaining three places in the quarter-finals, with the losers being eliminated. the unusual format meant that two pool winners in the quarter-... | wikipedia |
a5a2abcb96e1030230f7c50e122339928853c31a | venues in england included twickenham stadium and welford | venues in england included twickenham stadium and welford road stadium, rugby union venues, as well as ashton gate stadium in bristol, which normally hosts football, and the mcalpine stadium in huddersfield, which normally hosts football and rugby league. scottish venues included murrayfield stadium, the home of the sc... | wikipedia |
cc7f14404e470cd310996232713e4bc0f56ee0ed | wales won the right to host the world | wales won the right to host the world cup in 1999. the centrepiece venue for the tournament was the millennium stadium, built on the site of the old national stadium at cardiff arms park at a cost of £126 million from lottery money and private investment. other venues in wales were the racecourse ground and stradey par... | wikipedia |
85922539f91e55709b3b9d14b38fbb4b22940980 | the following 20 teams, shown by region, qualified | the following 20 teams, shown by region, qualified for the 1999 rugby world cup. of the 20 teams, only four of those places were automatically allocated and did not have to play any qualification matches. these went to the champions, runners-up and the third-placed nations at the 1995 and the tournament host, wales. a ... | wikipedia |
32641e5fd240823504f43c4ace1a56c3e2c3c457 | the 20 teams were divided into five pools | the 20 teams were divided into five pools of four. the winner of each pool progressed to the last eight automatically, with the remaining quarter-finalists determined by three play-off matches, played between the runners-up from each pool and the best third-placed team. the tournament began with the opening ceremony in... | wikipedia |
130ebc608b96225ede2b50f6128ad1bbafce1a42 | four automatic qualification places were available for the | four automatic qualification places were available for the 1999 tournament; wales qualified automatically as hosts, and the other three places went to the top three teams from the previous world cup in 1995: champions south africa, runners-up new zealand and third-placed france. 63 nations took part in the qualificatio... | wikipedia |
8579f0eb03171159ad8fd1b5078f88523c58b254 | the 1999 rugby world cup (welsh: cwpan rygbi'r | the 1999 rugby world cup (welsh: cwpan rygbi'r byd 1999), was the fourth rugby world cup, the quadrennial international rugby union championship, the first world cup to be held in the sport's professional era. | wikipedia |
bea9c93d88a912c92d8ed437cea5039987e22ab8 | sofiane feghouli is a professional footballer who plays | sofiane feghouli is a professional footballer who plays for turkish süper lig club fatih karagümrük and the algeria national team. he mainly operates as a midfielder, but can also play as a winger and as an attacking midfielder. feghouli made his senior international debut for algeria in february 2012. he represented a... | wikipedia |
f3bfd19e0403d43e0e99a2b40edefee96a55f486 | in the team's opening match of the 2014 | in the team's opening match of the 2014 world cup, a 2–1 defeat to belgium in belo horizonte, feghouli scored with a penalty kick – algeria's first world cup goal in 28 years. he was surprisingly omitted from the 2017 african cup of nations squad. | wikipedia |
7e15e05a1fed295c8e1b128a7e067dfbc1285e51 | on 29 february 2012, feghouli made his debut | on 29 february 2012, feghouli made his debut for the algerian national team in a 2–1 africa cup of nations qualifying win against gambia, scoring the winning goal. during qualification for the 2014 fifa world cup, he scored three goals in seven appearances for les fennecs. | wikipedia |
ebff7595b73fbbec519562375d9b112da233371c | on 23 october 2011, the algerian football federation | on 23 october 2011, the algerian football federation announced that fifa officially accepted feghouli's request to switch allegiances from france to algeria, and that he was eligible to represent algeria in international competition as of that date. two days later, on 25 october, feghouli was called up by algeria coach... | wikipedia |
fe7dfca5f0eeec088835a7be6db065037f8403db | on 25 may 2011, it was reported that, | on 25 may 2011, it was reported that, whilst on loan at almeria, feghouli met with the president of the algerian football federation mohamed raouraoua. feghouli agreed to play for algeria and was invited to a training camp being held in spain for the match against morocco. he was unable to attend the session, but was t... | wikipedia |
b97f85f361367bfd503aeb3e6a972caabb6777e6 | feghouli was eligible for both algeria and france. | feghouli was eligible for both algeria and france. feghouli had stated his preference was to play for france and appeared in several france youth squads. on 12 november 2008, national team manager raymond domenech shortlisted the player for his pre-selection squad ahead of a friendly against uruguay. despite this, alge... | wikipedia |
fca58264da3d0a7ec5107b7fca64aadfe6dbb8cd | on 14 june 2016, it was announced that | on 14 june 2016, it was announced that feghouli would be joining west ham united on 1 july 2016 on a three-year contract. he made his west ham debut on 28 july in a 2–1 away defeat to nk domžale in the third qualifying round of the europa league. he scored his first competitive goal for west ham the following week in t... | wikipedia |
aa9bc24ad9cbd0c60e5aa04002fc457555da1d55 | on 11 april 2016, feghouli was suspended by | on 11 april 2016, feghouli was suspended by the club amid reports he refused to take part in a warm-down after the 2–1 home win over sevilla the day before. he had also reportedly missed training a few days earlier. | wikipedia |
70ffa1c3a6379c2802dc28b11d20299aecadcefa | after returning from almería, and profiting from mata | after returning from almería, and profiting from mata and vicente 's departures, feghouli became a starter, and scored his first goals for los che on 29 october 2011, netting a brace in a 3–1 home win against getafe cf. his performances for valencia in 2012 earned him two algerian player of the year awards, le buteur's... | wikipedia |
5cd854565b3e96503bc844e8ede42c9815ef9b7f | on 28 january 2011, after appearing sparingly for | on 28 january 2011, after appearing sparingly for the valencian side, feghouli was loaned to fellow league team ud almería, until june. he appeared regularly for the andalusians, however they were relegated at the end of the season. | wikipedia |
4f365e42335e0a9d9b11c45f96129b2daf4386c8 | on 20 may 2010, feghouli signed a four-year | on 20 may 2010, feghouli signed a four-year deal with valencia cf. he made his la liga debut on 25 september, replacing juan mata in a 2–0 win against sporting de gijón. | wikipedia |
f4c6863cc581d75163671aac6b04cedb6d0ed01a | feghouli returned for the 2009–10 season, making his | feghouli returned for the 2009–10 season, making his debut on 29 august 2009 in a 1–0 defeat to rhône-alpes rivals saint-Étienne. after appearing in five more matches, it was discovered by grenoble officials that feghouli had torn the meniscus in his right knee. the knee was successfully operated on in october. followi... | wikipedia |
7e9d60f7c5f96e16b08cdb6a17c898d6c0610c62 | the following season, he was handed the number | the following season, he was handed the number 8 shirt and, despite being 17 years of age, was given a more important role in the first-team squad. despite having the pressure of being labelled the "new zidane ", his contribution to the squad was successful, appearing in 27 matches and scoring three goals, helping gren... | wikipedia |
8342fe1ae9a4575de17eeedca4626c8fd1e7333e | feghouli began his career with grenoble, after french | feghouli began his career with grenoble, after french team paris saint-germain decided not to sign him after a trial. for the latter portion of the 2006–2007 season, he was promoted to the first-team squad and given the number 33 shirt. he made his highly anticipated debut, at the age of 17, for the club on 27 april 20... | wikipedia |
9b24305dd0c8cee44e988676eefb35c7d487831a | feghouli made his senior international debut for algeria | feghouli made his senior international debut for algeria in february 2012. he represented algeria at the 2013, 2015, 2019 and 2021 africa cup of nations (winning the 2019 tournament), as well as the 2014 fifa world cup, where he scored algeria's first goal in the competition since 1986. | wikipedia |
cafc17d286b93f2b767604ee16eb688da4f4a735 | sofiane feghouli (arabic: سفيان فيغولي; born 26 december | sofiane feghouli (arabic: سفيان فيغولي; born 26 december 1989) is a professional footballer who plays for turkish süper lig club fatih karagümrük and the algeria national team. he mainly operates as a midfielder, but can also play as a winger and as an attacking midfielder. | wikipedia |
38007b1ac7eb4b5df9e7fc7b2c8d171ca0b65c69 | upshall, along with fellow former nhl players shane | upshall, along with fellow former nhl players shane o' brien and jimmy hayes, hosts the "missin' curfew" podcast, where the trio share road stories from their careers and offer commentary on current league news and events. the show debuted in august 2020. | wikipedia |
5ae02ee9a50a465e29d9a634d7a2c951c6b95f69 | after sitting out for the duration of the | after sitting out for the duration of the 2018-19 season while rehabbing a knee injury, upshall was signed to a professional tryout contract by the dallas stars on august 26, 2019. the team released him from his tryout on september 22. | wikipedia |
8295fad885b77a5333988867191e144351c45392 | in the off-season, upshall spent the summer as | in the off-season, upshall spent the summer as an unsigned free agent. he agreed to a professional tryout contract with his favorite childhood team, the edmonton oilers, on august 19, 2018. he was then dropped by edmonton on september 24, 2018, failing to appear in a single preseason game. | wikipedia |
27e8164b313b7702ea1c90178acee40ddcf50dfc | the blues chose not to re-sign upshall, making | the blues chose not to re-sign upshall, making him an unrestricted free agent. on september 8, 2017, the vancouver canucks signed upshall to a professional tryout. upshall was later released from his pto with the canucks after the blues suffered a rash of injuries. on september 30, 2017, the blues signed upshall to a p... | wikipedia |
31575dc651a376bc54c33abd8914eedb13e4a90a | on june 22, 2016, the blues re-signed upshall | on june 22, 2016, the blues re-signed upshall to a one-year, $900,010 contract. in the 2016–17 season, upshall improved upon his offensive numbers with the blues, providing 10 goals and 18 points in 73 regular season games. | wikipedia |
023e3e0f9e3507c101b8c081c2eb66af481b9948 | upshall attended training camp with the st. louis | upshall attended training camp with the st. louis blues on a professional tryout contract ahead of the 2015–16 season. upshall earned a contract with the club, agreeing to a one-year, two-way contract on october 5 worth $700,000. | wikipedia |
f272b63281a41dda89a409135ef7ec5ada370491 | upshall signed a four-year contract worth $14 million | upshall signed a four-year contract worth $14 million with the florida panthers on july 1, 2011. during his first season with the panthers in 2011–12, upshall only skated in 26 games as he was plagued by both a hip injury and sports hernia surgery respectively. | wikipedia |
ba80af868e45ee4141db5903e4dc0e7c0af1e2c0 | upshall scored a goal in his first game | upshall scored a goal in his first game with the phoenix coyotes, and finished the 2008–09 season with eight goals and 13 points in 19 games with phoenix. after the season, upshall played for canada at the 2009 world hockey championship, where he had an assist in eight games. in 49 games with the coyotes in 2009–10, up... | wikipedia |
85e203a2e26024de552489c3e51a94cfb22ee28b | upshall had a slow start to the 2008–09 | upshall had a slow start to the 2008–09 season, as in 55 games with philadelphia, he had seven goals and 21 points. on march 4, 2009, the flyers traded upshall and a second round draft pick in the 2011 nhl entry draft to the phoenix coyotes for daniel carcillo. | wikipedia |
cf41037afdf94306644d6b62c38a605b81623040 | upshall joined a rebuilding philadelphia flyers club to | upshall joined a rebuilding philadelphia flyers club to finish the 2006–07 season, and in 18 games with the team, he had six goals and 13 points. upshall became a full-time nhl player in 2007–08, as he scored 14 goals and 30 points in 61 games with the flyers. in 17 playoff games, upshall had three goals and seven poin... | wikipedia |
300c7f5b5a86b482c608ef2e76e614ca83e41085 | upshall began the 2006–07 splitting time between milwaukee | upshall began the 2006–07 splitting time between milwaukee and nashville. in five games with the admirals, upshall had an assist, while in 14 games with the predators, upshall had two goals and three points. on february 15, 2007, the predators traded upshall, ryan parent, the predators first and third round draft picks... | wikipedia |
98cd80f0f207dd34b22fb200636305ec10c35cc7 | upshall spent a majority of the 2005–06 season | upshall spent a majority of the 2005–06 season with the nashville predators, as he scored eight goals and 24 points in 48 games with the team. upshall also appeared in two playoff games with nashville, getting no points. he also appeared in 23 games with milwaukee in 2005–06, scoring 17 goals and 33 points. in 14 playo... | wikipedia |
491367ce87ad61d6c32dc4d7c36e7e86de22bf4a | in 2003-04, upshall had an injury plagued season, | in 2003-04, upshall had an injury plagued season, appearing in 31 games with the admirals, scoring 13 goals and 24 points. upshall also had a brief stint with the predators in the nhl, where he had an assist in seven games. back with milwaukee for the playoffs, upshall had three goals in eight games, as the admirals wo... | wikipedia |
1941704b04263f5582d9d575d1f69d7350faa13f | upshall appeared in eight games with the nashville | upshall appeared in eight games with the nashville predators in 2002–03, where he scored a goal. he was then sent back his junior hockey team, the kamloops blazers. after his junior season was over, the predators assigned upshall to the milwaukee admirals of the ahl, where in two games, he had a goal, followed by going... | wikipedia |
075620996137912f2c25d3cfce71f5c3b9838cc7 | upshall had another very solid season with the | upshall had another very solid season with the blazers in 2001–02, as he had 32 goals and 83 points in 61 games, followed by a goal and three points in four playoff games. upshall also played for canada at the 2002 world juniors, where he had three goals and six points in seven games, helping the canadians to the silve... | wikipedia |
c70814c6ddcbccc595573b5f3c85e54fce49e6b0 | upshall joined the kamloops blazers of the whl | upshall joined the kamloops blazers of the whl in 2000–01. upshall had a memorable rookie season, scoring 42 goals and 87 points in 70 games, helping kamloops to the playoffs. in four playoff games, upshall had two assists. after the season, he was named to the whl all-rookie team, the chl all-rookie team, and won the ... | wikipedia |
6256a4a5fdf5c3bb8211bf2d95e11a71a49bf235 | upshall played with the fort mcmurray oil barons | upshall played with the fort mcmurray oil barons of the ajhl in 1999-2000 as a sixteen-year-old. in 52 games, upshall had 26 goals and 52 points, helping the oil barons to the royal bank cup. in five games at the royal bank cup, upshall had two goals and six points, helping the oil barons to the championship. | wikipedia |
e379f4574f768dc079929aa2f122a1be03da4f40 | scott upshall (born october 7, 1983) is a | scott upshall (born october 7, 1983) is a canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. he was selected in the 2002 nhl entry draft by the nashville predators in the first round, sixth overall. | wikipedia |
4deb84b68b0f95281fd6e1a7cddc9b69a104847e | oladélé ajiboyé bamgboyé is a nigerian-born british artist | oladélé ajiboyé bamgboyé is a nigerian-born british artist and scientist known for his unmasking series which innovated with early 3d technology in the 1990s. a founding member of the street level gallery in glasgow and curator at the cambridge darkroom gallery, bamgboyé has been exhibiting internationally since the mi... | wikipedia |
118320cd4ab5dafb73bc909c425a6faa413be36e | he developed the series with scholars, computer programmers | he developed the series with scholars, computer programmers and scientists, publishing the unmasking 3 framework with coauthors david england and ming tai. unmasking 3, as a research project and framework, was a joint collaboration with the foundation for creative technology and v2_. | wikipedia |
76fd19e0e8a485af50a7b1bedabd622d6b6eb735 | first conceptualised when bamgboyé was at slade in | first conceptualised when bamgboyé was at slade in 1998, it continued during his residency at artpace in 2000 and finally culminated in 2001 at witte de with. utilising cutting edge technology for the era, bamgboyé tested the boundaries of art ownership and commodification by scanning artefacts held in museums and nota... | wikipedia |
ed45b99b98b3b6b4c05554e5dd0d5cad14cce08b | the unmasking series was developed and exhibited in | the unmasking series was developed and exhibited in three parts and, as noted in the unmasking-3 framework, was "a logical development of the artist's general inquiry into the prevalent issues of cultural ethics, the role of a future art practice, and finally making sense of the artist's interest in the intersection of... | wikipedia |
9bfd288fc6a87d88e6b06dc610b1eded0f274e11 | bamgboyé was awarded three residencies: international artist in | bamgboyé was awarded three residencies: international artist in residence awards at the banff centre and artpace in 1992 and 1999, respectively, and the koninkrijk der nederlanden artist in residence scholarship from the v2_lab and witte de wit in 2000. | wikipedia |
9e0a726dfd8c7571f82c6701cd0eb84c9db36d4f | in 1985, he received a bachelors of science | in 1985, he received a bachelors of science in chemical & process engineering (bsc) from the university of strathclyde. he later attended the slade school of fine art, graduating with a master of arts in digital media & philosophy of art in 1998. | wikipedia |
c27111df03a517198aecfb479de1a8c2c6883988 | bamgboyé was born in odo-eku, nigeria in 1963 | bamgboyé was born in odo-eku, nigeria in 1963 as the second of seven children to salome and ezra bamgboyé. in 1975, the family emigrated to glasgow, scotland. after 6 years in scotland, the family moved back to nigeria in 1981 while he remained in scotland to continue his studies. | wikipedia |
15ec39ef6350608138586518b9e664a6c56d5fad | a founding member of the street level gallery | a founding member of the street level gallery in glasgow and curator at the cambridge darkroom gallery, bamgboyé has been exhibiting internationally since the mid-1990s. in 1997, he attended documenta x, where he won international acclaim for his work paradigm shift: african stories. | wikipedia |
7aafaae084634b0bb299cf08afc49a330678b1a6 | oladélé ajiboyé bamgboyé (born 1963) is a nigerian-born | oladélé ajiboyé bamgboyé (born 1963) is a nigerian-born british artist and scientist known for his unmasking series which innovated with early 3d technology in the 1990s. | wikipedia |
0444806284b4204e3de74edfae0a2b046bbd39b2 | for supervised learning applications in machine learning and | for supervised learning applications in machine learning and statistical learning theory, generalization error is a measure of how accurately an algorithm is able to predict outcome values for previously unseen data. because learning algorithms are evaluated on finite samples, the evaluation of a learning algorithm may... | wikipedia |
bb7e2d930bb2911df08d2fa6d382a27ee0195e97 | the approach to finding a function that does | the approach to finding a function that does not overfit is at odds with the goal of finding a function that is sufficiently complex to capture the particular characteristics of the data. this is known as the bias–variance tradeoff. keeping a function simple to avoid overfitting may introduce a bias in the resulting pr... | wikipedia |
729fb33e12691ffd94575698ee2c94418f8ab702 | many algorithms exist to prevent overfitting. the minimization | many algorithms exist to prevent overfitting. the minimization algorithm can penalize more complex functions (known as tikhonov regularization), or the hypothesis space can be constrained, either explicitly in the form of the functions or by adding constraints to the minimization function (ivanov regularization). | wikipedia |
a5b429d8ad13fc281d79b1e1633e244bf81e8bc1 | the amount of overfitting can be tested using | the amount of overfitting can be tested using cross-validation methods, that split the sample into simulated training samples and testing samples. the model is then trained on a training sample and evaluated on the testing sample. the testing sample is previously unseen by the algorithm and so represents a random sampl... | wikipedia |
3a7e1d545d7e69c9f6a157ae35b7449f65bc7552 | the concepts of generalization error and overfitting are | the concepts of generalization error and overfitting are closely related. overfitting occurs when the learned function f s {\displaystyle f_{s}} becomes sensitive to the noise in the sample. as a result, the function will perform well on the training set but not perform well on other data from the joint probability dis... | wikipedia |
13083fab4266eddaa3cf129f1074980f7c69cd78 | with β e l (n) {\displaystyle \beta _{el}^{(n)}} | with β e l (n) {\displaystyle \beta _{el}^{(n)}} and δ e l (n) {\displaystyle \delta _{el}^{(n)}} going to zero for n → ∞ {\displaystyle n\rightarrow \infty }. | wikipedia |
8439cc6dac238c8f1a81405bfcb331ee309c7282 | an algorithm l {\displaystyle l} has e l | an algorithm l {\displaystyle l} has e l o o e r r {\displaystyle eloo_{err}} stability if for each n {\displaystyle n} there exists a β e l m {\displaystyle \beta _{el}^{m}} and a δ e l m {\displaystyle \delta _{el}^{m}} such that: | wikipedia |
91566e36f741f8d8f6932875451877ad717b6f8e | and β c v (n) {\displaystyle \beta _{cv}^{(n)}} | and β c v (n) {\displaystyle \beta _{cv}^{(n)}} and δ c v (n) {\displaystyle \delta _{cv}^{(n)}} go to zero as n {\displaystyle n} goes to infinity. | wikipedia |
7015f2a72938112ed9b122116f47fb4230650171 | an algorithm l {\displaystyle l} has c v | an algorithm l {\displaystyle l} has c v l o o {\displaystyle cvloo} stability if for each n {\displaystyle n}, there exists a β c v (n) {\displaystyle \beta _{cv}^{(n)}} and δ c v (n) {\displaystyle \delta _{cv}^{(n)}} such that: | wikipedia |
c90eeed45721d1785d264b2db3074e6a641aa2d3 | that is, the goal is to characterize the | that is, the goal is to characterize the probability 1 − δ n {\displaystyle 1-\delta _{n}} that the generalization error is less than the empirical error plus some error bound ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon } (generally dependent on δ {\displaystyle \delta } and n {\displaystyle n}).for many types of algorithms, it has been... | wikipedia |
2a48cbc8c08b46586f4eca4181ada2a6e46a5298 | of particular importance is the generalization error i | of particular importance is the generalization error i {\displaystyle i} of the data-dependent function f n {\displaystyle f_{n}} that is found by a learning algorithm based on the sample. again, for an unknown probability distribution, i {\displaystyle i} cannot be computed. instead, the aim of many problems in statis... | wikipedia |
0e14b17142d999927633d7746121c26a3b3e625e | without knowing the joint probability distribution ρ {\displaystyle | without knowing the joint probability distribution ρ {\displaystyle \rho }, it is impossible to compute i {\displaystyle i}. instead, we can compute the error on sample data, which is called empirical error (or empirical risk). given n {\displaystyle n} data points, the empirical error of a candidate function f {\displ... | wikipedia |
1383fc394642e7706d57524203aa25f8d633ef65 | in a learning problem, the goal is to | in a learning problem, the goal is to develop a function f n (x →) {\displaystyle f_{n}({\vec {x}})} that predicts output values y {\displaystyle y} for each input datum x → {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}. the subscript n {\displaystyle n} indicates that the function f n {\displaystyle f_{n}} is developed based on a data s... | wikipedia |
895a9c2683480c933a0ef81e7ef411a9c8f55c27 | for supervised learning applications in machine learning and | for supervised learning applications in machine learning and statistical learning theory, generalization error (also known as the out-of-sample error or the risk) is a measure of how accurately an algorithm is able to predict outcome values for previously unseen data. because learning algorithms are evaluated on finite... | wikipedia |
a6a0fd8f372d3fb348b72e93252a19080c5cf544 | jian zhou was a chinese virologist and cancer | jian zhou was a chinese virologist and cancer researcher, who with fellow researcher ian frazer, invented gardasil and cervarix, the vaccines for stimulating human immunological resistance to the cervical cancer-inducing human papilloma virus. | wikipedia |
d5a18bc9a6dc5f7db3cfb1efe7192ffc7d088ded | in 2008, zhou's contribution to his efforts in | in 2008, zhou's contribution to his efforts in research, including his work with the gardasil vaccine, were formally recognised with a commemorative service attended by over 300 people, and included a written tribute from the australian prime minister of the time, kevin rudd in brisbane, australia. | wikipedia |
39820eba911a7ff806497e55202dd7f4e76b5bed | frazer and zhou filed a provisional patent in | frazer and zhou filed a provisional patent in june 1991 and began work on developing the vaccine within uq. to finance clinical trials, australian medical company csl, and later merck, were sold partial patents. (csl has the exclusive license to sell gardasil in new zealand and australia, merck the license elsewhere.) ... | wikipedia |
7ee612c4591eb1084b8d23a5ce57c79d1fb2e0e0 | frazer convinced zhou to join him at the | frazer convinced zhou to join him at the university of queensland, brisbane, and in 1990 they began to use molecular biology to synthesize particles in vitro that could mimic the virus. in march 1991 zhou's wife and fellow researcher, xiao-yi sun, assembled by zhou's instructions two proteins into a virus-like particle... | wikipedia |
b3fbce46c39af13c0aca687ca1e0a181706f5ab3 | zhou met future research partner ian frazer at | zhou met future research partner ian frazer at the university of cambridge in 1989, bonded by a mutual respect and willingness to push the limits of their research. the two considered the problem of developing a vaccine for hpv – a virus that cannot be cultured without living tissue. | wikipedia |
887c742174bf24a987cd2d88710acbcae1fe2dc8 | zhou was born in 1957 in hangzhou, zhejiang, | zhou was born in 1957 in hangzhou, zhejiang, china. he was admitted to wenzhou medical college in 1977 and graduated 1982. his wife xiao-yi sun (孙小依) was his classmate at the college. he subsequently earned a master's degree from zhejiang medical university, where he pursued his research interest in hpv. he then earned... | wikipedia |
e4fe761e603a45574fbf7128cc129f7f33641fb7 | jian zhou (chinese: 周健; pinyin: zhōu jiàn; february | jian zhou (chinese: 周健; pinyin: zhōu jiàn; february 24, 1957 – march 9, 1999) was a chinese virologist and cancer researcher, who with fellow researcher ian frazer, invented gardasil and cervarix, the vaccines for stimulating human immunological resistance to the cervical cancer -inducing human papilloma virus. | wikipedia |
597c7acc55ed24f1946b61f208b1cac46b4c6da7 | in atmospheric science, an atmospheric model is a | in atmospheric science, an atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive, dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. it can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes, heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface ... | wikipedia |
f72e801340bc4b89f6c8bc92c87a33bbbf9689f5 | the movable fine-mesh model, which began operating in | the movable fine-mesh model, which began operating in 1978, was the first tropical cyclone forecast model to be based on atmospheric dynamics. despite the constantly improving dynamical model guidance made possible by increasing computational power, it was not until the 1980s that numerical weather prediction (nwp) sho... | wikipedia |
6a56271a1b492c46888522a05adeaa656041c7e0 | air pollution forecasts depend on atmospheric models to | air pollution forecasts depend on atmospheric models to provide fluid flow information for tracking the movement of pollutants. in 1970, a private company in the u.s. developed the regional urban airshed model (uam), which was used to forecast the effects of air pollution and acid rain. in the mid- to late-1970s, the u... | wikipedia |
b38e59be2ff608266e6d5cd0039a9004d5e79cab | by the early 1980s, the u.s. national center | by the early 1980s, the u.s. national center for atmospheric research had developed the community atmosphere model (cam), which can be run by itself or as the atmospheric component of the community climate system model. the latest update (version 3.1) of the standalone cam was issued on 1 february 2006. in 1986, effort... | wikipedia |
82e748729b0bf579e8af5c1bc6dcd7ef8a96c0c5 | by 1975, manabe and wetherald had developed a | by 1975, manabe and wetherald had developed a three-dimensional global climate model that gave a roughly accurate representation of the current climate. doubling co in the model's atmosphere gave a roughly 2 °c rise in global temperature. several other kinds of computer models gave similar results: it was impossible to... | wikipedia |
9ebaee0d57a363559b089a2283b8646a46684cdf | in 1956, norman phillips developed a mathematical model | in 1956, norman phillips developed a mathematical model that realistically depicted monthly and seasonal patterns in the troposphere. this was the first successful climate model. several groups then began working to create general circulation models. the first general circulation climate model combined oceanic and atmo... | wikipedia |
8be0938c3c77f6c7d37e0c86a5e140f5c1c2407e | model output statistics differ from the perfect prog | model output statistics differ from the perfect prog technique, which assumes that the output of numerical weather prediction guidance is perfect. mos can correct for local effects that cannot be resolved by the model due to insufficient grid resolution, as well as model biases. forecast parameters within mos include m... | wikipedia |
3fdb16a898c91ae677e97127804f9e329bf89eba | because forecast models based upon the equations for | because forecast models based upon the equations for atmospheric dynamics do not perfectly determine weather conditions near the ground, statistical corrections were developed to attempt to resolve this problem. statistical models were created based upon the three-dimensional fields produced by numerical weather models... | wikipedia |
dabab44cd6047650bbea2faf911085578b041940 | the vertical coordinate is handled in various ways. | the vertical coordinate is handled in various ways. some models, such as richardson's 1922 model, use geometric height (z {\displaystyle z}) as the vertical coordinate. later models substituted the geometric z {\displaystyle z} coordinate with a pressure coordinate system, in which the geopotential heights of constant-... | wikipedia |
6366429412085bb86e8560ed73b9a6467fadf826 | the horizontal domain of a model is either | the horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire earth, or regional, covering only part of the earth. regional models also are known as limited-area models, or lams. regional models use finer grid spacing to resolve explicitly smaller-scale meteorological phenomena, since their smaller domain decr... | wikipedia |
8a60816e43957d43aea756fd2588e8290e243bd3 | the amount of solar radiation reaching ground level | the amount of solar radiation reaching ground level in rugged terrain, or due to variable cloudiness, is parameterized as this process occurs on the molecular scale. also, the grid size of the models is large when compared to the actual size and roughness of clouds and topography. sun angle as well as the impact of mul... | wikipedia |
4551124d802ce615e59da89fb9f8ad2bdb1b6388 | weather and climate model gridboxes have sides of | weather and climate model gridboxes have sides of between 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) and 300 kilometres (190 mi). a typical cumulus cloud has a scale of less than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi), and would require a grid even finer than this to be represented physically by the equations of fluid motion. therefore, the processes that ... | wikipedia |
38d2d2767107e495d6199424ceb42716494a7528 | the equations used are nonlinear partial differential equations | the equations used are nonlinear partial differential equations which are impossible to solve exactly through analytical methods, with the exception of a few idealized cases. therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. different models use different solution methods: some global models use spectral metho... | wikipedia |
d97c9dd5b7f0d92b7ac1b01620514bcc2d0f2850 | a model is a computer program that produces | a model is a computer program that produces meteorological information for future times at given locations and altitudes. within any model is a set of equations, known as the primitive equations, used to predict the future state of the atmosphere. these equations are initialized from the analysis data and rates of chan... | wikipedia |
6933e8b668e5b13e25971d604a15c44a85a1a8b5 | a variety of methods are used to gather | a variety of methods are used to gather observational data for use in numerical models. sites launch radiosondes in weather balloons which rise through the troposphere and well into the stratosphere. information from weather satellites is used where traditional data sources are not available. commerce provides pilot re... | wikipedia |
5ca0d0754bf068e534b640f7429f9691522fb1d1 | the atmosphere is a fluid. as such, the | the atmosphere is a fluid. as such, the idea of numerical weather prediction is to sample the state of the fluid at a given time and use the equations of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics to estimate the state of the fluid at some time in the future. the process of entering observation data into the model to generate i... | wikipedia |
438626c14c2b61e96caf9b6a8ab073db6eff6f85 | because the output of forecast models based on | because the output of forecast models based on atmospheric dynamics requires corrections near ground level, model output statistics (mos) were developed in the 1970s and 1980s for individual forecast points (locations). even with the increasing power of supercomputers, the forecast skill of numerical weather models onl... | wikipedia |
f9e538045195c4e8d4c58701e90aa5477ceec1ec | the history of numerical weather prediction began in | the history of numerical weather prediction began in the 1920s through the efforts of lewis fry richardson who utilized procedures developed by vilhelm bjerknes. it was not until the advent of the computer and computer simulation that computation time was reduced to less than the forecast period itself. eniac created t... | wikipedia |
901751156e00c841f3d388ee242b8ca0f6ee0c10 | hydrostatic models filter out vertically moving acoustic waves | hydrostatic models filter out vertically moving acoustic waves from the vertical momentum equation, which significantly increases the time step used within the model's run. this is known as the hydrostatic approximation. hydrostatic models use either pressure or sigma-pressure vertical coordinates. pressure coordinates... | wikipedia |
0ca3e12dd0866b24e53dbbd866d8bf31fcc9a7df | barotropic models assume the atmosphere is nearly barotropic, | barotropic models assume the atmosphere is nearly barotropic, which means that the direction and speed of the geostrophic wind are independent of height. in other words, no vertical wind shear of the geostrophic wind. it also implies that thickness contours (a proxy for temperature) are parallel to upper level height c... | wikipedia |
38709c80391c97d5d6d4b091bddb90b1a13293a1 | the main assumption made by the thermotropic model | the main assumption made by the thermotropic model is that while the magnitude of the thermal wind may change, its direction does not change with respect to height, and thus the baroclinicity in the atmosphere can be simulated using the 500 mb (15 inhg) and 1,000 mb (30 inhg) geopotential height surfaces and the averag... | wikipedia |
d70e14b7d59b75268a5c8bef7a85a4d4344ab487 | forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the | forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. these equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. different models use different solution methods. global models often use spectral methods for ... | wikipedia |
24997185763c80d22339781860a5219c31ac0115 | in atmospheric science, an atmospheric model is a | in atmospheric science, an atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive, dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. it can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange,... | wikipedia |
46857a457d6085a89e5cb1e2f71de9dda5e0d86f | the 1962 boston college eagles football team represented | the 1962 boston college eagles football team represented boston college as an independent during the 1962 ncaa university division football season. the team compiled an 8–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 250 to 123. in january 1962, jim miller was signed to a three-year contract as the team's head coach. ... | wikipedia |
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