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29e0f98c4f90b1d686afaa214642ff355fb40ff7 | barker's long footballing career began at essendon 'a' | barker's long footballing career began at essendon 'a' in the victorian football association (vfa) with whom he played before joining richmond in 1908 for their inaugural vfl season. he managed just a couple of games and decided to return to the vfa, this time with north melbourne. | wikipedia |
936a705ba6d1c737b53a42e1081d994caf534ef9 | sydney quinton barker sr. (26 november 1887 – | sydney quinton barker sr. (26 november 1887 – 23 march 1930) was an australian rules footballer who played with richmond, essendon and north melbourne in the victorian football league (vfl). his son, also named syd barker, had a brief league career with north melbourne. | wikipedia |
72ffe0746c1898ad3694ba39ef6e3bf2840e5387 | he has received recognition for his contributions in | he has received recognition for his contributions in solar energy and architectural design, including the best paper award for "sizing photovoltaic systems during early design: a decision tool for architects" and the sbse ases solar conference scholarship at ases solar 2010 in phoenix, az. he also received the ases bes... | wikipedia |
1bd8ae779b7a8b9d0bebefa508ece0c9835e2b78 | he began his career in 2014 and joined | he began his career in 2014 and joined the university of liège 's school of engineering as a faculty member, becoming an associate professor in 2016 and a full professor in 2020. he has authored more than 120 peer-reviewed journal articles and over 100 conference papers, books, and technical reports. he is actively inv... | wikipedia |
80e3489b8047a2e589f4f968d4c240d3134edabe | attia completed his undergraduate studies in architectural engineering | attia completed his undergraduate studies in architectural engineering at the faculty of fine arts at helwan university in 2002. he then pursued a master of science in landscape design and urban planning at wageningen university, specializing in urban climate. in 2009, he began a phd in building physics at texas a&m un... | wikipedia |
043de736ef1790ab7facda75d446c2178f49c6c9 | gloria long anderson is the fuller e. callaway | gloria long anderson is the fuller e. callaway professor of chemistry at morris brown college, and its vice president for academic affairs. she has served as interim president of morris brown, and as vice chair of the corporation for public broadcasting. she was a pioneer in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance spec... | wikipedia |
d5fdef1a34d39899711d98a2762efb49ffeb8ba3 | anderson is quoted as saying, to a group | anderson is quoted as saying, to a group of young scientists, " can do anything that you want to do. you can be anything that you want to be. however, you must be determined. you must work hard. you must not let anyone define who you are and what you can do." she adds, "as dr. martin luther king, jr. said at my college... | wikipedia |
2c443b3dfd9a9998620f9d5786ce61f5ce665cb0 | in her interview with jeanette e. brown, anderson | in her interview with jeanette e. brown, anderson explained: "i have always had to prove myself wherever i went. i had to prove myself in chicago. when i proved myself, i didn't have any m ore trouble. when i went to georgia tech as a post-doc, i had to prove myself. after i proved myself, i didn't have any problem. (.... | wikipedia |
ef866583b8e737b48052f51b8baf77c1cea8c881 | she married leonard sinclair anderson, a schoolteacher in | she married leonard sinclair anderson, a schoolteacher in 1960. in chicago, while anderson was studying for her phd, leonard attended the chicago conservatory of music, graduating with a master's degree. talking about her marriage, anderson said: "at that time, you know, we had not been liberated, so we didn't know we ... | wikipedia |
c67406f69cc8be6d3400a408c7a541df32ebbca9 | throughout her career, anderson has held many board | throughout her career, anderson has held many board and committee leadership positions, including as chair of the greater atlanta public broadcasting study committee (1974-1976), as vice president of the public broadcasting atlanta board (1980-1982), and at morris brown college, chair of the promotion and tenure ad hoc... | wikipedia |
a177ca1391a55dfceec0fce586a193c61f7ed684 | outside of academia, anderson was appointed by president | outside of academia, anderson was appointed by president richard nixon for a six-year term on the corporation for public broadcasting 's (cpb) board in 1972. in actuality, she served seven years because of a delay in the confirmation of her successor. while at the cpb, she also served as chair for committees on minorit... | wikipedia |
e89d6b43207fc88ae1e48c50a3e3aa30217bc1ab | anderson became morris brown's interim president twice, from | anderson became morris brown's interim president twice, from 1992 to 1993 and in 1998, and was dean of science and technology from 1995 to 1997. since 1999 and as of 2009, she is the fuller e. callaway professor of chemistry. twice, she served as interim president of morris brown. as of 2011, anderson works as assistan... | wikipedia |
aa7618224e8e8996a27f3ce32779d5d61959f54a | in 1973, she became the fuller e. callaway | in 1973, she became the fuller e. callaway professor of chemistry and chair, which she returned to in 1990 after serving as dean of academic affairs from 1984 to 1989. anderson worked as a national science foundation research fellow (1981) and research consultant (1982) for the lockheed georgia corporation, and later a... | wikipedia |
b45aed52ae4e3b1716a3f8ed6358a28dcb94c0d7 | throughout her career, she struggled to receive funding, | throughout her career, she struggled to receive funding, and attributes much of this to the racism of the time. she used money from her own salary to fund her research. in her 2009 interview with jeanette e. brown, she explains: "it became clear to me that if i was at morris brown college, a college with did not have a... | wikipedia |
53aae404232f980b590ee704120e2868d1906b36 | anderson explains that when she joined morris brown, | anderson explains that when she joined morris brown, the vice president of academic affairs told her that it was a teaching institution, and that if she wanted to carry out research, "you do that on your own time." so, she says: "i did it in on my own time. i worked in the evenings and on saturdays and sundays. (...) i... | wikipedia |
a8bb9d400b655a2a8ef5088fb919dca9bb644aec | in 1968, anderson chose to conduct her post-doctoral | in 1968, anderson chose to conduct her post-doctoral research at a historically black college ("it didn't make a difference which one") in the wake of the assassination of martin luther king jr. in april of that year, and considered this her contribution to the american civil rights movement. she knew at the time that ... | wikipedia |
2e6bdb2038b54082912fae3215784adfce659455 | she had enjoyed her experience in dr. stock's | she had enjoyed her experience in dr. stock's lab, so she continued her research with him, working on the nuclear magnetic resonance and cf infrared frequency shifts of fluorine-19, and published at least one paper before she had completed her dissertation (which they wrote "over the weekend"). anderson would work in t... | wikipedia |
3d8bf40b31bd2aebcd855be03947624f009ad5bc | anderson began her doctoral studies at the university | anderson began her doctoral studies at the university of chicago (mcbay's alma mater) in 1965, and received a research and teaching assistantship. in her first year, she was the only black, full-time organic chemistry student. she tutored white women chemistry students in her first year, but decided to focus on herself... | wikipedia |
88b40c31eeecc166c8dae5b723caa7ce7be6196f | she taught for a year at south carolina | she taught for a year at south carolina state college in orangeburg. anderson then moved back to atlanta, to morehouse college. she was contacted by henry cecil ransom mcbay, the "father of black chemists in the united states", who had made it his mission to seek out and train talented african american chemists. anders... | wikipedia |
bdf690a481dc2572ab050c1a81eb9e6e3830dd9b | with no other options, anderson taught geography, reading | with no other options, anderson taught geography, reading and arithmetic in seventh grade at a school in altheimer for six months (even though, by her own admission, "i didn't even know any more about geography than the students did"). she was then offered a national science foundation grant by kimuel alonzo huggins, t... | wikipedia |
98a9af9fdff06dcce9ad8232674e8dfdad5bba53 | though she was accepted to graduate school at | though she was accepted to graduate school at stanford university, she was unable to study there for lack of funding. she was then rejected for a position at the ralston purina company as a chemist because she was african-american. she later said that "they did me a favor by not hiring me, but i didn't realize it at th... | wikipedia |
cd469add5108b2e0bb33162c7d99ba1324067392 | anderson started studying at the arkansas agricultural, mechanical, | anderson started studying at the arkansas agricultural, mechanical, and normal college, a state-supported school for african americans. she received a small scholarship in her first year, followed by a rockefeller foundation college scholarship between 1956 and 1958 in recognition of her stellar grades. as part of the ... | wikipedia |
f7cc7a6b6abd008b87260f9f6fc80677c2aa7c62 | very few jobs were available for african american | very few jobs were available for african american women in altheimer, so anderson chose to attend college, hoping to pursue a career. she hadn't planned to pursue a career in science, and had instead considered careers in physical education and interior decorating. | wikipedia |
a2241597521fa8e952367bf98a13f13e66e1d190 | her parents prioritized her education (and the education | her parents prioritized her education (and the education of her brothers with three of her brothers also attended the university of arkansas). they allowed her to start elementary school at the age of four ("they didn't check very carefully in those days"), by which time she had already learned to read. she attended se... | wikipedia |
759f27c34070749c6d6fa06c0e46bc93a17864fd | she is the daughter of elsie lee foggie | she is the daughter of elsie lee foggie long, a seamstress, and charles long, a sharecropper, with a tenth and third grade education, respectively. they lived in a mixed-race, segregated farming community. later, both her parents worked at the pine bluff arsenal, her mother in the armament division and her father as a ... | wikipedia |
5a644550e775d588d1b86008c0a01219c8ddab65 | anderson was born november 5, 1938, in altheimer, | anderson was born november 5, 1938, in altheimer, arkansas, where she was raised. she is the fourth child, and only girl, in a family of six children. in an interview with jeanette e. brown, she explains that she did not feel different, despite being the only girl, because "i mostly played sports along with them, like ... | wikipedia |
d7447a16b2ed69d5519281c89f3da0df1863cd0a | gloria long anderson (born november 5, 1938) is | gloria long anderson (born november 5, 1938) is the fuller e. callaway professor of chemistry at morris brown college, and its vice president for academic affairs. she has served as interim president of morris brown, and as vice chair of the corporation for public broadcasting. she was a pioneer in the field of nuclear... | wikipedia |
2c43ee7dde98e9d2796daf9e706c4ac94c76bea4 | benjamin aaron alman is an american orthopaedic clinician-scientist | benjamin aaron alman is an american orthopaedic clinician-scientist and currently chair of orthopaedic surgery at duke university school of medicine. alman is the distinguished james r. urbaniak, md, professor of orthopaedic surgery and also holds appointments with the department of cell biology, pediatrics, and pathol... | wikipedia |
5ff2edac97e2dbc95a8ea3719207cb393ef2bca5 | prior to duke, alman was the a. j. | prior to duke, alman was the a. j. latner professor and head of the division of orthopedic surgery at the hospital for sick children in toronto, ontario, senior scientist in developmental and stem cell biology at sick kids, and vice chair of the department of surgery at the university of toronto. | wikipedia |
25a5aae39145b3f3c47bcd2df376e82b841c4799 | benjamin aaron alman is an american orthopaedic clinician-scientist | benjamin aaron alman is an american orthopaedic clinician-scientist and currently chair of orthopaedic surgery at duke university school of medicine (durham, north carolina). alman is the distinguished james r. urbaniak, md, professor of orthopaedic surgery and also holds appointments with the department of cell biolog... | wikipedia |
ada9dae600ae569f47d8ebf92984faef39a7ef6b | alfredo vásquez cobo international airport is an international | alfredo vásquez cobo international airport is an international airport located in leticia, colombia's southernmost city and capital of the amazonas department. the airport is important for the amazon region, as it is the main gateway to the rest of the country and serves the tri-border area between colombia, brazil and... | wikipedia |
17c0f97e6793dd8d2e32d4470c5d244c12a784bf | two hundred international tourists were trapped in leticia | two hundred international tourists were trapped in leticia after the highly-contagious brazilian variant of covid-19 virus was discovered in the city on january 28, 2021. two weeks later the government agreed to fly the tourists out of the alfredo vásquez cobo airport if the individuals were willing to pay. regularly s... | wikipedia |
f953a9258a554ef8b903d5217410353c631ba4f8 | in 2015, juan manuel santos, the then president | in 2015, juan manuel santos, the then president of colombia, announced an investment of over $142 billion colombian pesos (or $42 million us dollars) to replace the existing facilities with brand new passenger and cargo terminals, control tower, parking and common areas, and access roadways. construction was expected t... | wikipedia |
4539e7c1ee1f55b319cc1d65d8f0bab16b5236fa | before leticia had an established airport, the colombian | before leticia had an established airport, the colombian air force flew pby catalina aircraft from the interior of colombia to the river banks of the city. gustavo rojas pinilla seeing the need to better connect the amazon region of colombia to bogota ordered for an airport to be built. | wikipedia |
0d607b392a8caeb07a4baf9b23cf5a68a6d606cb | alfredo vásquez cobo international airport (spanish: aeropuerto internacional | alfredo vásquez cobo international airport (spanish: aeropuerto internacional alfredo vásquez cobo, iata: let, icao: sklt) is an international airport located in leticia, colombia's southernmost city and capital of the amazonas department. | wikipedia |
c0f4a18cb76fd4ea26ef85423588d2b4814a7e7e | countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature | countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some chemical, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other. the flowing bodies can be liquids, gases, or even solid powders, or... | wikipedia |
33b8a79f3d0594fcc47479a8ead7635f80959b87 | countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature | in vertebrates, they are called a rete mirabile, originally the name of an organ in fish gills for absorbing oxygen from the water. it is mimicked in industrial systems. countercurrent exchange is a key concept in chemical engineering thermodynamics and manufacturing processes, for example in extracting sucrose from s... | wikipedia |
18797503ee7bfd850b60b78641944a85fa0d5529 | countercurrent chromatography is a method of separation, that | countercurrent chromatography is a method of separation, that is based on the differential partitioning of analytes between two immiscible liquids using countercurrent or cocurrent flow. evolving from craig's countercurrent distribution (ccd), the most widely used term and abbreviation is countercurrent chromatography ... | wikipedia |
1c54736759cee026ea624c68d7f095e56354b686 | a. a salt extraction system with a countercurrent | a. a salt extraction system with a countercurrent multiplication mechanism, where salt is actively pumped from the blood 'venules' (small veins) into the gland tubules. although the fluid in the tubules is with a higher concentration of salt than the blood, the flow is arranged in a countercurrent exchange, so that the... | wikipedia |
c3faba29472195a8a750612997c4d5f0cec9748f | in seabirds the salt gland is above the | in seabirds the salt gland is above the beak, leading to a main canal above the beak, and water is blown from two small nostrils on the beak, to empty it. the salt gland has two countercurrent mechanisms working in it: | wikipedia |
a5b684ea973fb7162264cf448a78e54232917409 | the salt secreting gland has been found in | the salt secreting gland has been found in seabirds like pelicans, petrels, albatrosses, gulls, and terns. it has also been found in namibian ostriches and other desert birds, where a buildup of salt concentration is due to dehydration and scarcity of drinking water. | wikipedia |
3e77809db1f3ffc9270ab0ccee32a561c040e6dc | sea and desert birds have been found to | sea and desert birds have been found to have a salt gland near the nostrils which concentrates brine, later to be "sneezed" out to the sea, in effect allowing these birds to drink seawater without the need to find freshwater resources. it also enables the seabirds to remove the excess salt entering the body when eating... | wikipedia |
aded64187fb83568df6d12240a87459dabac9124 | another example is found in the legs of | another example is found in the legs of an arctic fox treading on snow. the paws are necessarily cold, but blood can circulate to bring nutrients to the paws without losing much heat from the body. proximity of arteries and veins in the leg results in heat exchange, so that as the blood flows down it becomes cooler, an... | wikipedia |
0fade7eb2e98601c27d2cf4f67b6754d7847ffb4 | when animals like the leatherback turtle and dolphins | when animals like the leatherback turtle and dolphins are in colder water to which they are not acclimatized, they use this cche mechanism to prevent heat loss from their flippers, tail flukes, and dorsal fins. such cche systems are made up of a complex network of peri-arterial venous plexuses, or venae comitantes, tha... | wikipedia |
ca9b411d55bf6710b8e178daad4a451efe44a929 | in cold weather the blood flow to the | in cold weather the blood flow to the limbs of birds and mammals is reduced on exposure to cold environmental conditions, and returned to the trunk via the deep veins which lie alongside the arteries (forming venae comitantes). this acts as a counter-current exchange system which short-circuits the warmth from the arte... | wikipedia |
fb052ec5ec4bddc1123e084f806f8b6f21402da1 | initially the countercurrent exchange mechanism and its properties | initially the countercurrent exchange mechanism and its properties were proposed in 1951 by professor werner kuhn and two of his former students who called the mechanism found in the loop of henle in mammalian kidneys a countercurrent multiplier and confirmed by laboratory findings in 1958 by professor carl w. gottscha... | wikipedia |
66815bf0eb00b38ee58234e2471fd66a0c742e08 | a circuit of fluid in the loop of | a circuit of fluid in the loop of henle —an important part of the kidneys—allows for gradual buildup of the concentration of urine in the kidneys, by using active transport on the exiting nephrons (tubules carrying liquid in the process of gradually concentrating the urea). the active transport pumps need only to overc... | wikipedia |
00bbe12c4fa571239bd023a6e74d36c9a611c4a0 | in effect, this can be seen as a | in effect, this can be seen as a gradually multiplying effect—hence the name of the phenomena: a 'countercurrent multiplier' or the mechanism: countercurrent multiplication, but in current engineering terms, countercurrent multiplication is any process where only slight pumping is needed, due to the constant small diff... | wikipedia |
43de20eb271835be8ea36de3c5a6c0584215a16f | the tip of the loop has the highest | the tip of the loop has the highest concentration of salt (nacl) in the incoming tube—in the example 1199 mg/l, and in the buffer 1200 mg/l. the returning tube has active transport pumps, pumping salt out to the buffer liquid at a low difference of concentrations of up to 200 mg/l more than in the tube. thus when oppos... | wikipedia |
39ddba27b80f46eb69b781fd457859ea2f366886 | in the example shown in the image, water | in the example shown in the image, water enters at 299 mg/l (nacl / h o). water passes because of a small osmotic pressure to the buffer liquid in this example at 300 mg/l (nacl / h o). further up the loop there is a continued flow of water out of the tube and into the buffer, gradually raising the concentration of nac... | wikipedia |
c19d464bd84a2bf0023f94681e104e1b5f37d210 | the incoming flow starting at a low concentration | the incoming flow starting at a low concentration has a semipermeable membrane with water passing to the buffer liquid via osmosis at a small gradient. there is a gradual buildup of concentration inside the loop until the loop tip where it reaches its maximum. | wikipedia |
80a8dac6c72c6e538d509a56e0b714550b319eb5 | the system allows the buildup of a high | the system allows the buildup of a high concentration gradually, by allowing a natural buildup of concentration towards the tip inside the in-going tube, (for example using osmosis of water out of the input pipe and into the buffer fluid), and the use of many active transport pumps each pumping only against a very smal... | wikipedia |
6b6f86a5bb020af73405a98cb53fd5bb4d21e80d | a countercurrent multiplication loop is a system where | a countercurrent multiplication loop is a system where fluid flows in a loop so that the entrance and exit are at similar low concentration of a dissolved substance but at the far end of the loop there is a high concentration of that substance. a buffer liquid between the incoming and outgoing tubes receives the concen... | wikipedia |
95274ebe5df3a4be1a9075fa1b8a2da360aee680 | countercurrent exchange is used extensively in biological systems | countercurrent exchange is used extensively in biological systems for a wide variety of purposes. for example, fish use it in their gills to transfer oxygen from the surrounding water into their blood, and birds use a countercurrent heat exchanger between blood vessels in their legs to keep heat concentrated within the... | wikipedia |
a7a60fb2d57411321d79e3804302dcfa540c44a4 | for a maximum transfer of substance concentration, an | for a maximum transfer of substance concentration, an equal flowrate of solvents and solutions is required. for maximum heat transfer, the average specific heat capacity and the mass flow rate must be the same for each stream. if the two flows are not equal, for example if heat is being transferred from water to air or... | wikipedia |
bfa6d0ab84aace43a46de839e8cc8c9f97362fc1 | the result is that the top pipe which | the result is that the top pipe which received hot water, now has cold water leaving it at 20 °c, while the bottom pipe which received cold water, is now emitting hot water at close to 60 °c. in effect, most of the heat was transferred. | wikipedia |
0e26badcbdee854625572f2564a64cd76e0c7312 | in this example, hot water at 60 °c | in this example, hot water at 60 °c enters the top pipe. it warms water in the bottom pipe which has been warmed up along the way, to almost 60 °c. a minute but existing heat difference still exists, and a small amount of heat is transferred, so that the water leaving the bottom pipe is at close to 60 °c. because the h... | wikipedia |
0528e7d70fac3691ef8a037fd16501255da2ffa2 | the counter-current exchange system can maintain a nearly | the counter-current exchange system can maintain a nearly constant gradient between the two flows over their entire length of contact. with a sufficiently long length and a sufficiently low flow rate this can result in almost all of the property transferred. so, for example, in the case of heat exchange, the exiting li... | wikipedia |
d804f40388f008d6ac90aebe543a4e022fec3e51 | two tubes have a liquid flowing in opposite | two tubes have a liquid flowing in opposite directions, transferring a property from one tube to the other. for example, this could be transferring heat from a hot flow of liquid to a cold one, or transferring the concentration of a dissolved solute from a high concentration flow of liquid to a low concentration flow. | wikipedia |
041adc4aa892f3e25e7d6f99d35af05a522e1c20 | a similar example is the cocurrent concentration exchange. | a similar example is the cocurrent concentration exchange. the system consists of two tubes, one with brine (concentrated saltwater), the other with freshwater (which has a low concentration of salt in it), and a semi permeable membrane which allows only water to pass between the two, in an osmotic process. many of the... | wikipedia |
87e7002ff5b9c3c9aa9f9abc72b04c02e1fc9c33 | the hot fluid heats the cold one, and | the hot fluid heats the cold one, and the cold fluid cools down the warm one. the result is thermal equilibrium: both fluids end up at around the same temperature: 40 °c, almost exactly between the two original temperatures (20 and 60 °c). at the input end, there is a large temperature difference of 40 °c and much heat... | wikipedia |
631f5e4bad42486939cac35f1a736bccff3add2d | a cocurrent heat exchanger is an example of | a cocurrent heat exchanger is an example of a cocurrent flow exchange mechanism. two tubes have a liquid flowing in the same direction. one starts off hot at 60 °c, the second cold at 20 °c. a thermoconductive membrane or an open section allows heat transfer between the two flows. | wikipedia |
cedeb7a4c3e786b29aba0ca23f8ce288f87ccf85 | if each stream changes its property to be | if each stream changes its property to be 50% closer to that of the opposite stream's inlet condition, exchange will stop when the point of equilibrium is reached, and the gradient has declined to zero. in the case of unequal flows, the equilibrium condition will occur somewhat closer to the conditions of the stream wi... | wikipedia |
df60cde405a1eb2207a67fa05719607e2a728ed3 | as the cocurrent and countercurrent exchange mechanisms diagram | as the cocurrent and countercurrent exchange mechanisms diagram showed, a cocurrent exchange system has a variable gradient over the length of the exchanger. with equal flows in the two tubes, this method of exchange is only capable of moving half of the property from one flow to the other, no matter how long the excha... | wikipedia |
ec5539bc55c68f34197086be120bea3f7b3563b6 | countercurrent exchange and cocurrent exchange are two mechanisms | countercurrent exchange and cocurrent exchange are two mechanisms used to transfer some property of a fluid from one flowing current of fluid to another across a barrier allowing one way flow of the property between them. the property transferred could be heat, concentration of a chemical substance, or other properties... | wikipedia |
05d12251144cc8c28f6783da972596494b2b4f14 | countercurrent multiplication is a similar but different concept | countercurrent multiplication is a similar but different concept where liquid moves in a loop followed by a long length of movement in opposite directions with an intermediate zone. the tube leading to the loop passively building up a gradient of heat (or cooling) or solvent concentration while the returning tube has a... | wikipedia |
779b8a39c9e650c0f64a321c3cc6f9e296c1fe8b | countercurrent exchange circuits or loops are found extensively | countercurrent exchange circuits or loops are found extensively in nature, specifically in biologic systems. in vertebrates, they are called a rete mirabile, originally the name of an organ in fish gills for absorbing oxygen from the water. it is mimicked in industrial systems. countercurrent exchange is a key concept ... | wikipedia |
69d9b13a9cbd844bfa4dc40d13635ce4f421e2f9 | countercurrent exchange when set up in a circuit | countercurrent exchange when set up in a circuit or loop can be used for building up concentrations, heat, or other properties of flowing liquids. specifically when set up in a loop with a buffering liquid between the incoming and outgoing fluid running in a circuit, and with active transport pumps on the outgoing flui... | wikipedia |
9f15a206c927d00db28ddc050e16b9dd1e8c96c0 | the maximum amount of heat or mass transfer | the maximum amount of heat or mass transfer that can be obtained is higher with countercurrent than co-current (parallel) exchange because countercurrent maintains a slowly declining difference or gradient (usually temperature or concentration difference). in cocurrent exchange the initial gradient is higher but falls ... | wikipedia |
030ea197241a6369929e1c747b08d22618829b88 | countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature | countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some chemical, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other. the flowing bodies can be liquids, gases, or even solid powders, or... | wikipedia |
54fd24c467371990b0098b6aa323bb8104ebd05c | yehezkel ben-ari is a neurobiologist specializing in brain | yehezkel ben-ari is a neurobiologist specializing in brain development and the development of brain disorders. he has made seminal contributions to the understanding of brain activity in health and disease and notably autism, epilepsies and related infantile disorders. | wikipedia |
9f9d776b2cfc425e20a6c50a09ee07ffcedaae4b | ben-ari is the founder and the first director | ben-ari is the founder and the first director of the institute of neurobiology of the mediterranean sea (inmed) inaugurated in 2004. the building was constructed by a highly appraised architect – the norvegian snøhetta - who also constructed the library of alexandria in egypt and the opera of oslo amongst many outstand... | wikipedia |
c85c7ca0e1671818a86cd474a1dafd8037b3606f | experimental and human investigations indicate that asd is | experimental and human investigations indicate that asd is born in utero. relying on this, yehezkel ben-ari and his team in ba-biomedical analyzed all maternity data available in french maternities (roughly 200 parameters) in children with asd and neurotypical ones in limoges. the program enabled to identify almost all... | wikipedia |
207b55f4dc2c2fb4148f1035cb1cb03ecd66eacc | in 2021, a final phase 3 was then | in 2021, a final phase 3 was then made (210 children 2-6 and 210 children 7-18yrs old recruited in 40 centers in europe, brazil, australia and us). the results were negative with no difference between placebo and treated children. however, bumetanide responders can be identified in large trials using eeg measures or in... | wikipedia |
4e685329b3b47039fd0ec6d893f75891b2f1676c | this hypothesis was first tested in autism spectrum | this hypothesis was first tested in autism spectrum disorders (asd) by neurochlore, a startup dedicated to treat asd. in animal models of asd, the chloride importer antagonist that reduces (cl) levels - bumetanide –restores inhibitory actions of gaba and attenuates behavioral alterations in animal models. with dr eric ... | wikipedia |
139eee439a1b911e16358f685d9d018108931ffa | in 2008, retiring from academic research, yehezkel ben-ari | in 2008, retiring from academic research, yehezkel ben-ari shifted to create startups dedicated to understand and treat brain disorders. he proposed a fundamental concept called the “neuroarcheology concept” according to which in utero insults deviate developmental sequences leading to neurons endowed with immature fea... | wikipedia |
41ebda3e514e852b17757036f9a73bdb550f4046 | moving in 1999 to marseille to the construct | moving in 1999 to marseille to the construct inmed – an institute dedicated then to study brain development- he led teams working in this domain showing notably that the gaba shift is reversed in pathological conditions including epilepsies, autism spectrum disorders and other disorders: gaba “again“excites neurons wit... | wikipedia |
9bf668dfd5da50577d9e2ddbca65c1f8244d39b6 | in 1986, yehezkel ben-ari was nominated head of | in 1986, yehezkel ben-ari was nominated head of the unit 29 of inserm located within hôpital cochin-port-royal. he started to investigate the properties of immature neurons in rodent brain slices, making the first recording from in utero rodent and later non-human primate brains. these studies led to fundamental evolut... | wikipedia |
3f13d75729736892cf70042892f596874d51418c | returning to france, yehezkel ben-ari formed a team | returning to france, yehezkel ben-ari formed a team to study epilepsies in temporal lobe epilepsies (tle) -a pharmaco-resistant type of epilepsies. studying the action of kainic acid -an epileptogenic agent present in algae – he discovered the animal model of tle produced by kainic acid that mimicked the main features ... | wikipedia |
7b3be9d63a51440de943b056909f2008c91a3da3 | in parallel, he recorded with i kanazawa and | in parallel, he recorded with i kanazawa and js kelly neuron in the amygdala in vivo reporting for the first time their activity and responses to a variety of neuroleptics. yehezkel ben-ari also reported -with kanazawa and kelly- in nature the striking effects of acetylcholine on neurons of the reticularis nucleus – a ... | wikipedia |
c7c02405671b574e1d6c775dcaa672bae696a663 | his post doc in university of cambridge at | his post doc in university of cambridge at the mrc unit of neurochemistry directed by prof l iversen was centered on the amygdala where he determined with r zigmond the levels of gabaergic and cholinergic markers in substructures of the complex. | wikipedia |
16918f8b4473d9f19b65ec9e668c93ef5c851c65 | yehezkel ben-ari studied in his phd work neuronal | yehezkel ben-ari studied in his phd work neuronal plasticity, recording in vivo neurons in the amygdala and determining with a variety of mathematical tools the modifications of neuronal activity during a classical sensory-sensory random pavlovian type conditioning. his main discovery was that during conditioning the s... | wikipedia |
816a0ddb36c2924e5ec4b4369a28c5bf1e9c630d | in 2008, after retiring from his leadership role, | in 2008, after retiring from his leadership role, ben-ari shifted his focus towards the creation of several start-up companies. collaborating with renowned figures like eric lemonier, nouchine hadjikhani, constance hammond, philippe damier, and francois berger, these start-ups aim to understand and develop treatments f... | wikipedia |
c828a7088a0360d320718f2cd1ba11aa15a966c0 | in 1986, ben-ari was appointed as the head | in 1986, ben-ari was appointed as the head of the inserm u29 unit, "neurobiology and pathophysiology of development," succeeding professor alexandre minkowski. this unit was situated within the port royal maternity hospital in paris. ben-ari later moved his entire team to marseille in 1999, where he established and led... | wikipedia |
cfb955b480209f0ac078c95257f2c76aac8698fa | from 1973 to 1980, ben-ari undertook several post-doctoral | from 1973 to 1980, ben-ari undertook several post-doctoral fellowships at prestigious institutions, including cambridge university, oslo university, and mc gill university in montreal. upon his return to france, he was engaged by the centre national de la recherche scientifique (cnrs), where he initially headed a team ... | wikipedia |
b6b73034f6bb10987f40f9c57d2edfcdf6a790ad | yehezkel ben-ari began his academic career at the | yehezkel ben-ari began his academic career at the hebrew university of jerusalem in israel, where he completed his bachelor's and master's degrees. in 1966, he pursued advanced studies at the sorbonne université in france where he obtained his dea. in 1971, he completed his phd with a focus on neuronal plasticity. | wikipedia |
52a0c96a43b987423a659dad4981ade0a37c8ee8 | yehezkel ben-ari (born 1 december 1943) is a | yehezkel ben-ari (born 1 december 1943) is a neurobiologist specializing in brain development and the development of brain disorders. he has made seminal contributions to the understanding of brain activity in health and disease and notably autism, epilepsies and related infantile disorders. | wikipedia |
1cc37bd1d0bf130e5fff1e554311af0632973fe9 | in information theory, fano's inequality relates the average | in information theory, fano's inequality relates the average information lost in a noisy channel to the probability of the categorization error. it was derived by robert fano in the early 1950s while teaching a ph.d. seminar in information theory at mit, and later recorded in his 1961 textbook. it is used to find a low... | wikipedia |
fe7e6f137eb761fe0e493fc24623c69d7219aedc | let x {\displaystyle x} be a random variable | let x {\displaystyle x} be a random variable with density equal to one of r + 1 {\displaystyle r+1} possible densities f 1, …, f r + 1 {\displaystyle f_{1},\ldots,f_{r+1}}. furthermore, the kullback–leibler divergence between any pair of densities cannot be too large, | wikipedia |
a54ddc709ad7771b9865ab94270cf9c1c47b6afd | fano's inequality can be interpreted as a way | fano's inequality can be interpreted as a way of dividing the uncertainty of a conditional distribution into two questions given an arbitrary predictor. the first question, corresponding to the term h b (e) {\displaystyle h_{b}(e)}, relates to the uncertainty of the predictor. if the prediction is correct, there is no ... | wikipedia |
e39510fad35520a84e924edcc2c019006b0dc1bb | because x → y → x ~ {\displaystyle | because x → y → x ~ {\displaystyle x\rightarrow y\rightarrow {\tilde {x}}} is a markov chain, we have i (x; x ~) ≤ i (x; y) {\displaystyle i(x;{\tilde {x}})\leq i(x;y)} by the data processing inequality, and hence h (x | x ~) ≥ h (x | y) {\displaystyle h(x|{\tilde {x}})\geq h(x|y)}, giving us | wikipedia |
4221969e4aa285b2d747beb4967aec938a88dc24 | the other term, h (e | x ~) | the other term, h (e | x ~) ≤ h (e) {\displaystyle h(e|{\tilde {x}})\leq h(e)}, because conditioning reduces entropy. because of the way e {\displaystyle e} is defined, h (e) = h b (e) {\displaystyle h(e)=h_{b}(e)}, meaning that h (e | x ~) ≤ h b (e) {\displaystyle h(e|{\tilde {x}})\leq h_{b}(e)}. putting it all togeth... | wikipedia |
2a4a22f265897ac7326f2f46fbe0f2eadbd0cd86 | since e = 0 {\displaystyle e=0} means x | since e = 0 {\displaystyle e=0} means x = x ~ {\displaystyle x={\tilde {x}}}; being given the value of x ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {x}}} allows us to know the value of x {\displaystyle x} with certainty. this makes the term h (x | e = 0, x ~) = 0 {\displaystyle h(x|e=0,{\tilde {x}})=0}.on the other hand, e = 1 {\display... | wikipedia |
4e740defcd6a4ee422b73ac8df0402634c1f9150 | where x {\displaystyle {\mathcal {x}}} denotes the support | where x {\displaystyle {\mathcal {x}}} denotes the support of x {\displaystyle x}, | x | {\displaystyle |{\mathcal {x}}|} denotes the number of cardinality of (number of elements in) x {\displaystyle {\mathcal {x}}}, | wikipedia |
35fd5b5d3fbfe8a9d417db032803bfbe7566004a | let the discrete random variables x {\displaystyle x} | let the discrete random variables x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} represent input and output messages with a joint probability p (x, y) {\displaystyle p(x,y)}. let e {\displaystyle e} represent an occurrence of error; i.e., that x ≠ x ~ {\displaystyle x\neq {\tilde {x}}}, with x ~ = f (y) {\displaystyle {\t... | wikipedia |
52d11c3f681e12e378ccdd1b70dd5b66d9c0d46e | in information theory, fano's inequality (also known as | in information theory, fano's inequality (also known as the fano converse and the fano lemma) relates the average information lost in a noisy channel to the probability of the categorization error. it was derived by robert fano in the early 1950s while teaching a ph.d. seminar in information theory at mit, and later re... | wikipedia |
e2c6edb86ef615123f305534c3b73533c9c2aeb3 | in 1999 the new zealand association of scientists | in 1999 the new zealand association of scientists established the shorland medal in shorland's honour. it is awarded annually in recognition of a "major and continued contribution to basic or applied research that has added significantly to scientific understanding or resulted in significant benefits to society." | wikipedia |
9d6c1baeadf30822750a1f71c120ba0fad4cb1e8 | he was awarded a dsc by the university | he was awarded a dsc by the university of liverpool in 1950 and an honorary dsc by victoria university of wellington in 1970; a fellowship of the royal society of new zealand in 1951 and the hector medal in 1955. in the 1959 new year honours he was appointed an officer of the order of the british empire, in recognition... | wikipedia |
9f83289e26d81c2d5ea8ac0fbae33bd1d7cb986e | after a bsc and a msc in organic | after a bsc and a msc in organic chemistry he worked for the department of scientific and industrial research, before earning a scholarship to go to the university of liverpool for a phd under thomas percy hilditch, studying fish liver oils and fats from farm animals. | wikipedia |
1d61d814ab3b584b9441cedac49d2d4edf6fa27b | julio ricardo cruz is an argentine former footballer. | julio ricardo cruz is an argentine former footballer. he played for clubs in argentina, the netherlands and italy before retiring in 2010. the longest spell of his career was spent with inter milan, with whom he won four consecutive serie a titles, among other honours. a large and physical player, who was known for his... | wikipedia |
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