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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
1330940eeadc873bedff039980c0d1e7fbcdff6f	chelpanov received his primary education in mariupol at	chelpanov received his primary education in mariupol at the local parish school, and then studied at the gymnasium alexandrinum (mariupol), graduating in 1883 with a gold medal. after graduating from the gymnasium, he entered the faculty of history and philology of the novorossiysk university in odessa and graduated in...	wikipedia
8fe464f252203b3616509d6956560bd8f56f70b4	georgy ivanovich chelpanov (russian: Георгий Иванович Челпанов; 28	georgy ivanovich chelpanov (russian: Георгий Иванович Челпанов; 28 april 1862 – 13 february 1936) was a russian imperial and soviet psychologist, philosopher and logician.	wikipedia
a9e42b60e768a3a0a75c03e928e566af771cd639	chlorine trifluoride is an interhalogen compound with the	chlorine trifluoride is an interhalogen compound with the formula clf3. it is a colorless, poisonous, corrosive, and extremely reactive gas that condenses to a pale-greenish yellow liquid, the form in which it is most often sold. it is famous for its extreme oxidation properties. the compound is primarily of interest i...	wikipedia
8e40abde44893b0e4ccf3e7fd141fe7a9633644d	exposure to larger amounts of clf, as a	exposure to larger amounts of clf, as a liquid or as a gas, ignites living tissue, resulting in severe chemical and thermal burns. clf reacts violently with water and exposure to the reaction also results in burns. the products of hydrolysis are mainly hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid, which are usually released...	wikipedia
f241e528fb7e6c9386160ff2f7cd40bea9414344	this oxidizing power, surpassing that of oxygen, causes	this oxidizing power, surpassing that of oxygen, causes clf to react vigorously with many other materials often thought of as incombustible and refractory. it ignites sand, asbestos, glass, and even ashes of substances that have already burned in oxygen. in one particular industrial accident, a spill of 900 kg of clf b...	wikipedia
a3bad1dbf7aa9594d3ba3707beff45146532058a	clf is a very strong oxidizer. it is	clf is a very strong oxidizer. it is extremely reactive with most inorganic and organic materials and will combust many otherwise non-flammable materials without any ignition source. these reactions are often violent and in some cases explosive. steel, copper, and nickel are not consumed because a passivation layer of ...	wikipedia
581e888b8b1528c0d5c794eb6d7dcc998c695d5c	under the code name n-stoff ("substance n"), chlorine	under the code name n-stoff ("substance n"), chlorine trifluoride was investigated for military applications by the kaiser wilhelm institute in nazi germany not long before the start of world war ii. tests were made against mock-ups of the maginot line fortifications, and it was found to be an extremely effective incen...	wikipedia
d5338ec353d34ce4b682db1f74b0f2b8a51c6f52	chlorine pentafluoride (clf) has also been investigated as	chlorine pentafluoride (clf) has also been investigated as a potential rocket oxidizer. it offered improved specific impulse over chlorine trifluoride, but with all of the same difficulties in handling. neither compound has been used in any operational rocket propulsion system.	wikipedia
2b86f89fdc12be15e5f26aed8f46c23d2e88751e	it is, of course, extremely toxic, but that's	it is, of course, extremely toxic, but that's the least of the problem. it is hypergolic with every known fuel, and so rapidly hypergolic that no ignition delay has ever been measured. it is also hypergolic with such things as cloth, wood, and test engineers, not to mention asbestos, sand, and water —with which it reac...	wikipedia
d8865e41cc2f8fd9b56a6b3aa370e03a238d5aa1	chlorine trifluoride has been investigated as a high-performance	chlorine trifluoride has been investigated as a high-performance storable oxidizer in rocket propellant systems. handling concerns, however, severely limit its use. the following passage by rocket scientist john d. clark is widely quoted in descriptions of the substance's extremely hazardous nature:	wikipedia
0d4b1e7536e9d4ed832c194a02c6307e02f280fe	in the semiconductor industry, chlorine trifluoride is used	in the semiconductor industry, chlorine trifluoride is used to clean chemical vapour deposition chambers. it can be used to remove semiconductor material from the chamber walls without the need to dismantle the chamber. unlike most of the alternative chemicals used in this role, it does not need to be activated by the ...	wikipedia
f6c92d21122200039e24cd80a49ffa35a67680d8	the molecular geometry of clf is approximately t-shaped,	the molecular geometry of clf is approximately t-shaped, with one short bond (1.598 Å) and two long bonds (1.698 Å). this structure agrees with the prediction of vsepr theory, which predicts lone pairs of electrons as occupying two equatorial positions of a hypothetic trigonal bipyramid. the elongated cl-f axial bonds ...	wikipedia
02241cefb8a1498471de8aab7dfb613d2cd6f1bb	chlorine trifluoride is an interhalogen compound with the	chlorine trifluoride is an interhalogen compound with the formula clf. it is a colorless, poisonous, corrosive, and extremely reactive gas that condenses to a pale-greenish yellow liquid, the form in which it is most often sold (pressurized at room temperature). it is famous for its extreme oxidation properties. the co...	wikipedia
7a127868ee80d3c3425248bba9a5482fb7472770	the 1946 great britain lions tour was a	the 1946 great britain lions tour was a tour by the great britain national rugby league team of australia and new zealand which took place between april and august 1946. the tour involved a schedule of 27 games: 20 in australia including a three-test series against australia for the ashes, and a further 7 in new zealan...	wikipedia
4f1e6f1667263aab387707cb62d552ef2aa16544	all 26 players appeared at some point on	all 26 players appeared at some point on the tour. harry murphy was unlucky and broke a collarbone during the match against group 8 which ruled him out of the rest of the tour having played just the single match. martin ryan also missed most of the tour after being diagnosed with a hernia which required an operation an...	wikipedia
6f5b0ea7b0ea831138a4be164d82adc87b17bdc6	net receipts for the tour were £46,312 (£38,226	net receipts for the tour were £46,312 (£38,226 from the australian matches and £8,085 from the new zealand leg) of which england's share was £27,782 (60%). expenses and allowances to the players and their families amounted to £18,145 leaving a profit of £9,647. of this a third was split between the squad who therefore...	wikipedia
72ef2f9072c71fac51f53284158f0e67da8b300d	the second half coincided with more rain that	the second half coincided with more rain that hampered ball-handling for the rest of the game. england came back with tries by eric batten and ernest ward to equalise. ward then kicked a penalty to put england ahead before new zealand took a winning lead as bruce graham scored a try after catching a clarke penalty atte...	wikipedia
e35429cfe1896649ba77e610322b995acc652445	the sole test match in new zealand was	the sole test match in new zealand was played at a rain-soaked carlaw park in auckland on 10 august 1946. england gave test debuts to three players; joe jones, trevor foster and bryn knowelden while the entire new zealand team were previously uncapped.	wikipedia
0ffe6ac80f2004aad092d33b5ebb7a6b21c5d136	with the ashes already decided the game at	with the ashes already decided the game at sydney cricket ground on 20 july was about pride for both teams and the match was hotly contested from the start. almost a quarter of the game had gone before either side scored and it was australia who took the lead as joe jorgenson kicked a penalty. england equalised with a ...	wikipedia
49ec3e946e11b038933ebe2019d026d412f27788	england came into the game making two changes	england came into the game making two changes from the previous test. prop frank whitcombe was replaced by george curran and eric batten was recalled to the wing. australia made five changes with trevor eather, noel white and clem kennedy being called up into the backs while jim armstrong and noel mulligan came into th...	wikipedia
cbf94a627c1a59d00d9c663a8193c389768e15f6	the attendance was officially recorded as 40,500 but	the attendance was officially recorded as 40,500 but estimates are that the number watching was closed to 60,000 when the gatecrashers and members of the royal national agricultural and industrial association of queensland (owners of the ground) are included.	wikipedia
e2553263270bf9a58eda8a09ade8f4005c796f01	with england starting the second half with a	with england starting the second half with a 5–0 lead, australia had to score first to get back into the game and minutes into the second half they did so as jorgenson put a penalty over to make the score 5–2. shortly afterwards though bassett scored his second try to increase england's lead to six points. australia ca...	wikipedia
108e936f31c58d1017afbdbaaea38d228d6c01de	when the match started it was a closely	when the match started it was a closely contested game for the first quarter before england opened scoring as debutant arthur bassett gained possession from a mccue kick to score a try on the wing. the only other points of the first half were from ernest ward's boot as he scored a penalty from outside the australian 25...	wikipedia
a3a62df7cf3f4c5107ef145c951a7c122dfafa2f	the game was played at the brisbane exhibition	the game was played at the brisbane exhibition ground on 6 july 1946. despite a public transport strike and continuing restrictions on non-essential travel, huge queues had formed outside the ground by early morning and the gates were opened at 7 am, several hours before kick off. by 10 am the ground was full and the g...	wikipedia
c1764929d7cd88df9c78e370ebcb358aadfe9a9c	after the drawn test in sydney, england only	after the drawn test in sydney, england only needed to win the second test to retain the ashes as a tied series would result in the holders keeping the trophy. australia made just one change to their side with loose forward jack hutchinson replacing the injured noel mulligan; the captaincy also changed as ron bailey su...	wikipedia
7bdb839a486b76272d430f89789a469cfe7e201b	after the game kitching said he had pushed	after the game kitching said he had pushed jorgenson away and claimed he had been bitten. jorgenson denied he had bitten kitching and the judicial committee of the new south wales rugby league agreed dismissing kitching's claim without hearing from jorgenson and cautioning kitching for punching. with this kitching and ...	wikipedia
324b75eaf0f60cec0f95e9d6b316701fb0017c55	in the second half, with england disorganised after	in the second half, with england disorganised after kitching's dismissal, australia fought back and brought the score to 6–5 with a try by centre ron bailey. england extended struck back as risman kicked a penalty but with ten minutes left australia equalised as winger lionel cooper scored a try. in the closing minutes...	wikipedia
a76709e3470b44f7a985cd4995f91e5b2d602136	the game kicked off as scheduled and england	the game kicked off as scheduled and england took an early lead as stand-off willie horne scored a try in only the third minute after picking up a wayward australian pass close to the australian line. risman missed the conversion, the first of several misses in his kicking game during the match. australian captain joe ...	wikipedia
f7b1ccb6433b55bc6608bccb88158c4439c8c816	the first test was played at sydney cricket	the first test was played at sydney cricket ground on 17 june 1946. queues to get into the ground started the previous evening and by 7:30 am on the morning of the test the australian authorities felt it necessary to open the gates to the ground several hours early and by 11:30 am the ground was full.	wikipedia
e722058258ecc26dbbe22f35ac0080bdc28590f6	the third test was the final match of	the third test was the final match of the australian leg of the tour. to transfer to new zealand it had been arranged for the team to fly, the size of the aircraft involved made it necessary for the party to travel by three separate flights from rose bay water airport on 22, 23 and 24 july.	wikipedia
1e4b26d3a247f6e214c52d96a65f683860c78627	prior to leaving fremantle the squad played an	prior to leaving fremantle the squad played an exhibition match, fulfilling a commitment made to the captain of the indomitable during the voyage; splitting into two teams, mccue's "reds" beat risman's "blues" 24–5. a collection for naval charities raised £44 to which the rfl added £10/10.	wikipedia
ffaeb13f44e78e5420f4c3395518aaec3de49b8d	the squad sailed from devonport on 3 april	the squad sailed from devonport on 3 april 1946 and arrived in fremantle on 30 april. indomitable was supposed to continue to sydney but for operational reasons the voyage was curtailed at fremantle. the team as well as a large number of navy personnel and returning australian and new zealand soldiers were disembarked ...	wikipedia
7e04424fc7120d487f0dccf89b37179bd35fcb20	the tour was also the first with an	the tour was also the first with an official press presence. three british news reporters, ernest crawthorne of the manchester evening news, alfred drewery of the yorkshire post and eddie waring of the sunday pictorial all accompanied the team on the voyage and around australia and new zealand. once in australia they w...	wikipedia
9ee4815bbdba2026d7de270dfe8e8cc325a66467	following the announcement of the squad the rugby	following the announcement of the squad the rugby football league (rfl) entered into discussions with the war office over leave of absence for white, phillips and ernie ward as all three were still serving soldiers. initially the war office refused permission for white and phillips, but following representations to the...	wikipedia
f6eba8f949fc5b00b5340679b9a5f4beacb0afc0	the team manager was w. poppleton of bramley	the team manager was w. poppleton of bramley and w. gabbatt of barrow was the business manager. w. crockford of hull kingston rovers represented the rugby football league council, although he was not officially a member of the squad management and was paying his own way.	wikipedia
3e9a93eba97e59ad3660cf1d526b22690d9aa315	on previous tours it had been the practice	on previous tours it had been the practice for every playing position to be duplicated in player selection to cover for injuries but this practice was not followed for this tour, with 15 backs and only 11 forwards selected, including five centres and only three prop-forwards. the 26 man squad was announced in march 194...	wikipedia
683262c7c7a1b514fff90c067931bb2e3c65433b	travel to and from new zealand was also	travel to and from new zealand was also an issue. again the shortage of commercial shipping was the problem and in june the new zealand leg of the tour was in jeopardy because of the unavailability of a ship back to britain until the end of august. arrangements were made for some of the squad to fly to auckland from sy...	wikipedia
cc9780903232018fdd3573b9f3218d61899777e4	the issue of transport to australia almost resulted	the issue of transport to australia almost resulted in the tour being cancelled; the travel arrangements were the responsibility of the australian authorities who were unable to find passage on a commercial ship. as late as the beginning of march 1946 there was a likelihood that the tour would not go ahead. eventually ...	wikipedia
d68fe1328ee2d9f6561ffd442e5e28a4dff7cd42	in september 1945 the australian minister for external	in september 1945 the australian minister for external affairs, h. v. evatt issued an invitation to the rugby football league (rfl) to send a team to australia during the summer of 1946. the rfl were at first unsure about accepting due to the state of the game in britain after the war but after consulting with the club...	wikipedia
223ab6ebf9bd2b9020d8220f1ef9a65531e60038	despite being a british team – 11 of	despite being a british team – 11 of the squad were welsh – the team played, and were often referred to by both the press at home and away, as england. the team became known by the nickname the indomitables due to their travelling to australia on-board the aircraft carrier hms indomitable.	wikipedia