id stringlengths 40 40 | title stringlengths 15 120 | text stringlengths 41 3.14k | source stringclasses 2
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21e755b2a6e34e88aaeaffb58393131f132cb3a7 | during the 2014 heartbleed mass revocation event, where | during the 2014 heartbleed mass revocation event, where revocation rates rose from 1% to 11%, cloudflare estimated that the bandwidth that globalsign used to distribute crls could have cost 400,000 usd (equivalent to 510,000 usd in 2023). | wikipedia |
1bc838a42efdad59b8b9cbdf0ecba0840f9ca494 | failing-hard can introduce new denial-of-service attack vectors. for | failing-hard can introduce new denial-of-service attack vectors. for example, if clients expect ocsp stapling and fail-hard otherwise, a denial of service against ocsp responders is amplified to a denial of service against all services wishing to use those ocsp responses. | wikipedia |
3e0a47a903eebd5b272a36d32371c5710fbc8d11 | an attacker with the ability to present a | an attacker with the ability to present a compromised certificate likely also has the ability to prevent the client performing an online revocation status check; in this case, failing-soft effectively provides no protection at all. browsers have chosen this arm of the dilemma and preferred availability over security. | wikipedia |
2c2159836222fe01f765d5cc700749a110d4e163 | if revocation status is unavailable (which may be | if revocation status is unavailable (which may be benign or due to an attack), a client is faced with a dilemma when evaluating a certificate: it may fail-soft and assume that the certificate is still valid; or it may fail-hard and assume that the certificate has been revoked. this is a trade-off between security and a... | wikipedia |
f3277cd5937157d4632901c04edf4350fb4d09ed | revocation statuses are not typically preserved and archived | revocation statuses are not typically preserved and archived for long beyond the certificate's expiry, making research into and auditing of revocation behaviours difficult. one proposal to solve this involves submitting 'postcertificates' to certificate transparency logs for each revocation, which would also allow revo... | wikipedia |
7d518688a70115d8b31ac3da8cf311a1fddb645d | revocation may be initiated by a certificate holder | revocation may be initiated by a certificate holder (who, for example, may know that a private key has been compromised), who informs the ca. the ca then produces and distributes cryptographically authenticated attestations that the certificate has been revoked. the ca/b requirements also allow a ca to autonomously rev... | wikipedia |
87307bd248ff311f8ff21e295f5ca0c62ef80183 | revocation may not be necessary for certificates of | revocation may not be necessary for certificates of sufficiently short lifetime, roughly on the order of hours to days, which is comparable to the lifetime of an ocsp response. the associated frequent certificate issuance typically requires automation (e.g., the acme protocol) and may stress other infrastructural eleme... | wikipedia |
11885a98fa025566e25abf8d933be70760e81f26 | certificate revocation is "an important tool" for dealing | certificate revocation is "an important tool" for dealing with attacks and accidental compromises. rfc 9325 places a normative requirement on tls implementations to have some means of distrusting certificates. without revocation, an attacker can use a compromised certificate to impersonate its owner until expiry. | wikipedia |
16dabca429a99e8e4a3cd12c8b22ba54edc6230a | chuat et al. (2020) call revocation "notoriously challenging". | chuat et al. (2020) call revocation "notoriously challenging". in 2022, rfc 9325 characterised certificate revocation as an important problem with "no complete and efficient solution". ocsp and ocsp stapling are recommended as the "foundation for a possible solution". | wikipedia |
684cbe91cc5178db1b3ef4fcfc62a78c75575eab | the number of certificates in the web pki | the number of certificates in the web pki increased massively during the last portion of the 2010s, from 30 million in january 2017 to 434 million in january 2020. a significant factor in this growth is let's encrypt providing free domain validated certificates. the size of the potentially-revocable set of certificates... | wikipedia |
f7626fc90d8662fab4776f08a7eee85ff3e6014c | despite web security being a priority for most | despite web security being a priority for most browsers, due to the latency and bandwidth requirements associated with ocsp and crls, browsers place limits on checking certificate status. in 2015, google chrome only actively checked extended validation certificates, no mobile browser performed any validity checks, and ... | wikipedia |
7f3f65f42446da8131253ad7e689f4b0cefc03d0 | the heartbleed vulnerability, which was disclosed in 2014, | the heartbleed vulnerability, which was disclosed in 2014, triggered a mass revocation of certificates, as their private keys may have been leaked. globalsign revoked over 50% of their issued certificates. startcom was criticised for issuing free certificates but then charging for revocation. | wikipedia |
fce9fac95f998ce3acb0c5c9af1a1450c64ce3b2 | due to the cost of revocation checks and | due to the cost of revocation checks and the availability impact from potentially-unreliable remote services, web browsers limit the revocation checks they will perform, and will fail soft where they do. certificate revocation lists are too bandwidth-costly for routine use, and the online certificate status protocol pr... | wikipedia |
00711a34fe7911c03b608ca885b3c5d54c0f66b2 | for distributing revocation information to clients, the timeliness | for distributing revocation information to clients, the timeliness of the discovery of revocation (and hence the window for an attacker to exploit a compromised certificate) trades off against resource usage in querying revocation statuses and privacy concerns. if revocation information is unavailable (either due to an... | wikipedia |
7b5f5e16b28bb0be17f36c4532939e906499fc6e | in public key cryptography, a certificate may be | in public key cryptography, a certificate may be revoked before it expires, which signals that it is no longer valid. without revocation, an attacker could exploit such a compromised or misissued certificate until expiry. hence, revocation is an important part of a public key infrastructure. revocation is performed by ... | wikipedia |
fa7eac9276019cf0ba5c701cda4686c15b55d51d | charles miller is a scottish retired footballer. he | charles miller is a scottish retired footballer. he started his career at rangers, and was voted the spfa young player of the year in 1995 during his time with the club. after spells with english premier league clubs leicester city and watford, miller joined dundee united in 2000 where he played for four seasons. mille... | wikipedia |
005eb034de7da7ac0e6a8ddff3c12c8767aa23ec | miller won his sole cap for scotland in | miller won his sole cap for scotland in a 1–1 draw with poland in 2001. steven caldwell, kenny miller, barry nicholson, gavin rae, john o'neil and andy mclaren (the latter a childhood friend of miller from castlemilk) also made their scotland debuts in the same game. scotland manager craig brown stated that 'charlie mi... | wikipedia |
47edb02e625921953be12f71a98630c69acce84e | it was reported on 12 november 2010 that | it was reported on 12 november 2010 that miller would spend the week training with scottish second division club ayr united. in february 2011, he signed for clyde until the end of the season. he was released at the end of the season, after only making 5 appearances. after retiring from professional football, he began o... | wikipedia |
8b4350a381a643d4668a2d57bfd68d0950c1c72a | after leaving the roar, miller was linked with | after leaving the roar, miller was linked with a move to queensland rivals, north queensland fury fc and gold coast united. on 5 december 2009 he was a guest at a gold coast united fixture sparking rumors of a potential move. miller signed with gold coast on a short-term injury replacement contract. while in australia,... | wikipedia |
61c373a81001785293bea7a3c733cddeeb7fb415 | he was diagnosed with a hernia and underwent | he was diagnosed with a hernia and underwent surgery. miller returned to the first team on 17 january 2009 as a substitute against sydney fc coming on late in the game, and made the pass that set up sergio van dijk 's third goal of the match. on 5 december 2009, miller's contract with the roar was terminated by mutual ... | wikipedia |
b431befba121d39a495f8a2431301a8ab0806872 | on 31 july 2008, miller officially signed a | on 31 july 2008, miller officially signed a two-year deal with australian a-league club, brisbane roar. on 14 september, against perth glory, miller broke the a-league scoring record for the best start to a season by scoring four goals in the roar's opening four fixtures of the 2008–09 season. | wikipedia |
4e1a9212dda22a822aa31b5b1f18cd4f959a2335 | on 9 february 2007, miller signed a contract | on 9 february 2007, miller signed a contract at the belgian team lierse s.k. on 20 april, he scored his first goals for lierse against germinal beerschot in their (ultimately unsuccessful) fight to stay in the first division. on 27 june he signed a three-year contract with lierse but was released less than a year later... | wikipedia |
19b715457e12fde219382e3d9aecdc3194393a41 | during his time at brann he went on | during his time at brann he went on trial at english championship club cardiff city, but was not offered a full deal. in early january 2007, miller began training with scottish first division club st johnstone to top up his fitness during the norwegian league's winter break. his contract with sk brann was terminated af... | wikipedia |
b361b0b2ede9f668c9467171ed910117420b51da | in bergen, miller became one of the supporters' | in bergen, miller became one of the supporters' favourite players, due to his technique and passing ability. despite this, he was in and out of the team, according to manager mons ivar mjelde because of defensive considerations. he had early success with the club in the 2004 norwegian football cup final, a 4–1 win over... | wikipedia |
ef4ed35769ee4ba90ac149644e56a34dee0e13bb | miller enjoyed a successful four-year spell at tannadice, | miller enjoyed a successful four-year spell at tannadice, becoming a firm favourite with the fans and making his international debut, but also losing two cup semi-finals to celtic (2000–01 scottish cup and 2002–03 scottish league cup). away from the pitch, an existing addiction to sports betting worsened, requiring him... | wikipedia |
2a20b2c3d2c9128d432e46978fb401f03765ca8e | having fallen out of favour at ibrox with | having fallen out of favour at ibrox with the emerging barry ferguson being preferred in midfield, miller was loaned to leicester city towards the end of the 1998–99 season (having played enough matches for rangers to receive a fourth league winner's medal) before joining watford for £450,000 in october 1999. watford w... | wikipedia |
f92ecef7a1b896b2a4634fea0ff04e1074b553e5 | however, a lifestyle of parties and an unhealthy | however, a lifestyle of parties and an unhealthy diet (with both his old castlemilk pals and others such as teammate paul gascoigne 's entourage) accompanied this early success, even after he made attempts to start afresh by moving with his partner to rutherglen where their daughter was born in 1994, and his career app... | wikipedia |
4af58bf1668ccde0bdd8c8ee98578d6d75c44f5a | miller made his senior debut in 1993 aged | miller made his senior debut in 1993 aged just 17, and showed he was talented enough to make an impression in the nine-in-a-row team under walter smith, winning three scottish premier division titles between 1995 and 1997 (providing the cross for brian laudrup to score the championship-clinching goal in the latter), as... | wikipedia |
fb5fb49762fb2488b51037739ebd1f93c2cda991 | miller was born in glasgow and raised in | miller was born in glasgow and raised in the castlemilk district of the city; he was brought up by his mother and has never met his father. he attended castlemilk high school before leaving early to join the staff at rangers, having been on a youth contract with the club since the age of 11. he had been introduced to f... | wikipedia |
3d16ba0246e32d5b90b32bf765a63f26be459037 | miller played for norwegian club sk brann from | miller played for norwegian club sk brann from 2004 to 2006 and won the norwegian cup with the club in 2004. after spells in belgium and australia, he returned to scotland in 2011 when he joined clyde. | wikipedia |
f1188c407798f21603c0b7dd30a1e34d1660d9b0 | charles miller (born 18 march 1976) is a | charles miller (born 18 march 1976) is a scottish retired footballer. he started his career at rangers, and was voted the spfa young player of the year in 1995 during his time with the club. after spells with english premier league clubs leicester city and watford, miller joined dundee united in 2000 where he played fo... | wikipedia |
a7a56817064074aff9aa3754a9c50111037e85b2 | cycloamyloses are cyclic α-1,4 linked glucans comprising dozens | cycloamyloses are cyclic α-1,4 linked glucans comprising dozens or hundreds of glucose units. chemically they are similar to the much smaller cyclodextrins, which are typically composed of 6, 7 or 8 glucose units. | wikipedia |
7bf587514df5fa3e9e59b535504c24037beee0bc | cycloamyloses contain cavities in the helices which are | cycloamyloses contain cavities in the helices which are capable of accommodating guest molecules, which suggested applications in chemical technologies. cycloamylose is used in artificial chaperone technology for the refolding of denatured proteins. cycloglucans have physicochemical properties that make them useful in ... | wikipedia |
3e5d4978c8b2935fa22d21300b4ce69dcb16f3eb | while the structures of cyclodextrins are planar circles, | while the structures of cyclodextrins are planar circles, the structure of cycloamyloses with 10 to 14 glucose units were determined to be circular with strain-induced band-flips and kinks. in contrast the structure of a larger cycloamylose with 26 glucose units was determined to comprise two short left-handed v-amylos... | wikipedia |
9ea10d38ccca549eca7fd9d8b7624e33d0f18de9 | upon incubation of d-enzyme with high molecular weight | upon incubation of d-enzyme with high molecular weight amylose, a product was obtained with decreased ability to form a blue complex with iodine, without reducing or non-reducing ends, and resistant to hydrolysis by glucoamylase (an exoamylase). takaha and smith deduced that the product was a cyclic polymer, which they... | wikipedia |
9ff33a18a8d13b73a5babe5031ba29fe44890e30 | cycloamyloses were discovered as a result of studies | cycloamyloses were discovered as a result of studies of the function of 4-α-glucanotransferase, also known as disproportionating enzyme or d-enzyme (ec 2.4.1.25) isolated from potato. | wikipedia |
eadaa7d1476a58d83a1f2b994e8de575f3f5d243 | cycloamyloses are cyclic α-1,4 linked glucans comprising dozens | cycloamyloses are cyclic α-1,4 linked glucans comprising dozens or hundreds of glucose units. chemically they are similar to the much smaller cyclodextrins, which are typically composed of 6, 7 or 8 glucose units. | wikipedia |
3458a424f64d2bb78a01c61da475b73305068eee | in chemistry and biochemistry, the henderson–hasselbalch equation relates | in chemistry and biochemistry, the henderson–hasselbalch equation relates the ph of a chemical solution of a weak acid to the numerical value of the acid dissociation constant, ka, of acid and the ratio of the concentrations, [ base ] [ acid ] of the acid and its conjugate base in an equilibrium. for example, the acid ... | wikipedia |
ddc61fe8adf2a367ced8d7aec04d5ca3a70a023a | in 1909 søren peter lauritz sørensen introduced the | in 1909 søren peter lauritz sørensen introduced the ph terminology, which allowed karl albert hasselbalch to re-express henderson's equation in logarithmic terms, resulting in the henderson–hasselbalch equation. | wikipedia |
f74c223860fb8fde35629db7e393e11356682ed4 | c o 2 (g) {\displaystyle \mathrm {co_{2}(g)} } | c o 2 (g) {\displaystyle \mathrm {co_{2}(g)} } represents the carbon dioxide liberated as gas. in this equation, which is widely used in biochemistry, k m {\displaystyle k^{m}} is a mixed equilibrium constant relating to both chemical and solubility equilibria. it can be expressed as | wikipedia |
17d13402b26ad8645314ff472d285d4e71206c2c | where h c o 3 − {\displaystyle \mathrm | where h c o 3 − {\displaystyle \mathrm {hco_{3}^{-}} } is the bicarbonate ion and h 2 c o 3 {\displaystyle \mathrm {h_{2}co_{3}} } is carbonic acid. however, the solubility of carbonic acid in water may be exceeded. when this happens carbon dioxide gas is liberated and the following equation may be used instead. | wikipedia |
1c8b899776220457bd482101e52416c2387e520d | the value of p k w {\displaystyle \mathrm | the value of p k w {\displaystyle \mathrm {pk_{w}} } is ca. 14 at 25°c. this approximation can be used when the correct value is not known. thus, the henderson–hasselbalch equation can be used, without modification, for bases. | wikipedia |
b0e4753fdb28938cfb13b8e0b14e1720f103b7ad | is a product of a quotient of concentrations | is a product of a quotient of concentrations {\displaystyle {\frac {}{}}} and a quotient, Γ {\displaystyle \gamma }, of activity coefficients γ h + γ a − γ h a {\displaystyle {\frac {\gamma _{{\ce {h+}}}\gamma _{{\ce {a^-}}}}{\gamma _{ha}}}}.in these expressions, the quantities in square brackets signify the concentrat... | wikipedia |
67e2c5968a61c035aa285f77d5033ad46eba7351 | assumption 2. the self-ionization of water can be | assumption 2. the self-ionization of water can be ignored.this assumption is not, strictly speaking, valid with ph values close to 7, half the value of pk, the constant for self-ionization of water. in this case the mass-balance equation for hydrogen should be extended to take account of the self-ionization of water. | wikipedia |
d498adf65add95550bb0c157a3671de5bfc1a473 | c is the analytical concentration of the acid | c is the analytical concentration of the acid and c is the concentration the hydrogen ion that has been added to the solution. the self-dissociation of water is ignored. a quantity in square brackets,, represents the concentration of the chemical substance x. it is understood that the symbol h stands for the hydrated h... | wikipedia |
8bb48ed52358a1e57b1a666b173975b3eb1de120 | a simple buffer solution consists of a solution | a simple buffer solution consists of a solution of an acid and a salt of the conjugate base of the acid. for example, the acid may be acetic acid and the salt may be sodium acetate.the henderson–hasselbalch equation relates the ph of a solution containing a mixture of the two components to the acid dissociation constan... | wikipedia |
2d922ff9394ff0c74f80de897938429c3848ad84 | relates the ph of a chemical solution of | relates the ph of a chemical solution of a weak acid to the numerical value of the acid dissociation constant, k, of acid and the ratio of the concentrations, {\displaystyle {\frac {}{}}} of the acid and its conjugate base in an equilibrium. | wikipedia |
29455442fd57a39a1912d832fc18de7e8319a64a | cobalt-precorrin-7 (c15)-methyltransferase (decarboxylating) (ec 2.1.1.196, cbit) is an | cobalt-precorrin-7 (c15)-methyltransferase (decarboxylating) (ec 2.1.1.196, cbit) is an enzyme with systematic name s-adenosyl-l-methionine:precorrin-7 c15-methyltransferase (c12-decarboxylating). this enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction this enzyme catalyses both methylation at c-15 and decarboxylation of... | wikipedia |
dc6740caeab22e17f036b0322a5b37c6dff796a7 | this enzyme catalyses both methylation at c-15 and | this enzyme catalyses both methylation at c-15 and decarboxylation of the c-12 acetate side chain of cobalt-precorrin-7 in the anaerobic pathway of adenosylcobalamin biosynthesis in bacteria such as salmonella typhimurium, bacillus megaterium, and propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii. | wikipedia |
a7ace676894ad396557adc3631542d2111befa48 | cobalt-precorrin-7 (c)-methyltransferase (decarboxylating) (ec 2.1.1.196, cbit) is an | cobalt-precorrin-7 (c)-methyltransferase (decarboxylating) (ec 2.1.1.196, cbit) is an enzyme with systematic name s-adenosyl-l-methionine:precorrin-7 c -methyltransferase (c -decarboxylating). this enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction | wikipedia |
2613b973c6c99ef3c268c21fad6a93b817818d23 | in geometry, a cevian is a line segment | in geometry, a cevian is a line segment which joins a vertex of a triangle to a point on the opposite side of the triangle. medians and angle bisectors are special cases of cevians. the name "cevian" comes from the italian mathematician giovanni ceva, who proved a well-known theorem about cevians which also bears his n... | wikipedia |
eee81b5253e4270552d435cb3d4bf4cf514e6744 | if from each vertex of a triangle two | if from each vertex of a triangle two cevians are drawn so as to trisect the angle (divide it into three equal angles), then the six cevians intersect in pairs to form an equilateral triangle, called the morley triangle. | wikipedia |
2613b973c6c99ef3c268c21fad6a93b817818d23 | in geometry, a cevian is a line segment | in geometry, a cevian is a line segment which joins a vertex of a triangle to a point on the opposite side of the triangle. medians and angle bisectors are special cases of cevians. the name "cevian" comes from the italian mathematician giovanni ceva, who proved a well-known theorem about cevians which also bears his n... | wikipedia |
8e1d07336e21c07ce675fcba465c0f2b78758424 | hfim, acronym for high-frequency-impulse-measurement, is a type of | hfim, acronym for high-frequency-impulse-measurement, is a type of measurement technique in acoustics, where structure-borne sound signals are detected and processed with certain emphasis on short-lived signals as they are indicative for crack formation in a solid body, mostly steel. the basic idea is to use mathematic... | wikipedia |
dfcef3c5f0924135af24f97184c6a3b569f26a71 | high-frequency-impulse measurement is an algorithm for obtaining frequency | high-frequency-impulse measurement is an algorithm for obtaining frequency information of any structure- or air-borne sound source on the basis of discrete signal transformations. this is mostly done using to quantify the distribution of the energy content of a sound signal in frequency space. on the software side, the... | wikipedia |
8e1d07336e21c07ce675fcba465c0f2b78758424 | hfim, acronym for high-frequency-impulse-measurement, is a type of | hfim, acronym for high-frequency-impulse-measurement, is a type of measurement technique in acoustics, where structure-borne sound signals are detected and processed with certain emphasis on short-lived signals as they are indicative for crack formation in a solid body, mostly steel. the basic idea is to use mathematic... | wikipedia |
33e673c681d1858fe1d5ab857af11ef2dd1c5ead | in group theory, cayley's theorem, named in honour | in group theory, cayley's theorem, named in honour of arthur cayley, states that every group g is isomorphic to a subgroup of a symmetric group. more specifically, g is isomorphic to a subgroup of the symmetric group sym whose elements are the permutations of the underlying set of g. | wikipedia |
af81e000bebfd1466d01123219c7b8144065f9ba | the map g → sym sending each | the map g → sym sending each element g to ℓ g is an injective homomorphism, so it defines an isomorphism from g onto a subgroup of sym . the homomorphism g → sym can also be understood as arising from the left translation action of g on the underlying set g. when g is finite, sym is finite too. the proof of cay... | wikipedia |
1077bbb65ea83b1629e3b5c15b07d5ac5093aafb | theorem: let g be a group, and let | theorem: let g be a group, and let h be a subgroup.let g / h {\displaystyle g/h} be the set of left cosets of h in g.let n be the normal core of h in g, defined to be the intersection of the conjugates of h in g. then the quotient group g / n {\displaystyle g/n} is isomorphic to a subgroup of sym (g / h) {\displaystyle... | wikipedia |
26452c253da3cc150c80f3921ed4418e2cf222ae | z 4 = { 0, 1, 2, 3 | z 4 = { 0, 1, 2, 3 } {\displaystyle \mathbb {z} _{4}=\{0,1,2,3\}} with addition modulo 4; the elements correspond to e, (1234), (13)(24), (1432). | wikipedia |
f6a268a3584c38152c3feb674bf74e2c26e595a7 | z 3 = { 0, 1, 2 } | z 3 = { 0, 1, 2 } {\displaystyle \mathbb {z} _{3}=\{0,1,2\}} with addition modulo 3; group element 0 corresponds to the identity permutation e, group element 1 to permutation (123), and group element 2 to permutation (132). e.g. 1 + 1 = 2 corresponds to (123)(123) = (132). | wikipedia |
9909cad9aeff3c5fa643c64a19a040eb261bd710 | z 2 = { 0, 1 } {\displaystyle | z 2 = { 0, 1 } {\displaystyle \mathbb {z} _{2}=\{0,1\}} with addition modulo 2; group element 0 corresponds to the identity permutation e, group element 1 to permutation (12) (see cycle notation). e.g. 0 +1 = 1 and 1+1 = 0, so 1 ↦ 0 {\textstyle 1\mapsto 0} and 0 ↦ 1, {\textstyle 0\mapsto 1,} as they would under a permu... | wikipedia |
6599cec6e54f756e37936557e4a605cce8257b6c | the identity element of the group corresponds to | the identity element of the group corresponds to the identity permutation. all other group elements correspond to derangements: permutations that do not leave any element unchanged. since this also applies for powers of a group element, lower than the order of that element, each element corresponds to a permutation tha... | wikipedia |
f1adc226bcad51c7afbfe5a27841582df8ab00f0 | the representation is faithful if ϕ {\displaystyle \phi | the representation is faithful if ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is injective, that is, if the kernel of ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is trivial. suppose g ∈ ker ϕ {\displaystyle g\in \ker \phi }. then, g = g e = g ⋅ e = e {\displaystyle g=ge=g\cdot e=e}. thus, ker ϕ {\displaystyle \ker \phi } is trivial. the result follows by use... | wikipedia |
6800809b10fd2ef3b7fd0e297807718eb9786fc9 | an alternative setting uses the language of group | an alternative setting uses the language of group actions. we consider the group g {\displaystyle g} as acting on itself by left multiplication, i.e. g ⋅ x = g x {\displaystyle g\cdot x=gx}, which has a permutation representation, say ϕ: g → s y m (g) {\displaystyle \phi:g\to \mathrm {sym} (g)}. | wikipedia |
58e298bbeaa37ea8350e9cfc288a891848a73509 | the homomorphism t is injective since t (g) | the homomorphism t is injective since t (g) = id (the identity element of sym(g)) implies that g ∗ x = x for all x in g, and taking x to be the identity element e of g yields g = g ∗ e = e, i.e. the kernel is trivial. alternatively, t is also injective since g ∗ x = g ′ ∗ x implies that g = g ′ (because every group is ... | wikipedia |
bf9790de675cc2f2e2d3602796785471cf7e0f0d | the set k = { f : g | the set k = { f : g ∈ g } is a subgroup of sym(g) that is isomorphic to g. the fastest way to establish this is to consider the function t : g → sym(g) with t (g) = f for every g in g. t is a group homomorphism because (using · to denote composition in sym(g)): | wikipedia |
c6d5165a1f83d666b8eec534e749dcfc9ea07805 | if g is any element of a group | if g is any element of a group g with operation ∗, consider the function f : g → g, defined by f (x) = g ∗ x. by the existence of inverses, this function has also an inverse, f g − 1 {\displaystyle f_{g^{-1}}}. so multiplication by g acts as a bijective function. thus, f is a permutation of g, and so is a member of sym... | wikipedia |
baaf4c3101d901787bd26cf05d73f2c6bf8c54ab | a permutation of a set a is a | a permutation of a set a is a bijective function from a to a. the set of all permutations of a forms a group under function composition, called the symmetric group on a, and written as sym (a) {\displaystyle \operatorname {sym} (a)}. in particular, taking a to be the underlying set of a group g produces a symmetric gro... | wikipedia |
98f84cb0ff1d0d89ccf86ab617d77eae63a55e9c | although burnside attributes the theorem to jordan, eric | although burnside attributes the theorem to jordan, eric nummela nonetheless argues that the standard name — "cayley's theorem" — is in fact appropriate. cayley, in his original 1854 paper, showed that the correspondence in the theorem is one-to-one, but he failed to explicitly show it was a homomorphism (and thus an e... | wikipedia |
770013c0cfceaf7d2ffa64a66cf1ca8faddcb76d | while it seems elementary enough, at the time | while it seems elementary enough, at the time the modern definitions did not exist, and when cayley introduced what are now called groups it was not immediately clear that this was equivalent to the previously known groups, which are now called permutation groups. cayley's theorem unifies the two. | wikipedia |
a5af170e80865a6ff1783c58cdabb99365117549 | when g is finite, sym (g) {\displaystyle \operatorname | when g is finite, sym (g) {\displaystyle \operatorname {sym} (g)} is finite too. the proof of cayley's theorem in this case shows that if g is a finite group of order n, then g is isomorphic to a subgroup of the standard symmetric group s n {\displaystyle s_{n}}. but g might also be isomorphic to a subgroup of a smalle... | wikipedia |
3d77eb7c246ebc9aa00b89a4ef36c97bad5c75f6 | in group theory, cayley's theorem, named in honour | in group theory, cayley's theorem, named in honour of arthur cayley, states that every group g is isomorphic to a subgroup of a symmetric group. more specifically, g is isomorphic to a subgroup of the symmetric group sym (g) {\displaystyle \operatorname {sym} (g)} whose elements are the permutations of the underlying s... | wikipedia |
f768e6ebb70bf76732614855a4218b0f5f41177b | delbert harold mcnamara, ph.d. was an american astronomer | delbert harold mcnamara, ph.d. was an american astronomer at brigham young university and an internationally recognized authority in intrinsic variable and eclipsing binary stars. mcnamara received his ph.d. from the university of california at berkeley in 1950. his dissertation was entitled "a two color photometric st... | wikipedia |
9099fabba98dd334fa4386bff392bc3d5fdba7c0 | delbert harold mcnamara, ph.d. was an american astronomer | letters. other rewards and recognition include the karl g. maeser research award in 1966, the fourth distinguished annual faculty lecture from brigham young university in 1967 and the wesley p. lloyd memorial award in 1982-83. mcnamara served in the united states navy during world war ii (1943–1946) and retired as a l... | wikipedia |
fccb9c7f768c6e57a5184d0ccb63f017fca7d8f4 | in 2000 mcnamara received the george van biesbroeck | in 2000 mcnamara received the george van biesbroeck prize by the american astronomical society for "long-term extraordinary or unselfish service to astronomy". he was honored in 2010 with the distinguished service award by the utah academy of sciences, arts & letters. other rewards and recognition include the karl g. m... | wikipedia |
cffe4cc02938571319cd5955780f74c41d050b74 | from 1968 to 1991, mcnamara was editor of | from 1968 to 1991, mcnamara was editor of the publications of the astronomical society of the pacific. in 1987 he founded the conference series, which has grown to become one of the community's leading publishers of conference proceedings. mcnamara was also a member of the board of directors of the astronomical society... | wikipedia |
132b09706b196efd36d9ef43827ef0aed0b0f930 | mcnamara was a recipient of the lick observatory | mcnamara was a recipient of the lick observatory fellowship while a graduate student at berkeley. he was a guest investigator at the mcdonald observatory in texas, guest investigator at the mount wilson and mount palomar observatories in california, guest investigator at the cerro tololo inter-american observatory in c... | wikipedia |
24a50206576766d6110bfeb5072171f16335e405 | mcnamara received his ph.d. from the university of | mcnamara received his ph.d. from the university of california at berkeley in 1950. his dissertation was entitled "a two color photometric study of the eclipsing variable, yz cassiopeia". following his ph.d. he spent five years teaching and researching with the renown professor otto struve. in 1955, he joined brigham yo... | wikipedia |
bd78e7d4d2646b2bad2d4ae467a758bd70b17d64 | delbert harold mcnamara, ph.d. (june 28, 1923 - | delbert harold mcnamara, ph.d. (june 28, 1923 - january 9, 2014) was an american astronomer at brigham young university and an internationally recognized authority in intrinsic variable and eclipsing binary stars. | wikipedia |
92f303758e94ae0b4c21a9b9244bd4822ca9b62f | in enzymology, a cobalt-factor ii c20-methyltransferase (ec 2.1.1.151) | in enzymology, a cobalt-factor ii c20-methyltransferase (ec 2.1.1.151) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction the two substrates of this enzyme are s-adenosyl methionine and cobalt-factor ii; its two products are s-adenosylhomocysteine and cobalt-factor iii. this enzyme belongs to the family of transferases,... | wikipedia |
26f723a70735ee5cd97893393c2b5cf95cdf40eb | this enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, | this enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. the systematic name of this enzyme class is s-adenosyl-l-methionine:cobalt-factor-ii c20-methyltransferase. this enzyme is also called cbil. this enzyme is part of the biosynthetic pathway to cobalami... | wikipedia |
8b29bb26c028b75785be3834e591257cfff8e7cc | cherie piper is a canadian former ice hockey | cherie piper is a canadian former ice hockey player residing in markham, ontario. she was a member of the canadian national women's hockey team and played for the brampton thunder of the canadian women's hockey league (cwhl). piper has won three olympic gold medals with the canadian national team in 2002, 2006 and 2010... | wikipedia |
cd3f8b1cb144fc28ef3cc260d58e864c73c41ea3 | piper was born june 29, 1981, in toronto, | piper was born june 29, 1981, in toronto, ontario, the third child of alan and christine piper. she has two older brothers, michael and stephen, and followed her brothers in taking up the sport. she was educated in the toronto suburb of scarborough. her middle school was henry kelsey senior public school and her elemen... | wikipedia |
d302987d89acf08a2b193996841703859fc44a34 | a knee injury in her senior year at | a knee injury in her senior year at dartmouth forced her off of the national team for over a year and caused her to miss the 2007 world championships. she rejoined the team in time for the 2008 tournament where she won her second silver medal. she was cut from the 2009 team, but gained a spot on the 2010 olympic team, ... | wikipedia |
68a39b68e78e25c7bf7e627743b0a2e8f592f841 | she played four seasons at dartmouth college between | she played four seasons at dartmouth college between 2002 and 2007, scoring 60 goals and 165 assists in 99 games for the big green. she missed the end of the 2003–04 season to play with the canadian national team at the 2004 women's world ice hockey championships where she won a gold medal. piper was named a finalist f... | wikipedia |
b2ff0ceeeef0010619485037c132e536d855473f | she competed for canada's under 22 team from | she competed for canada's under 22 team from 1999 to 2001. in 1999, she competed for ontario in the canada winter games. during the 2000–01 nwhl season, cherie piper played with the beatrice aeros and finished seventh in league scoring with 37 points. piper was a member of the under-22 team in 2002 when she was named t... | wikipedia |
48ad793f5108c09367b564367c161b630b62ff8a | cherie piper (born june 29, 1981) is a | cherie piper (born june 29, 1981) is a canadian former ice hockey player residing in markham, ontario. she was a member of the canadian national women's hockey team and played for the brampton thunder of the canadian women's hockey league (cwhl). piper has won three olympic gold medals with the canadian national team i... | wikipedia |
9c0b1ced7d059bbfef908388d88606942922312d | the collective–amoeboid transition (cmt) is a process by | the collective–amoeboid transition (cmt) is a process by which collective multicellular groups dissociate into amoeboid single cells following the down-regulation of integrins. cmts contrast with epithelial–mesenchymal transitions (emt) which occur following a loss of e-cadherin. like emts, cats are involved in the inv... | wikipedia |
f776c7681515276eb7d4c90f825e214542705309 | the collective–amoeboid transition (cmt) is a process by | the collective–amoeboid transition (cmt) is a process by which collective multicellular groups dissociate into amoeboid single cells following the down-regulation of integrins. cmts contrast with epithelial–mesenchymal transitions (emt) which occur following a loss of e-cadherin. like emts, cats are involved in the inv... | wikipedia |
4826ede29385fee92689af00bcb1bdd04251c031 | cabot public schools is a public school district | cabot public schools is a public school district system in northern lonoke county, arkansas, usa. it serves 10,292 students in grades k-12 across 17 campuses. this district includes students living in cabot, ward, and austin. it is accredited by the arkansas department of education. the cabot public school board is mad... | wikipedia |
68adbe8ef78c1e7c09218ae6a48948ea8d0187f1 | in 2017 the cabot school district received the | in 2017 the cabot school district received the "be the voice award" from the american foundation for suicide prevention. the cabot school district is also the first school district in arkansas to receive the arkansas purple star school award on all of their campuses. | wikipedia |
8852cda022bf928517535cde0c42607f00593e14 | all teachers working full time in this district | all teachers working full time in this district are certified. the average student to teacher ratio is 16:1. the average salary for teachers in this district is $61,816. along with teachers this district also employs nurses, psychologists, social workers, law enforcement officers, and security guards. | wikipedia |
0f743864232ded3d1a9eaad32ede330d4b9dc66d | there are 10,292 students that attend the cabot | there are 10,292 students that attend the cabot school district. 86% of the student population is white. six percent of the students are hispanic and three percent are black. two percent of students are asian. one percent of the students attending this school are english learners. 20% of students are from low income fa... | wikipedia |
cf86048fdfb3ad0babd90f34b7bde81a8b5accb4 | the cabot public school board is made up | the cabot public school board is made up of seven members. all of the educators in this district are certified. the graduation rate in the district is 91%. the district has expansive technology resources for students with thousands of devices across the campuses. it is also the only school district in arkansas to win t... | wikipedia |
7fddd758894fd9ac9fbf58c1a2169b0c3525a777 | cabot public schools is a public school district | cabot public schools is a public school district system in northern lonoke county, arkansas, usa. it serves 10,292 students in grades k-12 across 17 campuses. this district includes students living in cabot, ward, and austin. it is accredited by the arkansas department of education. | wikipedia |
ab9b7479baee8592ce36b42012a34ddc7cca5ff9 | caldiero is a comune (municipality) in the province | caldiero is a comune (municipality) in the province of verona in the italian region veneto, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) west of venice and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) east of verona. caldiero borders the following municipalities: belfiore, colognola ai colli, lavagno, san martino buon albergo, and zevio. | wikipedia |
158f179ca3bc53251bcab44d25ca0bf62102afa4 | several battles were fought in the vicinity of | several battles were fought in the vicinity of caldiero during the french revolutionary wars and napoleonic wars. these actions occurred on 12 november 1796, on 29 – 31 october 1805, on 29 – 30 april 1809, and on 15 november 1813. all the battles were fought between france and austria. in 1796, the austrians repelled a... | wikipedia |
9e0f7a2d706ee1183881906514b4dfe0060b3d50 | caldiero was known in ancient roman times as | caldiero was known in ancient roman times as calidarium, stemming from its thermal baths. later it was held by the bishops of verona who, in 1206, sold it to the commune. in 1233 ezzelino iii da romano destroyed the castle. later caldiero was held by the scaligers, the nogarola counts, the visconti and then by the repu... | wikipedia |
27e0502ecd0b49913f40069905f4c7df62fbd619 | caldiero is a comune (municipality) in the province | caldiero is a comune (municipality) in the province of verona in the italian region veneto, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) west of venice and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) east of verona. | wikipedia |
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