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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
ee487b5264bf653d0bff81d47d351250585ba0e9	outside of computer science, cps is of more	outside of computer science, cps is of more general interest as an alternative to the conventional method of composing simple expressions into complex expressions. for example, within linguistic semantics, chris barker and his collaborators have suggested that specifying the denotations of sentences using cps might exp...	wikipedia
c4bc6364a520e7aafb10a649257cf9eb503920c8	writing code in cps, while not impossible, is	writing code in cps, while not impossible, is often error-prone. there are various translations, usually defined as one- or two-pass conversions of pure lambda calculus, which convert direct style expressions into cps expressions. writing in trampolined style, however, is extremely difficult; when used, it is usually t...	wikipedia
e9f98345c080f0f4cb7d34ab22f6b88d91191d8b	continuation passing style can be used to implement	continuation passing style can be used to implement continuations and control flow operators in a functional language that does not feature first-class continuations but does have first-class functions and tail-call optimization. without tail-call optimization, techniques such as trampolining, i.e. using a loop that it...	wikipedia
5800cc2a2e82ccbb2312c383577c69aaa8d9f721	every call in cps is a tail call,	every call in cps is a tail call, and the continuation is explicitly passed. using cps without tail call optimization (tco) will cause not only the constructed continuation to potentially grow during recursion, but also the call stack. this is usually undesirable, but has been used in interesting ways—see the chicken s...	wikipedia
266577c40d769dbdcef97b4707390c02cb55b37c	a similar idea can be used when the	a similar idea can be used when the function must run in a different thread or on a different processor. the framework can execute the called function in a worker thread, then call the continuation function in the original thread with the worker's results. this is in java 8 using the swing ui framework:	wikipedia
336df884e0a8944150c66ec9183d4a133bcf6d3b	programming with continuations can also be useful when	programming with continuations can also be useful when a caller does not want to wait until the callee completes. for example, in user-interface (ui) programming, a routine can set up dialog box fields and pass these, along with a continuation function, to the ui framework. this call returns right away, allowing the ap...	wikipedia
59af35bbdd3981d71b00e7b43af8065666d39a86	not only has the syntax become cleaner, but	not only has the syntax become cleaner, but this type allows us to use a function callcc with type monadcont m => ((a -> m b) -> m a) -> m a. this function has one argument of a function type; that function argument accepts the function too, which discards all computations going after its call. for example, let's break...	wikipedia
49597e91bda5e5b10c4847fa7a56f18886aa1d37	first we calculate the square of a in	first we calculate the square of a in pyth' function and pass a lambda function as a continuation which will accept a square of a as a first argument. and so on until we reach the result of our calculations. to get the result of this function we can pass id function as a final argument which returns the value that was ...	wikipedia
8c6744a5ba6041645cffc6f13eed14ae963a7ece	the translations shown above show that cps is	the translations shown above show that cps is a global transformation. the direct-style factorial takes, as might be expected, a single argument; the cps factorial& takes two: the argument and a continuation. any function calling a cps-ed function must either provide a new continuation or pass its own; any calls from a...	wikipedia
14369357d1b34c5fc40721075002ad43cacb0bad	there is some variety between compilers in the	there is some variety between compilers in the way primitive functions are provided in cps. above we have used the simplest convention, however sometimes boolean primitives are provided that take two thunks to be called in the two possible cases, so the (=& n 0 (lambda (b) (if b...))) call inside f-aux& definition abov...	wikipedia
15732e9b4576235333bb95c6c4d3cb5d4dea5787	in order to call a procedure written in	in order to call a procedure written in cps from a procedure written in direct style, it is necessary to provide a continuation that will receive the result computed by the cps procedure. in the example above (assuming that cps primitives have been provided), we might call (factorial& 10 (lambda (x) (display x) (newlin...	wikipedia
fedc857039acd1d45174c3d70a13adc2dabd08df	note that in the cps versions, the primitives	note that in the cps versions, the primitives used, like +& and & are themselves cps, not direct style, so to make the above examples work in a scheme system we would need to write these cps versions of primitives, with for instance & defined by:	wikipedia
c7c18f3c8f4fb3210418a6ae558474a9d4e21683	the key to cps is to remember that	the key to cps is to remember that (a) every function takes an extra argument known as its continuation, and (b) every argument in a function call must be either a variable or a lambda expression (not a more complex expression). this has the effect of turning expressions "inside-out" because the innermost parts of the ...	wikipedia
6e036b6031923be8368e3038241e544ba82e9ce9	in cps, each procedure takes an extra argument	in cps, each procedure takes an extra argument representing what should be done with the result the function is calculating. this, along with a restrictive style prohibiting a variety of constructs usually available, is used to expose the semantics of programs, making them easier to analyze. this style also makes it ea...	wikipedia
4a5114409aab9d32f70e63fc08a693383ad617ef	programs can be automatically transformed from direct style	programs can be automatically transformed from direct style to cps. functional and logic compilers often use cps as an intermediate representation where a compiler for an imperative or procedural programming language would use static single assignment form (ssa). ssa is formally equivalent to a subset of cps (excluding...	wikipedia
5f50da9a08c28c8a79cf63b6eb28f3398510f0b3	a function written in continuation-passing style takes an	a function written in continuation-passing style takes an extra argument: an explicit "continuation"; i.e., a function of one argument. when the cps function has computed its result value, it "returns" it by calling the continuation function with this value as the argument. that means that when invoking a cps function,...	wikipedia
43c184616fa3eae418623a0955615676de6a8e54	in functional programming, continuation-passing style (cps) is a	in functional programming, continuation-passing style (cps) is a style of programming in which control is passed explicitly in the form of a continuation. this is contrasted with direct style, which is the usual style of programming. gerald jay sussman and guy l. steele, jr. coined the phrase in ai memo 349 (1975), whi...	wikipedia
d8ac6f43a6a95fb7f2506412e2f2aafd354d4ea4	charles niven studied mathematics at aberdeen and was	charles niven studied mathematics at aberdeen and was awarded a ba in 1863, and then studied at cambridge. charles and his older brother william d. were tutored by edward routh for the mathematical tripos. charles became senior wrangler in 1867.	wikipedia
c5329ec5520e81c7a377639e8e04ad6fb57b9aa2	joseph gérard daniel poulin was a canadian professional	joseph gérard daniel poulin was a canadian professional ice hockey player who played three games in the national hockey league (nhl) for the minnesota north stars during the 1981–82 season the rest of his career, which lasted from 1977 to 1990, was spent in the minor leagues and then in the swiss nationalliga a. after ...	wikipedia
b9d1a2491047feff05ca379ceef2d2656710f59e	joseph gérard daniel poulin (september 19, 1957 –	joseph gérard daniel poulin (september 19, 1957 – january 2, 2015) was a canadian professional ice hockey player who played three games in the national hockey league (nhl) for the minnesota north stars during the 1981–82 season the rest of his career, which lasted from 1977 to 1990, was spent in the minor leagues and t...	wikipedia
f4c22aaf784ebca3d73c1e465a76f9d5d65d8f9c	dale l. smith is an american political scientist	dale l. smith is an american political scientist and professor of international studies and chair of global studies at the university of north carolina charlotte. he was paul piccard distinguished professor of political science at florida state university between september 2014 and june 2016.	wikipedia
f4c22aaf784ebca3d73c1e465a76f9d5d65d8f9c	dale l. smith is an american political scientist	dale l. smith is an american political scientist and professor of international studies and chair of global studies at the university of north carolina charlotte. he was paul piccard distinguished professor of political science at florida state university between september 2014 and june 2016.	wikipedia
5e2787bad66d6828cad11594f252c328e4003fe6	cubesort is a parallel sorting algorithm that builds	cubesort is a parallel sorting algorithm that builds a self-balancing multi-dimensional array from the keys to be sorted. as the axes are of similar length the structure resembles a cube. after each key is inserted the cube can be rapidly converted to an array. a cubesort implementation written in c was published in 20...	wikipedia
430bcd580e8f120a05bb7423aad47d42d399a52c	cubesort's algorithm uses a specialized binary search on	cubesort's algorithm uses a specialized binary search on each axis to find the location to insert an element. when an axis grows too large it is split. locality of reference is optimal as only four binary searches are performed on small arrays for each insertion. by using many small dynamic arrays the high cost for ins...	wikipedia
97ee37a9e7f692a361298a2e5f620e3f489dbf2d	cubesort is a parallel sorting algorithm that builds	cubesort is a parallel sorting algorithm that builds a self-balancing multi-dimensional array from the keys to be sorted. as the axes are of similar length the structure resembles a cube. after each key is inserted the cube can be rapidly converted to an array.	wikipedia
55534c17131fb306dc88485171ca48b9d61b367a	cheney, originally de cheney, is a toponymic surname	cheney, originally de cheney, is a toponymic surname of old french origin, introduced into england by the normans. the derivation is from the old french chesne "oak tree" with the old french suffix -ei / -ai meaning "collection of [trees]", so chenei "oak grove", from medieval latin casnetum. the surname may be either ...	wikipedia
eb1a0bfe5563b880c84aa4de2296eed602ebbe2c	the derivation is from the old french chesne	the derivation is from the old french chesne (modern french: chêne) "oak tree" with the old french suffix -ei / -ai meaning "collection of ", so chenei "oak grove", from medieval latin casnetum. the surname may be either locational or topographical in origin. as a locational name, cheney may derive from any of the plac...	wikipedia
364308b4507fde7e786d2d3e0d2ea24e80963a2d	the 2010 united states census found 6,211 people	the 2010 united states census found 6,211 people with the surname chinn, making it the 5,601st-most-common name in the country. this represented an increase in absolute numbers, but a decrease in relative frequency, from 6,146 (5,220th-most-common) in the 2000 census. in both censuses, about half of the bearers of the ...	wikipedia
63267f03ef78e9b2a00cff7e5ffc4640aca3a1b7	according to statistics cited by patrick hanks, 1,316	according to statistics cited by patrick hanks, 1,316 people on the island of great britain and four on the island of ireland bore the surname chinn in 2011. in 1881 there were 1,032 people with the surname in great britain, primarily at warwickshire and cornwall.	wikipedia
ad4c8fdd7b79610e69caea3aa0fa56b4aa5549f6	as an english surname, the name chinn comes	as an english surname, the name chinn comes from when a family lived near a crevice, chasm, or canyon. the name is derived from the old english word chine, that comes from the old english word "cinu," meaning fissure, or chasm. the surname meant "dweller by the ravine.". it is also a spelling, based on the pronunciatio...	wikipedia
658ae671f41b81786cfba09116a2ba9951390bb7	in mathematics, cayley's Ω process, introduced by arthur	in mathematics, cayley's Ω process, introduced by arthur cayley (1846), is a relatively invariant differential operator on the general linear group, that is used to construct invariants of a group action. as a partial differential operator acting on functions of n2 variables xij, the omega operator is given by the dete...	wikipedia
b34d90139c6391459a4091585b05c5c3c052bea1	substitute x for x1 and x2, y for	substitute x for x1 and x2, y for y1 and y2 in the result the result of the r-fold Ω process Ωr(f, g) on the two forms f and g is also called the r-th transvectant and is commonly written (f, g)r.	wikipedia
ab3d373e1e2e44893a9c00c204abac1dcb7780b9	hilbert (1890) used cayley's Ω process in his	hilbert (1890) used cayley's Ω process in his proof of finite generation of rings of invariants of the general linear group. his use of the Ω process gives an explicit formula for the reynolds operator of the special linear group.	wikipedia
aa401ec69f32e27abddff350afd4a5ba23610de9	for binary forms f in x, y and	for binary forms f in x, y and g in x, y the Ω operator is ∂ 2 f g ∂ x 1 ∂ y 2 − ∂ 2 f g ∂ x 2 ∂ y 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}fg}{\partial x_{1}\partial y_{2}}}-{\frac {\partial ^{2}fg}{\partial x_{2}\partial y_{1}}}}. the r -fold Ω process Ω (f, g) on two forms f and g in the variables x and y is then	wikipedia
ec7b55813c7269a09f3fb986e7e540dbf5f9d352	a generalized definition takes the continuant with respect	a generalized definition takes the continuant with respect to three sequences a, b and c, so that k (n) is a polynomial of a,..., a, b,..., b and c,..., c. in this case the recurrence relation becomes	wikipedia
06025f28ab46af450530638e3daf749242e07b3c	the n -th continuant k n (x 1,	the n -th continuant k n (x 1, x 2, …, x n) {\displaystyle k_{n}(x_{1},\;x_{2},\;\ldots,\;x_{n})} is defined recursively by	wikipedia
53e68ce88467ac180d86aa3f0841d289733a3c78	a city of district significance is a special	a city of district significance is a special category of city municipalities within each of the rural raions (districts) of ukraine's first-level of administrative divisions. these cities are subordinate to the raion authorities and derive their powers from them. the koatuu national classification system refers to them...	wikipedia
d8945fc4148510ea709314e772f4868eb2ac5f01	cities of district significance and similarly named categories	cities of district significance and similarly named categories date back to the forms of local government and administrative divisions of soviet union. in countries of the former soviet union, these types of cities are subject to similar characteristics and economic categories as those that are located in ukraine. in n...	wikipedia
1634500b32617da3c5664607eea5f22911d8a901	a city of district significance can also be	a city of district significance can also be referred to as a city of district importance, depending on the translation from the original ukrainian terminology. for the same category of cities in the autonomous republic of crimea, the subject of a territorial dispute between russia and ukraine, the term for this type of...	wikipedia
77e4bf4ef38be9fb623681cd8d22082e574958f6	out of the 276 cities of district significance,	out of the 276 cities of district significance, 89 of them (32% of them) are not administrative centers of their surrounding rural raions. only four out of 24 cities of district significance in donetsk oblast are administrative centers; seven out of 23 in luhansk oblast; three out of seven in dnipropetrovsk oblast; and...	wikipedia