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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
5badb63fbb8f1ca8cb99a144a6798be404c918f1	proof: we want to prove that any solution	proof: we want to prove that any solution f: v → w {\displaystyle f\colon v\to w} to cauchy’s functional equation, f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) {\displaystyle f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)}, satisfies f (q v) = q f (v) {\displaystyle f(qv)=qf(v)} for any q ∈ q {\displaystyle q\in \mathbb {q} } and v ∈ v {\displaystyle v\in v}. let v ∈...	wikipedia
af7bd9dbd1b6c2655e5bc20fd9f1d23c6e746276	a simple argument, involving only elementary algebra, demonstrates	a simple argument, involving only elementary algebra, demonstrates that the set of additive maps f: v → w {\displaystyle f\colon v\to w}, where v, w {\displaystyle v,w} are vector spaces over an extension field of q {\displaystyle \mathbb {q} }, is identical to the set of q {\displaystyle \mathbb {q} } -linear maps fro...	wikipedia
83737a30a28ef6377086c47d0f87e04265f44e26	this equation is sometimes referred to as cauchy's	this equation is sometimes referred to as cauchy's additive functional equation to distinguish it from cauchy's exponential functional equation f (x + y) = f (x) f (y), {\displaystyle f(x+y)=f(x)f(y),} cauchy's logarithmic functional equation f (x y) = f (x) + f (y), {\displaystyle f(xy)=f(x)+f(y),} and cauchy's multip...	wikipedia
e9b296ddfe78ff70d098158200b94cf7cd13712b	the fifth problem on hilbert's list is a	the fifth problem on hilbert's list is a generalisation of this equation. functions where there exists a real number c {\displaystyle c} such that f (c x) ≠ c f (x) {\displaystyle f(cx)\neq cf(x)} are known as cauchy-hamel functions and are used in dehn-hadwiger invariants which are used in the extension of hilbert's t...	wikipedia
dd5e3452b1bf6a8d037a845bb2a3ec8405f26a91	on the other hand, if no further conditions	on the other hand, if no further conditions are imposed on f, {\displaystyle f,} then (assuming the axiom of choice) there are infinitely many other functions that satisfy the equation. this was proved in 1905 by georg hamel using hamel bases. such functions are sometimes called hamel functions.	wikipedia
fb168bc0dbfc7fbaff120c4fcef78e7480bb5c71	a function f {\displaystyle f} that solves this	a function f {\displaystyle f} that solves this equation is called an additive function. over the rational numbers, it can be shown using elementary algebra that there is a single family of solutions, namely f: x ↦ c x {\displaystyle f\colon x\mapsto cx} for any rational constant c. {\displaystyle c.} over the real num...	wikipedia
dc90c2e7b2f0b9734c2d473bd25984b48a620998	caitra is a translation computer assisted tool, or	caitra is a translation computer assisted tool, or cat, developed by the university of edinburgh. provided from an online platform, caitra is based on ajax web.2 technologies and the moses decoder. the web page of the tool is implemented with ruby on rails, an open source web framework, and c++. caitra assists human tr...	wikipedia
07d374aa094ca4619a70c225cfb699b642dd37dd	caitra stores the allotted time in which the	caitra stores the allotted time in which the users accept a prediction or write their own translation.the actions have different importance for the future predictions depending on the user's actions and in the time they need to perform their translation. every action, pause or movement is relevant in order to improve f...	wikipedia
b53224c95352286e98bff506c5af901cb9a35f76	once the text is uploaded, users can see	once the text is uploaded, users can see the result of the machine translation and edit the text based on the predictions. the prediction table is displayed by clicking the edit icon. the text is divided into sentences, which are also divided into smaller units. predictions for these units appear in a box, and the most...	wikipedia
c61227dde3d6d3d5a7a6f971402567d1d4ea7897	the statistical translation system is followed to generate	the statistical translation system is followed to generate the predictions for translation. these predictions are provided in short phrases, according to the statistical phrase-based translation model. this model also makes it easier for the user to read the predictions. the suggestions and user actions are stored in a...	wikipedia
8065ad30d11f0f876ed14e59b9636b568f07edac	the trans-type project (langlais et al., 2000) has	the trans-type project (langlais et al., 2000) has done an investigation about interactive machine translation, consisting of sentence-segment translation aided by a cat tool, which suggests several different options for the translation. the human translators may choose one of them or provide their own translation if t...	wikipedia
91a6661d8a03e6f6834f3a60afcaab362bbe42f8	the user inputs text into the provided text	the user inputs text into the provided text box. caitra processes the text as the user clicks the "upload" icon. the process may last a few minutes, and caitra will find different options for the translation, one of them is taken by default. once the process is finished, translators have multiple options of assistance,...	wikipedia
47336ec16030d561b3a6e5aaced0ef317a23afa2	caitra is programmed with an open-source web framework,	caitra is programmed with an open-source web framework, ruby on rails (thomasand hansson, 2008). the online platform uses ajax-style web 2.0 technologies (raymond, 2007) connected to a mysql database-driven back-end. the machine translation back-end is powered by the statistical sentence-based mt, moses (koehn et al., ...	wikipedia
6cac738dc7f6685c8223926361145c3103e73b95	machine translation (mt) systems are typically used by	machine translation (mt) systems are typically used by readers who do not need a thorough translation and want quick access to the foreign language. professional translators usually require advanced machine translation tools to make their work easier and to give a higher quality translation to their clients.the trans-t...	wikipedia
df8238b1fb85e75dd446e34ae0935c30b0eee679	caitra is a translation computer assisted tool, or	caitra is a translation computer assisted tool, or cat, developed by the university of edinburgh. provided from an online platform, caitra is based on ajax web.2 technologies and the moses decoder. the web page of the tool is implemented with ruby on rails, an open source web framework, and c++.	wikipedia
c416f44a924c5fe8940d8b6a4a802dffe9079149	coordinate-free treatments were the only available approach to	coordinate-free treatments were the only available approach to geometry (and are now known as synthetic geometry) before the development of analytic geometry by descartes. after several centuries of generally coordinate-based exposition, the modern tendency is generally to introduce students to coordinate-free treatmen...	wikipedia
6b2f05b06fba3b273aacd9e4d87f8dbdd0e21d22	nonetheless it may sometimes be too complicated to	nonetheless it may sometimes be too complicated to proceed from a coordinate-free treatment, or a coordinate-free treatment may guarantee uniqueness but not existence of the described object, or a coordinate-free treatment may simply not exist. as an example of the last situation, the mapping v i ↦ v i ∗ {\displaystyle...	wikipedia
d386e41ab230a49c2a5bf67d3d365fdf393d9517	in addition to elegance, coordinate-free treatments are crucial	in addition to elegance, coordinate-free treatments are crucial in certain applications for proving that a given definition is well formulated. for example, for a vector space v {\displaystyle v} with basis v 1,..., v n {\displaystyle v_{1},...,v_{n}}, it may be tempting to construct the dual space v ∗ {\displaystyle v...	wikipedia
294efa8f238e91f5529422f740d0c6ca92317da6	the station consists of one ground level side	the station consists of one ground level side platform and one ground level island platform, connected by a footbridge. the station has a midori no madoguchi staffed ticket office. a jnr class c12 steam locomotive is preserved in the plaza outside the station's east entrance.	wikipedia
42810549c5c6849967cd53541343c9c60ef240de	chino station (茅野駅, chino-eki) is a railway station	chino station (茅野駅, chino-eki) is a railway station on the chūō main line in the city of chino, nagano, japan, operated by east japan railway company (jr east).	wikipedia
c0625b30913265edae0f2bbf5b525b8a2828ce1c	in graph drawing, a clustered planar graph is	in graph drawing, a clustered planar graph is a graph together with a hierarchical clustering on its vertices, such that the graph can be drawn together with a collection of simple closed curves surrounding each cluster with no crossings between graph edges or clusters. the clustering can be described combinatorially b...	wikipedia
9928e06d82fb18be971b79e0f6849a5798b1b413	in a clustered planar drawing, no two edges	in a clustered planar drawing, no two edges may cross each other, no two of the curves representing clusters may cross each other, an edge may cross a cluster boundary only if it connects a vertex inside the cluster to a vertex outside the cluster, and when an edge and cluster boundary cross they may cross only once. a...	wikipedia
e0863e408bc0d3a5f25910df4a4949082d227fc7	the clustering can be described combinatorially by a	the clustering can be described combinatorially by a collection of subsets of the vertices such that, for each two subsets, either both are disjoint or one is contained in the other. it is not required that the clustering be maximal nor that every vertex belong to a cluster.in a clustered planar drawing, no two edges m...	wikipedia
7317891ba7e4f11682fb5c85da8c6b67523b26d5	dvd authoring is the process of creating a	dvd authoring is the process of creating a dvd video capable of playing on a dvd player. dvd authoring software must conform to the specifications set by the dvd forum. dvd authoring is the second step in the process of producing finished dvds. the first step is the creation of the movie and the second, the authoring, ...	wikipedia
38a93deb6519e1a1e78df1e44a3efc95239851ab	sonic developed dvdit, an application that started selling	sonic developed dvdit, an application that started selling below $500. it used only a small part of the whole dvd specification and presented it in a form that didn't require any knowledge of internal dvd structure. later, this form became the building block of many other simplified consumer dvd applications. oem licen...	wikipedia
a024895153593cc9dc2aa6622da38e926c81ba9e	sonic, a united states corporation, has a major	sonic, a united states corporation, has a major share in the market for selling dvd-authoring tools. they previously manufactured computer based audio recording applications, but realized that at some point dvd recorders would become as widely available as cd recorders and that there was no affordable application for t...	wikipedia
c2c789c6315395b4302d0fbce9306f801f999639	daikin, a large japanese air conditioning and refrigeration	daikin, a large japanese air conditioning and refrigeration contracting company, developed scenarist, a high-end dvd authoring software package. daikin has partnered with sonic solutions for development and marketing in the united states. the software was translated to english and has since become the standard for dvd ...	wikipedia
2a4eb631c8c14ac24cab5c0dd2877ddbda344886	many different dvd authoring applications have been created.	many different dvd authoring applications have been created. many high-end authoring applications evolve in-house in companies such as matsushita, philips, sony, and toshiba. such companies strictly forbid the sale of their systems outside each company: internal and dvd laboratories or movie studio partners use them to...	wikipedia
a550c61d632ceeb4d3bbf7c8a6df50570f944699	the dvd specifications were written in japanese and	the dvd specifications were written in japanese and then translated to other languages such as english. this process has resulted in text that can be difficult to interpret, and to this day, many companies interpret various parts of the specifications in different ways. this is the primary reason dvd players from diffe...	wikipedia
873be8e9c42b2786480ccd1cba9c06287968537f	to develop a dvd application (software or hardware),	to develop a dvd application (software or hardware), one must first license the particular book of dvd specifications from dvd format/logo licensing corporation. the different dvd formats have different books. each book contains hundreds of pages and costs approximately $5000. after obtaining this license, the develope...	wikipedia
754ed4f91cf2acced63f295bf40e54f698109147	strictly speaking, dvd authoring differs from the process	strictly speaking, dvd authoring differs from the process of mpeg encoding, but as of 2009 most dvd authoring software has a built-in encoder, although separate encoders are still used when better quality or finer control over compression settings are required.	wikipedia
04d9a8994dfc8d983f8c02bdec00d8b13edb607c	dvd authoring is the second step in the	dvd authoring is the second step in the process of producing finished dvds. the first step is the creation of the movie (or programme) and the second, the authoring, is the creation of artwork, user menus, insertion of chapter points, overdubs/commentaries, setting autoplay and/or repeat options, etc. the final step is...	wikipedia
2b03077d25a172ea9feb478b97b3170f070dfbd8	lykes work has focused on understanding the impact	lykes work has focused on understanding the impact of state-sponsored violence and terror. she has worked mostly in central america, in particular with the maya peoples of guatemala. she has used participatory action research and oral history as her primary research methods. she is the co-founder of the martín-baró fun...	wikipedia
0b3ae9b218a755f5c63210f8b97e3a43612c6f82	lykes originally hailed from new orleans. she obtained	lykes originally hailed from new orleans. she obtained her first ba degree from hollins university before proceeding to harvard university where she obtained an m.div. in applied theology. she obtained a ph.d. in community psychology from boston college.	wikipedia
a31b69f4be0d8aee538e80757785eed328792fdd	dean keith simonton is a distinguished professor emeritus	dean keith simonton is a distinguished professor emeritus based in davis, california, affiliated with the department of psychology at the university of california, davis. simonton is known for his research in the fields of genius, creativity, leadership, and aesthetics. his work focus into the cognitive, personal, deve...	wikipedia
0f372c40a0a71ce9c27bbd19f139ee12055d4d68	one of his findings was that the 10	one of his findings was that the 10 years' experience of deliberate practice is not a rule, but an average with significant variation around the mean. he found that the people who achieved the greatest lifetime productivity and highest levels of eminence required the least amount of time to achieve expertise. he also f...	wikipedia
998f36484fc68353b4c7779eb9e2408c9bab2d20	simonton's research examines cognitive, personal, developmental, social, and	simonton's research examines cognitive, personal, developmental, social, and cultural factors that underpin eminence and creativity. he employs archival data analysis techniques, including cross-cultural, transhistorical, biographical, and content analytical measures. his historiometric analyses shed light on eminent p...	wikipedia
50b510b9810e51ada0358989e6e8efd8213eb012	simonton served as the president of the society	simonton served as the president of the society for general psychology (apa division 1), the society for the psychology of aesthetics, creativity, and the arts (apa division 10), and the society for the history of psychology (apa division 26).	wikipedia
24270d9949966a777e95fb7fe8e3616974b9e86e	before joining the faculty at uc davis, he	before joining the faculty at uc davis, he held positions as an assistant professor at the university of arkansas, fayetteville, and as a teaching fellow at harvard university. he also served as a section leader in the history of civilization at occidental college from 1969 to 1970.	wikipedia
f598c5a7e2886f306cd3406d995608707301b023	since 2016, simonton has served as a distinguished	since 2016, simonton has served as a distinguished professor emeritus in the department of psychology at the university of california, davis. in 2013, simonton was honored as the ida cordelia beam distinguished visiting professor at the university of iowa.	wikipedia