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in 1804. another important collection in this respect was that of her husband king adolf fredrik ( 1710 – 1771 ) ( in the linnean sources known as " museum adolphi friderici " or " mus. ad. fr. " ), the wet parts ( alcohol collection ) of which were later donated to the royal swedish academy of sciences, and is today h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Linnaeus | [
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americanus rubesc [ ens ] " ( reddish american ), " asiaticus fuscus " ( tawny asian ) and " africanus nigr [ iculus ] " ( blackish african ). in the tenth edition of systema naturae he further detailed phenotypical characteristics for each variety, based on the concept of the four temperaments from classical antiquity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Linnaeus | [
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earth's moon, a street in cambridge, massachusetts, and the cobalt sulfide mineral linnaeite. commentary andrew dickson white wrote in a history of the warfare of science with theology in christendom ( 1896 ) : the mathematical pagerank algorithm, applied to 24 multilingual wikipedia editions in 2014, published in plos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Linnaeus | [
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in cryptography, a cipher ( or cypher ) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption — a series of well - defined steps that can be followed as a procedure. an alternative, less common term is encipherment. to encipher or encode is to convert information into cipher or code. in common parlance, " cipher " is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher | [
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of the key, it should be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to decrypt the resulting ciphertext into readable plaintext. most modern ciphers can be categorized in several ways by whether they work on blocks of symbols usually of a fixed size ( block ciphers ), or on a continuous stream of symbols ( stream ciphers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher | [
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can typically be used interchangeably, however, the technical usages of the words refer to different concepts. codes contain meaning ; words and phrases are assigned to numbers or symbols, creating a shorter message. an example of this is the commercial telegraph code which was used to shorten long telegraph messages w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher | [
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alphabet for every letter. for example, " good dog " can be encrypted as " plsx twf " where " l ", " s ", and " w " substitute for " o ". with even a small amount of known or estimated plaintext, simple polyalphabetic substitution ciphers and letter transposition ciphers designed for pen and paper encryption are easy t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher | [
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it aimed to overcome the flaws in the design of the des ( data encryption standard ). aes's designer's claim that the common means of modern cipher cryptanalytic attacks are ineffective against aes due to its design structure. [ 12 ] ciphers can be distinguished into two types by the type of input data : block ciphers,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher | [
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ciphertexts steganography telegraph code notes references richard j. aldrich, gchq : the uncensored story of britain's most secret intelligence agency, harpercollins july 2010. helen fouche gaines, " cryptanalysis ", 1939, dover. ibrahim a. al - kadi, " the origins of cryptology : the arab contributions ", cryptologia,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher | [
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folk musician rabeh sager in 2017. this concert was similar to the performances of jazz ambassadors that performed distinctively american style music internationally. continental europe in sweden, rednex rose to stardom combining country music with electro - pop in the 1990s. in 1994, the group had a worldwide hit with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country%20music | [
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, and country music channel ( the country - oriented sister channel of california music channel ). the nashville network ( tnn ) was launched in 1983 as a channel devoted to country music, and later added sports and outdoor lifestyle programming. it actually launched just two days after cmt. in 2000, after tnn and cmt ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country%20music | [
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, the current - day cottage life network saw some country focus as country canada and later, cbc country canada before that network drifted into an alternate network for overflow cbc content as bold. stingray music continues to maintain several country music audio - only channels on cable radio. in the past, country mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country%20music | [
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however, without a wrongful death statute, most of them are extinguished upon death. in the united states, the power of the federal judiciary to review and invalidate unconstitutional acts of the federal executive branch is stated in the constitution, article iii sections 1 and 2 : " the judicial power of the united st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20law | [
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##isis ( also commonly known as precedent ) developed, whereby a judge would be bound to follow the decision of an earlier judge ; he was required to adopt the earlier judge's interpretation of the law and apply the same principles promulgated by that earlier judge if the two cases had similar facts to one another. onc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20law | [
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a court of appeals is generally an appellate court. court of appeals may refer to : israeli military court of appeals ( italy ) court of appeals of the philippines high court of appeals of turkey court of appeals ( vatican city ) united states courts of appeals court of appeals for the armed forces court of appeals for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court%20of%20appeals%20%28disambiguation%29 | [
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common descent is a concept in evolutionary biology applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time. according to modern evolutionary biology, all living beings could be descendants of a unique ancestor commonly referred to as the last universal common ancestor ( luca ) of all life on e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20descent | [
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early evolution. bacteria today remain capable of gene exchange between distantly - related lineages. this weakens the basic assumption of phylogenetic analysis, that similarity of genomes implies common ancestry, because sufficient gene exchange would allow lineages to share much of their genome whether or not they sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20descent | [
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a constellation is an area on the celestial sphere in which a group of visible stars forms a perceived pattern or outline, typically representing an animal, mythological subject, or inanimate object. the origins of the earliest constellations likely go back to prehistory. people used them to relate stories of their bel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation | [
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lie at a variety of distances away from the earth. since each star has its own independent motion, all constellations will change slowly over time. after tens to hundreds of thousands of years, familiar outlines will become unrecognizable. astronomers can predict the past or future constellation outlines by measuring i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation | [
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the numerous sumerian names in these catalogues suggest that they built on older, but otherwise unattested, sumerian traditions of the early bronze age. the classical zodiac is a revision of neo - babylonian constellations from the 6th century bc. the greeks adopted the babylonian constellations in the 4th century bc. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation | [
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##tosthenes and an early roman writer styled pseudo - hyginus. the basis of western astronomy as taught during late antiquity and until the early modern period is the almagest by ptolemy, written in the 2nd century. in the ptolemaic kingdom, native egyptian tradition of anthropomorphic figures represented the planets, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation | [
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see treatise on astrology of the kaiyuan era ). as maps were prepared during this period on more scientific lines, they were considered as more reliable. a well - known map from the song period is the suzhou astronomical chart, which was prepared with carvings of stars on the planisphere of the chinese sky on a stone p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation | [
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sphere ; this list was finally published in 1930. where possible, these modern constellations usually share the names of their graeco - roman predecessors, such as orion, leo or scorpius. the aim of this system is area - mapping, i. e. the division of the celestial sphere into contiguous fields. out of the 88 modern co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation | [
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a dark nebula, instead of the stars. list of dark cloud constellations great rift ( astronomy ) emu in the sky cygnus rift serpens – aquila rift dark horse ( astronomy ) rho ophiuchi cloud complex see also celestial cartography constellation family former constellations iau designated constellations lists of stars by c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation | [
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edition. yale university observatory. ( 1908, et al. ) catalogue of bright stars, new haven, cn. referred to commonly as " bright star catalogue ". various editions with various authors historically, the longest term revising author as ( ellen ) dorrit hoffleit. 1st edition 1908. 2nd edition 1940 by frank schlesinger a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation | [
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in computing, a printer is a peripheral machine which makes a persistent representation of graphics or text, usually on paper. while most output is human - readable, bar code printers are an example of an expanded use for printers. different types of printers include 3d printers, inkjet printers, laser printers, and th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer%20%28computing%29 | [
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mixed text and graphics, like dot - matrix printers, but at quality levels formerly available only from commercial typesetting systems. by 1990, most simple printing tasks like fliers and brochures were now created on personal computers and then laser printed ; expensive offset printing systems were being dumped as scr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer%20%28computing%29 | [
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shared by many users on a network and can print at speeds of 45 to around 100 ppm. the xerox 9700 could achieve 120 ppm. an id card printer is used for printing plastic id cards. these can now be customised with important features such as holographic overlays, holokotes and watermarks. this is either a direct to card p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer%20%28computing%29 | [
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in direct contact with the card. this printing type is the most popular nowadays, mostly due to cost factor. the majority of identification card printers today are of this type. reverse transfer, also known as " high definition printing " or " over the edge printing ". the print - head prints to a transfer film backwar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer%20%28computing%29 | [
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physical contact and swiping past a magnetic reading head. software there are basically two categories of card printer software : desktop - based, and web - based ( online ). the biggest difference between the two is whether or not a customer has a printer on their network that is capable of printing identification car... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer%20%28computing%29 | [
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formed characters, letterforms that represent each of the characters that the printer was capable of printing. in addition, most of these printers were limited to monochrome, or sometimes two - color, printing in a single typeface at one time, although bolding and underlining of text could be done by " overstriking ", ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer%20%28computing%29 | [
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although a few achieved 15 cps. daisy wheel printers daisy wheel printers operate in much the same fashion as a typewriter. a hammer strikes a wheel with petals, the " daisy wheel ", each petal containing a letter form at its tip. the letter form strikes a ribbon of ink, depositing the ink on the page and thus printing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer%20%28computing%29 | [
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would align the dots vertically even though the head had moved one dot spacing in the time. the vertical dot position was controlled by a synchronized longitudinally ribbed platen behind the paper that rotated rapidly with a rib moving vertically seven dot spacings in the time it took to print one pixel column. 24 - pi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer%20%28computing%29 | [
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where a horizontally mounted rotating drum carries the entire character set of the printer repeated in each printable character position. the ibm 1132 printer is an example of a drum printer. drum printers are also found in adding machines and other numeric printers ( pos ), the dimensions are compact as only a dozen c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer%20%28computing%29 | [
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##gnment, where characters seemed to bounce up and down in the line, so they were considered as higher quality print. comb printers, also called line matrix printers, represent the fifth major design. these printers are a hybrid of dot matrix printing and line printing. in these printers, a comb of hammers prints a por... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer%20%28computing%29 | [
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very accurate, and because there is no heating the scale distortion is less than ±0. 1 %. ( all laser printers have an accuracy of ±1 %. ) worldwide, most survey offices used this printer before color inkjet plotters become popular. liquid ink electrostatic printers were mostly available in width and also 6 color print... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer%20%28computing%29 | [
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replacement part. this has caused legal disputes regarding the right of companies other than the printer manufacturer to sell compatible ink cartridges. to protect their business model, several manufacturers invest heavily in developing new cartridge technology and patenting it. other manufacturers, in reaction to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer%20%28computing%29 | [
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the protection of moral rights in continental europe and elsewhere in the world. the berne convention, in article 6bis, requires its members to grant authors the following rights : the right to claim authorship of a work ( sometimes called the right of paternity or the right of attribution ) ; and the right to object t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright | [
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a non - crystalline, irregular, glassy state, not held in a crystalline macrostructure. it is present as a powder, and is the main constituent of substances such as charcoal, lampblack ( soot ), and activated carbon. at normal pressures, carbon takes the form of graphite, in which each atom is bonded trigonally to thre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon | [
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organic compounds containing bonds to metal are known as organometallic compounds ( see below ). certain groupings of atoms, often including heteroatoms, recur in large numbers of organic compounds. these collections, known as functional groups, confer common reactivity patterns and allow for the systematic study and c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon | [
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##d for secondary storage, and second for tertiary storage. it may make sense to separate read latency and write latency ( especially for non - volatile memory ) and in case of sequential access storage, minimum, maximum and average latency. throughput the rate at which information can be read from or written to the st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20data%20storage | [
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##ts per square inch ( 16 gbit / mm2 ). magnetic photoconductors store magnetic information, which can be modified by low - light illumination. dna stores information in dna nucleotides. it was first done in 2012, when researchers achieved a ratio of 1. 28 petabytes per gram of dna. in march 2017 scientists reported th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20data%20storage | [
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of devices. however, if a second failure occurs before the raid group is completely repaired from the first failure, then data can be lost. the probability of a single failure is typically small. thus the probability of two failures in the same raid group in time proximity is much smaller ( approximately the probabilit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20data%20storage | [
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conditional ( if then ) may refer to : causal conditional, if x then y, where x is a cause of y conditional probability, the probability of an event a given that another event b has occurred conditional proof, in logic : a proof that asserts a conditional, and proves that the antecedent leads to the consequent strict c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional | [
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a cone is a basic geometrical shape. cone may also refer to : mathematics cone ( category theory ) cone ( formal languages ) cone ( graph theory ), a graph in which one vertex is adjacent to all others cone ( linear algebra ), a subset of vector space mapping cone ( homological algebra ) cone ( topology ) conic bundle,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone%20%28disambiguation%29 | [
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all the 3 - multisubsets of the set s = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }. this is displayed in the following table. the second column lists the donuts you actually chose, the third column shows the nonnegative integer solutions of the equation and the last column gives the stars and bars representation of the solutions. number of k - co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination | [
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and those that go into the unchosen bin. this can be generalized to any number of bins with the constraint that every item must go to exactly one bin. the number of ways to put objects into bins is given by the multinomial coefficient where n is the number of items, m is the number of bins, and is the number of items t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination | [
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software is a set of computer programs and associated documentation and data. this is in contrast to hardware, from which the system is built and which actually performs the work. at the lowest programming level, executable code consists of machine language instructions supported by an individual processor — typically ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software | [
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the first theory about software, prior to the creation of computers as we know them today, was proposed by alan turing in his 1936 essay, on computable numbers, with an application to the entscheidungsproblem ( decision problem ). this eventually led to the creation of the academic fields of computer science and softwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software | [
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at all. system software is also designed for providing a platform for running application software, and it includes the following : operating systems are essential collections of software that manage resources and provide common services for other software that runs " on top " of them. supervisory programs, boot loader... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software | [
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, or even javascript that runs on the server. in modern times these commonly include some javascript to be run in the web browser as well, in which case they typically run partly on the server, partly in the web browser. plugins and extensions are software that extends or modifies the functionality of another piece of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software | [
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integrated development environment ( ide ), which combines much or all of the functionality of such self - contained tools. ides may do this by either invoking the relevant individual tools or by re - implementing their functionality in a new way. an ide can make it easier to do specific tasks, such as searching in fil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software | [
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was applied to various aspects of the writing of the software code. software patents are controversial in the software industry with many people holding different views about them. one of the sources of controversy is that the aforementioned split between initial ideas and patent does not seem to be honored in practice... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software | [
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computer programming or coding is the composition of sequences of instructions, called programs, that computers can follow to perform tasks. it involves designing and implementing algorithms, step - by - step specifications of procedures, by writing code in one or more programming languages. programmers typically use h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20programming | [
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he gave the first description of cryptanalysis by frequency analysis, the earliest code - breaking algorithm. the first computer program is generally dated to 1843, when mathematician ada lovelace published an algorithm to calculate a sequence of bernoulli numbers, intended to be carried out by charles babbage's analyt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20programming | [
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and lisp for computer research. these compiled languages allow the programmer to write programs in terms that are syntactically richer, and more capable of abstracting the code, making it easy to target varying machine instruction sets via compilation declarations and heuristics. compilers harnessed the power of comput... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20programming | [
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range of computer hardware and operating system platforms on which the source code of a program can be compiled / interpreted and run. this depends on differences in the programming facilities provided by the different platforms, including hardware and operating system resources, expected behavior of the hardware and o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20programming | [
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##ncies, and duplicated code. a study found that a few simple readability transformations made code shorter and drastically reduced the time to understand it. following a consistent programming style often helps readability. however, readability is more than just programming style. many factors, having little or nothin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20programming | [
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together into short cycles that take a few weeks rather than years. there are many approaches to the software development process. popular modeling techniques include object - oriented analysis and design ( ooad ) and model - driven architecture ( mda ). the unified modeling language ( uml ) is a notation used for both... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20programming | [
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as other languages. use of a static code analysis tool can help detect some possible problems. normally the first step in debugging is to attempt to reproduce the problem. this can be a non - trivial task, for example as with parallel processes or some unusual software bugs. also, specific user environment and usage hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20programming | [
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written in a given language execute. languages form an approximate spectrum from " low - level " to " high - level " ; " low - level " languages are typically more machine - oriented and faster to execute, whereas " high - level " languages are more abstract and easier to use but execute less quickly. it is usually eas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20programming | [
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references sources further reading a. k. hartmann, practical guide to computer simulations, singapore : world scientific ( 2009 ) a. hunt, d. thomas, and w. cunningham, the pragmatic programmer. from journeyman to master, amsterdam : addison - wesley longman ( 1999 ) brian w. kernighan, the practice of programming, pea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20programming | [
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agreed to go to spain. in 778, he led the neustrian army across the western pyrenees, while the austrasians, lombards, and burgundians passed over the eastern pyrenees. the armies met at saragossa and charlemagne received the homage of the muslim rulers, sulayman al - arabi and kasmin ibn yusuf, but the city did not fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne | [
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a carbon nanotube ( cnt ) is a tube made of carbon with a diameter in the nanometer range ( nanoscale ). they are one of the allotropes of carbon. single - walled carbon nanotubes ( swcnts ) have diameters around 0. 5 – 2. 0 nanometers, about 100, 000 times smaller than the width of a human hair. they can be idealized ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20nanotube | [
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by chemical vapor deposition. the electronic properties of such junctions were first considered theoretically by lambin et al., who pointed out that a connection between a metallic tube and a semiconducting one would represent a nanoscale heterojunction. such a junction could therefore form a component of a nanotube - ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20nanotube | [
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because of the role of the π - electron system in determining the electronic properties of graphene, doping in carbon nanotubes differs from that of bulk crystalline semiconductors from the same group of the periodic table ( e. g., silicon ). graphitic substitution of carbon atoms in the nanotube wall by boron or nitro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20nanotube | [
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such as hydroxyl onto the surface of cnts. the solubility of cnts can be improved significantly by free - radical grafting because the large functional molecules facilitate the dispersion of cnts in a variety of solvents even at a low degree of functionalization. recently an innovative environmentally friendly approach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20nanotube | [
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- wall carbon nanotubes, iso / ts 10868 describes a measurement method for the diameter, purity, and fraction of metallic nanotubes through optical absorption spectroscopy, while iso / ts 10797 and iso / ts 10798 establish methods to characterize the morphology and elemental composition of single - wall carbon nanotube... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20nanotube | [
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the mechanical performance of the final composite. the surface of the carbon nanotubes can be modified to reduce the hydrophobicity and improve interfacial adhesion to a bulk polymer through chemical attachment. the surface of carbon nanotubes can be chemically modified by coating spinel nanoparticles by hydrothermal s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20nanotube | [
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instance, nanotubes form a tiny portion of the material ( s ) in some ( primarily carbon fiber ) baseball bats, golf clubs, car parts, or damascus steel. ibm expected carbon nanotube transistors to be used on integrated circuits by 2020. potential / future the strength and flexibility of carbon nanotubes makes them of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20nanotube | [
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countries in europe. the state was based on strong economy, manufacturing cars ( skoda, tatra ), trams, aircraft ( aero, avia ), ships, ship engines ( skoda ), cannons, shoes ( bata ), turbines, guns ( zbrojovka brno ). it was the industrial workshop for the austro - hungarian empire. the slovak lands relied more heavi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia | [
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computer science is the study of computation, information, and automation. computer science spans theoretical disciplines ( such as algorithms, theory of computation, and information theory ) to applied disciplines ( including the design and implementation of hardware and software ). though more often considered an aca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20science | [
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in 1623. in 1673, gottfried leibniz demonstrated a digital mechanical calculator, called the stepped reckoner. leibniz may be considered the first computer scientist and information theorist, because of various reasons, including the fact that he documented the binary number system. in 1820, thomas de colmar launched t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20science | [
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distinct areas of study in their own rights. etymology although first proposed in 1956, the term " computer science " appears in a 1959 article in communications of the acm, in which louis fein argues for the creation of a graduate school in computer sciences analogous to the creation of harvard business school in 1921... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20science | [
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informazione automatica " in italian ) or " information and mathematics " are often used, e. g. informatique ( french ), informatik ( german ), informatica ( italian, dutch ), informatica ( spanish, portuguese ), informatika ( slavic languages and hungarian ) or pliroforiki ( πληροφορικη, which means informatics ) in g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20science | [
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issue, which is further muddied by disputes over what the term " software engineering " means, and how computer science is defined. david parnas, taking a cue from the relationship between other engineering and science disciplines, has claimed that the principal focus of computer science is studying the properties of c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20science | [
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##are regard instructions for computer programs as mathematical sentences and interpret formal semantics for programming languages as mathematical axiomatic systems. paradigms of computer science a number of computer scientists have argued for the distinction of three separate paradigms in computer science. peter wegne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20science | [
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computation. its aim is to understand the nature of computation and, as a consequence of this understanding, provide more efficient methodologies. theory of computation according to peter denning, the fundamental question underlying computer science is, " what can be automated? " theory of computation is focused on ans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20science | [
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software and hardware systems. the use of formal methods for software and hardware design is motivated by the expectation that, as in other engineering disciplines, performing appropriate mathematical analysis can contribute to the reliability and robustness of a design. they form an important theoretical underpinning ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20science | [
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study concerned with constructing mathematical models and quantitative analysis techniques and using computers to analyze and solve scientific problems. a major usage of scientific computing is simulation of various processes, including computational fluid dynamics, physical, electrical, and electronic systems and circ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20science | [
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, which require computational understanding. the starting point in the late 1940s was alan turing's question " can computers think? ", and the question remains effectively unanswered, although the turing test is still used to assess computer output on the scale of human intelligence. but the automation of evaluative an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20science | [
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study of problems relating to distributed computations that can be attacked. technologies studied in modern cryptography include symmetric and asymmetric encryption, digital signatures, cryptographic hash functions, key - agreement protocols, blockchain, zero - knowledge proofs, and garbled circuits. databases and data... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20science | [
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do that ; selection : if such - and - such is the case, then do this, else do that ; repetition : while such - and - such is the case, do this. the three rules of boehm's and jacopini's insight can be further simplified with the use of goto ( which means it is more elementary than structured programming ). programming ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20science | [
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science, the prestige of conference papers is greater than that of journal publications. one proposed explanation for this is the quick development of this relatively new field requires rapid review and distribution of results, a task better handled by conferences than by journals. education computer science, known by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20science | [
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very terms of his doctrine places them out of the reach of scientific explanation. " biblical basis the basis for many creationists'beliefs is a literal or quasi - literal interpretation of the book of genesis. the genesis creation narratives ( genesis 1 – 2 ) describe how god brings the universe into being in a series... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism | [
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is unknown. estimates made in 1962 suggested that 35 percent of chadians practiced classical african religions, 55 percent were muslims, and 10 percent were christians. in the 1970s and 1980s, this distribution undoubtedly changed. observers report that islam has spread among the hajerai and among other non - muslim po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics%20of%20Chad | [
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a video game or computer game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface or input device ( such as a joystick, controller, keyboard, or motion sensing device ) to generate visual feedback from a display device, most commonly shown in a video format on a television set, computer monitor, flat ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20game | [
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it features the console, a small screen, speakers and buttons, joystick or other game controllers in a single unit. like consoles, handhelds are dedicated platforms, and share almost the same characteristics. handheld hardware usually is less powerful than pc or console hardware. some handheld games from the late 1970s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20game | [
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platform used to develop them, such as java and flash games. mobile game with the introduction of smartphones and tablet computers standardized on the ios and android operating systems, mobile gaming has become a significant platform. these games may use unique features of mobile devices that are not necessary present ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20game | [
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the use of game controllers like gamepads and joysticks for most consoles, and as accessories for personal computer systems along keyboard and mouse controls. common controls on the most recent controllers include face buttons, shoulder triggers, analog sticks, and directional pads ( " d - pads " ). consoles typically ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20game | [
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multiple top - level genres such as action - adventure game. mode a video game's mode describes how many players can use the game at the same type. this is primarily distinguished by single - player video games and multiplayer video games. within the latter category, multiplayer games can be played in a variety of ways... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20game | [
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the iarc transition to affirm the content rating for all other regions. certain nations have even more restrictive rules related to political or ideological content. within germany, until 2018, the unterhaltungssoftware selbstkontrolle ( entertainment software self - regulation ) would refuse to classify, and thus allo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20game | [
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are prevalent due to technical limitations such as limited ram or lack of dedicated 3d graphics rendering capabilities on the target platform ( e. g., some pdas ). video games are programmed like any other piece of computer software. prior to the mid - 1970s, arcade and home consoles were programmed by assembling discr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20game | [
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release patches and updates. with the growth of the size of development teams in the industry, the problem of cost has increased. development studios need the best talent, while publishers reduce costs to maintain profitability on their investment. typically, a video game console development team ranges from 5 to 50 pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20game | [
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concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures over time. concrete is the second - most - used substance in the world after water, and is the most widely used building material. its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminium... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete | [
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##de and water sement is made ". from the 14th century, the quality of mortar was again excellent, but only from the 17th century was pozzolana commonly added. the canal du midi was built using concrete in 1670. industrial era perhaps the greatest step forward in the modern use of concrete was smeaton's tower, built by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete | [
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methods include wet burlap and plastic sheeting covering the fresh concrete. for higher - strength applications, accelerated curing techniques may be applied to the concrete. a common technique involves heating the poured concrete with steam, which serves to both keep it damp and raise the temperature so that the hydra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete | [
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with materials that are strong in tension ( often steel ). the elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels but starts decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking develops. concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion and shrinks as it matures. all concrete structures crack t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete | [
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##sembled and collected for further use in other building sites. studies show that back - building and remounting plans for building units ( i. e., re - use of pre - fabricated concrete ) is an alternative for a kind of construction which protects resources and saves energy. especially long - living, durable, energy - ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete | [
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