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0. 0125 36. what is the half - life for the first - order decay of phosphorus - 32? the rate constant for the decay is 4. 85 10−2 day−1. 37. what is the half - life for the first - order decay of carbon - 14? the rate constant for the decay is 1. 21 10−4 year−1. 38. what is the half - life for the decomposition of nocl... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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( penicillinase ) and that also involves the concentration of penicillin. from the following data : 1. 0 l of a solution containing 0. 15 µg ( 0. 15 10−6 g ) of penicillinase, determine the order of the reaction with respect to penicillin and the value of the rate constant. [ penicillin ] ( m ) rate ( mol l−1 min−1 ) 2... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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109. 7 min. ( a positron is a particle with the mass of an electron and a single unit of positive charge ; the equation is physicians use 18f to study the brain by injecting a quantity of fluoro - substituted glucose into the blood of a patient. the glucose accumulates in the regions where the brain is active and needs... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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. 0 35. 4 49. for the past 10 years, the unsaturated hydrocarbon 1, 3 - butadiene has ranked 38th among the top 50 industrial chemicals. it is used primarily for the manufacture of synthetic rubber. an isomer exists also as cyclobutene : the isomerization of cyclobutene to butadiene is first - order and the rate consta... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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12. 5 collision theory 50. chemical reactions occur when reactants collide. what are two factors that may prevent a collision from producing a chemical reaction? 51. when every collision between reactants leads to a reaction, what determines the rate at which the reaction occurs? 52. what is the activation energy of a ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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. determine the activation energy for this decomposition. 60. an elevated level of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase ( alp ) in human serum is an indication of possible liver or bone disorder. the level of serum alp is so low that it is very difficult to measure directly. however, alp catalyzes a number of reactions, and... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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which one of the complexes of co ( iii ) was reduced by fe ( ii ) in water was measured. determine the activation energy of the reaction from the following data : t ( k ) k ( s−1 ) 293 0. 054 298 | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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0. 100 12 • exercises 651 64. the hydrolysis of the sugar sucrose to the sugars glucose and fructose, follows a first - order rate law for the disappearance of sucrose : rate = k [ c12h22o11 ] ( the products of the reaction, glucose and fructose, have the same molecular formulas but differ in the arrangement of the ato... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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above the transition state? why? 66. use the phet reactions & rates interactive simulation ( http : / / openstax. org / l / 16phetreaction ) to simulate a system. on the “ single collision ” tab of the simulation applet, enable the “ energy view ” by clicking the “ + ” icon. select the first reaction ( a is yellow, b i... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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12. 6 reaction mechanisms 67. why are elementary reactions involving three or more reactants very uncommon? 68. in general, can we predict the effect of doubling the concentration of a on the rate of the overall reaction? can we predict the effect if the reaction is known to be an elementary reaction? 69. define these ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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1. 2 10−4 consider the following questions : ( a ) determine the order for each of the reactants, no and h2, from the data given and show your reasoning. ( b ) write the overall rate law for the reaction. ( c ) calculate the value of the rate constant, k, for the reaction. include units. ( d ) for experiment 2, calcula... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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12. 7 catalysis 76. account for the increase in reaction rate brought about by a catalyst. 2 this question is taken from the chemistry advanced placement examination and is used with the permission of the educational testing service. 12 • exercises 653 77. compare the functions of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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concepts 13. 1 chemical equilibria 13. 2 equilibrium constants 13. 3 shifting equilibria : le chatelier ’ s principle | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 4 equilibrium calculations imagine a beach populated with sunbathers and swimmers. as those basking in the sun get too hot, they enter the surf to swim and cool off. as the swimmers tire, they return to the beach to rest. if the rate at which sunbathers enter the surf were to equal the rate at which swimmers return... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 1 chemical equilibria learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe the nature of equilibrium systems • explain the dynamic nature of a chemical equilibrium the convention for writing chemical equations involves placing reactant formulas on the left side of a reaction figure 13. 1... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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begins ( t = 0 ), the concentration of the n2o4 reactant is finite and that of the no2 product is zero, so the forward reaction proceeds at a finite rate while the reverse reaction rate is zero. as time passes, n2o4 is consumed and its concentration falls, while no2 is produced and its concentration increases ( figure ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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reverse process ( condensation ) will increase until it equals the rate of vaporization and equilibrium is established. a photograph showing this phase transition equilibrium is provided in figure 13. 4. 13. 1 • chemical equilibria 659 figure 13. 4 a sealed tube containing an equilibrium mixture of liquid and gaseous b... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 2 equilibrium constants learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • derive reaction quotients from chemical equations representing homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions • calculate values of reaction quotients and equilibrium constants, using concentrations and pressures • relate the m... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 2 • equilibrium constants 661 figure 13. 5 changes in concentrations and qc for a chemical equilibrium achieved beginning with ( a ) a mixture of reactants only and ( b ) products only. the numerical value of q varies as a reaction proceeds towards equilibrium ; therefore, it can serve as a useful indicator of the ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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for a system at equilibrium is constant. example 13. 2 evaluating a reaction quotient gaseous nitrogen dioxide forms dinitrogen tetroxide according to this equation : when 0. 10 mol no2 is added to a 1. 0 - l flask at 25 °c, the concentration changes so that at equilibrium, [ no2 ] = | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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0. 016 m and [ n2o4 ] = 0. 042 m. ( a ) what is the value of the reaction quotient before any reaction occurs? ( b ) what is the value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction? solution as for all equilibrium calculations in this text, use the simplified equations for q and k and disregard any concentration or pres... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 2 • equilibrium constants 663 an equilibrium system of interest allows prediction of what reaction ( forward or reverse ), if any, will occur. to further illustrate this important point, consider the reversible reaction shown below : the bar charts in figure 13. 6 represent changes in reactant and product concentra... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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0. 0076 m 664 13 • fundamental equilibrium concepts access for free at openstax. org solution experiment 1 : qc < kc ( 0. 040 < 0. 64 ) the reaction will proceed in the forward direction. experiment 2 : qc > kc ( 140 > 0. 64 ) the reaction will proceed in the reverse direction. experiment 3 : qc < kc ( 0. 48 < 0. 64 ) ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 2 • equilibrium constants 665 examples, water also functions as a reactant, but its concentration is not included in the reaction quotient. the reason for this omission is related to the more rigorous form of the q ( or k ) expression mentioned previously in this chapter, in which relative concentrations for liquid... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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) δn = ( 2 ) − ( 1 + 3 ) = −2 kp = kc ( rt ) δn = kc ( rt ) −2 = ( d ) kp = kc ( rt ) δn = ( 0. 28 ) [ ( 0. 0821 ) ( 1173 ) ] −2 = 3. 0 10−5 check your learning write the equations relating kc to kp for each of the following reactions : ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) at 227 °c, the following reaction has kc = 0. 0952 : what w... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 2 • equilibrium constants 667 coupled equilibria the equilibrium systems discussed so far have all been relatively simple, involving just single reversible reactions. many systems, however, involve two or more coupled equilibrium reactions, those which have in common one or more reactant or product species. since t... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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your learning use the provided information to calculate kc for the following reaction at 550 °c : answer : kc = 0. 14 | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 3 shifting equilibria : le chatelier ’ s principle learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe the ways in which an equilibrium system can be stressed • predict the response of a stressed equilibrium using le chatelier ’ s principle a system at equilibrium is in a state of dynam... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 3 • shifting equilibria : le chatelier ’ s principle 669 reaction rates are affected primarily by concentrations, as described by the reaction ’ s rate law, and temperature, as described by the arrhenius equation. consequently, changes in concentration and temperature are the two stresses that can shift an equilibr... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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equilibrium mixture. if h2 is added, the right shift will consume i2 and produce hi as equilibrium is re - established, yielding a mixture with a greater concentrations of h2 and hi and a lesser concentration of i2 than was present before. if i2 is added, the new equilibrium mixture will have greater concentrations of ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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these species is decreased by a factor of 3, the partial pressures of all three species will be increased by a factor of 3 : and so, changing the volume of this gas - phase equilibrium mixture does not result in a shift of the equilibrium. a similar treatment of a different system, 2no2 ( g ) ⇌ 2 no ( g ) + o2 ( g ), h... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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vitriol ( sulfuric acid ) with | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 3 • shifting equilibria : le chatelier ’ s principle 671 effect of a change in temperature consistent with the law of mass action, an equilibrium stressed by a change in concentration will shift to re - establish equilibrium without any change in the value of the equilibrium constant, k. when an equilibrium shifts ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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dioxide concentration remains palatably high. once the equilibria are re - established, the co2 ( aq ) concentration will be significantly lowered, and the beverage acquires a characteristic taste referred to as “ flat. ” figure 13. 7 opening a soft - drink bottle lowers the co2 pressure above the beverage, shifting th... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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of the system is akin to increasing the amount of a reactant, and so the equilibrium will shift to the right. lowering the system temperature will likewise cause the equilibrium to shift left. for exothermic processes, heat is viewed as a product of the reaction and so the opposite temperature dependence is observed. e... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 3 • shifting equilibria : le chatelier ’ s principle 673 figure 13. 8 reaction diagrams for an elementary process in the absence ( red ) and presence ( blue ) of a catalyst. the presence of catalyst lowers the activation energies of both the forward and reverse reactions but does not affect the value of the equilib... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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concepts access for free at openstax. org figure 13. 9 the figure shows a typical industrial setup for the commercial production of ammonia by the haber - bosch process. the process operates under conditions that stress the chemical equilibrium to favor product formation. | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 4 equilibrium calculations learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • identify the changes in concentration or pressure that occur for chemical species in equilibrium systems • calculate equilibrium concentrations or pressures and equilibrium constants, using various algebraic approache... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 4 • equilibrium calculations 675 the corresponding changes in the other species concentrations are where the negative sign indicates a decrease in concentration. example 13. 6 determining relative changes in concentration derive the missing terms representing concentration changes for each of the following reaction... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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. 61 10−4 m, what is the equilibrium constant for the reaction? solution to calculate the equilibrium constants, equilibrium concentrations are needed for all the reactants and products : provided are the initial concentrations of the reactants and the equilibrium concentration of the product. use this information to d... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 4 • equilibrium calculations 677 check your learning ethanol and acetic acid react and form water and ethyl acetate, the solvent responsible for the odor of some nail polish removers. when 1 mol each of c2h5oh and ch3co2h are allowed to react in 1 l of the solvent dioxane, equilibrium is established when mol of eac... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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if the equilibrium concentrations of nitrogen and hydrogen are 4. 26 m and 2. 09 m, respectively. answer : | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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1. 53 mol / l calculation of equilibrium concentrations from initial concentrations perhaps the most challenging type of equilibrium calculation can be one in which equilibrium concentrations are derived from initial concentrations and an equilibrium constant. for these calculations, a four - step approach is typically... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 4 • equilibrium calculations 679 appendix b shows an equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be rearranged to solve for x : in this case, a = 1, b = 0. 0211, and c = −0. 0211. substituting the appropriate values for a, b, and c yields : the two roots of the quadratic are, therefore, and for this scenario, only th... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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for the reaction of hydrogen and iodine reacting to form hydrogen iodide is 50. 5 under the given conditions. what are the equilibrium concentrations of h2, i2, and hi in moles / l? answer : [ h2 ] = 0. 06 m, [ i2 ] = 1. 06 m, [ hi ] = 1. 88 m example 13. 10 calculation of equilibrium concentrations using an algebra - ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 4 • equilibrium calculations 681 the value of x calculated is, indeed, much less than the initial concentration and so the approximation was justified. if this simplified approach were to yield a value for x that did not justify the approximation, the calculation would need to be repeated without making the approxi... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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constants the composition of a reaction mixture may be represented by a mathematical function known as the reaction quotient, q. for a reaction at equilibrium, the composition is constant, and q is called the equilibrium constant, k. a homogeneous equilibrium is an equilibrium in which all components are in the same ph... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 2 equilibrium constants 6. explain why there may be an infinite number of values for the reaction quotient of a reaction at a given temperature but there can be only one value for the equilibrium constant at that temperature. 7. explain why an equilibrium between br2 ( l ) and br2 ( g ) would not be established if ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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or kc ≈ 10. explain your answer. 12. show that the complete chemical equation, the total ionic equation, and the net ionic equation for the reaction represented by the equation give the same expression for the reaction quotient. ki3 is composed of the ions k + and 13. for a titration to be effective, the reaction must ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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1. 00 atm, so2 = 1. 00 atm, o2 = 1. 00 atm ( e ) [ no ] = 1. 00 m, [ cl2 ] = 1. 00 m, [ nocl ] = 0 m ( f ) no = 10. 0 atm, n2 = o2 = 5 atm 18. the initial concentrations or pressures of reactants and products are given for each of the following systems. calculate the reaction quotient and determine the direction in whi... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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= 0. 16 m and [ so2 ] = 0. 050 m. kc for the reaction is 0. 078. 21. which of the systems described in exercise 13. 15 are homogeneous equilibria? which are heterogeneous equilibria? 22. which of the systems described in exercise 13. 16 are homogeneous equilibria? which are heterogeneous equilibria? 23. for which of th... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 3 shifting equilibria : le chatelier ’ s principle 31. the following equation represents a reversible decomposition : under what conditions will decomposition in a closed container proceed to completion so that no caco3 remains? 32. explain how to recognize the conditions under which changes in volume will affect g... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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b ) ( c ) ( d ) 686 13 • exercises access for free at openstax. org 40. methanol can be prepared from carbon monoxide and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure in the presence of a suitable catalyst. ( a ) write the expression for the equilibrium constant ( kc ) for the reversible reaction ( b ) what will happen to... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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no at equilibrium if a catalyst is added? 42. water gas, a mixture of h2 and co, is an important industrial fuel produced by the reaction of steam with red hot coke, essentially pure carbon. ( a ) write the expression for the equilibrium constant for the reversible reaction ( b ) what will happen to the concentration o... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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this equation : will any of the following increase the percent of acetic acid that reacts and produces ion? ( a ) addition of hcl ( b ) addition of naoh ( c ) addition of nach3co2 13 • exercises 687 46. suggest two ways in which the equilibrium concentration of ag + can be reduced in a solution of na +, cl−, ag +, and ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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13. 4 equilibrium calculations 50. a reaction is represented by this equation : ( a ) write the mathematical expression for the equilibrium constant. ( b ) using concentrations ≤1 m, identify two sets of concentrations that describe a mixture of a, b, and c at equilibrium. 51. a reaction is represented by this equation... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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. calculate the value of the equilibrium constant kp for the reaction from these equilibrium pressures : no, 0. 050 atm ; cl2, 0. 30 atm ; nocl, 1. 2 atm. 57. when heated, iodine vapor dissociates according to this equation : at 1274 k, a sample exhibits a partial pressure of i2 of 0. 1122 atm and a partial pressure du... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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0. 1378 atm. determine the value of the equilibrium constant, kp, for the decomposition at 1274 k. 688 13 • exercises access for free at openstax. org 58. a sample of ammonium chloride was heated in a closed container. at equilibrium, the pressure of nh3 ( g ) was found to be 1. 75 atm. what is the value of the equilib... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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. 115 atm and the pressure of br2 in the mixture is 0. 450 atm? 67. what is the pressure of co2 in a mixture at equilibrium that contains 0. 50 atm h2, 2. 0 atm of h2o, and 1. 0 atm of co at 990 °c? 68. cobalt metal can be prepared by reducing cobalt ( ii ) oxide with carbon monoxide. what concentration of co remains i... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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sample of no2 with a concentration of 0. 10 m? 74. assume that the change in concentration of n2o4 is small enough to be neglected in the following problem. ( a ) calculate the equilibrium concentration of both species in 1. 00 l of a solution prepared from 0. 129 mol of n2o4 with chloroform as the solvent. in chlorofo... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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##tane. kp = 2. 5 at 25 °c what is the pressure of isobutane in a container of the two isomers at equilibrium with a total pressure of 1. 22 atm? 81. what is the minimum mass of caco3 required to establish equilibrium at a certain temperature in a 6. 50 - l container if the equilibrium constant ( kc ) is 0. 50 for the ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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1. 00 mol of h2, 2. 00 mol of co2, 0. 750 mol of h2o, and 1. 00 mol of co to a 5. 00 - l container at 990 °c. 83. in a 3. 0 - l vessel, the following equilibrium partial pressures are measured : n2, 190 torr ; h2, 317 torr ; nh3, 1. 00 103 torr. ( a ) how will the partial pressures of h2, n2, and nh3 change if h2 is re... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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##loride decomposes according to this equation : an equilibrium mixture in a 5. 00 - l flask at 448 °c contains 3. 85 g of sbcl5, 9. 14 g of sbcl3, and 2. 84 g of cl2. how many grams of each will be found if the mixture is transferred into a 2. 00 - l flask at the same temperature? 13 • exercises 691 86. consider the e... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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at 25 °c, calculate the equilibrium partial pressures of n2o3 ( g ), no2 ( g ), and no ( g ). 89. a 1. 00 - l vessel at 400 °c contains the following equilibrium concentrations : n2, 1. 00 m ; h2, 0. 50 m ; and nh3, 0. 25 m. how many moles of hydrogen must be removed from the vessel to increase the concentration of nit... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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14. 1 brønsted - lowry acids and bases learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • identify acids, bases, and conjugate acid - base pairs according to the brønsted - lowry definition • write equations for acid and base ionization reactions • use the ion - product constant for water to calcul... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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defined in terms of the transfer of hydrogen ions, h +. ( note that these hydrogen ions are often referred to simply as protons, since that subatomic particle is the only component of cations derived from the most abundant hydrogen isotope, 1h. ) a compound that donates a proton to another compound is called a brønsted... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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molecules, c5nh5, undergo base ionization when dissolved in water, yielding hydroxide and pyridinium ions : 694 14 • acid - base equilibria access for free at openstax. org the preceding ionization reactions suggest that water may function as both a base ( as in its reaction with hydrogen fluoride ) and an acid ( as in... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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ion and hydroxide ion increase with temperature. for example, at 100 °c, the value for kw is about 5. 6 10−13, roughly 50 times larger than the value at 25 °c. example 14. 1 ion concentrations in pure water what are the hydronium ion concentration and the hydroxide ion concentration in pure water at 25 °c? solution the... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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14. 1 • brønsted - lowry acids and bases 695 so : the hydronium ion concentration and the hydroxide ion concentration are the same, 1. 0 10−7 m. check your learning the ion product of water at 80 °c is 2. 4 10−13. what are the concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions in pure water at 80 °c? answer : [ h3o + ] = [... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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base with hi solution ( a ) ( b ) check your learning write separate equations representing the reaction of ( a ) as a base with hbr ( b ) as an acid with oh− answer : ( a ) ( b ) | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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14. 2 ph and poh learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • explain the characterization of aqueous solutions as acidic, basic, or neutral • express hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations on the ph and poh scales • perform calculations relating ph and poh as discussed earlier, hydronium... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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14. 2 • ph and poh 697 at 25 °c, the value of kw is 1. 0 10−14, and so : as was shown in example 14. 1, the hydronium ion molarity in pure water ( or any neutral solution ) is 1. 0 10−7 m at 25 °c. the ph and poh of a neutral solution at this temperature are therefore : and so, at this temperature, acidic solutions are... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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4. 9 10−7 m, which corresponds to ph and poh values of : at this temperature, then, neutral solutions exhibit ph = poh = 6. 31, acidic solutions exhibit ph less than 6. 31 and poh greater than 6. 31, whereas basic solutions exhibit ph greater than 6. 31 and poh less than 6. 31. this distinction can be important when st... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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##2co3, due to the reaction between carbon dioxide and water : 14. 2 • ph and poh 699 air - saturated water has a hydronium ion concentration caused by the dissolved co2 of 2. 0 10−6 m, about 20 - times larger than that of pure water. calculate the ph of the solution at 25 °c. answer : | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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5. 70 example 14. 5 calculation of hydronium ion concentration from ph calculate the hydronium ion concentration of blood, the ph of which is 7. 3. solution ( on a calculator take the antilog, or the “ inverse ” log, of −7. 3, or calculate 10−7. 3. ) check your learning calculate the hydronium ion concentration of a so... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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lakes, when the acidity of the rain actually killed trees, damaged soil, and made lakes uninhabitable for all but the most acid - tolerant species. acid rain also corrodes statuary and building facades that are made of marble and limestone ( figure 14. 3 ). regulations limiting the amount of sulfur and nitrogen oxides ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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the ph of a solution can be directly measured using a ph meter ( figure 14. 4 ). | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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14. 2 • ph and poh 701 figure 14. 4 ( a ) a research - grade ph meter used in a laboratory can have a resolution of 0. 001 ph units, an accuracy of ± 0. 002 ph units, and may cost in excess of $ 1000. ( b ) a portable ph meter has lower resolution ( 0. 01 ph units ), lower accuracy ( ± 0. 2 ph units ), and a far lower ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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14. 3 relative strengths of acids and bases learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • assess the relative strengths of acids and bases according to their ionization constants • rationalize trends in acid – base strength in relation to molecular structure • carry out equilibrium calculation... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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##ization constant is immeasurably large ( ka ≈ ∞ ). acids that are partially ionized are called “ weak, ” and their acid ionization constants may be experimentally measured. a table of ionization constants for weak acids is provided in appendix h. to illustrate this idea, three acid ionization equations and ka values ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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14. 3 • relative strengths of acids and bases 703 [ h3o + ] ). unlike the ka value, the percent ionization of a weak acid varies with the initial concentration of acid, typically decreasing as concentration increases. equilibrium calculations of the sort described later in this chapter can be used to confirm this behav... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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##4 14 • acid - base equilibria access for free at openstax. org base is also reflected in its percent ionization, computed as but will vary depending on the base ionization constant and the initial concentration of the solution. relative strengths of conjugate acid - base pairs brønsted - lowry acid - base chemistry i... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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14. 3 • relative strengths of acids and bases 705 figure 14. 8 this figure shows strengths of conjugate acid - base pairs relative to the strength of water as the reference substance. the listing of conjugate acid – base pairs shown in figure 14. 8 is arranged to show the relative strength of each species as compared w... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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hcl < hbr < hi ). 706 14 • acid - base equilibria access for free at openstax. org the right column of figure 14. 8 lists a number of substances in order of increasing base strength from top to bottom. following the same logic as for the left column, species listed above water are weaker bases and so they don ’ t under... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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as 4. 9 10−10. the ionization constant of is not listed, but the ionization constant of its conjugate base, nh3, is listed as 1. 8 10−5. answer : is the slightly stronger acid ( ka for = 5. 6 10−10 ). acid - base equilibrium calculations the chapter on chemical equilibria introduced several types of equilibrium calcula... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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14. 3 • relative strengths of acids and bases 707 example 14. 9 determination of ka from equilibrium concentrations acetic acid is the principal ingredient in vinegar ( figure 14. 9 ) that provides its sour taste. at equilibrium, a solution contains [ ch3co2h ] = 0. 0787 m and what is the value of ka for acetic acid? 7... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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14. 3 • relative strengths of acids and bases 709 check your learning what is the equilibrium constant for the ionization of the ion, a weak base if the composition of an equilibrium mixture is as follows : [ oh− ] = 1. 3 10−6 m ; and answer : kb for example 14. 11 determination of ka or kb from ph the ph of a 0. 0516 ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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##ritant that causes the body ’ s reaction to some ant bites and stings ( figure 14. 10 ). figure 14. 10 the pain of some ant bites and stings is caused by formic acid. ( credit : john tann ) what is the concentration of hydronium ion and the ph of a 0. 534 - m solution of formic acid? solution the ice table for this s... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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14. 3 • relative strengths of acids and bases 711 to check the assumption that x is small compared to 0. 534, its relative magnitude can be estimated : because x is less than 5 % of the initial concentration, the assumption is valid. as defined in the ice table, x is equal to the equilibrium concentration of hydronium ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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7. 56 10−4 m, 2. 33 % in some cases, the strength of the weak acid or base and its formal ( initial ) concentration result in an appreciable ionization. though the ice strategy remains effective for these systems, the algebra is a bit more involved because the simplifying assumption that x is negligible cannot be made.... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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14. 3 • relative strengths of acids and bases 713 if the assumption that x < < 0. 5 is made, simplifying and solving the above equation yields this value of x is clearly not significantly less than 0. 50 m ; rather, it is approximately 15 % of the initial concentration : when we check the assumption, we calculate : bec... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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< ph3 < h2s < hcl ( see figure 14. 11 ). figure 14. 11 the figure shows trends in the strengths of binary acids and bases. ternary acids and bases ternary compounds composed of hydrogen, oxygen, and some third element ( “ e ” ) may be structured as depicted in the image below. in these compounds, the central e atom is ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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because electrons are displaced toward e. bond b is polar and readily releases hydrogen ions to the solution, so the material behaves as an acid. high electronegativities are characteristic of the more nonmetallic elements. thus, nonmetallic elements form covalent compounds containing acidic −oh groups that are called ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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14. 3 • relative strengths of acids and bases 715 h2so3, or os ( oh ) 2 ( with a sulfur oxidation number of + 4 ). likewise nitric acid, hno3, or o2noh ( n oxidation number = + 5 ), is more acidic than nitrous acid, hno2, or onoh ( n oxidation number = + 3 ). in each of these pairs, the oxidation number of the central ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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as a base. | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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-0.015494542196393013,
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0.... |
14. 4 hydrolysis of salts learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • predict whether a salt solution will be acidic, basic, or neutral • calculate the concentrations of the various species in a salt solution • describe the acid ionization of hydrated metal ions salts with acidic ions salts ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.013521518558263779,
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0.03688385710120201,
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0.006717565003782511,
-0... |
a 0. 233 m solution of anilinium chloride solution the ka for anilinium ion is derived from the kb for its conjugate base, aniline ( see appendix h ) : using the provided information, an ice table for this system is prepared : substituting these equilibrium concentration terms into the ka expression gives assuming x < ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.023207541555166245,
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0.0034386825282126665,
-0.012728649191558361,
-0.038... |
14. 4 • hydrolysis of salts 717 composed of the ions and which is the stronger acid or answer : [ h3o + ] = 7. 5 10−6 m ; is the stronger acid. salts with basic ions as another example, consider dissolving sodium acetate in water : the sodium ion does not undergo appreciable acid or base ionization and has no effect on... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.01734887808561325,
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0.01982239820063114,
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0.012832636944949627,
... |
11. 11 salts with acidic and basic ions some salts are composed of both acidic and basic ions, and so the ph of their solutions will depend on the 718 14 • acid - base equilibria access for free at openstax. org relative strengths of these two species. likewise, some salts contain a single ion that is amphiprotic, and ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.020525449886918068,
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0.014305670745670795,
-0.0635... |
) and the f−ion is basic ( conjugate base of the weak acid hf ). comparing the two ionization constants : ka of is 5. 6 10−10 and the kb of f−is 1. 6 10−11, so the solution is acidic, since ka > kb. check your learning determine whether aqueous solutions of the following salts are acidic, basic, or neutral : ( a ) k2co... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.01697293110191822,
0.021393029019236565,
0.046091556549072266,
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0.037337277084589005,
0.03128979727625847,
0.0008668536320328712,
0.02333052083849907,
-0.... |
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